Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 241 2443698 2442272 2022-07-28T06:46:12Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Infobox Planet | bgcolour = #c0c0ff | name = Bumi | symbol = [[File:Earth symbol (bold).svg|24px|🜨]] | image = [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|250px|A color image of Earth as seen from Apollo 17|alt=A planetary disk of white cloud formations, brown and green land masses, and dark blue oceans against a black background. The Arabian peninsula, Africa and Madagascar lie in the upper half of the disk, while Antarctica is at the bottom.]] | caption = "Pualam Biru" foto bumi,<br>diambiak dari ''[[Apollo 17]]'' | flag = {{Flagicon|world}} | epoch = [[J2000.0]]<ref group=note name=epoch/> | aphelion = 152,098,232&nbsp;km<br> 1.01671388&nbsp;[[Astronomi unit|AU]]<ref group=note name=apsis/> | perihelion = 147,098,290&nbsp;km<br> 0.98329134&nbsp;AU<ref group=note name=apsis/> | semimajor = 149,598,261&nbsp;km<br> 1.00000261&nbsp;AU<ref name=standish_williams_iau/> | eccentricity = 0.01671123<ref name=standish_williams_iau/> | inclination = 7.155° dari equator Matohari<br>1.57869°<ref name=Allen294/> to [[invariable plane]] | asc_node = 348.73936°<ref name="earth_fact_sheet"/><ref group=note name=asc_node/> | arg_peri = 114.20783°<ref name="earth_fact_sheet"/><ref group=note name=arg_peri/> | mean_anomaly = 357.51716°<ref name="earth_fact_sheet"/> | period = 365.256363004&nbsp;days<ref name="IERS"/><br>1.000017421&nbsp;[[Tahun Matohari|tahun]] | avg_speed = 29.78&nbsp;km/s<ref name="earth_fact_sheet"/><br>107,200&nbsp;km/h | satellites = 1 natural&nbsp;([[Bulan]]) <br /> 8,300+ artificial ({{As of|2001|3|1|lc=on}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=4008|title=Reentry Assessment - US Space Command Fact Sheet|author=[[US Space Command]]|date=March 1, 2001|publisher=SpaceRef Interactive|accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> | physical_characteristics = yes | flattening = 0.0033528<ref name=iers/> | equatorial_radius = 6,378.1&nbsp;km<ref name=usno/><ref name="WGS-84"/> | polar_radius = 6,356.8&nbsp;km<ref name=cazenave_ahrens1995/> | mean_radius = 6,371.0&nbsp;km<ref name=hbcp2000/> | circumference = 40,075.017&nbsp;km&nbsp;(equatorial)<ref name="WGS-84">[[World Geodetic System]] (''WGS-84''). [http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/ Available online] from [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]].</ref><br>40,007.86&nbsp;km&nbsp;([[meridional]])<ref name="WGS-84-2"/> | surface_area = 510,072,000&nbsp;km²<ref name="Pidwirny 2006" /><ref name=cia /><ref group=note name=surfacecover/> {{Nowrap|148,940,000 km² land (29.2 %)}}<br> {{Nowrap|361,132,000 km² water (70.8 %)}} | volume = [[Kandungan Bumi|1.08321{{E|12}}]]&nbsp;km³<ref name="earth_fact_sheet"/> | mass = 5.9736{{E|24}}&nbsp;kg<ref name="earth_fact_sheet"/> | density = 5.515&nbsp;g/cm³<ref name="earth_fact_sheet"/> | surface_grav = [[Grafitasi Bumi|9.780327]] [[Meter per detik kuadrat|m/s²]]<ref name="yoder12"/><br>0.99732&nbsp;''[[G-force|g]]'' | escape_velocity = 11.186&nbsp;km/s<ref name="earth_fact_sheet"/> | sidereal_day = 0.99726968&nbsp;d<ref name=Allen296 /> <br>23{{Smallsup|h}}&nbsp;56{{Smallsup|m}}&nbsp;4.100{{Smallsup|s}} | rot_velocity = {{Convert|1674.4|km/h|m/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Cox2000"/> | axial_tilt = 23°26'21".4119<ref name="IERS"/> | albedo = 0.367 ([[Geometrik albedo|geometric]])<ref name="earth_fact_sheet"/><br/> 0.306 ([[Bond albedo|Bond]])<ref name="earth_fact_sheet"/> | adjectives = earthly, tellurian, telluric, terran, terrestrial. | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|en-us-earth.ogg|ˈ|ɝː|θ}} | atmosphere = ya | temperatures = ya | temp_name1 = [[Kelvin]] | min_temp_1 = 184&nbsp;K<ref name=asu_lowest_temp/> | mean_temp_1 = 287.2&nbsp;K<ref name=kinver20091210/> | max_temp_1 = 331&nbsp;K<ref name=asu_highest_temp/> | temp_name2 = [[Celsius]] | min_temp_2 = -89.2&nbsp;°C | mean_temp_2 = 14&nbsp;°C | max_temp_2 = 57.8&nbsp;°C | surface_pressure = [[Atmosfir (unit)|101.325]]&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|kPa]] ([[Parmukaan Laut|MSL]]) | atmosphere_composition = 78.08%&nbsp;[[Nitrogen]] (N₂)<ref name="earth_fact_sheet"/><br> 20.95%&nbsp;[[oxygen]] (O₂)<br> 0.93%&nbsp;[[Argon]]<br> 0.038%&nbsp;[[Karbon diosida]]<br>About 1% [[water vapor]] (varies with [[Klimak]]) |note = no }} <!-- Main contents of article below this line --> '''Bumi''' adolah [[planet]] katigo dari [[matohari]], dan marupoan planet nan tapadek jo gadang nan ka limo dari salapan planet di [[Tata Surya|tata surya]]. Inyo ko juo tamasuak paliang gadang dari nan ampek buah planet terrestrial. Bumi ko dirujuak juo sabagai [[dunia]], planet biru,<ref name="blueplanet"/> atau namo [[latin]]nyo, ''Terra''.<ref group=note name="Terra" /> Bumi ko rumah bagi jutaan [[spesies]], tamasuak [[manusia]], bumi kini ko manjadi satu-satunyo [[Benda Astronomi|benda astronomi]] nan di situ ado [[kehidupan]].<ref name=science_241_4872_1441 /> Planet ko tabantuak [[Umua Bumi|4.54 billion taun]] lalu, dan [[Abiogenesis|kehidupan muncul]] di permukaan bumi sekitar satu billion taun.<ref name="age_earth1" /> Adonyo [[biosfir]] di bumi nan signifikan maubah [[WEp/min/Atmosfir|atmosfir]] dan kondisi [[abiotik]] lainnyo di bumi, mamungkinkan proliferasi [[organisme aerobik]] sarato pambentukan lapisan [[ozon]], basamo jo [[Medan Magnet Bumi|medan magnet bumi]], mahalangi [[Radiasi Matohari|radiasi matohari]], sahinggo mamungkinkan adonyo kehidupan di darek.<ref name="Harrison 2002" /> Sacaro [[Geofisik|geofisik bumi]], misalnyo sajarah [[geologi]] dan orbit, mamungkinkan kehidupan lah batahan salamo periode ko. Planet ko dihrapakan dapek taruih batahan untuak mandukuang kehidupan satidaknyo sampai {{Nowrap|500 milyar}} taun lai.<ref name="britt2000" /><ref name=carrington /> == Kronologi == Urang cadiak pandai kini lah mampu marekonstruksi ulang maklumat rinci tantang maso lalu planet ko. Penanggalan awal tabantuaknyo sistem surya ko {{Nowrap|4.5672 ± 0.0006 billion taun}} lalu,<ref name=bowring_housch1995/> atau 4.54&nbsp;billion&nbsp;tahun lalu (1% indak pasti)<ref name="age_earth1" /> the Earth and the other planets in the Solar System had formed out of the [[solar nebula]]—a disk-shaped mass of dust and gas left over from the formation of the Sun. This assembly of the Earth through accretion was thus largely completed within 10–20&nbsp;million&nbsp;years.<ref name=nature418_6901_949/> Initially [[molten]], the outer layer of the planet Earth cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed shortly thereafter, {{Nowrap|4.53 billion years}} ago.<ref name=science310_5754_1671/> == Catatan== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|group=note|refs= <ref name=apsis>aphelion = ''a'' × (1 + ''e''); perihelion = ''a'' × (1 - ''e''), where ''a'' is the semi-major axis and ''e'' is the eccentricity.</ref> <ref name=epoch>All astronomical quantities vary, both [[Secular phenomena|secularly]] and [[Frequency|periodically]]. The quantities given are the values at the instant J2000.0 of the secular variation, ignoring all periodic variations.</ref> <ref name=asc_node>The reference lists the longitude of the ascending node as -11.26064°, which is equivalent to 348.73936° by the fact that any angle is equal to itself plus 360°.</ref> <ref name=arg_peri>The reference lists the [[longitude of periapsis|longitude of perihelion]], which is the sum of the longitude of the ascending node and the argument of perihelion. That is, 114.20783° + (-11.26064°) = 102.94719°.</ref> <ref name="Terra">By [[International Astronomical Union]] convention, the term ''terra'' is used only for naming extensive land masses on celestial bodies other than the Earth. ''Cf.'' {{Cite web|last=Blue|first=Jennifer|date=2007-07-05|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/jsp/append5.jsp|title=Descriptor Terms (Feature Types)|work=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature|publisher=USGS|accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref> <ref name=surfacecover>Due to natural fluctuations, ambiguities surrounding [[Ice shelf|ice shelves]], and mapping conventions for [[vertical datum]]s, exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful. Based on data from the [[Vector Map]] and [http://www.landcover.org Global Landcover] datasets, extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6% and 1.0% of the Earth's surface. The ice shields of [[Antarctica]] and [[Greenland]] are counted as land, even though much of the rock which supports them lies below sea level.</ref> <!-- <ref name=sidereal_solar>The number of solar days is one less than the number of [[sidereal day]]s because the orbital motion of the Earth about the Sun results in one additional revolution of the planet about its axis.</ref> <ref name="water vapor">At present, the other planets in the Solar System are either too hot or too cold to support liquid water on the surface in vapor-liquid equilibrium. As of 2007, water vapor has been detected in the atmosphere of only one extrasolar planet, and it is a gas giant. See: {{Cite journal|last=Tinetti|first=G.|coauthors=Vidal-Madjar, A.; Liang, M.C.; Beaulieu, J. P.; Yung, Y.; Carey, S.; Barber, R. J.; Tennyson, J.; Ribas, I|title=Water vapour in the atmosphere of a transiting extrasolar planet|journal=Nature|month=July|year=2007|volume=448|pages=169–171|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7150/abs/nature06002.html|doi = 10.1038/nature06002|pmid=17625559|issue=7150|bibcode = 2007Natur.448..169T }} </ref> <ref name=jaes41_3_379>Including the [[Somali Plate]], which is currently in the process of formation out of the African Plate. See: {{Cite journal|first=Jean|last=Chorowicz|month=October|year=2005|title=The East African rift system|journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences|volume=43|issue=1–3|pages=379–410|doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.019|bibcode = 2005JAfES..43..379C }}</ref> <ref name=trench_depth>This is the measurement taken by the vessel ''[[Kaikō]]'' in March 1995 and is believed to be the most accurate measurement to date. See the [[Challenger Deep]] article for more details.</ref> <ref name=Aoki>Aoki, the ultimate source of these figures, uses the term "seconds of UT1" instead of "seconds of mean solar time".—{{Cite journal|last=Aoki|first=S.|title=The new definition of universal time|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|year=1982|volume=105|issue=2|pages=359–361|bibcode=1982A&A...105..359A}}</ref> <ref name=hill_radius>For the Earth, the [[Hill radius]] is :<math>\begin{smallmatrix} R_H = a\left ( \frac{m}{3M} \right )^{\frac{1}{3}} \end{smallmatrix}</math>, where ''m'' is the mass of the Earth, ''a'' is an Astronomical Unit, and ''M'' is the mass of the Sun. So the radius in A.U. is about: <math>\begin{smallmatrix} \left ( \frac{1}{3 \cdot 332,946} \right )^{\frac{1}{3}} = 0.01 \end{smallmatrix}</math>.</ref> <ref name=solar_energy>Aphelion is 103.4% of the distance to perihelion. Due to the inverse square law, the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9% the energy at aphelion.</ref> --> }} == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name="blueplanet">{{Cite journal|date=February 2009|title=Exploring the Water Cycle of the ‘Blue Planet’: The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission|journal=ESA Bulletin|publisher=[[European Space Agency]]|issue=137|pages=6–15 |url=http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bulletin137/bul137b_drinkwater.pdf |first1=Mark |last1=Drinkwater |first2=Yann |last2=Kerr |first3=Jordi |last3=Font |first4=Michael |last4=Berger |quote=A view of Earth, the ‘Blue Planet’ [...] When astronauts first went into the space, they looked back at our Earth for the first time, and called our home the ‘Blue Planet’.}}</ref> <ref name=standish_williams_iau>{{Cite web|author=Standish, E. Myles; Williams, James C|title=Orbital Ephemerides of the Sun, Moon, and Planets|publisher=International Astronomical Union Commission 4: (Ephemerides)|url=http://iau-comm4.jpl.nasa.gov/XSChap8.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2010-04-03}} See table 8.10.2. Calculation based upon 1 AU = 149,597,870,700(3) m.</ref> <ref name=iers>{{Cite conference|author=IERS Working Groups|editor=McCarthy, Dennis D.; Petit, Gérard|title=General Definitions and Numerical Standards|year=2003|booktitle=IERS Technical Note No. 32|publisher=U.S. Naval Observatory and Bureau International des Poids et Mesures|url=http://www.iers.org/MainDisp.csl?pid=46-25776|accessdate=2008-08-03}}</ref> <ref name=cazenave_ahrens1995>{{Cite book|first=Anny|last=Cazenave|editor=Ahrens, Thomas J|year=1995|title=Global earth physics a handbook of physical constants|publisher=American Geophysical Union|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-87590-851-9|url=http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/5_cazenave.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061016024803/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/5_cazenave.pdf|archivedate=2006-10-16|accessdate=2008-08-03|format=PDF|chapter=Geoid, Topography and Distribution of Landforms}}</ref> <ref name=hbcp2000>{{Cite book|author=Various|editor=David R. Lide|year=2000|title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=81st|publisher=CRC|isbn=0-8493-0481-4}}</ref> <ref name="Cox2000">{{Cite book|editor=Arthur N. Cox|title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities|url=http://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA244|edition=4th|year=2000|publisher=AIP Press|location=New York|isbn=0-387-98746-0|page=244|accessdate=2010-08-17}}</ref> <ref name="WGS-84-2">{{Cite web | first=Sigurd | last=Humerfelt | date=October 26, 2010 | title=How WGS 84 defines Earth | url=http://home.online.no/~sigurdhu/WGS84_Eng.html | accessdate=2011-04-29 }}</ref> <ref name="yoder12">{{Cite book|last=Yoder|first=Charles F.|editor=T. J. Ahrens|year=1995|title=Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants|publisher=American Geophysical Union|location=Washington|url=http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys.html|archiveurl=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090421092502/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys.html|archivedate=2007-03-08|accessdate=2007-03-17|isbn=0-87590-851-9 |page=12}}</ref> <ref name=kinver20091210>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8406839.stm|title=Global average temperature may hit record level in 2010|last=Kinver|first=Mark|date=December 10, 2009|work=[[BBC Online]]|accessdate=2010-04-22}}</ref> <ref name="Pidwirny 2006">{{Cite journal|last=Pidwirny|first=Michael|date=2006-02-02|title=Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents.(Table 8o-1)|publisher=University of British Columbia, Okanagan|url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8o.html|accessdate=2007-11-26}}</ref> <ref name=Allen294>{{Cite book|title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities|author=Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox, Arthur N.|publisher=Springer|year=2000|isbn=0-387-98746-0|url=http://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA294|page=294|accessdate=2011-03-13}}</ref> <ref name=Allen296>{{Cite book|title=Allen's Astrophysical Quantities|author=Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox, Arthur N.|publisher=Springer|year=2000|isbn=0-387-98746-0|url=http://books.google.com/?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA296|page=296|accessdate=2010-08-17}}</ref> <ref name=science_241_4872_1441>{{Cite journal|last=May|first=Robert M.|title=How many species are there on earth?|journal=Science|year=1988|volume=241|issue=4872|pages=1441–1449|bibcode=1988Sci...241.1441M|doi=10.1126/science.241.4872.1441|pmid=17790039}}</ref> <ref name="age_earth1">See: * {{Cite book|first=G.B.|last=Dalrymple|year=1991|title=The Age of the Earth|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=California|isbn=0-8047-1569-6}} * {{Cite web|last=Newman|first=William L.|date=2007-07-09|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html|title=Age of the Earth|publisher=Publications Services, USGS|accessdate=2007-09-20}} * {{Cite journal|last=Dalrymple|first=G. Brent|title=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|year=2001|volume=190|issue=1|pages=205–221|url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/205|accessdate=2007-09-20|doi = 10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14}} * {{Cite web|last=Stassen|first=Chris|date=2005-09-10|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html|title=The Age of the Earth|publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]]|accessdate=2008-12-30}} </ref> <ref name="Harrison 2002">{{Cite book|first=Roy M.|last=Harrison|coauthors=Hester, Ronald E.|year=2002|title=Causes and Environmental Implications of Increased UV-B Radiation|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=0-85404-265-2}}</ref> <ref name=carrington>{{Cite news|first=Damian|last=Carrington|title=Date set for desert Earth|publisher=BBC News|date=2000-02-21|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/specials/washington_2000/649913.stm|accessdate=2007-03-31}}</ref> <ref name="britt2000">{{Cite web|first=Robert|last=Britt|url=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090605231345/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/death_of_earth_000224.html |title=Freeze, Fry or Dry: How Long Has the Earth Got?|date=2000-02-25}}</ref> <ref name=IERS>{{Cite web|author=Staff|date=2007-08-07|url=http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html|title=Useful Constants|publisher=[[International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service]]| accessdate=2008-09-23}}</ref> <ref name=cia>{{Cite web|author=Staff|date=2008-07-24|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|title=World|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|accessdate=2008-08-05}}</ref> <ref name="earth_fact_sheet">{{Cite web|last=Williams|first=David R.|date=2004-09-01|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html|title=Earth Fact Sheet|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2010-08-09}}</ref> <ref name=asu_lowest_temp>{{Cite web|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-temperature|title=World: Lowest Temperature|work=[[WMO]] Weather and Climate Extremes Archive|publisher=Arizona State University|accessdate=2010-08-07}}</ref> <ref name=asu_highest_temp>{{Cite web|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature|title=World: Highest Temperature|work=WMO Weather and Climate Extremes Archive|publisher=[[Arizona State University]]|accessdate=2010-08-07}}</ref> <ref name=usno>{{Cite web|title=Selected Astronomical Constants, 2011|work=The Astronomical Almanac|url=http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecK/2011/Astronomical_Constants_2011.txt|accessdate=2011-02-25}}</ref> <ref name=bowring_housch1995>{{Cite journal|author=Bowring, S.|coauthors=Housh, T.|title=The Earth's early evolution|year=1995|doi=10.1126/science.7667634|journal=Science|volume=269|page=1535|pmid=7667634|issue=5230|bibcode = 1995Sci...269.1535B }}</ref> <ref name=nature418_6901_949>{{Cite journal|last=Yin|first=Qingzhu|title=A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites|journal=Nature|year=2002|volume=418|issue=6901|pages=949–952|doi=10.1038/nature00995|pmid=12198540|last2=Jacobsen|first2=S. 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Ahrens|year=1995|title=Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants|publisher=American Geophysical Union|location=Washington|url=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090421092502/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys.html|accessdate=2007-03-17|isbn=0-87590-851-9 |page=8}}</ref> <ref name=reilly20091022>{{Cite news|first=Michael|last=Reilly|date=October 22, 2009|title=Controversial Moon Origin Theory Rewrites History|url=http://news.discovery.com/space/moon-earth-formation.html|accessdate=2010-01-30}}</ref> <ref name=canup_asphaug2001a>{{Cite conference|author=Canup, R. 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The Religious Case Against Creation-Science|publisher=Scribner's|isbn=0-684-17993-8}}</ref> <ref name=nathist106_2_16>{{Cite journal|author=Gould, S. J.|year=1997|title=Nonoverlapping magisteria|journal=Natural History|volume=106|issue=2|pages=16–22|url=http://www.jbburnett.com/resources/gould_nonoverlapping.pdf|accessdate=2008-04-28|format=PDF}}</ref> <ref name=russell1997>{{Cite web|last=Russell|first=Jeffrey B|url=http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/history/1997Russell.html|title=The Myth of the Flat Earth|publisher=American Scientific Affiliation|accessdate=2007-03-14}}; but see also [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]].</ref> <ref name=jacobs19980201>{{Cite web|last=Jacobs|first=James Q.|date=1998-02-01|url=http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/aegeo.html|title=Archaeogeodesy, a Key to Prehistory|accessdate=2007-04-21}}</ref> <ref name=fuller1963>{{Cite book|first=R. Buckminster|last=Fuller|authorlink=Buckminster Fuller|year=1963|title=[[Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth]]|edition=First|publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co|location=New York|isbn=0-525-47433-1|url=http://www.futurehi.net/docs/OperatingManual.html|accessdate=2007-04-21}}</ref> <ref name=lovelock1979>{{Cite book|first=James E.|last=Lovelock|authorlink=James Lovelock|year=1979|title=Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth|edition=First|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-286030-5}}</ref> <ref name=mcmichael1993>For example: {{Cite book|first=Anthony J.|last=McMichael|year=1993|title=Planetary Overload: Global Environmental Change and the Health of the Human Species|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-45759-9}}</ref> <ref name=aj136_5_1906>{{Cite journal|author=McCarthy, Dennis D.; Hackman, Christine; Nelson, Robert A.|title=The Physical Basis of the Leap Second|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=136|issue=5|pages=1906–1908|month=November|year=2008|doi=10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/1906|bibcode=2008AJ....136.1906M}}</ref> <ref name=jg31_3_267>{{Cite journal|author=Pollack, Henry N.; Hurter, Suzanne J.; Johnson, Jeffrey R.|title=Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=31|issue=3|pages=267–280|month=August|year=1993|doi=10.1029/93RG01249|bibcode=1993RvGeo..31..267P |url=http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/1993/93RG01249.shtml}}</ref> <ref name=lang2003>{{Cite book|first=Kenneth R.|last=Lang|year=2003|title=The Cambridge guide to the solar system|page=92|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-81306-9}}</ref> <ref name=christou_asher2011>{{Cite arXiv | author=Christou, Apostolos A.; Asher, David J. | date=March 31, 2011 | title=A long-lived horseshoe companion to the Earth | eprint=1104.0036 | version=v1 }} See table 2, p. 5.</ref> --><!-- <ref name=ucs>{{Cite web | title=UCS Satellite Database | date=January 31, 2011 | work=Nuclear Weapons & Global Security | publisher=Union of Concerned Scientists | url=http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html | accessdate=2011-05-12 }}</ref>--> }} ==Kepustakaan== * {{Cite book |first=Neil F. |last=Comins |year=2001 |title=Discovering the Essential Universe |edition=2nd |publisher=W. H. Freeman |bibcode=2003deu..book.....C |isbn=0-7167-5804-0 }} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Earth|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Bumi|c=no|collapsible=yes|commons=Earth|d=Q2|display=Bumi|m=no|mw=no|n=Bumi|position=left|q=Bumi|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Bumi|voy=no|wikt=Bumi}} *{{Commons-inline|Earth|Bumi}} * [http://geomag.usgs.gov/ USGS Geomagnetism Program] * [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/ NASA Earth Observatory] * Audio—Cain/Gay (2007) [http://www.astronomycast.com/stars/episode-51-earth/ Astronomy Cast] Earth * [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Earth Earth Profile] by [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/ NASA's Solar System Exploration] * [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/earthandsun/earthshape.html Climate changes cause Earth's shape to change&nbsp;– NASA] * [http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/Coll/weekly.htm The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth] *[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation] National Climatic Data Center {{Tata surya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bumi}} [[Kategori:Bumi| ]] [[Kategori:Geografi]] [[Kategori:Geologi]] [[Kategori:Planet terestrial]] [[Kategori:Planet|Bumi]] 3gjahffj672yq0iuku6go8k86lkckbz 0 306 2443751 2439342 2022-07-28T09:50:53Z 182.2.171.144 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|256px|right|Visualisasi jaringan internet]] '''Internet''' (kapendekan dari '''''interconnection-networking''''') sacaro harafiah adolah sistem global dari saluruah jaringan [[komputer]] nan saliang tahubuang mamakai standar Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) untuak malayani miliaran pamakai di saluruah dunia. Samantaro tu, Internet adolah sistem komputer nan umum, nan bahubuang sacarao global dan mamakai TCP/1P sabagai protokal panuka paket (''packet switching communication protocol''). Rangkaian internet nan paliang gadang disabuik '''Internet'''. Caro manghubuangkan rangkaian manggunoan metode iko dinamoan '''internetworking.''' == Pautan lua == * [http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml Sejarah Internet] dari Internet Society {{Sister project links |1=Internet|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Internet|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Internet|d=Q75|display=Internet|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Internet|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=Internet}} [[Kategori:Teknologi]] 1pe0bjv51g14jdzbvj6sgjpj3m4renn 2443752 2443751 2022-07-28T09:52:13Z 182.2.171.144 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|256px|right|Visualisasi jaringan internet]] '''Internet''' (kapendekan dari '''''interconnection-networking''''') sacaro harafiah adolah sistem global dari saluruah jaringan [[komputer]] nan saliang tahubuang mamakai standar Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) untuak malayani miliaran pamakai di saluruah dunia. Samantaro tu, Internet adolah sistem komputer nan umum, nan bahubuang sacarao global dan mamakai TCP/1P sabagai protokal panuka paket (''packet switching communication protocol''). Rangkaian internet nan paliang gadang disabuik '''Internet'''. Caro manghubuangkan rangkaian manggunoan metode iko dinamoan '''internetworking.''' == Pautan lua == * [http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml Sejarah Internet] dari Internet Society {{Sister project links |1=Internet|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Internet|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Internet|d=Q75|display=Internet|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Internet|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=jaringan}} [[Kategori:Teknologi]] sgxcv779fyc9h9o0q7xghn3n28qhasy 10 4833 2443665 50651 2022-07-28T06:16:26Z 182.2.170.32 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodyclass = vcard | aboveclass = fn | abovestyle = background-color:gold; | above = {{{name<includeonly>|{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}} | imageclass = {{Image class names|{{{image}}}}} | image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[File:{{{image}}}|{{px|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}|frameless}}|alt={{{imagealt|{{{alt|}}}}}}]]}} | caption = {{{caption|}}} | class1 = nickname | label1 = Namo Tionghoa | data1 = {{#if:{{{chinesename|}}}|<big>{{{chinesename|}}}</big>}} | label2 = Namo [[Cino]] | data2 = {{#if:{{{tradchinesename|}}}|<big class="nickname">{{{tradchinesename}}}</big> <small>([[Tionghoa Tradisional|Tradisional]])</small>}} | label3 = Namo [[Cino]] | data3 = {{#if:{{{simpchinesename|}}}|<big class="nickname">{{{simpchinesename}}}</big> <small>([[Tionghoa Sederhana|Sederhana]])</small>}} | label4 = Pinyin | data4 = {{#if:{{{pinyinchinesename|}}}|<span class="nickname">{{{pinyinchinesename}}}</span> <small>([[Mandarin (linguistik)|Mandarin]])</small>}} | label5 = Jyutping | data5 = {{#if:{{{jyutpingchinesename|}}}|<span class="nickname">{{{jyutpingchinesename}}}</span> <small>([[Kanton (linguistik)|Kanton]])</small>}} | label6 = Pe̍h-ōe-jī | data6 = {{#if:{{{pojchinesename|}}}|<span class="nickname">{{{pojchinesename}}}</span> <small>([[Hokkien]])</small>}} | class7 = nickname | label7 = Namo Lahia | data7 = {{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}} | label8 = [[Daftar kalompok etnik Cino|Etnis]] | data8 = {{{ethnicity|}}} | label9 = Leluhur | data9 = {{{ancestry|}}} | label10 = Asa | data10 = {{{origin|}}} | label11 = Lahia | data11 = {{br separated entries|{{{birth_date|}}}|{{{birth_place|}}}}} | label12 = Wafaik | data12 = {{br separated entries|{{{death_date|}}}|{{{death_place|}}}}} | label13 = Makam | data13 = {{br separated entries|{{{restingplace|}}}|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}} | class14 = nickname | label14 = Namo Lain | data14 = {{{othername|}}} | class15 = role | label15 = [[Karojo]] | data15 = {{{occupation|}}} | class16 = category | label16 = [[Genre musik|Genre]] | data16 = {{{genre|}}} | class17 = note | label17 = [[Instrumen musik|Instrumen]] | data17 = {{{instrument|}}} | class18 = note | label18 = [[Panyanyi#Tipe suaro|Jinih suaro]] | data18 = {{{voicetype|}}} | label19 = [[Label rekaman|Label]] | data19 = {{{label|}}} | label20 = Taun aktif | data20 = {{{yearsactive|}}} | label21 = Hubuangan poran | data21 = {{{associatedact|}}} | label22 = Anggota (kini) | data22 = {{{currentmembers|}}} | label23 = Anggota (maso lalu) | data23 = {{{pastmembers|}}} | label24 = Pasangan | data24 = {{{spouse|}}} | label25 = Partner | data25 = {{{partner|}}} | label26 = Anak | data26 = {{{children|}}} | label27 = Urang tuo | data27 = {{{parents|}}} | label28 = Mempengaruhi | data28 = {{{influences|}}} | label29 = Dipengaruhi | data29 = {{{influenced|}}} | label30 = Situs web | data30 = {{{website|{{{homepage|}}}}}} | class131 = nickname | label131 = Dikana juo sabagai | data131 = {{{Alias|{{{alias|}}}}}} | data40 = {{#if:{{{awards|}}}{{{hongkongfilmwards|}}}{{{goldenbauhiniaawards|}}}{{{hkfcsawards|}}}{{{asianfilmawards|}}}{{{goldenhorseawards|}}}{{{goldenroosterawards|}}}{{{hundredflowersawards|}}}{{{rthktop10goldsongsawards|}}}{{{goldenmelodyawards|}}}{{{mtvasiaawards|}}}{{{ntsawards|}}}{{{goldenbellawards|}}}{{{tvbanniversaryawards|}}}{{{magnoliaawards|}}}{{{asiantvawards|}}}{{{rainbowawards|}}}|{{Collapsible list |title = Penghargaan |titlestyle = background-color:{{#if:{{{currentmembers|}}}|lightsteelblue|{{#if:{{{pastmembers|}}}|lightsteelblue|{{#if:{{{deathdate|}}}|silver|#ed8}}}}}}; 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| above = {{{name<includeonly>|{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}} | imageclass = {{Image class names|{{{image}}}}} | image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[File:{{{image}}}|{{px|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}|frameless}}|alt={{{imagealt|{{{alt|}}}}}}]]}} | caption = {{{caption|}}} | class1 = nickname | label1 = Namo Cino | data1 = {{#if:{{{chinesename|}}}|<big>{{{chinesename|}}}</big>}} | label2 = Namo [[Cino]] | data2 = {{#if:{{{tradchinesename|}}}|<big class="nickname">{{{tradchinesename}}}</big> <small>([[Tionghoa Tradisional|Tradisional]])</small>}} | label3 = Namo [[Cino]] | data3 = {{#if:{{{simpchinesename|}}}|<big class="nickname">{{{simpchinesename}}}</big> <small>([[Tionghoa Sederhana|Sederhana]])</small>}} | label4 = Pinyin | data4 = {{#if:{{{pinyinchinesename|}}}|<span class="nickname">{{{pinyinchinesename}}}</span> <small>([[Mandarin (linguistik)|Mandarin]])</small>}} | label5 = Jyutping | data5 = {{#if:{{{jyutpingchinesename|}}}|<span class="nickname">{{{jyutpingchinesename}}}</span> <small>([[Kanton (linguistik)|Kanton]])</small>}} | label6 = Pe̍h-ōe-jī | data6 = {{#if:{{{pojchinesename|}}}|<span class="nickname">{{{pojchinesename}}}</span> <small>([[Hokkien]])</small>}} | class7 = nickname | label7 = Namo Lahia | data7 = {{{birth_name|{{{birthname|}}}}}} | label8 = [[Daftar kalompok etnik Cino|Etnis]] | data8 = {{{ethnicity|}}} | label9 = Leluhur | data9 = {{{ancestry|}}} | label10 = Asa | data10 = {{{origin|}}} | label11 = Lahia | data11 = {{br separated entries|{{{birth_date|}}}|{{{birth_place|}}}}} | label12 = Wafaik | data12 = {{br separated entries|{{{death_date|}}}|{{{death_place|}}}}} | label13 = Makam | data13 = {{br separated entries|{{{restingplace|}}}|{{{restingplacecoordinates|}}}}} | class14 = nickname | label14 = Namo Lain | data14 = {{{othername|}}} | class15 = role | label15 = [[Karojo]] | data15 = {{{occupation|}}} | class16 = category | label16 = [[Genre musik|Genre]] | data16 = {{{genre|}}} | class17 = note | label17 = [[Instrumen musik|Instrumen]] | data17 = {{{instrument|}}} | class18 = note | label18 = [[Panyanyi#Tipe suaro|Jinih suaro]] | data18 = {{{voicetype|}}} | label19 = [[Label rekaman|Label]] | data19 = {{{label|}}} | label20 = Taun aktif | data20 = {{{yearsactive|}}} | label21 = Hubuangan poran | data21 = {{{associatedact|}}} | label22 = Anggota (kini) | data22 = {{{currentmembers|}}} | label23 = Anggota (maso lalu) | data23 = {{{pastmembers|}}} | label24 = Pasangan | data24 = {{{spouse|}}} | label25 = Partner | data25 = {{{partner|}}} | label26 = Anak | data26 = {{{children|}}} | label27 = Urang tuo | data27 = {{{parents|}}} | label28 = Mempengaruhi | data28 = {{{influences|}}} | label29 = Dipengaruhi | data29 = {{{influenced|}}} | label30 = Situs web | data30 = {{{website|{{{homepage|}}}}}} | class131 = nickname | label131 = Dikana juo sabagai | data131 = {{{Alias|{{{alias|}}}}}} | data40 = {{#if:{{{awards|}}}{{{hongkongfilmwards|}}}{{{goldenbauhiniaawards|}}}{{{hkfcsawards|}}}{{{asianfilmawards|}}}{{{goldenhorseawards|}}}{{{goldenroosterawards|}}}{{{hundredflowersawards|}}}{{{rthktop10goldsongsawards|}}}{{{goldenmelodyawards|}}}{{{mtvasiaawards|}}}{{{ntsawards|}}}{{{goldenbellawards|}}}{{{tvbanniversaryawards|}}}{{{magnoliaawards|}}}{{{asiantvawards|}}}{{{rainbowawards|}}}|{{Collapsible list |title = Penghargaan |titlestyle = background-color:{{#if:{{{currentmembers|}}}|lightsteelblue|{{#if:{{{pastmembers|}}}|lightsteelblue|{{#if:{{{deathdate|}}}|silver|#ed8}}}}}}; |1 = <table width="100%"> {{Infobox|child=yes | headerstyle = background-color:{{#if:{{{currentmembers|}}}|lightsteelblue|{{#if:{{{pastmembers|}}}|lightsteelblue|{{#if:{{{deathdate|}}}|silver|#ed8}}}}}}; | header1 = {{#if:{{{hongkongfilmwards|}}}|[[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}} | data2 = {{{hongkongfilmwards|}}} | header3 = {{#if:{{{goldenbauhiniaawards|}}}|[[Golden Bauhinia Awards]]}} | data4 = {{{goldenbauhiniaawards|}}} | header5 = {{#if:{{{hkfcsawards|}}}|[[Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards]]}} | data6 = {{{hkfcsawards|}}} | header7 = {{#if:{{{asianfilmawards|}}}|[[asian Film Awards]]}} | data8 = {{{asianfilmawards|}}} | header9 = {{#if:{{{goldenhorseawards|}}}|[[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards|Golden Horse Awards]]}} | data10 = {{{goldenhorseawards|}}} | header11 = {{#if:{{{goldenroosterawards|}}}|[[Golden Rooster Awards]]}} | data12 = {{{goldenroosterawards|}}} | header13 = {{#if:{{{hundredflowersawards|}}}|[[Hundred Flowers Awards]]}} | data14 = {{{hundredflowersawards|}}} | header15 = {{#if:{{{rthktop10goldsongsawards|}}}|[[RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards]]}} | data16 = {{{rthktop10goldsongsawards|}}} | header17 = {{#if:{{{goldenmelodyawards|}}}|[[Golden Melody Awards]]}} | data18 = {{{goldenmelodyawards|}}} | header19 = {{#if:{{{mtvasiaawards|}}}|[[MTV Asia Awards]]}} | data20 = {{{mtvasiaawards|}}} | header21 = {{#if:{{{ntsawards|}}}|[[New Talent Singing Awards]]}} | data22 = {{{ntsawards|}}} | header23 = {{#if:{{{goldenbellawards|}}}|[[Golden Bell Awards]]}} | data24 = {{{goldenbellawards|}}} | header25 = {{#if:{{{tvbanniversaryawards|}}}|[[TVB Anniversary Awards]]}} | data26 = {{{tvbanniversaryawards|}}} | header27 = {{#if:{{{magnoliaawards|}}}|[[Shanghai Television Festival]]}} | data28 = {{{magnoliaawards|}}} | header29 = {{#if:{{{asiantvawards|}}}|[[Asian Television Award|Asian Television Awards]]}} | data30 = {{{asiantvawards|}}} | header31 = {{#if:{{{rainbowawards|}}}|Asian Rainbow Awards}} | data32 = {{{rainbowawards|}}} | header33 = {{#if:{{{awards|}}}|{{#if:{{{hongkongfilmwards|}}}{{{goldenbauhiniaawards|}}}{{{hkfcsawards|}}}{{{asianfilmawards|}}}{{{goldenhorseawards|}}}{{{goldenroosterawards|}}}{{{hundredflowersawards|}}}{{{rthktop10goldsongsawards|}}}{{{goldenmelodyawards|}}}{{{mtvasiaawards|}}}{{{ntsawards|}}}{{{goldenbellawards|}}}{{{tvbanniversaryawards|}}}{{{magnoliaawards|}}}{{{asiantvawards|}}}{{{rainbowawards|}}}|Other Awards}}}} | data34 = {{{awards|}}} }} </table> }} }} }}{{#switch:{{ucfirst:{{{image|}}}}} |Replace this image male.svg |Replace_this_image_male.svg |Replace this image female.svg |Replace_this_image_female.svg=[[Category:Infobox person using placeholder image]] }}<noinclude>{{documentation}} [[Kategori:Templat kotak info tokoh]] </noinclude> iprx5capfnbxpf8k87l1n51hn5kxshw 0 72276 2443672 2046450 2022-07-28T06:27:12Z Oronsay 11629 added image wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Chrysops aberrans | status = | image = Chrysops aberrans P1210537a.jpg | image_caption = | domain_sv = | domain = | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Diptera | familia = Tabanidae | genus = | species_sv = | species = Chrysops aberrans | taxon_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = }} '''''Chrysops aberrans''''' adolah sabuah spesies [[Tabanidae]]. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo [[Diptera]], kelas [[Insecta]], filum [[Arthropoda]], dan kingdom [[Animalia]]. Langau kudo dewasa mahisok [[nektar]] dan kadang-kadang [[sarbuak sari]]. Betino dari kabanyakan spesies adolah [[anautojenik]], nan artinyo butuah mahisok darah sabalun mampu untuak bareproduksi sacaro efektif. Telua dilatakkan di ateh batu atau vegetasi biasonyo balansuang dakek jo aia misalnyo kolam ranang. == Rujuakan == * {{cite web |author=Thompson, F. C. & Vockeroth, J. R. |title=28. Family Tabanidae |work=Australasian/Oceanian Diptera Catalog – Web Version |url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/aocat/tabanidae.html |accessdate=January 24, 2011 |date=May 27, 2007 |editor=Neal L. Evenhuis |publisher=[[Bishop Museum]]}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chrysops aberrans}} {{stub}} [[Kategori:Tabanidae]] rh00xu9hnmc7a5hxixlbgs6vxlbp7ix 0 117830 2443729 2211085 2022-07-28T07:14:13Z Oronsay 11629 added image wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox |name = Pogonosoma dorsatum |status = |image = Pogonosoma dorsatum (47279822592).jpg |image_caption = |domain_sv = |domain = |regnum = Animalia |phylum = Arthropoda |classis = Insecta |ordo = Diptera |familia = Asilidae|genus = |species_sv = |species = Pogonosoma dorsatum |taxon_authority = |range_map = |range_map_caption = |image2 = |image2_caption = |synonyms = }} '''''Pogonosoma dorsatum''''' adolah langau dari famili [[Asilidae]]. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo [[Diptera]], kelas [[Insecta]], filum [[Arthropoda]], dan kingdom [[Animalia]]. Spesies iko mampunyoi insting predator nan agresif dan makanan utamonyo adolah saranggo lain. == Rujuakan == * {{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/Asilidae|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.)|year= 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 September 2012}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pogonosoma dorsatum}} {{Biologi-stub}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q10808117}} [[Kategori:Asilidae]] 88lgd76os496goiz2x8n6z4bdhlb8u1 0 197264 2443660 2216567 2022-07-28T05:41:34Z Oronsay 11629 added image wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox |name = Rosenbergia lepesmei |status = |image = Rosenbergia lepesmei Gilmour, 1960; NHMUK014527627; Dorsal habitus.jpg |image_caption = |domain = |regnum = [[Animalia]] |phylum = [[Arthropoda]] |classis = [[Insecta]] |ordo = [[Coleoptera]] |familia = [[Cerambycidae]] |genus = |species = |binomial = |binomial_authority = |range_map = |range_map_caption = |image2 = |image2_caption = |subphylum = |synonyms = }} '''''Rosenbergia lepesmei''''' adolah [[kumbang tanduak panjang]] dari famili [[Cerambycidae]]. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo [[Coleoptera]], kalas [[Insecta]], filum [[Arthropoda]], dan kingdom [[Animalia]]. [[Larva]] [[kumbang]] iko, nan biaso disabuik panggerek [[kapalo bunda]], manggerek ka dalam [[kayu]], dima inyo dapek manyebabkan karusakan nan laweh untuak [[batang]] kayu hiduik ataupun kayu nan lah ditabang. == Rujuakan == * ''TITAN: Cerambycidae database''. Tavakilian G., 25 Mai 2009. {{DEFAULTSORT:Rosenbergia lepesmei}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q14726182}} [[Kategori:Cerambycidae]] {{Biologi-stub}} m3n4u2w5keou6jr6v2q0gfmm3lmo57i 0 197278 2443658 2216569 2022-07-28T05:38:18Z Oronsay 11629 added image wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox |name = Rosenbergia megalocephala |status = |image = Rosenbergia megalocephala Van de Poll, 1886; NHMUK014527927; Dorsal habitus.jpg |image_caption = |domain = |regnum = [[Animalia]] |phylum = [[Arthropoda]] |classis = [[Insecta]] |ordo = [[Coleoptera]] |familia = [[Cerambycidae]] |genus = |species = |binomial = |binomial_authority = |range_map = |range_map_caption = |image2 = |image2_caption = |subphylum = |synonyms = }} '''''Rosenbergia megalocephala''''' adolah [[kumbang tanduak panjang]] dari famili [[Cerambycidae]]. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo [[Coleoptera]], kalas [[Insecta]], filum [[Arthropoda]], dan kingdom [[Animalia]]. [[Larva]] [[kumbang]] iko, nan biaso disabuik panggerek [[kapalo bunda]], manggerek ka dalam [[kayu]], dima inyo dapek manyebabkan karusakan nan laweh untuak [[batang]] kayu hiduik ataupun kayu nan lah ditabang. == Rujuakan == * ''TITAN: Cerambycidae database''. Tavakilian G., 25 Mai 2009. {{DEFAULTSORT:Rosenbergia megalocephala}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q14725639}} [[Kategori:Cerambycidae]] {{Biologi-stub}} tce4p7lqxu5wqxm2hgsrmqxi49x5pew 0 199216 2443724 2226345 2022-07-28T07:10:17Z Oronsay 11629 added image wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox |name = Tmesisternus fulgens |status = |image = Tmesisternus fulgens (51908480700).jpg |image_caption = |domain = |regnum = [[Animalia]] |phylum = [[Arthropoda]] |classis = [[Insecta]] |ordo = [[Coleoptera]] |familia = [[Cerambycidae]] |genus = |species = |binomial = |binomial_authority = |range_map = |range_map_caption = |image2 = |image2_caption = |subphylum = |synonyms = }} '''''Tmesisternus fulgens''''' adolah [[kumbang tanduak panjang]] dari famili [[Cerambycidae]]. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo [[Coleoptera]], kalas [[Insecta]], filum [[Arthropoda]], dan kingdom [[Animalia]]. [[Larva]] [[kumbang]] iko, nan biaso disabuik panggerek [[kapalo bunda]], manggerek ka dalam [[kayu]], dima inyo dapek manyebabkan karusakan nan laweh untuak [[batang]] kayu hiduik ataupun kayu nan lah ditabang. == Rujuakan == * ''TITAN: Cerambycidae database''. Tavakilian G., 25 Mai 2009. {{DEFAULTSORT:Tmesisternus fulgens}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q14697239}} [[Kategori:Cerambycidae]] {{Biologi-stub}} ayiwqvbthrihhuvbgig0cnrrgy3n1ps 0 317102 2443708 2430401 2022-07-28T06:53:22Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:LH 95.jpg|thumb|Wilayah pambantuakan [[bintang]] di [[Awan Magellan Gadang]], sabuah [[galaksi tak regular]].]] [[File:Crab Nebula.jpg|thumb|Sabuah mozek raksasa [[Teleskop Angkasa Hubble|Hubble]] [[Nebula Ketam]], sabuah [[siso supernova]]]] '''Astronomi''', sabuah [[ilmu alam]], iyolah bidang kajian [[Objek astronomi|objek samawi]] (sarupo [[bintang]], [[galaksi]], [[planet]], [[satelit alami|bulan]], [[asteroid]], [[komet]] jo [[nebula]], jo proses (sarupo [[supernova|latusan supernova]], [[latusan sinaran gama]], jo [[radiasi latar belakang gelombang mikro kosmik]], [[fisika]], [[kimia]] jo [[kronologi Semesta|evolusi]] objek-objek jo proses-proses baitu, jo labiah umumnyo kasadonyo fenomena nan barasa di lua [[atmosfera Bumi]]. Ciek subjek nan takaik tapi babedo iyolah [[kosmologi fisika]], nan mangaji [[Semesta]] sacaro manyaluruah.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Unsöld|first1=Albrecht|last2=Baschek|first2=Bodo|title=Classical Astronomy and the Solar System - Introduction|date=2001|pages=1}}</ref> Astronomi marupoan satu dari sains tatua. Tamadun-tamadun awal nan dicatat [[sijarah rekaman|sijarah]], sarupo [[Astronomi Babylon|Babylon]], [[Astronomi Yunani|Yunani]] [[Astronomi India|India]], [[Astronomi Mesir|Mesir]], [[Nubia]], [[Parsi]], [[Astronomi Cino|Cino]], jo [[Tamadun Maya|Maya]] sadonyo mamparatian [[langit malam]] jo caro sistematik. Walaupun baitu, pambinoan astronomi sabagai sains moden anyo dapek tajadi salapeh ciptaan [[teleskop]]. Dari sagi sijarah, astronomi malipuiki babarapo disiplin nan barbedo bana sarupo [[astrometri]], [[navgasi samawi]], [[astronomi observasi]] jo pambuatan [[kalendar]], tapi kini ko ahli astronomi profesional dianggap sinonim jo [[astrofisika]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Unsöld|first1=Albrecht|last2=Baschek|first2=Bodo|title=Classical Astronomy and the Solar System|date=2001|pages=6–9}}</ref> Di abaik ka-20, bidang astronomi profesional bacabang ka cabang [[astronomi cerapan|cerapan]] jo [[astronomi teori|teori]]. Astronomi cerapan mambari fokus pado maimpun data dari cerapan objek-objek samawi nan sudah tu dianalisis jo prinsip-prinsip dasar fisika. Astronomi teori pulo manjuruih ka pambangunan model-model komputer atau analisis untuak mamarian objek jo fenomena astronomi. Kaduo-dua bidang saliang mambantu, jo astronomi teori mancari caro manjalehan kaputusan jo cerapan dengan kaputusan cerapan pulo digunoan untuak maiyoan kaputusan-kapusan teori. Astronomi marupoan ciek dari ilmu sains nan mambari ruang pado [[astronomy amatir|amatir]], tautamo dalam pancarian jo cerapan [[fenomena]] fana (''transient phenomena''). Ahli astronomi amatir alah mambuek banyaik penemuan nan pantiang. {{clr}} == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Astronomy|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Astronomi|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Astronomy|d=Q333|display=Astronomi|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Astronomi|voy=no|wikt=Astronomi}} [[Kategori:Sains|Sains]] [[Kategori:Astronomi]] 39u0svhvbntgwt08khc57h2ralp5tch 0 317191 2443704 2438777 2022-07-28T06:49:35Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Periodic table.svg|450px|jmpl|ka| [[Tabel periodik]] unsur kimia]] Istilah '''unsur kimia''', atau anyo disabuik '''unsur''', '''unsur''' atau '''elemen''', adolah [[zat kimia]] nan indak dapek dibagi lai manjadi zat nan labiah ketek, atau indak dapek diubah manjadi [[zat kimia]] lain dangan manggunoan metode kimia biaso. Partikel atau zarah nan paliang ketek dari unsur adolah [[atom]]. Sabuah atom tadiri ateh [[inti atom]] (''nukleus'') jo dikuliliangi dek [[elektron]]. Inti atom pulo tadiri ateh sajumlah [[proton]] jo [[neutron]]. Inggo kini dikataui tadapek labiah kurang 117 unsur di [[dunia]]. ==Unsua kimia nan alah dikatahui== {{Main|Daftar unsua kimia}} ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Chemical elements|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Unsua kimia|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Chemical elements|d=Q19549|display=Unsua kimia|m=no|mw=no|n=Unsua kimia|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Unsua kimia|voy=no|wikt=Unsua kimia}} [[Kategori:Kimia|Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Unsua kimia]] gl71p6d9j5x456c35nlyz6a0xz71p0m 828 323465 2443734 2049065 2022-07-28T07:46:52Z 182.2.170.32 Scribunto text/plain -- This module may be used to compare the arguments passed to the parent -- with a list of arguments, returning a specified result if an argument is -- not on the list local p = {} local function trim(s) return s:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') end local function isnotempty(s) return s and s:match('%S') end local function clean(text) -- Return text cleaned for display and truncated if too long. -- Strip markers are replaced with dummy text representing the original wikitext. local pos, truncated local function truncate(text) if truncated then return '' end if mw.ustring.len(text) > 25 then truncated = true text = mw.ustring.sub(text, 1, 25) .. '...' end return mw.text.nowiki(text) end local parts = {} for before, tag, remainder in text:gmatch('([^\127]*)\127[^\127]*%-(%l+)%-[^\127]*\127()') do pos = remainder table.insert(parts, truncate(before) .. '&lt;' .. tag .. '&gt;...&lt;/' .. tag .. '&gt;') end table.insert(parts, truncate(text:sub(pos or 1))) return table.concat(parts) end function p._check(args, pargs) if type(args) ~= "table" or type(pargs) ~= "table" then -- TODO: error handling return end -- create the list of known args, regular expressions, and the return string local knownargs = {} local regexps = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then v = trim(v) knownargs[v] = 1 elseif k:find('^regexp[1-9][0-9]*$') then table.insert(regexps, '^' .. v .. '$') end end -- loop over the parent args, and make sure they are on the list local ignoreblank = isnotempty(args['ignoreblank']) local showblankpos = isnotempty(args['showblankpositional']) local values = {} for k, v in pairs(pargs) do if type(k) == 'string' and knownargs[k] == nil then local knownflag = false for _, regexp in ipairs(regexps) do if mw.ustring.match(k, regexp) then knownflag = true break end end if not knownflag and ( not ignoreblank or isnotempty(v) ) then table.insert(values, clean(k)) end elseif type(k) == 'number' and knownargs[tostring(k)] == nil then local knownflag = false for _, regexp in ipairs(regexps) do if mw.ustring.match(tostring(k), regexp) then knownflag = true break end end if not knownflag and ( showblankpos or isnotempty(v) ) then table.insert(values, k .. ' = ' .. clean(v)) end end end -- add results to the output tables local res = {} if #values > 0 then local unknown_text = args['unknown'] or 'Found _VALUE_, ' if mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess( "{{REVISIONID}}" ) == "" then local preview_text = args['preview'] if isnotempty(preview_text) then preview_text = require('Module:If preview')._warning({preview_text}) elseif preview == nil then preview_text = unknown_text end unknown_text = preview_text end for _, v in pairs(values) do -- Fix odd bug for | = which gets stripped to the empty string and -- breaks category links if v == '' then v = ' ' end -- avoid error with v = 'example%2' ("invalid capture index") local r = unknown_text:gsub('_VALUE_', {_VALUE_ = v}) table.insert(res, r) end end return table.concat(res) end function p.check(frame) local args = frame.args local pargs = frame:getParent().args return p._check(args, pargs) end return p h9rooqvu67gk81cpbiswol48lpmwmym 0 323570 2443675 2439857 2022-07-28T06:29:31Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Esclapius stick coloured.svg|100px|jmpl|Tungkek [[Aesculapius]], simbol umum nan malambangan kadokteran.]] '''Kadokteran''' ({{lang-en|medicine}}) adolah [[ilimu]] jo praktik dari [[diagnosis]], [[terapi|pangobatan]], jo [[Kadokteran panagahan|panagahan]] [[panyakik]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Medicine, n.1 |url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/115715?result=1&rskey=YZWqVc& |encyclopedia=OED Online |date=September 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=8 Nov 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Medicine |url= http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/medicine?q=medicine |encyclopedia=[[Oxford Dictionaries Online]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=8 Nov 2014}}</ref> Kato ''medicine'' barasa dari [[bahaso Latin]] ''medicus'', nan aratinyo "dotor".<ref>Etymology: {{lang-la|medicina}}, from ''ars medicina'' "the medical art", from ''medicus'' "physician". ([http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=medicine Etym.Online]) Cf. ''mederi'' "to heal", etym. "know the best course for," from [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] base *med- "to measure, limit. Cf. [[Greek language|Greek]] ''medos'' "counsel, plan", [[Avestan language|Avestan]] ''vi-mad'' "physician"</ref><ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=medicine "Medicine"] ''Online Etymology Dictionary''</ref> Kadokteran tadiri dari baragam praktik [[parawatan kasihatan]] nan bakambang untuak mampatahankan sarato mamuliahan [[kasihatan]] jo [[Panagahan (medis)|panagahan]] sarato [[terapi|maubek]] [[panyakik]]. Kadokteran kontemporer manggunoan [[ilimu biomedis]], [[panalitian biomedis]], [[genetika medis|genetika]], jo [[teknologi medis]] untuak [[Diagnosis (medis)|mandiagnosis]], maubek, jo managah cidera jo panyakik, biasonyo malalui [[ubek-ubek]] atau [[badah]], tatapi juo malalui terapi nan baragam, antaro lain, [[psikoterapi]], [[splint (kadokteran)|''splint'' jo traksi lua]], [[paralatan medis]], [[produk medis biologis|biologis]], jo [[Radiasi (kadokteran)|radiasi ionisasi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine | title=Dictionary, medicine | accessdate=2 Des 2013}}</ref> Kadokteran alah ado salamo ribuan taun, salamo tu sabagian gadangnyo adolah seni (area dari katerampilan jo pangatahuan) nan acok baubuangan jo kayakinan [[agamo]] sarato [[pilsapaik]] dari budayo satampek. Misanyo, saurang [[dukun]] ka manggunoan tanaman ubek jo [[Doa|badoa]] untuak cegak, atau filsuf jo [[dotor]] saisuak ka mangaluakan darah manuruik teori [[humoralisme]]. Pado abaik-abaik akhia, sajak [[Sijarah ilimu|muncuanyo ilimu pangatahuan modern]], banyak dari kadokteran alah manjadi kombinasi antaro seni jo ilimu pangatahuan (baiak [[Ilimu dasa|dasa]] jo [[Ilimu terapan|terapan]], di bawah payuang ''ilimu kadokteran''). Sadang teknik jaik untuak [[Jahitan badah|badah]] adolah seni nan dipalajari malalui praktik, pangatahuan tantang apo nan tajadi pado tingkek [[sitologi|sel]] jo [[Kadokteran molekuler|molekuler]] pado jariangan nan dijaik muncua malalui ilimu pangatahuan. Bantuak nan alun ilmiah dari kadokteran kini dikana sabagai [[pangobatan tradisional]] jo [[pangobatan rakyaik]]. Lai tatap umum digunoan jo atau sabagai ganti ubek ilmiah nan kudiannyo disabuik [[pangobatan alternatif]]. Misanyo, bukti efektivitas [[akupunktur]] itu "baragam jo indak konsisten" untuak kondisi apopun,<ref name=Colquhoun2013>{{cite journal | last = Colquhoun | first = D | authorlink = David Colquhoun |author2= [[Steven Novella|Novella S]] | pmid = 23709076 | url = http://www.dcscience.net/Colquhoun-Novella-A&A-2013.pdf | format = PDF | title = Acupuncture is a theatrical placebo: the end of a myth | journal = Anesthesia & Analgesia | volume = 116 | issue = 6 | year = 2013 | pages = 1360–1363 | doi=10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828f2d5e}}</ref> tapi umumnyo aman kok dilakuan dek praktisi nan talatiah.<ref name="nciacupuncture">{{cite web|title=Acupuncture (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/acupuncture/healthprofessional/page6|publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]]|accessdate=15 Sep 2013}}</ref> Sabaliaknyo, parawatan di lua bateh-bateh nan aman jo manjua disabuik sabagai [[padukunan]]. == Cabang ilimu kadokteran == Profesi kadokteran dituntuik untuak dapek maagiah layanan kasihatan nan paliang rancak, apolai kini cakupan ilimu alah bakambang laweh. [[Kadokteran gigi|Ilimu kadokteran gigi]], dan [[psikologi]], walaupun acok dipisahan dari kadokteran umum, tatap manjadi bagian satu kasatuan ilimu kadokteran. Surang dotor dapek mampunyoi kamampuan spesialisasi (alah manjalani pandidikan spesialisasi sasudah pandidikan profesi dotor) nan disabuik [[dotor spesialis]], sarato subspesialisasi nan disabuik sabagai [[dotor konsultan]]. Panantuan spesialiasi, jo galanyo baragam di tiok nagara. === Spesialiasi diagnostik === * '''[[Laboratorium klinik]]''' adolah layanan diagnostik klinis nan maaplikasikan teknik [[laboratorium]] untuak mambuek diagnosis, dan manajemen pasien. Di Amerika Serikat, layanan ko ado di bawah pangawasan surang patologis (ahli patologi). Urang nan dapek bakarajo di bidang ko adolah staf nan paham jo teknologi kadokteran, di Indonesia Laboratorium patologi ko ado 2: # [[Patologi klinik]] # [[Patologi anatomi]] * '''[[Radiologi]]''' bafokus pado pancitraan atau panggambaran tubuah manusia, misanyo jo [[sinar-X]], ''CT-scan'', [[Ultrasonografi medis|USG]] (ultrasonografi), tomografi [[resonansi magnetik nuklir]]. === Disiplin ilimu pre-klinis === * [[Anatomi]] adolah ilimu nan mangkaji struktur, dan organisasi tubuah manusia * [[Fisiologi]] adolah ilimu nan mangkaji fungsi baragam organ, dan sistem organ sarato interaksinyo dalam tubuah manusia * [[Biokimia]] adolah ilimu nan mangkaji proses-proses kimia nan tajadi dalam tubuah manusia * [[Histologi]] adolah ilimu nan mangkaji struktur mikroskopik, dan fungsi jariangan pambantuak, panyusun organ, jo sistem organ dalam tubuah manusia * [[Farmakologi]] adolah ilimu nan mangkaji ubek-ubek, interaksi, dan efeknyo kapado tubuah manusia * [[Patologi anatomi]] adolah ilimu nan mangkaji kalainan struktur mikroskopik, dan makroskopik baragam organ, dan jariangan nan disababkan panyakik atau proses lainnyo * [[Patologi klinik]] adolah ilimu nan mangkaji kalainan nan tajadi pado baragam fungsi organ atau sistem organ * [[Parasitologi]] adolah ilimu nan mangkaji panyakik-panyakik nan disababkan parasit * [[Mikrobiologi]] adolah ilimu nan mangkaji panyakik-panyakik nan disababkan mikroba === Disiplin ilimu klinis === * ''[[Anestesiologi]]'' adolah disiplin ilimu nan mangkaji panggunoan [[anestesi]]. * ''[[Dermatologi]]'' adolah ilimu nan mangkaji kulik, dan panyakiknyo. Di [[Inggirih]], dermatologi adolah subspesialis dari kadokteran umum. Di Indonesia, spesialisasi ko digabungkan jo ilimu panyakik kelamin. Dotor jo spesialisasi ko diagiah gala SpKK (Spesialisasi Kulik jo Kelamin), nan kini lah baganti manjadi SpDV (Spesialisasi Dermatologi Venerealogi). * ''[[Kadaruratan medis]]'' adolah ilimu nan bapusek pado diagnosis, sarato pananganan dari panyakik akut (sipaiknyo capek, sagiro) sarupo [[trauma]]. Ilimu ko juo baubuangan jo [[ilimu badah]], [[pediatri]], dan lainnyo. * ''[[Kadokteran umum]]'' atau ''[[kadokteran keluarga]]'' manangani patolongan partamo untuak pasien jo masalah darurat, mamantau, dan mambina pasien jo masalah kronis (sipaiknyo lamo). [[Dotor kaluarga]] biasonyo dapek manangani 90% dari masalah kasihatan kaluarga (anak, urang gadang, manula baiak laki-laki ataupun padusi) jo indak musti marujuak ka dotor spesialis, baiak masalah akut atau kronis (panyakik lua (kulik, THT, mato, dll) jo panyakik dalam (jantuang, paru, dll)). Di Amerika Serikat, dotor nan tagolong ''generalist'' (sipaikyno umum) tadiri dari, [[pediatri]]: masalah anak, internis (ahli [[panyakik dalam]]): urang gadang, ''family physician'' ([[Dotor kaluarga]]): untuak sagalo golongan umua. * ''[[Panyakik dalam|Ilimu panyakik dalam]]'' bapusek pado masalah panyakik sistemik utamonyo pado pasien dewasa bak cando masalah panyakik nan dapek marusak saluruah tubuah. Ilimu ko banyak manurunkan subspesialis: <small>(Indak sadoalah spesialisasi ko ado di Indonesia, caliak artikel [[dotor spesialis]])</small> **''[[Endokrinologi]]'' ** ''[[Gastroenterologi]]'' ** ''[[Hematologi]]'' ** ''[[Kardiologi]]'' ** ''[[Kadokteran parawatan intensif]]'' ** ''[[Nefrologi]]'' ** ''[[Onkologi]]'' ** ''[[Panyakik infeksi]]'' ** ''[[Pulmonologi]]'' ** ''[[Rheumatologi]]'' * ''[[Neurologi]]'' adolah ilimu nan mangkaji tantang panyakik [[saraf]]. Di Inggris, spesialisasi ko ado di bawah kadokteran umum. * ''[[Obstetrik]]'', dan ''[[ginekologi]]'' (di kalangan dotor acok disingkek ''obgin''). Dalam [[bahaso Indonesia]] disabuik ilimu kabidanan, dan panyakik kanduangan. Masalah [[ubek reproduksi]], jo [[ubek kasuburan]] sacaro umum ditangani dek spesialis ginekologi. * ''[[Parawatan pananganan pasien]]'' adolah cabang baru dari ilimu kadokteran nan manangani parawatan, dan maagiah dukuangan emosional pasien jo panyakik nan parah bak cando [[kanker]], dan [[gagal jantuang]]. * ''[[Pediatri]]'' adolah ilimu nan mangkaji masalah panyakik pado bayi, dan anak. Bak cando pado ilimu panyakik dalam, disiplin ko mampunyoi banyak subspesialis bak cando untuak bidang kardiologi, endokrinologi, gastroenterologi, hematologi, onkologi, oftalmologi, dan [[neonatologi]]. * ''[[Talingo iduang Tenggorok Badah Kapalo Lihia (THT-KL)]]'': ilimu kadokteran nan mangkaji kasihatan talingo, proses mandanga, kasaimbangan, iduang, panapasan, tenggorok, kalainan suaro, gangguan malulua, jo adonyo tumor di daerah lihia, jo wajah. * ''[[Kadokteran rehabilitasi medis]]'' atau disabuik juo ''fisiatri'' mangkaji pabaikan fungsional tubuah dari cidera atau [[kalainan kongenital]]. * ''[[Kadokteran preventif]]'' adolah cabang dari ilimu kadokteran nan bapusek pado panagahan panyakik. * ''[[Psikiatri]]'' atau ilimu kadokteran jiwa. * ''[[Terapi radiasi]]'' bapusek pado panggunoan radiasi untuak terapi. * ''[[Radiologi]]'' mangkaji interpretasi dari pancitraan medis dari baragam media bak cando sinar X. Di [[Indonesia]], dotor jo spesialiasi radiologi diagiah gala SpRad. * ''[[Badah|Spesialisasi bedah]]'' mangkaji ilimu badah. Ilimu ko mampunyoi cabang spesialisasi bak cando [[badah ortopedik]], [[badah urologi]], [[badah saraf]], dan lainnyo. * ''Ilimu kadokteran manuruik gender'', mangkaji sisi pabedaan biologi, dan fisiologi dari jinih kelamin, dan baa pangaruahnyo pado panyakik. === Cakupan antardisipliner === Ilimu kadokteran pun malaweh ka bidang lainnyo. Babarapo bidang alun tanamo di Indonesia. * ''[[Bioetika]]'' adolah sabuah ilimu nan mangkaji ubuangan [[biologi]], sains, kasihatan, etika, [[pilsapaik]], jo [[teologi]]. * ''[[Farmakologi klinis]]'' mangkaji ubuangan interaksi antaro ubek, dan tubuah pasien. * ''[[Informatika kadokteran]]'' mangubuangkan dunia kadokteran jo dunia [[teknologi informasi]]. * ''[[Kadokteran udaro]]'' mangkaji tantang kasihatan nan baubuangan jo panabangan, dan pajalanan udaro. * ''[[Kadokteran evolusioner]]'' adolah ilimu kadokteran nan bakaik jo teori evolusioner. * ''[[Kadokteran forensik]]'' mangkaji ilimu kadokteran nan bakaik jo masalah [[hukum]] bak cando panantuan wakatu, dan panyabab kamatian sasaurang pado sabuah kasus kriminal. * ''[[Kadokteran konservasi]]'' adolah ilimu nan bakaik jo kasihatan manusia, dan binatang sarato kondisi lingkungan. Disabuik juo sabagai kadokteran ekologis atau kadokteran lingkuangan. * ''[[Kadokteran olahraga]]'' manangani kasihatan olahragawan-olahragawan. * ''[[Kadokteran salam]]'' membahas hal nan baubuangan masalah kasihatan pado [[salam|panyalaman]]. * ''[[Nosologi]]'' adolah bagian pangalompokan panyakik untuak tujuan tatantu. * ''[[Teknik biomedis]]'' mangkaji aplikasi prinsip teknis untuak praktik kadokteran. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Medicine|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Kadokteran|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Medicine|d=Q11190|display=Kadokteran|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Kadokteran|voy=no|wikt=Kedokteran}} {{Kadokteran}} [[Kategori:Ilimu kasihatan]] [[Kategori:Kadokteran]] lmv4lut56korc6z47rj6u2lm4zsm5t1 0 323591 2443674 2438857 2022-07-28T06:29:12Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{penyangkalan medis}} [[Berkas:Surgeon operating, Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, circa 1990.JPEG|jmpl|Ahli badah sadang malakukan suatu pambadahan]] '''Badah''' atau '''pambadahan''' ([[bahaso Inggirih]]: ''surgery'', [[bahaso Yunani]]: ''cheirourgia'' "karajo tangan") adolah spesialisasi dalam [[kadokteran]] nan maubek [[panyakik]] atau [[luko]] jo operasi manual dan instrumen. Ahli bedah (''surgeon'') dapek marupokan [[dotor]], [[dotor gigi]], atau [[dotor hewan]] nan mampunyoi spesialisasi dalam bidang ilimu badah. Istilah ahli kini labiah lazim disabuik sabagai spesialis. Kok disabuik sabagai spesialis badah sajo mangko itu adolah dotor, sadang untuak dotor gigi lazim disabuik dotor gigi spesialis badah muluik, samantaro untuak dotor hewan lazim disabuik spesialis badah hewan. Tindakan pambadahan dilakukan dek surang spesialis badah. Ado bamacam-macam spesialis nan malakukan tindakan pambadahan. Umumnyo pambagian spesialisasi samo di ampia sadoalah balahan dunia. Di Indonesia spesialis badah bagabuang di dalam suatu federasi nan banamo IKABI (''Perhimpunan Spesialis Bedah Indonesia'') dan dalam bahaso Inggirih labiah tanamo jo ISA (''Indonesian Surgeon Association''). Anggota IKABI kini tadiri dari 10 OPLB (''Organisasi Profesi di Lingkungan Bedah'') nan satiok OPLB marupokan spesialisasi ataupun subspesialisasi. == Subspesialisasi == Spesialisasi badah nan ado kini adolah # Spesialis Badah Umum # Spesialis Orthopedi # Spesialis Urologi # Spesialis Badah Plastik # Spesialis Badah Saraf # Spesialis Badah Toraks, Kardiak & Vaskular # Spesialis Badah Anak # Spesialis Badah Subspesialis Vaskular dan Endovaskular # Spesialis Badah Subspesialis Badah Digestif # Spesialis Badah Subspesialis Badah Onkologi Tujuah nan partamo adolah marupokan spesialisasi sadang tigo tarakhia marupokan subspesialisasi. Spesialis Badah Umum adolah surang nan mampunyoi ilimu jo katerampilan dalam hal diagnosa, parawatan sabalun operasi, operasi, jo panatalasanaan sasudah operasi pado area barikuik: saluran cerna, paruik jo isinyo, payudara, kulik jo jariangan lunak, kapalo ko lihia, pambuluah darah, endokrin, kalainan baokan jo tumor, khususnyo tumor kulik, kelenjar liua, tiroid, paratiroid, rongga muluik, sistem pambuluah darah kacuali jantuang jo pambuluah darah dalam utak. Spesialis Badah Orthopedi adolah spesialis nan bidangnyo adolah sistem otot jo tulang. Surang spesialis badah orthopedi manangani kalainan pado tampek tasabuik baiak jo caro pambadahan ataupun tanpa pambadahan. Spesialis Urologi adolah spesialis nan manangani kalainan pado sistem saluran kemih laki-laki jo padusi, sarato manangani juo organ reproduksi laki-laki. Spesialis Badah Saraf adolah suatu cabang ilimu kadokteran nan malakukan panagahan, diagnosa, ubek, jo rehabilitasi satiok gangguan pado sistem saraf sarupo utak, sumsum tulang balakang, saraf tapi, jo sistem pambuluah utak. Spesialis Badah Plastik adolah surang spesialisasi dalam ilimu badah nan batujuan untuak mampeloki karusakan atau mambaliakan bantuak tubuah. Spesialis Badah Subspesiali Vaskular jo Endovaskular marupokan subspesialisasi dari badah umum utamonyo mandalami ilimu tantang pambuluah darah arteri, vena, jo sistem limfatik. Inyo mampunyoi kamampuan malakukan pambadahan nan dilakukan dek spesialis badah umum dan juo santiang malakukan pambadahan, ubek, sarato tindakan invasif minimal pado pambuluah darah. Spesialis Badah Subspesialis Badah Digestif marupokan subspesialisasi dari badah umum dan salain talok malakukan tindakan pambadahan sarupo badah umum lainnyo, inyo santiang pulo malakukan tindakan badah pado saluran cerna. Spesialis Badah Subspesialis Badah Onkologi marupokan subspesialisasi dari badah umum dan salain talok malakukan tindakan pambadahan sarupo badah umum lainnyo, inyo santiang pulo malakukan tindakan badah tumor sarupo tumor jariangan lunak. Spesialis Badah Toraks, Kardiak & Vaskular (Badah Paru, Jantuang & Pambuluah Darah) adolah bidang kadokteran nan talibaik dalam parawatan medis & badah panyakik - panyakik nan mampangaruahi organ di dalam toraks (dado) utamonyo jantuang, paru maupun sadoalah sistem pambuluah darah kacuali utak. Tadiri dari tindakan badah tabukak jo tindakan invasif non badah sarupo intervensi perkutaneus. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Surgery|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Badah|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Surgery|d=Q40821|display=Badah|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Badah|voy=no|wikt=Badah}} [[Kategori:Badah]] [[Kategori:Kadokteran]] anxb9x7b3xohkkqazj43thk3ruc0k2j 0 327554 2443742 2443022 2022-07-28T08:15:47Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki : ''Untuak fitur surek elektronik di Wikipedia, caliak Wikipedia:Surek elektronik'' [[Berkas:(at).svg|jmpl|150x150px|<center>Tando et, sabuah bagian dari satiok SMTP kotak surel<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#section-2.3.11|title=RFC 5321 – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|website=Network Working Group|access-date=2010-02=October 2008}}</ref></center>]] '''Surek elektronik''' (akronim: '''ratel''', '''ratron''', '''surel''', atau '''surat-e''') atau '''pos elektronik''' (akronim: '''pos-el''') atau '''imel''' ([[Bahaso Inggirih|bahaso Inggris]]: '''''e-mail''''') adolah sarana kirim mangirim surek malalui jalur jaringan komputer (misalnyo [[Internet]]). [[Berkas:Email.svg|jmpl|Limo langkah dalam proses pangiriman surel.]] Dek surek biaso umumnyo pangirim paralu membayia per pangiriman (dek mambali prangko), tatapi surek elektronik umumnyo harago nan dikaluaan adolah harago untuak membayia sambungan internet. Tapi ado pangacualian misalnyo surek elektronik ka talepon genggam, kadang pembayiannyo ditagih per pangiriman. # == Sajarah == Surek elektronik alah mulai dipakai pado tahun 1960-an. Pado itu internet alun tabantuak, nan ado hanyolah kumpuan 'mainframe' nan tabantuak sabagai jaringan. Mulai tahun 1980-an, surek elektronik alah biso dinikmati dek khalayak umum. Sakarang ko banyak parusahaan pos di babagai nagari nan manurun panghasilannyo disebabkan masyarakaik alah indak mamakai jasa pos liak. === Surel Patamo Di Dunio === Konsep surel patamo kali dikamukakan dek '''''Ray Tomlinson''''' pado akhir tahun 1971. Ray Tomlinson pado wakatu tu bakarajo untuak Bolt Beranek and Newman "BBN" milik lembaga pertahanan Amerika. Pado awalnyo Ray baeksperimen dek program komputer nan banamo SNDMSG nan pado wakatu tu digunoan untuak maninggalkan pasan pado komputer, sahingga urang nan mamakai komputer dapek mambaco pasan nan ditinggaan dek pamakai komputer "wakatu tu normal katiko banyak urang manggunoan komputer nan samo sacaro bagantian". Eksperimen Ray kamudian dilanjuikan dek manghubungkan SNDMSG malalui file protocol nan banamo CYPNET sahinggo program SNDMSG dapek mangiriman pasan ka komputer lain, namun masih ado dalam ciek jaringan ARPAnet. Eksperimen tasabuik barasil jo Itulah awal taciptonyo surel. Pasan surel patamo kali nan dikirim dek Ray pado 1971 marupokan surel patamo di dunio. Isi Pasan barupo "kato kato tes" sapanuhnyo dilupoan, Kamungkinan pasan patamo nan dikirimnyo adolah QWERTYUIOP atau huruf sarupo," kato Ray dalam akun Flickr miliknya. Pado tahun 1972, Ray manganaan lambang @ "Indonesia dibaco ET" sabagai identitas email untuak mamisahan antaro Identitas pangguno dek domain. @ "bahasa inggris ditulih AT" aratinyo adolah "kapado". == Alamaik surel == Struktur alamaik surel, sabagai contoh: Katerangan: == Metode pangiriman == Untuak mangirim surek elektronik kito mamaralukan suatu program ''mail-client''. Surek elektronik nan kito kirim akan malalui babarapo poin sabalum sampai di tujuan. Mulai dari surek elektronik dikirim → Internet → POP3 server panyadio surel panarimo → ''mail client'' (di komputer si panarimo) → surek elektronik dibaco si panarimo Nampak surek elektronik nan takirim hanyo malalui 5 poin (salain komputer pangirim jo panarimo). Sabananyo labiah dari itu sebab salapeh surek elektronik maninggaan POP3 Server mako itu akan malalui banyak server-server lainnyo. Indak tatutuik kamungkinan surek elektronik nan kito kirim disadap urang lain. Mako dari itu bilo surek elektronik nan kito kirim manganduang isi nan sensitif sabaiknyo kito mangarajoan tindakan pancegahan, dek mangacak (enkripsi) data dalam surek elektronik tasabuik (contohnyo manggunoan PGP, sertifikat digital, jo lain-lain) == Caro mambaco surek elektronik == Surek elektronik pado awalnyo disimpan di dalam sabuah ''mailserver''. Biasonyo katiko sasaurang mamakai koneksi ISP untuak sambungan ka internet, inyo akan dibarian ciek surek elektronik gratis. Surek elektronik nan ditarimo akan disimpan di server surek elektronik ISP. Ado duo caro untuak mengakses surat elektronik: * Dek caro manggunoan paramban web, sarupo Mozilla Firefox. Metode iko disabuik sabagai ''web-based'', aratinyo kito manggunoan media web sabagai parantaro ka kotak surek elektronik. Contoh: Yahoo! Mail dan Gmail. Untuak manggunoannyo, pangguna haruslah dalam keadaan daring. Layanan surek elektronik babasis web biasonyo disadioan dek penyelenggara layanan surel gratis. * Manggunoan program pengakses surek elektronik (''e-mail client''), sarupo: Eudora Mail, Outlook Express, Windows Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird, Mutt. Dek manggunoan program sarupo iko, sasaurang harus mengetahui konfigurasi nan biso didapek dari ISP. Keuntungannyo adolah dapek mambaco surek elektronik tanpa paralu tahubuang sacaro taruih-manaruih dek internet jo puluhan surek elektronik dapek ditarimo jo dikiriman sacaro basamo-samo sakaligus. Kalabihan nan lainnyo adolah perangkek luneik iko manyadioan fungsi-fungsi panyuntingan jo pembacoan surel sacara luring. Dek demikian biaya koneksi ka internet dapek dihimeik. == Etika panggunoan surek elektronik == Etika dalam surek elektronik samo dek etika dalam manulih surek biaso. Ado surek elektronik nan isinyo formal ado nan informal. Babarapo poin pentiang: * Jan mangirim surek elektronik jo lampiran (''attachment'') nan talalu gadang (labiah dari 512 kB). Indak sado urang mampunyoi akses Internet nan capek, jo ado kamungkinan lampiran tasabuik malabihi kapasitas surek elektronik panarimo, sahinggo akan ditolak ''mailserver'' panarimo. Salain tu, caliak juo bahwa babarapo panyadio surek elektronik jugo manerapkan batasan tentang jumlah, jinih, jo ukuran surek elektronik nan dapek ditarimo (jo dikirim) panggunonyo, * Jan mangirim lanjuik (''forward'') surek elektronik tanpa bapikia kagunoan bagi urang nan dituju. * Acok isi kolom subjek, jan dipadian kosong. * Dalam mangutip tulihan urang lain, acok usahoan mangutip saparalunyo, jan namua gampangnyo mangutip sado tulihan urang tu: ** dalam manjawek surek elektronik urang lain, kutip bagian nan kito tanggapi se, salain labiah jaleh juo indak mamakan wakatu / jatah akses panarimo, ** dalam mangutip tulihan urang katigo, ingek hak cipto: kutip saketek mungkin jo rujuak ka tulihan aslinyo. * Jan manggunoan huruf kapital karano dapek manimbulkan kesan anda BATARIAK. * Gunoan kato-kato dek santun. Adokalanyo sesuatu nan kito tulih akan takesan babeda dek apo nan sabananyo kito makasuikan. == Keamanan == Keamanan data di surek elektronik indaklah tajamin jo acok ado risiko tabukak untuak umum, dalam aratian sadolah isinyo dapek dibaco dek urang lain. Hal iko disebabkan dek karano surek elektronik tu akan malewati banyak server sabalun sampai di tujuan. Indak tatutuik kamungkinan ado urang nang manyadap surek elektronik nan dikiriman tasabuik. Surek elektronik dapek diamankan jo mangarajoan teknik pengacakan (enkripsi). Salah satu program enkripsi nan populer adolah [http://www.pgpi.org/ PGP] (''Pretty Good Privacy''). Dek mamakai PGP mako isi akan dienkrip, jo hanyo urang nan tatuju dapek mandekripsi jo mambaco surek elektronik tasabuik. Karugiannyo adolah mambuek repot pihak pangirim jo panarimo (karano kaduonyo harus punyo program PGP, jo pangirim jugo harus punyo kunci umum panarimo, jo mangarajoan enkripsi pasan jo kunci tasabuik). == Caliak pulo == * Alamaik surek elektronik * Virus komputer * Spam * Milis * Komunitas maya == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=E-mail|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Surat elektronik|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=E-mail|d=Q9158|display=Surat elektronik|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Surat elektronik|voy=no|wikt=Surek}} qkexqa1edjpwui3qywyl75rqcg3x5zw 0 336834 2443680 2424429 2022-07-28T06:34:00Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Winchester Riot Knife.jpg|ka|jmpl|250px|Balati.]] '''Balati''' adolah sajinih sanjata tajam nan fungsinyo untuak mancucuak atau manikam. Pamakaiannyo dapek jo caro diganggam atau dilayangkan. Ukurannyo dapek labiah kaciak atau labiah gadang daripado [[pisau]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dapur dan alat-alat memasak tradisional Daerah Jambi|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/30596867|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Penelitian Pengkajian dan Pembinaan Nilai-Nilai Budaya|date=1993|oclc=30596867|last=Jaʼfar.}}</ref>. Sanjato iko mamiliki rantang sijarah nan panjang dan ado banyak jinihnyo. Di [[Indonesia]], sanjato sajinih balati nan tanamo adolah [[rencong]] jo [[karih]]. == Galeri == <gallery> File:Poignard_0.188.1_2_fond.jpg|Belati dari [[Neolitikum|Zaman Neolitik]]. File:Puñal_íbero_antenas_atrofiadas_(M.A.N.)_01.jpg|Balati segitiga dari [[Semenanjung Iberia]]. File:Dagger India Louvre MR13434.jpg|Balati dari zaman [[Kamaharajaan Mughal]], disimpan di [[Museum Louvre]]. </gallery> == Caliak pulo == * [[Ruduih]] * [[Karih]] ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}}<br/> ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Knives|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Pisau|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Knives|d=Q32489|display=Pisau|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pisau|voy=no|wikt=Pisau}} [[Kategori:Balati| ]] [[Kategori:Pisau]] [[Kategori:Sanjato tradisional Indonesia]] kuiuzqi9kuqlo0p0iidbpzdj9mfxyey 0 336835 2443595 2064607 2022-07-27T13:26:49Z 114.124.172.130 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki Sanjato iyolah suatu alat nan dipakai untuak [[malukai]], [[mambunuah]], atau manghancurkan sasuatu. Sanjato dapek dipakai untuak manyarang maupun untuak jago diri, dan dapek untuak [[mangancam]] dan [[malindungi diri]]. Apapun nan dapek dipakai untuak marusak (bahkan psikology dan badan urang) dapek dikatokan sanjato<ref>{{Cite book|title=The weapon|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/444388636|publisher=St. Martin's|date=2010|isbn=978-0-312-36527-1|oclc=444388636|first=Poyer,|last=David.}}</ref>. Sanjato bisa sederhana saparti panokok atau kompleks saparti tank ([[Main Battle Tank]]), ''[[robot|cyborg]]'', saroto [[paluru kandali balistik]]. ==Koleksi== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}}<br/> == Pautan lua == {{commonscat|Weapons}}<br/>{{Authority control}} 5nul0tsqwwht7ix4uyno7xy6czexobw 0 336836 2443681 2440183 2022-07-28T06:34:25Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Leopard 2 A5 der Bundeswehr.jpg|jmpl|300px|Tank lago utamo [[Leopard 2]]A5]] Main Battle Tank (MBT), dapek dikana sabagai tank serbu atau universal tank, iyolah [[tank]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corum|first=James S.|last2=Mitcham|first2=Samuel W.|date=2002-10|title=The Panzer Legions: A Guide to the German Army Tank Divisions and Their Commanders|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1432643|journal=German Studies Review|volume=25|issue=3|pages=632|doi=10.2307/1432643|issn=0149-7952}}</ref> nan diisi dangan paluru mariam - dapek malindungi dari api langsung dan dapek dikandalikan untuak bajalan lincah layak sanjato modern. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}}<br/> == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Marder (IFV)|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Main Battle Tank|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Marder (IFV)|d=Q151968|display=Main Battle Tank|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Main Battle Tank|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=kareta angin}} f88234etna2atdre4ekk2gopbuyi8k2 0 336837 2443609 2441216 2022-07-27T15:56:10Z 114.124.172.130 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Minuteman III MIRV path.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.3|Minuteman-III [[MIRV]] paluncuran uruik:<br>1. Paluru kandali lapas landeh dari silo dangan manembakkan motor panguat tahap partamo (''A'').<br> 2. Sakitar 60 detik satalah maluncua, tahap partamo turun dan motor tahap ka-2 (''B'') manyala. Salubuang paluru kandali (''E'') kalua.<br> 3. Sakitar 120 detik satalah paluncuran, motor tahap 3 (''C'') manyala dan bapisah dari tahap ka-2.<br> 4. Sakitar 180 detik satalah maluncua, dorong tahap ka-3 barhanti dan [[kandaraan]] satalah dorongan (''D'') bagian tapisah dari roket.<br> 5. Satalah mandorong kandaraan malakukan manggaliek surang dan manyiapkan panyabaran kandaraan masuak kambali (RV).<br> 6. RV, sarato umpan dan sekam dikarahkan.<br> 7. RV (sakarang [[sanjato|basanjato]]) dan sekam masuak kambali ka atmosfer dangan malaju sangek copek.<br> 8. Hulu ledak [[bom atom|nuklir]] maledak.]] '''Paluru kandali balistik''' iyolah paluru kandali<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mills|first=James|date=2015-12-01|title=Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System/Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System Alternative Warhead (GMLRS/GMLRS AW)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1019443|location=Fort Belvoir, VA}}</ref> nan tabang pado katinggian sub-orbit malalui jalur balistik. Rudal balistik hanyo dapek dikandalikan pado tahap paluncurannyo sajo. Rudal balistik partamo adolah [[roket V-2]]. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}}<br/> ==Pautan lua== *{{Commonscat-inline|Missiles|Paluru kandali balistik}} {{Authority control}} k8el7s9eph437sinhtx42vqa2qy2tlu 0 336839 2443612 2440174 2022-07-27T16:03:25Z 114.124.172.130 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marder1A3.5.jpg|thumb|300px|Tank manangah jinih Marder 1A3 dangan [[MILAN]] maluncua.]] Tank iyolah kandaraan tempur lapis baja nan bagarak dangan roda babantuak rantai. Ciri utamo tank<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corum|first=James S.|last2=Mitcham|first2=Samuel W.|date=2002-10|title=The Panzer Legions: A Guide to the German Army Tank Divisions and Their Commanders|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1432643|journal=German Studies Review|volume=25|issue=3|pages=632|doi=10.2307/1432643|issn=0149-7952}}</ref> adolah palindungnyo nan biasonyo adolah balapiah [[baja]] nan barek, [[sanjato]]nyo nan barupo [[meriam]] gadang, juga mobilitas nan tenggi untuak bagarak dangan lanca di sagalo medan. Tank adolah [[sanjato]] darek paling kuat dan serba-bisa pado medan parang modern, basobok kamampuannyo untuak manghancurkan target darek apopun, dan ba-efek mentalnyo ka [[infanteri]]. ==Bantuak== {|class=wikitable width=100% |- | {{Refbegin}} '''Bantuak Tank''': {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} :1. [[Periskop]] :2. [[Perisai sanjato]] :3. [[Duduakan sanjato|Koaksial]] sanjato :4. [[Ekstraktor asok]] :5. [[Meriam tank|Sanjato tank]] :6. Panglihatan sopir :7. Lubang sopir, dapek dibuka-tutup :8. [[Glacis (militer)|Glacis]] piring miring :9. [[Roda rantai]] :10. Amunisi senapan masin :11. Senapan masin di ateh {{col-break}} :12. Lubang untuak [[Turet sanjato|kubah]] :13. [[Turet sanjato]] :14. Turet cincin bulek :15. [[Badan kendaraan (casis)|Lambung tank]] :16. Masin udaro [[intake]] :17. kompartemen mancagah bunyi dan aia masuak :18. Rok samping(dilapih panambahan baja kareh.) :19. [[Roda gigi]] untuak bajalan :20. Tautan babantuak rantai untuak roda :21. Roda bulek {{col-break}} [[File:M1 Abrams diagram num.svg|right|frameless|upright=2.2]] {{col-end}} {{Refend}} |} ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}}<br/> == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=medium tank|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Kandaraan lapih baja|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=medium tank|d=Q12876|display=Kandaraan lapih baja|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Kandaraan lapih baja|voy=no|wikt=Kandaraan lapih baja}} {{Authority control}} ohcb2wqjl1n4kdxkhdtm6s4zoof8v09 2443613 2443612 2022-07-27T16:05:53Z 114.124.172.130 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marder1A3.5.jpg|thumb|300px|Tank manangah jinih Marder 1A3 dangan [[MILAN]] maluncua.]] Tank iyolah kandaraan tempur lapih baja nan bagarak dangan roda babantuak rantai. Ciri utamo tank<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corum|first=James S.|last2=Mitcham|first2=Samuel W.|date=2002-10|title=The Panzer Legions: A Guide to the German Army Tank Divisions and Their Commanders|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1432643|journal=German Studies Review|volume=25|issue=3|pages=632|doi=10.2307/1432643|issn=0149-7952}}</ref> adolah palindungnyo nan biasonyo adolah balapiah [[baja]] nan barek, [[sanjato]]nyo nan barupo [[meriam]] gadang, juga mobilitas nan tenggi untuak bagarak dangan lanca di sagalo medan. Tank adolah [[sanjato]] darek paling kuek dan sarba-biso pado medan parang modern, basobok kamampuannyo untuak manghancurkan target darek apopun, dan ba-efek mentalnyo ka [[infanteri]]. ==Bantuak== {|class=wikitable width=100% |- | {{Refbegin}} '''Bantuak Tank''': {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} :1. [[Periskop]] :2. [[Perisai sanjato]] :3. [[Duduakan sanjato|Koaksial]] sanjato :4. [[Ekstraktor asok]] :5. [[Meriam tank|Sanjato tank]] :6. Panglihatan sopir :7. Lubang sopir, dapek dibuka-tutup :8. [[Glacis (militer)|Glacis]] piring miring :9. [[Roda rantai]] :10. Amunisi senapan masin :11. Senapan masin di ateh {{col-break}} :12. Lubang untuak [[Turet sanjato|kubah]] :13. [[Turet sanjato]] :14. Turet cincin bulek :15. [[Badan kendaraan (casis)|Lambung tank]] :16. Masin udaro [[intake]] :17. kompartemen mancagah bunyi dan aia masuak :18. Rok samping(dilapih panambahan baja kareh.) :19. [[Roda gigi]] untuak bajalan :20. Tautan babantuak rantai untuak roda :21. Roda bulek {{col-break}} [[File:M1 Abrams diagram num.svg|right|frameless|upright=2.2]] {{col-end}} {{Refend}} |} ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}}<br/> == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=medium tank|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Kandaraan lapih baja|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=medium tank|d=Q12876|display=Kandaraan lapih baja|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Kandaraan lapih baja|voy=no|wikt=Kandaraan lapih baja}} {{Authority control}} gmi2aqjctlravjavz7fg0tw2uchcon1 2443679 2443613 2022-07-28T06:33:32Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marder1A3.5.jpg|thumb|300px|Tank manangah jinih Marder 1A3 dangan [[MILAN]] maluncua.]] Tank iyolah kandaraan tempur lapih baja nan bagarak dangan roda babantuak rantai. Ciri utamo tank<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corum|first=James S.|last2=Mitcham|first2=Samuel W.|date=2002-10|title=The Panzer Legions: A Guide to the German Army Tank Divisions and Their Commanders|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1432643|journal=German Studies Review|volume=25|issue=3|pages=632|doi=10.2307/1432643|issn=0149-7952}}</ref> adolah palindungnyo nan biasonyo adolah balapiah [[baja]] nan barek, [[sanjato]]nyo nan barupo [[meriam]] gadang, juga mobilitas nan tenggi untuak bagarak dangan lanca di sagalo medan. Tank adolah [[sanjato]] darek paling kuek dan sarba-biso pado medan parang modern, basobok kamampuannyo untuak manghancurkan target darek apopun, dan ba-efek mentalnyo ka [[infanteri]]. ==Bantuak== {|class=wikitable width=100% |- | {{Refbegin}} '''Bantuak Tank''': {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} :1. [[Periskop]] :2. [[Perisai sanjato]] :3. [[Duduakan sanjato|Koaksial]] sanjato :4. [[Ekstraktor asok]] :5. [[Meriam tank|Sanjato tank]] :6. Panglihatan sopir :7. Lubang sopir, dapek dibuka-tutup :8. [[Glacis (militer)|Glacis]] piring miring :9. [[Roda rantai]] :10. Amunisi senapan masin :11. Senapan masin di ateh {{col-break}} :12. Lubang untuak [[Turet sanjato|kubah]] :13. [[Turet sanjato]] :14. Turet cincin bulek :15. [[Badan kendaraan (casis)|Lambung tank]] :16. Masin udaro [[intake]] :17. kompartemen mancagah bunyi dan aia masuak :18. Rok samping(dilapih panambahan baja kareh.) :19. [[Roda gigi]] untuak bajalan :20. Tautan babantuak rantai untuak roda :21. Roda bulek {{col-break}} [[File:M1 Abrams diagram num.svg|right|frameless|upright=2.2]] {{col-end}} {{Refend}} |} ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}}<br/> == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=medium tank|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Kandaraan lapih baja|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=medium tank|d=Q12876|display=Kandaraan lapih baja|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Kandaraan lapih baja|voy=no|wikt=Kandaraan}} {{Authority control}} drbd6nzz1fpv8eo6vxnxjomylui80ff 0 336841 2443695 2442517 2022-07-28T06:44:02Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Oil_tanker_in_Japan.jpg|thumb|Kapa tanker pangangkuik [[Minyak baka|minyak]] di [[Japang|Jopang]].]] '''Kapa''' iyolah [[kandaraan]] pangangkuik panumpang dan barang di [[Lauik]], [[Sungai]] dan samacamnyo saumpamo halnyo [[sampan]] atau [[parahu]] nan labiah ketek. Kapa<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Australian Commonwealth Shipping Line|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/5651404|publisher=Roebuck Society|date=1978|isbn=0-909434-11-5|oclc=5651404|first=Brennan, Frank,|last=1929-}}</ref> biasonyo cukup bosegh untuak mambao [[parahu]] ketek samacam [[sekoci]]. Ado lai nan lain nan dapek tabang banamo [[kapa tabang]]. Sacaro harfiah kapa iyolah kandaraan pangangkuik panumpang dan barang. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}}<br/><br/> == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Container ship|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Kapa|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Container ship|d=Q17210|display=Kapa|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Kapa|voy=no|wikt=Kapa}} *{{commons-inline|Ship transport|Kapa}} 0xqd7o1ji9nr939grdiu3nf1wt2lnyk 0 336842 2443693 2440849 2022-07-28T06:40:39Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Animation_einer_Gleichstrommaschine.gif|jmpl|240px|ka|Polaritas medan magnet rotor dalam motor DC dangan stator magnet parmanen.]] '''Motor listrik''' iyolah alat untuak mangubah energi [[listrik]] manjadi energi mekanik atau gerak. Alat nan bafungsi sabaliknyo, mangubah energi mekanik manjadi energi listrik disabuik [[generator]] atau [[dinamo]]. ==Rujuakan== == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Electric motor|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Motor listrik|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Electric motor|d=Q72313|display=Motor listrik|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Motor listrik|voy=no|wikt=elektro}} *{{Commons-inline|Electric motor|Motor listrik}} c0ocfgyg6nvb0obo9a4o0faiwu84zy1 0 336843 2443716 2440484 2022-07-28T07:00:30Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Lightning3.jpg|jmpl|[[Kilek]] adolah contoh listrik alami nan paliang dramatis]] '''Listrik''' adolah rangkaian fenomena [[fisika]] nan bahubungan dangan kahadiran dan aliran [[muatan listrik]]. Listrik manimbulkan barbagai macam efek nan sudah umum dikana, ajak [[petir]], [[listrik statis]], [[induksi elektromagnetik]] dan [[arus listrik]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Plant power|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/154401908|publisher=Auckland Regional Council|date=1998|oclc=154401908|first=Auckland (N.Z. : Region). Parks Education|last=Team.}}</ref>. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Electric power generation|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Listrik|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Electric power generation|d=Q26327841|display=Listrik|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Listrik|voy=no|wikt=energi}} *{{Commons-inline|Electricity|Listrik}} 9cr99hj1cff8918x6xwl4oce6ratwof 0 336848 2443755 2231041 2022-07-28T10:10:56Z 182.2.171.144 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Bundeswehr_Kreuz_Black.svg|jmpl|240px|ka|(Bandero [[Rasisme|rasis]] Kakaisaran)<br/>''[[Balkenkreuz|Panji hitam kakaisaran]]'' sarupo ajak bandero ''[[Kakaisaran Romawi Timur|romawi timua]]'' dan ''[[Inggirih]]'' nan ado pado kandaraan [[Main Battle Tank|militer darek]], lauik, udaro, saroto angkaso lua dangan 4U pado tiok suduik dipasoan, punyo arti:<br/><div style="text-align: center;">''"Go [[Kaisar Uda|Uda]], obe [[ampek]]"''.</div><br/>ditajomahan:<br/><div style="text-align: center;">''"Pulanglah uda, beko dipabinian ka [[uni]]"''.</div>]] '''Kakaisaran Romawi''' (bahaso Latin: Imperium Romanum) adolah pariode pasca-Republik dari paradaban Romawi kuno, saumpamo dangan pamarintahan nan dipimpin jo kaisar, dan kapamilikan wilayah kakuasaan nan lowe di sakitar Lawuik Tangah di Eropa, Afrika, dan Asia. Republik barusia 500 tahun nan mandahuluinyo talah malamah dan indak stabil akibat sarangkaian parang saudaro dan konflik politik. ==Namo== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}}<br/> ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Holy Roman Empire|author=Kakaisaran Romawi Suci|auto=no|b=Kakaisaran Romawi Suci|c=no|collapsible=no|commonscat=Holy Roman Empire|d=yes|display=Kakaisaran Romawi Suci|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Kakaisaran Romawi Suci|voy=no|wikt=bangso}} jrhfjbq40ykc6qyke0tgy0ief8dodd0 0 336852 2443725 2439733 2022-07-28T07:10:40Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Helicopter_gif_1340244-00292-00299.gif|thumb|upright=1.14|Helikopter sadang tabang.]] '''Helikopter''' iyolah kapa tabang nan labiah barek dari udaro, basayok puta nan rotornyo digarakkan dek masin.<ref name="Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 Tentang Penerbangan">{{cite web|url=http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?id+regulasi_uu+download+5|title=Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 Tentang Penerbangan|format=[[PDF]]|archiveurl=http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?id+regulasi_uu+download+5|archivedate=12 January 2009 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no|accessdate=2012-08-01}}</ref> Helikopter marupokan kapa tabang nan maangkek jo tadorong dek ciek atau labiah [[rotor]] ([[propeller]]) horizontal gadang. ==Jinih== <br/> ==Desain== ==Kaamanan== <br/> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Helikopter|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat multi=Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey|d=Q1420|display=Helikopter|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Helikopter|voy=no|wikt=Helikopter}} [[Kategori:Transportasi]] s7qn7nacmccfwdn2t2bzaek6org7qav 0 336853 2443615 2442089 2022-07-27T17:09:00Z 114.124.175.27 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|nagara bagian di Amerika Serikat|kota banamo nan samo|Kota New York}} [[Berkas:Flag_of_New_York.svg|225px|right|thumb|[[Lambang New York|Bandera New York]].{{br}}Ado alang di tangah duo [[Malaikaik|urang Malaikaik]] barambuik panjang ajak batino,{{br}}batuliskan: Excelsior, E Pluribus Unum{{br}}Tajomahannyo: "''Parnah ka ateh, ciek kalua banyak.''"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hern|first=Sunny|last2=Ahern|first2=Ez {{!}}|date=2020-01-15|title=Gov. Cuomo seeks to change 138-year-old NY state flag|url=https://www.syracuse.com/politics/2020/01/gov-cuomo-seeks-to-change-138-year-old-ny-state-flag.html|access-date=2020-06-27|website=syracuse|language=en}}</ref>]] '''New York''' adolah sabuah nagara bagian [[Amerika Sarikat]] nan talatak di wilayah (region) antaro Atlantik Tangah, jo Timur Laut dari [[Amerika Sarikat]]. New York<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New York times.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/995609020|oclc=995609020|first=New York Times|last=Company.}}</ref> marupokan salah satu dari tigo baleh koloni nan mambantuak Amerika Serikat. Jo pakiroan 19,85 juta panduduak pado taun 2017, New York adolah [[nagara bagian]] tapadek ka-4 di Amerika Serikat. Untuak mambedakan Nagara Bagian New York jo Kota New York, kadang-kadang urang musti manyabuik New York sacaro langkok "Nagara Bagian New York". ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}}<br/> {{Geografi-stub}} [[Kategori:Amerika Sarikat]] pfczwe3gj6lv68pcgv3iw3v2lqkkvvp 0 336855 2443741 2440875 2022-07-28T08:14:49Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Google_2015_logo.svg|thumb|Logo [[parusahoan]] Google.]] '''Google LLC''' adolah sabuah [[parusahoan multinasional]] [[Amerika Sarikat]] nan khusus pado jasa jo produk [[internet]]. Sarupo jo [[Microsoft]] sarato [[Apple]], produk-produknyo maliputi teknologi pancarian, [[komputasi web]], [[parangkek lunak]], [[parangkek kareh]], jo [[iklan daring]]. Sabagian gadang labonyo barasa dari [[AdWords]].<!--37905/36531 = 96% in 2011--><ref name="financialtables">{{cite web|url=http://investor.google.com/fin_data.html|title=Financial Tables|publisher=Google, Inc.|accessdate=May 2, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Online Ads Give Google Huge Gain in Profit|first=David A.|last=Vise|url=https://archive.org/details/googlehetverhaal0000vise|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 21, 2005}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=search engines|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Google|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=search engines|d=Q4182287|display=Google|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Google|voy=no|wikt=cari}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Google]] [[Kategori:Parusahoan Amerika Sarikat]] 66le9j7veef7lnif493ihi1ati58zv3 0 336915 2443676 2443423 2022-07-28T06:30:49Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Tornado ECR JaBoG 32 1997.JPEG|jmpl|300px]] [[Berkas:Luftwaffe GR-4 Tornado undergoing maintenance during Cooperative Cope Thunder 2004.JPEG|jmpl|300px]] [[Berkas:SeaHarrier.jpg|jmpl|300px]] '''Pasawat tempur''' adolah [[kapa tabang]] [[militer]] nan umumnyo babantuak ramping, dapek bagarak lincah, mambao [[sanjato]] barupo canon ([[senapan masin]]) juga [[rudal]] dan [[bom]], malaju copek bakacapatan tenggi, longkok dangan palangkapan [[avionik]] nan labiah banyak dari pado kapa tabang sipil barang/panumpang ditampilkan pado [[parangkek layar (tampil output)]]/<i>[[:en:Display device|display device]]</i> saparti [[radar]] nan dapek mandeteksi lawan dalam jarak jauah juga mangunci sasaran tembak lawan. Ado pulo nan dilengkapi dangan paralatan pangecoh dan pangacau radar, sampai bakamampuan "[[siluman]]" (stealth) banamo [[pasawat siluman]]. Untuak manabangkan pasawat tempur<ref>{{Cite book|title=Aircraft|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/318462666|publisher=Saunders Book Co|date=2009|isbn=978-1-897563-40-3|oclc=318462666|first=Graham, Ian,|last=1953-}}</ref> indak parolu sertifikat tabang atau ijazah panabang sipil (pilot license) tatapi ikuik bagabuang di sikolah panabangan militer.<br/><br/>Dalam konflik militer, guno pasawat tempur adolah mambangun superioritas [[udaro]] di tampek parang barado. Dominasi wilayah udaro pado medan parang mamungkinkan [[pasawat pangabom|pasawat bomber]] dan pasawat tempur untuk ikuik dalam pamboman taktis dan strategis ka target musuh. ==Sanjato Pasawat Tempur== [[File:F-104 Waffenschacht.jpg|thumb|left|[[M61 Vulcan|M61]] [[20 mm|20&nbsp;mm]] senapan tapasang di Jerman Barat [[Lockheed F-104G Starfighter]]]] Pasawat tempur mamiliki senapan masin dan [[meriam otomatis]] sabagai sanjato, dan mereka masih dianggap sabagai sanjato cadangan pantiang saat iko. Kakuatan sanjato udara-ke-udara talah maningkat copek dari waktu ka waktu, dan mambuatnyo tetap relevan di era peluru kendali.<ref>Shaw, Robert (Cmdr, USN), ''Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering'', Naval Institute Press, 1985, {{ISBN|0-87021-059-9}}, pp. 1–21.</ref> Pasawat Inggirih dan Jerman condong manggunakan campuran senapan masin dan meriam otomatis, nan tarakhia manembakkan proyektil peledak. Kamudian para pajuang Inggirih sacaro eksklusif diparsanjatoi dangan meriam, <ref>{{citation |last=Chinn |first= G.M, Oblt. |date=1951 |title=The Machine Gun. History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons, vol I |publisher=Bureau of Ordnance Department of the Navy |location=Washington, USA |url=http://www.milsurps.com/showthread.php?t=4158 }}</ref> [[Meriam revolver]] 20-30 mm dan [[meriam putar]] diperkenalkan pasca porang. Meriam putar modern [[M61 Vulcan]] 20&nbsp;mm marupokan standar pado pasawat tempur Amerika kini dapek manembakkan barek proyektil sakitar 10 kg/s (22 lb/s), hampir tigo kali lipat dari anam senapan masin 0,50-kal, dangan kacepatan labiah tenggi 1.052 m /s (3450 ft/s) mandukuang lintasan nan labiah datar, dan dangan proyektil nan dapek meledak.<ref>Shaw, 1985, p.6.</ref> Sistem sanjato tempur modern mamiliki jua fitur radar jarak jauah dan panglihatan sanjato elektronik komputasi mamimpin untuak mamudahkan panantuan titik tujuan, untuak mangkompensasi panurunan proyektil dan waktu tabang (''target lead'') dalam manuver tigo dimensi nan rumit pado partampuran udaro-ka-udaro. Bilo, mandapekkan posisi untuak manggunakan sanjato masih barupo tantangan. Jangkauan meriam labiah panjang dari sabalunnyo tatapi masih cukup tarbateh dibandiangkan dangan rudal, dangan sistem meriam modern memiliki jangkauan efektif maksimum sakitar 1.000 meter.<ref>Shaw, 1985, p. 15.</ref> Kamungkinan mambunuah nan tenggi butuh jua panembakan nan biasonyo tajadi dari bolahan balakang target. <ref>Shaw, 1985, pp. 16–24.</ref> Lapeh dari batasan iko, katika pilot talatiah dangan baik dalam meriam udaro-ka-udaro dan kondisi iko tapanuahi, sistem meriam manjadi efektif sacaro taktis dan sangat hemat biaya. Biaya tembakan sanjato jauah labiah murah daripado manembakkan rudal, dan proyektil indak dikenakan tindakan pancagahan termal dan elektronik daripado nan kadang-kadang dapek mengalahkan rudal. Katiko musuah dapek didekati dalam jangkauan sanjato, tingkek kamatian kareno sanjato kamungkinan kira-kira 25% hingga 50% "mambunuah per tembakan".<ref>Sprey, 1982, pp. 113–116.</ref> Katarbatasan jangkauan sanjato, dan kainginan untuak mangatasi variasi bosegh dalam katarampilan pilot pasawat tempur dan dangan demikian mancapai efektivitas kakuatan nan labiah tenggi, manyebabkan pangembangan [[peluru kendali udara ke udara]]. Ado duo variasi utamo, pancarian paneh (infrared homing), dan radar dipandu. Rudal radar biasonyo babarapo kali labiah barek dan labiah mahal daripado pancari paneh, tetapi dangan jangkauan nan labiah jauah, kakuatan destruktif nan labiah bosegh, dan kamampuan untuak malacak langsuang malalui awan. [[File:AIM-120 AMRAAM.jpg|thumb|AIM-9 Sidewinder (batenggek di bawah sayok) dan AIM-120 AMRAAM (tampek sayok) dibao oleh F-16 fighter]] Rudal jarak pendek pencari panas (infrared homing) [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] rudal ketek iko mudah dibawa oleh pasawat tempur nan labiah ringan, dan mamberikan jangkauan efektif sakitar 10 hingga 35 km (~ 6 hingga 22 mil). Dimulai dangan AIM-9L pado taun 1977, versi Sidewinder barikuiknyo talah manambahkan [[aspek|samua aspek]] kamampuan, kamampuan untuak manggunakan paneh udaro nan lebiah rendah untuak gesekan kulit pado pasawat target untuak malacak dari muko dan sampiang. AIM-9X terbaru (2003 service entry) dilengkapi jua kamampuan "off-boresight" dan "lock on after launch", nan mamungkinkan pilot untuak maluncurkan misil dangan copek untuak malacak target di mano sajo dalam pandangan [[pilot]].<ref>"AIM-9X Sidewinder Air-to-air Missile", Raytheon Systems Company, available at http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2000/pdf/navy/00aim9x.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201123404/http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2000/pdf/navy/00aim9x.pdf |date=1 February 2017 }}</ref> Rudal itu mamiliki barek 85,3 kg (188 lbs), dan mamiliki jangkauan maksimum 35 km (22 mil) di katenggian nan labiah tenggi. Umumnyo rudal udara-ke-udara, jangkauan katenggian nan labiah rendah dapek dibatasi hanyo sakitar sapertigo dari maksimum kareno hambatan nan labiah tenggi dan kamampuan nan labiah rendah untuak maluncua ka bawah.<ref>''Modern Fighter Combat'', Mike Spick, p.14.</ref> Efektivitas [[heat-seeking missiles]] hanyo 7% di awal Porang Vietnam, <ref>Sprey, 1982, p.82.</ref> tapi maningkek manjadi sakitar 15% -40% salamo porang. [[AIM-4 Falcon]] digunakan oleh USAF mamiliki tingkek mambunuah sakitar 7% dan dianggap gagal. Sidewinder AIM-9B nan dikenalkan kamudian mancapai tingkek pambunuhan 15%, dan model AIM-9D dan J nan labiah ditingkekkan mancapai 19%. AIM-9G nan digunakan pado taun tarakhia parang udaro Vietnam mancapai 40%.<ref>Sprey, 1982, pp.116–118.</ref> Rudal berpemandu radar tabagi dalam duo jinih [[panduan rudal]]. Dalam kasus [[pelacak radar semi-aktif]] riwayat nan labiah umum, rudal tasabuik manampuang sinyal radar nan ditransmisikan dari pasawat peluncur dan dipantulkan dari target. Iko mamiliki kalamahan bilo pasawat nan manembak haruih mampartahankan panguncian radar pado target dan dangan damikian kurang lapeh untuak bamanuver dan lebiah rentan ka sarangan. Rudal nan digunakan sacara luas dari jinih iko adolah [[AIM-7 Sparrow]], nan mulai baroperasi pado taun 1954 dan diproduksi dalam versi nan labiah baik hinggo taun 1997. [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]], partamo kali digunakan pado taun 1991 sabagai pangganti AIM-7, dan nan indak mamiliki tanggal pensiun nan pasti pado taun 2016 . Versi AIM-120D kini mamiliki jangkauan katinggian maksimum labiah dari 160 km (>99 mil), dan masiang-masiang barharga sakitar $2,4 juta (2016). Di Vietnam, kaandalan pambunuhan rudal radar porang udaro adolah sakitar 10% pado jarak nan labiah pendek, dan bahkan labiah buruak pado jarak nan labiah jauh kareno bakurangnyo pangambalian radar dan waktu nan labiah lamo bagi pasawat target untuak mandeteksi rudal nan masuak dan mangambil tindakan mengelak. Pado satu titik pado parang Vietnam, Angkatan Lauik AS manembakkan 50 peluru kandali radar [[AIM-7 Sparrow]] baturut-turut indak kanai.<ref>Stevenson, p. 9.</ref> [[File:ILA 2008 PD 446.JPG|left|thumb|[[Meteor (missile)|MBDA Meteor]], [[Active radar homing|ARH]] [[Beyond-visual-range missile|BVR]] [[Air-to-air missile|AAM]] dipasang pado [[Eurofighter Typhoon]], [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]], [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|Lockheed Martin F-35]], dan [[Dassault Rafale]]|alt=]] Namun, parhatian kini adolah pananggulangan elektronik untuk rudal radar,<ref name="auto">"Can U.S. air-to-air missiles hit their targets through today's enemy electronic warfare?", Military and Aerospace Electronics, 12 April 2016, http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2016/04/ew-missiles-challenge.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184115/http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2016/04/ew-missiles-challenge.html |date=31 January 2017 }}</ref> nan dianggap mangurangi efektivitas AIM-120D. Babarapo ahli picayo bahwa pado {{as of|2016|lc=y}} [[Meteor (missile)|Meteor missile]], [[R-37 (missile)|R-37M]], [[PL-15]] labiah tahan ka tindakan balasan dan labiah efektif daripado AIM-120D.<ref name="auto" /> ==Pesawat tempur baling-baling== Iyolah: <br/> ° [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]] <br/> ° [[Mitsubishi Ki-30]] <br/> ° [[Nakajima Ki-27]] <br/> ° [[Nakajima Ki-43]] <br/> ° [[Nakajima Ki-44]] <br/> ° [[Kawasaki Ki-45]] <br/> ==Pesawat tempur Jet== Iyolah: <br/> * [[Nakajima Kikka]] <br/> * [[Messerschmitt Me 262]] <br/> * [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II]] <br/> * [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat]] <br/> * [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle]] <br/> * [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle]] <br/> * [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]] <br/> * [[F/A-18 Hornet]] <br/> * [[Mitsubishi F-2]] <br/> * [[Mitsubishi F-15J]] <br/> * [[Kawasaki T-4]] <br/> * [[Sukhoi Su-27]] <br/> * [[Sukhoi Su-35]] <br/> * [[Sukhoi Su-57]] <br/> * [[KAI KF-21 Boramae]]<br/> * [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor]] <br/> * [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II]] <br/> ==Caliak pulo== * [[BMW 003]] ([[masin jet]]) <br/> * [[Turbojet]] <br/> * [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] <br/> * [[Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation]]<br/> ==Catatan== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}}<br/><br/> == Pautan lua == *{{Commonscat-inline|KAI aircraft|Pasawat tempur}} {{Sister project links |1=Sukhoi|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Pasawat tempur|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Sukhoi|d=Q193007|display=Pasawat tempur|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pasawat tempur|voy=no|wikt=pasawaik}} btagqty8iife4gcajq6vzin5z352tgm 0 336925 2443683 2440488 2022-07-28T06:35:17Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gold bullion bars.jpg|alt=Gold bars|thumb|[[Ameh]], dianggap sabagai standar kakayaan]] [[File:Gold_bullion_2.jpg|alt=Gold bars|thumb|Sasaurang sadang mamociak [[ameh|ameh batangan]].]] '''Pitih kartal''' adolah [[pitih]] babantuak dan mampunyai bantuak [[fisik]] [[logam]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dinar the real money : Dinar emas, uang dan investasiku|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/956917000|publisher=Gema Insani|date=2009|isbn=978-979-077-098-0|oclc=956917000|first=Iqbal,|last=Muhaimin.}}</ref> dan [[karateh]], dapek dipagang, dapek dihituang nilainyo sarato dapek diterimo banyak urang.<br/> == Jinih pitih kartal == === Pitih karateh === [[Pitih karateh]] adolah pitih nan tabuek dari karateh dangan gambar dan cap tatentu biaso dibuek oleh [[bank sentral]] suatu nagara dan sabagai alat pambayaran nan sah. === Pitih logam === [[Pitih logam]] biasonyo tabuek dari [[ameh]] jo [[perak]] basobok ameh jo perak mamanuhi syarat-syarat pitih nan banilai. Harga ameh jo perak candarung tinggi dan stabil, ameh jo perak dapek dikenali mudah dan diterimo urang. Ameh jo perak indak dapek mudah musnah. Ameh jo perak juga mudah dibagi-bagi manjadi unit nan labiah ketek. == Caliak pulo == *   [[Koin ameh]] *   [[German gold mark]] *   [[Guilder]] *   [[American Gold Eagle]] *   [[American Silver Eagle]] * [[Eagle (United States coin)]]<br/> *   [[Sovereign (English coin)]] *   [[Sovereign (British coin)]] *   [[Unite (English coin)]] *   [[Rose Ryal]] *   [[American Buffalo (coin)]] *   [[Dinar]] *   [[Dirham]]<br/> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Gold coins|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Pitih kartal|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Gold coins|d=Q945025|display=Pitih kartal|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pitih kartal|voy=no|wikt=Uang}} *{{Commons-inline|Gold coin|Pitih kartal}} 4iv8s9472b6ay1xxitu3e5v140s08qz 0 336956 2443731 2440487 2022-07-28T07:18:32Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki Meriam adolah [[sanjato]] [[kaliber paluru]] gadang jinih [[artileri]], biaso maluncurkan [[proyektil]] manggunokan bahan kimia [[propelan]]. Meriam paguno jua untuak dipasang pado [[tank]]. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=cannons|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Meriam|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=cannons|d=Q81103|display=Meriam|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Meriam|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=Sanjato}} *{{Commons-inline|Cannon|Meriam}} cyactl73ty411jj4uipsfyjvatztuyn 0 337083 2443611 2054210 2022-07-27T15:59:40Z 114.124.172.130 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Operation Upshot-Knothole - Badger 001.jpg|thumb|250px|bola api nuklir manarangi malam dalam uji cubo nuklir.]] '''Bom atom''' (juga disabuik '''[[sanjato]] [[nuklir]], nuklir, hulu ledak nuklir, A-bom,''' atau '''bom nuklir''') adolah jinih [[sanjato]] parangkek<ref>{{Cite book|title=Britain, Germany, and Western Nuclear Strategy|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198280040.001.0001|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1995-07-06|isbn=978-0-19-828004-0|first=Christoph|last=Bluth}}</ref> peledak daya rusaknyo nan barasal dari [[reaksi nuklir]], baik [[Fisi nuklir|fisi]] (bom fisi) atau dari kombinasi reaksi fisi dan [[Fusi nuklir|fusi]] ([[Sanjato termonuklir|bom termonuklir]]). Kaduo jinih bom malapaskan energi dalam jumlah bosegh dari materi nan jumlahnyo relatif ketek. == Tipe == ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Authority control}} m74gn9r46oasat61nt6o4r5daaoi2js 0 337108 2443717 2443420 2022-07-28T07:01:08Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | headerstyle = background-color:#eee; | labelstyle = background-color:#eee; | header1 = BMW | data2 = [[File:BMW.svg|thumb|upright=200pxl| Logo [[parusahoan]] BMW]] | data3 = {{Infobox company | name = BMW {{Tarjamah|Minang}} }} }} '''Bayerische Motoren Werke AG''', biaso disabuik '''BMW''', adolah [[parusahoan]] [[multinasional]] [[Jerman]] nan mambuek [[kandaraan]] dan [[sapeda motor]] [[Oto mewah|mewah]] . Parusahoan iko dibuek pado taun 1916 sabagai pambuek masin [[kapa tabang]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=German jet aces of World War 2|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/57190951|publisher=Osprey Aerospace|date=2004|isbn=1-85532-634-5|oclc=57190951|first=Morgan, Stephen|last=H.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=German jet engine and gas turbine development, 1930-45|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/314038367|publisher=Airlife|date=2002|isbn=1-84037-294-X|oclc=314038367|first=Kay, Antony|last=L.}}</ref>, nan mambuek dari taun 1917 sampai 1918 dan kambali lagi mambuek [[kapa tabang]] dari tahun 1933 hingga 1945. ==Produksi== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=BMW|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Parusahoan BMW|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=BMW|d=Q1420|display=Parusahoan BMW|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Parusahoan BMW|voy=no|wikt=pabirik}} kmvofe4bs5trr3cfzy2ea8lct9jjiqa 0 337114 2443727 2440189 2022-07-28T07:11:44Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image |Ship image=[[File:US Air Force B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|upright=1.14|]] |Ship caption= Tampak samping [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2 Spirit]] }} |} '''Pasawat pangabom'''<ref name="Shalal">{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/northrop-grumman-bomber-designated-b-21-u-air-151830355--finance.html|title=New Northrop bomber to be designated B-21 -U.S. Air Force|last1=Shalal|first1=Andrea|date=February 26, 2016|website=yahoo.com|publisher=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417073133/https://www.yahoo.com/news/northrop-grumman-bomber-designated-b-21-u-air-151830355--finance.html|archive-date=April 17, 2017|access-date=April 16, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> adolah [[pasawat tempur]] nan dirancang untuak sarangan darek dan target tantara [[lauik]] dangan manjatuahkan dari udaro-ka-darek [[sanjato]] (saparti [[bom]]), maluncuakan [[torpedo]], atau manyabarkan [[Rudal jalajah nan lapeh dari udaro|rudal jalajah udaro]] nan akan diluncuakan. ==Panggunoan== <br/> ==Jinih== ==Caliak pulo== == Rujuakan == {{reflist}}<br/> ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Pasawat Pangabom|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider|d=Q22960692|display=Pasawat Pangabom|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pasawat Pangabom|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=Kapa}} kmehvm4i35wb7epmlmdf7yjxjkerkln 0 337122 2443720 2443421 2022-07-28T07:06:03Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:F-22-raptor-16.jpg|thumb|300px|Avionik pado [[pasawat tempur]] [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor|F-22 Raptor]].]] '''Avionik''' bararti paralatan [[elektronik]] [[panabangan]] nan paguno pado [[kapa tabang]], [[Satelit|satelit buatan]], dan [[Pasawat luar angkasa|pasawat ruang angkasa]]. Sistem utamonyo maliputi sistem [[Telekomunikasi|komunikasi]], [[navigasi]] dan indikator saroto manajemen dari kasaluruhan sistem<ref>{{Cite book|title=Avionic systems|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/635882321|publisher=Longman Scientific & Technical|date=1989|isbn=0-582-01881-1|oclc=635882321|first=Middleton, Donald|last=H.}}</ref>. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Avionics|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Avionik|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Avionics|d=Q221329|display=Avionik|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Avionik|voy=no|wikt=parangkek}} 1sula5kuzqxmkpl4d928im8pyhc8dn9 0 337176 2443705 2267218 2022-07-28T06:50:39Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GuidoReni MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Michael (malaikaik agung)|Archangel Michael]] mamakai pakaian militer [[Kakaisaran Romawi Suci|Romawi]] balapiah baja dalam panggambaran nan dibuek oleh [[Guido Reni]].]] '''Malaikaik''' ([[bahaso Arab]]: الملائكة ; bahaso [[bahaso Inggirih|Inggirih]]: '''Angel''') adolah makhluk nan diciptakan Tuhan nan bar[[ilmu]] pangatahuan nan dapek mangecek dan maotah salain [[Manusia]], [[Jin]] dan [[Setan]] saroto wujudnyo dapek dikatokan basifat [[supranatural]] dan dapek ditamui dalam babagai carito [[agamo]] dan [[mitologi]]. Pado agamo-agamo [[Agamo Abrahamik|Abrahamik]], malaikaik sariang digamba sabagai makhluk [[sarugo]]wi nan patuah ka [[Tuhan]] dan dapek dikana jua sabagai jembatan parantaro [[manusia]] pai ka [[sarugo]]<ref>The Free Dictionary [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/angel] retrieved 1 September 2012</ref><ref name="ReligFacts">{{Cite web|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/angels|title=angels (Christianity)|website=ReligionFacts}}</ref>. Poran malaikaik lainnyo tamasuak malindungi dan mambimbiang manusia, dan malaksanakan tugas-tugas Allah<ref>[http://www.augustinus.it/latino/esposizioni_salmi/index2.htm][[Augustine of Hippo]]'s ''Enarrationes in Psalmos'', 103, I, 15'', augustinus.it'' {{La icon}}</ref>. Dalam agamo-agamo Abrahamik, iko para malaikaik sariang dikalompokkan ka dalam [[hierarki]], dek pangalompokkan co itu dapek bavariasi di antaro sekte-sekte dalam setiap agamo. Malaikaik samacam itu dibari namo atau gala tatentu, ajak [[Malaikaik Gabriel|Gabriel]] atau "[[Malaikaik panghancur]]" <ref name="Barker, Margaret 2004">Barker, Margaret (2004). ''An Extraordinary Gathering of Angels'', M Q Publications.</ref>. Istilah "malaikaik" jua talah dipaloweh ka babagai pangartian tantang [[roh]] atau figur nan ditamui dalam tradisi agamo lain. Sikolah teologis nan mampelajari tantang malaikaik dikana sabagai "''angelologi''". Malaikaik nan diusir dari Sarugo disabuik sabagai [[malaikaik jatuh|malaikaik nan jatuh]]. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}}<br/> ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Angels|author=Malaikaik|auto=no|b=book:Malaikaik|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Angels|d=Malaikaik|display=Malaikaik|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Malaikaik|voy=no|wikt=Malaikaik}} nmboaqjmjm0e3y06t4z3e8g6r3olosd 0 337224 2443740 2443116 2022-07-28T08:13:50Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Microsoft icon.svg|thumb|Logo [[parusahoan]] Microsoft.]] '''Microsoft Corporation''' ({{NASDAQ|MSFT}}) adolah sabuah [[parusahoan multinasional]] Amerika Serikat nan bakantua pusek di [[Redmond, Washington|Redmond]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[Amerika Sarikat]] nan mangambangkan, mambuek, mangagiah lisensi, dan mandukuang babagai produk dan jaso takait dangan [[komputasi|komputer]]. Parusahoan iko dibuek oleh [[Bill Gates]] dan [[Paul Allen]] pado 4 April 1975. Microsoft marupokan [[Daftar parusahoan parangkek lunak bosegh|pambuek parangkek lunak tabosegh di dunia]] manuruik pandapatannyo<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.softwaretop100.org/global-software-top-100-edition-2011 |title=Global Software Top 100 - Edition 2011 |publisher=Softwaretop100.Org|date=23 August 2011}}</ref>. Microsoft jua marupokan ciek dari [[Daftar parusahoan manuruik kapitalisasi pasar|parusahoan paliang banilai di dunia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ycharts.com/rankings/market_cap | title=Market Cap Rankings | publisher=Zacks Investment Research | work=Ycharts | date=April 8, 2012 | accessdate=April 9, 2012}}</ref>. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{Commonscat-inline|Microsoft_Store|Microsoft}} * {{Official website|http://www.microsoft.com/}} {{Authority control}} qgnsl44xo50n2ibdz9no61aqbtu5md4 0 337996 2443699 2443319 2022-07-28T06:46:42Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox planet | name = Bulan | apsis = gee | alt_names = Wulan, Candra, Lunar | symbol = [[Berkas:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|24px|alt=☾|Simbol Bulan]] | image = [[Berkas:FullMoon2010.jpg|280px|alt=Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.|Full moon]] | caption = [[Bulan purnama]] tacoliak dari [[balahan utaro]] Bumi | periapsis = {{val|363295|u=km}}<br>({{val|0.0024|ul=AU}}) | apoapsis = {{val|405503|u=km}} <br>({{val|0.0027|u=AU}}) | semimajor = {{val|384399|u=km}}<br> ({{val|0.00257|u=AU}})<ref name="W06"> {{cite journal |last1 = Wieczorek |first1 = M. |title = The constitution and structure of the lunar interior |journal = Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume = 60 |issue = 1 |pages = 221–364 |year = 2006 |doi = 10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3 |display-authors = 1 |author2 = <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> }} </ref> | eccentricity = {{val|0.0549}} | period = {{val|27.321582|ul=d}} {{nowrap|(27 d 7 h 43,1 min)}} | synodic_period = {{val|29.530589|u=d}} {{nowrap|(29 d 12 h 44 min 2,9 s)}} | avg_speed = {{val|1.022|ul=km/s}} | inclination = 5,145° ka [[ekliptika]] (antara 18,29° dan 28,58° ka [[khatulistiwa]] Bumi)<!--Wieczorek et al. 2006; 18.29° when the longitude of the Moon's ascending node is 180°, 28.58° when it is 0°--> | asc_node = Mundur satu [[Revolusi orbit|revolusi]] dalam 18,6&nbsp;tahun | arg_peri = Maju satu revolusi dalam 8,85&nbsp;tahun | satellite_of = [[Bumi]] | flattening = {{val|0.00125}}<!--Calculated from data below--> | equatorial_radius = {{val|1738.14|u=km}} (0,273&nbsp;Bumi) | polar_radius = {{val|1735.97|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}} | mean_radius = {{val|1737.10|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}} | circumference = {{val|10921|u=km}} ([[khatulistiwa]]) | surface_area = {{val|3.793|e=7|u=km2}} {{nowrap|(0,074 Bumi)}} | volume = {{val|2.1958|e=10|u=km3}} {{nowrap|(0,020 Bumi)}} | mass = {{val|7.3477|e=22|u=kg}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.012300}} Bumi)}} | density = {{val|3.3464|ul=g/cm3}} | surface_grav = {{val|1.622|ul=m/s2}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.1654|u=[[Gaya-g|g]]}})}} | escape_velocity = {{val|2.38|ul=km/s}} | sidereal_day = {{val|27.321582|u=d}} ([[Rotasi sinkron|sinkron]]) <!-- Wieczorek et al. 2006 --> | rot_velocity = {{nowrap|4,627 m/s}} | axial_tilt = 1,5424° (ka [[ekliptika]])<!-- 1.533° according to Conn 2007 --> <br> 6,687° (ka [[Bidang orbit (astronomi)|bidang orbit]])<!-- 6.4° according to Grego, Peter, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=z6Pgt9xEW9gC&pg=PA48 ''The Moon and How to Observe It''], Springer, 2005</ref> 6.6783° according to Conn, David (2007); ''Lednorf's Dilemma'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington (IN)</ref>--> | albedo = 0,136 | magnitude = −2,5 hinggo −12,9 <br> −12,74 (rato-rato [[bulan purnama]]) | angular_size = 29,3 hinggo 34,1 [[menit busur]] | temp_name1 = Khatulistiwa | min_temp_1 = -173º [[Celcius|C]] | mean_temp_1 = -53º C | max_temp_1 = 116º C | temp_name2 = 85°N{{lower|0.3em|}} | min_temp_2 = -203&nbsp;°C | mean_temp_2 = -143º C | max_temp_2 = -43º C | atmosphere_ref = | surface_pressure = 10⁻⁷ [[Pascal (satuan)|Pa]] (siang) <br> 10⁻¹⁰ Pa (malam) | atmosphere_composition = [[Argon|Ar]], [[Helium|He]], [[Sodium|Na]], [[Potasium|K]], [[Hidrogen|H]], [[Radon|Rn]] | atmosphere = yes | adjectives = lunar, komariah }} [[Berkas:US_Navy_041027-N-9500T-001_The_moon_turns_red_and_orange_during_a_total_lunar_eclipse.jpg|ka|jmpl|250x250px|Bulan nan bawarna merah jo jingga, nampak dari Bumi katiko [[gerhana Bulan]], iko tajadi katiko Bumi barado di antaro Bulan jo Matohari.]] '''Bulan''' adolah [[satelit alami]] [[Bumi]]<ref name="Morais2002"> {{cite journal |last = Morais |first = M.H.M. |coauthors = Morbidelli, A. |title = The Population of Near-Earth Asteroids in Coorbital Motion with the Earth |journal = Icarus |year = 2002 |volume = 160 |issue = 1 |pages = 1–9 |bibcode = 2002Icar..160....1M |doi = 10.1006/icar.2002.6937 }} </ref> nan marupokan satelit paliang gadang ka limo dalam [[Tata Surya]]. Bulan marupokan pulo satelit alami paliang gadang di Tata Surya manuruik ukuran [[planet]] nan diorbitnyo. Bulan mampunyoi diameter 27%, kepadatan 60%, jo [[massa]] {{frac|1|81}} (1.23%) dari Bumi. Di antaro satelit alami lainnyo, Bulan adolah satelit paliang padat kaduo sasudah [[Io (bulan)|Io]], satelit [[Jupiter]]. == Rujuakan == <references /> == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Moon|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Bulan|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Moon|d=Q9158|display=Bulan|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Bulan|voy=no|wikt=Bulan}} *{{Commons-inline|Moon|Bulan}} {{Tata surya}} [[Kategori:Satelit]] 0xf3ydukiedh5it9bl1ywjkrjug3ax7 0 338605 2443685 2440873 2022-07-28T06:37:35Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Erdfunkstelle Raisting 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stasiun bumi]] di tampek fasilitas satelit komunikasi di Raisting, Bavaria, Jerman]] [[File:Erdfunkstelle_Fuchsstadt.jpg|thumb|left|Stasiun bumi Fuchsstadt, Jerman.]] '''Telekomunikasi''' adolah teknik caro pangiriman atau panyampaian [[informasi]] jarak jauah, dari suatu tampek ka tampek lainnyo. informasi tasabuik dapek barupo tulisan, suaro, gamba, ataupun objek nan lainnyo. Sacaro garis bosegh, telekomunikasi alah ado sajak abad ka-18 dan kini alah bakambang dangan sengek copek. Biasonyo teknologi iko dapek dibedakan manjadi baberapo jinih, saparti [[Telegraf listrik|telegraf]]<ref name="Codding">Codding, George A. Jr. "Jamming and the Protection of Frequency Assignments". The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 49, No. 3 (July , 1955), Published by: American Society of International Law. pp. 384–88. </ref>, [[telepon]], [[televisi]], dan banyak lagi nan lainnyo. Telekomunikasi talah mamainkan poran pantiang ka hubungan sosial masyarakaik. Bilo, parangkek saparti sistem telepon pado mulonya kenalkan dangan panakanan pado dimensi praktis parangkek (saparti kamampuan untuak malakukan [[bisnis]] manggaleh atau mamosan layanan rumah) nan batontangan dangan dimensi sosial. Baru pado akhia 1920-an dan 1930-an dimensi sosial parangkek manjadi tema utamo dalam iklan telepon. Promosi baru mulai menariak emosi ka konsumen, manakankan pantiangnyo mangecek sosial dan salalu tahubuang dangan keluargo dan kawan. Sajak itu poran telekomunikasi dalam hubungan sosial manjadi samakin pantiang. Pado babarapo taun tarakhia, popularitas [[Layanan jejaring sosial|situs jejaring sosial]] talah maningkek sacaro dramatis. [[Situs web|Situs-situs]] iko mamungkinkan pangguno untuak saliang bakomunikasi saroto mangirimkan foto, acaro, dan profil surang untuak dicaliak urang lain. Profil dapek mancantumkan umua, minat, preferensi seksual, dan statui hubungan sasaurang. Dangan caro iko, situs-situs iko dapek mamainkan poran pantiang dalam segalo hal, mulai dari mangatur katarlibatan sosial hingga maintai. Dalam hal budayo, telekomunikasi talah maningkekkan kamampuan urang ramai untuak mengakses musik dan film. Dangan televisi, urang dapek manonton film nan alun inyo caliak sabalunnyo di rumahnyo sandiri tanpa harui pai ka toko video atau bioskop. Dangan [[radio]] dan [[internet]], urang dapek mandangakan musik nan alun parnah inyo danga sabalunnyo tanpa harui pai ka toko musik. ==Konsep karojo== <br/> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}}<br/> == Pautan lua == *{{Commonscat-inline|Telecommunications|Telekomunikasi}} {{Sister project links |1=Telecom|author=UdaOngku4|auto=no|b=book:Telekomunikasi|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Telecom|d=Q418|display=Telekomunikasi|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Telekomunikasi|voy=no|wikt=Telekomunikasi}} ke85sit1scjlyf3di5khyh4kd844ush 0 338606 2443688 2443245 2022-07-28T06:38:50Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tool |name=Telepon | image = Early_302-based_model_464G_Western_Electric_Key_Telephone_Set.jpg | image size = 250 | caption =[[Telepon#Pautan lua|Telepon]] | other_name = | classification = [[Elektronik]] | types = | related = }} [[File:Alt Telefon.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rotary dial]] pado sabuah [[telepon#Pautan lua|telepon]]]] '''Telepon''' adolah alat dangan [[listrik]] dan kawat, untuak mangecek ka urang nan bajauhan tampeknyo.<ref name = 'KBBID'> {{id}} Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Republik Indonesia {{cite web |url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/telepon |title=Arti kata pada Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan |accessdate=2020-01-23 }}</ref>Kabanyakan [[telepon]] caro karojonyo dangan manggunakan transmisi sinyal listrik dalam jaringan telepon basobok mamungkinkan pangguna telepon untuak bakomunikasi dangan pangguna lainnyo. == Telepon digital == ''Public Switched Telephone Network'' (PSTN) dilakukan badasarkan hubungan langsuang antara pangirim dangan panarimo nan biaso manggunakan kabel tembaga, serat ''optik'', [[satelit komunikasi|''satelit'']], nirkabel, dan sirkuit mobile wireless''. Penggunaan jaringan tasabuik malibatkan komponen dasar yaitu telepon, akses jaringan, kantor sentral'' (CO), batang dan rangkaian sirkuit digital khusus, dan paralatan premis pelanggan (CPE). perkembangan PSTN sabagai sistem telepon digital talah maningkatkan kapasitas dan kualitas jaringannyo sahingga mamungkinkan untuak manggunakan babarapo saluran komunikasi dalam sabuah medium pertukaran. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}}<br/> == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Telephones|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Telepon|c=no|collapsible=yes|c:Special:Search/Category:Telephones|d=Q289|display=Telepon|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Telepon|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=parangkek}} *{{Commonscat-inline|Telephones|Telepon}} t5dky4gn84dowfziw0qvrsuh25hvtdg 0 338607 2443697 2441993 2022-07-28T06:45:22Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Silver crystal.jpg|thumb|300px|perak nan didapek dari [[elektrolit]].]] '''Perak''' adolah [[Unsua kimia]] [[logam]] dangan [[tabel periodik]] [[nomor atom]] 47. [[Simbol kimia|Simbolnya]] adolah Ag, dari [[Bahaso Latin]] ''argentum'', nan direkonstruksi sabagai ''*h₂erǵ-'', "abu-abu" atau "basinar". Sabuah [[logam transisi]] lunak, putih, dan bakilau, iyo mamiliki [[konduktivitas listrik]], [[konduktivitas termal]], dan [[reflektivitas]] tertinggi di antaro samua logam. Logam iko tajadi sacara alamiah dalam bantuak murni, bantuak bebas (perak asli), sabagai [[Logam paduan|paduan]] dangan [[ameh]] dan logam lainnyo, dan dalam mineral saperti [[argentit]] dan [[klorargirit]]. Kabanyakan perak diproduksi sabagai produk samping panambangan [[tembaga]], [[emas]], [[timah]], dan [[seng]]. Perak alah lamo dinilai sabagai [[logam mulia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/scimeetings.0c02610|title=Composition-promoted electrocatalytic performances on monodispersed silver-palladium alloy nanoparticles|last=Cui|first=Meiyang|date=2020-04-24|website=dx.doi.org|access-date=2021-12-07}}</ref> Lebih malimpah daripado ameh, logam perak talah bafungsi di banyak yang sistem moneter pramodern sabagai [[Pitih kartal]]. Paduan murni 94% dijalehkan sabagai "0,940 fine". Salain itu, perak mamiliki babagai aplikasi di luar [[mata uang]], saperti pado [[panel surya]], [[panyaringan aia]], [[parhiasan]] dan ornamen, paralatan makan dan parabotan banilai tenggi (muncua istilah [[Parabot perak (rumah tangga)|''silverware'']]), dan juga sabagai [[investasi]] dalam bantuak [[Uang logam|koin]] dan [[bulion]]. Perak digunakan industri dalam [[stop kontak]] dan [[Panghantar listrik|konduktor listrik]], pado cermin khusus, palapis jendela dan dalam [[katalisis]] reaksi kimia. Sanyawanyo digunakan dalam [[Film gulung|film fotografi]] dan [[sinar-X]]. Larutan [[perak nitrat]] encer dan senyawa perak lainnyo digunakan sabagai [[disinfektan]] dan mikrobisida ([[efek oligodinamika]]), ditambahkan ka [[perban]] dan pambalut luka, [[kateter]] dan [[paralatan medis]] lainnyo. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}}<br/> ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Silver|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Perak|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Silver|d=Q610038|display=Perak|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Perak|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=pitih}} *{{Commons-inline|Silver coin|Perak}} {{Chemistry-stub}} pf9yxn56yidqhdetom4nzrvq989nbbh 0 338608 2443696 2440405 2022-07-28T06:44:54Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Fra Burmeister og Wains jernstøberi.jpg|jmpl|320px|ka|Proses [[Pangacoran|pangacoran logam]] Baja untuak mambantuak Baja.]] '''Baja''', dikana juo sabagai [[logam paduan]] [[basi]] baja kareh ([[Bahaso Inggirih]]: ''Steel'') adalah [[logam]] paduan, logam [[basi]] nan baguno sabagai unsur dasar diagiah dangan babarapo elemen lainnyo, tamasuak unsur [[karbon]]. Basi dapek tabantuak manjadi duo bantuak kristal yaitu [[Sistem kristal kubik|''Body Center Cubic (BCC)'' dan ''Face Center Cubic (FCC)'']], tagantung dari tempratur panehnyo bilo dibuek. Dalam susunan bantuak BCC, ado atom basi ditangah-tangah kubus atom, dan susunan FCC mamiliki atom basi disatiok sisi pado anam sisi kubuih atom. Interaksi [[alotropi]] nan tajadi antaro logam basi dangan elemen pemadu, saparti karbon, nan mambuek baja dan [[basi tuang]] mamiliki ciri khas nan ado pado dirinyo. Kandungan unsur karbon dalam baja bakisar antaro 0.2% hingga 2.1% dari berek kasaluruhan baja tasabuik sasuai grade-nyo. Elemen barikuik iko salalu ado dalam baja: karbon, [[mangan]], [[fosfor]], [[sulfur]], [[silikon]], dan sabagian ketek [[oksigen]], [[nitrogen]] dan [[aluminium]]. Salain itu, ado elemen lain nan ditambahkan untuak pambedo karakteristik antaro baberapo jinih baja diantaranyo: mangan, [[nikel]], [[krom]], [[molybdenum]], [[boron]], [[titanium]], [[vanadium]] dan [[niobium]].<ref name=EM2>{{cite book|author=Ashby, Michael F. and Jones, David R. H.|title=Engineering Materials 2|origyear=1986|edition=with corrections|year=1992|publisher=Pergamon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-08-032532-7}}</ref> Bilo variasinyo pado kandungan karbon dan unsua paduan lainnyo, babagai jinih kualitas baja dapek diambiak. Fungsi karbon dalam baja adolah sabagai unsua pangareh dangan mancagah [[dislokasi]] bageser pado [[Kisi Bravais|kisi kristal]] dari atom payusun basi. Bilo indak ado karbon iko mako struktur kristal dari basi murni indak mamiliki resistensi antar atom dan akan saliang malewati satu samo lain, atau manjadi lunak. Baja karbon iko dikana sabagai baja hitam kareno bawarna hitam, banyak digunakan untuak paralatan pertanian misalnyo sabit dan cangkul. Panambahan kanduangan karbon pado baja dapek maningkatkan [[kareh (fisika)|kareh]] dan [[kakuatan tarik]]nyo, namun di sisi lain mambueknyo manjadi [[rapuh|getas]] saroto manurunkan [[Keuletan (fisika)|keuletannyo]]. Meskipun baja sabalunnyo talah diproduksi oleh pandai basi manggunakan [[tungku baka]] salamo ribuan tahun, panggunaannyo manjadi samakin batambah katiko metode produksi nan labiah efisien ditemukan pado abad ke-17. Dangan panemuan [[proses Bessemer]] di partengahan abad ka-19, baja manjadi material [[produksi massal]] nan mambuek harga produksinyo manjadi labiah murah. Kini, baja marupakan ciek dari material paliang umum di dunia, dangan produksi labiah dari 1,3 miliar ton tiok tahunnyo manggantikan [[basi tempa]]. Baja marupokan komponen utamo pado bangunan, infrastruktur, kapal, mobil, mesin, perkakas, dan [[sanjato]]. Baja modern sacaro umum diklasifikasikan badasarkan kualitasnyo oleh babarapo lembaga-lembaga standar. Proses pamurnian lanjutan, saparti [[penempaan baja oksigen|''basic oxygen steelmaking'']] (BOS), manggantikan sabagian bosegh metoda-metoda lamo dangan manurunkan biaya produksi dan maningkatkan kualitas produk akhia. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Steel|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Baja|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Steel|d=Q11427|display=Baja|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Baja|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=Baja}} *{{Commons-inline|Steel|Baja}} 3mtqg7vc1iq0kvnbal45d5vmlwtsdo2 0 338683 2443686 2440481 2022-07-28T06:37:56Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:CES 2012 - Sharp Aquos Freestyle (wireless tv) (6937823643).jpg|jmpl|256px|ka|Surang [[padusi]] mamaciak sabuah televisi bawarna sharp dari [[Sharp Corporation]].]] '''Televisi''', kadang disingkek '''TV''' atau '''televisi''', adolah [[Media (komunikasi)|media]] [[telekomunikasi]] nan paguno untuak [[mangirimkan]] [[gamba]] bagarak dalam warno [[Grayscale|hitam-putih]] atau bawarna, dan dalam duo atau [[Televisi 3D|tigo dimensi]] dan [[Bunyi|basuaro]]. Istilah iko dapek marujuk pado [[parangkek televisi]], [[acaro televisi]], atau [[Transmisi (telekomunikasi)|media transmisi]] televisi. Televisi marupokan [[media massa]] untuak [[Iklan|periklanan]], [[hiburan]], [[barito]], dan [[ulahrago]]. Bantuak nan labiah baik dari panyiaran televisi hitam-putih manjadi populer di [[Inggirih]] dan [[Amerika Sarikat]], dan perangkek televisi manjadi hal nan lumrah ado di [[rumah]], [[bisnis]], dan [[lembaga|institusi]] . Tersedio pulo babagai jinih media panyimpanan arsip saperti kaset [[Betamax]] dan [[Video Home System|VHS]], [[Cakram kareh|cakram kareh]] berkapasitas tenggi, [[DVD]], [[flashdisk]], [[Cakram Blu-ray|Blu-ray Disc]] kwalitas tenggi, dan [[perekam video digital]] cloud telah memungkinkan pemirsa untuk menonton materi yang telah direkam sebelumnya, Ajak film di rumah dengan jadwal waktu mereka sendiri. Untuk berbagai alasan, terutama kemudahan pengambilan jarak jauh, penyimpanan program televisi dan video sekarang juga terjadi di [[Komputasi awan|cloud]] (seperti layanan video on demand oleh Netflix). [[Televisi digital]] samakin sangat meningkek popularitasnyo. Penggantian tampilan layar [[Tabung sinar katode|tabung sinar katoda (CRT)]] tegangan tenggi nan bosegh sabalunnyo dangan teknologi alternatif panel datar nan ringkeh, hemat energi, saparti [[Penampil kristal cair|LCD]] (lampu latar fluoresen dan LED), tampilan [[OLED]], dan [[Tampilan plasma|tampilan plasma]] adalah revolusi parangkat kareh. ==Rujuakan== ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Television|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Parawatan kulik|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Television|d=Q289|display=Televisi|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Televisi|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=parangkek}} *{{Commons-inline|Television|Televisi}} itdf1emprukeum2p3acgk8trcqve6xx 0 338697 2443684 2439277 2022-07-28T06:36:24Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox automobile | name = Oto | image = [[Berkas:Traffic jam in Sudirman Street, Jakarta, Indonesia.jpg|jmpl|ka|Oto mangangkang antri di [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]]|172x172px]] }} Sabuah '''oto''' adolah [[kandaraan]] ba[[masin]] nan paguno untuak [[transportasi]]. Sabagian bosegh definisi oto mangatokan bahwa inyo bajalan tarutamo di jalan raya, manampuang ciek sampai delapan urang, mamiliki [[Ampek (angko)|ampek]] [[roda]], dan tarutamo mangangkuik [[Manusia|urang]] daripado barang.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The motor car|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/954006150|publisher=Longmans, Green|date=1920|oclc=954006150|first=McMillan,|last=Duncan.}}</ref> ==[[Industri]]== <br/> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Automobiles|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Oto|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Automobiles|d=Q1420|display=Oto|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Oto|voy=no|wikt=Oto}} qbczxgvcj3j1919elku79zx7izyjqfj 0 338703 2443723 2442258 2022-07-28T07:07:46Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:4StrokeEngine_Ortho_3D_Small.gif|jmpl|256px|ka|Animasi nan manunjuakkan ampek tahap siklus pambakaran internal babahan baka bensin ampek langkah dangan [[busi|sumber manyalo listrik:]]<br>1. Induksi (Bahan bakar masuak)<br>2. Kompresi<br>3. Pangapian (Bahan baka dibaka)<br>4. Emisi (Knalpot kalua)<br>]] [[Berkas:Electric_motor.gif|jmpl|256px|ka|Animasi [[motor listrik|masin motor listrik]] nan paguno untuak [[oto listrik]], pompa aia listrik dan lainnyo manunjuakkan pangoperasian aruih saarah (nan disingkek DC).<br/>]] [[Berkas:Turbofan_Unlabelled.gif|jmpl|256px|ka|Animasi [[Turbofan|masin kipeh kapa tabang]] ''modern'' jinih [[pasawat jet]] babantuak sarupo ajak [[BMW 003]] dangan [[Propulsi|propulsi]] kipeh bulek.]] Sabuah '''masin''' adolah sistem fisik mambari parintah sacaro sifat struktural dan fungsional. Iko mungkin parangkek buatan manusia mawakili [[Masin molekuler|masin molekuler]] atau alami nan manggunakan [[Daya (fisika)|kekuatan]] untuak manerapkan [[Gaya (fisika)|gerak]] dan mangontrol [[Perpindahan|gerakan]] untuak malakukan suatu tindakan. Masin dapek digerakkan dek [[Binatang|hewan]] dan [[manusia]], dek kakuatan alam ajak [[Angin|angin]] dan [[aia]], dan dek [[Energi kimia|kimia]], [[Energi termal|termal]], atau [[Listrik|tanago listrik]], dan tamasuak sistem [[Teknik masin|mekanisme]] nan mambantuak input aktuator untuak mancapai tujuan dari gaya dan gerakan output.<ref>"Engine", ''McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology'', Third Edition, Sybil P. Parker, ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994, p. 714.</ref> Dapek juo manyarotokan [[komputer]] (manarjamahkan [[bahaso masin]] ka [[Visualisasi data|visual]] sederhana) dan sensor nan mamantau kinerja dan marancanakan gerakan, nan salalu disabuik sistem mekanis. Desain iko mambutuhkan pangertian mandalam ka konsep utamo dari cabang ilmu [[Mekanika|mekanika]], [[Kinematika|kinematika]], [[Teknik material|teknik material]], [[Termodinamika|termodinamika]] dan [[energi]]. ==Panggunoan== <br/> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Machines|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Masin|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Machines|d=Q11019|display=Masin|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Masin|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=Masin}} *{{Commons-inline|Engine|Masin}} 50kskohz8cc1pn9n8d0wyxlo4krwig3 0 338723 2443691 2440853 2022-07-28T06:40:04Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elektronik''' adolah [[alat]] nan dibuek badasarkan prinsip [[elektronika]] pulo hal atau benda nan manggunakan alat tasabuik<ref>Pusat Bahasa (2005). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. <nowiki>ISBN 9789794071823</nowiki>.</ref> antaro lain dapek digunakan pado: * [[Elektronik konsumen]], alat elektronik untuak kaparluan pribadi dan sahari-hari, * [[Media elektronik]], sarana [[media massa]] nan mamakai alat elektronik modern, misal [[radio]], [[televisi]], dan [[film]]. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Electronic|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Parawatan kulik|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Electronic|d=Q2858615|display=Elektronik|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Elektronik|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=parangkek}} *{{Commons-inline|Electronics|Elektronik}} ktlz85k0naucptd8m2crb9bvcc3tub6 0 338731 2443682 2441133 2022-07-28T06:34:44Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki Leopard 2 adolah [[Main Battle Tank|tank tempur]] ba[[masin]] [[V12 (masin)| V12]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ceccarani|first=Massimo|last2=Rebottini|first2=Corrado|last3=Bettini|first3=Riccardo|date=1998-02-23|title=Engine Misfire Monitoring for a V12 Engine by Exhaust Pressure Analysis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/980518|journal=SAE Technical Paper Series|location=400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States|publisher=SAE International|doi=10.4271/980518}}</ref> tabuek dari [[baja]] nan balapiah [[Material komposit|material komposit]] barupo [[Advanced Modular Armor Protection|AMAP]] jo [[karamik|bahan rahasio]] nan dapek [[Kamera termografis|mancoliak pado tampek gholok nan kolam]] ba[[sanjato]] [[meriam]] ''fleksibel'' (nan dapek diganti dangan modul sanjato nan lain) saroto dapek diisi jo [[Minyak baka|bahan baka]] [[bensin]] dan [[Bahan baka diesel|solar]] produksi dari [[nagara]] [[Jerman]]. ==Layanan== ==Caliak pulo== * [[M1 Abrams]], Tank tempur utama Amerika Sarikaik * [[T-90]], Tank lago utamo Rusia * [[AMX-56 Leclerc]], Tank lago utamo Parancih * [[Tank Tipe 99]], Tank lago utamo Tiongkok * [[Arjun]], Tank lago utamo India nan mangunakan teknologi Leopard 2 * [[K1 88-Tank|K1]], Tank lago utamo Korea Salatan * [[Type 90 Kyū-maru|Tipe 90]], Tank lago utamo Jopang * [[Challenger 2]], Tank lago utamo Inggirih == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Leopard 2 tanks|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Tank Leopard 2|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Leopard 2 tanks|d=Q151968|display=Tank Leopard 2|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Tank Leopard 2|voy=no|wikt=Tank Leopard 2}} *{{Commonscat-inline|Leopard 2 tanks|Leopard 2}} *{{Commons-inline|Leopard 2|Leopard 2}} 2jbrddprpiy7f4liotzrvegwdz7ov4s 0 338782 2443700 2441916 2022-07-28T06:47:24Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bairoch.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Pangaruah industrialisasi ditunjuakkan dangan naiknyo tingkek pandapatan pado abad ka-19. Grafik iko go manunjuakkan dek [[Produk nasional bruto]] (pado [[Kasaimbangan kamampuan babalanjo|variabel kamampuan balanjo]]) [[per kapita]] antaro taun 1750 hinggo 1900 barado 1.990 [[Dolar Amerika Sarikat]] untak nagaro Europe, Amerika Sarikat, Kanada, Japang (garih warno itam) dan nagaro Europe Timua, Asia Salatan, Afrika, Amerika latin (garih warno sighah).<ref name="Bairoch1995">{{cite book |last=Bairoch |first=Paul |title=Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaF_cCknJScC&pg=PA95 |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-03463-8 |page=95}}</ref>]] [[File:Kemna Lokomotiven.jpg|thumb|Industrialisasi berarti juo manambah tingkek sektor-sektor ekonomi nan sacaro tradisional manual ajak pertanian]] [[File:Industrialisation.jpg|thumb|Pabirik, kilang, tambang, dan [[agrobisnis]] adolah elemen industrialisasi]] '''Industri''' adolah suatu bidang atau kagiatan [[ekonomi]] nan takaik dangan pangolahan [[bahan baku]] atau pambuatan barang jadi di [[pabrik]] dangan manggunakan katarampilan dan [[tanago karajo]] ([[bahaso Inggirih]]: ''industrious'') dan panggunaan alat-alat pado bidang pangolahan hasil bumi, dan [[Distribusi (bisnis)|distribusi]]<nowiki/>nyo sabagai kagiatan utamo. Mako industri umumnyo dikana sabagai mato rantai salanjuiknyo dari usaha-usaha mamanuhi kabutuhan (ekonomi) nan bahubuangan dongan bumi, yaitu sasudah partanian, parkebunan, dan partambangan nan bahubungan dakek dongan tanah. Kaduduakan industri samakin jauah dari tanah, nan marupokan basis [[ekonomi]], budaya, dan [[politik]]. Industri marupokan bagian dari proses produksi dan kagiatan proses produksi dalam industri iko disabuik dangan parindustrian.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Liputan6.com|date=2019-01-17|title=Industri adalah Kegiatan Manufaktur, Ini Pengertian Menurut Para Ahli dan Jenisnya|url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/3872902/industri-adalah-kegiatan-manufaktur-ini-pengertian-menurut-para-ahli-dan-jenisnya|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2020-10-31}}</ref> Industri dapek juo diartikan kumpulan babagai [[Parusahoan|perusahaan]] nan manawarkan [[produk]] nan samo. Dangan kato lain, masiang-masiang produk saliang mansubstitusi ciek samo lain kareno parusahaan manggunakan input nan samo dan manghadapi labiah kurang sakalompok pamasok dan pambeli nan samo pulo. ==Jinih industri== ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Industries|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Industri|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Industries|d=Q268592|display=Industri|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Industri|voy=no|wikt=Industri}} *{{Commons-inline|Industries|Industri}} ls64n8li3pbslsqfkk1dzbz0861o9e4 0 338783 2443678 2443422 2022-07-28T06:31:54Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Radar2.gif|jmpl|236px|ka|Gamba [[Parangkek layar (tampil output)]] radar.]] '''Radar''' [{{IPA|ʁaˈdaːʶ}}] adolah basingkek dari '''''ra'''dio '''d'''etection '''a'''nd '''r'''anging'' (ditajomahan sacaro bebas iyolah ''palacakan babasis radio dan pangukua jarak'') atau '''''ra'''dio '''d'''irection '''a'''nd '''r'''anging'' (ditajomahan sacaro bebas iyolah ''pangukuran arah dan jarak babasis radio'')<ref>[https://www.hamfu.ch/_upload/Pionier-1949-22.-Jahrgang-unvollstaendig-Web2.pdf Die indirekte Distanzmessung mit Radar], Pionier, Zeitschrift für Übermittlungstruppen, Nummer 1, Januar 1949</ref>, samantaro ado pulo nan mangecek iyolah '''''r'''adio '''a'''ircraft '''d'''etection '''a'''nd '''r'''anging'' (ditajamahan sacaro bebas iyolah ''pangukua jarak lokasi kapa babasis radio'') dan marupokan namo untuak babagai [[metode]] dan parangkek deteksi dari [[lokasi]] babasis [[Spektrum elektromagnetik|gelombang elekromagnet]] dalam jangkauan frekuensi [[radio]]. ==Caro karojo== == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Radars|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Radar|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Radars|d=Q17210|display=Radar|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Radar|voy=no|wikt=parangkek}} *{{Commons-inline|Radar}} kellwrvo8uswwqf679iroezav5duxzj 0 338866 2443703 2442057 2022-07-28T06:49:13Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Pertamina_filling_station,_Bali,_Indonesia.jpg|jmpl|312px|ka|[[Pertamina|Pom bensin Pertamina]] tampek mamboli bensin.]] '''Minyak baka''', [[bahaso Inggirih]]: ''Fuel'' (dikana juo sabagai '''minyak tungku''', '''bahan baka''', '''minyak lauik''', atau '''gasoil''') adalah [[Distilasi fraksional|sabagian ketek zat]] [[Energi kimia|energi kimia]] nan didapek dari hasil [[Distilasi|panyulianggan]] [[Zat kimia|zat kimia]] dari [[Minyak bumi|minyak bumi (minyak mantah)]] nan [[Energi|energi]]<nowiki/>nyo dapek diubah manjadi energi baru malalui proses [[pambakaran]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Schobert|first=Harold|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Chemistry_of_Fossil_Fuels_and_Biofuels/Sgphv2ydAHwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=wood+one+of+the+first+fuels+used+by+humans&pg=PA69|title=Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels|date=17 January 2013|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521114004|language=en|oclc=1113751780}}</ref> Iko tamasuak sulingan (pocahan nan labiah ringan) dan [[Residu|residu]] (pocahan nan labiah barek). Salain untuak bahan baka panyalo [[masin]], minyak dapek pulo dipakai sabagai bahan baka [[kompor]] untuak mamasak nan baminyak jinih minyak tanah. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Fuel|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Minyak baka|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Fuel|d=Q42501|display=Minyak baka|m=no|mw=no|n=Unsua kimia|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Minyak baka|voy=no|wikt=Minyak}} *{{Commons-inline|Fuel|Minyak baka}} 4uev0pu2c5c5uvrip6ls4fndyyrv3i2 0 338867 2443702 2440496 2022-07-28T06:48:55Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Sanga-Sanga_Pumpjack.jpg|jmpl|312px|ka|[[Pompa angguak]], alat iko adolah untuak mamompa minyak bumi ka lua dari dalam tanah di Sanga-Sanga, Kutai Kartanegara, Kalimantan Timur.]] '''Minyak bumi''' ([[bahaso Inggirih]]: ''Petroleum''), salalu dijuluki sabagai "ameh hitam", dikana juo sabagai minyak mantah atau minyak sajo, adolah barang hasil tambang babantuak cairan bakapiek ajak gulo aren, barwarno coklat kolam pokek/galok, atau kahijauan nan mudah tabaka, baasia didapek pado [[formasi geologi]] di bawah parmukaan/paruik [[bumi]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Improved Oil and Gas Recovery|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14800/iogr|publisher=Smart Science and Technology, LLC}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Petroleum|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Minyak baka|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Petroleum|d=Q22656|display=Minyak bumi|m=no|mw=no|n=Unsua kimia|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Minyak bumi|voy=no|wikt=Minyak}} *{{Commons-inline|Petroleum|Minyak bumi}} 3r8zw1tlkpvacvsiuy3m0lehv4qgvw5 0 338871 2443692 2441923 2022-07-28T06:40:21Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Datacenter_Backup_Batteries.jpg|jmpl|240px|ka|Bank baterai nan paguno untuak [[suplai dayo lapeh gangguan]] tahubuang ka ''[[pangatur tagangan|alat sta-volt]]'' sabalunnyo di ruang pusek data [[server]].]] [[Berkas:Charger.jpg|jmpl|240px|ka|[[Baterai isi ulang]] jinih [[Baterai ion litium|litium]] sadang maisi ulang ka aruih listrik.{{br}} [[Berkas:Commons-logo.svg|al=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] [[c:Special:Search/&nbsp;乾電池&nbsp;|Media: Baterai]]]] '''Baterai listrik''', sacaro umum didefinisikan dalam arti sompik, adolah parangkek nan mangubah [[Sel elektrokimia|energi kimia]] nan tasimpan pado baterai ko sandiri manjadi [[energi listrik]] nan paguno untuak manyalokan parangkek [[elektronik]] salamo pado baterai tasabuik ado energi listrik.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-01-28|title=Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Batteries in 2020|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7010010|journal=Batteries|volume=7|issue=1|pages=10|doi=10.3390/batteries7010010|issn=2313-0105}}</ref> Biasonyo maso pakai baterai listrik samantaro, kudian dapek diisi ulang dangan manyucuak alat panyucuaknyo ka aliran [[listrik]]. Ado pulo nan baterai listrik maso pakainyo lamo bajinih [[Baterai atom|baterai nuklir]]. == Panarapan == == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=batteries|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Baterai listrik|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=batteries|d=Q267298|display=Baterai listrik|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Baterai listrik|voy=no|wikt=energi}} *{{Commons-inline|Lithium|Baterai listrik}} j7tmq5xrgticr65u8kyd8i3732lx90g 0 338873 2443694 2442341 2022-07-28T06:42:47Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox clothing type" style="width: 22em; margin-bottom: 10px;" |+ class="fn" id="4" |<span>Pakaian</span> | colspan="2" id="8" style="text-align:center" | [[Berkas:Uchikake.jpg|250x250px]] |- id="12" | colspan="2" id="13" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;" |[[Kimono]] sirah marapulai, atau ''uchikake'', dari [[Japang|Jopang]]. [[Berkas:Commons-logo.svg|al=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] [[c:Special:Search/Clothing|Media: Pakaian]] |} '''Pakaian''' adolah alat atau benda nan paguno untuak panutuik badan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gaya Busana Kerja MusliMah Indonesia dalam PersPeKtif FunGsi dan Syariah IslaM|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/994156970|publisher=Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang|date=2013|oclc=994156970|first=Indrianti, P.|last=(Pingki)}}</ref> Pakaian biaso babahan [[tekstil]] marupokan kabutuhan pokok [[manusia]] salain [[makanan]] dan tampek bataduah/tampek tingga ([[rumah]]). Manusia mambutuhkan pakaian untuak malindungi dan manutuik dirinyo supayo ado bedo dangan [[hewan]]. Pakombangan dan jinih-jinih pakaian tagantuang pado adat-istiadat, kabiasaan, dan budayo nan mamiliki ciri khas masiang-masiang. Pakaian juo meningkatkan kaamanan salamo kagiatan babahayo saparti ''hiking'', mamasak, pangacoran [[logam]] dan ba[[Parang|porang]] dangan mamberi bateh panghalang antaro kulik badan dangan kaadaan lingkungan alam. Pakaian juo mambari dan menjago toksin dari badan dan mambari bateh panularan kuman panyakik. ==Jinih== <br/> ==Panggunoan== <br/> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Clothing|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Pakaian|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Clothing|d=Q11460|display=Pakaian|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pakaian|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=Baju}} *{{Commons-inline|Clothing|Pakaian}} 8i4ih9n93kcl3uggf7jfl054hoatcvd 0 385489 2443701 2443441 2022-07-28T06:48:22Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Omera_Cylinder_Family.png|jmpl|312px|ka|Tabuang Gas babagai ukuran.]] '''Gas minyak caia''' ({{lang-en|Liquefied petroleum gas}}, disingkek '''LPG''' atau '''LP gas''') atau dikana '''[[Elpiji]]''' adolah campuran [[bahan mudah tabaka|mudah tabaka]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brothersgas.com/aerosol_propellant/|title=Aerosol Propellant {{!}} Aerosol Propellant Gas {{!}} Aerosol Supplies Dubai – Brothers Gas|last=Alvi|first=Moin ud-Din|website=www.brothersgas.com|access-date=2016-06-14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230065341/http://brothersgas.com/aerosol_propellant/|archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> nan tadiri dari gas [[hidrokarbon]], paliang soriang [[propana]], [[butana]], dan [[propilena]]. Dangan manambah tokanan dan manurunkan suhunyo, gas barubah manjadi caia. Komponennyo didominasi [[propana]] (C₃H₈) dan [[butana]] (C₄H₁₀). Gas minyak caia manganduang juo hidrokarbon ringan lain dalam jumlah ketek, misalnyo [[etana]] (C₂H₆) dan [[pentana]] (C₅H₁₂). Dalam kondisi atmosfir, gas minyak caia akan babantuak gas. ''Volume'' gas minyak caia dalam bantuak caia labiah ketek dibanding dalam bantuak gas untuak barek nan samo. Basobok gas minyak caia dijua dalam bantuak caia dalam tabung-tabung logam kareh batokanan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zivenko|first=Oleksiy|title=LPG Accounting Specificity During ITS Storage and Transportation|date=2019| url=https://doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2019.03.021|journal=Measuring Equipment and Metrology|language=en |volume=80|issue=3|pages=21–27|doi=10.23939/istcmtm2019.03.021|s2cid=211776025|issn=0368-6418}}</ref> Untuak mamungkinkan tajadinyo ''ekspansi'' paneh (''thermal expansion'') dari cairan nan dikanduangnyo, tabung gas minyak caia indak diisi sacaro panuah, hanyo sakitar 80-85% dari kapasitasnyo. ''Rasio'' antaro ''volume'' gas bilo manguap dangan gas dalam kaadaan caia bavariasi tagantuang komposisi, tokanan dan ''temperatur'' suhu, biasoyo sakitar 250:1. Tokanan ketiko gas minyak caia babantuak caia, banamo [[takanan uap]], jua baragam tagantuang komposisi dan ''temperatur'' suhu; sabagai contoh, dibutuahkan takanan sakitar 220 kPa (2.2 bar) untuak butana murni pado 20&nbsp;°C (68&nbsp;°F) supayo mancaia, dan sakitar 2,2 MPa (22 bar) untuak propana murni pado 55&nbsp;°C (131&nbsp;°F). ==Bahayo== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == *{{Commonscat-inline|Liquefied petroleum gas|Gas minyak caia}} {{Sister project links |1=Liquefied petroleum gas|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Gas minyak caia|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Liquefied petroleum gas|d=Q351609|display=Gas minyak caia|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Gas minyak caia|voy=no|wikt=Gas}} ohequax6s3kn83extjdzi1xo74fktgo 0 385494 2443744 2443501 2022-07-28T08:23:19Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Komputer |name = Superkomputer |aka = IBM Blue Gene |logo = |developer = [[IBM]] |type = [[Blue Gene]] |first_release_date = {{Start date|2011}} |discontinued = |photo = [[Image:Mira_-_Blue_Gene_Q_at_Argonne_National_Laboratory.jpg|312px]] |caption = Superkomputer IBM Blue Gene /Q di Argonne National Laboratory (taun 2013). |predecessor = [[Blue Gene|IBM Blue Gene/P]] |successor = |processor = [[FLOPS]] |related = }} [[Berkas:Columbia_Supercomputer_-_NASA_Advanced_Supercomputing_Facility.jpg|jmpl|312px|ka|Superkomputer Columbia di Ames Research Center [[NASA]], nan tadiri dari 10.240 prosesor [[Intel Itanium]] 2, dikalompokkan manjadi 20 node dari 512 prosesor, dan manjalankan [[sistem operasi]] Linux (taun 2006).]] '''Superkomputer''' adolah sabuah komputer copek nan mamimpin di dunia dalam kapasitas proses pado awal mulonyo,<ref name="Mario Golling">Mario Golling, Michael Kretzschmar: Entwicklung einer Architektur für das Accounting in dynamischen Virtuellen Organisationen. [https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783735787675 ISBN 978-3-7357-8767-5. ]</ref><ref name="Martin Kleppmann">Martin Kleppmann: Datenintensive Anwendungen designen: Konzepte für zuverlässige, skalierbare und wartbare Systeme. O'Reilly, [https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783960101833 ISBN 978-3-96010-183-3. ]</ref> tarutamo kacopekàn ba-hituang. ==Panggunaan== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Supercomputers|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Superkomputer|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Supercomputers|d=Q121117|display=Superkomputer|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Superkomputer|voy=no|wikt=Superkomputer}} cqxeexrbrt87y223g4zz6elns2t6mvq 0 385495 2443745 2433970 2022-07-28T08:24:01Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Intel_Itanium_logo.svg|jmpl|300px|ka|<div style="text-align: center;">'''Itanium'''</div>]] '''Itanium''' adolah sabuah [[mikroprosesor|prosesor]] 64-bit nan dikombangkan oleh [[Intel Corporation|Intel]] dan [[Hewlett-Packard]] dangan manggunakan arsitektur IA-64 (''Intel Architecture 64-bit''). Pado wakatu dikombangkan, prosesor iko dibari namo kode prosesor '''Merced''' dan di''rilis'' (kalua) pado tanggal 29 Mei 2001. Prosesor iko dituju untuak pasar ''high-end'' [[server]] nan mambutuahkan kinerja tenggi dan basifat ''mission-critical''. Prosesor iko marupokan generasi baru (indak panaruih prosesor [[x86|Intel x86]]) nan dirancang dangan bantuan Hewlett-Packard.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-11|title=Intel's Itanium, once destined to replace x86 processors in PCs, hits end of line|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/3196080/intels-itanium-once-destined-to-replace-x86-in-pcs-hits-end-of-line.html|website=PCWorld|language=en|access-date=2021-03-16}}</ref> Arsitektur nan dipakai adolah arsitektur gabungan dari duo prosesor dangan arsitektur [[RISC]], iyolah [[HP PA/RISC]] dan [[Intel 860]] nan kurang laku di pasa. ==Panggunoan== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Itanium|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Intel Itanium|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Itanium|d=Q390389|display=Intel Itanium|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Intel Itanium|voy=no|wikt=Intel Itanium}} agpq9iu7uorlxsb6loik0zm413zkmba 0 385496 2443728 2434616 2022-07-28T07:12:40Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Intel_CPU_Core_i7_6700K_Skylake_top.jpg|jmpl|312px|ka|<div style="text-align: center;">''Mikroprosesor'' maso kini ([[Intel Core i7|Corei7]] [[Skylake (Mikroarsitektur)|6700K]])</div>]] Sabuah '''mikroprosesor''' (salalu ditulih: '''µP''' atau '''uP''') adolah sabuah ''[[central processing unit]]'' (CPU) [[elektronik]] [[komputer]] nan tabuek dari [[transistor]] mini dan sirkuit lainnyo di atah sabuah [[sirkuit terintegrasi]] [[semikonduktor]]. Sabalun bakombangnyo mikroprosesor, CPU elektronik tabuek dari [[sirkuit taintegrasi]] [[TTL]] tapisah; sabalunnyo, transistor individual; sabalunnyo lai, dari [[tabung vakum]]. Bahkan talah ado rancangan untuak masin komputer sederhana untuak bagian dasar [[mekanik]] saparti ''gear'', ''shaft'', ''lever'', [[Tinkertoy]], dan satarusnyo. ==Halaman takaik== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Microprocessors|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:mikroprosesor|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Microprocessors|d=Q56940416|display=mikroprosesor|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=mikroprosesor|voy=no|wikt=mikroprosesor}} 3enav4raatcpedle25xawjmq4exmj5e 0 385498 2443689 2443330 2022-07-28T06:39:14Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Common_Base_amplifier.png|jmpl|300px|ka|Rancangan skema sirkuit.]] [[Berkas:PExdcr01CJC.jpg|jmpl|300px|ka|Sirkuit elektronik manggunoan [[Papan sirkuit cetak|papan sirkuit cetak]].]] '''Sirkuit tapadu''' atau '''cip''' adolah komponen dasar nan tadiri dari [[resistor]], [[transistor]] dan lain-lain punyo ''IC'' barupo komponen nan baguno sabagai otak paralatan [[elektronika]].<ref name="Charles Alexander and Matthew Sadiku">Charles Alexander and Matthew Sadiku (2004). "Fundamentals of Electric Circuits". McGraw-Hill.</ref> IC nan paliang kompleks talotak dalam [[komputer]] dan disabuik [[mikroprosesor]]. Pado sabuah mikroprosesor Intel [[Pentium 4]] (produksi taun 2000–2008) dangan frekuensi sampai 3.8 [[Hertz|GHz]] tadapek hingga 125 juta transistor, olun tamasuak komponen lain. Pado sabuah mikroprosesor [[Intel Core]] (produksi tahun 2006) dangan frekuensi hinggo 5 [[Hertz|GHz]] tadapek hinggo 2 * 10^9 transistor, olun tamasuak komponen lain. Sirkuit tapadu mamungkinkan [[teknologi]] partongahan abad ka-20 pado pambuek alat semikonduktor dan panamuan eksperimen nan manunjuakkan iyolah [[alat semikonduktor]] dapek malakukan tugas nan dilakukan dek [[tabuang vakum]]. Pang-''integrasian'' [[transistor]] ketek nan banyak macamnyo ka dalam sabuah chip nan ketek untuak paningkatan nan sangat bosegh ka parakik tube-vakum sabosegh-jari. Ukuran IC nan ketek, tapacayo, kacapatan "switch", konsumsi [[tanago listrik|listrik]] rondah, [[produksi massal]], dan kamudahan dalam manambahkan jumlahnyo dangan copek manyingkirkan tabuang vakum. Hanyo satangah abad satolah panamuannyo, IC talah digunakan di mano-mano. Radio, televisi, [[komputer]], [[Telepon genggam]], dan paralatan [[digital]] lainnyo nan marupokan bagian pantiang dari masyarakat modern. Contohnyo, sistem [[transportasi]], [[internet]], dan sabagainyo tagantuang dari kabaradaan alat iko. Banyak nan picayo iyolah [[revolusi digital]] nan dibawa dek sirkuit tapadu marupokan salah satu kajadian pantiang dalam sajarah umat [[manusia]]. IC mampunyai ukuran saukuran tutuik [[pena]] sampai sa-ukuran ibu jari dan dapek diisi hinggo 250 kali dan paguno pado alat elektronika saparti: * Telepon * Kalkulator * Ponsel * Radio ==Jinih== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Electronic circuits|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Sirkuit tapadu|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Electronic circuits|d=Q60096722|display=Sirkuit tapadu|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Sirkuit tapadu|voy=no|wikt=Sirkuit tapadu}} fozti5mc2ljt1yyuju48fjolyu2gva4 0 385499 2443690 2436797 2022-07-28T06:39:41Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg|jmpl|312px|ka|Rangkaian elektronika.]] '''Elektronika''' marupokan ilmu nan mampalajari alat [[listrik]] '''aruih lomah''' nan baguno dangan caro mangontrol aliran [[elektron]] atau partikel ba[[muatan listrik]] pado suatu alat saperti [[komputer]], paralatan elektronik, [[termokopel]], [[semikonduktor]], dan sabagainyo. [[Ilmu]] nan mampalajari alat-alat saparti iko marupakan cabang dari ilmu [[fisika]], samantaro bantuak rancangan buek [[sirkuit elektronik]]nyo adolah bagian dari [[teknik elektro]], [[teknik komputer]], dan ilmu/teknik [[elektronika dan instrumentasi]].<ref name="Kumar">Kumar, Ankush; Vidhyadhiraja, N. S.; Kulkarni, G. U . (2017). "Current distribution in conducting nanowire networks". Journal of Applied Physics. 122 (4): 045101. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAP...122d5101K Bibcode:2017JAP...122d5101K] [https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4985792 doi:10.1063/1.4985792.]</ref> Alat-alat nan manggunakan dasar karojo elektronika iko disabuik sabagai paralatan elektronik (''electronic devices''). Contoh paralatan (piranti) elektronik iko: [[Tabung sinar katode|Tabuang Sinar Katode]], [[radio]], [[TV]], parakam kaset, parakam kaset video ([[VCR]]), parakam [[VCD]], parakam [[DVD]], kamera video, [[kamera digital]], [[komputer pribadi]] desktop, komputer [[laptop]], [[PDA]] (komputer saku), [[robot]], [[kartu pintar|smart card]], dan sabagainyo. ==Komponen== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Electrical circuits|author=Datuak8|auto=no|b=book:Elektronika|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Electrical circuits|d=Q132629|display=Elektronika|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Elektronika|voy=no|wikt=Elektronika}} ewb6g261rvbumpmhyqfado93nr5dlwq 0 385500 2443746 2440562 2022-07-28T08:27:08Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:A_laptop_and_desktop_machine_before_they_were_handed_over_to_the_Federal_Parliament_Commitee_on_National_Security,_Interior_and_Governance_on_19th_January_2014_at_the_AMISOM_office._(12065737555).jpg|jmpl|312px|ka|Laptop di ateh tas nan tagaletak di meja.]] '''Laptop''' atau '''komputer jinjing''' adolah komputer pribadi nan barukuran relatif ketek dan ringan.<ref name="Beal">Beal, Vangie. [https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/laptop_computer.html "What is Laptop Computer? Webopedia Definition"] www.webopedia.com</ref> Bareknyo bakisar 1–6&nbsp;kg, tagantuang pado ukuran, bahan, dan spesifikasi laptop tasabuik. Sumber dayo laptop barasa dari [[baterai]] atau [[adaptor]] tipe A/C nan dapek paguno untuak mangisi ulang baterai dan manyalo ko go laptop. Baterai laptop pado umumnyo dapek batahan kurang labiah 2 hingga 6 jam sabalun akhianyo habih. Habihnyo baterai bagantuang dari caro pamakaian, spesifikasi, dan ukuran baterai. Laptop takadang disebuik juo dangan '''komputer notebook''' atau '''notebook''' sajo. Laptop kabanyakan manggunakan layar [[LCD]] (''Liquid Crystal Display'') barukuran 10 inci hinggo 17 inci tagantuang dari ukuran laptop. Salain itu, [[papan katiak]] nan tadapek pado laptop takadang longkok dangan papan santuah nan baguno sabagai "pangganti" [[tatikuih]]. ==Jinih== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=MacBook|author=Ongku4|auto=no|b=book:Laptop|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=MacBook|d=Q3065317|display=Laptop|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Laptop|voy=no|wikt=Laptop}} *{{Commons-inline|Laptop}} k74ydgyf3tshhqmcrbcgknpn9muwq87 0 385509 2443715 2442386 2022-07-28T06:58:58Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanago dalam''' atau '''Kanuragan''' dek urang nan ado di [[Jawa]] adolah suatu konsep nan populer pado masyarakaik [[Urang Malayu|Malayu]] di [[Asia Tenggara]] tarutamo di [[Indonesia]] dan [[Malaysia]]. Ilmu iko mancakup kamampuan tahan (''kebal'') tahadok sorangan dan kamampuan untuak manyorang dangan kakuatan nan indak biaso. Kanuragan bahubuangan dangan kapicayoan Jawa ''sadulur papat'' atau ampek saudara diri. Urang pantiang saparti polisi, tantaro, politikus, dan pataruang banyak manggunakan ilmu kanuragan supayo kabal dari sarangan sanjato tamasuak manghantikan laju [[Piluru|paluru]] nan malatuih. Kanuragan utamanyo dimanfaatkan katiko dalam kaadaan porang atau untuak kasehatan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Farrer|first=Douglas|date=2016-09-01|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=mWnoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49&dq=Kanuragan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiClseL4OHsAhX-wTgGHVL5DG8Q6AEwAXoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=Kanuragan&f=false|title=War Magic: Religion, Sorcery, and Performance|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78533-330-9|language=en}}</ref> Tanago dalam dianggap suatu tanago [[manusia]] nan mampunyai kakuatan indak biaso. Tanago dalam babedo dari tanago luar manusia (nan biasonyo disabuik sacaro ringkeh sabagai "tanago" sajo) nan babantuak tanago fisik saparti kakuatan [[otot]] tangan untuak mangangkek barang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pelatihanmetafisika.com/artikel_mengenal-berbagai-macam-energi-di-dalam-tubuh-manusia.html|title=Mengenal Berbagai Macam Energi di Dalam Tubuh Manusia|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|language=id|access-date=}}</ref> Pada umumnyo tiok urang mamiliki apo nan disabuik dangan tanago dalam, hanyo sajo mareka indak mangatahui bagaimano caro mambangkikkan atau mangombangkannyo. Tanago dalam iko go alah ado sojak manusia dilahirkan. Bilo tanaga iko masih pasif dan sawakatu-wakatu akan bangkik basobok urang tasabuik dalam kaadaan caruik-maruik, lalok bajalan, tahipnosis atau katakutan hinggo marah nan indak biaso. Contoh : Sasaurang nan takuik pado gaciak akan mamiliki kamampuan nan luar biasa dalam balari manghindari kajaran gaciak nan balari copek. Bilo tadosak, urang tasabuik dapek malompati dinding satenggi 2m dangan sakali malompek. Raso takuik nan balobiahan tasabuik dapek mambangkikkan tanago dalamnyo nan sodang 'lalok'. Sacaro otomatis tanago dalam tasabuik bangkik dan tasalur pado kaduo kakinyo nan sodang dipargunakan untuak balari, Bilo alah barhasil manyalamatkan diri kakuatan iko mareda dan energi itu baliak 'lalok'. Kamudian urang iko baru manyadari iyolah dirinyi talah malakukan sasuatu nan indak biaso. Ado pulo nan malatiahnyo dangan ikuik bela diri saparti [[silek]] sapayo ingek caro mambangkikkannyo. ==Patunjuak pado [[Islam|agamo Islam]]== <br/><div style="text-align: right;">{{lang|ar|وَلَقَدْ اٰتَيْنَا دَاوٗدَ مِنَّا فَضْلًاۗ يٰجِبَالُ اَوِّبِيْ مَعَهٗ وَالطَّيْرَ ۚوَاَلَنَّا لَهُ الْحَدِيْدَۙ}}<br/></div> Tajomahannyo: <br/>"''Dan sungguah, Tolah Kami agiah kapado Dawud (Opak ò [[Sulaiman|Nabi Sulaiman]]) dek karunia Kami. (Kami bakato), “Wahai [[gunuang|gunuang-gunuang]] dan [[Buruang|buruang-buruang!]] Batasbihlah baulang-ulang basamo Dawud,” dan Kami tolah <u>malunakàn [[basi]]</u> untuaknyo,''"([[Al-Qur'an|Quran]] Surah. Saba' Ayat 10) ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Spirituality|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Tanago dalam|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Spirituality|d=Q168796|display=Tanago dalam|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Tanago dalam|voy=no|b=y|wikt=Tanago dalam}} 0rlbn06kk8l0r7w2ikxo4xi7niokohb 0 385510 2443706 2440561 2022-07-28T06:51:44Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg|jmpl|312px|ka|Cahayo biru dilapeh labiah dari panjang galombang lainnyo dek gas-gas di atmosfir, mangalilingi Bumi pado lapisan nan tampak biru bilo tacaliak dari lua angkaso pado katinggian 335 km (208 mil).]] [[Berkas:Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg|jmpl|312px|ka|Komposisi atmosfir bumi manuruik jumlah molekul, indak tamasuak uap aia. Pai ka bawah mawakili jejak gas nab basamo-samo manyusun sakitar 0,0434% atmosfir (0,0442% pado konsentrasi Agustus 2021). Jumlahnyo sabagian bosegh ba-asa dari taun 2000, dangan CO₂ dan metana dari taun 2019, dan indak mawakili ciek sumber mana pun.]] '''Udaro''' marujuak ka [[gas]] tacampua nan tadapek pado parmukaan [[bumi]]. Udaro barosiah biasonyo indak tacoliak dek [[mato]], indak babaun, dan indak ado rasonyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of air|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/air|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref> Adonyo udaro iko dapek dicoliak dek adonyo [[angin]] nan manggarakan bendo. Udaro tamasuak ciek jinih [[sumber dayo alam]] basobok mamiliki banyak guno ka makhluk hiduik. Kandungan elemen sanyawa gas dan partikel pado udaro dapek baubah-ubah dangan katenggian dari parmukaan [[tanah]]. Damikian juo [[massa]]<nowiki/>nyo, dapek bakurang sairiang dangan katenggian. Samakin dokek dangan lapisan [[troposfer]], mako udaro samakin tipih, sahinggo bilo malewati bateh [[gravitasi]] [[bumi]], mako udaro manjadi hampa atau indak ado samo sakali. Bilo [[makhluk hiduik]] banapas, kanduangan [[oksigen]] bakurang, samantaro kanduangan [[karbon dioksida]] batambah. Katiko [[tumbuhan]] manjalani sistem [[fotosintesa]], [[oksigen]] kambali lapeh. ==Komposisi== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == *{{Commonscat-inline|Earth%27s atmosphere|Udaro}} {{Sister project links |1=Earth%27s atmosphere|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Udaro|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Earth%27s atmosphere|d=Q3230|display=Udaro|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Udaro|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=Udaro}} rdcv4pioeuhf3jpmazxkb50umirh3ly 0 385514 2443714 2440872 2022-07-28T06:58:29Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Larousse_universel_en_2_volumes;_nouveau_dictionnaire_encyclop%C3%A9dique_publi%C3%A9_sous_la_direction_de_Claude_Aug%C3%A9_(1922)_(14594954550).jpg|jmpl|312px|ka|Berbagai jenis lokomotif pado [[karateh]].]] [[Berkas:MRT_Jakarta_2.jpg|jmpl|312px|ka|Rangkaian Ratangga [[MRT Jakarta]] nan mangangkang di Depo Lebak Bulus, Jakarta.]] '''Lokomotif''' adolah bagian pado rangkaian [[kareta api]] nan tadapek [[masin]] untuak manggarakkan kareta api. Biasonyo lokomotif talotak paliang muko pado rangkaian kareta api. Supir kamudi lokomotif disabuik [[Masinis]]. Masinis manjalankan kareta api badasarkan parintah dari pusek pangandali pajalanan kareta api malalui sinyal nan talotak pado sisi jalur [[rel]]. ==Jinih badasarkan [[masin]]== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Locomotive|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Lokomotif|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Locomotive|d=Q93301|display=Lokomotif|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Lokomotif|voy=no|wikt=Gerbong}} *{{Commons-inline|Lokomotiven mit Stangenantrieb|Lokomotif}} hmh195zv86xd6jfmqzye1v00eui2ef0 0 385515 2443687 2440482 2022-07-28T06:38:16Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Physicsworks.ogv|thumb|320px|alt="physics works! video"|Video kuliah dari kursus MIT dari [[w:Walter Lewin|Walter Lewin]] tontang kakokalan energi mekanik.]] '''Video''' adolah [[Elektronika|media elektronik]] untuak marekam, manyalin , mamutar, manyiarkan, dan manampilkan media visual bagarak [[televisi]]. Video partamo kali dikambangkan untuak sistem televisi mekanis, nan dangan copek digantian ka sistem tabuang sinar katoda (CRT) nan kamudian digantian dek tampilan panel datar dari babarapo jinih. Aplikasi umum dari sinyal video adalah televisi, tapi dapek juo paguno pado nan lain pado bidang teknik, saintifik, produksi dan kaamanan. Ukuran untuak mangukua gambar nan tampil pado video iyolah ''Frame Per Second (FPS)'' atau jumlah gamba bingkai per [[datiak]]. ==Jinih Format== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == *{{Commonscat-inline|Video}} {{Sister project links |1=Video|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Video|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Video|d=Q34508|display=Video|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Video|voy=no|wikt=Video}} 05g7keemb7n451gy5azncs98lc2gy9k 0 385524 2443730 2438880 2022-07-28T07:14:27Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Cosmetologist_applying_skincare_treatment.jpg|jmpl| Surang ahli kulik wajah mangoleskan masker wajah.]] '''Parawatan kulik''' adolah rangkaian dari babagai panarapan nan mandukuang kaadaan ''integritas''/kulik elok kokoh, untuak maningkatkan sabuah panampilan dan mangubah kaadaan kulik. Iko dapek barupo nutrisi, manghindari kanai dek cahayo [[matohari]] nan balobiah dan panggunaan produk kulik ''emolien'' nan topek. Kagiatan nan dapek maningkek panampilan tamasuak pado panggunaan [[kosmetik]], [[Racun botulinum|botulinum]], pangalupasan kulik, pa-isi, palapisan ulang laser, mikrodermabrasi, pangalupasan kulik, tarapi [[retinol]] dan parawatan kulik ultrasonik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.com/beauty/makeup-skin-care/a19686286/ultrasonic-face-spatula-how-to/|title=Ultrasonic Face De-Gunking Spatulas Are a Thing and You're Going to Want One|last=Rodulfo|first=Kristina|date=2018-04-06|website=ELLE|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref> Parawatan kulik iyolah caro rutin nan dikarajoan pado tiok hari untuak babagai kaadaan, ajak kulik nan talalu kariang atau talalu lombab, dan pancagahan [[dermatitis]] maupun pancegahan cedera kulik. Parawatan kulik marupokan bagian dari pangobatan panyambuhan luko, torapi radiasi dan babagai obat-obatan lainnyo. ==Jarawek== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Skin care|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Parawatan kulik|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Skin care|d=Q1294114|display=Parawatan kulik|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Parawatan kulik|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=Parawatan kulik}} fcnzhkw4hbuqpq8tijpy0lx2sfybgd4 0 385532 2443667 2443516 2022-07-28T06:24:31Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|jmpl|''Manusia Vitruvius'' karya [[Leonardo da Vinci]] ([[1492]])]] '''Badan manusia''' marupokan kasaluruhan struktur fisik [[organisme]] [[manusia]]. Badan manusia tadiri ateh [[kapalo]], [[leher]], [[batang tubuh]], 2 [[lengan]] dan 2 [[kaki]]. Katinggian rato-rato badan manusia dewasa sakitar 1,65 m (5-6 kaki). Ukuran badan manusia biasonyo ditantukan dek [[gen]]. Jinih dan komposisi badan dipangaruhi dek faktor pascakalahiran layaknyo [[diet]] dan [[olahraga]]. ==Caliak pulo== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Human body|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Badan manusia|c=no|collapsible=yes|c:Special:Search/Category:Human body|d=Q23852|display=Badan manusia|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Badan manusia|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=tubuah}} *{{Commons-inline|Human body diagrams|Badan manusia}} pomvc37qv7plm3rxrd7hwyr62pwrdoh 0 385536 2443707 2440560 2022-07-28T06:52:11Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Purplesmoke.jpg|jmpl|300px|Partikel asok nan malayang manunjuakkan pagerakan gas di sakitarnyo.]] '''Gas''' adolah ciek dari [[Wujuik materi|ampek wujuik dasa materi]] (lainnyo adolah [[padek]], [[caia]], dan [[Plasma (wujuik zat)|plasma]]). Gas murni dapek tasusun dari atom (misalnyo [[gas mulia]] saperti [[neon]]), molekul [[Unsua kimia|elemen]] nan tasusun dari ciek jinih atom (misalnyo [[oksigen]]), atau molekul [[Senyawa kimia|sanyawa]] nan tasusun dari babagai macam atom (misalnyo [[karbon dioksida]]). [[Campua]] gas bilo manganduang baragam gas murni saparti [[udaro]]. Hal pambedo gas dari cairan dan padek adolah pamisahan partikel gas nan sangek bosegh. Pamisahan iko biasonyo mambuek gas indak bawarna manjadi indak tacoiak dek pangamatan manusia. Interaksi partikel gas dangan adonyo medan listrik dan [[medan gravitasi]] dapek dipadiaan layaknyo ditunjuakkan dek vektor kacapatan konstan pado gamba. Ciek jinih gas nan umum dikana adolah [[uap|uap aia kukus]]. ==Karakteristik Wujuik== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == *{{Commonscat-inline|Gases|Gas}} {{Sister project links |1=Gases|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Gas|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Gases|d=Q11432|display=Gas|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Gas|voy=no|wikt=Gas}} 4pw80oo13p3yr5h74g4bodsfmiizsmy 0 385541 2443713 2442959 2022-07-28T06:57:59Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox road|name=Rel|markers=|caption=|map=Toyohashi_Station_001.JPG|map_alt=|map_notes=Katigo dari ateh iyolah rel kareta copek.|maint=|formed=<!-- or | established = -->|length_km=|length_ref=|notes=|links=}} '''Rel''' adolah [[Baja|logam batang kareh]] untuak landasan jalan [[kareta api]] atau kandaraan jinih saparti [[trem]] dan sabagainyo. Rel mangarahkan/mamandu [[kareta api]] tanpa parolu kendali untuak babelok. Rel marupokan duo batang logam kaku nan samo panjang dipasang pado bantalan sabagai dasar landasan. Rel-rel tasabuik diikat pado bantalan dangan manggunakan [[paku]] rel, [[sekrup]] panambek, atau panambek ajak huruf "e" (ajak panambek pandrol). Jinih panambek nan paguno tagantuang pado jinih bantalan nan digunakan. Paku ulir atau paku panambek paguno pado bantalan kayu, sadangkan panambek "e" paguno untuak bantalan [[beton]] atau [[semen]]. Rel biasonyo dipasang di ateh badan jalan nan dilapih dangan batu karikil atau dikana sabagai Balast. Balast bafungsi pado rel kareta api untuak maredam [[getaran]] dan lenturan rel basobok boreknyo kareta api. Untuak manyobarangi [[jimbatan]], paguno bantalan [[kayu]] nan labiah elastis katimbang bantalan beton. ==Leba jalua== <br/> ==Jinih badasarkan barek== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Rail|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Rel|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Rail|d=Q160342|display=Rel|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Rel|voy=no|wikt=Jalan}} *{{Commons-inline|Railway lines|Rel}} dqoaou1h9sa73vhcxkzd2n1kbh1ylp2 0 385542 2443677 2443424 2022-07-28T06:31:15Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:DJI_Phantom_2_Vision%2B_V3_hovering_over_Weissfluhjoch_(cropped).jpg|jmpl|300px|UAV quadcopter DJI Phantom untuak fotografi udaro komersial dan mainan anak.]] '''Pasawat nirawak''' ([[Bahaso Inggirih|EN]]: <u>'''u'''</u>nmanned <u>'''a'''</u>erial <u>'''v'''</u>ehicle atau disingkek '''UAV''' atau salalu disabuik sabagai '''''drone'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bahasasastra.kemdikbud.go.id/glosarium/index.php?gloss_asing=&gloss_indonesia=dron&jenis=exact&Bidang=all&infocmd=Cari|title=Entri lema dron|website=Glosarium|department=Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia|access-date=30 Juli 2020}}</ref>), adolah sabuah [[masin]] tabang dangan teknologi [[telekomunikasi]] nan baguno dangan kandali jarak jauah dek [[pilot]] atau mampu mangandalikan dirinyo sandiri nan dioperasikan dek operator, panggunoan hukum aerodinamika untuak mangangkek dirinyo, dapek paguno baliak dan dapek mambawa muek ajak [[sanjato]] maupun muek lainnyo. Panggunoan tabosegh dari pasawat nirawak iko adolah pado bidang militer, tapi paguno juo pado bidang geografi, fotografi, dan videografi nan dilakukan sacaro bebas dan tarbuko. Pado bidang geografi, pasawat nirawak paguno sabagai ciek wahana [[pangindraan jauah]] nan sangat pantiang pado pambuatan peta, ajak peta panggunaan lahan, peta daerah rawan bencana, dan peta daerah aliran sungai. Sabuah [[Rudal]] walaupun mampunyai kasamaan, tapi tetap dianggap babedo dangan pasawat nirawak basobok rudal indak dapek digunakan baliak dan rudal adolah sanjato itu sandiri. ==Desain== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Unmanned aerial vehicles|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Pasawat Drone|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Unmanned aerial vehicles|d=Q484000|display=Pasawat Drone|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pasawat Drone|voy=no|wikt=pasawaik}} *{{Commonscat-inline|Unmanned aerial vehicles|Pasawat nirawak}} frdnktzm0kb9wklepfjqqcui90z5t7y 0 385543 2443719 2443425 2022-07-28T07:05:40Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:GPS_Block_IIIA.jpg|jmpl|300px|Sistem Pamosisian Global Angkatan Lua Angkaso AS adolah sistem navigasi satelit global partamo dan nan partamo disadiokan sabagai layanan global gratis.]] '''Sistem Pamosisi Global''' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/glosarium/index.php?gloss_asing=&gloss_indonesia=jagat&jenis=contain&Bidang=8&infocmd=Cari|title=Kateglo|accessdate=2012-06-18|archive-date=2015-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007145816/http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/glosarium/index.php?gloss_asing=&gloss_indonesia=jagat&jenis=contain&Bidang=8&infocmd=Cari|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ([[bahaso Inggirih]]: ''Global Positioning System'' (GPS)) adolah sistem [[telekomunikasi]] untuak manentukan lotak lokasi pado parmukaan bumi maupun [[Planet|planet lain]] dangan bantuan panyalarasan (''synchronization'') sinyal satelit. Untuak sistem nan rancak iko biasonyo paguno 3 hinggo 24 satelit nan mangirimkan sinyal [[galombang mikro]] ka Bumi. Sinyal iko go ditarimo dek alat panarimo padi parmukaan, dan paguno untuak manantuan lotak, [[kacapatan]], arah, dan [[wakatu]]. ==Aplikasi== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Global Positioning System|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:GPS|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Global Positioning System|d=Q18822|display=GPS|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=GPS|voy=no|wikt=caro}} *{{Commonscat-inline|Global Positioning System|Sistem Pamosisi Global}} fp5veo9rk4y8pbrt6ma7ziz5b8eky7t 0 385558 2443610 2440958 2022-07-27T15:58:33Z 114.124.172.130 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Torpedo''' adolah [[proyektil]] jinih [[bom]] marupokan [[sanjato]] bapanggarak kipeh nan ditembakkan di ateh atau di bawah pamukaan [[lauik]] dan kamudian maluncua di bawah parmukaan lauik dan dirancang untuak meledak pado kontak atau pado jarak tartantu dangan target. Torpedo dapek diluncuarkan dari [[kapa salam]], [[kapa]] parmukaan, [[helikopter]] atau [[kapa tabang]]. Torpedo dapek juo manjadi sanjato dari sanjato lainnyo. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Torpedoes|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Torpedo|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Torpedoes|d=Q165363|display=Torpedo|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Torpedo|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=Torpedo}} *{{Commons-inline|Torpedo}} {{Authority control}} 2xrzpieovt701zrcm058yg7sbrdvo2v 2443726 2443610 2022-07-28T07:11:14Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Torpedo''' adolah [[proyektil]] jinih [[bom]] marupokan [[sanjato]] bapanggarak kipeh nan ditembakkan di ateh atau di bawah pamukaan [[lauik]] dan kamudian maluncua di bawah parmukaan lauik dan dirancang untuak meledak pado kontak atau pado jarak tartantu dangan target. Torpedo dapek diluncuarkan dari [[kapa salam]], [[kapa]] parmukaan, [[helikopter]] atau [[kapa tabang]]. Torpedo dapek juo manjadi sanjato dari sanjato lainnyo. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Torpedoes|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Torpedo|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Torpedoes|d=Q165363|display=Torpedo|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Torpedo|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=Torpedo}} *{{Commons-inline|Torpedo}} {{Authority control}} kp5obc1xeak1x9kivdofznjto0l8y2m 0 385583 2443669 2443270 2022-07-28T06:25:36Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Anatomy |Name = Longan |Latin = Brachium |GraySubject = |GrayPage = |Image = Arm2.jpg |Caption = Longan [[manusia]] |Image2 = |Caption2 = |Precursor = |System = |Artery =[[Arteri aksilaris]] |Vein =[[Vena aksilaris]] |Nerve =[[Pleksus brakialis]] |Lymph = |MeshName = |MeshNumber = |DorlandsPre = |DorlandsSuf = }} '''Lengan''' atau '''Longan''' adolah anggota badan dari [[pagolangan tangan]] hinggo ka [[bahu]]. Pado [[anatomi]], lengan iyolah ciek dari anggota badan atas [[Binatang manyusuan|hewan]] bakaki duo.<ref name="Free dictionary">{{Cite web | url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/brachium | title=brachium – free dictionary | access-date=December 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/brachium | title=Dictionary.com | access-date=December 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia britannica 2013}}</ref> Istilah iko dapek paguno sacaro analogi dangan ''struktur''/bantuak lain, saparti ciek dari pasangan anggota badan pado hewan bakaki ampek, atau longan [[gurita]]. Pado [[primata]], longan sangat ba-adaptasi baik untuak mamanjat maupun pakarjaan tarampil lainnyo. Parsendian pado [[bahu]] ma-izinkan longan untuak bagarak pado bidang malingkar nan loweh, samantaro adonyo duo tulang longan muko nan dapek mamutari ciek samo lainnyo ma-izinkan jinih garakan tambahan lain. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Arm|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Lengan|c=no|collapsible=yes|commons=Arm|d=Q43471|display=Lengan|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Lengan|voy=no|wikt=Langan}} 9etahp1y1r8ucup0l69gt2wgzc67xnw 0 385584 2443668 2443271 2022-07-28T06:24:59Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:WomanFeet.png|ka|jmpl|kaki]] '''Kaki''' marupokan ciek dari anggota badan [[binatang|hewan]] atau [[manusia]] nan paguno untuak bajalan. Kaki tadiri dari babarapo bagian, tamasuak tapak kaki, sendi nan bakarojo pado suatu sistem tapadu hinggo mamungkinkan dek inang untuak bajalan. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Foot|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Kaki|c=no|collapsible=yes|commons=Foot|d=Q9158|display=Kaki|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Kaki|voy=no|wikt=Kaki}} pc7zsolrmdkf6dgnrtl56at8cyvhieq 2443733 2443668 2022-07-28T07:34:24Z 182.2.170.32 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Kaki | Latin = Pes | Image = Human male foot.jpg | Caption = | Width = 240 | Image2 = | Caption2 = | Precursor = | System = | Artery = dorsalis pedis, plantar medial, plantar lateral | Vein = | Nerve = plantar medial, plantar lateral, fibula dalam, fibula superfisial | Lymph = }}[[Berkas:WomanFeet.png|ka|jmpl|kaki]] '''Kaki''' marupokan ciek dari anggota badan [[binatang|hewan]] atau [[manusia]] nan paguno untuak bajalan. Kaki tadiri dari babarapo bagian, tamasuak tapak kaki, sendi nan bakarojo pado suatu sistem tapadu hinggo mamungkinkan dek inang untuak bajalan. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Foot|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Kaki|c=no|collapsible=yes|commons=Foot|d=Q9158|display=Kaki|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Kaki|voy=no|wikt=Kaki}} 6tub545tequqwm39jvswehud3vxf31m 0 385589 2443671 2440366 2022-07-28T06:27:04Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Skeletal muscle.jpg|ka|250px|jmpl|Otot lurik nan malakek pado rangko]] '''Otot''' adolah sabuah [[jaringan]] dalam tubuh manusia dan hewan nan baguno sabagai alaik gorak aktif nan manggarakkan [[tulang]]. Otot ''diklasifikasikan''/dibagi manjadi tigo jinih iyolah otot lurik, otot polos dan otot jantuang. Otot manyababkan pagarakan suatu organisme maupun pagarakan dari organ dalam organisme tasabuik. Otot marupokan kumpulan jaringan otot nan saliang bakontraksi sahinggo mangasiakan garakan. Otot tadiri ateh sarabuik sel otot nan kasaluruhan dilapih dek jaringan palindung. Otot malakukan ''kontraksi'' dan ''relaksasi'' manggunakan ATP.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Editors|first=B. D.|date=2017-12-08|title=Muscle|url=https://biologydictionary.net/muscle/|website=Biology Dictionary|language=en-US|access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref> Rangko tubuah makhluk hiduik tadiri ateh [[tulang]] dan [[Sendi|sondi]], tapi indak dapek bagarak surang, energi kimia barupo ATP akan diubah manjadi energi mekanik sahinggo mangasiakan pagarakan barupo pagantian ''kontraksi'' dan ''relaksasi''. Umumnyo, hasia kontraksi otot iko akan mamuncuakan paneh tubuh. Otot baguno sabagai pagarakan, stabilitas atau kasaimbangan dan ''termogenesis''. Manuruik histologi, otot di ''klasifikasikan'' manjadi 3 antaro lain: otot rangko, otot jantuang dan otot polos.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Wangko|first=Sunny|date=2014|title=JAringan Otot Rangka Sistem Membran dan Struktur Halus Unit Kontrkatil|url=https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/biomedik/article/download/6330/5850|journal=Jurnal Biomedik|volume=6|issue=3|pages=s27|doi=}}</ref> Otot marupokan ibaraik [[masin]] nan dapek mangubah [[energi kimia]] manjadi energi mekanik nan dapek tawujuik pado suatu aktivitas fisik. Pado hal iko otot dapek bakontraksi dan barelaksasi basobok adonyo katasadioan energi dari sistem energi. Kontraksi otot nan tajadi pado tubuh manusia dapek malakukan karojo ajak [[masin]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarifin|first=|date=2010|title=Kontraksi Otot dan Kelelahan|url=http://digilib.unm.ac.id/files/disk1/7/universitas%20negeri%20makassar-digilib-unm-sarifing-325-1-8.ifink.pdf|journal=Jurnal ILARA|volume=1|issue=2|pages=58|doi=|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2020-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331144553/http://digilib.unm.ac.id/files/disk1/7/universitas%20negeri%20makassar-digilib-unm-sarifing-325-1-8.ifink.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==Struktur otot== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Muscles|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Otot|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Muscles|d=Q15982795|display=Otot|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Otot|voy=no|wikt=Otot}} *{{Commons-inline|Muscle|Otot}} law4dpocwsekvq0mvr023dvevnm0wjz 0 385590 2443670 2440367 2022-07-28T06:26:37Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy |Name = Tulang |Image = [[Berkas:Human skeleton front en.svg|ka|250px|jmpl|]] |Caption = Tulang [[Manusia]] |Image2 = Bertazzo S - SEM deproteined bone - wistar rat - x10k.tif |Caption2 = Mikrograf [[Pancitraan resonansi magnetik|hasil pamindaian elektronik mikrograf]] dari tulang pado 10,000× panggadangan }} '''Tulang''' atau karangka marupokan jaringan tubuh nan kaku dan tadiri ateh sel-sel nan tatanam pado lintas sel kareh nan balimpah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|title=Bagian dan Jenis Tulang Manusia Halaman all|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/03/02/160000369/bagian-dan-jenis-tulang-manusia|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref> Tulang tasusun dari 2 komponen iyolah kalsium gosfat dan kolagen. Tanpa tulang, pasti [[tubuh]] awak indak dapek tagak badiri. Tulang mulai tabantuak sojak [[bayi]] dalam [[kandungan]], balangsuang taruih hinggo dekade kaduo pado susunan nan taratur. Tulang adolah bagian tubuh nan bafungsi sabagai pambantuak [[rangka]] dan alat gorak tubuh. Tulang paguno juo sabagai palinduang organ-organ ''internal''/dalam, saroto tampek panyimpanan [[mineral]] dalam tubuh. Pado proses [[osifikasi]] nan marupokan proses pambantuakan tulang nan tajadi pado wakatu pakambangan fetus dan satolah individu lahia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dewi, dkk.|first=|date=2017|title=Density of Lumbal Vertebrae Bone Ovariectomized Rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Given the Extract Sipatah – patah ( Cissus quadrangularis Salisb )|url=http://www.jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/JMV/article/download/4117/6943|journal=Jurnal Medika Veterinaria|volume=11|issue=1|pages=39|doi=}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Bones|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Tulang|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Bones|d=Q265868|display=Tulang|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Tulang|voy=no|wikt=Tulang}} *{{Commons-inline|Bones|Tulang}} iy4xiglfdch9dszp71fwaiwsl0kmsbi 0 385594 2443712 2441716 2022-07-28T06:57:39Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building |name = Titian |image =<gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="200"> Berkas:GoldenGateBridge.jpg|jmpl|ka|350px|[[Titian Golden Gate]] manghubuangkan [[San Francisco]] ka [[Marin County, California|Marin County]]. Berkas:Bridge types.svg|jmpl|350px|Jinih bangunan bontangan aia: <br/>1. Jembatan suspensi, <br/>2. [[Titian Archimedes]], <br/>3. Tabung tabonam ''(Immersed tube)'', <br/>4: [[Tarowongan|Tarowongan bawah aia]] Berkas:Saudi Bahrain Bridge.jpg|jmpl|Saudi Bahrain Bridge, King Fahd Causeway sapanjang 25 km(16 mil). Berkas:Maglev june2005.jpg|jmpl|[[Kareta Maglev Shanghai]] di ateh titian nan manghubuangkan [[Palabuahan udaro Internasional Pudong Shanghai]] dangan kota. Berkas:Zêzere River Bridge.jpg|300px|jmpl|Titian lengkung beton di pagunungan. Berkas:Oresund.ASTER.20040410.jpg|jmpl|Titian Oresund, gabuangan titian dan tarowongan kareta api rel kombegh dan jalan rayo kombegh nab malinteh Selat Øresund. Titian ko go manghubuangkan Swedia dan Denmark. Berkas:Culvert on Fordingbridge to Alderholt Road - geograph.org.uk - 155781.jpg|jmpl|Titian gorong gorong beton pracetak. Berkas:Box Calvert of the highway,ken-o-expressway,inashiki-city,japan.JPG|jmpl|Box culvert /gorong gorong beton pracetak di Jopang. Berkas:Un vieux pont à Grand-Popo au Bénin.jpg|thumb|Titian di Bénin </gallery> |image_size = 200px |building_type = Titian (Jambatan) }} '''Titian''' atau '''Jambatan''' marupokan ''struktur''/bantuak nan dibuek untuak manyobarangi jurang atau rintangan ajak [[gunuang]], [[sungai]], [[lauik]], rel [[kareta api]] ataupun [[jalan rayo]].<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.wordreference.com/definicion/puente|title=puente - Definición - WordReference.com|fechaacceso=13 de diciembre de 2017|sitioweb=www.wordreference.com|idioma=es}}</ref> Titian dibuek untuak panyobarangan [[pajalan kaki]], [[kandaraan]] atau kareta api di ateh halangan. Titian juo marupokan bagian dari [[infrastruktur]] [[transportasi darek]] nan sangat vital pado sapanjang pajalanan (''traffic flows''). Titian salalu manjadi komponen kritis pado suatu ruas jalan, basobok sabagai panantu beban maksimum kandaraan nan malewati ruas jalan tasabuik. ==Jinih Titian== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Bridge|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Titian|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Bridge|d=Q12280|display=Titian|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Titian|voy=no|wikt=Jambatan}} *{{Commons-inline|Bridge|Titian}} kgtrvd182necwwxwlxgcb0nm55mbw4m 0 385595 2443718 2440362 2022-07-28T07:04:45Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Monarch |name =Aiko {{br}}{{lang|ja|愛子}} |title =<i>Putri Toshi ({{lang|ja|敬宮}})</i> |image =Princess_Aiko_cropped_2_Crown_Prince_Naruhito_Crown_Princess_Masako_and_Princess_Aiko_20160801.jpg|200px|caption |caption =Putri Aiko di Museum Sains di Tokyo, {{br}}Agustus 2016 |birth_name = {{nihongo|Aiko|愛子}} |birth_date = {{tanggal lahir dan umur|2001|12|1}} |birth_place = [[Tokyo]], [[japang|Jopang]] |house = [[Ranji kaluarga kakaisaran Japang|Yamato]] |father = [[Naruhito|Naruhito, Kaisar Jopang]] |mother = [[Owada Masako]] |religion = Hilang }} '''Aiko, Putri Rajo Toshi''' ({{lang|ja|敬宮愛子内親王}} , [[Romaji]]: Toshi-no-miya Aiko Naishinnō ; lahia 1 Desember 2001) iyolah anak daro batino dari Opak õ banamo [[Naruhito]], [[Kaisar Japang|Kaisar Jopang]] ka-126.<ref name="kunaicho">[[Badan Rumah Tangga Kakaisaran]] (宮内庁 , ''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/059/index.html 徳仁 (126)]</ref> Inyo adolah cucu [[Akihito]], Kaisar Jopang ka-125. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Aiko,_Princess_Toshi|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Aiko, Putri Rajo Toshi|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Aiko,_Princess_Toshi|d=Q743509|display=Aiko, Putri Rajo Toshi|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Aiko, Putri Rajo Toshi|voy=no|wikt=Aiko, Putri Rajo Toshi}} 1ybr0gsva1gl3k7ljnrwczgjautrnlx 0 385597 2443709 2442131 2022-07-28T06:56:10Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Itali infobox}} '''Itali''' ({{audio|It-Italia.ogg|_''Itali''}}), rasminyo '''Republik Itali''' ({{lang-it|Repubblica Italiana}}),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/it.html |title=Italy: The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=13 Oktober 2013 |archive-date=2017-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709111211/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/it.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcgn.org.uk/country_names.htm |title="Namo-namo Nagara"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17433143 |title="BBC News - Italy profile - Facts"|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> adolah sabuah [[nagara kasatuan]] [[Republik|republik]] [[sistem parlementer|parlementer]] di [[Eropa|banua Eropa]]<ref group="catatan">[[Samananjung Itali]] sacaro geografis talotak di [[Eropa Salatan]], sadangkan Itali Utara dapek ditampekan sabagian atau saluruahnyo di [[Eropa Tangah]]. Basobok dek budayo, politik dan sajarah, Italia adolah [[Daftar nagara nan badaulaik|nagara badaulaik]] di [[Eropa Barat]].</ref> Talotak di jantuang [[Lauik Mediterania]]. == Catatan == {{Reflist|group="catatan"}} ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Italy|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Itali|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Italy|d=Q38|display=Itali|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Itali|voy=no|wikt=Itali}} *{{Commons-inline|Italia|Itali}} sgz5tohls3dxfjxnmbmw899bd372ftj 2443754 2443709 2022-07-28T10:05:43Z 182.2.171.144 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Itali infobox}} '''Itali''' ({{audio|It-Italia.ogg|_''Itali''}}), rasminyo '''Republik Itali''' ({{lang-it|Repubblica Italiana}}),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/it.html |title=Italy: The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=13 Oktober 2013 |archive-date=2017-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709111211/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/it.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcgn.org.uk/country_names.htm |title="Namo-namo Nagara"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17433143 |title="BBC News - Italy profile - Facts"|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> adolah sabuah [[nagara kasatuan]] [[Republik|republik]] [[sistem parlementer|parlementer]] di [[Eropa|banua Eropa]]<ref group="catatan">[[Samananjung Itali]] sacaro geografis talotak di [[Eropa Salatan]], sadangkan Itali Utara dapek ditampekan sabagian atau saluruahnyo di [[Eropa Tangah]]. Basobok dek budayo, politik dan sajarah, Italia adolah [[Daftar nagara nan badaulaik|nagara badaulaik]] di [[Eropa Barat]].</ref> Talotak di jantuang [[Lauik Mediterania]]. == Catatan == {{Reflist|group="catatan"}} ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Italy|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Itali|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Italy|d=Q38|display=Itali|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Itali|voy=no|wikt=nagara}} *{{Commons-inline|Italia|Itali}} i0lynputczjiwbfn955h2ztj2ybuof6 0 385598 2443722 2441660 2022-07-28T07:06:53Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dot-com company | company_name = Ferrari S.p.A. | company_logo = Scuderia_Ferrari.png|120px | foundation = 1890 | location_city = [[Maranello]] | location_country = [[Itali|Itali 100%]] | origins = | key_people = [[Sergio Marchionne]] <br /> <small>([[Chairman]])</small><br />[[Piero Ferrari]] <br /><small>([[Vice Chairman]])</small><br />[[Amedeo Felisa]]<br /><small>([[CEO]])</small> | area_served = | industry = [[Otomotif]] | products = [[oto sport|Oto Drift/balap]] | operating_income = | net_income = | num_employees = 2,926 (2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiatgroup.com/en-us/shai/banns/budgets/Documents/BILANCIO_2007_ING.pdf|format=PDF|title=Annual Report 2007|accessdate=2008-04-08|work=fiatgroup.com|archive-date=2015-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915040052/https://www.fiatgroup.com/en-us/shai/banns/budgets/Documents/BILANCIO_2007_ING.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | subsid = | footnotes = }} '''Ferrari''' adolah sabuah produsen [[oto super]] dan [[oto balap]] barasa dari [[Itali]] baparforma tinggi nan babasis di [[Maranello]], [[Itali]]. Sapanjang sajarahnyo, [[parusahoan]] iko tolah bapartisipasi paling lamo pado dunia balap, tarutamo di Formula Satu, di mano tolah sukses bosegh. Parusahaan iko kamudian juo mangambangkan produksi oto ''independen'' pado [[1946]], dan kamudian manjadi '''Ferrari S.p.A.'''. Perusahaan iko bamarkas di [[Maranello]], dokek [[Modena]], [[Itali]]. [[Tim F1 Ferrari|Ferrari]] ikuik saroto juo pado kompetisi [[Formula Satu]]. Ciek pambalapnyo nan tenar adolah [[Daftar juaro dunia pambalap Formula Satu|juara dunia]] tujuah kali asa [[Jerman]], [[Michael Schumacher]]. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Ferrari|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Ferrari|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Mercedes-Benz|d=Q36008|display=Ferrari|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Ferrari|voy=no|wikt=Ferrari}} *{{Commons-inline|Ferrari}} ipzm7sei2eh5w3fsctfsguxlqdd7ebm 0 385600 2443721 2442501 2022-07-28T07:06:30Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | headerstyle = background-color:#eee; | labelstyle = background-color:#eee; | header1 = Mercedes-Benz | data2 = [[Berkas:Mercedes-Benz Logo 2010.svg|thumb|upright=200pxl| Logo [[parusahoan]] Mercedes-Benz]] | data3 = {{Infobox company | predecessor = {{plainlist| *[[Benz & Cie.]]<br>(1883–1926) *[[Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft]]<br>(1890–1926)}} | area_served = Saluruah dunia | industry = [[Industri otomotif|Otomotif]] | products = {{plainlist| *[[Oto]] *[[Oto prah|Truk]] *[[Sasis]] [[Karoseri]] *[[Bus]] *[[Masin|Masin baka pambakaran dalam]] *[[Oto listrik]] *[[Oto mewah|Kandaraan mewah]]}} | services = {{plainlist| *[[Jaso kauangan]] *[[Parbengkelan]]}} | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | assets = | equity = | parent= [[Daimler AG]] | num_employees = 167.921<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://annualreport.daimler.com/ar2017/combined-management-report/sustainability-and-integrity/workforce |title=Daimler Annual Report: The Workforce |access-date=2019-05-26 |archive-date=2019-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504195043/https://annualreport.daimler.com/ar2017/combined-management-report/sustainability-and-integrity/workforce |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | divisions = {{plainlist| * Mercedes-Benz Oto * Mercedes-Benz Komersial}} | brands = {{plainlist| *[[Mercedes-AMG]] *[[Maybach|Mercedes-Maybach]] *[[Mercedes-EQ]]}} | subsid = | homepage = {{URL|https://www.mercedes-benz.com/en/|www.mercedes-benz.com}} | footnotes = | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1926|6|28}} | location_city = [[Stuttgart]] | location_country = [[Jerman]] }} }} '''Mercedes-Benz''' ({{IPA-de|mɛʁˈtseːdəsˌbɛnts|lang}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Dudenredaktion|last2=Kleiner|first2=Stefan|last3=Knöbl|first3=Ralf|year=2015|orig-year=First published 1962|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch|trans-title=The Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ|language=German|edition=7th|location=Berlin|publisher=Dudenverlag|isbn=978-3-411-04067-4|p=595}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Krech|first1=Eva-Maria|last2=Stock|first2=Eberhard|last3=Hirschfeld|first3=Ursula|last4=Anders|first4=Lutz Christian|title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch|trans-title=German Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-1tr_oVkW4C&dq=deutsches+ausspracheworterbuch&source=gbs_navlinks_s|language=German|year=2009|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-018202-6|p=738}}</ref>) (disabuik juo '''Mercy''') adolah sabuah [[parusahoan]] otomotif barasa dari [[Jerman]] nan mamproduksi babagai macam kandaraan ajak [[oto]], [[truk]], dan [[bus]]. Mercedes-Benz adolah ciek parusahoan [[oto]] paliang dikana di dunia dan juo parusahaan [[oto]] tatuo di dunia nan batahan hinggo sakarang. Mobil inyo takanal bateknologi dan mamiliki tingkek kaamanan tenggi. Mulai taun 2030, semua kendaraan nan diproduksi dek Mercedes-Benz akan batanago listrik.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20210722201619-4-262942/semua-mercedes-benz-bakal-jadi-mobil-listrik-di-2030|title=Samua Mercedes-Benz Akan Jadi Oto Listrik di 2030|publisher=CNBC Indonesia|date=22 Juli 2021|accessdate=26 Juli 2021}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Mercedes-Benz|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Mercedes-Benz|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Mercedes-Benz|d=Q36008|display=Mercedes-Benz|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Mercedes-Benz|voy=no|wikt=Mercedes-Benz}} 34wasmb3rvobecbshnjnpv6reus7e4r 0 385603 2443743 2442180 2022-07-28T08:20:16Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:C_solarcorona2003.gif|mini|jam sabagai panghituang [[wakatu]] siang jo malam basobok rotasi.]] [[Berkas:Carpe_Diem.jpg|mini|[[Jam matohari]] [[romawi]] untuak tantuan wakatu sholat zhuhur jo ashar.]] [[Berkas:Jam_Gadang_in_2011.jpg|mini|[[Jam Gadang]] sabagai [[jam analog]].]] [[Berkas:Sony_Digimatic_8FC-59W_radio_alarm_clock_20060526.png|mini|[[Jam digital]] [[radio]] [[sony]].]] '''Jam''' adolah sabuah [[Satuan|unit]] [[wakatu]] nan fleksibel saroto idak ado bateh pado [[Sistem Satuan Internasional|unit SI]] indak ajak [[mili datiak]], [[datiak]], [[minik]], [[hari]] dan [[Bulan (pananggalan)|bulan]] jo [[tahun]] nan tabateh, sapanjang [[angko]] jam masih dapek dihituang dek [[komputer]] basobok paguno untuak parhituangan periode [[rotasi]] [[planet]]. Lamo rotasi pado planet [[bumi]] didapek iyolah 24 jam (ciek jam samo dangan 1/24 atau ciek parduopuluah ampek [[hari]]). Satolah didapek lamo wakatu [[rotasi]] [[planet]] ciek kali putaran, jam iko kambali baulang hituang dari nol. Ciek jam dapek dibagi manjadi unit wakatu nan lobiah ketek lai. Ciek jam tadiri dari: * 60 [[minik]] * 3600 [[datiak]] *12960000 [[mili datiak]] '''Pukua''' manunjuakan juo satuan wakatu. Jam bamakna "maso atau jangka wakatu", sadangkan pukua bamakna "saat atau wakatu kini".<ref>[http://www.pusatbahasa.diknas.go.id/laman/index.php?info=praktis&action=detail&kataistilahid=27 Istilah]</ref> Pado [[Bahaso Minangkabau|bahaso awak]], bilo ingin mangecek "saat atau wakatu kini", paguno kato 'pukua' (contoh: Barangkek ka [[sikolah]] pukua 6:00 pagi). Bilo ingin mangungkapkan "maso atau jangka wakatu", paguno kato 'jam' (contoh: Di sikolah salamo salapan jam). ==Patunjuak pado [[Islam|agamo Islam]]== {{br}}<div style="text-align: right;">{{lang|ar|يُدَبِّرُ الْاَمْرَ مِنَ السَّمَاۤءِ اِلَى الْاَرْضِ ثُمَّ يَعْرُجُ اِلَيْهِ فِيْ يَوْمٍ كَانَ مِقْدَارُهٗٓ اَلْفَ سَنَةٍ مِّمَّا تَعُدُّوْنَ }}<br/></div> Tajomahannyo: <br/>"''Inyo mangatur sagalo urusan dari langik ka bumi, kudian (urusan) tu naiak kapada-Nyo dalam sahari nan kadarnyo (lamonyo) adolah saribu taun manuruik parhitungan Waàng.''" ([[Al-Qur'an|Quran]] Surah. As-Sajdah Ayat 4) Bilo Tonolah olah manyarahkan parhitungan wakatu ka [[manusia]], sadangkan parhitungan wakatu sahari di [[bumi]] samo dangan 24 jam ([[Sistem Satuan Internasional|unit SI]]), mako sahari tampek tingga [[planet]] Tonola di dapek: <center>1000''[[masehi|taun]]''×365''hari''(satahun)×24''jam'' = ±8.760.000jam kalender [[Masehi]]{{br}}1000''[[masehi|taun]]''×355''hari''(satahun)×24''jam'' = ±8.520.000jam [[kalender Hijriah]]</center> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{Commonscat-inline|Hours|Jam}} {{Sister project links |1=hours|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Jam|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=hours|d=Q25235|display=Jam|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Jam|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=Jam}} ldd4vphg1kht0sgdzdlowy2trknzuu2 0 385623 2443608 2440430 2022-07-27T14:26:55Z 114.124.172.130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Airport | name = Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai | nativename = <small>{{lang|ja|かんさいこくさいくうこう / 関西国際空港}}</small> | image = Kansai_International_Airport_Logo.gif | image-width = 250 | image2 = Kix_aerial_photo.jpg | image2-width = 250 | caption2 = | IATA = KIX | ICAO = RJBB | type = Sipil | operator = [[Kansai Airports]] | city-served = | location = [[Osaka]], {{JPN}} | hub = <div> *[[All Nippon Airways]] *[[FedEx Express]] *[[Japan Airlines]] *[[Jetstar Japan]] *[[Nippon Cargo Airlines]] *[[Peach Aviation]] </div> |focus_city = *[[Singapore Airlines]] *[[Garuda Indonesia]] | built = | opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1994|9|4}} | elevation-f = 16 | elevation-m = 5 | latd = 34 | latm = 26 | lats = 03 | latNS = N | longd=135 | longm= 13 | longs= 58 | longEW= E | coordinates_region = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label = | pushpin_map_caption = | website = [https://www.kansai-airport.or.jp/ www.kansai-airport.or.jp] | metric-elev = | metric-rwy = | r1-number = 06R/24L | r1-length-f = 11,483 | r1-length-m = 3,500 | r1-surface = ''[[Aspal beton|Asphalt concrete]]'' | r2-number = 06L/24R | r2-length-f = 13,123 | r2-length-m = 4,000 | r2-surface = [[Aspal beton|Asphalt concrete]] | stat-year = 2019 | stat1-header = Pagarakan panumpang | stat1-data = 28.762.999 | stat2-header = Pagerakan angkutan udaro dalam ton | stat2-data = 756.771 | stat3-header = Pagerakan pesawat | stat3-data = 196,022 | footnotes = }} '''Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai''' atau ''Bandar Udara Internasional Kansai'' ({{lang|ja|かんさいこくさいくうこう/関西国際空港}} , [[Romaji]]: Kansai Kokusai Kūkō,[[Kode palabuahan udaro IATA|IATA:]] KIX, [[Kode palabuahan udaro Organisasi Panabangan Sipil Internasional|ICAO:]] RJBB), adolah sabuah [[Pangkalan udaro|palabuahan udaro]] internasional nan talotak di sabuah pulau di tongah-tongah Taluak Osaka, jauah daghi pantai distrik Sennan di [[Osaka]], [[Japang|Jopang]]. Palabuahan udaro iko disabuik juo sabagai Osaka Airport dalam [[bahaso Inggirih|bahaso Inggirih]], dan sabagai 関空 (Kankū) dalam [[bahaso Japang|bahaso Jopang]] (jaàn lai mangango ka palabuahan udaro lain banamo palabuahan udaro Internasional Osaka nan talotak lobiah dokek ka kota Osaka). Lotaknyo sakitar 16 mil (27 km) daghi pusek kota. Pado taun 2014 ado sakitegh 20 juta panompang nan lalu-lalang.<ref>[http://www.kansai-airports.co.jp/en/company-profile/about-us/ kansai-airport.com – About us] (englisch), abgerufen am 12. September 2018</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Kansai International Airport|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Kansai International Airport|d=Q193682|display=Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai|voy=no|wikt=bandara}} *{{Commons-inline|Kansai International Airport|Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai}} pfopron32d2au9xod3x7bfo6pj695e8 2443710 2443608 2022-07-28T06:56:47Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Airport | name = Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai | nativename = <small>{{lang|ja|かんさいこくさいくうこう / 関西国際空港}}</small> | image = Kansai_International_Airport_Logo.gif | image-width = 250 | image2 = Kix_aerial_photo.jpg | image2-width = 250 | caption2 = | IATA = KIX | ICAO = RJBB | type = Sipil | operator = [[Kansai Airports]] | city-served = | location = [[Osaka]], {{JPN}} | hub = <div> *[[All Nippon Airways]] *[[FedEx Express]] *[[Japan Airlines]] *[[Jetstar Japan]] *[[Nippon Cargo Airlines]] *[[Peach Aviation]] </div> |focus_city = *[[Singapore Airlines]] *[[Garuda Indonesia]] | built = | opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1994|9|4}} | elevation-f = 16 | elevation-m = 5 | latd = 34 | latm = 26 | lats = 03 | latNS = N | longd=135 | longm= 13 | longs= 58 | longEW= E | coordinates_region = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label = | pushpin_map_caption = | website = [https://www.kansai-airport.or.jp/ www.kansai-airport.or.jp] | metric-elev = | metric-rwy = | r1-number = 06R/24L | r1-length-f = 11,483 | r1-length-m = 3,500 | r1-surface = ''[[Aspal beton|Asphalt concrete]]'' | r2-number = 06L/24R | r2-length-f = 13,123 | r2-length-m = 4,000 | r2-surface = [[Aspal beton|Asphalt concrete]] | stat-year = 2019 | stat1-header = Pagarakan panumpang | stat1-data = 28.762.999 | stat2-header = Pagerakan angkutan udaro dalam ton | stat2-data = 756.771 | stat3-header = Pagerakan pesawat | stat3-data = 196,022 | footnotes = }} '''Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai''' atau ''Bandar Udara Internasional Kansai'' ({{lang|ja|かんさいこくさいくうこう/関西国際空港}} , [[Romaji]]: Kansai Kokusai Kūkō,[[Kode palabuahan udaro IATA|IATA:]] KIX, [[Kode palabuahan udaro Organisasi Panabangan Sipil Internasional|ICAO:]] RJBB), adolah sabuah [[Pangkalan udaro|palabuahan udaro]] internasional nan talotak di sabuah pulau di tongah-tongah Taluak Osaka, jauah daghi pantai distrik Sennan di [[Osaka]], [[Japang|Jopang]]. Palabuahan udaro iko disabuik juo sabagai Osaka Airport dalam [[bahaso Inggirih|bahaso Inggirih]], dan sabagai 関空 (Kankū) dalam [[bahaso Japang|bahaso Jopang]] (jaàn lai mangango ka palabuahan udaro lain banamo palabuahan udaro Internasional Osaka nan talotak lobiah dokek ka kota Osaka). Lotaknyo sakitar 16 mil (27 km) daghi pusek kota. Pado taun 2014 ado sakitegh 20 juta panompang nan lalu-lalang.<ref>[http://www.kansai-airports.co.jp/en/company-profile/about-us/ kansai-airport.com – About us] (englisch), abgerufen am 12. September 2018</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Kansai International Airport|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Kansai International Airport|d=Q193682|display=Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai|voy=no|wikt=bandara}} *{{Commons-inline|Kansai International Airport|Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai}} t0gyq7o90fb2hbj5sge0wcjpstrs2u9 0 385624 2443756 2443412 2022-07-28T10:25:19Z 182.2.171.144 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox kapatabang honda |image=[[Berkas:Antonov_An-225_Beltyukov-1.jpg|300px|]] |caption= '''Antonov An-225 Mriya''' {{br}} sadang tabang }} |} '''Antonov An-225 Mriya''' adolah [[Pasawat angkuik|pasawat angkuik]] [[Pangangkutan udaro|udaro ''strategis'']] nan pado kali partamo dikambangkan untuak mambao [[Pasawat Ulang Alik|pasawat ulang alik]].<ref name="goebel">{{cite web |url=http://www.airvectors.net/avantgt.html#m3 |title=Antonov An-225 Mriya ("Cossack") |website=The Antonov Giants: An-22, An-124, & An-225 |access-date=21 Agustus 2012 |author=Greg Goebel |language=en }}</ref><ref name="Gordon">{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Yefim |last2=Komissarov |first2=Dmitriy |first3=Sergey |last3=Komissarov |chapter=The Six-Engined Dream |page=76 |title=Antonov's Heavy Transports: Big Lifters for War & Peace |volume=18 |series=Red Star |publisher=Midland |date= 3 September 2004 |isbn=978-1857801828 |oclc=173497301 |ol=OL9001238M |df=dmy-all |language=en }}</ref> ==Spesifikasi Teknis== [[Berkas:Antonov_An-225_3-view.svg|jmpl|Gamba di ateh [[karateh]] Antonov An-225 Mriya.]]<br/> [[Berkas:Antonov-225_main_landing_gear_2.jpg|jmpl|Sabolah sasis utamo Antonov An-225 Mriya.]]<br/> [[Berkas:An-225_D-18T.jpg|jmpl|Sabolah kidagh [[Progress D-18T|masin utamo]] di sayok Antonov An-225 Mriya.]] Ciri-ciri umum<ref name="ramAn225">[http://ram-home.com/ram-old/an-225.html An-225 (An-225-100) "Мрiя"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031011047/http://ram-home.com/ram-old/an-225.html |date=31 Oktober 2015}} ''Russian Aviation Museum'', 20 Oktober 2001. Diarspikan tanggal 31 Oktober 2010.</ref><ref name=mf>[http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=58 "Antonov An-225 Mriya (Cossack) Heavy Lift Strategic Long-Range Transport"]. ''Military Factory'', 23 Agustus 2012. Diarsipkan tanggal 2 Agustus 2020.</ref><ref name=gs>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/an-225.htm |title=AN-225 Mriya |website=[[GlobalSecurity.org]] |date=27 Februari 2022 |access-date=28 Februari 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220228164416/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/an-225.htm |archive-date=28 Februari 2022 |language=en }}</ref><ref name=acs>{{cite web |url= http://www.aircharterservice.aero/cargo/aircraft/antonov_an225.htm |title= Antonov An 225 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120415013519/http://www.aircharterservice.aero/cargo/aircraft/antonov_an225.htm |archive-date=15 April 2012 |website=Air Charter Service |access-date=6 September 2012 |df=dmy-all |language=en }}</ref> <br/> *Awak: 6 *Dayo muek: 253.820 kg (559.580 lb) *Dimensi pintu: 440 x 640 cm (14,4 x 21 ft) *Panjang: 84 m (275,6 ft) *[[Rontang sayok|Rontang sayok]]: 88,4 m (290 ft 2 in) *Tinggi: 18,1 m (59,3 ft) *Loweh sayok: 905 m2 (9.743,7 ft2) *Volume kargo: 1.300 m3 (46.000 cu ft) *Barek kosong: 285.000 kg (628.315 lb) *Berek maksimal bilo lapeh landas: 600.000 kg (1.323.000 lb) *[[Masin]]: 6 × [[turbofan]] ZMKB [[Progress D-18T|Lotaryov D18]]<nowiki/>T, 229,5 kN (51.600 lbf) parmasin *Jarak lapeh landas: 3500 m (11500 ft) dangan beban maksimal<br/> Kinerja <br/> *Laju maksimal: 850 km/h (530 mph, 460 knot) *Laju jalajah: 800 km/h (500 mph, 430 knot) *Jangkauan: **Bahan baka panuah: 15.400 km (9.600 mi) **Barek muek 200 ton: 4.000 km (2.500 mi) *Bateh-tabang di langik: 11.000 m (36.000 ft) *Beban sayok: 662,9 kg/m2 (135,8 lb/ft2) ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Antonov An-225|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Antonov An-225 Mriya|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Antonov An-225|d=Q178351|display=Antonov An-225 Mriya|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Antonov An-225 Mriya|voy=no|wikt=kopa tobang}} {{commons|Antonov An-225}} fy8qmmedkehkbfe7joq3b4db6ye07q2 0 385626 2443732 2442105 2022-07-28T07:22:42Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Airport | name = Palabuahan udaro Internasional Hang Nadim | nativename = ({{small|{{lang|en|Hang Nadim International Airport}}}}) | image = Bandar_Udara_Hang_Nadim_-_panoramio_(1).jpg | image-width = 250 | image2 = | image2-width = | caption2 = | IATA = BTH | WMO = 96087 | ICAO = WIDD | type = Sipil | operator = PT [[Angkasa Pura I]] <ref>https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20211221/98/1480107/bp-batam-dan-bup-konsorsium-angkasa-pura-i-iiac-wika-tandatangani-perjanjian-kerja-sama-pengelolaan-bandara-batam</ref> | city-served = [[Pulau Batam]] | location = [[Kota Batam|Batam]], [[Kepulauan Riau]], [[Indonesia]] | hub = <div> *[[Citilink]] *[[Lion Air]] *[[Wings Air]] </div> |focus_city = | built = | opened = | elevation-f = 128 | elevation-m = 38 | latd = 01 | latm = 07 | lats = 15 | latNS = N | longd=104 | longm= 07 | longs= 07 | longEW= E | coordinates_region = | pushpin_map =Indonesia Riau | pushpin_label = | pushpin_map_caption = | website = {{URL|https:/hangnadim.bpbatam.go.id}} | metric-elev = | metric-rwy = | r1-number = 04/22 | r1-length-f = 13,218 | r1-length-m = 4,028 | r1-surface = [[Aspal]] | stat-year = 2018 | stat1-header = Pagarakan panumpang | stat1-data = 6,500,000({{increase}}) | stat2-header = Pagarakan angkutan udaro dalam ton | stat2-data = 26,109 ({{decrease}} 24.3%) | stat3-header = Pagarakan pasawat | stat3-data = 62,896 ({{increase}} 16.5%) | footnotes = Sumber: [[Daftar palabuahan udaro tasibuk di Indonesia]] }} '''Palabuahan udaro Internasional Hang Nadim''' atau ''Bandar Udara Internasional Hang Nadim'' ([[Kode palabuahan udaro IATA|IATA:]] BTH, [[Kode palabuahan udaro Organisasi Panabangan Sipil Internasional|ICAO:]] WIDD), adolah sabuah [[Pangkalan udaro|palabuahan udaro internasional]] nan talotak di [[Batu Besar, Nongsa, Batam|kelurahan Batu Besar]], [[Nongsa, Batam|kecamatan Nongsa]], [[kota Batam]], [[provinsi Kepulauan Riau]]. Palabuahan udaro iko mamiliki landas pacu sapanjang 4.025 [[meter]] nan manjadikannyo palabuahan udaro iko sabagai pamiliak landas pacu tapanjang di [[Indonesia]] dan kaduo di [[Asia Tenggara]] satolah [[Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kuala Lumpur]] [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]. Dangan kondisinyo kini, palabuahan udaro Hang Nadim dapek manampuang 18-[[kapa tabang]] babadan lebar dangan jinih [[Boeing 747]], [[Boeing 767]], dan [[Boeing 777]]. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Hang Nadim International Airport|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Palabuahan udaro Internasional Hang Nadim|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Hang Nadim International Airport|d=Q1248784|display=Palabuahan udaro Internasional Hang Nadim|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Palabuahan udaro Internasional Hang Nadim|voy=no|wikt=bandara}} {{commons|Airport|Palabuahan udaro Internasional Hang Nadim}} 49m7fkx7ex3khicod3dt4yncwh8nonr 0 385627 2443711 2441892 2022-07-28T06:57:13Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building |name = Rumah Sakik Internasional St. Luke{{br}}<small>{{lang|ja|せいるかこくさいびょういん / 聖路加国際病院}}</small> |image = St lukes tokyo front.jpg |image_size = 200px |location = 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo<br/>[[Tokyo]], {{JPN}} |coordinates = {{coord|35|40|02|N|139|46|38|E|source:jawiki_region:JP_scale:10000|display=inline,title}} |building_type = [[Rumah sakik]] |floor_count = |status = Salasai dibangun |completion_date = 1902 |floor_area = |architect = |cost = }} '''Rumah Sakik Internasional St. Luke'''<ref>{{cita web |url=http://www.luke.or.jp/eng/about/overview/index.html |urltrad= |enlaceroto= |title="St. Luke's International Hospital" |fechaacceso=4 de agosto de 2013 |suscripción= |autor= |apellido= |nombre= |enlaceautor= |coautores= |fecha= |año= |mes= |formato= |obra= |editor= |editorial= |ubicación= |página= |páginas= |idioma=inglés |doi= |urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715074819/http://www.luke.or.jp/eng/about/overview/index.html |fechaarchivo=15 de julio de 2013 |cita= }}</ref> ({{lang|ja|せいるかこくさいびょういん / 聖路加国際病院}} , [[Romaji]]: Seirukakokusaibyōin) adolah [[Rumah sakik|rumah sakik]] umum dan pangajaran nan talotak di distrik [[Tsukiji]] di [[Chūō, Tokyo|Chūō]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japang|Jopang]]. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=St. Luke Hospital Tokyo|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Rumah Sakik Internasional St. Luke|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=St. Luke Hospital Tokyo|d=Q7589810|display=Rumah Sakik Internasional St. Luke|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Rumah Sakik Internasional St. Luke|voy=no|wikt=rumah sakik}} *{{Commons-inline|Hospitals|Rumah Sakik Internasional St. Luke}} 9uujblrqerlq9u7s8d3rbaradtwrh96 0 385725 2443653 2441226 2022-07-28T05:19:59Z Onyaso 7250 /* Dasar hukum */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info kawasan lindung|name=Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas|lat_m=51|governing_body=[[Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia|Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan]]|visitation_year=|visitation_num=|established=2000|area=54.780,41 hektare (547,8 km²)|long_EW=E|long_s=0|long_m=39|long_d=102|lat_NS=S|lat_s=0|lat_d=1|iucn_category=II|coordinates={{coord|1|51|0|S|102|39|0|E|display=inline, title}}|label_position=right|label='''TN Bukit Duabelas'''|map_width=250|map_caption=Letak TN Berbak di Pulau Sumatra|map=Indonesia Jambi#Indonesia|nearest_city=[[Kota Jambi]]|location=[[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]]|width=220|photo_caption=Suku Anak Dalam atau Orang Rimba adalah penghuni asli Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas|photo=Tribe Family.jpg|website={{url|https://www.tnbukitduabelas.id/}}}} ''Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas''' (disingkat '''''<nowiki/>'''TN Bukit Duabelas''') adolah sabuah [[taman nasional]] nan talatak di [[Provinsi Jambi]], [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. Dalam [[Pembagian administratif|pambagian administratif]], lokasinyo masuk ka dalam [[Kabupaten Tebo]], [[Kabupaten Batanghari]] jo [[Kabupaten Sarolangun]]. Laweh [[lahan]] ko sajumlah 54.780,41 [[hektare]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Haidir, dkk.|date=2020|url=http://www.tnbukitduabelas.id/sites/default/files/unduhan/membangun_sistem_kelola_tnbd.pdf|title=Membangun Sistem Kelola TN Bukit Duabelas berbasis Penghargaan pada Orang RImba dan Pengetahuan Aslinya|publisher=Balai TN Bukit Duabelas|pages=2|url-status=live}}</ref> Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas marupoan [[kawasan perlindungan]]. Namanyo barasal dari kondisi geografis daerahnyo nan babukik-bukik. Babarapo bukiknyo paliang tinggi yaitu bukik Punai (164 meter), Panggang (328 meter), jo Kuran (438 meter). Daerah ko marupoan [[daerah tangkapan air|daerah tangkapan aia]] dari [[daerah aliran sungai]] dari [[Batang Hari|Sungai Batanghari]].<ref name="dephut">Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia: [http://www.dephut.go.id/uploads/INFORMASI/TN%20INDO-ENGLISH/bukit12_NP.htm "Bukit Dua Belas National Park"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925075115/http://www.dephut.go.id/uploads/INFORMASI/TN%20INDO-ENGLISH/bukit12_NP.htm|date=September 25, 2015}}, retrieved 7 December 2013</ref> Di Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas ado labiah kurang 120 jinih [[flora]] nan iduik, tamasuak [[ulin]], [[menggeris]] satinggi 80 meter, [[jelutung]] berdiameter 2 meter, jo [[Daemonorops|rotan jerenang]].<ref name="dephut" /> [[Berkas:Menjulang Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas.jpg|jmpl|250px|Terdapat banyak pohon dengan diameter batang yang besar dan tinggi di Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas.]] Di dalam Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas iko juo manjadi tampek badiamnyo [[Suku Anak Dalam]] atau [[Suku Kubu]] atau Orang Rimba. Suku iko alah lamo mambagi zonasi kawasan jauah sabalun taman nasional ko tabantuak. Suku ko bakarajo samo jo pengelola Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas untuak mambuek pametaan pemetaan taman nasional. Jalur [[tebing]] hutan dinamoi masyarakaik satampek sabagai Tali Bukit dek itu dilarang manabang papohonan nan ado di situ. Adapun zona hutan nan mampunyoi tanaman [[Buah|buah-buahan]], mako wilayah tu masuak zona pamanfaatan Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas. Jumlah Orang Rimba di siko pado taun 2018 mancapai 2960, naiak dari taun 2013 sabanyak 1775 urang.<ref name="kompas">"Aturan Adat Masuk Skema Pelestarian Hutan", ''[[Kompas (surat kabar)|Kompas]]'', 10 September 2018. Hlm. 18</ref> Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas marupaoan perwakilan bagi [[hutan hujan tropis]] di provinsi [[Jambi]]. Bagian utara taman nasional iko tamasuak ka dalam kategori [[hutan primer]], samentaro sisonyo marupuoan [[hutan sekunder]], sabagai akibaik dari parambahan kayu.<ref>[http://www.dephut.go.id/INFORMASI/TN%20INDO-ENGLISH/bukit12_NP.htm Ministry of Forestry: Brief description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226092308/http://www.dephut.go.id/INFORMASI/TN%20INDO-ENGLISH/bukit12_NP.htm|date=2012-02-26}}, retrieved 04-01-2010</ref> == Dasa hukum == Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas awalnyo marupuoan [[hutan lindung]] jo [[cagar biosfer]]. Status awalnyo ini diusulan dalam surek Bupati Sarolangun Bangko tanggal 7 Februari 1984 Nomor 522/182/1984. Daerah nan diusulan adolah kawasan hutan di Bukit Duabelas. Usulan iko batujuan manjadian hutan tasabauik sabagai tampek iduik jo pangiduik an urang rimba. Usulan tasabuik ditaruihan dek pemerintah Provinsi Jambi kapado Menteri Kehutanan malalui surek Kepala Sub Balai Perlindungan dan Pelesterian Alam Jambi pado taun nan samo. Surek ko juo dikaluan dek Gubernur Jambi melalui surat Nomor : 522.52/863/84 tanggal 25 April 1984. Menteri Kehutanan manyetujui usulan tasabuik, tatapi anyo sabagai cagar biosfer. Lahan nan ditatak an salueh 28.707 ha. Kudian pado taun 2000, cagar biosfer iko ditapekan manjadi Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas. Lahan nan ditapekan manjadi 60.500 ha. Penambahan lahan ko barasa dari penggabungan cagar bisofer Bukit Duabelas (27.200 ha), Hutan Produksi Tetap Serengam Hilir (11.400 ha) jo areal penggunaan lain salueh 1.200 ha. Panetapan iko badasaran pado Surat Keputusan Mentri Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Nomor : 285/Kpts-II/2000 tertanggal 23 Agustus 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tentang Kami {{!}} Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas|url=https://www.tnbukitduabelas.id/about-us|website=www.tnbukitduabelas.id|access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref> == Pamanfaatan == Taman Nasional Duabelas diudi dek Orang Rimba. Dipagunoan Orang Rimba untuak pamanfaatan hasil hutan bukan kayu khususnyo [[dama]] untuak babagai keperluan. Pamanenan dama oleh Orang Rimba diatur dek ketentuan adaik mereka. Damar dikumpuan badasaan fungsi pohon jo latak dama. Orang Rimba memanfaatkan dama sebagai sumber [[bahan bakar]], [[Ilmu kesehatan|pengobatan]], [[perekat]] jo [[Ritual|ritual adat]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Andhika, dkk.|date=2016|title=Etnobotani Damar pada Orang Rimba di Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas|url=https://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/berita_biologi/article/view/2863/2426|journal=Berita Biolog|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia|volume=15|issue=1|pages=105|issn=0126-1754}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Pranala lua == * [http://www.dephut.go.id/INFORMASI/TN%20INDO-ENGLISH/bukit12_NP.htm Ministry of Forestry: Brief description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226092308/http://www.dephut.go.id/INFORMASI/TN%20INDO-ENGLISH/bukit12_NP.htm|date=2012-02-26}} {{Taman nasional di Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Taman nasional di Indonesia|Bukit Duabelas]] [[Kategori:Sumatra]] [[Kategori:Bentang alam Jambi]] 8qykmtv2oo0t88qpv6fgb7ettdxz80c 0 385731 2443673 2440368 2022-07-28T06:28:23Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Jantuang | Latin = cor | Greek = kardía (καρδία) | GraySubject = | GrayPage = | Width = | Image2 = Heart anterior exterior view.jpg | Caption2 = Jantuang [[manusia]] | ImageMap = | MapCaption = | Precursor = | System = [[Sistem sirkulasi|Sirkulasi]] | Artery = [[Aorta]], [[pulmonary trunk]] dan [[arteri pulmoner]] suok dan kidagh [[Arteri koroner kanan]], [[arteri koroner kiri utamo]] | Vein = [[Vena kava superior]], [[vena kava inferior]], [[vena pulmoner]] suok dan kidagh, [[vena kardiak besar]], [[vena kardiak tangah]], [[vena kardiak ketek]], [[vena kardiak anterior]]. | Nerve = [[Accelerans nerve]], [[Vagus nerve]] | Lymph = | Code = | Dorlands = | DorlandsID = }} {{listen | filename = HROgg.ogg | title = Bunyi jantuang normal | description = Bunyi jantuang normal didanga malalui [[stetoskop]] | format = [[Ogg]] }} '''Jantuang''' ({{lang-la|cor}}) adolah sabuah rongga, rongga [[organ (anatomi)|organ]] ba-otot nan mamompa [[darah]] malalui [[pambuluah darah]] dek kontraksi ba-irama nan barulang. Darah manyuplai okisgen dan nutrisi pado tubuah, mambantu juo manghilangkan sisa-sisa metabolisme. Istilah '''''kardiak''''' bararti '''bahubuangan dongan jantuang''', dari kato [[Bahaso Yunani|Yunani]] ''cardia'' untuak '''jantuang'''. Jantuang marupokan ciek dari organ manusia nan baporan pado [[sistem paredaran]] darah, talotak di rongga dado agak ka sabalah kiri. Pado manusia, [[mamalia]], dan [[buruang]]; jantuang dibagi manjadi [[ampek]] ruas: atrium ateh suok dan kidagh; dan ventrikel bawah suok dan kidagh. Pado umumnyo atrium dan ventrikel suok disabuik jantuang suok, dan sisanyo disabuik jantung kidagh. [[Ikan]] hanyo punyo duo ruas, sabuah atrium dan sabuah ventrikel, samantaro [[reptil]] punyo tigo ruas. Pado jantuang nan sehat darah mangalir sa-arah malalui pambuluah darah. Tadapek sabuah kantuang pambungkuih nan malindungi jantuang, [[perikardium]], nan manganduang juo saketek caiaran. Dinding jantuang tasusun atas tigo lapih: epikardium, miokardium, dan endokardium. Jantuang mamompa darah malewati duo sistem sirkulasi. Darah nan baasa dari sistem paredaran darah bosegh manganduang saketek oksigen dan mamasuki atrium suok malalui [[pembuluh balik|vena]] kava superior dan inferior manuju ventrikel suok. Dari siko darah dipompa manuju paru-paru, tampek darah mamparoleh oksigen dan maninggakan [[karbon dioksida]]. Darah nan sudah manganduang oksigen kambali manuju atrium kidagh, malewati ventrikel kidagh dan dipompa manuju saluruah badan malalui [[aorta]]—di mano [[oksigen]] dipakai dan malalui metabolisme manjadi karbon dioksida. Ditambah lagi, darah mambao juo nutrisi dari hati manuju babagai organ badan, samantaro mambawa zat sisa manuju [[hati]] dan [[ginjal]]. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Heart|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Jantuang|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Heart|d=Q1072|display=Jantuang|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Jantuang|voy=no|wikt=Jantuang}} *{{Commons-inline|Heart|Jantuang}} es7bjxbfrhwrrmpqymk96uqee88one0 0 385771 2443624 2442753 2022-07-28T04:49:01Z Onyaso 7250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anggrek Tien Soeharto''' adolah anggrek endemik nan hanyo ditamukan di daerah tinggi nan kariang di Sumatra Utara. Anggrek nan namo latinnyo ''Cymbidium hartinahianum'' iko kali patamo ditamukan oleh Comber dan Rusdi E. Nasution, Paneliti Lembaga Ilmu Penelitian Indonesia (LIPI) di Desa Baniara Tele Kacamatan Harian Kabupaten Samosir Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Indonesia pado taun 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13307671/anggrek-bu-tien-soharto|title=Anggrek Bu Tien Soharto - National Geographic|website=nationalgeographic.grid.id|language=id|access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref> Panamoan namo latin anggrek iko dibarian oleh istri kaduo Presiden RI, Soeharto, Raden Ayu Siti Hartinah Soeharto nan akrab disapo Ibu Tien. Pambarian namo iko didasari ateh jasonyo dalam baupayo malastarikan anggrek di Indonesia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://inovasibiologi.com/mengenal-anggrek-tien-soeharto-cymbidium-hartinahianum-j-b-comber-nasution/|title=Mengenal Anggrek Tien Soeharto (Cymbidium hartinahianum J.B. Comber & Nasution) – INOVASI BIOLOGI|last=Prakasa|first=Hary|language=en-US|access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref> == Panjabaran == Salah ciek jenis anggrek tana iko mamiliki bungo babantuak bintang badiameter 3,5 cm batekstur saketek taba dan indak babaun. Ukuran kalopak daun jo mahkotanyo hampia samo gadang. Bibia bungo bawarno putiah jo corak totol merah manjulua ka muko tadiri dari 3 celah, bagian muko dilipek ka bawa jo tapi bagalombang, celah sampiang luruih ka ateh. Tugunyo bawarno violet galok sapanjang 1,2 cm. Daunnyo babantuak pita jo ujuangnyo nan marunciang sapanjang 50-60 cm. Panjang batang 15-30 cm nan tadiri dari 4-21 kuntum. Pamukoan ateh bungonyo bawarno kuniang kaijauan dan pamukoan bawahnyo bawarno kacoklatan jo kuniang pado bagian tapinyo. Anggrek Tien Soeharto tumbuah dengan caro marumpun, manyukoi tampek tabukak di antaro rumpuik jo tanaman lain samacam paku-pakuan, kantong semar, dan lainnyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publikasikr.lipi.go.id/|title=E-Publication of Research Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens|website=publikasikr.lipi.go.id|access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref> Tumbuahan iko iduik badampingan jo tumbuahan lain mode Nepenthes, Vaccinium, dan tumbuahan paku (''Pteridophyta'') mode Dacrydium, Leptospermum, kamiriangan lereang >60, tipe lahan kritis, jo jenis tanah Ao 104-2 /3c (''Orthic acriso''l) dengan curah ujan manampati 1500-2000 mm/ tahun.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://docplayer.info/213784596-Identifikasi-habitat-anggrek-tien-soeharto-cymbidium-hartinahianum-jb-comber-nasution-di-gunung-sibuatan-sumatera-utara.html|title=IDENTIFIKASI HABITAT ANGGREK TIEN SOEHARTO (CYMBIDIUM HARTINAHIANUM JB COMBER & NASUTION) DI GUNUNG SIBUATAN SUMATERA UTARA - PDF Free Download|website=docplayer.info|access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref> Samo mode Anggrek Itam, Anggrek Bulan Bintang, dan lainnyo, Anggrek Tien Soeharto iko tamasuak sabagai tanaman nan dilinduangi pamarintah karano tampek inyo iduik di ateh  1.700- 2.700 dari pamukoan lauik. Mangkonyo tanaman iko langka dan sulik dikambangbiakkan. Salain itu, kabaradoaannyo kini makin sulik ditamukan di habitat aslinyo karano tajadi parubahan fungsi utan manjadi lahan patanian.<ref name=":1" /> Salain itu, panabangan utan di Sumatera Utara acok tajadi baik sacaro legal maupun ilegal. Makonyo, anggrek iko dibao ka Kabun Raya Bogor untuak dilindungi dan indak dipajuabalikan. Iko alah ado di Paraturan Pamarintah Nomor 7 taun 1999.  Jadi, bagi urang yang nio mamaliharo Anggrek Tien Soeharto harus mandapekan izin oleh pihak bawenang, mode Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (BKSDA).<ref name=":0" /> == Upayo konservasi == Badasaran ''World Conservation Monitoring Centre'' status konservasi anggrek iko adolah ''endangered'' kategori A untuak spesies prioritas konservasi tumbuahan Indonesia. Pado taun 2004, tim eksplorasi dari Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kabun Raya- LIPI Bogor nan dipimpin oleh Rismita Sari manamukan tanaman Anggrek Tien Soeharto sarato buahnyo di habitat aslinyo. Tim mananam anggrek tasabuik di Kabun Raya Cibodas, Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat. Hasilnyo Anggrek C. hartinahianum indak dapek iduik lamo karano Kabun Raya Cibodas berketinggian 1.300-1.425 m dpl dan curah ujan 2.950 ml pa tahun. Satalah itu, Tim jugo manyamai baniah di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan Kabun Raya Bogor. Upayo pabanyakan Anggrek Tien Soeharto di Kabun Raya-LIPI Bogor antaro lain dengan mapabanyak anggrek dari biji sacaro ''in vitro'', ''hardening'' atau pangadaptasian di suhu ruang kultur nan labiah angek, sarato aklimatisasi bibit di ''greenhouse''. Iko karano biji anggrek baukuran sangaik ketek dan indak mampunyoi cadangan makanan, yaitu endosperma dan kotiledon mode kabanyakan biji tanaman monokotil lainnyo. Oleh sabab itu, pakacambahan biji sacaro alami sangaik sulik dilakukan. Pakacambahan sacaro alami dapek tajadi bilo ado simbiosis jo mikoriza. Kabaradoan mikoriza dapek diabaikan, jikok pakacambahan biji malalui kultur i''n vitro'' jo media buatan. Praaklimatisasi (''hardening in vitro'') marupokan pangkondisian planlet untuak maningkekan kabarhasilan aklimatisasi. Panyiraman dilakukan jo aia hinggo media basah (lambok). Medianyo indak buliah lambok bana karano dinding sel tanaman indak kareh (tipih dan lembut) dan indak capek busuak dan mati. Upayo lain barupo induksi katahanan tahadok cakaman abiotik (suhu tinggi) dengan iradiasi sinar gamma pado kacambah anggrek untuak mandapekan mutan tahan suhu tinggi. Kini tim panaliti alah mamparoleh 700 bibit taraklimatisasi baumua 1-9 bulan. Tim barupayo untuak maningkekan jumlahnyo hinggo 1.000 bibit pado akhir 2017. Kegiatan aklimatisasi iko balangsuang hinggo sado bibit dapek batahan iduik.<ref>https://thehijau.com/selamatkan-anggrek-tien-soeharto/</ref> Upayo lain dilakukan juo oleh kalompok mahasiswa nan tagabuang dalam PKM-P tadiri dari Febry Indriani Syafitri, Desi Sakinah Tinendung, Ibnu Arief nan malakukan pametaan untuak manantukan wilayah konservasi Anggrek Tien Soeharto. Informasi iko dapek digunokan untuak manyusun upayo konservasi nan efektif dan efisien sahinggo dapek manjago Anggrek Tien Soeharto di Sumatera Utara tahinda dari kapunahan. Manuruik mereka sajauah iko alah ditamukan 45 titik sampel kabaradoan Anggrek Tien Soeharto nan diparoleh dari wilayah Gunuang Sibuatan, Kabupaten Karo, Provinsi Sumatera Utara jo katinggian 1800-2400 mdpl.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2022/03/23/anggrek-tien-soeharto-kenangan-kepada-ibu-negara-yang-mencintai-tanaman|title=Anggrek Tien Soeharto, Kenangan kepada Ibu Negara yang Mencintai Tanaman|last=Kusumo|first=Rizky|website=www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-07-13}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references responsive="" /> 4hg8m1vs5ogwoq2m4j3xd409yjsrylw 0 385818 2443605 2440821 2022-07-27T13:42:42Z Joseagush 5837 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:center"> Berkas:Logo Padang.svg|Lambang Kota Padang Berkas:Lokasi Sumatra Barat Kota Padang.svg|Peta Lokasi Kota Padang di Sumatra Barat </gallery> Barikuik adolah '''daftar [[kecamatan]] jo [[kelurahan]]/[[desa]] di [[Kota Padang]]''', [[Sumatra Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. <onlyinclude>Kota Padang mampunyoi 11 kecamatan jo 104 kelurahan. Laweh wilayahnyo mancapai 693,66 km² jo panduduak 883.767 jiwa (2017) dengan sebaran 1.274 jiwa/km².<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017|title=Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan|publisher=Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up|archive-date=29 Desember 2018|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url=http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf|title=Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan|publisher=Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019|archive-date=25 Oktober 2019|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kota Padang, adolah sabagai barikuik: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" !Kode Kemendagri !Kecamatan !Jumlah Kelurahan !Daftar Kelurahan |- valign="top" |13.71.05 |[[Bungus Teluk Kabung, Padang|Bungus Teluk Kabung]] | align="center" |6 |{{Flatlist|* [[Bungus Barat, Bungus Teluk Kabung, Padang|Bungus Barat]] * [[Bungus Selatan, Bungus Teluk Kabung, Padang|Bungus Selatan]] * [[Bungus Timur, Bungus Teluk Kabung, Padang|Bungus Timur]] * [[Teluk Kabung Selatan, Bungus Teluk Kabung, Padang|Teluk Kabung Selatan]] * [[Teluk Kabung Tengah, Bungus Teluk Kabung, Padang|Teluk Kabung Tengah]] * [[Teluk Kabung Utara, Bungus Teluk Kabung, Padang|Teluk Kabung Utara]]}} |- valign="top" |13.71.11 |[[Koto Tangah, Padang|Koto Tangah]] | align="center" |11 |{{Flatlist|* [[Air Pacah, Koto Tangah, Padang|Air Pacah]] * [[Balai Gadang, Koto Tangah, Padang|Balai Gadang]] * [[Batang Kabung Ganting, Koto Tangah, Padang|Batang Kabung Ganting]] * [[Batipuh Panjang, Koto Tangah, Padang|Batipuh Panjang]] * [[Bungo Pasang, Koto Tangah, Padang|Bungo Pasang]] * [[Dadok Tunggul Hitam, Koto Tangah, Padang|Dadok Tunggul Hitam]] * [[Koto Panjang Ikua Koto, Koto Tangah, Padang|Koto Panjang Ikua Koto]] * [[Koto Pulai, Koto Tangah, Padang|Koto Pulai]] * [[Lubuk Buaya, Koto Tangah, Padang|Lubuk Buaya]] * [[Lubuk Minturun, Koto Tangah, Padang|Lubuk Minturun]] * [[Padang Sarai, Koto Tangah, Padang|Padang Sarai]] * [[Parupuk Tabing, Koto Tangah, Padang|Parupuk Tabing]] * [[Pasir Nan Tigo, Koto Tangah, Padang|Pasir Nan Tigo]]}} |- valign="top" |13.71.09 |[[Kuranji, Padang|Kuranji]] | align="center" |9 |{{Flatlist|* [[Ampang, Kuranji, Padang|Ampang]] * [[Anduring, Kuranji, Padang|Anduring]] * [[Gunung Sarik, Kuranji, Padang|Gunung Sarik]] * [[Kalumbuk, Kuranji, Padang|Kalumbuk]] * [[Korong Gadang, Kuranji, Padang|Korong Gadang]] * [[Kuranji, Kuranji, Padang|Kuranji]] * [[Lubuk Lintah, Kuranji, Padang|Lubuk Lintah]] * [[Pasar Ambacang, Kuranji, Padang|Pasar Ambacang]] * [[Sungai Sapih, Kuranji, Padang|Sungai Sapih]]}} |- valign="top" |13.71.06 |[[Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Lubuk Begalung]] | align="center" |15 |{{Flatlist|* [[Banuaran Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Banuaran Nan XX]] * [[Batung Taba Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Batung Taba Nan XX]] * [[Cengkeh Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Cengkeh Nan XX]] * [[Gates Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Gates Nan XX]] * [[Gurun Laweh Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Gurun Laweh Nan XX]] * [[Kampung Baru Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Kampung Baru Nan XX]] * [[Kampung Jua Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Kampung Jua Nan XX]] * [[Koto Baru Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Koto Baru Nan XX]] * [[Lubuk Begalung Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Lubuk Begalung Nan XX]] * [[Pagambiran Ampalu Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Pagambiran Ampalu Nan XX]] * [[Pampangan Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Pampangan Nan XX]] * [[Parak Laweh Pulau Air Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Parak Laweh Pulau Air Nan XX]] * [[Pitameh Tanjung Saba Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Pitameh Tanjung Saba Nan XX]] * [[Tanah Sirah Piai Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Tanah Sirah Piai Nan XX]] * [[Tanjung Aur Nan XX, Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Tanjung Aur Nan XX]]}} |- valign="top" |13.71.07 |[[Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Lubuk Kilangan]] | align="center" |7 |{{Flatlist|* [[Bandar Buat, Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Bandar Buat]] * [[Batu Gadang, Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Batu Gadang]] * [[Beringin, Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Beringin]] * [[Indarung, Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Indarung]] * [[Koto Lalang, Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Koto Lalang]] * [[Padang Besi, Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Padang Besi]] * [[Tarantang, Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Tarantang]]}} |- valign="top" |13.71.10 |[[Nanggalo, Padang|Nanggalo]] | align="center" |6 |{{Flatlist|* [[Gurun Laweh, Nanggalo, Padang|Gurun Laweh]] * [[Kampung Lapai, Nanggalo, Padang|Kampung Lapai]] * [[Kampung Olo, Nanggalo, Padang|Kampung Olo]] * [[Kurao Pagang, Nanggalo, Padang|Kurao Pagang]] * [[Surau Gadang, Nanggalo, Padang|Surau Gadang]] * [[Tabing Banda Gadang, Nanggalo, Padang|Tabing Banda Gadang]]}} |- valign="top" |13.71.03 |[[Padang Barat, Padang|Padang Barat]] | align="center" |10 |{{Flatlist|* [[Belakang Tangsi, Padang Barat, Padang|Belakang Tangsi]] * [[Berok Nipah, Padang Barat, Padang|Berok Nipah]] * [[Flamboyan Baru, Padang Barat, Padang|Flamboyan Baru]] * [[Kampung Jao, Padang Barat, Padang|Kampung Jao]] * [[Kampung Pondok, Padang Barat, Padang|Kampung Pondok]] * [[Olo, Padang Barat, Padang|Olo]] * [[Padang Pasir, Padang Barat, Padang|Padang Pasir]] * [[Purus, Padang Barat, Padang|Purus]] * [[Rimbo Kaluang, Padang Barat, Padang|Rimbo Kaluang]] * [[Ujung Gurun, Padang Barat, Padang|Ujung Gurun]]}} |- valign="top" |13.71.01 |[[Padang Selatan, Padang|Padang Selatan]] | align="center" |12 |{{Flatlist|* [[Air Manis, Padang Selatan, Padang|Air Manis]] * [[Alang Laweh, Padang Selatan, Padang|Alang Laweh]] * [[Batang Arau, Padang Selatan, Padang|Batang Arau]] * [[Belakang Pondok, Padang Selatan, Padang|Belakang Pondok]] * [[Bukit Gado-Gado, Padang Selatan, Padang|Bukit Gado-Gado]] * [[Mato Aie, Padang Selatan, Padang|Mato Aie]] * [[Pasa Gadang, Padang Selatan, Padang|Pasa Gadang]] * [[Ranah Parak Rumbio, Padang Selatan, Padang|Ranah Parak Rumbio]] * [[Rawang, Padang Selatan, Padang|Rawang]] * [[Seberang Padang, Padang Selatan, Padang|Seberang Padang]] * [[Seberang Palinggam, Padang Selatan, Padang|Seberang Palinggam]] * [[Teluk Bayur, Padang Selatan, Padang|Teluk Bayur]]}} |- valign="top" |13.71.02 |[[Padang Timur, Padang|Padang Timur]] | align="center" |10 |{{Flatlist|* [[Andalas, Padang Timur, Padang|Andalas]] * [[Ganting Parak Gadang, Padang Timur, Padang|Ganting Parak Gadang]] * [[Jati, Padang Timur, Padang|Jati]] * [[Jati Baru, Padang Timur, Padang|Jati Baru]] * [[Kubu Dalam Parak Karakah, Padang Timur, Padang|Kubu Dalam Parak Karakah]] * [[Kubu Marapalam, Padang Timur, Padang|Kubu Marapalam]] * [[Parak Gadang Timur, Padang Timur, Padang|Parak Gadang Timur]] * [[Sawahan, Padang Timur, Padang|Sawahan]] * [[Sawahan Timur, Padang Timur, Padang|Sawahan Timur]] * [[Simpang Haru, Padang Timur, Padang|Simpang Haru]]}} |- valign="top" |13.71.04 |[[Padang Utara, Padang|Padang Utara]] | align="center" |7 |{{Flatlist|* [[Air Tawar Barat, Padang Utara, Padang|Air Tawar Barat]] * [[Air Tawar Timur, Padang Utara, Padang|Air Tawar Timur]] * [[Alai Parak Kopi, Padang Utara, Padang|Alai Parak Kopi]] * [[Gunung Pangilun, Padang Utara, Padang|Gunung Pangilun]] * [[Lolong Belanti, Padang Utara, Padang|Lolong Belanti]] * [[Ulak Karang Selatan, Padang Utara, Padang|Ulak Karang Selatan]] * [[Ulak Karang Utara, Padang Utara, Padang|Ulak Karang Utara]]}} |- valign="top" |13.71.08 |[[Pauh, Padang|Pauh]] | align="center" |9 |{{Flatlist|* [[Binuang Kampuang Dalam, Pauh, Padang|Binuang Kampuang Dalam]] * [[Cupak Tangah, Pauh, Padang|Cupak Tangah]] * [[Kapalo Koto, Pauh, Padang|Kapalo Koto]] * [[Koto Luar, Pauh, Padang|Koto Luar]] * [[Lambung Bukit, Pauh, Padang|Lambung Bukit]] * [[Limau Manis, Pauh, Padang|Limau Manis]] * [[Limau Manis Selatan, Pauh, Padang|Limau Manis Selatan]] * [[Piai Tangah, Pauh, Padang|Piai Tangah]] * [[Pisang, Pauh, Padang|Pisang]]}} |- valign="top" style="background-color: #ccc;" ! !TOTAL !104 ! |} </onlyinclude> == Referensi == {{reflist}} == Lihat pula == * [[Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Indonesia]] * [[Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Sumatra Barat]] * [[Pembagian administratif Indonesia]] == Pranala luar == * {{id}} [http://padangkota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Padang] * {{id}} [http://sumbarprov.go.id Situs Resmi Provinsi Sumatra Barat] * {{id}} [http://padang.go.id Situs Resmi Kota Padang] ''catatan: URL sawaktu-waktu dapek barubah/hilang. Bilo URL indak aktif, mohon dihapus dari daftar.''{{Kota Padang|state=expanded}} te8sjtik1ypd5lw9kr1oblra0v255si 0 385844 2443644 2441137 2022-07-28T05:12:16Z Onyaso 7250 /* Pranala luar */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan''' (disingkek '''TNBBS''') adolah sabuah [[taman nasional]] yang ditujuan untuak malindungi hutan hujan tropis pulau Sumatra sarato kakayaan alam hayati nan dimilikinyo. UNESCO manjadian Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan ko basamo Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser jo Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat sabagai warisan dunio dalam Warisan Hutan Hujan Tropis Sumatra.<ref name="heritage_sumatra">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1167|title=Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=2007-09-30}}</ref> Taman nasional ko mamiliki luweh wilayah sakitar 355.511 hektare. TNBBS marupoan bagian dari pagunungan Bukit Barisan. Wilayah pagunungan Bukit Barisan ko mamiliki baragam vegetasi alam misalnyo vegetasi hutan mangrove, hutan pantai, jo hutan pamah tropika.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://programs.wcs.org/btnbbs/Berita-Terbaru/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/6878/TAMAN-NASIONAL-BUKIT-BARISAN-SELATAN.aspx|title=Berita dari Balai Besar Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan|date=|website=Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan|language=id|access-date=15 Februari 2022}}</ref> Sacaro administrasi pamerintahan, kawasan TNBBS talatak di wilayah Provinsi Lampung ([[Kabupaten Lampung Barat]], Kabupaten Pesisir Barat, dan [[Kabupaten Tanggamus]]), sarato Provinsi Bengkulu (Kabupaten Kaur). Sacaro geografis, area ko talatak antaro 4°29’-5°57’ Lintang Salatan jo 103°24’-104°44’ Bujua Timua. TNBBS dikatahui punyo babarapo hutan dataran randah di Sumatra. Taman nasional ko juo sangaik kayo dalam hal kaanekaragaman hayati, tu marupoan tampek tingga bagi tigo jinih mamalia gadang nan paliang tarancam di dunio, yaitu gajah sumatra, badak sumatra, jo [[harimau Sumatra|harimau sumatra]]. Salain tu, manuruik hasil analisis temuan tapak badak per 2019, dipakiroan ado 7-11 ikua badak nan lewat di taman nasional ko.<ref name="manusiadansatwa">"Konflik Tiada Akhir Manusia dan Satwa". ''[[Kompas (surat kabar)|Kompas]]'' (17 Februari 2020). Hlm.15</ref> TNBBS tamasuak ka dalam Global 200 Ecoregions, yaitu paringkek habitat daraik, aia tawa, jo lauik di bumi nan paliang mancolok dari suduik pandang biologi nan dibuek oleh WWF. Taman ko disorot sabagai daerah prioritas untuak palestarian badak sumatra malalui program Asian Rhino and Elephant Action Strategy (AREAS) dari WWF. Siap tu, IUCN, WCS, jo WWF alah maidentifikasi taman nasional ko sabagai Unit Pelestarian Macan (Wikramanayake, dkk, 1997), yaitu daerah hutan nan paliang penting untuak palestarian harimau di dunio. Tarakhir, pado tahun 2002, UNESCO alah mamiliah daerah ko untuak diusuan sabagai World Heritage Cluster Mountainous Area basarato [[Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser]] jo Kerinci Seblat. == Flora == Sacaro umum, di taman nasional ko, alah taidentifikasi paliang saketeknyo ado 514 jinih pohon, 98 jinih tumbuhan bawah dari babagai famili, antaro lain Dipterocarpaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Fagaceae, Annonaceae, Rosaceae, Zingiberaceae, dan sabagainyo. Salain tu, ado pulo 126 jinih anggrek, 26 jinih rotan, 24 jinih liana, jo 15 jinih bambu nan hiduik. Badasaan data FIMP, untuak tanaman ubek, alah taidentifikasi sabanyak 124 jinih. Sabagai informasi, kawasan TNBBS ko marupoan habitat bagi jinih-jinih tumbuhan babungo unik jo langka, yaitu bungo Rafflesia ''(Rafflesia'' sp'')'' sarato 2 jinih bungo bangkai masiang-masiang ''Amorphophallus titanum'' jo ''Amorphophallus deculsivae.'' ''Amorphophallus titanium ko'' disabuik pulo sabagai bungo bangkai jangkung yang tingginyo dapek mancapai 2 meter. Tumbuhan lain nan manjadi ciri khas taman nasional ko adolah anggrek raksasa/tebu (''Grammatophylum speciosum''). Badasarkan hasil inventarisasi, tadapek sabanyak 157 jinih tumbuhan di Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan nan dapek digunoan sabagai tanaman ubek, saperti pasak bumi (''Eurycoma longifolia''), jo pulai (''Alstonia scholaris''). Taman Nasional ko mah marupoan pulo habitat bagi jinih-jinih tumbuhan endemik dilindungi sarato langka, yaitu bungo rafflesia (''Rafflesia sp'') sarato 2 jinih bungi bangkai ''Amorphophallus titanum'' jo ''A.'' ''Deculsilvae''. Vegetasi nan dapek dijumpai di TNBBS babeda-beda untuak satiok tipe ekosistem. Vegetasi nan umum dijumpai di lahan basah sarato pasisia adolah ''Terminalia cattapa, Hibiscus sp, Baringtonia asiatica, Callophyllum inophyllum, Casuania sp, Pandanus sp'', jo ''Ficus septica''. Hutan hujan dataran randahnyo didominasi jo ''Shorea sp, Dipterocarpus sp,'' jo ''Hopea sp,'' dengan jinih tumbuhan bawah di antaranyo ''Urophyllum sp, Phrynium sp, Korthalsi sp,'' jo ''Calamus sp''. Siap tu, hutan hujan bukik di taman nasional ko didominasi jo famili Dipterocarpaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, tu Annonaceae dengan tumbuhan bawah ''Neolitsea cassianeforia, Psychotria rhinocerotis, Areaca sp'', jo ''Globba pendella''. Salanjuiknyo, hutan hujan pagunungan bawah dihuni jo jinih-jinih dari keluarga Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Dipterocarpaceae sarato Fagaceae, sarupo ''Magnolia sp, Quercus sp,'' dan ''Garcinia sp''. Sadang hutan hujan pagunungan tingginyo didominasi oleh ''Eugenia sp,'' jo ''Castanopsis sp''. Jinih-jinih ''sea weed'' ditamuan di pasisia Selatan Sumatera, saperti ''Sargasum gracillum, S. echinocarpum, Acanthopora specifesa, Hypnea musciformis,'' jo ''Turbinaria ornata'', samantaro sea weed jinih ''Thallasis sp'' hiduik di sapanjang taluak Belimbing. Famili pohon nan banyak tumbuah di hutan hujan bukiik di taman nasional ko adolah Dipterocarpaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae dan Annonaceae. Kawasan TNBBS tamasuak marupoan habitat penting dari Damar Mata Kucing ''(Shorea javanica),'' Damar Batu ''(Shorea ovalis),'' jo Jelutung ''(Dyera sp).'' Kawasan taman nasional ko tamasuak pulo marupoan habitat penting bagi babagai jinis tumbuhan nan mamiliki pamanfaatan tradisional, saperti jinih penghasil gatah damar mata kucing (''Shorea javanica''), damar batu (''S. Ovalis''), jo jelutung (''Dyera costulata''). Selain tu, tadapek 11 flora endemik Sumatera, yaitu ''Bacaurea multiflora, Madhuca magnifolia, Memecylon multiflorum, Drypetes subsymetrica, Drypetes simalurensis, Ryparosa multinervosa,'' dan sabagainyo.. == Fauna == Hampia saluruah jinih fauna khas Pulau Sumatera ado di kawasan ko kacuali orangutan sumatera. Sacaro umum, di taman nasional ko, alah taidentifikasi pulo 122 jinih mamalia, 7 jinih primata, 450 jinih buruang tamasuak 9 jinih buruang rangkong, 123 jinih herpetofauna (reptil jo amfibi), 221 jinih insekta/saranggo, 7 jinih moluska, 2 jinih krustasea, sarato 53 jinih ikan. Satwa nan manghuni TNBBS antaro lain badak sumatera (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis''), gajah sumatera (''Elephas maximus''), harimau (''Panthera tigris''), tapia (''Tapirus indicus''), ruso (''Cervus sp''), kancia (''Tragulus javanicus''), kabau lia (''Bubalus bubalis''), kijang (''Muntiacus muntjak''), kambiang hutan (''Capricorn sumatrensis''), ajak (''Cuon alpinus''), ungko (''Hylobates agilis''), ula sanca (''Phyton reticulatus''), dan sabagainyo. Babagai jinih karo sarato monyet ikuik mandiami habitat nan sangaik elok di kawasan taman nasional ko, antaro lain siamang (''Symphalangus syndactylus''), owa (''Hylobates agilis''), karo (''Macaca fascicularis''), baruak (''Macaca nemestrina''), lutuang (''Presbytis cristata''), sarato ''Presbytis melalophos''. Bukan hanyo itu, di daerah nan agak ka dalam, dijumpai pulo baruang madu (''Helarctos malayanus''). Babagai jinih rangkong (''Buceros sp'') sarato jinih buruang lainnyo banyak pulo tingga di siko. Di sapanjang pantai salatan sarato baraiknyo dapek pulo dijumpai babarapo jinih penyu saperti penyu sisik (''Eretmochelys imbricata''). Di siko, tadapek pulo 6 jinih binatang mamalia nan tarancam manuruik Red Data Book IUCN masiang-masiang gajah sumatra (''Elephas maximus sumatranus'') dengan dugaan jumlah populasi dipakiroan 498 ekua (Hedges, et. al, 2005), badak sumatra (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'') dengan dugaan populasi dipakiroan 60–80 ikua (RPU), harimau sumatra (''Panthera tigris sumatrensis'') dengan dugaan populasi dipakiroan 40–43 ikua (O’brien dkk, 2003), tapia (''Tapirus indicus'')'','' baruang madu (''Helarctos malayanus''), jo ajag (''Cuon alpinus'')''.'' == Pranala lua == * [http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=91840 WWF: Illegally grown coffee threatens tiger habitat in Indonesia] * World Database on Protected Areas: [http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=1252&level=nat Entry of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927142345/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=1252&level=nat|date=2009-09-27}} * [http://www.tnbbs.net Website TN Bukit Barisan Selatan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201141506/http://www.tnbbs.net/|date=2018-12-01}} * [http://tfcasumatera.org/bentang_alam/taman-nasional-bukit-barisan-selatan/ tfcasumatera.org/] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Taman nasional di Indonesia}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Taman nasional di Indonesia|Bukit Barisan Selatan]] [[Kategori:Taman nasional di Lampung]] [[Kategori:Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO di Indonesia]] sik61paagy9wh39u8b37h4716k26g4t 0 385847 2443645 2442736 2022-07-28T05:12:56Z Onyaso 7250 /* Referensi */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | image = Callagur borneoensis.jpg | status = CR | status_system = IUCN2.3 | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptilia]] | ordo = [[Testudines]] | subordo = [[Cryptodira]] | familia = [[Geoemydidae]] | genus = ''[[Batagur (genus)|Batagur]]''<ref name="E">{{en}} {{cite journal | last =Praschag, P., Hundsdörfer, A. K. & Fritz, U | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Phylogeny and taxonomy of endangered South and South-east Asian freshwater turtles elucidated by mtDNA sequence variation (Testudines: Geoemydidae: Batagur, Callagur, Hardella, Kachuga, Pangshura) | journal =Zoologica Scripta | volume =36 | issue = | pages =429-442 | date =2007 | url =http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00293.x/abstract | doi = | id = | accessdate = }}</ref> | species = '''''B. borneoensis''''' | binomial = ''Batagur borneoensis'' | binomial_authority = ([[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]] & [[Salomon Müller|Muller]], 1844) | synonyms = * ''Emys borneoensis'' <small>Schlegel & Müller, 1844</small><ref>{{aut|[[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel, H.]] & [[Salomon Müller|S. Muller]]}}. 1844. "Over de Schildpadden van den Indischen Archipel". <u>In:</u> Temminck, V. (1839-1847) ''Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen, door de leden der Natuurkundige Commisie in Oost-Indie en andere schrijvers''. Leijden folio. Afd. 1 Zoologie.</ref> * ''Tetraonyx affinis'' <small>Cantor, 1847</small> * ''Batagur picta'' <small>Gray, 1862</small> * ''Clemmys borneoensis'' <small>Strauch, 1862</small> * ''Clemmys grayi'' <small>Strauch, 1865</small> * ''Callagur picta'' <small>Gray, 1870</small> * ''Cantorella affinis'' <small>Gray, 1870</small> * ''Kachuga major'' <small>Gray, 1873</small> * ''Tetraonyx pictus'' <small>Theobald, 1876</small> * ''Batagur borneensis'' <small>Hubrecht, 1881</small> ''([[ex errore]])'' * ''Kachuga brookei'' <small>Bartlett, 1895</small> * ''Callagur borneoensis'' <small>Smith, 1930</small> * ''Callagur pictus'' <small>Pritchard, 1967</small> | synonyms_ref=<ref name="Fritz2007">{{Cite journal | journal = Vertebrate Zoology | title = Checklist of Chelonians of the World | year = 2007 | author = Fritz Uwe | coauthors = Peter Havaš | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 213–214 | id = | url = http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5v20ztMND?url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf | archivedate = 2010-12-17 | accessdate = 29 May 2012 | dead-url = no }}</ref> }} '''Tuntong laut'''<ref name="B"/> (''Batagur borneoensis''), atau yang dapek pulo disabuik '''beluku'''<ref name=djoko/> adolah sajinih kuro-kuro yang hiduik di [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Kalimantan]], sarato [[Sumatra]].<ref name="A"/><ref name="B"/> Awalnyo, kuro-kuro ko dimasuakan ka dalam [[genus|marga]] ''Callagur'', tapi kajian filogeni badasaan karakter DNA mitokondria nan dikarajoan pado 2007 manunjuakan tanyato marga hewan ko labiah tapek dimasukan ka dalam genus ''Batagur''.<ref name="E"/> Tuntong laut mamiliki tubuah sadang hinggo gadang, panjang karapasnyo dapek mancapai 1.000 mm, meski banyak nan hanyo sakitar 500 mm. Rahang atehnyo bagarigi. Kaki mukonyo punyo limo caka, samantaro kaki balakangnyo hanyo ampek caka.<ref name=djoko>{{aut|[[Djoko Iskandar|Iskandar, D.T.]]}} 2000. ''Kura-kura & buaya Indonesia dan Papua Nugini'': 101-2. Bandung: ITB.</ref> Tuntong laut nan batino baukuran lebih gadang dari nan jantan, dengan panjang tubuah mancapai 60 cm. Ukuran rato-rato hewan jantan bakisa antaro 30 sampai 40 cm.<ref name="A"/> Hewan ko sangkek mudo punyo tigo lunas pado parisai pungguangnyo. Tapi, katiko alah dewasa, nan tasiso hanyo lunas vertebralnyo. Keping nuchal (tangkuak) tuntong laut sangaik ketek atau malah acok ndak ado. Keping vertebral batepi rato, hampia samo panjang jo lebanyo, kacuali keping tarakhia nan maleba di bagian balakang; urutan panjang keping vertebralnyo yaitu: 2 > 3 > 4 > 1 > 5. Keping kostal kurang labiah samo jo leba keping vertebral di tangah parisai (pado anakan: kostal kurang leba dibandingan vertebral). Urutan panjang hubungan di antaro keping parisai paruik: abdominal > femoral > pektoral > anal > < humeral > gular.<ref name=djoko/> Pungguang hewan ko bawarna gadiang atau coklat mudo kahijau-hijauan disaratoi jo bacak-bacak nan tasusun sabagai tigo garih hitam mamanjang di tangah keping kostal jo vertebral. Kadang-kadang dijumpai pulo individu yang hampia saluruah punggungnyo bawarna kahitaman. Tuntong laut jantan punyo garih leba bawarna sirah di ateh kapalo, tu pipi nan putiah. Parisai paruik biasanyo krem, polos ndak babacak atau bagarih.<ref name=djoko/> Hewan ko dapek disobok an di [[Asia Tenggara]] bagian selatan.<ref name="A"/> Jangkauannyo maliputi [[Malaysia]] jo [[Kalimantan]].<ref name="A"/> Tuntong laut dapek pulo disobok an di Pulau [[Sumatra]].<ref name="A"/> Hewan ko dapek bamigrasi sampai 3 km.<ref name="A"/> Dek karano padagangan hewan, tutong laut akhianyo dapek disobok an di babagai panjuru dunio.<ref name="A">{{en}} {{cite web | last =Kegler B | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Callagur borneoensis | work = | publisher =Animal Diversity Web | date =2011 | url =http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Callagur_borneoensis/ | format = | doi = | accessdate =04 May 2014 }}</ref> Dikatahui, tutong laut mandiami muaro sarato bagian [[sungai]] nan tapengaruah jo pasang suruik.<ref name="A"/> Hewan ko dapek pulo mandiami daerah rawa-rawa jo sungai ketek.<ref name="A"/> Katiko musim kawin, tuntong laut malakuan migrasi.<ref name="A"/> Sarupo jo penyu laut, tutong laut batino batelua di pasia pantai.<ref name="A"/> Tuntong laut umumnyo hiduik sabagai herbivora.<ref name="A"/> Makanan utamonyo tadiri dari buah pohon bakau, tumbuhan jatuah ka sungai, tuneh, jo tumbuhan lia nan tumbuah di sisi sungai.<ref name="A"/> Rumpuik sungai marupoan salah satu sumber makanan tapenting bagi hewan ko.<ref name="A"/> Takadang, tutong laut nio pulo mamakan sampah dapua nan dibuang jo panduduak desa ke sungai.<ref name="A"/> Di dalam panangkaran, tuntong laut dapek diagiah an makan jo babagai jinih sayua samisal [[bayam]], kale, sawi, salada, jo enceng gondok.<ref name="A"/> Salain tu, hewan ko dapek pulo mamakan [[pisang]], mangga, belewar, caciang tanah, jo makanan olahan.<ref name="A"/> Tapi, ndak saruman jo spesies kuro-kuro lainnyo, tutong laut ndak manunjuakan minat untuak mamakan [[stroberi]] jo apel.<ref name="A"/> == Ancaman populasi == Tadapek babarapo ancaman nan bisa maancam populasi tuntong laut di alam lia.<ref name="B"/> Salah satu panyebab utamanyo adalah paburuan lia.<ref name="B"/> Panduduak lokal banyak nan manangkok hewan ko tu maambiak taluanyo untuak dijua di pasa lokal.<ref name="B"/> Panyebab kaduonyo adolah rusaknyo hutan bakau nan marupoan habitaik tampek tingga hewan ko.<ref name="B"/> Siap tu, buah nan jatuah dari pohon berembang (''Sonneratia caseolaris'') marupakan salah satu sumber makanan utamo tutong laut.<ref name="B"/> Rusaknyo hutan bakau dapek mampangaruhi sumber makanan hewan ko.<ref name="B"/> Salain tu, rusaknyo hutan bakau dapek pulo marusak rantai makanan sarato ekologi lingkungan. Itu karano hewan ko baperan sabagai payebar biji pohon berembang.<ref name="B"/> Ancaman lain nan dapek manggangu adolah kacelakaan sangkek kontak jo manusia.<ref name="B"/> Tuntong laut dapek taparangkok dalam jariang nelayan, taluko oleh kaia panciang, atau tabunuah oleh baliang-baliang kapa.<ref name="B">{{en}} {{cite journal | last =Guntoro J | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Tracing the Footsteps of the Painted Terrapin (Batagur borneoensis) in the Aceh Tamiang Regency, Aceh, Indonesia. Preliminary Observations | journal =Radiata | volume =1 | issue = | pages =60-67 | date =2012 | url =http://satucita.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/radiata112-guntoro-e.pdf | doi = | id = | accessdate = }}</ref> == Status konservasi == Oleh ''International Union for the Conservation of Nature'' (IUCN), populasi hewan ko dimasuakan ka dalam kategori kritis (CR, ''Critically Endangered'').<ref name="B"/><ref name="C">{{en}} {{cite web | last = Asian Turtle Trade Working Group | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =''Batagur borneoensis'' | work = | publisher =IUCN | date =2000 | url =http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/163458/0 | format = | doi = | accessdate =4 May 2014 }}</ref> Manyikapi hal samacam ko, Pamerintah Indonesia alah mangkategorikan hewan ko sabagai spesies dengan prioritas konservasi tinggi.<ref name="B"/> Labiah jauah lai, tuntong laut alah dicantuman dalam lampiran Paraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 tahun 1999 tantang palindungan hewan jo tumbuhan.<ref name="B"/><ref name="D">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =LAMPIRAN PERATURAN PEMERINTAH REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 7 TAHUN 1999 | work = | publisher = | date =27 Jan 1999 | url =http://rulebook-jica.ekon.go.id/pdfs/027.PP_7_1999.ind_Lampiran.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate =22 May 2014 | archive-date =2014-05-05 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140505160857/http://rulebook-jica.ekon.go.id/pdfs/027.PP_7_1999.ind_Lampiran.pdf | dead-url =yes }}</ref> Tadapek anggapan di kalangan ilmuwan bahwo karusakan alam sabagian gadang disebaban oleh perilaku manusia, dibanding an jo faktor alami.<ref name="B"/> Manyikapi hal ko, Guntoro (2010) mangamukoan bahwo parubahan tingkah laku manusia adolah pentiang untuak manyelamatkan hewan ko di alam lia.<ref name="B"/> Untuak maubah tingkah laku, panetapan regulasi nan ketat, sarato paningkek an kasadaran masyarakaik dinilai pentiang.<ref name="B"/> Konservasi spesies tutong laut dapek didukuang jo pengamatan bakalanjuik an sarato tindakan panyelamatan aktif, samacam mangawasi tampek hewan ko batalua jo manginkubasi talua nyo tu di tampek aman.<ref name="B"/> Malindungi hutan bakau sabagai habitaik hewan ko tamasuak pulo hal pentiang nan harus dikarajoan.<ref name="B"/> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1827817}} [[Kategori:Batagur]] [[Kategori:Kura-kura Sumatra]] 6gy2omida2ohpwo2tuov14220ngmrdd 0 385859 2443625 2442709 2022-07-28T04:51:36Z Onyaso 7250 /* Panyabaran */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tusam Sumatera''' atau '''Pinus Merkusi''' marupokan jenis tumbuahan asli Indonesia nan taseba di alam daerah Sumatera. Tanaman iko tamasuak dalam jenis pohon serba guno nan taruih dikambangkan dan dipalueh pananamannyo pado maso mandatang untuak panghasil kayu, produksi gatah, dan konvervasi lahan. Pohon nan mamiliki tinggi hinggo mancapai 40 meter iko ditamukan kali patamo oleh surang ahli botani dari Jerman, Dr.F.R.Junghuhn pada tahun 1841 di daerah Sipirok, Tapanuli Selatan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/1042|title=Pemuliaan Pinus Merkusii|last=Siregar|first=Edy Batara Mulya|date=2005-06-10|website=https://repository.usu.ac.id|publisher=Universitas Sumatera}}</ref> Pinus Merkusii mamiliki batang bakayu, bulek, kareh, dan bacabang horizontal 2-23 m dengan tinggi mancapai 20-40 m badiamater 100 cm. Kulik luanyo kasa bawarno cokelat kalabu sampai cokelat tuo, indak mangalupeh dan baalur leba sarato dalam. Kayu pinus bawarno coklat-kuniang mudo dengan barek jenis rato-rato 0,55 dan tamasuak kaleh kuek III serta kaleh awet IV.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Sallata|first=M. Kudeng|date=2013|title=Pinus (Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vriese) dan Keberadaannya di Kabupaten Tana Toraja, Sulawesi Selatan|url=http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/buleboni/article/view/5013|journal=Buletin Eboni|volume=10|issue=2|pages=85–98|doi=10.20886/buleboni.5013|issn=2714-9870}}</ref> Daunnyo majemuk dan babantuak jarum dengan jumlah duo halai nan dapek batahan labiah dari 2 tahun dengan tapi daun bagarigi haluih. Bungo babantuak stobili jantan dengan panjang sakita 2 cm dan panjang bungo batino 7-10 cm. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jurnalasia.com/ragam/pinus-sumatra/|title=Pinus Sumatra|date=2015-04-11|website=Jurnal Asia|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref> [[Berkas:Pinus merkusii Toba.jpg|jmpl|Pinus Merkusii atau Tusam Sumatra]] Pohon iko babungo dan babuah sapanjang tahun, tarutamo pado Juli-November. Biji Pinus nan elok, kuliknyo kariang kacokelatan, bulek, padek, dan indak bakaruik.<ref name=":0" /> == Pakambangbiakannyo == Tanaman nan tamasuak famili Pinaceae iko tagolong jenis tumbuahan nan capek tumbuah karano dapek tumbuah di mano sajo baiak di tanah nan kurang subur, bapasia, dan babatu. Namun untuk manghasilkan patumbuahan nan elok, Pinus Merkusii mambutuahkan katinggian tampek tumbuah 200-2000 mdpl dengan curah ujan tipe A-C , temperatur udaro bakisa 10-30 darajat celcius, reaksi tanah (pH) bakisa antaro 4,5-5,5 dan bulan basah (5-6 bulan) nan diselingi dengan bulan kariang pendek (3-4 bulan).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://repositori.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/16291|title=Analisis Tumbuhan Bawah pada Habitat Alam Pinus merkusii Strain Tapanuli Bekas Terbakar di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Provinsi Sumatera Utara|last=Reynaldo Daniel|first=Tarigan|date=2019|website=https://repositori.usu.ac.id/|publisher=Universitas Sumatera Utara|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref> == Panyabaran == Di daerah Sumatera, pinus dapek dibagi ka dalam tigo ''strain'', yaitu: # ''Strain'' Aceh, panyabarannyo dari pagunuangan Selawah Agam sampai sakita Taman Nasional Gunuang Leuser. Dari siko manyaba ka salatan maaikuti pagunuangan Bukik Barisan labiah kurang 200 km malalui Danau Lauik Tawa, Uwak, Blangkejeren hinggo ka Kotacane. Di daerah iko tagakan pinus pado umumnyo tadapek pado katinggian 800-2000 mdpl. # ''Strain'' Tapanuli, mayaba di daerah Tapanuli ka salatan Danau Toba. Tagakan Pinus alami nan umumnyo tadapek di pagunuangan Dolok Tusam dan Dolok Pardomuan. Di pagunuangan Dolok Saut, pinus bacampua dengan jenis daun leba. Di daerah iko tagakan pinus tadapek pado katinggian 1000-1500 mdpl. # ''Strain'' Karinci, mayaba di sakita pagunuangan Karinci. Tagakan pinus alami nan lueh tadapek antaro Bukik Tapan dan Sungai Panuah. Di daerah iko tagakan pinus tumbuah sacaro alami umumnyo pado katinggian 1500-2000 mdpl.<ref name=":0" /> Salain di Indonesia, Pinus Merkusii jugo ditamui di Vietnam, Kamboja, Thailand, Burma, India, dan Filipina. Sacaro geografis taseba antaro 20 LS-220 dan 95030’ BB-120031.<ref name=":1" /> == Manfaaik == Hampia sado bagian pohon Pinus Merkusii mamiliki manfaaik, antaro lain bagian batangnyo dapek disadap untuak diambiak gatahnyo. Gatah tasabuik diproses labiah lanjuik manjadi gondorukem dan terpentin. Gondorukem dapek digunoan sabagai bahan untuak mambuek sabun, resin, dan cat. Terpentin digunoaan untuak bahan industri parfum, ubek-ubekan, dan desinfektan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Komponen Kimia Terpentin dari Getah Tusam ( Pinus merkusii) Asal Kalimantan Barat. Info Hasil Hutan|last=Hartoyo|publisher=Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan|year=1997|location=Bogor|first2=E|last2=Dahlian,}}</ref> Di dunia patukangan, kayu dari Pinus iko sangaik baguno untuak bangunan parumahan, lantai, mebel, kotak, korek api, pulp, tiang listrik, papan wol kayu, resin, kayu lapis, triplek, venir, dan sutra tiruan.<ref name=":2" /> Bagian kuliknyo dapek dimanfaaikkan sabagai bahan bakar dan abunyo digunoan untuak bahan campuran pupuk, karano kuliknyo manganduang kalium. Daur panennyo untuak kabutuahan pulp 12 tahun dan non pulp 20 tahun.<ref name=":0" /> == Kalamahannyo == ''P. merkusii'' Jungh et De Vriese atau sering disabuik tusam marupoan salah ciek jenis pohon industri nan mampunyoi nilai produksi tinggi. Namun di baliak itu, Pinus mamiliki kalamahan yaitu peka tahadok kabakaran, iko karano pinus manghasilkan sarasah daun nan indak mudah mambusuak sacaro alami.<ref name=":3" /> Kabakaran utan umumnyo tajadi pado saat musim kamarau, karano saat itu kanduangan aia, baiak pado rantiang-rantiang dan sarasah di lantai utan maupun pohon manjadi bakurang sahingga kamungkinan untuak mangalami kabakaran manjadi labiah gadang. Salain itu, produksi saraasah pinus tamasuak tinggi, yaitu 12,56-16,65 ton/hektar (Komarayati et al.2002).<ref name=":0" /> == Rujuakan == [[Kategori:Flora Indonesia]] fe20am2k5cjk2z8bsvtw3r574b2jbjb 2443626 2443625 2022-07-28T04:52:01Z Onyaso 7250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tusam Sumatera''' atau '''Pinus Merkusi''' marupoan jenis tumbuahan asli Indonesia nan taseba di alam daerah Sumatera. Tanaman iko tamasuak dalam jenis pohon serba guno nan taruih dikambangkan dan dipalueh pananamannyo pado maso mandatang untuak panghasil kayu, produksi gatah, dan konvervasi lahan. Pohon nan mamiliki tinggi hinggo mancapai 40 meter iko ditamukan kali patamo oleh surang ahli botani dari Jerman, Dr.F.R.Junghuhn pada tahun 1841 di daerah Sipirok, Tapanuli Selatan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/1042|title=Pemuliaan Pinus Merkusii|last=Siregar|first=Edy Batara Mulya|date=2005-06-10|website=https://repository.usu.ac.id|publisher=Universitas Sumatera}}</ref> Pinus Merkusii mamiliki batang bakayu, bulek, kareh, dan bacabang horizontal 2-23 m dengan tinggi mancapai 20-40 m badiamater 100 cm. Kulik luanyo kasa bawarno cokelat kalabu sampai cokelat tuo, indak mangalupeh dan baalur leba sarato dalam. Kayu pinus bawarno coklat-kuniang mudo dengan barek jenis rato-rato 0,55 dan tamasuak kaleh kuek III serta kaleh awet IV.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Sallata|first=M. Kudeng|date=2013|title=Pinus (Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vriese) dan Keberadaannya di Kabupaten Tana Toraja, Sulawesi Selatan|url=http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/buleboni/article/view/5013|journal=Buletin Eboni|volume=10|issue=2|pages=85–98|doi=10.20886/buleboni.5013|issn=2714-9870}}</ref> Daunnyo majemuk dan babantuak jarum dengan jumlah duo halai nan dapek batahan labiah dari 2 tahun dengan tapi daun bagarigi haluih. Bungo babantuak stobili jantan dengan panjang sakita 2 cm dan panjang bungo batino 7-10 cm. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jurnalasia.com/ragam/pinus-sumatra/|title=Pinus Sumatra|date=2015-04-11|website=Jurnal Asia|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref> [[Berkas:Pinus merkusii Toba.jpg|jmpl|Pinus Merkusii atau Tusam Sumatra]] Pohon iko babungo dan babuah sapanjang tahun, tarutamo pado Juli-November. Biji Pinus nan elok, kuliknyo kariang kacokelatan, bulek, padek, dan indak bakaruik.<ref name=":0" /> == Pakambangbiakannyo == Tanaman nan tamasuak famili Pinaceae iko tagolong jenis tumbuahan nan capek tumbuah karano dapek tumbuah di mano sajo baiak di tanah nan kurang subur, bapasia, dan babatu. Namun untuk manghasilkan patumbuahan nan elok, Pinus Merkusii mambutuahkan katinggian tampek tumbuah 200-2000 mdpl dengan curah ujan tipe A-C , temperatur udaro bakisa 10-30 darajat celcius, reaksi tanah (pH) bakisa antaro 4,5-5,5 dan bulan basah (5-6 bulan) nan diselingi dengan bulan kariang pendek (3-4 bulan).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://repositori.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/16291|title=Analisis Tumbuhan Bawah pada Habitat Alam Pinus merkusii Strain Tapanuli Bekas Terbakar di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Provinsi Sumatera Utara|last=Reynaldo Daniel|first=Tarigan|date=2019|website=https://repositori.usu.ac.id/|publisher=Universitas Sumatera Utara|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref> == Panyabaran == Di daerah Sumatera, pinus dapek dibagi ka dalam tigo ''strain'', yaitu: # ''Strain'' Aceh, panyabarannyo dari pagunuangan Selawah Agam sampai sakita Taman Nasional Gunuang Leuser. Dari siko manyaba ka salatan maaikuti pagunuangan Bukik Barisan labiah kurang 200 km malalui Danau Lauik Tawa, Uwak, Blangkejeren hinggo ka Kotacane. Di daerah iko tagakan pinus pado umumnyo tadapek pado katinggian 800-2000 mdpl. # ''Strain'' Tapanuli, mayaba di daerah Tapanuli ka salatan Danau Toba. Tagakan Pinus alami nan umumnyo tadapek di pagunuangan Dolok Tusam dan Dolok Pardomuan. Di pagunuangan Dolok Saut, pinus bacampua dengan jenis daun leba. Di daerah iko tagakan pinus tadapek pado katinggian 1000-1500 mdpl. # ''Strain'' Karinci, mayaba di sakita pagunuangan Karinci. Tagakan pinus alami nan lueh tadapek antaro Bukik Tapan dan Sungai Panuah. Di daerah iko tagakan pinus tumbuah sacaro alami umumnyo pado katinggian 1500-2000 mdpl.<ref name=":0" /> Salain di Indonesia, Pinus Merkusii jugo ditamui di Vietnam, Kamboja, Thailand, Burma, India, dan Filipina. Sacaro geografis taseba antaro 20 LS-220 dan 95030’ BB-120031.<ref name=":1" /> == Manfaaik == Hampia sado bagian pohon Pinus Merkusii mamiliki manfaaik, antaro lain bagian batangnyo dapek disadap untuak diambiak gatahnyo. Gatah tasabuik diproses labiah lanjuik manjadi gondorukem dan terpentin. Gondorukem dapek digunoan sabagai bahan untuak mambuek sabun, resin, dan cat. Terpentin digunoaan untuak bahan industri parfum, ubek-ubekan, dan desinfektan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Komponen Kimia Terpentin dari Getah Tusam ( Pinus merkusii) Asal Kalimantan Barat. Info Hasil Hutan|last=Hartoyo|publisher=Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan|year=1997|location=Bogor|first2=E|last2=Dahlian,}}</ref> Di dunia patukangan, kayu dari Pinus iko sangaik baguno untuak bangunan parumahan, lantai, mebel, kotak, korek api, pulp, tiang listrik, papan wol kayu, resin, kayu lapis, triplek, venir, dan sutra tiruan.<ref name=":2" /> Bagian kuliknyo dapek dimanfaaikkan sabagai bahan bakar dan abunyo digunoan untuak bahan campuran pupuk, karano kuliknyo manganduang kalium. Daur panennyo untuak kabutuahan pulp 12 tahun dan non pulp 20 tahun.<ref name=":0" /> == Kalamahannyo == ''P. merkusii'' Jungh et De Vriese atau sering disabuik tusam marupoan salah ciek jenis pohon industri nan mampunyoi nilai produksi tinggi. Namun di baliak itu, Pinus mamiliki kalamahan yaitu peka tahadok kabakaran, iko karano pinus manghasilkan sarasah daun nan indak mudah mambusuak sacaro alami.<ref name=":3" /> Kabakaran utan umumnyo tajadi pado saat musim kamarau, karano saat itu kanduangan aia, baiak pado rantiang-rantiang dan sarasah di lantai utan maupun pohon manjadi bakurang sahingga kamungkinan untuak mangalami kabakaran manjadi labiah gadang. Salain itu, produksi saraasah pinus tamasuak tinggi, yaitu 12,56-16,65 ton/hektar (Komarayati et al.2002).<ref name=":0" /> == Rujuakan == [[Kategori:Flora Indonesia]] a516rvvqb86fsukcqrlks9dt90uzkah 0 385887 2443652 2442851 2022-07-28T05:19:45Z Cahyo (WMID) 9301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox|name=Kelinci Sumatra|image=Sumatran_Striped_Rabbit_Recontruction.jpg|status=VU|status_system=iucn3.1|status_ref=<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008 | assessors = Meijaard, E. & Sugardjito, J. | year = 2008 | id = 14662 | title = Nesolagus netscheri | downloaded = 2011-08-15}}</ref>|regnum=[[Animalia]]|phylum=[[Chordata]]|classis=[[Mammalia]]|ordo=[[Lagomorpha]]|familia=[[Leporidae]]|genus=''[[Nesolagus]]''|species='''''N. netscheri'''''|binomial=''Nesolagus netscheri''|binomial_authority=([[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1880)|range_map=Sumatran Striped Rabbit area.png|range_map_width=200px}}'''Kelinci sumatra''' (''Nesolagus netscheri''), juo dikenal jo namo '''kelinci sumatra talingo pendek''' atau '''kelinci balang sumatra''', adolah jenis [[kelinci]] lia nan hanyo bisa basuo di [[hutan tropis]] di pagunuangan [[Bukit Barisan|Bukik Barisan]] di pulau [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. Populasi kelinci Sumatra mangalami panurunan nan signifikan karano panabangan jo parambahan rimbo nan angresi dilakukan di pulau Sumatra.<ref name="umich">{{cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nesolagus_netscheri.html|title=Animal Diversity Web: Nesolagus netscheri|last=Gorog|first=Antonia|publisher=[[Museums at the University of Michigan|University of Michigan Museum of Zoology]]|accessdate=2007-04-05}}</ref> Ukuran panjangnyo sekitar 40 cm, kelinci Sumatra punyo garis-garis kecoklatan, jo ikua bawarna merah, dan bawah paruiknyo bawarna putiah. Kalinci iko biasanyo tingga di rimbo jo katinggian mancapai 600-1400 meter dari permukaan lauik. Kelinci iko marupokan binatang [[nokturnal]], tingga di tampek bekas atau liang binatang lain. Makanannyo adolah pucuak daun mudo dan tanaman nan ukurannyo pendek, tapi kelinci rimbo nan ditangkarkan mamakan biji-bijian jo buah-buahan.<ref name="umich" /> Pengamatan alah dilaporkan sajak tahun 1972 sabanyak 3 kali, di akhir Januari 2007 katiko kamera jebakan dipasang di [[Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Striped rabbit spotted in Sumatra|publisher=BBC News|date=[[2007-04-05]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/6530365.stm|accessdate=2007-04-05}}</ref> Manuruik penelitian Jennifer McCarthy dari Massachusetts University berjudul “''Using Camera Trap Photos and Direct Sightings to Identify Possible Refugia for The Vulnerable Sumatran Striped Rabbit'' ''Nesolagus'' ''netscheri'' [2012]” diketahui kelinci iko endemik pagunuangan Bukik Barisan di Sumatra. Bahkan, manjadi hewan paliang langka, sabab saketek jumlahnyo dan sulik ditamui. Jennifer McCarthy manjalehkan, dokumentasi sejarah spesies tadiri dari sajumlah ketek spesimen museum nan dikumpuakan salamo 1880-1916. di tahun 1984, hasia survei sadonyo wilayah manggambarkan catatan lokal spesies dari tigo daerah di Sumatra Selatan, namun kunjuangan salanjuiknyo ka daerah-daerah tasabuik indak ado mambari dokumentasi tantang spesies itu. Tahun 1978, J. Seidensticker mambuek penampakan nan alun dikonfirmasi di dakek Gunung Kerinci, tapi spesies itu tetap indak tafoto di alam liar. Sampai 1998, katiko Fauna & Flora International marekam individu dalam foto kamera jebak di Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat. Sajak 1998, tigo panampakan tambahan alah dilaporkan, sadonyo dari Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan, kawasan nan mambantang di Provinsi Lampung, Bengkulu, dan Sumatera Selatan. Di tahun 2007, Wildlife Conservation Society–Indonesia Program mandokumentasikan spesies itu dalam duo foto dari kamera jebak di kawasan Pulau Beringin. Pada 2008, ciek individu difoto dek seorang ilmuwan dari WWF, dan pada 2009 ciek individu tampak di sapanjang jalan nan mambalah Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan,” riset tasabuik manjalehkan. Jennifer McCarthy mancaritokan katiko dirinyo dan tim malakukan penelitian di TNBBS tahun 2008 dan tahun 2011 manggunokan tujuah kamera digital inframerah. Mereka mandapekkan total 10 foto kelinci belang sumatera, pado duo kesempatan tapisah di lokasi kamera jo jarak 790 meter. Sabalumnyo, spesies tasabuik dipakirokan hanyo kalua di ateh katinggian 600 meter, namun mereka mandapekkan duo laporan tantang kelinci sumatra dari rimbo dataran randah. di tahun 1997 misalnyo, kelinci balang sumatra tampak di rimbo dataran randah di luar Pemerihan, Lampung. Baitu juo tahun 2011, ciek foto individu direkam jo kamera jebak di hutan dataran randah primer, pado katinggian 544 meter di Ipuh, Provinsi Bengkulu. Dalam Jurnal Mammalia volume 83 [2019] berjudul “''First description of an immature Sumatran striped rabbit'' [''Nesolagus netscheri'']'', with special reference to the wildlife trade in South Sumatra”'' karya Arum Setiawan, Muhammad Iqbal dan kolega dikatahui warna balang kelinci sumatera alah tabantuak sajak ketek sampai dewasa. Yaitu, balang garis hitam atau coklat tuo dan abu-abu kakuniangan. Informasi iko dikatahui dari pangamatan kelinci balang dari Gunung Dempo, Sumatera Selatan. Di Sumatera Selatan, ancaman utama bagi ''N. netscheri'' adolah pambukaan hutan untuak lahan batani, tarutamo perkebunan kopi, the, dan kakao.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2021/08/20/kelinci-sumatera-si-belang-yang-begitu-sulit-ditemukan-di-hutan/|title=Kelinci Sumatera, Si Belang yang Begitu Sulit Ditemukan di Hutan|last=R|first=Rahmadi|date=2021-08-20|website=Mongabay.co.id|language=en-US|access-date=2022-07-07}}</ref> Panampakan terakhir, Tim Wildlife Rescue Unit (WRU) Seksi Konservasi Wilayah III Sijunjung Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Sumatra Barat (BKSDA Sumbar) manarimo laporan ado panamuan saikua kelinci sumatra dari kelompok sadar wisata (Pokdarwis) Saniangbaka, Kecamatan X Koto, Kabupaten Solok, Sumbar tanggal 9 jui 2022. Kelinci nan minim cacatan iko ditamukan Pokdarwis dalam kondisi kurang sehat, panuah luko di badannyo, dan sempat dilakukan parawatan salamo tigo hari. Karano kelinci sumatra iko dianggap super prioritas, Tim WRU Seksi III ditolong dek dokter hewan untuak mamindahkan kelinci ka Yayasan Kalaweit untuak dilakukan proses observasi salanjuiknyo dan dirawat intensif tanggal 11 Juni 2022. Namun, ditanggal 12 Juni 2022 pukua 7.00 WIB, kelinci sumatra tibo-tibo kajang-kajang, pukua 12.30 WIB kelinci menghambuihkan nafas terakirnyo (mati) dan diambiak tindakan nekropsi dek tim medis kalaweit. Dugaan samantaro, kamatian kelinci sumatra karano luko dibagian pungguang, infeksi, anemia, jo stress. Untuak dilakukan upayo tes DNA, maambiak sampel darah, maambiak organ dalam, jo badan kelinci untuak diawetkan dek laboratorium Biologi Universitas Andalas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/|title=Penampakan Kelinci Sumatera di Saniangbaka Solok - Ditjen Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem|last=KSDAE|first=Datin|website=ksdae.menlhk.go.id|access-date=2022-07-07}}</ref> == Spesies basangkuiktan == Kelinci iko sabananyo adolah satu-satunyo spesies dari genus ''[[Nesolagus]]'' sampai [[Kelinci Belang Annam]] ditamukan di [[Deretan Annam]] di [[Laos]] dan [[Vietnam]]. Para ahli dari [[Zoological Society of London]], berdasarkan kriteria keunikan evolusi dan keteknyo populasi menganggap [[Kelinci Sumatra]] salah satu dari 100 spesies mamalia barisiko gadang dari ke[[Punah|punahan]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Nowak|first=Ronald M.|last2=Walker|first2=Ernest Pillsbury|date=1999-07-29|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=7W-DGRILSBoC&q=nesolagus&pg=PA1930&redir_esc=y|title=Walker's Mammals of the World|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8|language=en}}</ref> == Habitat dan Pesebaran == Kelinci sumatra marupokan hewan nan hanyo bisa ditamui di Pulau Sumatra, sakaligus marupokan binatang asli di bukik barisan tapaknyo di daerah sumatra bagian utara. binatang iko ado di Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser. Kelinci sumatra juo bisa ditamui di rimbo pegunungan jo tanah vulkanik.<ref name=":0" /> == Kabaradoan == Setelah penampakannyo di tahun 1972, kelinci Sumatera indak ado laporan penampakannyo sampai akhirnyo saikua kelinci difoto pado tahun 2000. Sajak itu ado tigo laporan tentang spesies iko, sadonyo dari Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan: Pado Januari 2007 ciek difoto jo jebakan kamera di September 2008 ciek difoto dek ilmuwan WWF. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2007-04-05|title=Striped rabbit spotted in Sumatra|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6530365.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-06-05}}</ref> == Referensi == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * {{Commonscat-inline|Nesolagus netscheri}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q18785}} ctwboojdr5c5khpnyx62xbzry1j0wjl 0 385893 2443629 2443119 2022-07-28T04:57:58Z Onyaso 7250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox|color=lightgreen|name=Duku|nativename=ꤴꥈꤰꥈ <br/>دوكو|image=Duku Lansium domesticum Ripe.jpg|image_width=240px|image_caption=Buah duku|regnum=[[Plantae]]|unranked_divisio=[[Angiospermae]]|unranked_classis=[[Eudikotil]]|unranked_ordo=[[Rosidae]]|ordo=[[Sapindales]]|familia=[[Meliaceae]]|genus=''[[Lansium]]''|species='''''L. parasiticum'''''|binomial=''Lansium parasiticum''|binomial_authority=([[Pehr Osbeck|Osbeck]]) [[Birbal Sahni|Sahni]] & [[Sigamony Stephen Richard Bennet|Bennet]]|synonyms={{Collapsible list |title = Daftar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2494222 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |accessdate=May 16, 2014}}</ref> | {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | *''Aglaia aquea'' <small>(Jacq.) Kosterm.</small> *''Aglaia domestica'' <small>(Corrêa) Pellegr.</small> *''Aglaia dookoo'' <small>Griff.</small> *''Aglaia intricatoreticulata'' <small>Kosterm.</small> *''Aglaia merrillii'' <small>Elmer</small> nom. inval. *''Aglaia sepalina'' <small>(Kosterm.) Kosterm.</small> *''Aglaia steenisii'' <small>Kosterm.</small> *''Amoora racemosa'' <small>Ridl.</small> *''Lachanodendron domesticum'' <small>(Corrêa) Nees</small> *''Lansium domesticum'' <small>Corrêa</small> *''Melia parasitica'' <small>Osbeck</small> }} }}}}'''Duku''' adolah jenis [[buah-buahan]] dari anggota [[Familia|suku]] [[Meliaceae]]. Tanaman nan asanyo dari [[Asia Tenggara]] sabalah barat iko punyo kamiripan jo buah '''langsek''', '''kokosan''', '''pisitan''', '''celoring''' dan lain-lain jo baragam variasinya. [[Duku#Penyebaran dan nama-nama lokal|Namo-namo]] nan baragam iko sekaligus manunjuakkan adonyo aneka [[Varietas|kultivar]] nan tacamin dari bantuak buah jo [[Pohon|batang]] nan babeda-beda. == Botani == Batang nan baukuran sedang, tingginyo mancapai 30 m jo gemang hinggo 75 cm. Batangnyo biasonyo ba alur-alur dalam indak baraturan, jo banir (akar papan) nan pipih manonjol di ateh tanah. [[Pepagan]] (kulik kayu) warnanyo kalabu babintiak-bintika kalam jo jingga, manganduang gatah kental jo warna sarupo susu nan lengket (resin).<ref name="verheij_232">Verheij, E.W.M. dan R.E. Coronel (eds.). 1997. ''Sumber Daya Nabati Asia Tenggara 2: Buah-buahan yang dapat dimakan''. PROSEA – Gramedia. Jakarta. ISBN 979-511-672-2. Hal. 232-237.</ref> [[Daun]] majemuk manyirip ganjia, botak atau babulu haluih, jo 6–9 anak daun nan tasusun baseling, anak daun jorong (eliptis) sampai lonjong, 9–21&nbsp;cm × 5–10&nbsp;cm, bakilek di sisi ateh, sarupo [[jangat]], jo pangka runciang dan ujuangnyo marunciang (meruncing) pendek, anak daun batangkai 5–12 [[Milimeter|mm]].<ref name="verheij_232" /> [[Bunga|Bungo]] talatak ditandan nan kalua dari batang atau cabang nan gadang, manggantuang, tongga atau dalam berkas 2-5 tandan atau labiah, acok juo bacabang dipangkanyo. Panjangnyo 10-30 cm, barambuik.<ref name="steenis1981_255">[[Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis|Steenis, CGGJ van]]. 1981. ''Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia''. PT Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta. Hal. 255.</ref> Bungo-bungonyo baukuran ketek, duduak, atau batangkai pendek, manyandiri, punyo kalamin duo. Kalopaknyo babantuak cawan bacaping 5, badagiang, kuniang kahijauan, mahkotanyo bulek talua, tagak, badagiang 2–3&nbsp;mm × 4–5&nbsp;mm, putiah hinggo kuniang pucek. Banang sari ciek halai, tabuangnyo mencapai 2&nbsp;mm, kepalo-kepalo sari dalam ciek lingkaran. Putiaknyo taba jo pendek.<ref name="verheij_232" /> [[Buah]] buni nan babantuak jorong, bulek atau bulek mamanjang, 2-4(-7) cm × 1,5–5&nbsp;cm, punyo bulu haluih kakuniang-kuniangan jo daun kalopak nan indak gugua. Kulik (dindiang) buah tipih hinggo taba (kiro-kiro 6&nbsp;mm). Babijo 1–3, pipih, hijau, rasonyo paik; bijo dibungkuih salut bijo ([[arilus]]) nan putiah bening dan taba, baraia, manih sampai masam.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Kultivar-kultivar nan unggul punyo bijo nan ketek atau indak bakambang (rudimenter), tapi arilusnyo tumbuah rancak dan taba, manih. Lambeknyo tanaman manghasiakan buah karano duku bakambang menggunokan bijo. Tanaman baru babungo di umua 10 sampai 15 tahu.<ref name="Polo">Polo D.C. 1926. Propagation of the lanzon by marcotage and by cuttings. ''The Phillippine Agriculturists'' 14(9): 613-623.</ref> Perkecambahan tumbuahan iko punyo perilaku poliembrioni (ciek bijo manghasiakan banyak [[embrio]] atau semai): ciek embrio hasia pambuahan, dan sisonyo embrio [[Apomiksis|apomiktik]],<ref>R. Kiew, L.L. Teo and Y.Y. Gan. 2003. Assessment of the hybrid status of some Malesian plants using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism]. ''Telopea'' 10:225–233</ref>. Embrio apomiktik bakambang dari [[jaringan|jariangan]] batang induak sahinggo katurunannyo punyo karakter nan sarupo jo induaknyo. Bijo bersifat rekalsitran, panyimpanan labiah daripado tujuah hari akan mambuek kamunduran kakuatan kacambah nan capek.<ref>Suharyono UHY. 1981. Penelitian daya tumbuh biji duku (''Lansium domesticum'' var. ''duku'').</ref> [[Perbanyakan vegetatif]] dikarajoan jo [[pencangkokan]] dan sambuang pucuak.<ref name="Polo" /> == Ragam == [[Berkas:Lans_dom_070206_0041_kubr.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Langsat, dijual dalam tandannya di lapak tepi jalan, [[Kutai Barat]].]] Duku sanagt baragam dalam sipaik-sipaik batang jo buahnyo; sahinggo ado pulo ahli nan maisah-misahkannyo ka dalam jenis (spesies) nan balain. Namun sacaro keseluruhan, ado duo kalompok gadang buah iko, yakni nan dikenal jo duku dan nan dinamokan lansek. Kamudian ado kalompok campuran antaro kaduonyo nan disabuik duku langsek, sarato kalompok tarakir nan di Indonesia labiah dikenal sabagai kokosan.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Kamlompok nan dikenal jo duku (''L. domesticum'' var. ''duku'') umumnyo punyo batang nan batajuak gadang, padek, dek daunyo nan bawarna hijau cerah, jo tandan nan relatif pendek jo barisi saketek buah. Butiran buahnyo gadang, candaruang bulek, bakulik agak taba, namun labiah indak bagatah jikok masak, umumnyo babijo ketek jo badagiang taba, manih, atau masam jo baunnyo harum.<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="heyne_1126">Heyne, K. 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'', jil. 2. Yay. Sarana Wana Jaya, Jakarta. Hal. 1126-1128.</ref> '''Langsek''' (''L. domesticum'' var. ''domesticum'') kabanyakan punyo batang nan labiah kuruih, daunnyo kurang labek nan bawarna hijau tuo, jo pacabangan tagak. Tandan buahnyo panjang, padek barisi 15-25 butir buah nan babantuak bulek talua dan gadang-gadang. Buah langsek punyo kilik mipih dan acok bagatah (putiah) walaupun alah masak. Dagiang buahnyo banyak aia, rasonyo masam manih nan mambuek segar.<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="heyne_1126" /> Indak sarupo duku, langsek bukan buah nan batahan lamo kalau alah lapek dari batangnyo. Dalam tigo hari setelah dipatiak, kulik langsek akan maitam namun rasonyo indak barubah tetap manih. Hanyo sajo penampilannyo indak menarik. [[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1720_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|263x263px|Memanen duku di Mandi Angin, [[Rawas Ilir, Musi Rawas]]. Perhatikan tandannya yang renggang, berbeda dengan langsat yang rapat.]] '''Kokosan''' (''L. domesticum'' var. ''aquaeum'') dibedakan dek daunyo nan babulu, tandannyo nan panuah butia buah nan basusun sangaik rapek jo kulik buahnyo nan bawarna kuniang tuo. Butia-butia buahnyo umumnyo ketek, bakulik tipih jo saketek bagatah tapi payah dibukak. Sahinggo buah dimakan jo caro digigik jo disedot cairan jo bijonyo (disabuik kokosan),<ref name="verheij_232" /> atau dipiciak supayo kuliknyo pacah dan kalua bijonyo (makonyo diagiah namo pisitan, pijetan, bijitan).<ref name="heyne_1126" /> Bijonyo labiah gadang jo badagiang tipih, kokosan umumnyo taraso masam sampai masam bana. Kultivar duku nan paliang terkenal di Indonesia adolah duku Palembang, tarutamo karano manih rasonyo jo saketek bijonyo. Sabananyo daerah panghasia duku utamo bukanlah Kota Palembang, malainkan daerah Komering (Kabupaten [[Ogan Komering Ulu|OKU]] dan [[Ogan Komering Ilir|OKI]]) sarato babarapo wilayah lain badakek an jo Sumatra Selatan. Tampek lain nan juo manghasiakan duku adolah kawasan [[Kumpeh, Muaro Jambi|Kumpeh]], [[Kabupaten Muaro Jambi|Muaro Jambi]], [[Jambi]]. Duku dari wilayah-wilayah iko dipasarkan ka bamacam daerah di [[Sumatra]] dan [[Jawa]], dan bahkan diekspor.<ref name="woto_hutapea">Suparwoto dan Yanter Hutapea. 2005. [http://bbp2tp.litbang.deptan.go.id/FileUpload/files/publikasi/jpptp830512.pdf Keragaan buah duku dan pemasarannya di Sumatra Selatan]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian'' Vol. '''8(3)''' :436-444, Nopember 2005.</ref><ref name="daud">Daud, I. 2000. ''Pohon duku berakar papan''. Artikel pada Majalah Intisari, bulan Januari 2000.</ref> Di sampiang duku palembang, bamacam daerah nan juo manghasiakan dukunyo masiang-masiang. Di Jawa, ado babarapo kawasan nan terkenal sacaro lokal adolah duku condet (dahulu juo duku menteng jo duku depok) dari saputaran [[Jakarta]]; duku papongan dari [[Tegal]]; duku kalikajar dari [[Purbalingga]]; duku karangkajen dan duku klaten dari [[Yogyakarta]]; duku matesih dari [[Karanganyar]]; duku woro dari [[Rembang]]; duku sumber dari [[Kudus]], dan lain-lain.<ref name="heyne_1126" /><ref name="ipteknet">[http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&id=45 Duku Condet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030150512/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&id=45|date=2009-10-30}}, dan artikel-artikel sejenis pada laman IptekNet. Diakses 27/10/08.</ref><ref name="sleman">Anonim. [http://www.hupelita.com/baca.php?id=30165 ''Duku Sleman Dipelintir Pedagang Jadi Duku Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, artikel pada Harian Umum ''Pelita''. Diakses 27/10/08.</ref><ref>Garhan, D.A. [http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0304/14/dar27.htm ''Duku Woro Diakui Sebagai Duku Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, artikel pada Harian Umum ''Suara Merdeka'', 14 April 2003. Diakses 27/10/08.</ref> Di [[Kalimantan Selatan]], dikenal duku Padang Batung dari [[Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Selatan]].<ref name="batung">[http://id.banjarbarukota.go.id/informasi_banjarbaru/tahun_2008/langsat_padang_batung_saingi_palembang.html ''Langsat Padang Batung Saingi Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, diakses 27/10/08.</ref> Maingek daya tahan buahnyo nan indak sarupo duku, langsek, umumnyo dikenal sacaro labiah tabateh dan lokal. Babarapo kultivar nan populer diantaronyo adolah langsep singosari dari [[Malang]],<ref name="daud" /> langsek tanjuang dari [[Kalsel]],<ref name="batung" /> langsek punggur dari [[Kalimantan Barat|Kalbar]], dan sebagainyo. Dari [[Thailand]] dikenal langsek uttaradit, dan dari [[Luzon]], [[Filipina]], dikenal langsat paete.<ref name="verheij_232" /> == Manfaik jo kagunoan == [[Berkas:Lansiumdomesticumfruit.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Buah duku yang dikupas, memperlihatkan [[arilus]] (selubung biji) yang putih bening.]] Duku tarutamo ditanam untuak buahnyo, nan biaso dimakan dalam kaadaan segar. Ado juo nan mengawetkannyo dalam sirup dan dibotolkan.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Kayunyo kareh, padak, baret dan awet, sahinggo acok digunokan untuak bahan pakakeh dan konstruksi rumah di pakampuangan, tarutamo kayu ''pisitan''.<ref name="heyne_1126" /> Babarapo bagian tanaman digunokan untuak ubek tradisional. Bijo duku nan pahik rasonyo, ditumbuak dan dicampua jo aia untuk ubek caciang jo ubek damam. Kilik kayunyo digunokan untuak ubek disentri jo malaria, samantaro tapuang kulik kayunyo dijadikan tapal untuak maubek gigitan kalajengking. Kulik buahnyo digunokan untuak ubek diare, dan kulik buah nan dikariangkan digunokan untuak mausia rangik dek urang Filipina jo caro dibaka.<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="heyne_1126" /> Kulik buah ''langsat'' tarutamo, dikariangkan dan diolah untuak dicampuakan dalam [[setanggi]] atau dupa.<ref name="heyne_1126" /> [[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1735_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|200x200px|Wanatani duku di Mandi Angin, [[Rawas Ilir, Musi Rawas]].]] == Ekologi == Sebagai tanaman batajuak manangah, duku tumbuah rancak dalam kabun-kabun campuran ([[wanatani]]). Tanaman iko, tarutamo varietas ''duku'', manyukoi tampek-tampek nan ternaung jo lambok. Di daerah-daerah produksinyo, duku biaonyo ditanam bacampua jo [[durian]], [[Petai|patai]], [[Jengkol|jariang]], sarato aneka tanaman buah jo kayu-kayuan lainnyo, walaupun tetap duku nan mandominasi.<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="ipteknet" /> Duku biasonyo ditanam di daratan randah dengan ketinggian mancapai 600 m dpl, di wilayan jo curah hujan antaro 1.500-2.500&nbsp;mm per tahun. Tanaman iko dapek tumbuah dan babuah dengan baik di baragam jenis tanah, tarutamo tipe tanah [[latosol]], [[podsolik]] kuniang, dan [[aluvial]].<ref name="ipteknet" /> Duku manyukoi tanah batekstur sadang dan berdrainase rancak, kayo bahan organik dan saketek asam, tapi jo ketersediaan aia tanah nan cukuik. Samantaro itu varietas ''langsek labia''h tahan manghadapi parubahan musim dan dapek manenggang musim kemarau asalkan cukuik ternaungi dan mandapekkan aia.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Duku indak tahan pangganangan.<ref name="Morton1987">{{cite book|last=Morton|first=Julia F.|authorlink=Julia Morton|title=Fruits of warm climates|publisher=Florida Flair Books|date=1987|location=Miami, FL.|pages=p. 201–203|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/langsat.html|doi=|id=|isbn=0961018410}}</ref> Duku umunyo babuah sakali satahun, sahinggo dikenal jo adonyo musim buah duku. Musim duku bisa balainan antaro daerah lain, namun baitu musim duku tajadi di awal musim paujan. == Pangambangbiakan == [[Berkas:Lanzones.jpg|jmpl|Langsat di [[Filipina]].]] Duku biasonyo dipabanyak jo bijonyo, nan sanganjo disamaikan atau jo caro manggumpuakan cabutan semai nan tumbuah surang di bawah batang induaknyo. Akan tatapi manunggu sampai batang baru mahasiakan, mamakan wakatu nan lamo (20-25 tahun) dan alun pasti pulo kualitasnyo samo jo induaknyo.<ref name="woto">Suparwoto. tt. [http://sumsel.litbang.deptan.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=47 ''Teknik perbanyakan duku dengan sambung pucuk''.]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Caro lain nan juo populer adolah mancangkoknyo. Walaupun proses mancangkok mamakan wakatu nan cukuik lamo (8-9 bulan), aka kalua setelah 134 hari<ref name="Polo" />) namun batang baru hasia cangkokan alah dapek babuah diumua sekitar duo tahun.<ref name="sleman" /> Kelemahannyo, persen kematian anakan hasil cangkokan cukuik gadang.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Lagi pulo pertumbuhannyo indak sabara kuatnyo.<ref name="ipteknet" /> Kambang biak sacaro modern nan kini banyak dikarajoan adolah jo caro [[Penyambungan|sambuang pucuak]] (''grafting''). Teknik iko mamungkinkan sipai-sipaik genetik batang ateh anakan nan dihasiakan samo jo induaknyo, samantaro wakatu tunggunyo dipasingek manjadi 5–6 tahun. Anakan hasia sambuang pucuak iko juo labiah kuek peranakannyo daripado anakan hasia cangkokan.<ref name="woto" /> [[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1724_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|220x220px|Memilah duku yang baru dipanen.]] == Panyebaran jo namo-namo lokal == Wilayah asal usul duku membantang dari sekitar [[Siam]], [[Semenanjung Tanah Melayu]] sampai [[Borneo]] di timur, tamasuak juo [[Filipina]]. Di daerah-daerah itu, duku ditanam sebagai salah ciek buah-buahan nan pantiang. Bahkan varietas-varietas lia atau nan maliaa dapek ditamui di alam. Kini duku juo dibudidayakan, walau indak banyak, di [[Vietnam]], [[Burma]], [[Srilanka]], [[India]], [[Australia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Suriname]], dan [[Puerto Rico]].<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="Morton1987" /> Duku dikenal juo jo banyak namo, sarupo ''langsak'', ''langseh'', ''langsep'', ''lansa'' ([[Malaysia|Mal.]]); ''lansones'', ''lanzone'', ''lanzon'', dan ''buahan'', ([[Filipina|Fil.]]); ''langsad'', ''longkong'' ([[Thailand]]); ''lòn bon'' dan ''bòn bon'' (Vietnam); ''langsak'', ''duku'' (Burma); sarato ''gadu guda'' (Srilanka). Dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] juo disabuik sebagai ''langsat'' dan ''duku''.<ref name="Morton1987" /><ref name="icraf">[http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776 ''Lansium domesticum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/62zFhRjSs?url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776|date=2011-11-06}} pada [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/index.asp ICRAF AgroforestryTree Database]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. diakses 27/10/08.</ref> Di Indonesia sendiri duku disabuik jo berbagai namo, nan mirip maupun nan indak. Misalnyo ''langsat'' (umum); ''lansat, lancat'' ([[Aceh]] dan [[Sumatra Utara|Sumut]]); ''lasé'' ([[Bahasa Nias|Nias]]); ''langsék'' ([[Minangkabau|Min.]]); ''langsak'' ([[Bahasa Komering|Komering]]) ''langsak, lasak, rarsak, rasak'' ([[Lampung]]); ''lansét, lasat, losot, léhat, lihat, rihat, richat'' ([[Kalimantan|Kal.]]); ''lansa, lasat, lasot, lansot, dansot, ranso, lantat'' ([[Sulawesi Utara|Sulut]]); ''lansa, lasa, lasé, lésé'' ([[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulsel]]); ''lasat, lasaté, lasété, nasaté, lasato, lalasat, lasa'' ([[Maluku]]) dan sejenisnya. Serta ''langsat, langsep'' dan ''duku, dukuh'' ([[Bahasa Jawa|Jw.]]); ''kokosan, pisitan, bijitan'' ([[Bahasa Sunda|Sd.]]); ''pijetan, celuring'' (Jw.); ''celoréng'' ([[Bahasa Madura|Md.]]; ''celoring, ceroring'' ([[Bahasa Bali|Bali]]); dan lain-lain.<ref name="heyne_1126" /> == Padagangan == Negara-negara panghasia utamo duku adolah Malaysia, Thailand, Filipina dan Indonesia. Namun umumnyo duku habis dimakan di dalam negeri masiang-masiang, kecuali saketek nan diekspor ka [[Singapura]] dan [[Hongkong]]. Duku juo alun manembus pasa buah-buahan di [[Eropa]] jo [[Benua Amerika|Amerika]].<ref name="verheij_232" /> == Referensi == {{reflist|2}} == Pranala luar == {{commons|Lansium domesticum}} * {{id}} Deskripi di [http://www.kehati.or.id/florakita/printer.php?photoid=843 Kehati]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} * {{en}} Fruits of Warm Climates: [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/langsat.html Langsat] * {{en}} ICRAF: [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776 ''Lansium domesticum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/62zFhRjSs?url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776|date=2011-11-06}} * {{en}} Famous Tropical Fruit: [http://tropical-fruits.blogspot.com/2006/09/duku-lansium-domesticum.html Duku] {{Taxonbar|from=Q860731}} cbuso5oom6fg0d63yxi6ydz5o17mpz1 2443630 2443629 2022-07-28T04:59:00Z Onyaso 7250 /* Referensi */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox|color=lightgreen|name=Duku|nativename=ꤴꥈꤰꥈ <br/>دوكو|image=Duku Lansium domesticum Ripe.jpg|image_width=240px|image_caption=Buah duku|regnum=[[Plantae]]|unranked_divisio=[[Angiospermae]]|unranked_classis=[[Eudikotil]]|unranked_ordo=[[Rosidae]]|ordo=[[Sapindales]]|familia=[[Meliaceae]]|genus=''[[Lansium]]''|species='''''L. parasiticum'''''|binomial=''Lansium parasiticum''|binomial_authority=([[Pehr Osbeck|Osbeck]]) [[Birbal Sahni|Sahni]] & [[Sigamony Stephen Richard Bennet|Bennet]]|synonyms={{Collapsible list |title = Daftar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2494222 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |accessdate=May 16, 2014}}</ref> | {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | *''Aglaia aquea'' <small>(Jacq.) Kosterm.</small> *''Aglaia domestica'' <small>(Corrêa) Pellegr.</small> *''Aglaia dookoo'' <small>Griff.</small> *''Aglaia intricatoreticulata'' <small>Kosterm.</small> *''Aglaia merrillii'' <small>Elmer</small> nom. inval. *''Aglaia sepalina'' <small>(Kosterm.) Kosterm.</small> *''Aglaia steenisii'' <small>Kosterm.</small> *''Amoora racemosa'' <small>Ridl.</small> *''Lachanodendron domesticum'' <small>(Corrêa) Nees</small> *''Lansium domesticum'' <small>Corrêa</small> *''Melia parasitica'' <small>Osbeck</small> }} }}}}'''Duku''' adolah jenis [[buah-buahan]] dari anggota [[Familia|suku]] [[Meliaceae]]. Tanaman nan asanyo dari [[Asia Tenggara]] sabalah barat iko punyo kamiripan jo buah '''langsek''', '''kokosan''', '''pisitan''', '''celoring''' dan lain-lain jo baragam variasinya. [[Duku#Penyebaran dan nama-nama lokal|Namo-namo]] nan baragam iko sekaligus manunjuakkan adonyo aneka [[Varietas|kultivar]] nan tacamin dari bantuak buah jo [[Pohon|batang]] nan babeda-beda. == Botani == Batang nan baukuran sedang, tingginyo mancapai 30 m jo gemang hinggo 75 cm. Batangnyo biasonyo ba alur-alur dalam indak baraturan, jo banir (akar papan) nan pipih manonjol di ateh tanah. [[Pepagan]] (kulik kayu) warnanyo kalabu babintiak-bintika kalam jo jingga, manganduang gatah kental jo warna sarupo susu nan lengket (resin).<ref name="verheij_232">Verheij, E.W.M. dan R.E. Coronel (eds.). 1997. ''Sumber Daya Nabati Asia Tenggara 2: Buah-buahan yang dapat dimakan''. PROSEA – Gramedia. Jakarta. ISBN 979-511-672-2. Hal. 232-237.</ref> [[Daun]] majemuk manyirip ganjia, botak atau babulu haluih, jo 6–9 anak daun nan tasusun baseling, anak daun jorong (eliptis) sampai lonjong, 9–21&nbsp;cm × 5–10&nbsp;cm, bakilek di sisi ateh, sarupo [[jangat]], jo pangka runciang dan ujuangnyo marunciang (meruncing) pendek, anak daun batangkai 5–12 [[Milimeter|mm]].<ref name="verheij_232" /> [[Bunga|Bungo]] talatak ditandan nan kalua dari batang atau cabang nan gadang, manggantuang, tongga atau dalam berkas 2-5 tandan atau labiah, acok juo bacabang dipangkanyo. Panjangnyo 10-30 cm, barambuik.<ref name="steenis1981_255">[[Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis|Steenis, CGGJ van]]. 1981. ''Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia''. PT Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta. Hal. 255.</ref> Bungo-bungonyo baukuran ketek, duduak, atau batangkai pendek, manyandiri, punyo kalamin duo. Kalopaknyo babantuak cawan bacaping 5, badagiang, kuniang kahijauan, mahkotanyo bulek talua, tagak, badagiang 2–3&nbsp;mm × 4–5&nbsp;mm, putiah hinggo kuniang pucek. Banang sari ciek halai, tabuangnyo mencapai 2&nbsp;mm, kepalo-kepalo sari dalam ciek lingkaran. Putiaknyo taba jo pendek.<ref name="verheij_232" /> [[Buah]] buni nan babantuak jorong, bulek atau bulek mamanjang, 2-4(-7) cm × 1,5–5&nbsp;cm, punyo bulu haluih kakuniang-kuniangan jo daun kalopak nan indak gugua. Kulik (dindiang) buah tipih hinggo taba (kiro-kiro 6&nbsp;mm). Babijo 1–3, pipih, hijau, rasonyo paik; bijo dibungkuih salut bijo ([[arilus]]) nan putiah bening dan taba, baraia, manih sampai masam.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Kultivar-kultivar nan unggul punyo bijo nan ketek atau indak bakambang (rudimenter), tapi arilusnyo tumbuah rancak dan taba, manih. Lambeknyo tanaman manghasiakan buah karano duku bakambang menggunokan bijo. Tanaman baru babungo di umua 10 sampai 15 tahu.<ref name="Polo">Polo D.C. 1926. Propagation of the lanzon by marcotage and by cuttings. ''The Phillippine Agriculturists'' 14(9): 613-623.</ref> Perkecambahan tumbuahan iko punyo perilaku poliembrioni (ciek bijo manghasiakan banyak [[embrio]] atau semai): ciek embrio hasia pambuahan, dan sisonyo embrio [[Apomiksis|apomiktik]],<ref>R. Kiew, L.L. Teo and Y.Y. Gan. 2003. Assessment of the hybrid status of some Malesian plants using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism]. ''Telopea'' 10:225–233</ref>. Embrio apomiktik bakambang dari [[jaringan|jariangan]] batang induak sahinggo katurunannyo punyo karakter nan sarupo jo induaknyo. Bijo bersifat rekalsitran, panyimpanan labiah daripado tujuah hari akan mambuek kamunduran kakuatan kacambah nan capek.<ref>Suharyono UHY. 1981. Penelitian daya tumbuh biji duku (''Lansium domesticum'' var. ''duku'').</ref> [[Perbanyakan vegetatif]] dikarajoan jo [[pencangkokan]] dan sambuang pucuak.<ref name="Polo" /> == Ragam == [[Berkas:Lans_dom_070206_0041_kubr.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Langsat, dijual dalam tandannya di lapak tepi jalan, [[Kutai Barat]].]] Duku sanagt baragam dalam sipaik-sipaik batang jo buahnyo; sahinggo ado pulo ahli nan maisah-misahkannyo ka dalam jenis (spesies) nan balain. Namun sacaro keseluruhan, ado duo kalompok gadang buah iko, yakni nan dikenal jo duku dan nan dinamokan lansek. Kamudian ado kalompok campuran antaro kaduonyo nan disabuik duku langsek, sarato kalompok tarakir nan di Indonesia labiah dikenal sabagai kokosan.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Kamlompok nan dikenal jo duku (''L. domesticum'' var. ''duku'') umumnyo punyo batang nan batajuak gadang, padek, dek daunyo nan bawarna hijau cerah, jo tandan nan relatif pendek jo barisi saketek buah. Butiran buahnyo gadang, candaruang bulek, bakulik agak taba, namun labiah indak bagatah jikok masak, umumnyo babijo ketek jo badagiang taba, manih, atau masam jo baunnyo harum.<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="heyne_1126">Heyne, K. 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'', jil. 2. Yay. Sarana Wana Jaya, Jakarta. Hal. 1126-1128.</ref> '''Langsek''' (''L. domesticum'' var. ''domesticum'') kabanyakan punyo batang nan labiah kuruih, daunnyo kurang labek nan bawarna hijau tuo, jo pacabangan tagak. Tandan buahnyo panjang, padek barisi 15-25 butir buah nan babantuak bulek talua dan gadang-gadang. Buah langsek punyo kilik mipih dan acok bagatah (putiah) walaupun alah masak. Dagiang buahnyo banyak aia, rasonyo masam manih nan mambuek segar.<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="heyne_1126" /> Indak sarupo duku, langsek bukan buah nan batahan lamo kalau alah lapek dari batangnyo. Dalam tigo hari setelah dipatiak, kulik langsek akan maitam namun rasonyo indak barubah tetap manih. Hanyo sajo penampilannyo indak menarik. [[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1720_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|263x263px|Memanen duku di Mandi Angin, [[Rawas Ilir, Musi Rawas]]. Perhatikan tandannya yang renggang, berbeda dengan langsat yang rapat.]] '''Kokosan''' (''L. domesticum'' var. ''aquaeum'') dibedakan dek daunyo nan babulu, tandannyo nan panuah butia buah nan basusun sangaik rapek jo kulik buahnyo nan bawarna kuniang tuo. Butia-butia buahnyo umumnyo ketek, bakulik tipih jo saketek bagatah tapi payah dibukak. Sahinggo buah dimakan jo caro digigik jo disedot cairan jo bijonyo (disabuik kokosan),<ref name="verheij_232" /> atau dipiciak supayo kuliknyo pacah dan kalua bijonyo (makonyo diagiah namo pisitan, pijetan, bijitan).<ref name="heyne_1126" /> Bijonyo labiah gadang jo badagiang tipih, kokosan umumnyo taraso masam sampai masam bana. Kultivar duku nan paliang terkenal di Indonesia adolah duku Palembang, tarutamo karano manih rasonyo jo saketek bijonyo. Sabananyo daerah panghasia duku utamo bukanlah Kota Palembang, malainkan daerah Komering (Kabupaten [[Ogan Komering Ulu|OKU]] dan [[Ogan Komering Ilir|OKI]]) sarato babarapo wilayah lain badakek an jo Sumatra Selatan. Tampek lain nan juo manghasiakan duku adolah kawasan [[Kumpeh, Muaro Jambi|Kumpeh]], [[Kabupaten Muaro Jambi|Muaro Jambi]], [[Jambi]]. Duku dari wilayah-wilayah iko dipasarkan ka bamacam daerah di [[Sumatra]] dan [[Jawa]], dan bahkan diekspor.<ref name="woto_hutapea">Suparwoto dan Yanter Hutapea. 2005. [http://bbp2tp.litbang.deptan.go.id/FileUpload/files/publikasi/jpptp830512.pdf Keragaan buah duku dan pemasarannya di Sumatra Selatan]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian'' Vol. '''8(3)''' :436-444, Nopember 2005.</ref><ref name="daud">Daud, I. 2000. ''Pohon duku berakar papan''. Artikel pada Majalah Intisari, bulan Januari 2000.</ref> Di sampiang duku palembang, bamacam daerah nan juo manghasiakan dukunyo masiang-masiang. Di Jawa, ado babarapo kawasan nan terkenal sacaro lokal adolah duku condet (dahulu juo duku menteng jo duku depok) dari saputaran [[Jakarta]]; duku papongan dari [[Tegal]]; duku kalikajar dari [[Purbalingga]]; duku karangkajen dan duku klaten dari [[Yogyakarta]]; duku matesih dari [[Karanganyar]]; duku woro dari [[Rembang]]; duku sumber dari [[Kudus]], dan lain-lain.<ref name="heyne_1126" /><ref name="ipteknet">[http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&id=45 Duku Condet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030150512/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&id=45|date=2009-10-30}}, dan artikel-artikel sejenis pada laman IptekNet. Diakses 27/10/08.</ref><ref name="sleman">Anonim. [http://www.hupelita.com/baca.php?id=30165 ''Duku Sleman Dipelintir Pedagang Jadi Duku Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, artikel pada Harian Umum ''Pelita''. Diakses 27/10/08.</ref><ref>Garhan, D.A. [http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0304/14/dar27.htm ''Duku Woro Diakui Sebagai Duku Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, artikel pada Harian Umum ''Suara Merdeka'', 14 April 2003. Diakses 27/10/08.</ref> Di [[Kalimantan Selatan]], dikenal duku Padang Batung dari [[Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Selatan]].<ref name="batung">[http://id.banjarbarukota.go.id/informasi_banjarbaru/tahun_2008/langsat_padang_batung_saingi_palembang.html ''Langsat Padang Batung Saingi Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, diakses 27/10/08.</ref> Maingek daya tahan buahnyo nan indak sarupo duku, langsek, umumnyo dikenal sacaro labiah tabateh dan lokal. Babarapo kultivar nan populer diantaronyo adolah langsep singosari dari [[Malang]],<ref name="daud" /> langsek tanjuang dari [[Kalsel]],<ref name="batung" /> langsek punggur dari [[Kalimantan Barat|Kalbar]], dan sebagainyo. Dari [[Thailand]] dikenal langsek uttaradit, dan dari [[Luzon]], [[Filipina]], dikenal langsat paete.<ref name="verheij_232" /> == Manfaik jo kagunoan == [[Berkas:Lansiumdomesticumfruit.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Buah duku yang dikupas, memperlihatkan [[arilus]] (selubung biji) yang putih bening.]] Duku tarutamo ditanam untuak buahnyo, nan biaso dimakan dalam kaadaan segar. Ado juo nan mengawetkannyo dalam sirup dan dibotolkan.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Kayunyo kareh, padak, baret dan awet, sahinggo acok digunokan untuak bahan pakakeh dan konstruksi rumah di pakampuangan, tarutamo kayu ''pisitan''.<ref name="heyne_1126" /> Babarapo bagian tanaman digunokan untuak ubek tradisional. Bijo duku nan pahik rasonyo, ditumbuak dan dicampua jo aia untuk ubek caciang jo ubek damam. Kilik kayunyo digunokan untuak ubek disentri jo malaria, samantaro tapuang kulik kayunyo dijadikan tapal untuak maubek gigitan kalajengking. Kulik buahnyo digunokan untuak ubek diare, dan kulik buah nan dikariangkan digunokan untuak mausia rangik dek urang Filipina jo caro dibaka.<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="heyne_1126" /> Kulik buah ''langsat'' tarutamo, dikariangkan dan diolah untuak dicampuakan dalam [[setanggi]] atau dupa.<ref name="heyne_1126" /> [[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1735_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|200x200px|Wanatani duku di Mandi Angin, [[Rawas Ilir, Musi Rawas]].]] == Ekologi == Sebagai tanaman batajuak manangah, duku tumbuah rancak dalam kabun-kabun campuran ([[wanatani]]). Tanaman iko, tarutamo varietas ''duku'', manyukoi tampek-tampek nan ternaung jo lambok. Di daerah-daerah produksinyo, duku biaonyo ditanam bacampua jo [[durian]], [[Petai|patai]], [[Jengkol|jariang]], sarato aneka tanaman buah jo kayu-kayuan lainnyo, walaupun tetap duku nan mandominasi.<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="ipteknet" /> Duku biasonyo ditanam di daratan randah dengan ketinggian mancapai 600 m dpl, di wilayan jo curah hujan antaro 1.500-2.500&nbsp;mm per tahun. Tanaman iko dapek tumbuah dan babuah dengan baik di baragam jenis tanah, tarutamo tipe tanah [[latosol]], [[podsolik]] kuniang, dan [[aluvial]].<ref name="ipteknet" /> Duku manyukoi tanah batekstur sadang dan berdrainase rancak, kayo bahan organik dan saketek asam, tapi jo ketersediaan aia tanah nan cukuik. Samantaro itu varietas ''langsek labia''h tahan manghadapi parubahan musim dan dapek manenggang musim kemarau asalkan cukuik ternaungi dan mandapekkan aia.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Duku indak tahan pangganangan.<ref name="Morton1987">{{cite book|last=Morton|first=Julia F.|authorlink=Julia Morton|title=Fruits of warm climates|publisher=Florida Flair Books|date=1987|location=Miami, FL.|pages=p. 201–203|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/langsat.html|doi=|id=|isbn=0961018410}}</ref> Duku umunyo babuah sakali satahun, sahinggo dikenal jo adonyo musim buah duku. Musim duku bisa balainan antaro daerah lain, namun baitu musim duku tajadi di awal musim paujan. == Pangambangbiakan == [[Berkas:Lanzones.jpg|jmpl|Langsat di [[Filipina]].]] Duku biasonyo dipabanyak jo bijonyo, nan sanganjo disamaikan atau jo caro manggumpuakan cabutan semai nan tumbuah surang di bawah batang induaknyo. Akan tatapi manunggu sampai batang baru mahasiakan, mamakan wakatu nan lamo (20-25 tahun) dan alun pasti pulo kualitasnyo samo jo induaknyo.<ref name="woto">Suparwoto. tt. [http://sumsel.litbang.deptan.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=47 ''Teknik perbanyakan duku dengan sambung pucuk''.]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Caro lain nan juo populer adolah mancangkoknyo. Walaupun proses mancangkok mamakan wakatu nan cukuik lamo (8-9 bulan), aka kalua setelah 134 hari<ref name="Polo" />) namun batang baru hasia cangkokan alah dapek babuah diumua sekitar duo tahun.<ref name="sleman" /> Kelemahannyo, persen kematian anakan hasil cangkokan cukuik gadang.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Lagi pulo pertumbuhannyo indak sabara kuatnyo.<ref name="ipteknet" /> Kambang biak sacaro modern nan kini banyak dikarajoan adolah jo caro [[Penyambungan|sambuang pucuak]] (''grafting''). Teknik iko mamungkinkan sipai-sipaik genetik batang ateh anakan nan dihasiakan samo jo induaknyo, samantaro wakatu tunggunyo dipasingek manjadi 5–6 tahun. Anakan hasia sambuang pucuak iko juo labiah kuek peranakannyo daripado anakan hasia cangkokan.<ref name="woto" /> [[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1724_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|220x220px|Memilah duku yang baru dipanen.]] == Panyebaran jo namo-namo lokal == Wilayah asal usul duku membantang dari sekitar [[Siam]], [[Semenanjung Tanah Melayu]] sampai [[Borneo]] di timur, tamasuak juo [[Filipina]]. Di daerah-daerah itu, duku ditanam sebagai salah ciek buah-buahan nan pantiang. Bahkan varietas-varietas lia atau nan maliaa dapek ditamui di alam. Kini duku juo dibudidayakan, walau indak banyak, di [[Vietnam]], [[Burma]], [[Srilanka]], [[India]], [[Australia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Suriname]], dan [[Puerto Rico]].<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="Morton1987" /> Duku dikenal juo jo banyak namo, sarupo ''langsak'', ''langseh'', ''langsep'', ''lansa'' ([[Malaysia|Mal.]]); ''lansones'', ''lanzone'', ''lanzon'', dan ''buahan'', ([[Filipina|Fil.]]); ''langsad'', ''longkong'' ([[Thailand]]); ''lòn bon'' dan ''bòn bon'' (Vietnam); ''langsak'', ''duku'' (Burma); sarato ''gadu guda'' (Srilanka). Dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] juo disabuik sebagai ''langsat'' dan ''duku''.<ref name="Morton1987" /><ref name="icraf">[http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776 ''Lansium domesticum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/62zFhRjSs?url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776|date=2011-11-06}} pada [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/index.asp ICRAF AgroforestryTree Database]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. diakses 27/10/08.</ref> Di Indonesia sendiri duku disabuik jo berbagai namo, nan mirip maupun nan indak. Misalnyo ''langsat'' (umum); ''lansat, lancat'' ([[Aceh]] dan [[Sumatra Utara|Sumut]]); ''lasé'' ([[Bahasa Nias|Nias]]); ''langsék'' ([[Minangkabau|Min.]]); ''langsak'' ([[Bahasa Komering|Komering]]) ''langsak, lasak, rarsak, rasak'' ([[Lampung]]); ''lansét, lasat, losot, léhat, lihat, rihat, richat'' ([[Kalimantan|Kal.]]); ''lansa, lasat, lasot, lansot, dansot, ranso, lantat'' ([[Sulawesi Utara|Sulut]]); ''lansa, lasa, lasé, lésé'' ([[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulsel]]); ''lasat, lasaté, lasété, nasaté, lasato, lalasat, lasa'' ([[Maluku]]) dan sejenisnya. Serta ''langsat, langsep'' dan ''duku, dukuh'' ([[Bahasa Jawa|Jw.]]); ''kokosan, pisitan, bijitan'' ([[Bahasa Sunda|Sd.]]); ''pijetan, celuring'' (Jw.); ''celoréng'' ([[Bahasa Madura|Md.]]; ''celoring, ceroring'' ([[Bahasa Bali|Bali]]); dan lain-lain.<ref name="heyne_1126" /> == Padagangan == Negara-negara panghasia utamo duku adolah Malaysia, Thailand, Filipina dan Indonesia. Namun umumnyo duku habis dimakan di dalam negeri masiang-masiang, kecuali saketek nan diekspor ka [[Singapura]] dan [[Hongkong]]. Duku juo alun manembus pasa buah-buahan di [[Eropa]] jo [[Benua Amerika|Amerika]].<ref name="verheij_232" /> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} == Pranala lua == {{commons|Lansium domesticum}} * {{id}} Deskripi di [http://www.kehati.or.id/florakita/printer.php?photoid=843 Kehati]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} * {{en}} Fruits of Warm Climates: [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/langsat.html Langsat] * {{en}} ICRAF: [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776 ''Lansium domesticum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/62zFhRjSs?url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776|date=2011-11-06}} * {{en}} Famous Tropical Fruit: [http://tropical-fruits.blogspot.com/2006/09/duku-lansium-domesticum.html Duku] {{Taxonbar|from=Q860731}} 2rl3fbw72herr5nnm9e7afsvkqxqm7t 2443655 2443630 2022-07-28T05:22:24Z Cahyo (WMID) 9301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox|color=lightgreen|name=Duku|nativename=ꤴꥈꤰꥈ <br/>دوكو|image=Duku Lansium domesticum Ripe.jpg|image_width=240px|image_caption=Buah duku|regnum=[[Plantae]]|unranked_divisio=[[Angiospermae]]|unranked_classis=[[Eudikotil]]|unranked_ordo=[[Rosidae]]|ordo=[[Sapindales]]|familia=[[Meliaceae]]|genus=''[[Lansium]]''|species='''''L. parasiticum'''''|binomial=''Lansium parasiticum''|binomial_authority=([[Pehr Osbeck|Osbeck]]) [[Birbal Sahni|Sahni]] & [[Sigamony Stephen Richard Bennet|Bennet]]|synonyms={{Collapsible list |title = Daftar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2494222 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |accessdate=May 16, 2014}}</ref> | {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | *''Aglaia aquea'' <small>(Jacq.) Kosterm.</small> *''Aglaia domestica'' <small>(Corrêa) Pellegr.</small> *''Aglaia dookoo'' <small>Griff.</small> *''Aglaia intricatoreticulata'' <small>Kosterm.</small> *''Aglaia merrillii'' <small>Elmer</small> nom. inval. *''Aglaia sepalina'' <small>(Kosterm.) Kosterm.</small> *''Aglaia steenisii'' <small>Kosterm.</small> *''Amoora racemosa'' <small>Ridl.</small> *''Lachanodendron domesticum'' <small>(Corrêa) Nees</small> *''Lansium domesticum'' <small>Corrêa</small> *''Melia parasitica'' <small>Osbeck</small> }} }}}}'''Duku''' adolah jenis [[buah-buahan]] dari anggota [[Familia|suku]] [[Meliaceae]]. Tanaman nan asanyo dari [[Asia Tenggara]] sabalah barat iko punyo kamiripan jo buah '''langsek''', '''kokosan''', '''pisitan''', '''celoring''' dan lain-lain jo baragam variasinya. [[Duku#Penyebaran dan nama-nama lokal|Namo-namo]] nan baragam iko sekaligus manunjuakkan adonyo aneka [[Varietas|kultivar]] nan tacamin dari bantuak buah jo [[Pohon|batang]] nan babeda-beda. == Botani == Batang nan baukuran sedang, tingginyo mancapai 30 m jo gemang hinggo 75 cm. Batangnyo biasonyo ba alur-alur dalam indak baraturan, jo banir (akar papan) nan pipih manonjol di ateh tanah. [[Pepagan]] (kulik kayu) warnanyo kalabu babintiak-bintika kalam jo jingga, manganduang gatah kental jo warna sarupo susu nan lengket (resin).<ref name="verheij_232">Verheij, E.W.M. dan R.E. Coronel (eds.). 1997. ''Sumber Daya Nabati Asia Tenggara 2: Buah-buahan yang dapat dimakan''. PROSEA – Gramedia. Jakarta. ISBN 979-511-672-2. Hal. 232-237.</ref> [[Daun]] majemuk manyirip ganjia, botak atau babulu haluih, jo 6–9 anak daun nan tasusun baseling, anak daun jorong (eliptis) sampai lonjong, 9–21&nbsp;cm × 5–10&nbsp;cm, bakilek di sisi ateh, sarupo [[jangat]], jo pangka runciang dan ujuangnyo marunciang (meruncing) pendek, anak daun batangkai 5–12 [[Milimeter|mm]].<ref name="verheij_232" /> [[Bunga|Bungo]] talatak ditandan nan kalua dari batang atau cabang nan gadang, manggantuang, tongga atau dalam berkas 2-5 tandan atau labiah, acok juo bacabang dipangkanyo. Panjangnyo 10-30 cm, barambuik.<ref name="steenis1981_255">[[Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis|Steenis, CGGJ van]]. 1981. ''Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia''. PT Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta. Hal. 255.</ref> Bungo-bungonyo baukuran ketek, duduak, atau batangkai pendek, manyandiri, punyo kalamin duo. Kalopaknyo babantuak cawan bacaping 5, badagiang, kuniang kahijauan, mahkotanyo bulek talua, tagak, badagiang 2–3&nbsp;mm × 4–5&nbsp;mm, putiah hinggo kuniang pucek. Banang sari ciek halai, tabuangnyo mencapai 2&nbsp;mm, kepalo-kepalo sari dalam ciek lingkaran. Putiaknyo taba jo pendek.<ref name="verheij_232" /> [[Buah]] buni nan babantuak jorong, bulek atau bulek mamanjang, 2-4(-7) cm × 1,5–5&nbsp;cm, punyo bulu haluih kakuniang-kuniangan jo daun kalopak nan indak gugua. Kulik (dindiang) buah tipih hinggo taba (kiro-kiro 6&nbsp;mm). Babijo 1–3, pipih, hijau, rasonyo paik; bijo dibungkuih salut bijo ([[arilus]]) nan putiah bening dan taba, baraia, manih sampai masam.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Kultivar-kultivar nan unggul punyo bijo nan ketek atau indak bakambang (rudimenter), tapi arilusnyo tumbuah rancak dan taba, manih. Lambeknyo tanaman manghasiakan buah karano duku bakambang menggunokan bijo. Tanaman baru babungo di umua 10 sampai 15 tahu.<ref name="Polo">Polo D.C. 1926. Propagation of the lanzon by marcotage and by cuttings. ''The Phillippine Agriculturists'' 14(9): 613-623.</ref> Perkecambahan tumbuahan iko punyo perilaku poliembrioni (ciek bijo manghasiakan banyak [[embrio]] atau semai): ciek embrio hasia pambuahan, dan sisonyo embrio [[Apomiksis|apomiktik]],<ref>R. Kiew, L.L. Teo and Y.Y. Gan. 2003. Assessment of the hybrid status of some Malesian plants using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism]. ''Telopea'' 10:225–233</ref>. Embrio apomiktik bakambang dari [[jaringan|jariangan]] batang induak sahinggo katurunannyo punyo karakter nan sarupo jo induaknyo. Bijo bersifat rekalsitran, panyimpanan labiah daripado tujuah hari akan mambuek kamunduran kakuatan kacambah nan capek.<ref>Suharyono UHY. 1981. Penelitian daya tumbuh biji duku (''Lansium domesticum'' var. ''duku'').</ref> [[Perbanyakan vegetatif]] dikarajoan jo [[pencangkokan]] dan sambuang pucuak.<ref name="Polo" /> == Ragam == [[Berkas:Lans_dom_070206_0041_kubr.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Langsat, dijual dalam tandannya di lapak tepi jalan, [[Kutai Barat]].]] Duku sanagt baragam dalam sipaik-sipaik batang jo buahnyo; sahinggo ado pulo ahli nan maisah-misahkannyo ka dalam jenis (spesies) nan balain. Namun sacaro keseluruhan, ado duo kalompok gadang buah iko, yakni nan dikenal jo duku dan nan dinamokan lansek. Kamudian ado kalompok campuran antaro kaduonyo nan disabuik duku langsek, sarato kalompok tarakir nan di Indonesia labiah dikenal sabagai kokosan.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Kamlompok nan dikenal jo duku (''L. domesticum'' var. ''duku'') umumnyo punyo batang nan batajuak gadang, padek, dek daunyo nan bawarna hijau cerah, jo tandan nan relatif pendek jo barisi saketek buah. Butiran buahnyo gadang, candaruang bulek, bakulik agak taba, namun labiah indak bagatah jikok masak, umumnyo babijo ketek jo badagiang taba, manih, atau masam jo baunnyo harum.<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="heyne_1126">Heyne, K. 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'', jil. 2. Yay. Sarana Wana Jaya, Jakarta. Hal. 1126-1128.</ref> '''Langsek''' (''L. domesticum'' var. ''domesticum'') kabanyakan punyo batang nan labiah kuruih, daunnyo kurang labek nan bawarna hijau tuo, jo pacabangan tagak. Tandan buahnyo panjang, padek barisi 15-25 butir buah nan babantuak bulek talua dan gadang-gadang. Buah langsek punyo kilik mipih dan acok bagatah (putiah) walaupun alah masak. Dagiang buahnyo banyak aia, rasonyo masam manih nan mambuek segar.<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="heyne_1126" /> Indak sarupo duku, langsek bukan buah nan batahan lamo kalau alah lapek dari batangnyo. Dalam tigo hari setelah dipatiak, kulik langsek akan maitam namun rasonyo indak barubah tetap manih. Hanyo sajo penampilannyo indak menarik. [[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1720_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|263x263px|Memanen duku di Mandi Angin, [[Rawas Ilir, Musi Rawas]]. Perhatikan tandannya yang renggang, berbeda dengan langsat yang rapat.]] '''Kokosan''' (''L. domesticum'' var. ''aquaeum'') dibedakan dek daunyo nan babulu, tandannyo nan panuah butia buah nan basusun sangaik rapek jo kulik buahnyo nan bawarna kuniang tuo. Butia-butia buahnyo umumnyo ketek, bakulik tipih jo saketek bagatah tapi payah dibukak. Sahinggo buah dimakan jo caro digigik jo disedot cairan jo bijonyo (disabuik kokosan),<ref name="verheij_232" /> atau dipiciak supayo kuliknyo pacah dan kalua bijonyo (makonyo diagiah namo pisitan, pijetan, bijitan).<ref name="heyne_1126" /> Bijonyo labiah gadang jo badagiang tipih, kokosan umumnyo taraso masam sampai masam bana. Kultivar duku nan paliang terkenal di Indonesia adolah duku Palembang, tarutamo karano manih rasonyo jo saketek bijonyo. Sabananyo daerah panghasia duku utamo bukanlah Kota Palembang, malainkan daerah Komering (Kabupaten [[Ogan Komering Ulu|OKU]] dan [[Ogan Komering Ilir|OKI]]) sarato babarapo wilayah lain badakek an jo Sumatra Selatan. Tampek lain nan juo manghasiakan duku adolah kawasan [[Kumpeh, Muaro Jambi|Kumpeh]], [[Kabupaten Muaro Jambi|Muaro Jambi]], [[Jambi]]. Duku dari wilayah-wilayah iko dipasarkan ka bamacam daerah di [[Sumatra]] dan [[Jawa]], dan bahkan diekspor.<ref name="woto_hutapea">Suparwoto dan Yanter Hutapea. 2005. [http://bbp2tp.litbang.deptan.go.id/FileUpload/files/publikasi/jpptp830512.pdf Keragaan buah duku dan pemasarannya di Sumatra Selatan]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian'' Vol. '''8(3)''' :436-444, Nopember 2005.</ref><ref name="daud">Daud, I. 2000. ''Pohon duku berakar papan''. Artikel pada Majalah Intisari, bulan Januari 2000.</ref> Di sampiang duku palembang, bamacam daerah nan juo manghasiakan dukunyo masiang-masiang. Di Jawa, ado babarapo kawasan nan terkenal sacaro lokal adolah duku condet (dahulu juo duku menteng jo duku depok) dari saputaran [[Jakarta]]; duku papongan dari [[Tegal]]; duku kalikajar dari [[Purbalingga]]; duku karangkajen dan duku klaten dari [[Yogyakarta]]; duku matesih dari [[Karanganyar]]; duku woro dari [[Rembang]]; duku sumber dari [[Kudus]], dan lain-lain.<ref name="heyne_1126" /><ref name="ipteknet">[http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&id=45 Duku Condet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030150512/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&id=45|date=2009-10-30}}, dan artikel-artikel sejenis pada laman IptekNet. Diakses 27/10/08.</ref><ref name="sleman">Anonim. [http://www.hupelita.com/baca.php?id=30165 ''Duku Sleman Dipelintir Pedagang Jadi Duku Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, artikel pada Harian Umum ''Pelita''. Diakses 27/10/08.</ref><ref>Garhan, D.A. [http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0304/14/dar27.htm ''Duku Woro Diakui Sebagai Duku Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, artikel pada Harian Umum ''Suara Merdeka'', 14 April 2003. Diakses 27/10/08.</ref> Di [[Kalimantan Selatan]], dikenal duku Padang Batung dari [[Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Selatan]].<ref name="batung">[http://id.banjarbarukota.go.id/informasi_banjarbaru/tahun_2008/langsat_padang_batung_saingi_palembang.html ''Langsat Padang Batung Saingi Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, diakses 27/10/08.</ref> Maingek daya tahan buahnyo nan indak sarupo duku, langsek, umumnyo dikenal sacaro labiah tabateh dan lokal. Babarapo kultivar nan populer diantaronyo adolah langsep singosari dari [[Malang]],<ref name="daud" /> langsek tanjuang dari [[Kalsel]],<ref name="batung" /> langsek punggur dari [[Kalimantan Barat|Kalbar]], dan sebagainyo. Dari [[Thailand]] dikenal langsek uttaradit, dan dari [[Luzon]], [[Filipina]], dikenal langsat paete.<ref name="verheij_232" /> == Manfaik jo kagunoan == [[Berkas:Lansiumdomesticumfruit.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Buah duku yang dikupas, memperlihatkan [[arilus]] (selubung biji) yang putih bening.]] Duku tarutamo ditanam untuak buahnyo, nan biaso dimakan dalam kaadaan segar. Ado juo nan mengawetkannyo dalam sirup dan dibotolkan.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Kayunyo kareh, padak, baret dan awet, sahinggo acok digunokan untuak bahan pakakeh dan konstruksi rumah di pakampuangan, tarutamo kayu ''pisitan''.<ref name="heyne_1126" /> Babarapo bagian tanaman digunokan untuak ubek tradisional. Bijo duku nan pahik rasonyo, ditumbuak dan dicampua jo aia untuk ubek caciang jo ubek damam. Kilik kayunyo digunokan untuak ubek disentri jo malaria, samantaro tapuang kulik kayunyo dijadikan tapal untuak maubek gigitan kalajengking. Kulik buahnyo digunokan untuak ubek diare, dan kulik buah nan dikariangkan digunokan untuak mausia rangik dek urang Filipina jo caro dibaka.<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="heyne_1126" /> Kulik buah ''langsat'' tarutamo, dikariangkan dan diolah untuak dicampuakan dalam [[setanggi]] atau dupa.<ref name="heyne_1126" /> [[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1735_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|200x200px|Wanatani duku di Mandi Angin, [[Rawas Ilir, Musi Rawas]].]] == Ekologi == Sebagai tanaman batajuak manangah, duku tumbuah rancak dalam kabun-kabun campuran ([[wanatani]]). Tanaman iko, tarutamo varietas ''duku'', manyukoi tampek-tampek nan ternaung jo lambok. Di daerah-daerah produksinyo, duku biaonyo ditanam bacampua jo [[durian]], [[Petai|patai]], [[Jengkol|jariang]], sarato aneka tanaman buah jo kayu-kayuan lainnyo, walaupun tetap duku nan mandominasi.<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="ipteknet" /> Duku biasonyo ditanam di daratan randah dengan ketinggian mancapai 600 m dpl, di wilayan jo curah hujan antaro 1.500-2.500&nbsp;mm per tahun. Tanaman iko dapek tumbuah dan babuah dengan baik di baragam jenis tanah, tarutamo tipe tanah [[latosol]], [[podsolik]] kuniang, dan [[aluvial]].<ref name="ipteknet" /> Duku manyukoi tanah batekstur sadang dan berdrainase rancak, kayo bahan organik dan saketek asam, tapi jo ketersediaan aia tanah nan cukuik. Samantaro itu varietas ''langsek labia''h tahan manghadapi parubahan musim dan dapek manenggang musim kemarau asalkan cukuik ternaungi dan mandapekkan aia.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Duku indak tahan pangganangan.<ref name="Morton1987">{{cite book|last=Morton|first=Julia F.|authorlink=Julia Morton|title=Fruits of warm climates|publisher=Florida Flair Books|date=1987|location=Miami, FL.|pages=p. 201–203|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/langsat.html|doi=|id=|isbn=0961018410}}</ref> Duku umumnyo babuah sakali satahun, sahinggo dikenal jo adonyo musim buah duku. Musim duku bisa balainan antaro daerah lain, namun baitu musim duku tajadi di awal musim paujan. == Pangambangbiakan == [[Berkas:Lanzones.jpg|jmpl|Langsat di [[Filipina]].]] Duku biasonyo dipabanyak jo bijonyo, nan sanganjo disamaikan atau jo caro manggumpuakan cabutan semai nan tumbuah surang di bawah batang induaknyo. Akan tatapi manunggu sampai batang baru mahasiakan, mamakan wakatu nan lamo (20-25 tahun) dan alun pasti pulo kualitasnyo samo jo induaknyo.<ref name="woto">Suparwoto. tt. [http://sumsel.litbang.deptan.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=47 ''Teknik perbanyakan duku dengan sambung pucuk''.]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Caro lain nan juo populer adolah mancangkoknyo. Walaupun proses mancangkok mamakan wakatu nan cukuik lamo (8-9 bulan), aka kalua setelah 134 hari<ref name="Polo" />) namun batang baru hasia cangkokan alah dapek babuah diumua sekitar duo tahun.<ref name="sleman" /> Kelemahannyo, persen kematian anakan hasil cangkokan cukuik gadang.<ref name="verheij_232" /> Lagi pulo pertumbuhannyo indak sabara kuatnyo.<ref name="ipteknet" /> Kambang biak sacaro modern nan kini banyak dikarajoan adolah jo caro [[Penyambungan|sambuang pucuak]] (''grafting''). Teknik iko mamungkinkan sipai-sipaik genetik batang ateh anakan nan dihasiakan samo jo induaknyo, samantaro wakatu tunggunyo dipasingek manjadi 5–6 tahun. Anakan hasia sambuang pucuak iko juo labiah kuek peranakannyo daripado anakan hasia cangkokan.<ref name="woto" /> [[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1724_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|220x220px|Memilah duku yang baru dipanen.]] == Panyebaran jo namo-namo lokal == Wilayah asal usul duku membantang dari sekitar [[Siam]], [[Semenanjung Tanah Melayu]] sampai [[Borneo]] di timur, tamasuak juo [[Filipina]]. Di daerah-daerah itu, duku ditanam sebagai salah ciek buah-buahan nan pantiang. Bahkan varietas-varietas lia atau nan maliaa dapek ditamui di alam. Kini duku juo dibudidayakan, walau indak banyak, di [[Vietnam]], [[Burma]], [[Srilanka]], [[India]], [[Australia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Suriname]], dan [[Puerto Rico]].<ref name="verheij_232" /><ref name="Morton1987" /> Duku dikenal juo jo banyak namo, sarupo ''langsak'', ''langseh'', ''langsep'', ''lansa'' ([[Malaysia|Mal.]]); ''lansones'', ''lanzone'', ''lanzon'', dan ''buahan'', ([[Filipina|Fil.]]); ''langsad'', ''longkong'' ([[Thailand]]); ''lòn bon'' dan ''bòn bon'' (Vietnam); ''langsak'', ''duku'' (Burma); sarato ''gadu guda'' (Srilanka). Dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] juo disabuik sebagai ''langsat'' dan ''duku''.<ref name="Morton1987" /><ref name="icraf">[http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776 ''Lansium domesticum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/62zFhRjSs?url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776|date=2011-11-06}} pada [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/index.asp ICRAF AgroforestryTree Database]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. diakses 27/10/08.</ref> Di Indonesia sendiri duku disabuik jo berbagai namo, nan mirip maupun nan indak. Misalnyo ''langsat'' (umum); ''lansat, lancat'' ([[Aceh]] dan [[Sumatra Utara|Sumut]]); ''lasé'' ([[Bahasa Nias|Nias]]); ''langsék'' ([[Minangkabau|Min.]]); ''langsak'' ([[Bahasa Komering|Komering]]) ''langsak, lasak, rarsak, rasak'' ([[Lampung]]); ''lansét, lasat, losot, léhat, lihat, rihat, richat'' ([[Kalimantan|Kal.]]); ''lansa, lasat, lasot, lansot, dansot, ranso, lantat'' ([[Sulawesi Utara|Sulut]]); ''lansa, lasa, lasé, lésé'' ([[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulsel]]); ''lasat, lasaté, lasété, nasaté, lasato, lalasat, lasa'' ([[Maluku]]) dan sejenisnya. Serta ''langsat, langsep'' dan ''duku, dukuh'' ([[Bahasa Jawa|Jw.]]); ''kokosan, pisitan, bijitan'' ([[Bahasa Sunda|Sd.]]); ''pijetan, celuring'' (Jw.); ''celoréng'' ([[Bahasa Madura|Md.]]; ''celoring, ceroring'' ([[Bahasa Bali|Bali]]); dan lain-lain.<ref name="heyne_1126" /> == Padagangan == Negara-negara panghasia utamo duku adolah Malaysia, Thailand, Filipina dan Indonesia. Namun umumnyo duku habis dimakan di dalam negeri masiang-masiang, kecuali saketek nan diekspor ka [[Singapura]] dan [[Hongkong]]. Duku juo alun manembus pasa buah-buahan di [[Eropa]] jo [[Benua Amerika|Amerika]].<ref name="verheij_232" /> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} == Pranala lua == {{commons|Lansium domesticum}} * {{id}} Deskripi di [http://www.kehati.or.id/florakita/printer.php?photoid=843 Kehati]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} * {{en}} Fruits of Warm Climates: [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/langsat.html Langsat] * {{en}} ICRAF: [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776 ''Lansium domesticum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/62zFhRjSs?url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776|date=2011-11-06}} * {{en}} Famous Tropical Fruit: [http://tropical-fruits.blogspot.com/2006/09/duku-lansium-domesticum.html Duku] {{Taxonbar|from=Q860731}} hilrd6ugehohs5ehzxptn6g6fneswzp 0 385901 2443635 2442728 2022-07-28T05:04:25Z Onyaso 7250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Sungai Musi <br> ''Sungi Musi'' سوڠي موسي <br>''Bioa Musêi''|image=South Sumatra, Palembang, Ampera bridge.jpg|image_size=|image_caption=Sungai Musi dengan Jembatan Ampera|pushpin_map=Indonesia Sumatra#Indonesia|pushpin_map_caption=Lokasi muara|source1=[[Pegunungan Bukit Barisan]]|source1_location=[[Bukit Kelam]],<ref name="Kompas.id">{{cite web |last1= Widiantoro |first1=Wisnu |last2=J. P. |first2=Slamet |title=Jelajah Musi 2010: Susahnya Mencari Titik Hulu Musi |url=https://jelajah.kompas.id/jelajah-musi-2010/baca/jelajah-musi-2010-susahnya-mencari-titik-hulu-musi/ |website=Kompas.id |date=8 Mret 2010 |access-date= 5 Desember 2021}}</ref> [[Kabupaten Rejang Lebong]]|mouth=[[Selat Bangka]], [[Laut China Selatan]]|mouth_location=Kota Sungsang|subdivision_type1=[[Negara]]|subdivision_name1={{flag|Indonesia}}|state=[[Sumatra Selatan]]|length={{cvt|720|km}}|source1_elevation=|width_avg=<!-- {{cvt|5.58|m}}-->|watershed={{cvt|30000|km2}}|basin_size={{cvt|402|km2}}|basin_population=<!--1,346,520 (2015)-->|lat_d=-2.34308|long_d=104.91773|timezone_label=Asia/Jakarta|utc_offset=+7|timezone=[[Waktu Indonesia Barat|WIB]]|geonames=1634647}}'''Sungai Musi''', juo dikenal sebagai '''''Sungi Musi''''' ([[Aksara Palembang|Jawi]]: '''''سوڠي موسي''''') dalam [[bahasa Melayu Palembang|bahaso Melayu Palembang]] atau '''''Bioa Musêi''''' ('''''Bioa Musai''''') dalam [[bahasa Rejang]],{{sfn|Handayani|2014|pp=33, 51, 64, 98}} adolah sabuah [[sungai]] lintas provinsi, nan maaliri wilayah provinsi [[Bengkulu]] dan [[Sumatra Selatan]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/1634647/air%20musi.html Air Musi] - Geonames.org.</ref> Dengan panjang 720&nbsp;km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jelajah.kompas.id/jelajah-musi-2010/baca/jelajah-musi-2010-selalu-banjir-tetapi-masih-sepenting-dulu/|title=Jelajah Musi 2010: Selalu Banjir, tetapi Masih Sepenting Dulu|date=8 Maret 2010|website=Kompas.id|access-date=5 Desember 2021|author=Tim Ekspedisi Jelajah Musi 2010}}</ref> indak jauah dari muaronyo di Selat Bangka, sungai iko mambalah [[Kota Palembang]] manjadi duo bagian, Ilir dan Ulu. Kadua bagian itu dihubungkan oleh [[Jembatan Ampera]] nan marupokan ikon Palembang dan tiga jambatan lainnyo. Sajak jaman [[Sriwijaya|Kerajaan Sriwijaya]] sampai kini, sungai iko terkenal sebagai sarana transportasi utamo bagi [[masyarakat]]. == Geografi == Sungai musi iko mengalir di bagian [[selatan]] pulau [[Sumatra]] nan ber[[iklim hutan hujan tropis]] (kode: ''Af'' menurut [[klasifikasi iklim Köppen-Geiger]]).<ref name="koppen">{{Cite journal|last1=Peel|first1=M C|last2=Finlayson|first2=B L|last3=McMahon|first3=T A|date=<!-- 01/30/2016-->|year=2007|title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification|url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=11|pages=1633-1644|doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 January 2016|<!--sid = 1633-1644-->}}</ref> Suhu rato-rato satahun sekitar 24&nbsp;°C. Bulan paliang angek adolah [[Juli]], dengan suhu rato-rato 26&nbsp;°C, dan paliang dingin di bulan [[Februari]], sekitar 23&nbsp;°C.<ref name="nasa">{{Cite web|url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title=NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|date=30 January 2016|publisher=NASA}}</ref> Curah hujan rato-rato tahunan adaoah 2579&nbsp;mm. Bulan dengan curah hujan paliang tinggi adolah [[April]], dengan rata-rata 344&nbsp;mm, dan yang terendah [[September]], rata-rata 99&nbsp;mm.<ref name="nasarain">{{Cite web|url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|title=NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|date=30 January 2016|publisher=NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> === Ulu sungai === Hulu Sungai Musi talatak di Bukit Kelam, sekitar 15 kilometer dari [[Curup, Rejang Lebong|Curup]], ibu kota [[Kabupaten Rejang Lebong]], Provinsi Bengkulu.<ref>[http://katalog.limnologi.lipi.go.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=1321&keywords= Perpustakaan Digital Limnologi]</ref><ref name="Kompas.id" /> Air sungai Musi di titik paling awalnyo memancar dari dasar tebing di Bukit Kelam, dengan leba 5 meter dan kadalaman samato kaki, dengan dasar sungainyo barupo batu-batu kerikil. Aia dari tabing itu turun ka arah tenggara dan samakin mangadang setelah menyatu jo aia dari sumber-sumber lain, tamasuak puluhan anak sungai, dan mailia sampai 720 km panjangnyo sabalun barmuaro ke [[Selat Bangka]].<ref name="Kompas.id" /> Bagian hulu sungai iko dalam kebudayaan Rejang dikenal sebagai ''[[Luak (Rejang)|Luak Ulu Musi]]''. === Hidrologi === Sungai Musi mambalah [[Kota Palembang]] manjadi duo bagian kawasan, yaitu [[Seberang Ilir]] di bagian utara dan [[Seberang Ulu]] di bagian selatan. Sungai Musi, sarato jo sungai lainnyo, mambantuak sabuah [[delta]] di dekat Kota Sungsang. Sungai Musi disabuik juo "Batanghari Sembilan" nan artinyo sambilan sungai gadang, mukasuik sambilan sungai gadang adolah Sungai Musi basarato salapan sungai gadang nan bamuaro di [[sungai Musi]]. Adopun salapan sungai nan disabuikan diantaronyo:<ref name="indonesiabercerita">Yoana Dianika, Redy Kuswanto, Ruwi Meita, ''et al''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcAjDwAAQBAJ&dq=Anak+sungai++Rawas&source=gbs_navlinks_s Indonesia Bercerita: Kisah-Kisah Rakyat yang Terlupakan]. Pustaka Alvabet, Apr 1, 2017. ISBN 6026577084. Hlm. 133</ref><ref name="jelajah">[https://books.google.com/books?id=nAiz-BeJU_wC&pg=PR18&lpg=PR18&dq=Anak+sungai++Rawas&source=bl&ots=IJn9sZNwUv&sig=9PaRKCcTKgfL3NzZzzGFOg2D84w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU5sPKhvPfAhUEP60KHRjjBOgQ6AEwDnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Anak%20sungai%20%20Rawas&f=false Jelajah Musi: eksotika sungai di ujung senja: laporan jurnalistik Kompas] Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2010. ISBN 9797094855</ref> # [[Sungai Komering]] # [[Sungai Rawas]] # [[Sungai Leko]] # [[Sungai Lakitan]] # [[Sungai Kelingi]] # [[Sungai Lematang]] # [[Sungai Rupit]] # [[Sungai Ogan]] Lahan salueh s 3 juta [[ha]] di [[daerah aliran sungai]] (DAS) Musi dianggap kritis akibat maraknyo panabangan pohon sacaro liar. Kondisi itu dapek memicu [[banjir bandang]] dan [[tanah longsor]]. DAS Musi secara geografis talatak pada 103° 34’ 12 “ – 105°&nbsp; 0’ 36” BT dan 02° 58’ 12”&nbsp; - &nbsp;04° 59’ 24” LS dengan luas 7.760.222, 86 Ha.&nbsp; Sacaro administrasi DAS Musi tamasuak dalam 4 (ampek) provinsi yaitu Sumatra Selatan,&nbsp;Bengkulu, Jambi dan Lampung. Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Sumatra Selatan nan masuak ka dalam DAS Musi maliputi 17 (tujuh belas) Kabupaten/Kota atau sadoalah Kabupaten/Kota nan tadapek di&nbsp;Provinsi Sumatra Selatan. Kabupaten di Provinsi Bengkulu nan masuak di DAS Musi meliputi&nbsp;Kabupaten Rejang Lebong dan Kabupaten Kepahiang, sadangkan&nbsp;Kabupaten di Provinsi Jambi nan masuak di DAS Musi meliputi Kabupaten Sarolangun, Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Timur, Kabupaten Batanghari, dan Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. Dan kabupaten di Provinsi Lampung Barat nan masuak di DAS Musi meliputi Kabupaten Lampung Barat dan Kabupaten Way Kanan. DAS Musi babatasan samo DAS Ketahun di sabalah barat dan DAS Batanghari di sabalah utara.{{sfn|Kusuma|2007|pp=134}} DAS Musi tabagi ka dalam 22 Sub DAS, yaitu Sub DAS Banyuasin, Sub DAS Batang Pelidang, Sub DAS Batanghari Leko, Sub DAS Baung, Sub DAS Bungin, Sub DAS Calik, Sub DAS Deras, Sub DAS Kelingi, Sub DAS Kikim, Sub DAS Komering, Sub DAS Lakitan, Sub DAS Lalan, Sub DAS Lematang, Sub DAS Macan, Sub DAS Medak, Sub DAS Musi Hilir, Sub DAS Musi Hulu, Sub DAS Ogan, Sub DAS Rawas, Sub DAS Soleh, Sub DAS Semangus dan Sub DAS Sugihan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fdas.sumsel.org/index.php/web/detartikel/234|title=Cakupan Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Musi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414222907/http://fdas.sumsel.org/index.php/web/detartikel/234|archive-date=2016-04-14|dead-url=yes|access-date=2016-04-02}}</ref> == Objek wisata == * [[Jembatan Ampera]] * Benteng Kuto Besak * Restoran terapung Riverside * Restoran terapung Warung Legenda * Rumah Rakit * Pulau Kemaro * Bagus Kuning * Sungai Gerong * Pasar 16 Ilir * Kampung Kapitan * Kampung Arab == Galeri == <gallery> File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gezicht over Palembang aan de Musi rivier TMnr 20018417.jpg|Sungai Musi di Palembang File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gezicht op de Moesi rivier bij Palembang TMnr 10010493.jpg|Sungai Musi di Palembang Berkas:Sungaimusikalasenja.jpg|Sungai Musi dengan Jembatan Ampera sebagai latar belakang Berkas:Ampera Bridge at Noon, Palembang.jpg|Jembatan Ampera pada tengah hari, Palembang </gallery> == Caliak pulo == * [[Daftar sungai di Indonesia]] * [[Daftar sungai di Sumatra]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Daftar pustaka == === Makalah untuk konferensi, seminar, dan simposium === * {{cite conference|last=Kusuma|first=Desi Widia|title=Identifikasi dan Alternatif Pemulihan Lahan Akses Terbuka (LAT) pada Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Batang Hari Hulu|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/PROSIDING_SEMINAR_NASIONAL_PENGELOLAAN_D/NY5SDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=sungai+ketahun&pg=PT144&printsec=frontcover|publisher=Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Riau|location=Pekanbaru|conference=Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai Secara Terpadu 2017|access-date=4 Desember 2021|pages=134|ref=harv}} === Skripsi === * {{cite thesis|url=http://repository.unib.ac.id/8249/2/IV%2CV%2CLAMP%2CII-14-wur.FK.pdf|title=Analisis Fungsi Sosial Bahasa dalam Lirik Lagu Rejang di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong|last=Handayani|first=Wuri|date=2014|publisher=[[Universitas Bengkulu]]|page=33, 51, 64, 98|quote=''Bioa ba musei kunai ba Cu'up'' (Air Musi berasal dari curup), ''bioa ne bersih melitas tebo'' (airnya bersih melintasi gunung)|ref=harv}} == Pranala lua == * {{id}} [http://www.balarpalembang.go.id/sidda_tri.htm Indikasi perdagangan di DAS Musi masa klasik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124151357/http://www.balarpalembang.go.id/sidda_tri.htm|date=2005-11-24}} * {{id}} [http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0411/02/daerah/1358453.htm Riwayatmu Kini...], ''KOMPAS'' * {{id}} [http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0601/24/daerah/2388883.htm "3 Juta Hektar DAS Sungai Musi Kritis"], ''KOMPAS'' * {{id}} [http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0305/14/daerah/312548.htm "Eceng Gondok Ganggu Pelayaran di Sungai Musi"], ''KOMPAS'' * {{en}} [http://www.arcbc.org.ph/wetlands/indonesia/idn_banyuasinmusi.htm Banyuasin Musi River Delta conservation information] 52t3m1o2iitl3l4r9qb36fyetw6ic8h 2443636 2443635 2022-07-28T05:04:56Z Onyaso 7250 Mambuek [[Kategori:Sungai di Indonesia]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Sungai Musi <br> ''Sungi Musi'' سوڠي موسي <br>''Bioa Musêi''|image=South Sumatra, Palembang, Ampera bridge.jpg|image_size=|image_caption=Sungai Musi dengan Jembatan Ampera|pushpin_map=Indonesia Sumatra#Indonesia|pushpin_map_caption=Lokasi muara|source1=[[Pegunungan Bukit Barisan]]|source1_location=[[Bukit Kelam]],<ref name="Kompas.id">{{cite web |last1= Widiantoro |first1=Wisnu |last2=J. P. |first2=Slamet |title=Jelajah Musi 2010: Susahnya Mencari Titik Hulu Musi |url=https://jelajah.kompas.id/jelajah-musi-2010/baca/jelajah-musi-2010-susahnya-mencari-titik-hulu-musi/ |website=Kompas.id |date=8 Mret 2010 |access-date= 5 Desember 2021}}</ref> [[Kabupaten Rejang Lebong]]|mouth=[[Selat Bangka]], [[Laut China Selatan]]|mouth_location=Kota Sungsang|subdivision_type1=[[Negara]]|subdivision_name1={{flag|Indonesia}}|state=[[Sumatra Selatan]]|length={{cvt|720|km}}|source1_elevation=|width_avg=<!-- {{cvt|5.58|m}}-->|watershed={{cvt|30000|km2}}|basin_size={{cvt|402|km2}}|basin_population=<!--1,346,520 (2015)-->|lat_d=-2.34308|long_d=104.91773|timezone_label=Asia/Jakarta|utc_offset=+7|timezone=[[Waktu Indonesia Barat|WIB]]|geonames=1634647}}'''Sungai Musi''', juo dikenal sebagai '''''Sungi Musi''''' ([[Aksara Palembang|Jawi]]: '''''سوڠي موسي''''') dalam [[bahasa Melayu Palembang|bahaso Melayu Palembang]] atau '''''Bioa Musêi''''' ('''''Bioa Musai''''') dalam [[bahasa Rejang]],{{sfn|Handayani|2014|pp=33, 51, 64, 98}} adolah sabuah [[sungai]] lintas provinsi, nan maaliri wilayah provinsi [[Bengkulu]] dan [[Sumatra Selatan]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/1634647/air%20musi.html Air Musi] - Geonames.org.</ref> Dengan panjang 720&nbsp;km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jelajah.kompas.id/jelajah-musi-2010/baca/jelajah-musi-2010-selalu-banjir-tetapi-masih-sepenting-dulu/|title=Jelajah Musi 2010: Selalu Banjir, tetapi Masih Sepenting Dulu|date=8 Maret 2010|website=Kompas.id|access-date=5 Desember 2021|author=Tim Ekspedisi Jelajah Musi 2010}}</ref> indak jauah dari muaronyo di Selat Bangka, sungai iko mambalah [[Kota Palembang]] manjadi duo bagian, Ilir dan Ulu. Kadua bagian itu dihubungkan oleh [[Jembatan Ampera]] nan marupokan ikon Palembang dan tiga jambatan lainnyo. Sajak jaman [[Sriwijaya|Kerajaan Sriwijaya]] sampai kini, sungai iko terkenal sebagai sarana transportasi utamo bagi [[masyarakat]]. == Geografi == Sungai musi iko mengalir di bagian [[selatan]] pulau [[Sumatra]] nan ber[[iklim hutan hujan tropis]] (kode: ''Af'' menurut [[klasifikasi iklim Köppen-Geiger]]).<ref name="koppen">{{Cite journal|last1=Peel|first1=M C|last2=Finlayson|first2=B L|last3=McMahon|first3=T A|date=<!-- 01/30/2016-->|year=2007|title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification|url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=11|pages=1633-1644|doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 January 2016|<!--sid = 1633-1644-->}}</ref> Suhu rato-rato satahun sekitar 24&nbsp;°C. Bulan paliang angek adolah [[Juli]], dengan suhu rato-rato 26&nbsp;°C, dan paliang dingin di bulan [[Februari]], sekitar 23&nbsp;°C.<ref name="nasa">{{Cite web|url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title=NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|date=30 January 2016|publisher=NASA}}</ref> Curah hujan rato-rato tahunan adaoah 2579&nbsp;mm. Bulan dengan curah hujan paliang tinggi adolah [[April]], dengan rata-rata 344&nbsp;mm, dan yang terendah [[September]], rata-rata 99&nbsp;mm.<ref name="nasarain">{{Cite web|url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|title=NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|date=30 January 2016|publisher=NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> === Ulu sungai === Hulu Sungai Musi talatak di Bukit Kelam, sekitar 15 kilometer dari [[Curup, Rejang Lebong|Curup]], ibu kota [[Kabupaten Rejang Lebong]], Provinsi Bengkulu.<ref>[http://katalog.limnologi.lipi.go.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=1321&keywords= Perpustakaan Digital Limnologi]</ref><ref name="Kompas.id" /> Air sungai Musi di titik paling awalnyo memancar dari dasar tebing di Bukit Kelam, dengan leba 5 meter dan kadalaman samato kaki, dengan dasar sungainyo barupo batu-batu kerikil. Aia dari tabing itu turun ka arah tenggara dan samakin mangadang setelah menyatu jo aia dari sumber-sumber lain, tamasuak puluhan anak sungai, dan mailia sampai 720 km panjangnyo sabalun barmuaro ke [[Selat Bangka]].<ref name="Kompas.id" /> Bagian hulu sungai iko dalam kebudayaan Rejang dikenal sebagai ''[[Luak (Rejang)|Luak Ulu Musi]]''. === Hidrologi === Sungai Musi mambalah [[Kota Palembang]] manjadi duo bagian kawasan, yaitu [[Seberang Ilir]] di bagian utara dan [[Seberang Ulu]] di bagian selatan. Sungai Musi, sarato jo sungai lainnyo, mambantuak sabuah [[delta]] di dekat Kota Sungsang. Sungai Musi disabuik juo "Batanghari Sembilan" nan artinyo sambilan sungai gadang, mukasuik sambilan sungai gadang adolah Sungai Musi basarato salapan sungai gadang nan bamuaro di [[sungai Musi]]. Adopun salapan sungai nan disabuikan diantaronyo:<ref name="indonesiabercerita">Yoana Dianika, Redy Kuswanto, Ruwi Meita, ''et al''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcAjDwAAQBAJ&dq=Anak+sungai++Rawas&source=gbs_navlinks_s Indonesia Bercerita: Kisah-Kisah Rakyat yang Terlupakan]. Pustaka Alvabet, Apr 1, 2017. ISBN 6026577084. Hlm. 133</ref><ref name="jelajah">[https://books.google.com/books?id=nAiz-BeJU_wC&pg=PR18&lpg=PR18&dq=Anak+sungai++Rawas&source=bl&ots=IJn9sZNwUv&sig=9PaRKCcTKgfL3NzZzzGFOg2D84w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU5sPKhvPfAhUEP60KHRjjBOgQ6AEwDnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Anak%20sungai%20%20Rawas&f=false Jelajah Musi: eksotika sungai di ujung senja: laporan jurnalistik Kompas] Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2010. ISBN 9797094855</ref> # [[Sungai Komering]] # [[Sungai Rawas]] # [[Sungai Leko]] # [[Sungai Lakitan]] # [[Sungai Kelingi]] # [[Sungai Lematang]] # [[Sungai Rupit]] # [[Sungai Ogan]] Lahan salueh s 3 juta [[ha]] di [[daerah aliran sungai]] (DAS) Musi dianggap kritis akibat maraknyo panabangan pohon sacaro liar. Kondisi itu dapek memicu [[banjir bandang]] dan [[tanah longsor]]. DAS Musi secara geografis talatak pada 103° 34’ 12 “ – 105°&nbsp; 0’ 36” BT dan 02° 58’ 12”&nbsp; - &nbsp;04° 59’ 24” LS dengan luas 7.760.222, 86 Ha.&nbsp; Sacaro administrasi DAS Musi tamasuak dalam 4 (ampek) provinsi yaitu Sumatra Selatan,&nbsp;Bengkulu, Jambi dan Lampung. Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Sumatra Selatan nan masuak ka dalam DAS Musi maliputi 17 (tujuh belas) Kabupaten/Kota atau sadoalah Kabupaten/Kota nan tadapek di&nbsp;Provinsi Sumatra Selatan. Kabupaten di Provinsi Bengkulu nan masuak di DAS Musi meliputi&nbsp;Kabupaten Rejang Lebong dan Kabupaten Kepahiang, sadangkan&nbsp;Kabupaten di Provinsi Jambi nan masuak di DAS Musi meliputi Kabupaten Sarolangun, Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Timur, Kabupaten Batanghari, dan Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. Dan kabupaten di Provinsi Lampung Barat nan masuak di DAS Musi meliputi Kabupaten Lampung Barat dan Kabupaten Way Kanan. DAS Musi babatasan samo DAS Ketahun di sabalah barat dan DAS Batanghari di sabalah utara.{{sfn|Kusuma|2007|pp=134}} DAS Musi tabagi ka dalam 22 Sub DAS, yaitu Sub DAS Banyuasin, Sub DAS Batang Pelidang, Sub DAS Batanghari Leko, Sub DAS Baung, Sub DAS Bungin, Sub DAS Calik, Sub DAS Deras, Sub DAS Kelingi, Sub DAS Kikim, Sub DAS Komering, Sub DAS Lakitan, Sub DAS Lalan, Sub DAS Lematang, Sub DAS Macan, Sub DAS Medak, Sub DAS Musi Hilir, Sub DAS Musi Hulu, Sub DAS Ogan, Sub DAS Rawas, Sub DAS Soleh, Sub DAS Semangus dan Sub DAS Sugihan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fdas.sumsel.org/index.php/web/detartikel/234|title=Cakupan Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Musi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414222907/http://fdas.sumsel.org/index.php/web/detartikel/234|archive-date=2016-04-14|dead-url=yes|access-date=2016-04-02}}</ref> == Objek wisata == * [[Jembatan Ampera]] * Benteng Kuto Besak * Restoran terapung Riverside * Restoran terapung Warung Legenda * Rumah Rakit * Pulau Kemaro * Bagus Kuning * Sungai Gerong * Pasar 16 Ilir * Kampung Kapitan * Kampung Arab == Galeri == <gallery> File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gezicht over Palembang aan de Musi rivier TMnr 20018417.jpg|Sungai Musi di Palembang File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gezicht op de Moesi rivier bij Palembang TMnr 10010493.jpg|Sungai Musi di Palembang Berkas:Sungaimusikalasenja.jpg|Sungai Musi dengan Jembatan Ampera sebagai latar belakang Berkas:Ampera Bridge at Noon, Palembang.jpg|Jembatan Ampera pada tengah hari, Palembang </gallery> == Caliak pulo == * [[Daftar sungai di Indonesia]] * [[Daftar sungai di Sumatra]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Daftar pustaka == === Makalah untuk konferensi, seminar, dan simposium === * {{cite conference|last=Kusuma|first=Desi Widia|title=Identifikasi dan Alternatif Pemulihan Lahan Akses Terbuka (LAT) pada Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Batang Hari Hulu|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/PROSIDING_SEMINAR_NASIONAL_PENGELOLAAN_D/NY5SDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=sungai+ketahun&pg=PT144&printsec=frontcover|publisher=Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Riau|location=Pekanbaru|conference=Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai Secara Terpadu 2017|access-date=4 Desember 2021|pages=134|ref=harv}} === Skripsi === * {{cite thesis|url=http://repository.unib.ac.id/8249/2/IV%2CV%2CLAMP%2CII-14-wur.FK.pdf|title=Analisis Fungsi Sosial Bahasa dalam Lirik Lagu Rejang di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong|last=Handayani|first=Wuri|date=2014|publisher=[[Universitas Bengkulu]]|page=33, 51, 64, 98|quote=''Bioa ba musei kunai ba Cu'up'' (Air Musi berasal dari curup), ''bioa ne bersih melitas tebo'' (airnya bersih melintasi gunung)|ref=harv}} == Pranala lua == * {{id}} [http://www.balarpalembang.go.id/sidda_tri.htm Indikasi perdagangan di DAS Musi masa klasik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124151357/http://www.balarpalembang.go.id/sidda_tri.htm|date=2005-11-24}} * {{id}} [http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0411/02/daerah/1358453.htm Riwayatmu Kini...], ''KOMPAS'' * {{id}} [http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0601/24/daerah/2388883.htm "3 Juta Hektar DAS Sungai Musi Kritis"], ''KOMPAS'' * {{id}} [http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0305/14/daerah/312548.htm "Eceng Gondok Ganggu Pelayaran di Sungai Musi"], ''KOMPAS'' * {{en}} [http://www.arcbc.org.ph/wetlands/indonesia/idn_banyuasinmusi.htm Banyuasin Musi River Delta conservation information] [[Kategori:Sungai di Indonesia]] 5qc3hiunw1gryn8pvod726fc7y0wiyp 2443637 2443636 2022-07-28T05:05:14Z Onyaso 7250 Mambuek [[Kategori:Sungai di Sumatera Selatan]] manggunoan [[Bantuan:HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Sungai Musi <br> ''Sungi Musi'' سوڠي موسي <br>''Bioa Musêi''|image=South Sumatra, Palembang, Ampera bridge.jpg|image_size=|image_caption=Sungai Musi dengan Jembatan Ampera|pushpin_map=Indonesia Sumatra#Indonesia|pushpin_map_caption=Lokasi muara|source1=[[Pegunungan Bukit Barisan]]|source1_location=[[Bukit Kelam]],<ref name="Kompas.id">{{cite web |last1= Widiantoro |first1=Wisnu |last2=J. P. |first2=Slamet |title=Jelajah Musi 2010: Susahnya Mencari Titik Hulu Musi |url=https://jelajah.kompas.id/jelajah-musi-2010/baca/jelajah-musi-2010-susahnya-mencari-titik-hulu-musi/ |website=Kompas.id |date=8 Mret 2010 |access-date= 5 Desember 2021}}</ref> [[Kabupaten Rejang Lebong]]|mouth=[[Selat Bangka]], [[Laut China Selatan]]|mouth_location=Kota Sungsang|subdivision_type1=[[Negara]]|subdivision_name1={{flag|Indonesia}}|state=[[Sumatra Selatan]]|length={{cvt|720|km}}|source1_elevation=|width_avg=<!-- {{cvt|5.58|m}}-->|watershed={{cvt|30000|km2}}|basin_size={{cvt|402|km2}}|basin_population=<!--1,346,520 (2015)-->|lat_d=-2.34308|long_d=104.91773|timezone_label=Asia/Jakarta|utc_offset=+7|timezone=[[Waktu Indonesia Barat|WIB]]|geonames=1634647}}'''Sungai Musi''', juo dikenal sebagai '''''Sungi Musi''''' ([[Aksara Palembang|Jawi]]: '''''سوڠي موسي''''') dalam [[bahasa Melayu Palembang|bahaso Melayu Palembang]] atau '''''Bioa Musêi''''' ('''''Bioa Musai''''') dalam [[bahasa Rejang]],{{sfn|Handayani|2014|pp=33, 51, 64, 98}} adolah sabuah [[sungai]] lintas provinsi, nan maaliri wilayah provinsi [[Bengkulu]] dan [[Sumatra Selatan]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/1634647/air%20musi.html Air Musi] - Geonames.org.</ref> Dengan panjang 720&nbsp;km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jelajah.kompas.id/jelajah-musi-2010/baca/jelajah-musi-2010-selalu-banjir-tetapi-masih-sepenting-dulu/|title=Jelajah Musi 2010: Selalu Banjir, tetapi Masih Sepenting Dulu|date=8 Maret 2010|website=Kompas.id|access-date=5 Desember 2021|author=Tim Ekspedisi Jelajah Musi 2010}}</ref> indak jauah dari muaronyo di Selat Bangka, sungai iko mambalah [[Kota Palembang]] manjadi duo bagian, Ilir dan Ulu. Kadua bagian itu dihubungkan oleh [[Jembatan Ampera]] nan marupokan ikon Palembang dan tiga jambatan lainnyo. Sajak jaman [[Sriwijaya|Kerajaan Sriwijaya]] sampai kini, sungai iko terkenal sebagai sarana transportasi utamo bagi [[masyarakat]]. == Geografi == Sungai musi iko mengalir di bagian [[selatan]] pulau [[Sumatra]] nan ber[[iklim hutan hujan tropis]] (kode: ''Af'' menurut [[klasifikasi iklim Köppen-Geiger]]).<ref name="koppen">{{Cite journal|last1=Peel|first1=M C|last2=Finlayson|first2=B L|last3=McMahon|first3=T A|date=<!-- 01/30/2016-->|year=2007|title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification|url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=11|pages=1633-1644|doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 January 2016|<!--sid = 1633-1644-->}}</ref> Suhu rato-rato satahun sekitar 24&nbsp;°C. Bulan paliang angek adolah [[Juli]], dengan suhu rato-rato 26&nbsp;°C, dan paliang dingin di bulan [[Februari]], sekitar 23&nbsp;°C.<ref name="nasa">{{Cite web|url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title=NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|date=30 January 2016|publisher=NASA}}</ref> Curah hujan rato-rato tahunan adaoah 2579&nbsp;mm. Bulan dengan curah hujan paliang tinggi adolah [[April]], dengan rata-rata 344&nbsp;mm, dan yang terendah [[September]], rata-rata 99&nbsp;mm.<ref name="nasarain">{{Cite web|url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|title=NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|date=30 January 2016|publisher=NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}</ref> === Ulu sungai === Hulu Sungai Musi talatak di Bukit Kelam, sekitar 15 kilometer dari [[Curup, Rejang Lebong|Curup]], ibu kota [[Kabupaten Rejang Lebong]], Provinsi Bengkulu.<ref>[http://katalog.limnologi.lipi.go.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=1321&keywords= Perpustakaan Digital Limnologi]</ref><ref name="Kompas.id" /> Air sungai Musi di titik paling awalnyo memancar dari dasar tebing di Bukit Kelam, dengan leba 5 meter dan kadalaman samato kaki, dengan dasar sungainyo barupo batu-batu kerikil. Aia dari tabing itu turun ka arah tenggara dan samakin mangadang setelah menyatu jo aia dari sumber-sumber lain, tamasuak puluhan anak sungai, dan mailia sampai 720 km panjangnyo sabalun barmuaro ke [[Selat Bangka]].<ref name="Kompas.id" /> Bagian hulu sungai iko dalam kebudayaan Rejang dikenal sebagai ''[[Luak (Rejang)|Luak Ulu Musi]]''. === Hidrologi === Sungai Musi mambalah [[Kota Palembang]] manjadi duo bagian kawasan, yaitu [[Seberang Ilir]] di bagian utara dan [[Seberang Ulu]] di bagian selatan. Sungai Musi, sarato jo sungai lainnyo, mambantuak sabuah [[delta]] di dekat Kota Sungsang. Sungai Musi disabuik juo "Batanghari Sembilan" nan artinyo sambilan sungai gadang, mukasuik sambilan sungai gadang adolah Sungai Musi basarato salapan sungai gadang nan bamuaro di [[sungai Musi]]. Adopun salapan sungai nan disabuikan diantaronyo:<ref name="indonesiabercerita">Yoana Dianika, Redy Kuswanto, Ruwi Meita, ''et al''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcAjDwAAQBAJ&dq=Anak+sungai++Rawas&source=gbs_navlinks_s Indonesia Bercerita: Kisah-Kisah Rakyat yang Terlupakan]. Pustaka Alvabet, Apr 1, 2017. ISBN 6026577084. Hlm. 133</ref><ref name="jelajah">[https://books.google.com/books?id=nAiz-BeJU_wC&pg=PR18&lpg=PR18&dq=Anak+sungai++Rawas&source=bl&ots=IJn9sZNwUv&sig=9PaRKCcTKgfL3NzZzzGFOg2D84w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU5sPKhvPfAhUEP60KHRjjBOgQ6AEwDnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Anak%20sungai%20%20Rawas&f=false Jelajah Musi: eksotika sungai di ujung senja: laporan jurnalistik Kompas] Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2010. ISBN 9797094855</ref> # [[Sungai Komering]] # [[Sungai Rawas]] # [[Sungai Leko]] # [[Sungai Lakitan]] # [[Sungai Kelingi]] # [[Sungai Lematang]] # [[Sungai Rupit]] # [[Sungai Ogan]] Lahan salueh s 3 juta [[ha]] di [[daerah aliran sungai]] (DAS) Musi dianggap kritis akibat maraknyo panabangan pohon sacaro liar. Kondisi itu dapek memicu [[banjir bandang]] dan [[tanah longsor]]. DAS Musi secara geografis talatak pada 103° 34’ 12 “ – 105°&nbsp; 0’ 36” BT dan 02° 58’ 12”&nbsp; - &nbsp;04° 59’ 24” LS dengan luas 7.760.222, 86 Ha.&nbsp; Sacaro administrasi DAS Musi tamasuak dalam 4 (ampek) provinsi yaitu Sumatra Selatan,&nbsp;Bengkulu, Jambi dan Lampung. Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Sumatra Selatan nan masuak ka dalam DAS Musi maliputi 17 (tujuh belas) Kabupaten/Kota atau sadoalah Kabupaten/Kota nan tadapek di&nbsp;Provinsi Sumatra Selatan. Kabupaten di Provinsi Bengkulu nan masuak di DAS Musi meliputi&nbsp;Kabupaten Rejang Lebong dan Kabupaten Kepahiang, sadangkan&nbsp;Kabupaten di Provinsi Jambi nan masuak di DAS Musi meliputi Kabupaten Sarolangun, Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Timur, Kabupaten Batanghari, dan Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. Dan kabupaten di Provinsi Lampung Barat nan masuak di DAS Musi meliputi Kabupaten Lampung Barat dan Kabupaten Way Kanan. DAS Musi babatasan samo DAS Ketahun di sabalah barat dan DAS Batanghari di sabalah utara.{{sfn|Kusuma|2007|pp=134}} DAS Musi tabagi ka dalam 22 Sub DAS, yaitu Sub DAS Banyuasin, Sub DAS Batang Pelidang, Sub DAS Batanghari Leko, Sub DAS Baung, Sub DAS Bungin, Sub DAS Calik, Sub DAS Deras, Sub DAS Kelingi, Sub DAS Kikim, Sub DAS Komering, Sub DAS Lakitan, Sub DAS Lalan, Sub DAS Lematang, Sub DAS Macan, Sub DAS Medak, Sub DAS Musi Hilir, Sub DAS Musi Hulu, Sub DAS Ogan, Sub DAS Rawas, Sub DAS Soleh, Sub DAS Semangus dan Sub DAS Sugihan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fdas.sumsel.org/index.php/web/detartikel/234|title=Cakupan Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Musi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414222907/http://fdas.sumsel.org/index.php/web/detartikel/234|archive-date=2016-04-14|dead-url=yes|access-date=2016-04-02}}</ref> == Objek wisata == * [[Jembatan Ampera]] * Benteng Kuto Besak * Restoran terapung Riverside * Restoran terapung Warung Legenda * Rumah Rakit * Pulau Kemaro * Bagus Kuning * Sungai Gerong * Pasar 16 Ilir * Kampung Kapitan * Kampung Arab == Galeri == <gallery> File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gezicht over Palembang aan de Musi rivier TMnr 20018417.jpg|Sungai Musi di Palembang File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gezicht op de Moesi rivier bij Palembang TMnr 10010493.jpg|Sungai Musi di Palembang Berkas:Sungaimusikalasenja.jpg|Sungai Musi dengan Jembatan Ampera sebagai latar belakang Berkas:Ampera Bridge at Noon, Palembang.jpg|Jembatan Ampera pada tengah hari, Palembang </gallery> == Caliak pulo == * [[Daftar sungai di Indonesia]] * [[Daftar sungai di Sumatra]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Daftar pustaka == === Makalah untuk konferensi, seminar, dan simposium === * {{cite conference|last=Kusuma|first=Desi Widia|title=Identifikasi dan Alternatif Pemulihan Lahan Akses Terbuka (LAT) pada Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Batang Hari Hulu|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/PROSIDING_SEMINAR_NASIONAL_PENGELOLAAN_D/NY5SDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=sungai+ketahun&pg=PT144&printsec=frontcover|publisher=Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Riau|location=Pekanbaru|conference=Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai Secara Terpadu 2017|access-date=4 Desember 2021|pages=134|ref=harv}} === Skripsi === * {{cite thesis|url=http://repository.unib.ac.id/8249/2/IV%2CV%2CLAMP%2CII-14-wur.FK.pdf|title=Analisis Fungsi Sosial Bahasa dalam Lirik Lagu Rejang di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong|last=Handayani|first=Wuri|date=2014|publisher=[[Universitas Bengkulu]]|page=33, 51, 64, 98|quote=''Bioa ba musei kunai ba Cu'up'' (Air Musi berasal dari curup), ''bioa ne bersih melitas tebo'' (airnya bersih melintasi gunung)|ref=harv}} == Pranala lua == * {{id}} [http://www.balarpalembang.go.id/sidda_tri.htm Indikasi perdagangan di DAS Musi masa klasik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124151357/http://www.balarpalembang.go.id/sidda_tri.htm|date=2005-11-24}} * {{id}} [http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0411/02/daerah/1358453.htm Riwayatmu Kini...], ''KOMPAS'' * {{id}} [http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0601/24/daerah/2388883.htm "3 Juta Hektar DAS Sungai Musi Kritis"], ''KOMPAS'' * {{id}} [http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0305/14/daerah/312548.htm "Eceng Gondok Ganggu Pelayaran di Sungai Musi"], ''KOMPAS'' * {{en}} [http://www.arcbc.org.ph/wetlands/indonesia/idn_banyuasinmusi.htm Banyuasin Musi River Delta conservation information] [[Kategori:Sungai di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Sungai di Sumatera Selatan]] 83ges12i7j3ua0ohvaufpvgp55ssk21 0 385902 2443638 2442730 2022-07-28T05:06:00Z Onyaso 7250 /* Sejarah */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox|bodystyle=width:30em;|abovestyle=background:#69A0F3|headerstyle=background:#69A0F3|labelstyle=width:40%;background:#B0C4DE|belowstyle=background:#FFFFFF|above=Taman Hutan Raya Bung Hatta|image={{#if:{{{converted|}}}|{{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[Berkas:{{{image}}}|{{#if:{{{imagesize|}}}|{{#ifexpr:250>={{#expr:{{{imagesize|}}}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}|250}}x450px|250x450px}}]]|{{#if:{{{noimage|}}}||[[Berkas:Comic image missing.svg|125px]]}}}}|{{#if:{{{image|}}}|{{{image}}}|{{#if:{{{noimage|}}}||[[Berkas:Welcome_THBH.jpg|200px]]}}}} }}|caption=<small>{{#if:{{{caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{#if:{{{image|}}}{{{noimage|}}}||Sambutan di Pintu Masuk Kawasan TRBH}}}}</small>|header1={{#if: {{{Jenis<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} {{{Lokasi|}}} {{{Koordinat|}}} {{{TaBer|}}} {{{Operasi|}}} {{{Status|}}} |Informasi Umum}}|label2=Jenis|data2=[[Cagar Alam]]|label3=Lokasi|data3=[[Indarung, Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Indarung]], [[Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Lubuk Kilangan]], [[Kota Padang|Padang]]|label4=Koordinat|data4={{coord|0|48.5|S|100|26|E|type:forest}}|label5=Tahun Berdiri|data5=1955|label6=Dioperasikan oleh|data6=Badan Pelaksana Pengelolaan Taman Hutan Raya Dr. Mohammad Hatta|label7=Status|data7=Terbuka untuk umum}}'''Taman Hutan Raya Bung Hatta''' adolah sabuah kawasan [[cagar alam]] [[hutan primer]] [[Sumatra Barat]] nan baguno untuak melestarikan plasma nutfah, palinduangan sumber daya alam, pendidikan dan penelitian, pembinaan cinta alam, dan sekaligus sebagai tampek rekreasi. TRBH marupokan bagian dari [[Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat]]. == Sijarah == Kawasan iko sebelumnyo marupokan lokasi Kebun Raya Setia Mulya nan peresmiannyo dilakukan langsuang oleh Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia, Dr. [[Mohammad Hatta]] di tahun 1955. Pado maso itu, pengelolaan kawasan iko marupokan tanggung jawab [[Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia|Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam]] atau nan saat iko dikenal jo sabutan LIPI. Tahun 1961 pengelolaan kawasan disarahkan kapado Pemerintah Daerah Tingkat I Sumatra Barat dan pada tahun 1981 pengelolaan disarahkan kepado [[Universitas Andalas]]. Pada tanggal 12 Agustus 1986, Wakil Presiden [[Umar Wirahadikusumah]] mangubah namo kawasan iko manjadi Taman Hutan Raya Dr. Mohammad Hatta malalui Keputusan Presiden No. 35 Tahun 1986 dengan luas 240 hektare dan dikelola oleh [[Kementerian Kehutanan Indonesia|Departemen Kehutanan]]. Untuak pangambangan di masa depan, luas kawasan iko kemudian manjadi 70.000 hektare lebih.<ref name="Dinparbud1">{{cite web|url=http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=8&lang=eng|title=Taman Hutan Raya Bung Hatta|publisher=Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Padang|location=Padang|language=Inggris|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222163634/http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=8&lang=eng|archive-date=2014-02-22|dead-url=yes|accessdate=29-01-2014}}</ref> Di tanggal 31 Januari 1991, pangelolaan kawasan iko disarahkan kapado Pemerintah Daerah Tingkat II [[Kota Padang|Kotamadya Padang]] dan salanjuiknyo mambantuak Badan Pelaksana Pengelolaan Taman Hutan Raya Dr. Mohammad Hatta nan tadiri atas unsur-unsur Pemerintah Daerah Tingkat II Kotamadya Padang, Universitas Andalas, dan instansi terkait.<ref name="Dinparbud">{{cite web|url=http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=8&lang=id|title=Taman Hutan Raya Bung Hatta|publisher=Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Padang|location=Padang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222163721/http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=8&lang=id|archive-date=2014-02-22|dead-url=yes|accessdate=29-01-2014}}</ref> == Topografi == Luas keseluruhan kawasan mancapai 70 ribu hektare. Sacaro umum kawasan iko marupokan kawasan pegunungan dan perbukitan nan barado pada ketinggian 300-700 [[Meter di atas permukaan laut|m dpl]] sarato marupokan bagian dari jajaran [[Bukit Barisan]] nan mambantang dari utara ka selatan. Dibandiangkan jo pusat Kota Padang, suhu di kawasan TRBH cukuik sajuak bekisar antaro 19-26˚C. Sadangkan curah hujan rato-rato di kawasan iko cukuik tinggi mancapai 6.000-7.000&nbsp;mm/tahun dengan kelembaban udaro berkisar antaro 52-89%.<ref name="Dinparbud" /> Arah angin di bulan April-Mei umumnyo mangarah ka timur dan barambuih dari arah Barat dan Barat Laut. Sadangkan di bulan Juni-September, angin barambuih dari Timur atau Tenggara ka arah Barat. Berdasarkan data tersebut di ateh, iklim di area TRBH tamasuak tipe iklim A berdasarkan [[Klasifikasi iklim#Klasifikasi Schmidt dan Ferguson|klasifikasi iklim menurut Schmidt dan Fergusson]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schmidt|first1=F.H.|last2=Ferguson|first2=J.H.A|title=Rainfall type based on wet and dry period ratio for Indonesia with Western New Gurinea|year=1951|publisher=Kementerian Perhubungan|language=Inggris}}</ref> Kawasan TRBH marupokan kawasan perembesan aia tanah bagi Kota Padang. Tanah panutuik nan mandominasi terdiri atas bongkahan batu [[andesit]], pasir [[lanau]], dan pasir [[lempung]] nan mengindikasikan bahwa perembesan air balangsuang lambek sampai sedang, tarutamo di bagian utara dan selatan area TRBH. Di dalam kawasan TRBH mangalir 14 buah sungai, babarapo diantaronyo bamuaro ka [[Padang]], sarpo [[Sungai Batang Arau|Batang Arau]], [[Sungai Batang Kuranji|Batang Kuranji]], dan [[Sungai Batang Air Dingin|Batang Air Dingin]]. == Sumber daya alam == TRBH marupokan sebuah 'surga' tropis nan manjanjikan dengan bantuak bentang alamnyo nan bergelombang dan curam ditumbuahi dek beraneka ragam jenis tanaman tropis nan masih asli dan dihuni dek ratusan jenis binatang khas Pulau Sumatra. Kondisi nan unik manjadikan kawasan iko sabagai medan jelajah dan pengamatan satwa liar. Di kawasan iko tadapek 352 jenis [[flora]] dan 170 jenis [[fauna]] nan dilindungi.<ref name="Dinparbud1" /> === Flora === Daya tarik utamo dari taman iko adolah bungo raksasa, ''[[Patma raksasa|Rafflesia arnoldii]]'', bungo paliang gadang di dunia. Diagiah namo ''Rafflesia arnoldii'' sasuai jo nama Wakil Gubernur Pemerintahan Inggris, [[Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles|Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles]] nan pernah tingga di [[Bengkulu]] dalam waktu nan lamo, dan ahli botani Joseph Arnold nan partamo kali manamukan bungo iko di lereng pagunuangan Bukit Barisan.<ref name="Kemenpar">{{cite web|url=http://www.indonesia.travel/id/destination/58/taman-raya-bung-hatta|title=Taman Hutan Raya Bung Hatta|publisher=[[Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif Indonesia|Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif Republik Indonesia]]|accessdate=29-01-2014}}</ref> Bungo iko adolah suatu keajaiban nan langka. mamaralukan wakatu sampai 10 bulan untuak berkembang dan hanyo kambang salamo sekitar 15 hari. Katiko kambang sacaro panuah, mampunyoi diameter satu meter. Tanaman iko indak punyo akar jo batang, tetapi tadiri dari banang sarupo tumbuhan tanaman manjala. Bung0-bungonyo biasonyo kambang antaro bulan Juli dan September. Bungo iko terkenal bukan karano ukurannyo nan gadang, tapi karano baunnyo nan busuak.<ref name="Kemenpar" /> Flora lainnyo nan dapek ditamukan antaro lain: [[kuweni]] (''Mangifera indica''), [[sirsak]] (''Annona muricata''), [[srikaya]] (''Annona reticulata''), [[durian]] (''Durio zibethinus''), [[kemiri]] (''Aleurites moluccana''), ''[[Antidesma montanum]]'', ''[[Aporusa benthamiana]]'', ''[[Bischofia javanica]]'', ''[[Clauxylon polot]]'', ''[[Euphorbia pulcherrima]]'', ''[[Glochidion obscurum]]'', ''[[Mallotus paniculatus]]'', [[kulit kayu manis]] (''Cinnamomum burmannii''), dan sebagainya.<ref name="Dinparbud" /> === Fauna === Fauna nan dapek ditamui di TRBH antaro lain: [[Kambing-hutan sumatera|kambing hutan]] (''Nemorrhaidus sumatrensis''), [[kijang]] (''Muntiacus muntjak''), [[rusa]] (''Cervus unicolor''), [[tapir]] (''Tapirus indicus''), [[harimau sumatera]] (''Panthera tigris sumatrensis''), [[beruk]] (''Macaca nemestrina''), [[Monyet kra|kera ekor panjang]] (''Macaca fascicularis''), [[siamang]] (''Hylobates syndactylus''), [[rangkong]] (''Buceros''), dan sebagainya.<ref name="Dinparbud" /> == Fasilitas == Kawasan TRBH mampunyoi pintu masuak nan dilengkapi dengan loket tampek manjua karcis. Di area utamo tasadio tampek parkir nan cukuik laweh. Di area iko juo disadiokan fasilitas ''guest house'' dengan kapasitas 50 orang sakaligus ada juo ruang makan dan toilet umum nan cukuik layak pakai. Nan indak kalah pantiang, di kawasan iko juo tasadio tampek beribadah. Koleksi sejarah barupo dukumentasi dari Dr. Mohammad Hatta dapek dicaliak di pusat informasi. Patung Dr. Mohammad Hatta sarato taman dan beberapa gazebo nan dihubungkan oleh jalan setapak nan tertata dengan rapi melengkapi fasilitas panunjang yang dimiliki oleh kawasan iko. == Akses == Kawasan Hutan Raya dibatasi dek Sungai Lubuak Paraku di sisi utara, sisi barat dibatasi dek Jembatan Lubuak Paraku, selatan dibatasi dek Sungai Baliang dan Bukit Karang, sarato sisi timur dibatasi dek Panorama II. TRBH mampunyoi aksesibilitas nan relatif mudah sarato sarana jalan nan cukuik memadai. Sacaro umum, kawasan barado di pinggir jalan raya manunju [[Kota Solok]] sahinggo pengunjung dapek manggunokan jaso transportasi Padang-Solok. Secaro rinci aksesibilitasnyo sebagai berikut: # Jarak tampuah dari pusat Kota Padang adalah: ± 20&nbsp;km. # Jarak tampuah dari Kota Solok: ± 30&nbsp;km. # Jarak tampuah dari [[Danau Diatas]] dan [[Danau Dibawah]]: ± 30&nbsp;km. # Jarak tampuah dari [[Danau Singkarak]]: ± 45&nbsp;km. # Jarak tampuah dari [[Bandar Udara Internasional Minangkabau]]: ± 50&nbsp;km. # Jarak tampuah dari [[Bukittinggi]]: ± 100&nbsp;km. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Pranala lua == * [http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=8&lang=id Informasi Taman Hutan Raya Bung Hatta Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kota Padang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222163721/http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=8&lang=id|date=2014-02-22}} * [http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=8&lang=eng Taman Hutan Raya Bung Hatta (English)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222163634/http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=8&lang=eng|date=2014-02-22}} {{coord|0|48.5|S|100|26|E|type:forest|display=title}} 0byykrm2iki536pgx1f3homcfuvtb4w 0 385905 2443639 2443136 2022-07-28T05:07:55Z Onyaso 7250 /* Sejarah */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dolok Tinggi Raja''' adolah kawasan cagar alam nan mampunyoi laweh 167 Ha nan talatak di Kecamatan Silao Kahean, [[Kabupaten Simalungun]], provinsi [[Sumatra Utara]]. Di dalam area kawasan cagar alam dolok tinggi raja, ado objek wisata kawah putiah, nan labiah dikenal jo namo kawah putih tinggi raja seluas 30 Ha.<ref name="Detikcom">[http://travel.detik.com/read/2014/07/10/114800/2618268/1025/tinggi-raja-kawah-biru-yang-cantik-dari-sumatera-utara Tinggi Raja, Kawah Biru yang Cantik dari Sumatra Utara] Komunitas d'Traveler</ref> Namun, hal itu manjadikan objek wisata kawah putiah tinggi raja susah untuk bakambang karano berbenturan jo status area iko nan talatak dikawasan [[Cagar Alam]]. Sumber aia angek Tinggi Raja berado di kawasan bukit kapur nan lawehnyo kiro-kiro mancapai satangah hektar. Luapan sumber aia angeknyo berado di retakan nan menghubungkan tigo bukit dikawasan tersebut, masiang-masiang di arah selatan, timur dan barat. Laweh retakan nan manjadi tampek luapan aia angek itu adolah 10-60 cm, dengan tinggi cipratan aia rato-rato 30 cm. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nadila|first=Putri|date=2019-09-16|title=Eksplorasi Bakteri Termofilik dari Sumber Air Panas Dikawasan Cagar Alam Tinggi Raja Kecamatan Silau Kahen Kabupaten Simalungun Sumatera Utara|url=http://repository.uma.ac.id/handle/123456789/11415|language=id|publisher=Universitas Medan Area}}</ref> == Sijarah == Dolok Tinggi Raja ditetapkan sebagai cagar alam dengan keputusan Zelfbestuur Besluit (ZB) Nomor 24 Tangga 16 April 1924, pado maso pemerintahan [[kolonial Belanda]]. Sampai saat iko, kawasan itu masih bastatus cagar alam. Sejarah tabantuanknyo kawah putih dolok tinggi raja alun diketahui sacaro pasti. Warga Simalungun masih picayo tabantuaknyo kawah putih dan mata aia angek dolok tinggi raja berdasarkan legenda rakyat.<ref name="Kini">[http://travel.kini.co.id/2014/08/02/1002/legenda-rakyat-kawah-putih-tinggi-raja-simalungun Legenda Rakyat Kawah Putih Tinggi Raja Simalungun]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Dulu, Dolok Tinggi Raja adolah kawasan cagar alam. namun kini sabagian wilayah di dolok tinggi raja manjadi kawasan wisata alam. Para pelancong paralu mangatahui status iko supayo indak salah kaprah katiko bakunjuang lantaran statusnyo alah barubah dari cagar alam nan indak buliah disentuh samo sakali manjadi taman wisata alam. Di maso pamarintahan kolonial hindia balando, cagar alam dolok tinggi raja marupokan kawasan hutan linduang Sianak-anak I dan Hutang Linduang Sianak-anak II. Kaduo kawasan konservasi iko masiang-masiang ditetapkan sabagai hutan linduang di tahun 1916 dan 1918. Panetapannyo dilakukan berdasarkan hasia kesepakatan basamo rajo-rajo di Simalungun. Lantaran keunikan ekosistem jo keanekaragaman hayati nan dimilikinyo, makonyo rajo-rajo di Simalungun basepakat untuak maningkekkan status kaduo hutan linduang itu manjadi cagar alam salaweh 167 hektare. Kasapakatan iko diterakan dalam bantuak Zeelfbestuur Besluit No. 24 Tanggal 18 April 1924. Tinggi Raja ditetapkan jadi cagar alam basamo Cagar Alam Batu Gajah. Batu Gajah talatak di Dusun Pematang, Desa Negeri Dolok, Kecamatan Dolok Panribuan, di kabupaten nan samo. Luas cagar alam Batu Gajah hanya 0,80 hektare. Pemerintah Hindia Belanda di maso itu mangakui para sultan jo rajo sebagai kapalo pemerintahan kesultanan dan kerajaan nan punyo otonomi daerah sahinggo mereka punyo wewenang untuak manujuak kawasan konservasi di bagian-bagian wilayah sebagai cagar alam (natuurmonument) maupun suaka margasatwa (wildreservaat) untuak malinduangi kekayaan alam Hindia Belanda nan paralu dilestarikan. Sasuai jo sistem pemerintahan nan balaku di maso itu, panunjuakan kawasan konservasi dek sultan atau rajo harus dikatahui dek pengawas daerah (controlleur), dinas kehutanan (dienst van het boschwezen), asisten residen, jo residen, sarato harus disetuji dek gubernur. Panjuakan kawasan konservasi di lua Pulau Jawa dalam peraturan parundangan wakatu itu dikenal jo istilah ZB ZB (zeelfbestuur besluit). ZB marupokan surek kaputusan nan basifat otonom nan ditabikkan dek tingkek pamarintahan nan diwakili dek gubernur jo rajo atau sultan nan diagiah kawenangan untuak manabikkan surek kaputusan dalam manunjuak kawasan konservasi. Surek kaputusan nan ditabikkan mangacu pado paraturan antaro lain, Undang-undang cagar alam (Natuurmonumenten Ordonnantie) 1916 No. 278; Undang-Undang Perlindungan Binatang (Dierenbescherming Ordonnantie) 1931 No. 134; serta Undang-Undang Cagar-Cagar Alam dan Suaka-Suaka Margasatwa (Natuur-monumenten en Wildreservaten Ordonantie) 1932 No. 17.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/1221480/kisah-taman-wisata-alam-tinggi-raja-amanat-para-raja-simalungun|title=Kisah Taman Wisata Alam Tinggi Raja, Amanat Para Raja Simalungun|last=Kustiani|first=Rini|date=2019-07-05|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2022-07-20}}</ref> == Carito rakyaik == Dahulu kala daerah tinggi raja iko marupokan sabuah daerah rajo-rajo nan makmur. Dalam caritonyo, ado surang rajo nan punyo urangtuo nan alah tua renta, suatu maso rajo itu nio mangirimkan makanan lamak untuak urangtuonyo nan alah tuo itu. Sang rajo langsuang mamarintahkan salah seorang petani aren nan wakatu itu nio pulang ka daerah tampek urangtuo sang rajo. Namun di tangah jalan, petani aren nan disuruah rajo maraso lapar, lalu nyo makan sadonyo makanan nan ka diantar untuak ibu sang rajo dan hanyo manyisokan makanan nan indak layak, barupo tulang-tulang. Mandapati kiriman makanan na indak layak itu, ibu sang rajo berang, si ibu maimbau anak-anaknyo nan lain untuak maadokan sabuah acara tari-tarian dengan media saikua kuciang. Di tangah acara sadang bajalan tajadi sabuah insiden, aia nan sadang angek-angek siap dimasak tumpah. aia angek nan tumpah itu baserak-serak sampai meluas kasaluruh daerah dan mambanjiri daerah itu. Daerah nan dibanjiri aia angek itulah nan kini manjadi sebuah kawah aia angek dengan namo Tinggi Raja juo diambiak karano carito legenda itu dulunyo adolah kawasan para rajo-rajo.<ref name="YouTube">{{id}}[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZ2eRI0z9v0 Legenda terjadinya Kawah Putih Dolok Tinggi Raja Simalungun] Video YouTube</ref> == Akses == Tinggi Raja alah ditamukan sajak ratusan tahun lalu, tetapi karano akses manuju tampek iko sangat memprihatinkan. Akses jalan menuju ke cagar alam iko nan sangat terjal dan rusak parah. Sampai saat iko pemerintah setempat alun mampu memperbaiki akses jalan sacaro maksimal ka lokasi tersebut. Untuak sampai ka daerah cagar alam dolok tinggi raja, pengunjung dapek manggunokan kendaraan roda ampek atau roda duo, nan salanjuiknyo manampuah jarak sajauah 95 Km dari pusat kota Medan dengan rute pajalanan sebagai berikut: [[Medan]] malewati perisimpangan Kota [[Lubuk Pakam]] lalu manuju [[Galang]] salanjuiknyo malewati [[Dolok Masihul]] kamudian masuak kapersimpangan [[Nagori Dolok]] dan sampailah ka kawasan cagar alam Dolok Tinggi Raja. Bukan hanyo dari Lubuk Pakam, Malalui berastagi juo bisa di tampuah, yaitu malewati Saribu Dolok taruih ka Tiga Runggu dan masuak malalui simpang Pangalbuan Kecamatan Raya. Sampai saat iko alun ado kendaraan umum untuak mencapai ka kawasan itu. '''Barado di kawasan hutan hujan tropis''' Kawasan iko sajak tahun 1924 alah dilinduangi karano adonyo kaputusan basamo dari rajo-rajo Simalungun. Cagar alam nan eksotik iko barado di luasan sekitar 176 hektar jo punyo hamparan kawah salju dolok tinggi raja mancapai 4 hektare. Disiko juo ado kawasan hutan hujan tropis dataran randah nan subur jo hijau dengan baragam jenis pohon. '''Sumber aia barasa dari endapan-endapan kapua''' Sumber aia angeknyo barasa dari endapan-endapan kapua. Endaan kapua tajadi karano angek bumi nan manganduang balerang nan manghsiakan teras-teras babukit. Luasan teras kapua mancapai 35 hektare. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * {{id}} [http://travel.kini.co.id/2014/09/20/1039/kawah-putih-dolok-tinggi-raja-simalungun Kawah Putih Dolok Tinggi Raja Simalungun]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} bzpo52c1bxdtvqsdnpxe7rvc5gyck78 2443640 2443639 2022-07-28T05:08:22Z Onyaso 7250 /* Rujuakan */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dolok Tinggi Raja''' adolah kawasan cagar alam nan mampunyoi laweh 167 Ha nan talatak di Kecamatan Silao Kahean, [[Kabupaten Simalungun]], provinsi [[Sumatra Utara]]. Di dalam area kawasan cagar alam dolok tinggi raja, ado objek wisata kawah putiah, nan labiah dikenal jo namo kawah putih tinggi raja seluas 30 Ha.<ref name="Detikcom">[http://travel.detik.com/read/2014/07/10/114800/2618268/1025/tinggi-raja-kawah-biru-yang-cantik-dari-sumatera-utara Tinggi Raja, Kawah Biru yang Cantik dari Sumatra Utara] Komunitas d'Traveler</ref> Namun, hal itu manjadikan objek wisata kawah putiah tinggi raja susah untuk bakambang karano berbenturan jo status area iko nan talatak dikawasan [[Cagar Alam]]. Sumber aia angek Tinggi Raja berado di kawasan bukit kapur nan lawehnyo kiro-kiro mancapai satangah hektar. Luapan sumber aia angeknyo berado di retakan nan menghubungkan tigo bukit dikawasan tersebut, masiang-masiang di arah selatan, timur dan barat. Laweh retakan nan manjadi tampek luapan aia angek itu adolah 10-60 cm, dengan tinggi cipratan aia rato-rato 30 cm. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nadila|first=Putri|date=2019-09-16|title=Eksplorasi Bakteri Termofilik dari Sumber Air Panas Dikawasan Cagar Alam Tinggi Raja Kecamatan Silau Kahen Kabupaten Simalungun Sumatera Utara|url=http://repository.uma.ac.id/handle/123456789/11415|language=id|publisher=Universitas Medan Area}}</ref> == Sijarah == Dolok Tinggi Raja ditetapkan sebagai cagar alam dengan keputusan Zelfbestuur Besluit (ZB) Nomor 24 Tangga 16 April 1924, pado maso pemerintahan [[kolonial Belanda]]. Sampai saat iko, kawasan itu masih bastatus cagar alam. Sejarah tabantuanknyo kawah putih dolok tinggi raja alun diketahui sacaro pasti. Warga Simalungun masih picayo tabantuaknyo kawah putih dan mata aia angek dolok tinggi raja berdasarkan legenda rakyat.<ref name="Kini">[http://travel.kini.co.id/2014/08/02/1002/legenda-rakyat-kawah-putih-tinggi-raja-simalungun Legenda Rakyat Kawah Putih Tinggi Raja Simalungun]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Dulu, Dolok Tinggi Raja adolah kawasan cagar alam. namun kini sabagian wilayah di dolok tinggi raja manjadi kawasan wisata alam. Para pelancong paralu mangatahui status iko supayo indak salah kaprah katiko bakunjuang lantaran statusnyo alah barubah dari cagar alam nan indak buliah disentuh samo sakali manjadi taman wisata alam. Di maso pamarintahan kolonial hindia balando, cagar alam dolok tinggi raja marupokan kawasan hutan linduang Sianak-anak I dan Hutang Linduang Sianak-anak II. Kaduo kawasan konservasi iko masiang-masiang ditetapkan sabagai hutan linduang di tahun 1916 dan 1918. Panetapannyo dilakukan berdasarkan hasia kesepakatan basamo rajo-rajo di Simalungun. Lantaran keunikan ekosistem jo keanekaragaman hayati nan dimilikinyo, makonyo rajo-rajo di Simalungun basepakat untuak maningkekkan status kaduo hutan linduang itu manjadi cagar alam salaweh 167 hektare. Kasapakatan iko diterakan dalam bantuak Zeelfbestuur Besluit No. 24 Tanggal 18 April 1924. Tinggi Raja ditetapkan jadi cagar alam basamo Cagar Alam Batu Gajah. Batu Gajah talatak di Dusun Pematang, Desa Negeri Dolok, Kecamatan Dolok Panribuan, di kabupaten nan samo. Luas cagar alam Batu Gajah hanya 0,80 hektare. Pemerintah Hindia Belanda di maso itu mangakui para sultan jo rajo sebagai kapalo pemerintahan kesultanan dan kerajaan nan punyo otonomi daerah sahinggo mereka punyo wewenang untuak manujuak kawasan konservasi di bagian-bagian wilayah sebagai cagar alam (natuurmonument) maupun suaka margasatwa (wildreservaat) untuak malinduangi kekayaan alam Hindia Belanda nan paralu dilestarikan. Sasuai jo sistem pemerintahan nan balaku di maso itu, panunjuakan kawasan konservasi dek sultan atau rajo harus dikatahui dek pengawas daerah (controlleur), dinas kehutanan (dienst van het boschwezen), asisten residen, jo residen, sarato harus disetuji dek gubernur. Panjuakan kawasan konservasi di lua Pulau Jawa dalam peraturan parundangan wakatu itu dikenal jo istilah ZB ZB (zeelfbestuur besluit). ZB marupokan surek kaputusan nan basifat otonom nan ditabikkan dek tingkek pamarintahan nan diwakili dek gubernur jo rajo atau sultan nan diagiah kawenangan untuak manabikkan surek kaputusan dalam manunjuak kawasan konservasi. Surek kaputusan nan ditabikkan mangacu pado paraturan antaro lain, Undang-undang cagar alam (Natuurmonumenten Ordonnantie) 1916 No. 278; Undang-Undang Perlindungan Binatang (Dierenbescherming Ordonnantie) 1931 No. 134; serta Undang-Undang Cagar-Cagar Alam dan Suaka-Suaka Margasatwa (Natuur-monumenten en Wildreservaten Ordonantie) 1932 No. 17.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/1221480/kisah-taman-wisata-alam-tinggi-raja-amanat-para-raja-simalungun|title=Kisah Taman Wisata Alam Tinggi Raja, Amanat Para Raja Simalungun|last=Kustiani|first=Rini|date=2019-07-05|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2022-07-20}}</ref> == Carito rakyaik == Dahulu kala daerah tinggi raja iko marupokan sabuah daerah rajo-rajo nan makmur. Dalam caritonyo, ado surang rajo nan punyo urangtuo nan alah tua renta, suatu maso rajo itu nio mangirimkan makanan lamak untuak urangtuonyo nan alah tuo itu. Sang rajo langsuang mamarintahkan salah seorang petani aren nan wakatu itu nio pulang ka daerah tampek urangtuo sang rajo. Namun di tangah jalan, petani aren nan disuruah rajo maraso lapar, lalu nyo makan sadonyo makanan nan ka diantar untuak ibu sang rajo dan hanyo manyisokan makanan nan indak layak, barupo tulang-tulang. Mandapati kiriman makanan na indak layak itu, ibu sang rajo berang, si ibu maimbau anak-anaknyo nan lain untuak maadokan sabuah acara tari-tarian dengan media saikua kuciang. Di tangah acara sadang bajalan tajadi sabuah insiden, aia nan sadang angek-angek siap dimasak tumpah. aia angek nan tumpah itu baserak-serak sampai meluas kasaluruh daerah dan mambanjiri daerah itu. Daerah nan dibanjiri aia angek itulah nan kini manjadi sebuah kawah aia angek dengan namo Tinggi Raja juo diambiak karano carito legenda itu dulunyo adolah kawasan para rajo-rajo.<ref name="YouTube">{{id}}[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZ2eRI0z9v0 Legenda terjadinya Kawah Putih Dolok Tinggi Raja Simalungun] Video YouTube</ref> == Akses == Tinggi Raja alah ditamukan sajak ratusan tahun lalu, tetapi karano akses manuju tampek iko sangat memprihatinkan. Akses jalan menuju ke cagar alam iko nan sangat terjal dan rusak parah. Sampai saat iko pemerintah setempat alun mampu memperbaiki akses jalan sacaro maksimal ka lokasi tersebut. Untuak sampai ka daerah cagar alam dolok tinggi raja, pengunjung dapek manggunokan kendaraan roda ampek atau roda duo, nan salanjuiknyo manampuah jarak sajauah 95 Km dari pusat kota Medan dengan rute pajalanan sebagai berikut: [[Medan]] malewati perisimpangan Kota [[Lubuk Pakam]] lalu manuju [[Galang]] salanjuiknyo malewati [[Dolok Masihul]] kamudian masuak kapersimpangan [[Nagori Dolok]] dan sampailah ka kawasan cagar alam Dolok Tinggi Raja. Bukan hanyo dari Lubuk Pakam, Malalui berastagi juo bisa di tampuah, yaitu malewati Saribu Dolok taruih ka Tiga Runggu dan masuak malalui simpang Pangalbuan Kecamatan Raya. Sampai saat iko alun ado kendaraan umum untuak mencapai ka kawasan itu. '''Barado di kawasan hutan hujan tropis''' Kawasan iko sajak tahun 1924 alah dilinduangi karano adonyo kaputusan basamo dari rajo-rajo Simalungun. Cagar alam nan eksotik iko barado di luasan sekitar 176 hektar jo punyo hamparan kawah salju dolok tinggi raja mancapai 4 hektare. Disiko juo ado kawasan hutan hujan tropis dataran randah nan subur jo hijau dengan baragam jenis pohon. '''Sumber aia barasa dari endapan-endapan kapua''' Sumber aia angeknyo barasa dari endapan-endapan kapua. Endaan kapua tajadi karano angek bumi nan manganduang balerang nan manghsiakan teras-teras babukit. Luasan teras kapua mancapai 35 hektare. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pranala lua == * {{id}} [http://travel.kini.co.id/2014/09/20/1039/kawah-putih-dolok-tinggi-raja-simalungun Kawah Putih Dolok Tinggi Raja Simalungun]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} 3hggvk5zlrydx6vvkncl16mqae0zo7r 0 385908 2443642 2442734 2022-07-28T05:09:15Z Onyaso 7250 /* Manfaat buah rambai */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambiginfo}}{{Taxobox|image=Baccaurea_motleyana.jpg|image_width=|name=Rambai|regnum=[[Plantae]]|divisio=[[Magnoliophyta]]|classis=[[Magnoliopsida]]|ordo=[[Malpighiales]]|familia=[[Phyllanthaceae]]|genus=''[[Baccaurea]]''|species='''''B. motleyana'''''|binomial=''Baccaurea motleyana''|binomial_authority=[[Johannes Müller Argoviensis|Müll.Arg.]]}}'''Rambai''', '''menteng''' atau '''rambe''' (''Baccaurea racemosa'' (Reinw.) Muell. Arg.; juga ''B. javanica'' dan ''B. dulcis'') adolah [[pohon]] penghasil [[buah]] dengan namo samo yang dapek dimakan. Sekilas buah menteng mirip jo buah [[duku]] namun tangkai buahnyo panjang dan disatiok satu tangkai nan malakek ka batang tdapek banyak buah sarato tajuk pohonnyo babeda. Raso buahnyo kabanyakan masam (kecut) meskipun ado juo nan manih.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://encyclopedia.jakarta-tourism.go.id/post/menteng--buah?lang=id|title=Menteng, Buah|website=encyclopedia.jakarta-tourism.go.id|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> Setidaknya ado 4 jenis buah nan sarupo jo menteng iko, yaitu : # Menteng atau rambai (Minang) atau Rambe (Sumsel). # Kapundung atau kapunduang (Minang), buah sarupo rambai namun ukurannyo labiah gadang, bakilik taba sahinggo isi buah hampia samo jo rambai. # Langsat atau lansek (Minang) atau duku Palembang (Sumsel) atau duku Condet (Jabodetabek). # Duku (Bhs Minang), buahnyo labiah gadang dari langsat, disatiok buah ado bijo sedang namun di langsat alun tantu, labiah panjang dimano perbandingan tinggi buah dibandingkan garis tangahnyo labiah panjang tinggi buahnyo. Sabutan "Menteng" adolah untuak Jakarta dan Jawa umumnyo. Di Sumatera disabuik rambai dan ado daerah nan manyabuik rambe. Dahulu biasa tumbuah di pekarangan namun kini alah sulik ditamui karano desakan penduduk dan penanaman tanaman buah lain nan labiah disukoi. Tumbuhan iko asli dari [[Pulau Jawa]] dan Pulau Sumatera. Di sekitar [[Jakarta]] dan [[Bogor]] kadang-kadang masih ado tasuo urang manggaleh buah menteng. Di Sumatera Selatan musim rambai iko biasanyo badakek an jo musim duku, biasanyo buah rambai ado di pasa-pasa di penghujung musim duku atau duku hampia habis. Rambai sajenis buah-buahan nan tumbuah liar atau setengah liar di parak-parak sarupo di [[Asia Tenggara]], seperti [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], dan [[Indonesia]] (terutama [[Sumatra]] dan [[Kalimantan]]), kalau di Thailand dikenal jo ''mafai-farang''. Karano rambai masih sakerabat jo menteng atau kapunduang, acok ndak tabedakan bantuaknyo. Namun ado beberapa nan mambedakan, bungo jo buah menteng tumbuah di ujuang dahan. Namun untuak raso, rambai relatif labiah manih buahnyo. Wujudnyo barupo pohon dengan katinggian 9-12 meter dengan badan pohon nan lumayan lebar. Untuak daunnyo bawarna hijau bakilek dibagian atehnyo (ventral) dan agak kecoklatan, saketek bamiang disisi bagian bawahnyo. Ukuran daunnyo bisa mancapai sampai 33 cm panjangnyo dan lebanyo mancapai 15 cm. Tumbuhan iko dikenl punyo rumah duo, ado tumbuahan jantan dan tumbuahan batinonyo. Bungonyo harus dan punyo mahkota bawarna kuniang. Panjang banang sarinyo bisa mancapai 15 cm dan putiaknyo bahkan bisa mancapai 75 cm. sadangkan buahnyo punyo ukuran diameter 2 sampai 5 cm, bungonyo tasusun majemuk manyarupoi rantai. Samantaro kulik buahnyo agak manyarupoi beludru, jo warna kuniang atau agak coklat mudo, isisnyo mulai dari 3 sampai 5 biji dalam ciek buah nan tabungkuih dek dagiang buahnyo. Dagiang buahnyo juo bisa dimakan mantah, diabuih atau dibuek selai dan minuman anggur. Untuak kayunyo berkualitas randah. Buahnyo punyo tipe buah bapsul, ppunyo diameter 2-2,4 cm, warnanyo hijau kakuniang-kuniangan atau hijau kamerah-merahan katiko alah matang. Biji dalam dagiang buah bawarna putiah, kuniang atau merah. Rambai, menteng atau kapunduang mengutip dari ''tropical.theferns.info'', babuah sapanjang tahun. Di rimbo, tumbuahan rambai marupokan komponen dari rimbo dipterokarp pagunungan bawah sampai katinggian 1.100 meter di ateh permukaan aia lauik. Rambai akan tumbuah dengan baik jo suhu pado kisaran 21-28 derajat celcius, namun dapek baradaptasi di suhu 14-34 derajat celcius, sarato manyukoi tanah aluvial bapasia atau berlempung untuak tumbuahannyo. Pado kawasan balukar tumbuah sebagai pohon siso pra-pambalakan. Buah rambai, mengutip dari ''agrobisnisinfo.com'', jo ''organisasi.org'', manganduang energi sabanyak 65 kilokalori, protein 1,7 gram, karbohidrat 16,1 gram, lemak 0,2 gram, kalsium 13 miligram, fosfor 20 miligram, dan zat besi 1 miligram. Salain itu di dalam buah rambai juo manganduang vitamin A sabanyak 0 IU, vitamin B1 0 miligram dan vitamin C 3 miligram. Hasia nan disabuikkan itu didapekkan dari malakukan panalitian jo sampel 100 gram buah rambai, dengan jumlah nan dapek dimakan sabanyak 64 persen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dislhk.ntbprov.go.id/2020/08/13/menteng-alias-kepundung-buah-lokal-khas-ntb-yang-kian-langka/|title=Menteng alias Kepundung, Buah Lokal Khas NTB Yang Kian Langka – DISLHK NTB|last=dislhk|language=en-US|access-date=2022-07-08}}</ref> == Manfaik == Buah rambai manganduang manfaat nan jarang diketahui urang banyak, padohal rambai punyo banyak manfaat untuak badan. ''Baccaurea motleyana'', atau nan umumnyo dikenal jo sabutan rambai adolah pohon nan baukuran sadang dari genus Baccaurea Lour dan Euphorbiaceae (keluarga Spurge). Tanaman iko barasa dari Thailand, Semenanjung Malaysia, Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, dan Maluku. Buah rambai punyo tampilan hijau katiko masih alun matang atau mantah, namun barubah warna manjadi kuniang katiko alah matang. Walaupun ukurannyo ketek, namun ado banyak manfaat buah rambai untuak badan. Salah satunyo mambantu manjago kadar gulo darah. Buah nan terdiri dari aia, protein, sakarosa, serat, jo babarapo vitamin dan mineral lainnyo. Rato-rato sadonyo senyawa nan takanduang dalam buah iko akan manyehatkan badan. == Pranala lua == * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/rambai_ars.html Purdue New Crops Profile] * [http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=3591 FAO Ecocrops Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210103013/http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=3591|date=2012-02-10}} * [http://www.flickr.com/photos/7150287@N02/428661261 Baccaurea motleyana] == Daftar rujukan == <references /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q3019406}}{{Tumbuhan-stub}} q66i1um27ahnw9dj3uigxjuxppjdh0l 0 385909 2443651 2442775 2022-07-28T05:19:00Z Onyaso 7250 /* Terumbu karang */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Tanjung Tinggi Beach, Bangka-Belitung Province, Indonesia.jpg|jmpl|250px|ka|Pantai Tanjung Tinggi]] '''Pantai Tanjung tinggi''' adolah pantai nan diapik dek duo samananjuang, yaitu tanjung Kelayang jo tanjung Pendam. Namo tanjung tinggi diambiak dari kata tanjung nan aratinyo ''semenanjung'' jo tinggi nan aratinyo pantai ko punyo banyan babatuan nan tinggi. Pantai Tanjung Tinggi marupaoan salah satu tampek [[wisata]] di [[pulau Belitung]]. Lataknyo indak jauah dari [[Pantai Tanjung Kelayang]] jo bajarak sakita 31 km dari [[kota]] [[Tanjung Pandan]]. [[Pantai]] iko punyo area seluas 80 hektar, bakasiak putiah, jo tadapaek ratusan batu granit gadangyang tersebar di kedua semenanjung dan juga di laut di depan pantai. Ukuran granit mulai dari babarapo meter kubik hinggo ratusan meter kubik labiah gadang dari sabuah bangunan sebesar rumah, sainggo manjadi tampek wisata ungulan di [[Pulau Belitung]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2019/11/12/193000627/pantai-tanjung-tinggi-tempat-wisata-wajib-dikunjungi-saat-ke-belitung|title=Pantai Tanjung Tinggi, Tempat Wisata Wajib Dikunjungi Saat ke Belitung Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2019-11-12|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref> Tanjung tinggi dinamoan pulo jo Pelabuhan Bilik.<ref name="Liburan">{{id}} {{cite web |url=http://www.liburanwisata.com/obyek-wisata/pantai-tanjung-tinggi/1706 |title=Liburan Wisata |publisher=Pantai Tanjung Tinggi Belitung |accessdate=15 Mei 2014 |archive-date=2014-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517132359/http://www.liburanwisata.com/obyek-wisata/pantai-tanjung-tinggi/1706 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Dulunyo tampek iko adolah palabuhan nalayan tempat ini adolah palabuhan nelayan bagi desa terdekat Keciput atau Tanjung Tinggi.<ref name="Liburan"/> Di pantai ini tidak perlu khawatir dengan serangan [[ikan hiu]], karano indak pernah tajadi di Belitung. Kok pun ado, harus diwaspadai adonyo ubur-ubur, khususnyo nan gadang. Fasilitas lain di Pantai Tanjung Tinggi iko lumayan rancak.<ref name="Liburan"/> Karano indak jauah dari lokasi pantai ko alah ado hotel untuak manginap.<ref name="Liburan"/> Salain itu, ado pulo waruang-waruang di sakitanyo. == Lokasi == [[Berkas:Batu Pantai Tanjung Tinggi.jpg|300px|jmpl|Batu granit di Pantai Tanjung Tinggi]] Pantai Tanjung Tinggi barado di [[Kecamatan Sijuk]], [[Kabupaten Belitung]], [[Bangka Belitung]].<ref name="go"> {{id}} {{cite web |url=http://www.gosumatra.com/pantai-tanjung-tinggi/ |title=Go Sumatra |publisher= Kecantikan Pantai Tanjung Tinggi |accessdate= 10 Mei 2014}} </ref> Talatak di sabalah [[utara]] pulau Belitung, jaraknyo 37 km dari pusat kota Tanjungpandan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2019/11/12/193000627/pantai-tanjung-tinggi-tempat-wisata-wajib-dikunjungi-saat-ke-belitung|title=Pantai Tanjung Tinggi, Tempat Wisata Wajib Dikunjungi Saat ke Belitung Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2019-11-12|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref> == Pamandangan == Pantai iko babantuak lakuak busur derajat nan badiameter kiro-kiro 100 m jo susunan batu-batu granit nan ado duo sisi pantai. Di sapanjang pantai awak akan maliek panorama jo pamanadangan nan mambuek karasan dek nyo labiah unik dibandiangan pantai-pantai nan ado.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inews.id/travel/kuliner/pantai-tanjung-tinggi|title=5 Keindahan Pantai Tanjung Tinggi Belitung, Batuannya Berusia Ratusan Juta Tahun|date=2020-08-13|website=iNews.ID|language=id|access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref> Kasiaknyo putiah jo aianyo janiah, bisa pulo baranang dikaranoan galambang jo ombaknyo condong lambek. Indak ado pabedaan nan jaleh antaro pasang naiak jo pasang suruik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gosumatra.com/pantai-tanjung-tinggi/|title=Kecantikan Pantai Tanjung Tinggi {{!}} Go Sumatra|date=2013-08-22|website=www.gosumatra.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref> == Istimewanyo == === Lokasi syuting film Laskar Pelangi === Pantai ko istimewa karano batu granit nan baraneka ragam ukurannyo, dari nan anyo babarapo meter kubik inggo ratusan meter kubik.<ref name="Liburan"/> Sangkek [[matoari]] mulai tabanam pantai tanjung tinggi akan memancarkan pesona kecantikaannya nan sabana elok.<ref name="Liburan"/> Dek pamandangannyo nan elok, pantai ko memiliki khas tersendiri sainggo mambuek pantai tanjung tinggi tanamo para [[wisatawan]] lua daerah maupun lua nagari.<ref name="Liburan"/> Pantai Tanjung Tinggi iko parnah dijadian [[Shoting|shuting]] [[film Laskar Pelangi]] jo [[Sang Pemimpi]], dek itu pulo mambuek urang tapikaik untuak datang ka pantai ko. Pantai ko juo disabuik jo pantai Laskar Pelangi.<ref name="Liburan"/> === Ikan jo lamun === Jikok dicaliak kondisi bawah lauik di Pantai Tanjung Tinggi, banyak ditamuan ratusan hingga ribuan [[ikan]] [[Atherinomorus sp]] nan bakolompok mambantuak formasi nan artistik (schooling).<ref name="Liburan"/> Salapeh tu, akan basobok lapisan [[lamun]] nan didominasi dek [[Cymadocea]], ditamuoan pulo jinih [[Thalassia]] jo jinih lamun [[Halophilla]] namun jumlahnyo sangaik saketek.<ref name="Liburan"/> Ado pulo lapisan [[makroalga]] nan didominasi dek [[Padina]] jo [[Sargasum]].<ref name="Liburan"/> Kadang dijumpai pulo jinih [[makroalga Tubinaria]].<ref name="Liburan"/> === Batu karang === Samakin kaarah tangah jo parairan labiah dalam, kita baru menjumpai karang masif kemudian baru diikuti oleh jenis [[terumbu karang]] lainnya.<ref name="Liburan"/> Ketika melihat karang di kawasan pantai ini, kita akan langsung mengerti bahwa sebenarnya terumbu karang di pantai ini kondisinya tidak sehat.<ref name="Liburan"/> Dek karano [[karang]] tasabuik tabuka atawa kariang sangkek aia [[laut|lauik]] suruik randah.<ref name="Liburan"/> Iko dapek dicaliak pado lapisan karang bagian paliang dakek jo pamukaan tampak mati jo kudian tatutuik dek makroalga jo mikroalga.<ref name="Liburan"/> Kacuali pado bagian nan labiah dalam, kondisi karangnyo labiah ancak jo baragam.<ref name="Liburan"/> Namun, lapisan tarumbu karang dipantai ko indak panjang jo lawehnyo sainggo karang nan nampak anyo saketek.<ref name="Liburan"/> Tadapek pulo karang Acropora branching, karang Acropora tumbulate, foliose, mushroom jo karang massif.<ref name="Liburan"/> Salain tu, basobok pulo jinih akar bahar jo softcoral namun jumlahnyo sangaik saketek.<ref name="Liburan"/> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Tempat wisata di Kepulauan Bangka Belitung]] [[Kategori:Pantai di Kepulauan Bangka Belitung]] 4bn28l0f6vcj5qtis0yalseofkvwdel 0 385911 2443650 2441780 2022-07-28T05:17:23Z Onyaso 7250 /* Referensi */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Dragon's blood (Daemomorops draco).jpg|jmpl|Jernang dari ''Daemonorops draco'', gerusan halus (kiri) dan resin beku (kanan)]] [[Berkas:Calamus draco - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-023.jpg|jmpl|Rotan jernang ''Daemonorops draco'', pelat botani dari Kohler (1897)]] '''Jernang''' adolah sajinih [[resin]] nan diasiaj dek babarapo [[spesies]] [[rotan]] dari [[genus|marga]] ''[[Daemonorops]]''. Resin barwarna [[merah]] ko alah sajak lamo dipagalehan jo dimanfaik an sabagai bahan pewarna, dupa, jo bahan obat tradisional. Tarutamo diasiaan dari [[Sumatra]] dan [[Kalimantan]], panyabuik an nyo dalam babagai daerah di antaranyo adalah ''jernang'', ''jerenang'', ''jeranang'', ''jeronang'', jo lainnyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/03/17/jernang-bukan-sembarang-tumbuhan-hutan/|title=Jernang, Bukan Sembarang Tumbuhan Hutan|date=2022-03-17|website=Mongabay.co.id|language=en-US|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goriau.com/berita/baca/mengenal-jernang-tumbuhan-penghasil-dragon-blood-yang-harganya-jutaan-rupiah.html|title=Mengenal Jernang, Tumbuhan Penghasil Dragon Blood yang Harganya Jutaan Rupiah|date=2021-01-27|website=GoRiau.com|language=id|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Dalam bahaso-bahaso asiang, resin ko disabuik pulo sabagai ''dragon blood'' atau ''dragon's blood'' ([[bahasa Inggris|Ingg.]]); ''drakenbloed'' ([[bahasa Belanda|Bld.]]); ''sangre de drago'' ([[bahasa Prancis|Prc.]]); ''sanguis draconis'', jo lainnyo.<ref>{{aut|Heyne, K.}} 1922. [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten1922heyn#page/354/mode/2up ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië tevens synthetische catalogus der verzamelingen van het Museum voor Economische Botanie te Buitenzorg''. d. '''I''': 354]. Batavia: Ruygrok.</ref> Dalam pado itu, di luar Indonesia, ''dragon's blood'' juga diperoleh dari tetumbuhan lain salain rotan jernang; dari [[Timur Tengah]], [[Asia Tenggara]], dan [[Amerika Selatan]].<ref name=fao>{{aut|Coppen, J.J.W.}} 1995. Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin. In: [http://www.fao.org/docrep/V9236E/V9236e07.htm ''Non-Wood Forest Products (FAO), no. 6''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831230208/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v9236e/V9236e07.htm |date=2013-08-31 }}. Forest Products Div., FAO, Rome (Italy). 141 p.</ref><ref>{{aut|Pearson, J.}} 2002. Dragons Blood. [http://www.kew.org/science/ecbot/papers/pearson2002dragon.pdf ''The Horticulturist'', '''11'''(2) Spring 2002: 10-12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012135935/http://www.kew.org/science/ecbot/papers/pearson2002dragon.pdf |date=2012-10-12 }}.</ref> == Pengertian == Jernang diperoleh dari lapisan [[lilin]] ([[resin]]) nan malinduangi [[buah|buah-buah]] mudo dari babarapo spesies rotan ''[[Daemonorops]]''. Jinih-jinih rotan panghasia jernang itu di antaronyo:<ref name=mof/><ref>{{aut|Dransfield, J. & N. Manokaran}} (Editors). Rattans. [http://books.google.co.id/books?id=7PTORW2roBoC&pg=PA108 ''Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA)'' '''6''': 108]. Bogor: Prosea Foundation.</ref> * ''Daemonorops didymophylla'' Becc. * ''[[Daemonorops draco]]'' Blume * ''Daemonorops draconcellus'' Becc. * ''Daemonorops mattanensis'' Becc. * ''Daemonorops micracanthus'' Becc. * ''Daemonorops micranthus'' Becc. * ''Daemonorops motleyi'' Becc. * ''Daemonorops propinquus'' Becc. * ''Daemonorops rubra'' (Reinw. ex Blume) Mart. * ''Daemonorops sabut'' Becc. ado pulo, * ''[[Calamus rotang]]'' [[Linnaeus|L.]] === Sipek === Jernang marupoan resin baku nan kareh jo padaik, merah, mampunyoi struktur amorf, laruik dalam [[alkohol]], [[minyak lemak]] jo [[minyak esensial]]. [[Berat jenis|BJnya]] antara 1,18-1,20, jo bilangan [[asam]] nan randah sarato bilangan [[ester]] sekitar 140; [[titik didih]]nya 120[[Celcius|°C]].<ref name=mof>{{aut|MoF}}. 2007. [http://pustaka.rotanindonesia.org/Guideline%20on%20Harvesting%20and%20Extraction%20Techniques%20of%20Dragon%20Blood.pdf ''Guideline on Harvesting and Extraction Techniques of Dragon Blood'']{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Development of Sustainable Rattan Production and Utilization through Participation of Rattan Smallholders and Industry in Indonesia (Project). Ministry of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta.</ref> Komponen [[kimia]] utamo jernang adolah resin ester jo ''dracoresinotannol''. Inyo ko manganduang ''dracoresen'', ''dracoalban'', resin indak bisa laruik, residu, [[asam benzoat]], asam benzoilasetat.<ref>{{aut|Grieve, M.}} 2006. [http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/d/dragon20.html ''Dragon's Blood'']. Botanical.com: A modern herbal. Diakses 06/V/2013</ref> Juo''dracohodin'', jo babarapo jinih [[pigmen]] sarupo ''nordracorhodin'' jo ''nordracorubin''.<ref name=mof/><ref>{{aut|Gupta, D., B. Bleakley, & R.K. Gupta}}. 2008. Dragon’s blood: Botany, chemistry and therapeutic uses. [http://dspace.ipu.edu:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/145/DeepikaGuptaETP115.pdf?sequence=1 ''J. Ethnopharmacology'' '''115''' (2008): 361–380]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manfaaik == Jernang sacaro tradisional dimanfaaikan sabagai bahan ubek. Di sampiang itu, jernang dimanfaaikan sabagai bahan pewarna untuak mancaik barang-barang pernis, dahulu jo kini ko: walau co itu kini ko panmafaikannyo indak sarupo dulu jo indak sabanyak dulu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbr.id/nasional/11-2020/jernang__emas_rimba_yang_terancam_punah/103925.html|title=Jernang, Emas Rimba yang Terancam Punah|last=Radio|first=Kantor Berita|website=kbr.id|language=id|access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref> Babarapo barang seni jo karajinan masih manggunoan pawarna ko, misalnyo untuak mempernis [[biola]].<ref name=fao/> Ekspor jernang paliang gadang barasa dari [[Indonesia]]; yang rata-rata mengekspor labiah dari 50 [[ton]] pertahun di antaro 1988-93, jo puncaknyo sabanyak 90 ton pado tahun 1991. Data penggunaan dalam negeri Indonesia indak diketahui, sahinggo idak diketahui pulo pakiraan produksi total dari tahun ka tahun.<ref name=fao/> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Tumbuhan obat]] [[Kategori:Tumbuhan pewarna]] aduri9dsptiy54tvd4zv5wbyshqlp69 0 385912 2443649 2442738 2022-07-28T05:16:59Z Onyaso 7250 /* Lihat pula */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Danau Dendam Tak Sudah''' adolah sabuah danau nan talatak di Provinsi Bengkulu. Danau iko tapeknyo di Kelurahan Dusun Besar, Kecamatan Singaran Pati, [[Kota Bengkulu]], [[Bengkulu|Provinsi Bengkulu]]. Danau Dendam Tak Sudah mampunyoi luasan 559 dan luas permukaan 68 [[hektare]].<ref name="cnnindonesia">[http://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20150318144658-269-40032/legenda-dendam-tak-berkesudahan-di-danau-cantik-bengkulu/ Legenda Dendam Tak Berkesudahan di Danau Cantik Bengkulu], Cnnindonesia.com</ref><ref name="okezone">[http://news.okezone.com/read/2015/03/15/340/1118734/misteri-buaya-harimau-hitam-penunggu-danau-di-bengkulu Misteri Buaya & Harimau Hitam Penunggu Danau di Bengkulu], Okezone.com</ref><ref name="vivanewspanorama">[http://life.viva.co.id/news/read/462210-menguak-panorama-indah-danau--dendam-tak-sudah- Menguak Panorama Indah Danau 'Dendam Tak Sudah'], Vivanews.com</ref><ref name="vivalegenda">[http://life.viva.co.id/news/read/589465-menguak-legenda-danau-dendam-tak-sudah Menguak Legenda Danau Dendam Tak Sudah], Viva.co.id</ref> Danau Dendam Tak Sudah ko diapkiroan tabantuak dari aktivitas gunung berapi di daerah ko. Dek maingek pantiang jo strategisnyo kaberadaannyo, pado taun 1936, Danau Dendam Tak Sudah ditatok an sabagai [[cagar alam]] jo lueh 11,5 hektare dek Pemerintah [[Hindia Belanda]]. Kudian, pado taun 1979, kawasan cagar alam iko dipalueh manjadi 430 hektare. Pada tahun 1999, wilayah cagar alam diperluas lagi menjadi 577 hektare.<ref name="vivalegenda" /> == Flora jo fauna == Danau Dendam Tak Sudah ko mampunyoi babarapo jinih flora khas, di antaranyo anggrek matahari, plawi, bunga bakung, gelam, terentang, sikaduduak, brosong, ambacang rawa, jo pakih. Salain flora, tadapek pulo babarapo fauna khas, sarupo karo ikua panjang, lutung, burung kutilang, babi hutan, ular phyton, siamang, keong, jo babagai jinih ikan tamasuak ikan langko, sarupo kebakung, jo palau.<ref name="okezone"/> == Legenda == Ado babarapo [[legenda]] nan dipicayo masyarakaik tantang asa mulo adonyo Danau Dendam Tak Sudah. Di antaranyo legenda buaya buntung, Keramat Pintu Air, Keramat Danau, lintah raksasa, hingga dam tak sudah. === Buayo buntuang === Manuruik carito warga satampek, buayo dari Danau Dendam Tak Sudah, bataruang malawan buayo asa Lampung, Provinsi Lampung di Sungai Musi, Palembang, Sumatra Selatan. Dalam patarung tasabuik, buayo Danau Dendam Tak Sudah barasia magalahan buayo asa Lampung. Anya se, dalam partaruangan itu, buaya alas Danau Dendam Tak Sudah kailangan ikua. Konon pado waktu tu, buaya buntung Danau Dendam Tak Sudah basumpah pado buaya asal Lampung, jo kutukan, "Kalau main ke Danau Dendam Tak Sudah indak diagiah makan". Konon sajak adanyo dandam buaya tasabuik, mako danau disabuik warga satampek manyebuiknyo jo 'Danau Dendam Tak Sudah'. Warga sakita Danau Dendam Tak alah picayo bahwa buayo nan ikuanyo buntuang tu acok manampak an diri dakek ari rayo, talabiah Hari Rayo Idul Fitri. Dek co itu manjalang hari Idul Fitri, warga yang mendirikan pondok jualan di sekitar Danau Dendam Tak Sudah selalu menghentikan mencari ikan, berjualan, serta kegiatan lain. Indak anyo tu, muncuanyo buayo ka muko danau dikaik an pulo jo bancano nan malando Kota Bengkulu. Kutiko Bengkulu diguncang gempa 7,3 Skala Richter (SR) taun 2000 jo gampo gadang berkekuata 7,9 SR taun 2007, buayo buntuang dikabaan muncua kepermukaan danau.<ref name="okezone"/> === Lintah raksasa === Konon, daulunyo ado sapasang kekasih nan cintonyo indak direstui orang tuo. Mereka nan tangah mabuak asmara memutuskan bunuh diri dengan loncat ke danau. Sajak maso itu, masyarakaik Bengkulu picayo ado duo ikua lintah raksasa nan iduik di danau jo marupoan jelmaan sapasang kekasih tasabuik. Mereka taruih iduik jo manyimpan raso dandam dek cinto nan indak sampai.<ref name="cnnindonesia"/><ref name="vivanewspanorama"/> === Keramaik Pintu Aia === Danau nan kini ko manjadi saat ini kawasan Cagar Alam Dusun Besar (CADB) iko lo nan punyo kuburan karamaik banamo karamaik ’Sapu Jagat’ atau karamaik Pintu Aia. Manurik curito nan disampaian sacaro turun-temurun, ''karamaik'' tasabuik marupoan ''karamaik'' urang sakti, nan mampunyoi ilimu. Nama keramat tersebut oleh warga Suku Lembak, disebut keramat 'Keramat Pitu Ayo', yang berarti Keramat Pintu Air. Ada juga warga Suku Lembak menyebut nama keramat itu dengan nama Keramat 'Jalan ke Ayo'. Sayangnya, nama penghuni keramat tersebut, belum diketahui secara persis. Mengingat sejarah keramat tersebut, sudah ada sebelum penjajah datang ke Kota Bengkulu. Setiap ada kegiatan lomba azan, lomba shalat, hingga panen, masyrakat menyempatkan diri hadir ke ''keramat'' tersebut. Khusus terkait panen, masyarakat membawa kue apem ke keramat sebagai bentuk syukur atas hasil panen padi yang melimpah. Pada zaman penjajahan Inggris, pasukan kolonial sempat gagal menyerbu warga Suku Lembak akibat dihalau oleh Keramat Sapu Jagat. Menurut Kepercayaan warga, penghuni keramat ketika itu menurunkan hujan abu sehingga menghalangi penyerbuan.<ref name="okezone"/> === Keramat Danau === Selain Keramat Sapu Jagat, juga terdapat Keramat Danau di danau yang memiliki luas 577 hektare (Ha) dengan luas permukaan danau sekitar 67 Ha ini. Konon, Keramat Danau ini dijaga oleh Harimau Hitam dan Rusa Kelabu. Pada suatu ketika, dilakukan pembangunan jalan di sekitar Keramat Danau yang terkena kemarau. Namun, ketika proyek dikerjakan, alat berat yang digunakan tidak bisa bisa berjalan. Oleh karena itu, proyek pembangunan jalan dialihkan ke tempat lain. Cerita lain mengungkapkan, kehadiran Harimau Hitam dan Rusa Kelabu pernah disaksikan warga. Setelah menyaksikan kedua penghuni tersebut, warga bersangkutant idak dapat ditur selama lima hari lima malam. orang tersebut baru dapat tidur setelah dilakukan syukuran di Keramat Danau.<ref name="okezone"/> === Dam tak sudah === Kisah lain takaik namo nan cukuik jangga di talingo tasabuik takaik jo pambangunan dam dek Pemerintah Kolonial Belanda. Konon, koloni mambangun bendungan untuak manampuang banjir. Tapi, inggo panjajahan abih, bandungan itu indak jo siap jo ditinggaan mode tu se. Akibaiknyo, luko jo dandam panduduak Bengkulu indak jo bakasudahan. Ado juo nan mangaikan namo Dendam Tak Sudah barasa dari Dam Tak Sudah.<ref name="cnnindonesia"/><ref name="okezone"/><ref name="vivanewspanorama"/> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [http://go.bengkuluprov.go.id/ver3/index.php/pariwisata/wisata-alam/danau-dendam-tak-sudah-ddts Danau Dendam Tak Sudah]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Bengkuluprov.go.id * [http://lifestyle.okezone.com/read/2013/09/04/408/860519/panorama-indah-di-danau-dendam-tak-sudah Panorama Indah di Danau Dendam Tak Sudah], Okezone.com * [http://travel.kompas.com/read/2013/10/06/1400465/Danau.Dendam.Tak.Sudah.Benteng.Warga.Bengkulu Danau Dendam Tak Sudah, Benteng Warga Bengkulu], Kompas.com * [http://travel.detik.com/read/2012/11/19/071321/2093870/1383/3/4-destinasi-dengan-legenda-keren-di-indonesia 4 Destinasi dengan Legenda Keren di Indonesia], Detik.com == Caliak pulo == * [[Danau Tes]] * [[Bengkulu]] * [[Kota Bengkulu]] [[Kategori:Danau di Bengkulu]] 73vh9moy224aaslvvjy5j6pn4z0kqe8 0 385913 2443631 2442948 2022-07-28T05:02:12Z Onyaso 7250 /* Standardisasi Produk Gulo */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox|color=lightgreen|name=Gula Aren|image=Sugar cane leaves.jpg|image_width=250px|image_caption=Daun tebu|regnum=[[Plantae]]|divisio=[[Magnoliophyta]]|classis=[[Liliopsida]]|ordo=[[Poales]]|familia=[[Poaceae]]|genus='''''Saccharum'''''|genus_authority=[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]|subdivision_ranks=Species|subdivision=''Saccharum arundinaceum'' {{br}} ''Saccharum bengalense'' {{br}} ''Saccharum edule'' {{br}} ''[[Saccharum officinarum]]'' {{br}} ''Saccharum procerum'' {{br}} ''Saccharum ravennae'' {{br}} ''Saccharum robustum'' {{br}} ''Saccharum sinense'' {{br}} ''[[Saccharum spontaneum]]'' {{br}}}} [[Berkas:Sugar_cane_farm.JPG|jmpl|Deretan tanaman tebu di [[perkebunan]]]] [[Berkas:Cut_sugarcane.jpg|jmpl|Potongan tebu yang siap diproses]] '''Tebu''' (''Saccharum officinarum Linn'') ([[bahasa Inggris]]: ''sugar cane'') adolah tanaman untuak bahan baku mambuek [[Gula|gulo]] dan [[Mononatrium glutamat|vetsin]]. Tanaman iko hanyo dapek tumbuah di daerah nan beriklim tropis. Tanaman tabu masuak ka jenis rumpuik. Umua tanaman tabu sajak ditanam sampai bisa dipanen mancapai kurang labiah 1 tahun. Di Indonesia tabu banyak dibudidayakan di pulau [[Jawa]] dan [[Sumatra]]. Karakteristik dari tanaman tabu antaro lain adolah adonyo bulu-bulu haluih sarato duri di sekitar bagian palapah dan halaian daunnyo. Kabaradoan bulu-bulu jo duri itu baragam, tagantuang dari varietas tabu. Tinggi dari tanaman tabu bamacam-macam, ado babarapo nan mambuek batang tabu manjadi tinggi adolah dukuangan dari lingkuangan dan varietas; namun sacaro umum tanaman tabu mampunyoi tinggi mulai dari 2,5 sampai 4 meter, jo diameter batang 2 – 4&nbsp;cm. Tabu marupokan tanaman monokotil dan batangnyo dapek manghasiakan anakan dari pangka batang barupo tuneh nan salanjuiknyo akan mambantuak rumpun<ref name=":0">Kurnia, I Gusti Ayu Maya. 2018. ''Tebu (Saccharum officinarum Linn)''. Diakses pada 28 Maret 2019 pukul 23.05.</ref> Tanaman tabu dapek tumbuah dan bakambang biak di kawasan nan ba iklim subtropika. Tanaman tabu marupokan salah satu tanaman nan tumbuah kambangnyo sangat bagantuang ka kondisi cuaca, artinyo jikok iklim tampek tanaman iko buruak akan bapangaruah ka hasil panen tabu dan kamungkinan hasia panennyo menurun. Sacaro umum syarat kondisi lingkuangan nan dapek manunjang tumbuah kambang tabu nan maksimal adolah jo katinggian sekitar 0 – 900 mdpl, curah hujan rato-rato 2000mm/tahun, rantang suhu udaro 21 – 32^o C, dan pH tanah 5 – 6.<ref name=":0" /> Untuak mambuek gulo, batang tabu nan alah dipanen diparah jo masin (mesin ''press'') di pabrik gulo. Sasudah itu, [[nira|niro]] atau aia parahan tabu disariang, dimasak, dan diputiahkan sahinggo menjadi gulo pasia. Dari proses mambuek tabu akan manghasiakan gulo 5%, sumparah tabu 90% dan sisonyo barupo tetes (molasse) jo aia. Daun tabu nan kariang (dalam [[Bahasa Jawa|bahaso Jawa]], ''dadhok'') adolah biomassa nan mampunyoi nilai kalori cukuik tinggi. D''adhok'' juo digunokan untuak pangganti kayu baka atau bahan baka untuak mamasak karano capek angek jo mambuek api garang. Dalam konversi energi pabrik gulo, daun tabu jo sumparah batang tabu digunokan untuak bahan baka ''boiler'', nan uapnyo digunokan untuak proses produksi dan pambangkik listrik. Di babarapo daerah, aia parahan tabu acok dijadikan minuman segar malapehan hauih, latiah, aia perasan tabu juo diyakini elok untuak kesehatan badan karano dapek menambah [[glukosa]].<ref name="tebu">[https://www.sehatq.com/artikel/rasakan-manisnya-8-manfaat-air-tebu-bagi-kesehatan-ini Rasakan manisnya 8 Manfaat air tebu bagi kesehatan (via SehatQ.com)]</ref> == Produksi tabu di Indonesia == Di Indonesia, tanaman tabu utamonyo banyak dihasiakan dari pulau Jawa jo Sumatra. Di tahun 2016, manuruik Direktorat Jenderal Pakebunan tacatat laweh kawasan pakabunan tabu adolah 445.520 hektar nan manghasiakan 2,222 juta ton.<ref name=":0" /> Untuak panen tabu, sacaro umum jumlah panen tabu taruih maningkek sejak 1980, jo laweh 316.063 ha, salanjuiknyo maningkek jadi 50,69% manjadi 427.123 di tahun 2013. Taruih maningkeknyo jumlah panen tabu iko dikaranokan dek maningkeknyo laweh lahan tabu di kabun masyarakat. Sairiang jo maningkeknyo panen tabu, produksi tabu dalam bantuak gulo juo taruih maningkek sajak tahun 1980. Namun di tahun 1998 tajadi penurunan produksi dikaranokan Indonesia sadang mengalami krisis ekonomi di masa itu. Jikok dibandiangkan jo tahun sabalunnyo, produksi tabu dalam bantuak gulo di tahun 1998 hanyo mancapai 1,48 juta ton, samantaro di tahun 1997 bisa mancapai di angko 2,19 juta ton. Kondisi iko taruih berlanjut sampai tahun 2004, saat produksi tabu babaliak mencapai angka 2 juta ton baliak setelah mengalami keterpurukan di tahun 1998. Hingga 2016, Ditjen Perkebunan mampakirokan produktivitas tanaman tabu di Indonesia alah mancapai 2,71 ton atau maningkek sekitar 116% dari tahun 1998.<ref>Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian Sekretariat Jenderal – Kementerian Pertanian. 2016. ''Outlook Tebu 2016''. Jakarta: Kementerian Pertanian. Halaman 13 – 15.</ref> == Produk Gulo == Produk olahan utama dari tabu yaitu gulo alah distandardisasi oleh pemerintah Indonesia, tapeknyo oleh Direktorat Standardisasi dan Pengendalian Mutu Kementerian Perdagangan Indonesia. Gulo Kristal putih (GKP) termasuk produk nan diberlakukan wajib SNI berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 68/Permentann/OT.140/6/2013. SNI GKP adolah SNI 3140.3:2010 dan Amandemen 1.2011 Gulo Kristal Putih. Persyaratan mutu untuak Gulo Kristal Putiah terlampir di tabel dibawah iko.<ref>Kementerian Perdagangan Indonesi. 2017. ''Kebijakan Pengawasan SNI Wajib''.</ref> {| class="wikitable" | rowspan="2" |No. | rowspan="2" |Parameter Uji | rowspan="2" |Satuan | colspan="2" |Gula Kristal Putih (SNI 3140.3:2010) |- |GKP 1 |GKP 2 |- |1 | colspan="4" |Warna |- | |Warna Kristal |CT |4,0 – 7,5 |7,6 – 10,0 |- | |Larutan |IU |81 – 200 |201 - 300 |- |2 |Besar Jenis Butir |mm |0,8 – 1,2 |0,8 – 1,2 |- |3 |Susut Pengeringan (b/b) |% |Maks 0,1 |Maks 0,1 |- |4 |Polarisasi (^oZ, 20^oC) |^oZ |Min. 99,6 |Min 99,5 |- |5 |Abu Konduktiviti |% |Maks 0,10 |Maks 0,15 |- |6 | colspan="4" |Bahan Tambahan Pangan |- | |Belerang Dioksida |mg/kg |Maks 30 |Maks 30 |- |7 | colspan="4" |Cemaran Logam |- | |Timbal (Pb) |mg/kg |Maks 2 |Maks 2 |- | |Tembaga (Cu) |mg/kg |Maks 2 |Maks 2 |- | |Arsen (As) |mg/kg |Maks 1 |Maks 1 |} == Paningkekan produksi tabu == Salah satu kajian metabolomik nan alah dikarajoan tantang tabu adolah kajian relasi profil metabolit dibagian tumbuah kambang tabu, yaitu batang dan tuneh tabu, terhadap kamampuan tumbuahnyo tuneh tabu. Bagian tuneh aksila di tabu umumnyo berado dikondisi dorman; walaupun bantuak itu, katiko segmen dari batang nan mamuek bagian dari node jo internode jo embrio akar dan satidaknyo ciek tunas viabel dipisahkan dari badan tanaman dan ditanam di tanah, patumbuahan tuneh dapek diamati dan tanaman tabu baru dapek dihasiakan. Tabu juo dapek mangumpuakan sukrosa dalam jumlah nan banyak di bagian batangnyo. Sukrosa iko salanjuiknyo dapek digunokan sebagai substrat dek tabu untuak manunjang tumbuah kambangnyo malalui integrasi disaat proses metabolisme tatantu nan sifatnyo dinamis jo dapek dikarakterisasi jo siklus sintesis, degradasi nan dinamis pulo, mencakup keterlibatan beragam enzim dan isoformnyo. Sukrosa nan ado di dalam batang tabu dapek diamati sebagai gradien, jo kanduangan sukrosa di internoda nan masih mudo labiah randah dibandiangkan samo internoda nan alah tuo. Oleh karano itu, karbon nan disimpan dek tanaman tabu dalam bantuak sukrosa iko diasumsikan punyo peran dalam tumbuahnyo tuneh jo tumbuahnyo tuneh tabu baru. Anggapan iko didasarkan pado informasi bahasonyo sukrosa marupokan salah satu metabolit nan masuak dalam patumbuahan di babarapo jenis tanaman lainnyo.<ref name=":1">Ferreira, D. A., Martins, M. C. M., Cheavegatti-Gianotto, A., Carneiro, M. S., Amadeu, R. R., Aricetti, J. A., Caldana, C. (2018). ''Metabolite Profiles of Sugarcane Culm Reveal the Relationship Among Metabolism and Axillary Bud Outgrowth in Genetically Related Sugarcane Commercial Cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9.''doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00857.</ref> Komposisi metabolit adolah salah ciek tool nan powerful untuak manjembatani interaksi gen jo fenotip nan diamati disuatu organisme, nan marupokan caminan dari komposisi kimia nan dikanduang sel. Kajian nan alah dikarajoan ka tanaman tabu takaik jo hal iko adolah pengeksplorasian labiah lanjuik jariangan metabolit (''metabolic networks'') dari bagian batang jo tuneh tabu, jariangan nan banyak talibat dalam vegetatif spesies. Dikaranokan patumbuahan tuneh marupokan kunci untuak manantukan keberhasilan tumbuah kambang tabu di area itu.<ref name=":1" /> == Caliak puli == * [[Gula]] * [[Daftar pabrik gula di Indonesia]] * [[Pemanen tebu]] == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Pranala lua == * [https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/11/30/926214ad03af786939d25bbd/statistik-tebu-indonesia-2019.html Statistik tebu 2019 Indonesia dar Badan Pusat Statistik/ BPS] {{Taxonbar|from=Q36940}} lfvhh8ebyj8btqqoagnxmpq5ky5rm1l 2443632 2443631 2022-07-28T05:02:27Z Onyaso 7250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox|color=lightgreen|name=Gula Aren|image=Sugar cane leaves.jpg|image_width=250px|image_caption=Daun tebu|regnum=[[Plantae]]|divisio=[[Magnoliophyta]]|classis=[[Liliopsida]]|ordo=[[Poales]]|familia=[[Poaceae]]|genus='''''Saccharum'''''|genus_authority=[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]|subdivision_ranks=Species|subdivision=''Saccharum arundinaceum'' {{br}} ''Saccharum bengalense'' {{br}} ''Saccharum edule'' {{br}} ''[[Saccharum officinarum]]'' {{br}} ''Saccharum procerum'' {{br}} ''Saccharum ravennae'' {{br}} ''Saccharum robustum'' {{br}} ''Saccharum sinense'' {{br}} ''[[Saccharum spontaneum]]'' {{br}}}} [[Berkas:Sugar_cane_farm.JPG|jmpl|Deretan tanaman tebu di [[perkebunan]]]] [[Berkas:Cut_sugarcane.jpg|jmpl|Potongan tebu yang siap diproses]] '''Tabu''' (''Saccharum officinarum Linn'') ([[bahasa Inggris]]: ''sugar cane'') adolah tanaman untuak bahan baku mambuek [[Gula|gulo]] dan [[Mononatrium glutamat|vetsin]]. Tanaman iko hanyo dapek tumbuah di daerah nan beriklim tropis. Tanaman tabu masuak ka jenis rumpuik. Umua tanaman tabu sajak ditanam sampai bisa dipanen mancapai kurang labiah 1 tahun. Di Indonesia tabu banyak dibudidayakan di pulau [[Jawa]] dan [[Sumatra]]. Karakteristik dari tanaman tabu antaro lain adolah adonyo bulu-bulu haluih sarato duri di sekitar bagian palapah dan halaian daunnyo. Kabaradoan bulu-bulu jo duri itu baragam, tagantuang dari varietas tabu. Tinggi dari tanaman tabu bamacam-macam, ado babarapo nan mambuek batang tabu manjadi tinggi adolah dukuangan dari lingkuangan dan varietas; namun sacaro umum tanaman tabu mampunyoi tinggi mulai dari 2,5 sampai 4 meter, jo diameter batang 2 – 4&nbsp;cm. Tabu marupokan tanaman monokotil dan batangnyo dapek manghasiakan anakan dari pangka batang barupo tuneh nan salanjuiknyo akan mambantuak rumpun<ref name=":0">Kurnia, I Gusti Ayu Maya. 2018. ''Tebu (Saccharum officinarum Linn)''. Diakses pada 28 Maret 2019 pukul 23.05.</ref> Tanaman tabu dapek tumbuah dan bakambang biak di kawasan nan ba iklim subtropika. Tanaman tabu marupokan salah satu tanaman nan tumbuah kambangnyo sangat bagantuang ka kondisi cuaca, artinyo jikok iklim tampek tanaman iko buruak akan bapangaruah ka hasil panen tabu dan kamungkinan hasia panennyo menurun. Sacaro umum syarat kondisi lingkuangan nan dapek manunjang tumbuah kambang tabu nan maksimal adolah jo katinggian sekitar 0 – 900 mdpl, curah hujan rato-rato 2000mm/tahun, rantang suhu udaro 21 – 32^o C, dan pH tanah 5 – 6.<ref name=":0" /> Untuak mambuek gulo, batang tabu nan alah dipanen diparah jo masin (mesin ''press'') di pabrik gulo. Sasudah itu, [[nira|niro]] atau aia parahan tabu disariang, dimasak, dan diputiahkan sahinggo menjadi gulo pasia. Dari proses mambuek tabu akan manghasiakan gulo 5%, sumparah tabu 90% dan sisonyo barupo tetes (molasse) jo aia. Daun tabu nan kariang (dalam [[Bahasa Jawa|bahaso Jawa]], ''dadhok'') adolah biomassa nan mampunyoi nilai kalori cukuik tinggi. D''adhok'' juo digunokan untuak pangganti kayu baka atau bahan baka untuak mamasak karano capek angek jo mambuek api garang. Dalam konversi energi pabrik gulo, daun tabu jo sumparah batang tabu digunokan untuak bahan baka ''boiler'', nan uapnyo digunokan untuak proses produksi dan pambangkik listrik. Di babarapo daerah, aia parahan tabu acok dijadikan minuman segar malapehan hauih, latiah, aia perasan tabu juo diyakini elok untuak kesehatan badan karano dapek menambah [[glukosa]].<ref name="tebu">[https://www.sehatq.com/artikel/rasakan-manisnya-8-manfaat-air-tebu-bagi-kesehatan-ini Rasakan manisnya 8 Manfaat air tebu bagi kesehatan (via SehatQ.com)]</ref> == Produksi tabu di Indonesia == Di Indonesia, tanaman tabu utamonyo banyak dihasiakan dari pulau Jawa jo Sumatra. Di tahun 2016, manuruik Direktorat Jenderal Pakebunan tacatat laweh kawasan pakabunan tabu adolah 445.520 hektar nan manghasiakan 2,222 juta ton.<ref name=":0" /> Untuak panen tabu, sacaro umum jumlah panen tabu taruih maningkek sejak 1980, jo laweh 316.063 ha, salanjuiknyo maningkek jadi 50,69% manjadi 427.123 di tahun 2013. Taruih maningkeknyo jumlah panen tabu iko dikaranokan dek maningkeknyo laweh lahan tabu di kabun masyarakat. Sairiang jo maningkeknyo panen tabu, produksi tabu dalam bantuak gulo juo taruih maningkek sajak tahun 1980. Namun di tahun 1998 tajadi penurunan produksi dikaranokan Indonesia sadang mengalami krisis ekonomi di masa itu. Jikok dibandiangkan jo tahun sabalunnyo, produksi tabu dalam bantuak gulo di tahun 1998 hanyo mancapai 1,48 juta ton, samantaro di tahun 1997 bisa mancapai di angko 2,19 juta ton. Kondisi iko taruih berlanjut sampai tahun 2004, saat produksi tabu babaliak mencapai angka 2 juta ton baliak setelah mengalami keterpurukan di tahun 1998. Hingga 2016, Ditjen Perkebunan mampakirokan produktivitas tanaman tabu di Indonesia alah mancapai 2,71 ton atau maningkek sekitar 116% dari tahun 1998.<ref>Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian Sekretariat Jenderal – Kementerian Pertanian. 2016. ''Outlook Tebu 2016''. Jakarta: Kementerian Pertanian. Halaman 13 – 15.</ref> == Produk Gulo == Produk olahan utama dari tabu yaitu gulo alah distandardisasi oleh pemerintah Indonesia, tapeknyo oleh Direktorat Standardisasi dan Pengendalian Mutu Kementerian Perdagangan Indonesia. Gulo Kristal putih (GKP) termasuk produk nan diberlakukan wajib SNI berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 68/Permentann/OT.140/6/2013. SNI GKP adolah SNI 3140.3:2010 dan Amandemen 1.2011 Gulo Kristal Putih. Persyaratan mutu untuak Gulo Kristal Putiah terlampir di tabel dibawah iko.<ref>Kementerian Perdagangan Indonesi. 2017. ''Kebijakan Pengawasan SNI Wajib''.</ref> {| class="wikitable" | rowspan="2" |No. | rowspan="2" |Parameter Uji | rowspan="2" |Satuan | colspan="2" |Gula Kristal Putih (SNI 3140.3:2010) |- |GKP 1 |GKP 2 |- |1 | colspan="4" |Warna |- | |Warna Kristal |CT |4,0 – 7,5 |7,6 – 10,0 |- | |Larutan |IU |81 – 200 |201 - 300 |- |2 |Besar Jenis Butir |mm |0,8 – 1,2 |0,8 – 1,2 |- |3 |Susut Pengeringan (b/b) |% |Maks 0,1 |Maks 0,1 |- |4 |Polarisasi (^oZ, 20^oC) |^oZ |Min. 99,6 |Min 99,5 |- |5 |Abu Konduktiviti |% |Maks 0,10 |Maks 0,15 |- |6 | colspan="4" |Bahan Tambahan Pangan |- | |Belerang Dioksida |mg/kg |Maks 30 |Maks 30 |- |7 | colspan="4" |Cemaran Logam |- | |Timbal (Pb) |mg/kg |Maks 2 |Maks 2 |- | |Tembaga (Cu) |mg/kg |Maks 2 |Maks 2 |- | |Arsen (As) |mg/kg |Maks 1 |Maks 1 |} == Paningkekan produksi tabu == Salah satu kajian metabolomik nan alah dikarajoan tantang tabu adolah kajian relasi profil metabolit dibagian tumbuah kambang tabu, yaitu batang dan tuneh tabu, terhadap kamampuan tumbuahnyo tuneh tabu. Bagian tuneh aksila di tabu umumnyo berado dikondisi dorman; walaupun bantuak itu, katiko segmen dari batang nan mamuek bagian dari node jo internode jo embrio akar dan satidaknyo ciek tunas viabel dipisahkan dari badan tanaman dan ditanam di tanah, patumbuahan tuneh dapek diamati dan tanaman tabu baru dapek dihasiakan. Tabu juo dapek mangumpuakan sukrosa dalam jumlah nan banyak di bagian batangnyo. Sukrosa iko salanjuiknyo dapek digunokan sebagai substrat dek tabu untuak manunjang tumbuah kambangnyo malalui integrasi disaat proses metabolisme tatantu nan sifatnyo dinamis jo dapek dikarakterisasi jo siklus sintesis, degradasi nan dinamis pulo, mencakup keterlibatan beragam enzim dan isoformnyo. Sukrosa nan ado di dalam batang tabu dapek diamati sebagai gradien, jo kanduangan sukrosa di internoda nan masih mudo labiah randah dibandiangkan samo internoda nan alah tuo. Oleh karano itu, karbon nan disimpan dek tanaman tabu dalam bantuak sukrosa iko diasumsikan punyo peran dalam tumbuahnyo tuneh jo tumbuahnyo tuneh tabu baru. Anggapan iko didasarkan pado informasi bahasonyo sukrosa marupokan salah satu metabolit nan masuak dalam patumbuahan di babarapo jenis tanaman lainnyo.<ref name=":1">Ferreira, D. A., Martins, M. C. M., Cheavegatti-Gianotto, A., Carneiro, M. S., Amadeu, R. R., Aricetti, J. A., Caldana, C. (2018). ''Metabolite Profiles of Sugarcane Culm Reveal the Relationship Among Metabolism and Axillary Bud Outgrowth in Genetically Related Sugarcane Commercial Cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9.''doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00857.</ref> Komposisi metabolit adolah salah ciek tool nan powerful untuak manjembatani interaksi gen jo fenotip nan diamati disuatu organisme, nan marupokan caminan dari komposisi kimia nan dikanduang sel. Kajian nan alah dikarajoan ka tanaman tabu takaik jo hal iko adolah pengeksplorasian labiah lanjuik jariangan metabolit (''metabolic networks'') dari bagian batang jo tuneh tabu, jariangan nan banyak talibat dalam vegetatif spesies. Dikaranokan patumbuahan tuneh marupokan kunci untuak manantukan keberhasilan tumbuah kambang tabu di area itu.<ref name=":1" /> == Caliak puli == * [[Gula]] * [[Daftar pabrik gula di Indonesia]] * [[Pemanen tebu]] == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Pranala lua == * [https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/11/30/926214ad03af786939d25bbd/statistik-tebu-indonesia-2019.html Statistik tebu 2019 Indonesia dar Badan Pusat Statistik/ BPS] {{Taxonbar|from=Q36940}} kdb3nnk97rl51lvjctjdxdv9ql6phqd 2443633 2443632 2022-07-28T05:02:43Z Onyaso 7250 Onyaso mamindahan laman [[Tebu]] ka [[Tabu]]: bahasa minang wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox|color=lightgreen|name=Gula Aren|image=Sugar cane leaves.jpg|image_width=250px|image_caption=Daun tebu|regnum=[[Plantae]]|divisio=[[Magnoliophyta]]|classis=[[Liliopsida]]|ordo=[[Poales]]|familia=[[Poaceae]]|genus='''''Saccharum'''''|genus_authority=[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]|subdivision_ranks=Species|subdivision=''Saccharum arundinaceum'' {{br}} ''Saccharum bengalense'' {{br}} ''Saccharum edule'' {{br}} ''[[Saccharum officinarum]]'' {{br}} ''Saccharum procerum'' {{br}} ''Saccharum ravennae'' {{br}} ''Saccharum robustum'' {{br}} ''Saccharum sinense'' {{br}} ''[[Saccharum spontaneum]]'' {{br}}}} [[Berkas:Sugar_cane_farm.JPG|jmpl|Deretan tanaman tebu di [[perkebunan]]]] [[Berkas:Cut_sugarcane.jpg|jmpl|Potongan tebu yang siap diproses]] '''Tabu''' (''Saccharum officinarum Linn'') ([[bahasa Inggris]]: ''sugar cane'') adolah tanaman untuak bahan baku mambuek [[Gula|gulo]] dan [[Mononatrium glutamat|vetsin]]. Tanaman iko hanyo dapek tumbuah di daerah nan beriklim tropis. Tanaman tabu masuak ka jenis rumpuik. Umua tanaman tabu sajak ditanam sampai bisa dipanen mancapai kurang labiah 1 tahun. Di Indonesia tabu banyak dibudidayakan di pulau [[Jawa]] dan [[Sumatra]]. Karakteristik dari tanaman tabu antaro lain adolah adonyo bulu-bulu haluih sarato duri di sekitar bagian palapah dan halaian daunnyo. Kabaradoan bulu-bulu jo duri itu baragam, tagantuang dari varietas tabu. Tinggi dari tanaman tabu bamacam-macam, ado babarapo nan mambuek batang tabu manjadi tinggi adolah dukuangan dari lingkuangan dan varietas; namun sacaro umum tanaman tabu mampunyoi tinggi mulai dari 2,5 sampai 4 meter, jo diameter batang 2 – 4&nbsp;cm. Tabu marupokan tanaman monokotil dan batangnyo dapek manghasiakan anakan dari pangka batang barupo tuneh nan salanjuiknyo akan mambantuak rumpun<ref name=":0">Kurnia, I Gusti Ayu Maya. 2018. ''Tebu (Saccharum officinarum Linn)''. Diakses pada 28 Maret 2019 pukul 23.05.</ref> Tanaman tabu dapek tumbuah dan bakambang biak di kawasan nan ba iklim subtropika. Tanaman tabu marupokan salah satu tanaman nan tumbuah kambangnyo sangat bagantuang ka kondisi cuaca, artinyo jikok iklim tampek tanaman iko buruak akan bapangaruah ka hasil panen tabu dan kamungkinan hasia panennyo menurun. Sacaro umum syarat kondisi lingkuangan nan dapek manunjang tumbuah kambang tabu nan maksimal adolah jo katinggian sekitar 0 – 900 mdpl, curah hujan rato-rato 2000mm/tahun, rantang suhu udaro 21 – 32^o C, dan pH tanah 5 – 6.<ref name=":0" /> Untuak mambuek gulo, batang tabu nan alah dipanen diparah jo masin (mesin ''press'') di pabrik gulo. Sasudah itu, [[nira|niro]] atau aia parahan tabu disariang, dimasak, dan diputiahkan sahinggo menjadi gulo pasia. Dari proses mambuek tabu akan manghasiakan gulo 5%, sumparah tabu 90% dan sisonyo barupo tetes (molasse) jo aia. Daun tabu nan kariang (dalam [[Bahasa Jawa|bahaso Jawa]], ''dadhok'') adolah biomassa nan mampunyoi nilai kalori cukuik tinggi. D''adhok'' juo digunokan untuak pangganti kayu baka atau bahan baka untuak mamasak karano capek angek jo mambuek api garang. Dalam konversi energi pabrik gulo, daun tabu jo sumparah batang tabu digunokan untuak bahan baka ''boiler'', nan uapnyo digunokan untuak proses produksi dan pambangkik listrik. Di babarapo daerah, aia parahan tabu acok dijadikan minuman segar malapehan hauih, latiah, aia perasan tabu juo diyakini elok untuak kesehatan badan karano dapek menambah [[glukosa]].<ref name="tebu">[https://www.sehatq.com/artikel/rasakan-manisnya-8-manfaat-air-tebu-bagi-kesehatan-ini Rasakan manisnya 8 Manfaat air tebu bagi kesehatan (via SehatQ.com)]</ref> == Produksi tabu di Indonesia == Di Indonesia, tanaman tabu utamonyo banyak dihasiakan dari pulau Jawa jo Sumatra. Di tahun 2016, manuruik Direktorat Jenderal Pakebunan tacatat laweh kawasan pakabunan tabu adolah 445.520 hektar nan manghasiakan 2,222 juta ton.<ref name=":0" /> Untuak panen tabu, sacaro umum jumlah panen tabu taruih maningkek sejak 1980, jo laweh 316.063 ha, salanjuiknyo maningkek jadi 50,69% manjadi 427.123 di tahun 2013. Taruih maningkeknyo jumlah panen tabu iko dikaranokan dek maningkeknyo laweh lahan tabu di kabun masyarakat. Sairiang jo maningkeknyo panen tabu, produksi tabu dalam bantuak gulo juo taruih maningkek sajak tahun 1980. Namun di tahun 1998 tajadi penurunan produksi dikaranokan Indonesia sadang mengalami krisis ekonomi di masa itu. Jikok dibandiangkan jo tahun sabalunnyo, produksi tabu dalam bantuak gulo di tahun 1998 hanyo mancapai 1,48 juta ton, samantaro di tahun 1997 bisa mancapai di angko 2,19 juta ton. Kondisi iko taruih berlanjut sampai tahun 2004, saat produksi tabu babaliak mencapai angka 2 juta ton baliak setelah mengalami keterpurukan di tahun 1998. Hingga 2016, Ditjen Perkebunan mampakirokan produktivitas tanaman tabu di Indonesia alah mancapai 2,71 ton atau maningkek sekitar 116% dari tahun 1998.<ref>Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian Sekretariat Jenderal – Kementerian Pertanian. 2016. ''Outlook Tebu 2016''. Jakarta: Kementerian Pertanian. Halaman 13 – 15.</ref> == Produk Gulo == Produk olahan utama dari tabu yaitu gulo alah distandardisasi oleh pemerintah Indonesia, tapeknyo oleh Direktorat Standardisasi dan Pengendalian Mutu Kementerian Perdagangan Indonesia. Gulo Kristal putih (GKP) termasuk produk nan diberlakukan wajib SNI berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 68/Permentann/OT.140/6/2013. SNI GKP adolah SNI 3140.3:2010 dan Amandemen 1.2011 Gulo Kristal Putih. Persyaratan mutu untuak Gulo Kristal Putiah terlampir di tabel dibawah iko.<ref>Kementerian Perdagangan Indonesi. 2017. ''Kebijakan Pengawasan SNI Wajib''.</ref> {| class="wikitable" | rowspan="2" |No. | rowspan="2" |Parameter Uji | rowspan="2" |Satuan | colspan="2" |Gula Kristal Putih (SNI 3140.3:2010) |- |GKP 1 |GKP 2 |- |1 | colspan="4" |Warna |- | |Warna Kristal |CT |4,0 – 7,5 |7,6 – 10,0 |- | |Larutan |IU |81 – 200 |201 - 300 |- |2 |Besar Jenis Butir |mm |0,8 – 1,2 |0,8 – 1,2 |- |3 |Susut Pengeringan (b/b) |% |Maks 0,1 |Maks 0,1 |- |4 |Polarisasi (^oZ, 20^oC) |^oZ |Min. 99,6 |Min 99,5 |- |5 |Abu Konduktiviti |% |Maks 0,10 |Maks 0,15 |- |6 | colspan="4" |Bahan Tambahan Pangan |- | |Belerang Dioksida |mg/kg |Maks 30 |Maks 30 |- |7 | colspan="4" |Cemaran Logam |- | |Timbal (Pb) |mg/kg |Maks 2 |Maks 2 |- | |Tembaga (Cu) |mg/kg |Maks 2 |Maks 2 |- | |Arsen (As) |mg/kg |Maks 1 |Maks 1 |} == Paningkekan produksi tabu == Salah satu kajian metabolomik nan alah dikarajoan tantang tabu adolah kajian relasi profil metabolit dibagian tumbuah kambang tabu, yaitu batang dan tuneh tabu, terhadap kamampuan tumbuahnyo tuneh tabu. Bagian tuneh aksila di tabu umumnyo berado dikondisi dorman; walaupun bantuak itu, katiko segmen dari batang nan mamuek bagian dari node jo internode jo embrio akar dan satidaknyo ciek tunas viabel dipisahkan dari badan tanaman dan ditanam di tanah, patumbuahan tuneh dapek diamati dan tanaman tabu baru dapek dihasiakan. Tabu juo dapek mangumpuakan sukrosa dalam jumlah nan banyak di bagian batangnyo. Sukrosa iko salanjuiknyo dapek digunokan sebagai substrat dek tabu untuak manunjang tumbuah kambangnyo malalui integrasi disaat proses metabolisme tatantu nan sifatnyo dinamis jo dapek dikarakterisasi jo siklus sintesis, degradasi nan dinamis pulo, mencakup keterlibatan beragam enzim dan isoformnyo. Sukrosa nan ado di dalam batang tabu dapek diamati sebagai gradien, jo kanduangan sukrosa di internoda nan masih mudo labiah randah dibandiangkan samo internoda nan alah tuo. Oleh karano itu, karbon nan disimpan dek tanaman tabu dalam bantuak sukrosa iko diasumsikan punyo peran dalam tumbuahnyo tuneh jo tumbuahnyo tuneh tabu baru. Anggapan iko didasarkan pado informasi bahasonyo sukrosa marupokan salah satu metabolit nan masuak dalam patumbuahan di babarapo jenis tanaman lainnyo.<ref name=":1">Ferreira, D. A., Martins, M. C. M., Cheavegatti-Gianotto, A., Carneiro, M. S., Amadeu, R. R., Aricetti, J. A., Caldana, C. (2018). ''Metabolite Profiles of Sugarcane Culm Reveal the Relationship Among Metabolism and Axillary Bud Outgrowth in Genetically Related Sugarcane Commercial Cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9.''doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00857.</ref> Komposisi metabolit adolah salah ciek tool nan powerful untuak manjembatani interaksi gen jo fenotip nan diamati disuatu organisme, nan marupokan caminan dari komposisi kimia nan dikanduang sel. Kajian nan alah dikarajoan ka tanaman tabu takaik jo hal iko adolah pengeksplorasian labiah lanjuik jariangan metabolit (''metabolic networks'') dari bagian batang jo tuneh tabu, jariangan nan banyak talibat dalam vegetatif spesies. Dikaranokan patumbuahan tuneh marupokan kunci untuak manantukan keberhasilan tumbuah kambang tabu di area itu.<ref name=":1" /> == Caliak puli == * [[Gula]] * [[Daftar pabrik gula di Indonesia]] * [[Pemanen tebu]] == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Pranala lua == * [https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/11/30/926214ad03af786939d25bbd/statistik-tebu-indonesia-2019.html Statistik tebu 2019 Indonesia dar Badan Pusat Statistik/ BPS] {{Taxonbar|from=Q36940}} kdb3nnk97rl51lvjctjdxdv9ql6phqd 0 385914 2443627 2443113 2022-07-28T04:54:08Z Onyaso 7250 /* Ciri dan botani */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Pakis}}{{Taxobox|color=lightgreen|name=Tumbuhan paku|image=Areal perladangan di Petapahan (114).JPG|image_width=240px|image_caption=Resam, anggota tumbuhan paku|regnum=[[Plantae]]|divisio='''Tracheophyta'''|subdivisio='''Polypodiophytina'''|subdivision_ranks=Kelas <small>(''sensu'' Smith et al. 2006<ref name="smith"/>)</small>|subdivision=<!--'''Divisio Lycopodiophyta''' {{br}} [[Lycopodiopsida]] <br><small>[divisio '''[[Lycopodiophyta]]''' (Smith et al. 2006<ref name="smith"/>)]</small> <br /> [[Isoëtopsida]] <br><small>[divisio '''Lycopodiophyta''' (Smith et al. 2006<ref name="smith"/>)]</small><br> --> [[Psilotopsida]]{{br}} [[Equisetopsida]]{{br}} [[Marattiopsida]]{{br}} [[Polypodiopsida]]{{br}} '''''Klad-klad fosil:''''' * †[[Cladoxylopsida]] * †[[Zygopteridales]] * †[[Stauropteridales]] (''incertae sedis'') * †[[Rhacophytales]] (''incertae sedis'')|synonyms=Monilophyta{{br}} Polypodiophyta{{br}} Filicophyta{{br}} Filices}}'''Tumbuahan paku''', '''paku-pakuan''', atau '''pakis-pakisan''' adolah sakalompok [[tumbuhan|tumbuahan]] nan punyo [[Jaringan pengangkut|sistem pembuluh]] sejati ([[Tracheophyta]]) tapi indak pernah manghasiakan [[Biji|bijo]] untuak [[Reproduksi seksual|reproduksi seksualnyo]]. Alih-alih bijo, kalompok tumbuahan iko malapehkan [[spora]] sebagai alat untuak manyebar luaskan jo mampabanyaknyo, manyarupoi kalompok organisme sarupo [[Tumbuhan lumut|lumuik]] dan [[fungi]]. Tumbuahan paku tasebar di sadoalah balahan [[dunia]], kecuali daerah nan ado [[Salju|saljunyo]] abadi jo lautan, paku acok ditamukan tumbuah di tampek-tampek nan indak subur untuak [[pertanian]]. Jumlah [[spesies]] nan dikatahui ado kisaran 12.000,<ref name="chapman">{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html|title=Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World. Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study. Canberra, Australia. September 2009.|last=Chapman|first=Arthur|date=2010-08-26|publisher=Environment.gov.au|accessdate=2013-09-07}}</ref> jo dipakirokan 1.300<ref name="Sastrapradja">{{cite book|last=Sastrapradja|first1=Setijati|last2=Afriastini|first2=J ohar J.|last3=Darnaedi|first3=Dedy|last4=Widjaja|first4=Elizabeth A.|title=Jenis Paku Indonesia|edition=1|location=Bogor|publisher=Lembaga Biologi Nasional - LIPI|year=1979|page=|accessdate=2015-02-02}}</ref> sampai 3000 labiah<ref>''Flora Malesiana'' cit. Hassler M & Swale B. [http://www.planta.cn/forum/files_planta/paragraphoe_635.pdf World fern statistics by country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223200549/http://www.planta.cn/forum/files_planta/paragraphoe_635.pdf|date=2015-02-23}}.</ref> spesies diantaranyo tumbuah di kawasan [[Malesia]] (nan mancakup [[Indonesia]]). Pangalompokan klasik anggota tumbuahan paku ('''Pteridophyta''', dalam arti laweh, manuruik [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]] (1866)<ref>Haeckel, E. (1866). ''[[iarchive:systematischephy01haec|Generale Morphologie der Organismen]]''. Berlin: Verlag von Georg Reimer. pp. vol.1: i–xxxii, 1–574, pls I–II; vol. 2: i–clx, 1–462, pls I–VIII.</ref>) di pangatahuan baru dianggap basifat [[Kladistik|parafiletik]]. Dari kalompok-kalompok cabang utamo tumbuahan bapambuluah, ciek kalompok nan mancakup [[paku kawat|paku kawek]], [[Kumpai (tumbuhan)|kumpai]], sarato [[rane]], ruponyo mamisah paliang partamo dari kalompok lainnyo. Kalompok itu kini dimasuakkan ka dalam divisio [[Lycopodiophyta]]. Iko manyebabkan "Pteridophyta" saat iko punyo duo arti: arti luas (sabagaimano arti klasik, mancakup Lycopodiophyta) dan arti sampik (arti klasik minus Lycopodiophyta). Kalompok tumbuahan paku arti sampiknyo basifat [[Kladistik|holofiletik]] atau monofiletik, dan saat iko disabuik Pteridophyta atau, untuak manghindari kabinguangan, disabuit '''Polypodiophyta''' atau '''Monilophyta'''. Fosil paku paliang tuo barasa dari kala [[Devon (periode)|Devon]], sekitar 360 juta tahun nan lalu <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/pterophyta/pteridofr.html|title=Pteridopsida: Fossil Record|publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology|accessdate=2014-03-11}}</ref> tapi suku-suku dan jenis-jenis modern baru muncua sekitar 145 juta tahun nan lalu, di awal kala [[Zaman Kapur|Kapur]], di maso [[tumbuhan berbunga|tumbuahan babungo]] alah mandominasi vegetasi bumi. Pamanfaatan tumbuahan paku dek manusia tabateh. Kabanyakan manjadi [[tanaman hias]], sabagian ketek ado nan dimakan, sebagai [[Tumbuhan obat|tumbuahan ubek]], atau bahan baku untuak alat bantu kegiatan sahari-hari. == Botani == [[Berkas:Osmunda_japonica_002.jpg|jmpl|220x220px|Ukel tunas muda, menjadi ciri tumbuhan paku yang paling mudah dikenali.]] Bantuak lua (morfologi) tumbuahan paku bamacam-macam, sasuai jo hasil [[evolusi]] adaptasinyo. Sacaro umum, paku dikenal karano daunnyo tumbuah dari tuneh nan babantuak ukel sarupo kapalo gagang biola atau selo (bahaso Jawa: ''mlungker'') atau ''circinate vernation'' dalam bahaso Inggris. Ciri iko sabananyo hanyo balaku untuak paku [[leptosporangiatae]] dan anggota Marattiales. Perbedaan tumbuahan paku dari tumbuahan babijo lainnyo nampak dari struktur pambuluah di dalam batang, rimpang, atau tangkai entalnyo. Panampilan lua paku ado nan barupo [[pohon|batang]] ([[paku pohon]], biasonyo indak bacabang), [[semak]], [[epifit]], tumbuahan manjala, mangapuang di aia, [[hidrofit]], tapi biasonyo barupo [[terna]] nan ba[[rimpang]] nan manjala di [[tanah]] atau [[humus]]. Organ [[Fotosintesis|fotosintetik]] dan reproduktif paku disabuik [[ental]] ([[bahasa Inggris]] ''frond'') jo ukuran nan bervariasi, dari babarapo milimeter sampai anam meter. Sebagian banyak anggota paku-pakuan tumbuah di daerah [[tropika]] basah. Paku-pakuan kabayakan ditamui di kondisi tumbuah marginal, sarupo lantai [[hutan|rimbo]] nan lambok, tabiang pa[[Bukit|bukitan]], manempel atau marayap di [[batang pohon]] atau bebatuan, di dalam aia [[kolam]] [[danau]], daerah sekitar [[kawah]] [[Gunung api|vulkanik]], sarato salo-salo bangunan nan indak terawat.<ref name="Sastrapradja" /> Katersediaan aia nan mancukupi di rantang waktu tatantu diparalukan karano salah ciek tahap hiduiknyo tagantung jo kabaradoan aia, yaitu sebagai media manggariknyo [[sel sperma]] manuju [[Sel telur|sel telua]]. Karano itulah, tumbuahan iko juo labiah banyak ditamui di kawasan pagunuangan nan basah dan taduah. == Pagiliran katurunan (metagenesis) == [[Berkas:Onoclea_sensibilis_4_crop.jpg|ka|jmpl|237x237px|Protalium (bawah) dengan tumbuhan paku muda (atas, tumbuh tegak).]] Daur hiduik tumbuahan paku mangenal pergiliran katurunan ([[metagenesis]]), nan terdiri dari duo tahap: [[gametofit]] dan [[sporofit]]. Tumbuahan paku nan mudah awak tamui marupokan bantuak fase [[sporofit]] (''sporophyte'', bararti "tumbuahan jo spora") karano manghasilkan [[spora]]. Bantuak generasi gametofit (''gametophyte'', berarti "tumbuahan jo [[gamet]]") dinamokan protalus (''prothallus'') atau [[protalium]] (''prothallium''), nan bantuaknyo sarupo tumbuahan ketek barupo lembaran bawarna hijau, mirip [[lumut hati|lumuik hati]], indak ado akar (tapi punyo akar semu ([[rizoid]]) sebagai panggantinyo), indak punyo batang, indak punyo daun. Prothallium tumbuah dari spora nan jatuah di tampek nan lambok. Protalium manghasiakan [[anteridium]] (''antheridium'', panghasia [[spermatozoid]] atau sel kelamin jantan) dan [[arkegonium]] (''archegonium'', organ panghasia [[ovum]] atau sel talua). Rancak anteridium maupun arkegonium baukuran [[Mikroskop|mikroskopik]], indak mudah diliek mato kalau indak manggunokan alat khusus. [[Pembuahan|Pambuahan]] sel talua mutlak mamaralukan bantuan aia sebagai media spermatozoid bapindah jo baranang manuju arkegonium untuak mambuahi sel talua. Ovum nan terbuahi bakambang manjadi [[zigot]], nan pado masonyo tumbuah manjadi sporofit baru. [[Berkas:Pteridophyte_lifecycle.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Daur hidup (disederhanakan) tumbuhan paku.]] Babarapo tumbuahan paku (sarupo anggota Selaginellales dan Salviniales) punyo spora jantan baukuran labiah ketek disabuik mikrospora, dari pado spora batino, disabuik megaspora atau makrospora. Gejala iko disabuik heterospori (tumbuahannyo disabuik heterospor). Kalompok dengan ukuran spora samo gadang disabuik homospor. [[Tumbuhan berbiji|Tumbuahan babijo]] (Spermatophyta) juo punyo daur huduik sarupo paku heterospor tapi alah berevolusi labiah jauah sahinggo tahap gametofitnyo indak dapek hiduik mandiri dan hiduiknyo harus disangga dek sporofit. Spora nan manghasiakan langsuang tumnuah manjadi [[serbuk sari]] (jantan) atau [[kantung embrio]] (batino). == Cakupan anggota jo klasifikasi == {{main|Klasifikasi tumbuhan paku}} === Cakupan tradisional === [[Berkas:Acros_aure_080627_0095_smlu.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Paku laut ''Acrostichum aureum'', tumbuh di rawa mangrove.]] Sacaro tradisional, sarupon nan diajakan di [[SMA|sekolah menengah]], tumbuahan paku ([[Pteridophyta]], arti laweh) mancakup sadonyo tumbuahan bapambuluah ([[Tracheophyta]]) berspora, atau [[kormofita]] berspora salain [[lumut hati]] (Hepatophyta), [[lumut tanduk]] (Anthocerophyta), dan [[tumbuhan lumut]] sejati (Musci).<ref>lihat, misalnya, Tjitrosoepomo G. 2014. ''Taksonomi Tumbuhan: Schizophyta, Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta)''. Gadjah Mada University Press. Cetakan ke-10. 309 halaman.</ref> Pteridophyta ditampekkan di takson divisio jo limo kelas: * [[Psilotiinae]] (misalnyo paku talanjang ''[[Psilotum]]'') * [[Lycopodiinae]] (misalnyo [[rane]], kumpai, dan [[paku kawat]]) * [[Isoëtinae]] * [[Equisetinae]] (rumpik betung ataupaku ikua kudo) * [[Filicinae]] / Filices (paku sejati/benar, mancakup [[Eusporangiatae]] (ordo Ophioglossales dan Marattiales) dan [[Leptosporangiatae]]). Sampai saat iko, ilmu nan mampalajari anggota limo kelompok tumbuahan iko disabuik '''pteridologi''' dan ahlinyo disabuik '''pteridolog'''. === Cakupan dengan dukungan biologi molekuler === Parubahan mandasar dipublikasikan dek Smith et al. (2006),<ref name="smith">Smith AR, Pryer KM, Schuettpelz E, Korall P, Schneider H, Wolf PG. 2006. [http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf A classification for extant ferns]. ''Taxon'' 55:705-731.</ref> dengan mangajukan parubahan tumbuahan paku masa kini (indak mencakup tumbuahan paku fosil nan alah punah) berdasarkan data [[Morfologi tumbuhan|morfologi]] dan didukuang jo hasia analisis [[Biologi molekular|molekular]] (sekuens [[DNA]] [[plastid]]). Berdasarkan usulan iko, Lycopodiinae dan Isoëtinae dianggap marupokan tumbuahan bapambuluah nan partamo kali tapisah dari nan lainnyo, sahinggo dikelompokkan dalam divisio tarsandiri: [[Lycopodiophyta]] (atau Lycophyta<ref name="sarita">Saritha Pujari. [http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biology/6-most-important-types-stelar-system-in-ferns/6908/ 6 Most Important Types Stelar System in Ferns]</ref>). Paku-pakuan sarato tumbuahan babijo berado di kalompok lain, disabuik [[Euphyllophytina]] (atau Pterophyta<ref name="sarita" />). Salanjuiknyo, sadonyo kormofita baspora nan tasiso tagabuang dalam ciek kelompok gadang, nan layak dikatoan sabagai anggota divisio tumbuahan paku (Pteridophyta) nan sabananyo. Namo baru nan diusulkan untuak mencegah karancuan cakupan Pteridophyta adolah "Monilophyta" (dari ''moniliform'', "babantuak kaluang", mengacu ka bantuak [[stele]] sarupo kaluang nan dipunyo tumbuahan nan dianggap moyang tumbuhan paku modern<ref>Kenrick P., P.R. Crane. 1997. ''The origin and early diversification of land plants: a cladistic study''. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C., USA.]</ref>) atau ""Polypodiophyta" (dari ''Polypodium'', [[genus]] nan manjadi genus tipe). Akibat parbahan iko, pangalompokan tradisional manjadi [[parafiletik]] (indak mancakup sadoalah cabang), karano cabang Euphyllophytina "tabalah". Kalompok nan parafiletik indak dianjurkan untuak dipakai dalam taksonomi modern, walaupun dalam hal-hal mudah masih dapaek digunokan. Revisi Smith et al. (2006) juo manunjuakkan sajumlah paku-pakuan nan dulu dianggap sebagai paku primitif, sarupo anggota Psilotales, ruponyo labiah dakek atau sakeluarga jo Ophioglossales (nan sabalunnyo marupokan anggota kelas Filicinae nan dianggap labiah "modern"), samantaro [[paku ekor kuda|paku ikua kudo]] (Equisetales) samo dakeknyo jo paku sejati maupun terhadap Marattiales. Samanjak klasifikasi baru iko diitabikkan, ditambah jo babarapo parubahan salanjuiknyo,<ref name="Grew13">{{cite journal|last=Grewe|first=Felix|author2=et al.|year=2013|title=Complete plastid genomes from Ophioglossum californicum, Psilotum nudum, and Equisetum hyemale reveal an ancestral land plant genome structure and resolve the position of Equisetales among monilophytes|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/8|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-8|issn=14712148|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Karol|first=Kenneth G|author2=et al.|year=2010|title=Complete plastome sequences of Equisetum arvense and Isoetes flaccida: implications for phylogeny and plastid genome evolution of early land plant lineages.|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/321|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=10|pages=321–336|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-321|issn=14712148|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> kasepakatan klasifikasi tumbuahan paku sampai 2013, adolah sebagai berikut (hingga takson bangsa/ordo):<ref name="smith" /><ref>Li F-W, Kuo L-Y, Rothfels CJ, Ebihara A, Chiou W-L, et al. (2011). [https://pryerlab.biology.duke.edu/uploads/media_items/li-2011-plos-one.original.pdf rbcL and matK Earn Two Thumbs Up as the Core DNA Barcode for Ferns]. ''PLoS ONE'' '''6(10)''': e26597. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0026597}}</ref> {{Kladogram_paku_(ordo_outgroup)}} Penggolongan terhadap tumbuahan paku jo cakupan manyampik iko mambagi manjadi ampek kelas:<ref name="schuettpelz2007">{{Cite journal|author=Eric Schuettpelz|year=2007|title=The evolution and diversification of epiphytic ferns|url=http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/181/1/D_Schuettpelz_Eric_a_052007.pdf|publisher=Duke University PhD thesis|postscript=<!--None-->|contribution=table 1}}</ref> * [[Psilotopsida]] (mancakup bangsa [[Psilotales]] dan [[Ophioglossales]]) dengan sekitar 92 spesies, * [[Equisetopsida]] (paku ekor kuda dan tamasuak kerabatnyo nan alah punah) jo sekitar 15 spesies nan masih batahan di bumi, * [[Marattiopsida]] jo sakitar 150 spesies, * [[Polypodiopsida]] (mancakup sadonyo paku leptosporangiataea) nan labiah dari 9000 spesies. Panelitian lanjutan salanjuiknyo ado nan mamisahkan Psilotales dari Ophioglossales.<ref name="Grew13" /> Akibat pangalompokan iko, Marattiales dan Ophioglossales, nan sacaro tradisional dianggap "paku sejati" (ciek diantaronyo karano tuneh daun mudonyo nan bakambang sacaro guluangan mambuka), indak tamasuak dalam golongan paku nan "batua-batua sajati" (sensu Leptosporangiatae).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stace|first=Clive|year=2010b|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=3rd|publication-place=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-70772-5|page=xxviii}}</ref> Pakambangan panggolongan tanaman paku sampai 2014 sacaro umum basapakat panggolongan sampai tingkek bangsa (ordo), tapi masih mampamasalahkan hubuangan di antaro bangsa-bangsa itu sarato anggota masiang-masiang di dalamnyo. Misalnyo, Rai dan Graham (2010) mangatokan "sampai sampai saat iko nan dapek disampaikan berdasarkan kajian-kajian modern tantang bantuak hubuangan di antaro kalompok gadang silsilah dalam monilophyta adolah bahasonyo awak sabana indak mangenal mereka".<ref name="RaiGraham2010">{{Cite journal|last=Rai|first=Hardeep S.|last2=Graham|first2=Sean W.|lastauthoramp=yes|year=2010|title=Utility of a large, multigene plastid data set in inferring higher-order relationships in ferns and relatives (monilophytes)|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=97|issue=9|pages=1444–1456|doi=10.3732/ajb.0900305}}, p. 1450</ref> Grewe et al. (2013) tetap mamastikan dimasuakkannyo paku ikua kudo dalam tumbuahan paku, namun juo maingekkan ado nan indak jaleh dalam posisi sabananyo.<ref name="Grew13" /> Mereka mancaliakkan bahasonyo paku ikua kudo mambantuak ciek kalompok jo Psilotopsida, babeda jo Smith et al. (2006) nan manampekkan paku ikua kudo sebagai sepupu dari Marattiopsida dan Polypodiopsida. Penggolongan paliang baru nan manunjuakkan arah parubahan panggolongan tumbuahan paku, tamasuak Lycopodiales, dipublikasi oleh Christenhusz dan Chase (2014).<ref name="CC2014">{{Cite journal|last=Christenhusz|first=Maarten J.M.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|lastauthoramp=yes|year=2014|title=Trends and concepts in fern classification|url=http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/02/13/aob.mct299.full|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=113|issue=9|pages=571–594}}</ref> == Manfaik == Karano kecenderungan untuak tumbuah di tampek marginal, tumbuahan paku bukanlah kalompok tumbuahan nan punyo peran budaya nan menonjol. Banyak anggotanyo manjadi [[tanaman hias]], baiak taman, pakarangan, atau dilatakkan di pot sebagai tanaman halaman atau dalam rumah (''indoor plant''). Contoh-contohnyo adolah baragam [[paku pedang]] (''Nephrolepis''), baragam paku [[epifit]] (misalnyo [[paku tanduk rusa]], [[kadaka]], ''[[Davallia]]'', ''[[Drynaria]]'', acok kali tumbuah sacaro spontan lalu dipaliharo), [[suplir]] (''Adiantum''), baragam [[paku pohon]], dan babarapo paku aia untuak penghias akuarium (mis. ''[[Ceratopteris thalictroides]]''). Ental mudo baragam jenis paku dapek manjadi sayua, sarupo [[paku sayur]] ''[[Diplazium esculentum]]'', kadaka (di [[Taiwan]]), dan ''[[Cyathea]]'' (oleh [[orang Maori]] di [[Selandia Baru]]). Baragam jenis ''[[Azolla]]'' ber[[simbiosis]] jo [[bakteri pengikat nitrogen]] bebas dari udaro (''[[Anabaena azollae]]''). Akibatnyo, biomassa ''Azolla'' ("azo" berarti bakaitan jo nitrogen) manganduang nitrogen nan tinggi dan dimanfaatkan dalam batani sabagai [[pupuk hijau]].<ref>Artikel [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/nutrient-management/item/azolla Azolla] di laman IRRI Knowledge bank.</ref> Ado jenis paku nan basifat sebagai panimbun logam barek dan potensial dalam [[fitoremediasi]], sarupo ''[[Pteris vittata]]'' dan ''[[Azolla]]'' spp.<ref>[[:en:List_of_hyperaccumulators|Daftar tumbuhan hiperakumulator di Wikipedia Inggris]]</ref> Spora nan diekstrak dari strobilus ''Lycopodium'' dimanfaatkan sebagai ''lycopodium powder'' nan biaso digunokan untuak efek ledakan karano akan manyala sangat kuat namun jo suhu randah sahinggo cukuik aman untuak hiburan. == Caliak pulo == * [[Tumbuhan lumut]] * [[Paku air]] * [[Spora]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|30em}} == Pranala luar == {{Wikispecies|Pteridophyta}}{{Commonscat|Pteridophyta}}{{commons|Ferns|Tumbuhan paku}} * {{en}} [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Filicopsida&contgroup=Embryophytes Tree of Life Web Project: Filicopsida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114115915/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Filicopsida&contgroup=Embryophytes|date=2009-01-14}} * {{en}} [http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/taxa/classification.html Klasifikasi tumbuhan paku] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060354/http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/taxa/classification.html|date=2016-03-04}} * {{en}} [http://www.jaknouse.athens.oh.us/ferns/bookfern.html A fern book bibliography] {{Plantae sensu lato}} {{Plantae}} {{Kehidupan di Bumi}} {{Hasil hutan non-kayu}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q80005}} {{Authority control}} ccf0clejabn2pufrnmapj271ua6opmj 2443628 2443627 2022-07-28T04:54:25Z Onyaso 7250 /* Pranala luar */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Pakis}}{{Taxobox|color=lightgreen|name=Tumbuhan paku|image=Areal perladangan di Petapahan (114).JPG|image_width=240px|image_caption=Resam, anggota tumbuhan paku|regnum=[[Plantae]]|divisio='''Tracheophyta'''|subdivisio='''Polypodiophytina'''|subdivision_ranks=Kelas <small>(''sensu'' Smith et al. 2006<ref name="smith"/>)</small>|subdivision=<!--'''Divisio Lycopodiophyta''' {{br}} [[Lycopodiopsida]] <br><small>[divisio '''[[Lycopodiophyta]]''' (Smith et al. 2006<ref name="smith"/>)]</small> <br /> [[Isoëtopsida]] <br><small>[divisio '''Lycopodiophyta''' (Smith et al. 2006<ref name="smith"/>)]</small><br> --> [[Psilotopsida]]{{br}} [[Equisetopsida]]{{br}} [[Marattiopsida]]{{br}} [[Polypodiopsida]]{{br}} '''''Klad-klad fosil:''''' * †[[Cladoxylopsida]] * †[[Zygopteridales]] * †[[Stauropteridales]] (''incertae sedis'') * †[[Rhacophytales]] (''incertae sedis'')|synonyms=Monilophyta{{br}} Polypodiophyta{{br}} Filicophyta{{br}} Filices}}'''Tumbuahan paku''', '''paku-pakuan''', atau '''pakis-pakisan''' adolah sakalompok [[tumbuhan|tumbuahan]] nan punyo [[Jaringan pengangkut|sistem pembuluh]] sejati ([[Tracheophyta]]) tapi indak pernah manghasiakan [[Biji|bijo]] untuak [[Reproduksi seksual|reproduksi seksualnyo]]. Alih-alih bijo, kalompok tumbuahan iko malapehkan [[spora]] sebagai alat untuak manyebar luaskan jo mampabanyaknyo, manyarupoi kalompok organisme sarupo [[Tumbuhan lumut|lumuik]] dan [[fungi]]. Tumbuahan paku tasebar di sadoalah balahan [[dunia]], kecuali daerah nan ado [[Salju|saljunyo]] abadi jo lautan, paku acok ditamukan tumbuah di tampek-tampek nan indak subur untuak [[pertanian]]. Jumlah [[spesies]] nan dikatahui ado kisaran 12.000,<ref name="chapman">{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html|title=Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World. Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study. Canberra, Australia. September 2009.|last=Chapman|first=Arthur|date=2010-08-26|publisher=Environment.gov.au|accessdate=2013-09-07}}</ref> jo dipakirokan 1.300<ref name="Sastrapradja">{{cite book|last=Sastrapradja|first1=Setijati|last2=Afriastini|first2=J ohar J.|last3=Darnaedi|first3=Dedy|last4=Widjaja|first4=Elizabeth A.|title=Jenis Paku Indonesia|edition=1|location=Bogor|publisher=Lembaga Biologi Nasional - LIPI|year=1979|page=|accessdate=2015-02-02}}</ref> sampai 3000 labiah<ref>''Flora Malesiana'' cit. Hassler M & Swale B. [http://www.planta.cn/forum/files_planta/paragraphoe_635.pdf World fern statistics by country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223200549/http://www.planta.cn/forum/files_planta/paragraphoe_635.pdf|date=2015-02-23}}.</ref> spesies diantaranyo tumbuah di kawasan [[Malesia]] (nan mancakup [[Indonesia]]). Pangalompokan klasik anggota tumbuahan paku ('''Pteridophyta''', dalam arti laweh, manuruik [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]] (1866)<ref>Haeckel, E. (1866). ''[[iarchive:systematischephy01haec|Generale Morphologie der Organismen]]''. Berlin: Verlag von Georg Reimer. pp. vol.1: i–xxxii, 1–574, pls I–II; vol. 2: i–clx, 1–462, pls I–VIII.</ref>) di pangatahuan baru dianggap basifat [[Kladistik|parafiletik]]. Dari kalompok-kalompok cabang utamo tumbuahan bapambuluah, ciek kalompok nan mancakup [[paku kawat|paku kawek]], [[Kumpai (tumbuhan)|kumpai]], sarato [[rane]], ruponyo mamisah paliang partamo dari kalompok lainnyo. Kalompok itu kini dimasuakkan ka dalam divisio [[Lycopodiophyta]]. Iko manyebabkan "Pteridophyta" saat iko punyo duo arti: arti luas (sabagaimano arti klasik, mancakup Lycopodiophyta) dan arti sampik (arti klasik minus Lycopodiophyta). Kalompok tumbuahan paku arti sampiknyo basifat [[Kladistik|holofiletik]] atau monofiletik, dan saat iko disabuik Pteridophyta atau, untuak manghindari kabinguangan, disabuit '''Polypodiophyta''' atau '''Monilophyta'''. Fosil paku paliang tuo barasa dari kala [[Devon (periode)|Devon]], sekitar 360 juta tahun nan lalu <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/pterophyta/pteridofr.html|title=Pteridopsida: Fossil Record|publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology|accessdate=2014-03-11}}</ref> tapi suku-suku dan jenis-jenis modern baru muncua sekitar 145 juta tahun nan lalu, di awal kala [[Zaman Kapur|Kapur]], di maso [[tumbuhan berbunga|tumbuahan babungo]] alah mandominasi vegetasi bumi. Pamanfaatan tumbuahan paku dek manusia tabateh. Kabanyakan manjadi [[tanaman hias]], sabagian ketek ado nan dimakan, sebagai [[Tumbuhan obat|tumbuahan ubek]], atau bahan baku untuak alat bantu kegiatan sahari-hari. == Botani == [[Berkas:Osmunda_japonica_002.jpg|jmpl|220x220px|Ukel tunas muda, menjadi ciri tumbuhan paku yang paling mudah dikenali.]] Bantuak lua (morfologi) tumbuahan paku bamacam-macam, sasuai jo hasil [[evolusi]] adaptasinyo. Sacaro umum, paku dikenal karano daunnyo tumbuah dari tuneh nan babantuak ukel sarupo kapalo gagang biola atau selo (bahaso Jawa: ''mlungker'') atau ''circinate vernation'' dalam bahaso Inggris. Ciri iko sabananyo hanyo balaku untuak paku [[leptosporangiatae]] dan anggota Marattiales. Perbedaan tumbuahan paku dari tumbuahan babijo lainnyo nampak dari struktur pambuluah di dalam batang, rimpang, atau tangkai entalnyo. Panampilan lua paku ado nan barupo [[pohon|batang]] ([[paku pohon]], biasonyo indak bacabang), [[semak]], [[epifit]], tumbuahan manjala, mangapuang di aia, [[hidrofit]], tapi biasonyo barupo [[terna]] nan ba[[rimpang]] nan manjala di [[tanah]] atau [[humus]]. Organ [[Fotosintesis|fotosintetik]] dan reproduktif paku disabuik [[ental]] ([[bahasa Inggris]] ''frond'') jo ukuran nan bervariasi, dari babarapo milimeter sampai anam meter. Sebagian banyak anggota paku-pakuan tumbuah di daerah [[tropika]] basah. Paku-pakuan kabayakan ditamui di kondisi tumbuah marginal, sarupo lantai [[hutan|rimbo]] nan lambok, tabiang pa[[Bukit|bukitan]], manempel atau marayap di [[batang pohon]] atau bebatuan, di dalam aia [[kolam]] [[danau]], daerah sekitar [[kawah]] [[Gunung api|vulkanik]], sarato salo-salo bangunan nan indak terawat.<ref name="Sastrapradja" /> Katersediaan aia nan mancukupi di rantang waktu tatantu diparalukan karano salah ciek tahap hiduiknyo tagantung jo kabaradoan aia, yaitu sebagai media manggariknyo [[sel sperma]] manuju [[Sel telur|sel telua]]. Karano itulah, tumbuahan iko juo labiah banyak ditamui di kawasan pagunuangan nan basah dan taduah. == Pagiliran katurunan (metagenesis) == [[Berkas:Onoclea_sensibilis_4_crop.jpg|ka|jmpl|237x237px|Protalium (bawah) dengan tumbuhan paku muda (atas, tumbuh tegak).]] Daur hiduik tumbuahan paku mangenal pergiliran katurunan ([[metagenesis]]), nan terdiri dari duo tahap: [[gametofit]] dan [[sporofit]]. Tumbuahan paku nan mudah awak tamui marupokan bantuak fase [[sporofit]] (''sporophyte'', bararti "tumbuahan jo spora") karano manghasilkan [[spora]]. Bantuak generasi gametofit (''gametophyte'', berarti "tumbuahan jo [[gamet]]") dinamokan protalus (''prothallus'') atau [[protalium]] (''prothallium''), nan bantuaknyo sarupo tumbuahan ketek barupo lembaran bawarna hijau, mirip [[lumut hati|lumuik hati]], indak ado akar (tapi punyo akar semu ([[rizoid]]) sebagai panggantinyo), indak punyo batang, indak punyo daun. Prothallium tumbuah dari spora nan jatuah di tampek nan lambok. Protalium manghasiakan [[anteridium]] (''antheridium'', panghasia [[spermatozoid]] atau sel kelamin jantan) dan [[arkegonium]] (''archegonium'', organ panghasia [[ovum]] atau sel talua). Rancak anteridium maupun arkegonium baukuran [[Mikroskop|mikroskopik]], indak mudah diliek mato kalau indak manggunokan alat khusus. [[Pembuahan|Pambuahan]] sel talua mutlak mamaralukan bantuan aia sebagai media spermatozoid bapindah jo baranang manuju arkegonium untuak mambuahi sel talua. Ovum nan terbuahi bakambang manjadi [[zigot]], nan pado masonyo tumbuah manjadi sporofit baru. [[Berkas:Pteridophyte_lifecycle.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Daur hidup (disederhanakan) tumbuhan paku.]] Babarapo tumbuahan paku (sarupo anggota Selaginellales dan Salviniales) punyo spora jantan baukuran labiah ketek disabuik mikrospora, dari pado spora batino, disabuik megaspora atau makrospora. Gejala iko disabuik heterospori (tumbuahannyo disabuik heterospor). Kalompok dengan ukuran spora samo gadang disabuik homospor. [[Tumbuhan berbiji|Tumbuahan babijo]] (Spermatophyta) juo punyo daur huduik sarupo paku heterospor tapi alah berevolusi labiah jauah sahinggo tahap gametofitnyo indak dapek hiduik mandiri dan hiduiknyo harus disangga dek sporofit. Spora nan manghasiakan langsuang tumnuah manjadi [[serbuk sari]] (jantan) atau [[kantung embrio]] (batino). == Cakupan anggota jo klasifikasi == {{main|Klasifikasi tumbuhan paku}} === Cakupan tradisional === [[Berkas:Acros_aure_080627_0095_smlu.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Paku laut ''Acrostichum aureum'', tumbuh di rawa mangrove.]] Sacaro tradisional, sarupon nan diajakan di [[SMA|sekolah menengah]], tumbuahan paku ([[Pteridophyta]], arti laweh) mancakup sadonyo tumbuahan bapambuluah ([[Tracheophyta]]) berspora, atau [[kormofita]] berspora salain [[lumut hati]] (Hepatophyta), [[lumut tanduk]] (Anthocerophyta), dan [[tumbuhan lumut]] sejati (Musci).<ref>lihat, misalnya, Tjitrosoepomo G. 2014. ''Taksonomi Tumbuhan: Schizophyta, Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta)''. Gadjah Mada University Press. Cetakan ke-10. 309 halaman.</ref> Pteridophyta ditampekkan di takson divisio jo limo kelas: * [[Psilotiinae]] (misalnyo paku talanjang ''[[Psilotum]]'') * [[Lycopodiinae]] (misalnyo [[rane]], kumpai, dan [[paku kawat]]) * [[Isoëtinae]] * [[Equisetinae]] (rumpik betung ataupaku ikua kudo) * [[Filicinae]] / Filices (paku sejati/benar, mancakup [[Eusporangiatae]] (ordo Ophioglossales dan Marattiales) dan [[Leptosporangiatae]]). Sampai saat iko, ilmu nan mampalajari anggota limo kelompok tumbuahan iko disabuik '''pteridologi''' dan ahlinyo disabuik '''pteridolog'''. === Cakupan dengan dukungan biologi molekuler === Parubahan mandasar dipublikasikan dek Smith et al. (2006),<ref name="smith">Smith AR, Pryer KM, Schuettpelz E, Korall P, Schneider H, Wolf PG. 2006. [http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf A classification for extant ferns]. ''Taxon'' 55:705-731.</ref> dengan mangajukan parubahan tumbuahan paku masa kini (indak mencakup tumbuahan paku fosil nan alah punah) berdasarkan data [[Morfologi tumbuhan|morfologi]] dan didukuang jo hasia analisis [[Biologi molekular|molekular]] (sekuens [[DNA]] [[plastid]]). Berdasarkan usulan iko, Lycopodiinae dan Isoëtinae dianggap marupokan tumbuahan bapambuluah nan partamo kali tapisah dari nan lainnyo, sahinggo dikelompokkan dalam divisio tarsandiri: [[Lycopodiophyta]] (atau Lycophyta<ref name="sarita">Saritha Pujari. [http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biology/6-most-important-types-stelar-system-in-ferns/6908/ 6 Most Important Types Stelar System in Ferns]</ref>). Paku-pakuan sarato tumbuahan babijo berado di kalompok lain, disabuik [[Euphyllophytina]] (atau Pterophyta<ref name="sarita" />). Salanjuiknyo, sadonyo kormofita baspora nan tasiso tagabuang dalam ciek kelompok gadang, nan layak dikatoan sabagai anggota divisio tumbuahan paku (Pteridophyta) nan sabananyo. Namo baru nan diusulkan untuak mencegah karancuan cakupan Pteridophyta adolah "Monilophyta" (dari ''moniliform'', "babantuak kaluang", mengacu ka bantuak [[stele]] sarupo kaluang nan dipunyo tumbuahan nan dianggap moyang tumbuhan paku modern<ref>Kenrick P., P.R. Crane. 1997. ''The origin and early diversification of land plants: a cladistic study''. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C., USA.]</ref>) atau ""Polypodiophyta" (dari ''Polypodium'', [[genus]] nan manjadi genus tipe). Akibat parbahan iko, pangalompokan tradisional manjadi [[parafiletik]] (indak mancakup sadoalah cabang), karano cabang Euphyllophytina "tabalah". Kalompok nan parafiletik indak dianjurkan untuak dipakai dalam taksonomi modern, walaupun dalam hal-hal mudah masih dapaek digunokan. Revisi Smith et al. (2006) juo manunjuakkan sajumlah paku-pakuan nan dulu dianggap sebagai paku primitif, sarupo anggota Psilotales, ruponyo labiah dakek atau sakeluarga jo Ophioglossales (nan sabalunnyo marupokan anggota kelas Filicinae nan dianggap labiah "modern"), samantaro [[paku ekor kuda|paku ikua kudo]] (Equisetales) samo dakeknyo jo paku sejati maupun terhadap Marattiales. Samanjak klasifikasi baru iko diitabikkan, ditambah jo babarapo parubahan salanjuiknyo,<ref name="Grew13">{{cite journal|last=Grewe|first=Felix|author2=et al.|year=2013|title=Complete plastid genomes from Ophioglossum californicum, Psilotum nudum, and Equisetum hyemale reveal an ancestral land plant genome structure and resolve the position of Equisetales among monilophytes|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/8|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-8|issn=14712148|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Karol|first=Kenneth G|author2=et al.|year=2010|title=Complete plastome sequences of Equisetum arvense and Isoetes flaccida: implications for phylogeny and plastid genome evolution of early land plant lineages.|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/321|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=10|pages=321–336|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-321|issn=14712148|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> kasepakatan klasifikasi tumbuahan paku sampai 2013, adolah sebagai berikut (hingga takson bangsa/ordo):<ref name="smith" /><ref>Li F-W, Kuo L-Y, Rothfels CJ, Ebihara A, Chiou W-L, et al. (2011). [https://pryerlab.biology.duke.edu/uploads/media_items/li-2011-plos-one.original.pdf rbcL and matK Earn Two Thumbs Up as the Core DNA Barcode for Ferns]. ''PLoS ONE'' '''6(10)''': e26597. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0026597}}</ref> {{Kladogram_paku_(ordo_outgroup)}} Penggolongan terhadap tumbuahan paku jo cakupan manyampik iko mambagi manjadi ampek kelas:<ref name="schuettpelz2007">{{Cite journal|author=Eric Schuettpelz|year=2007|title=The evolution and diversification of epiphytic ferns|url=http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/181/1/D_Schuettpelz_Eric_a_052007.pdf|publisher=Duke University PhD thesis|postscript=<!--None-->|contribution=table 1}}</ref> * [[Psilotopsida]] (mancakup bangsa [[Psilotales]] dan [[Ophioglossales]]) dengan sekitar 92 spesies, * [[Equisetopsida]] (paku ekor kuda dan tamasuak kerabatnyo nan alah punah) jo sekitar 15 spesies nan masih batahan di bumi, * [[Marattiopsida]] jo sakitar 150 spesies, * [[Polypodiopsida]] (mancakup sadonyo paku leptosporangiataea) nan labiah dari 9000 spesies. Panelitian lanjutan salanjuiknyo ado nan mamisahkan Psilotales dari Ophioglossales.<ref name="Grew13" /> Akibat pangalompokan iko, Marattiales dan Ophioglossales, nan sacaro tradisional dianggap "paku sejati" (ciek diantaronyo karano tuneh daun mudonyo nan bakambang sacaro guluangan mambuka), indak tamasuak dalam golongan paku nan "batua-batua sajati" (sensu Leptosporangiatae).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stace|first=Clive|year=2010b|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=3rd|publication-place=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-70772-5|page=xxviii}}</ref> Pakambangan panggolongan tanaman paku sampai 2014 sacaro umum basapakat panggolongan sampai tingkek bangsa (ordo), tapi masih mampamasalahkan hubuangan di antaro bangsa-bangsa itu sarato anggota masiang-masiang di dalamnyo. Misalnyo, Rai dan Graham (2010) mangatokan "sampai sampai saat iko nan dapek disampaikan berdasarkan kajian-kajian modern tantang bantuak hubuangan di antaro kalompok gadang silsilah dalam monilophyta adolah bahasonyo awak sabana indak mangenal mereka".<ref name="RaiGraham2010">{{Cite journal|last=Rai|first=Hardeep S.|last2=Graham|first2=Sean W.|lastauthoramp=yes|year=2010|title=Utility of a large, multigene plastid data set in inferring higher-order relationships in ferns and relatives (monilophytes)|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=97|issue=9|pages=1444–1456|doi=10.3732/ajb.0900305}}, p. 1450</ref> Grewe et al. (2013) tetap mamastikan dimasuakkannyo paku ikua kudo dalam tumbuahan paku, namun juo maingekkan ado nan indak jaleh dalam posisi sabananyo.<ref name="Grew13" /> Mereka mancaliakkan bahasonyo paku ikua kudo mambantuak ciek kalompok jo Psilotopsida, babeda jo Smith et al. (2006) nan manampekkan paku ikua kudo sebagai sepupu dari Marattiopsida dan Polypodiopsida. Penggolongan paliang baru nan manunjuakkan arah parubahan panggolongan tumbuahan paku, tamasuak Lycopodiales, dipublikasi oleh Christenhusz dan Chase (2014).<ref name="CC2014">{{Cite journal|last=Christenhusz|first=Maarten J.M.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|lastauthoramp=yes|year=2014|title=Trends and concepts in fern classification|url=http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/02/13/aob.mct299.full|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=113|issue=9|pages=571–594}}</ref> == Manfaik == Karano kecenderungan untuak tumbuah di tampek marginal, tumbuahan paku bukanlah kalompok tumbuahan nan punyo peran budaya nan menonjol. Banyak anggotanyo manjadi [[tanaman hias]], baiak taman, pakarangan, atau dilatakkan di pot sebagai tanaman halaman atau dalam rumah (''indoor plant''). Contoh-contohnyo adolah baragam [[paku pedang]] (''Nephrolepis''), baragam paku [[epifit]] (misalnyo [[paku tanduk rusa]], [[kadaka]], ''[[Davallia]]'', ''[[Drynaria]]'', acok kali tumbuah sacaro spontan lalu dipaliharo), [[suplir]] (''Adiantum''), baragam [[paku pohon]], dan babarapo paku aia untuak penghias akuarium (mis. ''[[Ceratopteris thalictroides]]''). Ental mudo baragam jenis paku dapek manjadi sayua, sarupo [[paku sayur]] ''[[Diplazium esculentum]]'', kadaka (di [[Taiwan]]), dan ''[[Cyathea]]'' (oleh [[orang Maori]] di [[Selandia Baru]]). Baragam jenis ''[[Azolla]]'' ber[[simbiosis]] jo [[bakteri pengikat nitrogen]] bebas dari udaro (''[[Anabaena azollae]]''). Akibatnyo, biomassa ''Azolla'' ("azo" berarti bakaitan jo nitrogen) manganduang nitrogen nan tinggi dan dimanfaatkan dalam batani sabagai [[pupuk hijau]].<ref>Artikel [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/nutrient-management/item/azolla Azolla] di laman IRRI Knowledge bank.</ref> Ado jenis paku nan basifat sebagai panimbun logam barek dan potensial dalam [[fitoremediasi]], sarupo ''[[Pteris vittata]]'' dan ''[[Azolla]]'' spp.<ref>[[:en:List_of_hyperaccumulators|Daftar tumbuhan hiperakumulator di Wikipedia Inggris]]</ref> Spora nan diekstrak dari strobilus ''Lycopodium'' dimanfaatkan sebagai ''lycopodium powder'' nan biaso digunokan untuak efek ledakan karano akan manyala sangat kuat namun jo suhu randah sahinggo cukuik aman untuak hiburan. == Caliak pulo == * [[Tumbuhan lumut]] * [[Paku air]] * [[Spora]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|30em}} == Pranala lua == {{Wikispecies|Pteridophyta}}{{Commonscat|Pteridophyta}}{{commons|Ferns|Tumbuhan paku}} * {{en}} [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Filicopsida&contgroup=Embryophytes Tree of Life Web Project: Filicopsida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114115915/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Filicopsida&contgroup=Embryophytes|date=2009-01-14}} * {{en}} [http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/taxa/classification.html Klasifikasi tumbuhan paku] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060354/http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/taxa/classification.html|date=2016-03-04}} * {{en}} [http://www.jaknouse.athens.oh.us/ferns/bookfern.html A fern book bibliography] {{Plantae sensu lato}} {{Plantae}} {{Kehidupan di Bumi}} {{Hasil hutan non-kayu}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q80005}} {{Authority control}} sd07p0tlkf9dts0iki3hcaznin65kl8 0 385923 2443647 2441649 2022-07-28T05:15:33Z Onyaso 7250 /* Pertelaan botani */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox|color=lightgreen|name=Secang|image=Caesalpinia sappan (Sappan wood) W IMG 3340.jpg|image_width=240px|image_caption=Sepang, kumpulan buah dan bunganya|regnum=[[Plantae]]|divisio=[[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]|classis=[[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]|ordo=[[Fabales]]|familia=[[Fabaceae]]|subfamilia=[[Caesalpinioideae]]|tribus=|genus=''[[Biancaea]]''|species='''''B. sappan'''''|binomial=''Biancaea sappan''|binomial_authority=([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] 1753) Tod. 1875<ref>{{aut|[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linne, Karl von]] & Lars Salvius}}. 1753. ''Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358400#page/393/mode/1up Tomus '''1''': 381.] Holmiae :Impensis Laurentii Salvii [1 May 1753]</ref>|synonyms=* ''Caesalpinia sappan'' {{small|(L. 1753)}} <small><u>''Sumber''</u>: ILDIS<ref>ILDIS: [http://www.legumes-online.net/ildis/aweb/td003/td_00584.htm ''Caesalpinia sappan'' L.], diakses 28/10/2015.</ref></small>}} '''Sacang''' (''Biancaea sappan'' [[L.]] Tod.) adolah [[perdu]] anggota suku polong-polongan ([[Fabaceae]]) nan dimanfaatan [[pepagan]] (kulik kayu) jo[[Kayu|kayunyo]] sabagai komoditas panjualan [[rampah-rampah]]. Asa usua tumbuhan iko indak dikatahui sacaro pasti;<ref name="fm12">{{aut|Ding Hou}}. 1996. "''Caesalpinia'' L." ''Flora Malesiana'' '''12'''(2): 535-55 ([http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/91239#page/150/mode/1up ''C. sappan'', p. 552])</ref> namun inyo alah lamo dibudidayaan dek orang di wilayah [[India]], [[Asia Tenggara]], [[Malesia]], inggo [[Pasifik]], tarutamo sabagai tumbuhan bahan pewarna jo bahan ubek tradisional.<ref name="prosea" /> Sacang ko disabuik jo banyak panamoan, sarupo ''seupeuĕng'' ([[Bahasa Aceh|Aceh]]); ''sepang'' ([[Gayo]]); ''sopang'' ([[Bahasa Batak|Toba]]); ''sapang, cacang'' ([[Bahasa Minangkabau|Mink.]]); ''sĕpang, sĕcang'' ([[Bahasa Betawi|Btw.]]); ''sĕcang'' ([[Bahasa Sunda|Sd.]]); ''kayu secang, soga jawa'' ([[Bahasa Jawa|Jw.]]); ''kajo sècang'' ([[Bahasa Madura|Md.]]); ''cang'' ([[Bahasa Bali|Bl.]]); ''sĕpang'' ([[Bahasa Sasak|Sas.]]); ''supa, supang'' ([[Bahasa Bima|Bm.]]); ''sapang'' ([[Bahasa Makassar|Mak.]]); ''sĕpang'' ([[Bahasa Bugis|Bug.]]); ''sèpè'' ([[Rote]]), ''sèpèl'' ([[Timor]]), ''hapé'' ([[Sawu]]), ''hong'' ([[Alor]]); ''sèfèn'' ([[Halmahera|Weda]]), ''sawala, singiang, sinyianga, hinianga'' (aneka dialek di [[Maluku Utara]]), ''sunyiha'' ([[Ternate]]), ''roro'' ([[Tidore]]); ''sema'' ([[Bahasa Manado|Man.]]), ''naga, pasa, dolo'' (aneka dialek di [[Sulawesi Utara]]).<ref name="heyne">{{aut|[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, K.]]}} 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 934-6. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. (versi berbahasa [[Belanda]] [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/256/mode/2up -1916- '''II''': 256].).</ref> Dalam bahasa asiang disabuik jo ''sappanwood'' ([[Bahasa Inggris|Ingg.]]), jo ''suou'' ([[Bahasa Jepang|Jp.]]). Kerabat dakeknyo barasa dari [[Amerika Selatan]], kayu brazil atau brezel (''[[Paubrasilia echinata|P. echinata]]''), dimanfaiak an pulo untuak hal yang sarupo. == Botani == [[Berkas:Caesalpinia sappan Blanco1.121.png|jmpl|kiri|180px|Pelat botani menurut Blanco]] [[Berkas:Caesalpinia sappan (Sappan wood) W3 IMG 3339.jpg|jmpl|kiri|180px|Malai bunga]] [[Pohon]] kecil atau [[perdu]], tinggi 4-10 [[meter|m]].<ref name=fm12/><ref name=prosea/> [[Batang]] jo tonjolan-tonjolan sarupo gigir, jo banyak duri, pepagannya barwarno cokelaik kaabu-abuan.<ref name=prosea/> Rantiang-rantiang biasanyo dengan duri-duri nan malengkuang ka bawah; jarang indak baduri.<ref name=fm12/> Rantiang mudo jo kuncup barambuik aluih kecokelatan.<ref name=prosea>{{aut|Zerrudo, J.V.}} 1991. "''Caesalpinia sappan'' L." <u>In:</u> R.H.M.J. Lemmens & N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (Eds). ''Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA)'' [http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=1395 No. '''3''', Dye and tannin-producing plants: 60-2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922044155/http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=1395 |date=2020-09-22 }}. Bogor: PROSEA Foundation.</ref> == Kagunoan == ;[[Berkas:Batangsecang kering.jpg|jmpl|Irihan batang sacang nan alah dikariangan]]Pawarna Sarupo jo [[kayu brazil]], kayu sacang tarutamo digunoan sabagai pangasia zat pewarna: makanan, pakaian, anyam-anyaman, jo barang-barang lain. [[Rumphius]] mancataik bahwa "''Lignum Sappan''" iko pado maso lalu ditanam orang hampia di semua pulau di Nusantara.<ref>{{aut|[[Rumphius|Rumpf, G.E.]]}} 1743. ''Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ...'' [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10354#page/78/mode/1up Pars '''IV''': 56-59], [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10354#page/81/mode/1up Tab. 21]. Amstelaedami:apud Franciscum Changuion, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCXLIII.</ref> Kayu ko manjadi komoditas dagang antaro banso inggo pangujuang abad ka-19; salapeh itu nilainyo taruih manurun akibaik persaingan jo bahan pawarno sintetik, jo kini anyo manjadi barang dagang di dalam negeri.<ref name=prosea/> ;Bahan obat Kayu sacang mampunyo khasiaiak sabagai pengelat (astringensia). Kandungan utamanyo adalah [[brazilin]], yakni zat warna merah-sappan, asam tanat, jo asam galat. Simplisia kayu sacang barupo irihan atau keping-keping ketek kayu iko disabuik sabagai ''Sappan lignum'' dalam sediaan FMSo (''Formularium Medicamentorum Soloensis'').<ref>{{aut|Sutrisno, B.}} 1974. ''Ihtisar Farmakognosi'', Ed. '''IV''': 122. Jakarta: Pharmascience Pacific.</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> == Pranala lua == {{commonscat|Caesalpinia sappan}} * {{en}} Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011982 ''Caesalpinia sappan'' L.] * {{en}} The Plant List: [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-956 ''Caesalpinia sappan'' L.] * {{en}} ICRAF Tree DB: [http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Caesalpinia_sappan.PDF ''Caesalpinia sappan'' L.] * {{en}} IUCN Red List: [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/34641/0 ''Caesalpinia sappan'' L.] * {{en}} Useful Trop. Plants: [http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Caesalpinia+sappan ''Caesalpinia sappan'' L.] * {{en}} Philippine Medic. Plants: [http://stuartxchange.com/Sapan.html ''Sapang''] * {{en}} Chinese Herb: [http://www.chineseherbshealing.com/caesalpinia-sappan-wood/ ''Caesalpinia Sappan Wood (Su Mu)''] {{rempah-rempah}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q56088062}} [[Kategori:Caesalpinia]] [[Kategori:Pohon kayu]] [[Kategori:Rempah-rempah]] [[Kategori:Tumbuhan obat]] [[Kategori:Tumbuhan pewarna]] [[Kategori:Flora Indonesia]] 1pphkx47e3qorp6w9ddogh2gh8jp44x 0 385958 2443606 2441848 2022-07-27T13:46:50Z 114.124.172.130 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Sunny Leone | image = Sunny Leone, december 2015, Mastizaade.jpg | alt = | caption = Leone tampil di promosi film tabarunyo, [[Mastizaade]] pado bulan Desember, 2015. | birth_name = Karenjit Kaur Vohra | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1981|5|13}}<ref name=OwnBio/> | birth_place = [[Sarnia]], [[Ontario]], {{CAN}} | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (tanggal meninggal diikuti tanggal lahir) --> | death_place = | nationality = # {{CAN}}{{br}} # {{USA}} | other_names = | alma_mater = | occupation = Times of India ([[surek kaba]]) | known_for = sabagai aktris,<br /> dan sabagai sutradara<br /> | religion = | spouse = | children = | parents = }} '''Karenjit Kaur Vohra'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/sunny-leone-s-real-name-revealed/article1-847131.aspx|title=Sunny Leone's real name revealed!|accessdate=1 April 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=27 April 2012|agency=Agencies|archive-date=2014-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020043146/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Sunny-Leone-s-real-name-revealed/Article1-847131.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ({{lahirmati||13|5|1981}}),<ref name=OwnBio>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en/about|title=About Me|accessdate=5 Januari 2016}}</ref> atau nan lobiah dikana dangan namo panggungnyo '''Sunny Leone''', adolah surang aktris, pengusaha, peragawati dan mantan [[aktris pornografi]] Indo-Kanada dan Amerika.<ref>{{cite web|author=Zakia Uddin |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a398098/sunny-leone-im-going-to-make-bollywood-films-only.html |title=Sunny Leone: 'I'm going to make Bollywood films only' – Bollywood News |work=Digital Spy |date=8 Agustus 2012 |accessdate=31 Agustus 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Vickey Lalwani, Mumbai Mirror |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/People-in-India-are-conservative-Sunny-Leone/articleshow/23691999.cms? |title=People in India are conservative: Sunny Leone|work=Times Of India |date=8 Agustus 2013 |accessdate=31 Agustus 2013}}</ref> Inyo digelari [[Penthouse (majalah)|''Penthouse'']] sabagai [[Daftar Penthouse Pets of the Year|Pet of the Year]] pado 2003 dan bintang kontrak untuak [[Vivid Entertainment]]. Dinamoi dek ''[[Maxim (majalah)|Maxim]]'' sabagai ciek dari 12 bintang porno tarateh pado 2010, inyo mamainkan juo poran dalam film-film umum independen dan acaro-acaro televisi. ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{Commonscat-inline|Sunny Leone}} * {{webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105020116/http://allaboutsunny.com:80/ |date=November 5, 2015 |title=Blog pribadi Sunny Leone }} * {{URL|www.sunlustpictures.com|Situs web resmi Sunlust Pictures}} * {{YouTube|channel=thesunnyleone|title=Sunny Leone}} {{Authority control}} 7677huathrfcxxpka1s2oqno9akpwbb 0 386016 2443607 2442122 2022-07-27T13:49:35Z 114.124.172.130 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Tera Patrick | image = Tera_Patrick_2010.jpg | alt = | caption = Tera Patrick taun 2010 | birth_name = Linda Ann Hopkins<ref name="Hammond">{{cite web|url=http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=entertainment&sc=books&sc2=reviews&sc3=biography&id=99775 |title=Sinner Takes All: A Memoir of Love and Porn|first=Steven|last=Hammond|work=edgeboston.com|date=December 31, 2009|accessdate=April 3, 2011}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1976|07|25}} | birth_place = [[Great Falls, Montana]], {{br}}{{USA}}<ref name=terapatrick.com/> | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (tanggal meninggal diikuti tanggal lahir) --> | death_place = | nationality ={{USA}} | other_names = | alma_mater = | occupation = | known_for =model | religion = | spouse = | children = | parents = }} '''Tera Patrick''' ({{lahirmati||25|7|1976}})<ref name="terapatrick.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.terapatrick.com/en/biography|title=Bio – Tera Patrick|accessdate=March 21, 2009|publisher=terapatrick.com|archive-date=2010-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530044924/http://www.terapatrick.com/en/biography|dead-url=yes}}</ref> adalah [[namo panggung]] dari surang [[pemeran pornografi|aktris porno]] dan [[Peragawan|model]] [[Amerika Sarikat]]. ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{Commonscat-inline|Tera Patrick}} {{Authority control}} sigk05ujm8nsm2pz7o039xgzj7dzfod 0 386173 2443753 2442550 2022-07-28T09:59:24Z 182.2.171.144 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses}} [[Berkas:World Map 1689.JPG|jmpl|262x262px|Peta dunia didapek dari [[Amsterdam]] dibuek taun 1689]] [[Berkas:Map of the world by the US Gov as of 2016.svg|jmpl|262x262px|Peta dunia dari [[CIA World Factbook]] 2016]] '''Peta''' adolah gambaran parmukoan [[bumi]] nan ditampilkan pado suatu bidang datar dangan skala tartantu.{{Sfn|Mulyani|2018|p=|pp=9}} Peta dapek disajikan dalam babagai caro nan babedo, mulai dari peta konvensional nan tacetak pado karateh hinggo peta digital nan tampil di layar komputer. Istilah peta ba-asa dari bahaso Yunani iyolah mappa nan bararti taplak atau kain panutuik meja. Namun sacaro umum pangartian peta adolah lembaran saluruah atau sabagian parmukaan bumi pado bidang datar nan diparketek dangan manggunakan skala tartantu. Sabuah peta adolah ''representasi'' duo dimensi dari suatu ruang tigo dimensi (asli). Ilmu nan mampalajari pambuatan peta disabuik kartografi. Banyak peta punyo skala, nan manantukan sabarapo bosegh objek pado peta dalam kaadaan nan saboneghnyo. Kumpulan dari babarapo peta disabuik atlas. ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{sisterlinks|d=Q4006|mw=Peta|m=Peta|c:Special:Search/Category:Maps|species=no|n=no|display=Peta|wikt=gamba|b=Sistem Informasi Geografi|v=GIS/Cartography|voy=no}} * [http://www.icaci.org/ International Cartographic Association (ICA)], the world body for mapping and GIScience professionals * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/guide/gmilltoc.html Geography and Maps, an Illustrated Guide], by the staff of the U.S. [[Library of Congress]]. * [http://www.geography.wisc.edu/histcart/ The History of Cartography Project] at the University of Wisconsin, a comprehensive research project in the history of maps and mapping iw3jgbcjs7phntdpihaswzaodf2rhxh 0 386530 2443592 2443534 2022-07-27T12:57:47Z Ardzun 577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Gunung | name = Gunung Tambora | photo = Caldera Mt Tambora Sumbawa Indonesia.jpg | photo_caption = [[Kaldera]] Gunung Tambora | map = Indonesia | map_alt = | map_border = | map_caption = Lokasi Gunung Tambora di Indonesia | map_relief = | map_size = | label = Tambora | label_position = | lat_d = 8 | lat_m = 15 | lat_s = 0 | lat_NS = S | long_d = 118 | long_m = 0 | long_s = 0 | long_EW = E | coordinates = {{coord|8|15|0|S|118|0|0|E|type:mountain|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 2850 | location = Semenanjung Sanggar, [[Sumbawa]] | region = [[Kabupaten Dompu]] dan [[Kabupaten Bima|Bima]], [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]], [[Indonesia]] | type = [[Gunung berapi kerucut]] [[trakibasalt]]-[[trakiandesit]] | last_eruption = 1967<ref name="gvp1">{{cite web|title=Tambora|url= http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0604-04=|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher= [[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-10-17}}</ref> | age = [[Pleistosen|Pleistosen Akhir]]—[[Holosen]] | volcanic_arc = [[Busur Sunda]] }} '''Gunuang Tambora''' (atau biaso disabuik pulo '''Tomboro''') marupoan sabuah gunuang barapi karucuik aktif nan barado di Pulau Sumbawa, [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Gunuang ko talatak di duo kabupaten yaitu Kabupaten Dompu nan mancakup lereang bagian baraik jo salatan, sarato Kabupaten Bima nan mancakup lereang bagian timur jo utara. Gunung Tambora tabantuak dek zona subduksi aktif nan ado di bawahnyo. Pado masa lalu, katinggian Gunuang Tambora mancapai sakitar 4.300 [[meter|m]]<ref name="Stothers1984a">{{cite journal|last=Stothers|first=R. B.| journal=[[Science]]|title=The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath| volume =224|issue=4654|date=1984|pages=1191–1198|doi=10.1126/science.224.4654.1191}}</ref> nan mambuek gunuang ko manjadi salah satu puncak tatinggi di Indonesia pado maso lalu. Aktivitas vulkanis gunuang barapi ko mamuncak akibaik latusan pado April 1815 nan mancapai skala tujuah VEI.<ref name="Degens1989">{{cite journal|last1=Degens|first1=E. T.|last2=Buch|first2=B.|title=Sedimentological events in Saleh Bay, off Mount Tambora|journal=Netherlands Journal of Sea Research|volume=24|issue=4|doi=10.1016/0077-7579(89)90117-8|pages=399–404|year=1989}}</ref> Latusan tu manjadi latusan vulkanis tagadang sajak latusan Taupo pado tahun 181.<ref name="Oppenheimer2003">{{cite journal|last=Oppenheimer|first=C.|title=Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_progress-in-physical-geography_2003-06_27_2/page/230|journal=Progress in Physical Geography|volume=27|issue=2|year=2003|pages=230–259|doi=10.1191/0309133303pp379ra}}</ref> Latusan tu mengaluarkan sakitar 140 miliar ton magma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2022/04/10/080000565/sejarah-letusan-gunung-tambora-10-april-1815--lahirkan-sepeda-|title=Sejarah Letusan Gunung Tambora 10 April 1815: Lahirkan Sepeda!|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2022-04-10|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref> Suaro latusan tacatat tadanga sampai pulau [[Sumatra]] labiah dari 2.000 km ke baraik. Hujan abu vulkanis tajadi di [[Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Jawa]], jo [[Maluku]]. Latusan tu manelan korban jiwa saketeknyo mancapai 71.000 urang dengan 11.000—12.000 urang di antaranyo marupon korban langsuang dari latusan.<ref name="Oppenheimer2003" /> Babarapo paneliti mampakiroan jumlah korban jiwa ko bahkan mancapai 92.000 urang, tapi angko ko diraguan karano dinilai talalu gadang.<ref name="Tanguy1998">{{cite journal|title=Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database|last1= Tanguy|first1=J.-C.|last2=Scarth|first2= A.|last3=Ribière|first3=C.|last4=Tjetjep|first4= W. S.|journal=Bulletin of Volcanology|pages=137–144|date=1998|doi=10.1007/s004450050222|volume=60|issue=2}}</ref> Latusan t manyababan parubahan iklim dunia saat tu. Tu, pado tahun barikutnyo (1816) acok disabuik sabagai tahun tanpa musim panas dek adanyo parubahan cuaca drastis di [[Amerika Utara]] jo [[Eropa]] akibaik debu nan dihasilan dari latusan tu. Peristiwa ko manyebaban kagagalan panen jo kamatian taranak massal nan pado gilirannyo manyebaban wabah kalaparan taburuak pado abaik ka-19.<ref name="Oppenheimer2003" /> Pado sabuah ekskavasi tahun 2004 di wilayah Gunuang Tambora, sakalompok arkeolog manamuan siso kabudayaan nan takubua 3 meter di bawah endapan piroklastik dari latusan tahun 1815. Tamuan ko acok disabuik sabagai ''Pompeii dari Timur'' akibaik kamiripannyo jo Kota Pompeii di [[Italia]] nan takubua material letusan vulkanis.<ref name="URI">{{cite press release|title=URI volcanologist discovers lost kingdom of Tambora|publisher=[[University of Rhode Island]]|date=2006-02-27|url=http://www.uri.edu/news/releases/index.php?id=3467|accessdate=2006-10-06}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} pn5vfq1fsc5vmjprbxngsi94w5crhmw 2443593 2443592 2022-07-27T13:00:37Z Ardzun 577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Gunung | name = Gunung Tambora | photo = Caldera Mt Tambora Sumbawa Indonesia.jpg | photo_caption = [[Kaldera]] Gunung Tambora | map = Indonesia | map_alt = | map_border = | map_caption = Lokasi Gunung Tambora di Indonesia | map_relief = | map_size = | label = Tambora | label_position = | lat_d = 8 | lat_m = 15 | lat_s = 0 | lat_NS = S | long_d = 118 | long_m = 0 | long_s = 0 | long_EW = E | coordinates = {{coord|8|15|0|S|118|0|0|E|type:mountain|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 2850 | location = Semenanjung Sanggar, [[Sumbawa]] | region = [[Kabupaten Dompu]] dan [[Kabupaten Bima|Bima]], [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]], [[Indonesia]] | type = [[Gunuang api karucuik]] [[trakibasalt]]-[[trakiandesit]] | last_eruption = 1967<ref name="gvp1">{{cite web|title=Tambora|url= http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0604-04=|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher= [[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-10-17}}</ref> | age = [[Pleistosen|Pleistosen Akhir]]—[[Holosen]] | volcanic_arc = [[Busur Sunda]] }} '''Gunuang Tambora''' (atau biaso disabuik pulo '''Tomboro''') marupoan sabuah gunuang barapi karucuik aktif nan barado di Pulau Sumbawa, [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Gunuang ko talatak di duo kabupaten yaitu Kabupaten Dompu nan mancakup lereang bagian baraik jo salatan, sarato Kabupaten Bima nan mancakup lereang bagian timur jo utara. Gunung Tambora tabantuak dek zona subduksi aktif nan ado di bawahnyo. Pado masa lalu, katinggian Gunuang Tambora mancapai sakitar 4.300 [[meter|m]]<ref name="Stothers1984a">{{cite journal|last=Stothers|first=R. B.| journal=[[Science]]|title=The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath| volume =224|issue=4654|date=1984|pages=1191–1198|doi=10.1126/science.224.4654.1191}}</ref> nan mambuek gunuang ko manjadi salah satu puncak tatinggi di Indonesia pado maso lalu. Aktivitas vulkanis gunuang barapi ko mamuncak akibaik latusan pado April 1815 nan mancapai skala tujuah VEI.<ref name="Degens1989">{{cite journal|last1=Degens|first1=E. T.|last2=Buch|first2=B.|title=Sedimentological events in Saleh Bay, off Mount Tambora|journal=Netherlands Journal of Sea Research|volume=24|issue=4|doi=10.1016/0077-7579(89)90117-8|pages=399–404|year=1989}}</ref> Latusan tu manjadi latusan vulkanis tagadang sajak latusan Taupo pado tahun 181.<ref name="Oppenheimer2003">{{cite journal|last=Oppenheimer|first=C.|title=Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_progress-in-physical-geography_2003-06_27_2/page/230|journal=Progress in Physical Geography|volume=27|issue=2|year=2003|pages=230–259|doi=10.1191/0309133303pp379ra}}</ref> Latusan tu mengaluarkan sakitar 140 miliar ton magma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2022/04/10/080000565/sejarah-letusan-gunung-tambora-10-april-1815--lahirkan-sepeda-|title=Sejarah Letusan Gunung Tambora 10 April 1815: Lahirkan Sepeda!|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2022-04-10|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref> Suaro latusan tacatat tadanga sampai pulau [[Sumatra]] labiah dari 2.000 km ke baraik. Hujan abu vulkanis tajadi di [[Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Jawa]], jo [[Maluku]]. Latusan tu manelan korban jiwa saketeknyo mancapai 71.000 urang dengan 11.000—12.000 urang di antaranyo marupon korban langsuang dari latusan.<ref name="Oppenheimer2003" /> Babarapo paneliti mampakiroan jumlah korban jiwa ko bahkan mancapai 92.000 urang, tapi angko ko diraguan karano dinilai talalu gadang.<ref name="Tanguy1998">{{cite journal|title=Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database|last1= Tanguy|first1=J.-C.|last2=Scarth|first2= A.|last3=Ribière|first3=C.|last4=Tjetjep|first4= W. S.|journal=Bulletin of Volcanology|pages=137–144|date=1998|doi=10.1007/s004450050222|volume=60|issue=2}}</ref> Latusan t manyababan parubahan iklim dunia saat tu. Tu, pado tahun barikutnyo (1816) acok disabuik sabagai tahun tanpa musim panas dek adanyo parubahan cuaca drastis di [[Amerika Utara]] jo [[Eropa]] akibaik debu nan dihasilan dari latusan tu. Peristiwa ko manyebaban kagagalan panen jo kamatian taranak massal nan pado gilirannyo manyebaban wabah kalaparan taburuak pado abaik ka-19.<ref name="Oppenheimer2003" /> Pado sabuah ekskavasi tahun 2004 di wilayah Gunuang Tambora, sakalompok arkeolog manamuan siso kabudayaan nan takubua 3 meter di bawah endapan piroklastik dari latusan tahun 1815. Tamuan ko acok disabuik sabagai ''Pompeii dari Timur'' akibaik kamiripannyo jo Kota Pompeii di [[Italia]] nan takubua material letusan vulkanis.<ref name="URI">{{cite press release|title=URI volcanologist discovers lost kingdom of Tambora|publisher=[[University of Rhode Island]]|date=2006-02-27|url=http://www.uri.edu/news/releases/index.php?id=3467|accessdate=2006-10-06}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} bjhnfd1ei58t977jy8dhm6ct9sr51ke 0 386546 2443616 2443389 2022-07-28T02:50:07Z Xqbot 1024 Bot: Mampeloki pangalihan ganda ka [[Kedai Kandang, Kluet Salatan, Aceh Salatan]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH [[Kedai Kandang, Kluet Salatan, Aceh Salatan]] 5h46xvgpa4efwhlb6xg4b0pra27gb28 10 386598 2443617 2443497 2022-07-28T02:50:12Z Xqbot 1024 Bot: Mampeloki pangalihan ganda ka [[Templat:Otheruses4]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH [[Templat:Otheruses4]]{{A templat}} mgg4tbp6e5u4vtm7l9he18dqs94ymyg 3 386632 2443582 2022-07-27T12:29:22Z Ardzun 577 /* Tarimo kasih */ bagian baru wikitext text/x-wiki == Tarimo kasih == Tarimo kasih ateh jariahnyo salamo ko di Wikipedia Minangkabau. Taruih manyuntiang! Kok dapek, sanak mambuek juo akun Wikipedia supayo labiah mudah bakolaborasi proyek kudian harinyo. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 27 Juli 2022 19.29 (WIB) bkc7fq73vtyuoz7vll1rskb4o06aqzg 3 386633 2443583 2022-07-27T12:30:57Z Ardzun 577 ←Mambuek laman baisi "== == == Tarimo kasih == Tarimo kasih ateh jariahnyo salamo ko di Wikipedia Minangkabau. Taruih manyuntiang! Kok dapek, sanak mambuek juo akun Wikipedia supayo labiah mudah bakolaborasi proyek kudian harinyo. ~~~~" wikitext text/x-wiki == == == Tarimo kasih == Tarimo kasih ateh jariahnyo salamo ko di Wikipedia Minangkabau. Taruih manyuntiang! Kok dapek, sanak mambuek juo akun Wikipedia supayo labiah mudah bakolaborasi proyek kudian harinyo. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 27 Juli 2022 19.30 (WIB) ao19t5btsbeqygtqhy01qzgx2vya3up 3 386634 2443584 2022-07-27T12:31:05Z Ardzun 577 ←Mambuek laman baisi "== == == Tarimo kasih == Tarimo kasih ateh jariahnyo salamo ko di Wikipedia Minangkabau. Taruih manyuntiang! Kok dapek, sanak mambuek juo akun Wikipedia supayo labiah mudah bakolaborasi proyek kudian harinyo. ~~~~" wikitext text/x-wiki == == == Tarimo kasih == Tarimo kasih ateh jariahnyo salamo ko di Wikipedia Minangkabau. Taruih manyuntiang! Kok dapek, sanak mambuek juo akun Wikipedia supayo labiah mudah bakolaborasi proyek kudian harinyo. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 27 Juli 2022 19.31 (WIB) 1j9hhbzi4fuskmmlzhblao5i6sub881 0 386635 2443585 2022-07-27T12:35:53Z Ardzun 577 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Tarjamah}} '''Damascus''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|m|æ|s|k|ə|s}} {{respell|də|MASS|kəs}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|d|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|s|k|ə|s}} {{respell|də|MAH|skəs}}; [[Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|{{script|Arabic|دمشق}}}} {{transl|ar|Dimashq}}, {{IPA-ar|diˈmaʃq|IPA}} is the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[Syria]], the oldest capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth [[Holiest sites in Islam|holiest city in Islam]].<ref name="DumperStanley2007-Damascus">{{cite enc..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tarjamah}} '''Damascus''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|m|æ|s|k|ə|s}} {{respell|də|MASS|kəs}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|d|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|s|k|ə|s}} {{respell|də|MAH|skəs}}; [[Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|{{script|Arabic|دمشق}}}} {{transl|ar|Dimashq}}, {{IPA-ar|diˈmaʃq|IPA}} is the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[Syria]], the oldest capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth [[Holiest sites in Islam|holiest city in Islam]].<ref name="DumperStanley2007-Damascus">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2007|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|last1=Dumper|first1=Michael R. T.|last2=Stanley|first2=Bruce E.|pages=119–126|isbn=978-1-5760-7919-5|editor=Janet L. Abu-Lughod|chapter=Damascus|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=damascus+%22fourth+holiest%22&pg=PA121}}</ref><ref name="Birke2013">{{citation|author=Sarah Birke|title=Damascus: What's Left|date=2013-08-02|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/08/02/damascus-whats-left/|publisher=[[New York Review Books|New York Review of Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Totah2009">{{cite journal|last=Totah|first=Faedah M.|year=2009|title=Return to the origin: negotiating the modern and unmodern in the old city of Damascus|journal=[[City & Society]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=58–81|doi=10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01015.x}}</ref> It is colloquially known in Syria as {{transl|ar|ALA|aš-Šām}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|Arabic|الشَّام}}}}) and titled the "City of [[Jasmine]]" ({{lang|ar|{{script|Arabic|مَدِينَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ}}}} {{transl|ar|ALA|Madīnat al-Yāsmīn}}).<ref name="worldatlas">{{Cite web|title=Biggest Cities In Syria|date=25 April 2017|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-syria.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025200105/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-syria.html|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> Damascus is a major cultural center of the [[Levant]] and the [[Arab world]]. The city had an estimated population of 2,079,000 in 2019. In southwestern Syria, Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area. Its population in 2004 was estimated to be 2.7 million people.<ref>Central Bureau of Statistics Syria [http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf Syria census 2004] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310211017/http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf |date=10 March 2013 }}</ref> Embedded on the eastern foothills of the [[Anti-Lebanon]] mountain range {{convert|80|km|mi}} inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau {{convert|680|m|ft}} [[above sea level]], Damascus experiences a dry climate because of the [[rain shadow effect]]. The [[Barada|Barada River]] flows through Damascus. Damascus is one of the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Bowker|first=John|title=Damascus|date=2003-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-1793|work=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800947.013.1793|doi-broken-date=13 April 2022|isbn=978-0-19-280094-7|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> First settled in the 3rd millennium BC, it was chosen as the capital of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] from 661 to 750. After the victory of the [[Abbasid dynasty]], the seat of Islamic power was moved to [[Baghdad]]. Damascus saw its importance decline throughout the Abbasid era, only to regain significant importance in the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] and [[Mamluk]] periods. Today, it is the seat of the central government of Syria. {{As of|2019|September}}, eight years into the [[Syrian Civil War]], Damascus was named the least livable city out of 140 global cities in the [[Global Liveability Ranking]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-most-livable-cities-2019-trnd/index.html|title=World's most livable city revealed|last=Buckley|first=Julia|date=2019-09-04|website=CNN Travel|language=en|access-date=2019-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915055104/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-most-livable-cities-2019-trnd/index.html|archive-date=15 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{geo-stub}} [[Kategori:Timur Tengah]] o473brorlum8s3dkd4kuzod0rpn2ulk 2443586 2443585 2022-07-27T12:38:50Z Ardzun 577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tarjamah}} '''Damaskus''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|m|æ|s|k|ə|s}} {{respell|də|MASS|kəs}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|d|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|s|k|ə|s}} {{respell|də|MAH|skəs}}; [[Bahaso Arab|Arab]]: {{lang|ar|{{script|Arabic|دمشق}}}} {{transl|ar|Dimashq}}, {{IPA-ar|diˈmaʃq|IPA}}) adolah ibu kota dari Suriah, ibu kota nagara paliang tuo di dunia dan dek sabagian pihak, disabuik sabagai kota suci kaampek Islam.<ref name="DumperStanley2007-Damascus">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2007|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|last1=Dumper|first1=Michael R. T.|last2=Stanley|first2=Bruce E.|pages=119–126|isbn=978-1-5760-7919-5|editor=Janet L. Abu-Lughod|chapter=Damascus|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=damascus+%22fourth+holiest%22&pg=PA121}}</ref><ref name="Birke2013">{{citation|author=Sarah Birke|title=Damascus: What's Left|date=2013-08-02|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/08/02/damascus-whats-left/|publisher=[[New York Review Books|New York Review of Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Totah2009">{{cite journal|last=Totah|first=Faedah M.|year=2009|title=Return to the origin: negotiating the modern and unmodern in the old city of Damascus|journal=[[City & Society]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=58–81|doi=10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01015.x}}</ref> It is colloquially known in Syria as {{transl|ar|ALA|aš-Šām}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|Arabic|الشَّام}}}}) and titled the "City of [[Jasmine]]" ({{lang|ar|{{script|Arabic|مَدِينَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ}}}} {{transl|ar|ALA|Madīnat al-Yāsmīn}}).<ref name="worldatlas">{{Cite web|title=Biggest Cities In Syria|date=25 April 2017|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-syria.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025200105/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-syria.html|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> Damascus is a major cultural center of the [[Levant]] and the [[Arab world]]. The city had an estimated population of 2,079,000 in 2019. In southwestern Syria, Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area. Its population in 2004 was estimated to be 2.7 million people.<ref>Central Bureau of Statistics Syria [http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf Syria census 2004] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310211017/http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf |date=10 March 2013 }}</ref> Embedded on the eastern foothills of the [[Anti-Lebanon]] mountain range {{convert|80|km|mi}} inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau {{convert|680|m|ft}} [[above sea level]], Damascus experiences a dry climate because of the [[rain shadow effect]]. The [[Barada|Barada River]] flows through Damascus. Damascus is one of the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Bowker|first=John|title=Damascus|date=2003-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-1793|work=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800947.013.1793|doi-broken-date=13 April 2022|isbn=978-0-19-280094-7|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> First settled in the 3rd millennium BC, it was chosen as the capital of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] from 661 to 750. After the victory of the [[Abbasid dynasty]], the seat of Islamic power was moved to [[Baghdad]]. Damascus saw its importance decline throughout the Abbasid era, only to regain significant importance in the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] and [[Mamluk]] periods. Today, it is the seat of the central government of Syria. {{As of|2019|September}}, eight years into the [[Syrian Civil War]], Damascus was named the least livable city out of 140 global cities in the [[Global Liveability Ranking]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-most-livable-cities-2019-trnd/index.html|title=World's most livable city revealed|last=Buckley|first=Julia|date=2019-09-04|website=CNN Travel|language=en|access-date=2019-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915055104/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-most-livable-cities-2019-trnd/index.html|archive-date=15 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{geo-stub}} [[Kategori:Timur Tengah]] b1djyc0mc4zir90ole6wstrm7rayhs4 2443587 2443586 2022-07-27T12:53:12Z Ardzun 577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tarjamah}} '''Damaskus''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|m|æ|s|k|ə|s}} {{respell|də|MASS|kəs}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|d|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|s|k|ə|s}} {{respell|də|MAH|skəs}}; [[Bahaso Arab|Arab]]: {{lang|ar|{{script|Arabic|دمشق}}}} {{transl|ar|Dimashq}}, {{IPA-ar|diˈmaʃq|IPA}}) adolah ibu kota dari [[Suriah]], ibu kota nagara paliang tuo di dunia dan dek sabagian pihak, disabuik sabagai kota suci kaampek [[Islam]].<ref name="DumperStanley2007-Damascus">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2007|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|last1=Dumper|first1=Michael R. T.|last2=Stanley|first2=Bruce E.|pages=119–126|isbn=978-1-5760-7919-5|editor=Janet L. Abu-Lughod|chapter=Damascus|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=damascus+%22fourth+holiest%22&pg=PA121}}</ref><ref name="Birke2013">{{citation|author=Sarah Birke|title=Damascus: What's Left|date=2013-08-02|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/08/02/damascus-whats-left/|publisher=[[New York Review Books|New York Review of Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Totah2009">{{cite journal|last=Totah|first=Faedah M.|year=2009|title=Return to the origin: negotiating the modern and unmodern in the old city of Damascus|journal=[[City & Society]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=58–81|doi=10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01015.x}}</ref> Dalam kasaharian, urang Suriah manyabuiknyo jo namo ''asy-Syam'' ({{lang|ar|{{script|Arabic|الشَّام}}}}) dan bagala "Kota Bungo Malua" ({{lang|ar|{{script|Arabic|مَدِينَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ}}}} {{transl|ar|ALA|Madīnat al-Yāsmīn}}).<ref name="worldatlas">{{Cite web|title=Biggest Cities In Syria|date=25 April 2017|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-syria.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025200105/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-syria.html|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> Damaskus marupokan pusek budayo di [[Levantin]] jo [[Dunia Arab]]. Pado taun 2019, kota ko bapanduduak 2.079.000 urang. Di barat daya Suriah, Damaskus marupokan pusek dari area metropolitan. Panduduaknyo mancapai 2,7 juta jiwa pado taun 2004.<ref>Central Bureau of Statistics Syria [http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf Syria census 2004] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310211017/http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf|date=10 March 2013}}</ref> Talatak di kaki barisan gunuang [[Pagunuangan Anti-Lebanon|Anti-Lebanon]], bajarak 80 km dari pasisia [[Lauik Tangah]] ka arah timur jo di katinggian 680 mdpl, Damaskus baiklim angek dek efek bayangan ujan. [[Batang Barada]] manjadi batang aia utamo nan maaliri Damaskus. Damaskus iko ciek dari banyak kota paliang tuo di dunia nan taruih bapauni.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bowker|first=John|title=Damascus|date=2003-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-1793|work=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800947.013.1793|doi-broken-date=13 April 2022|isbn=978-0-19-280094-7|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Pamukiman partamo ditaruko pado milenium katigo sabalun masehi, nan kudian tapiliah manjadi ibu kota [[Kakhalifahan Umayyah]] antaro taun 661 inggo 750. Salapeh kamanangan [[Dinasti Abbasiyah]], pusek pamarintahan Islam bapindah ka [[Baghdad]]. Pado maso ko, Damaskus kurang manjadi paratian inggo maso [[Ayyubiyah]] jo [[Mamluk]] baliak mandapek namo. Kini, kota ko manjadi pusek pamarintahan Suriah. Pado September 2019, salapan taun dalam [[Parang Sudaro Suriah]], Damaskus masuak ka dalam kota-kota nan indak layak uni manuruik [[GLobal Liveability Ranking]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-most-livable-cities-2019-trnd/index.html|title=World's most livable city revealed|last=Buckley|first=Julia|date=2019-09-04|website=CNN Travel|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915055104/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-most-livable-cities-2019-trnd/index.html|archive-date=15 September 2019|access-date=2019-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{geo-stub}} [[Kategori:Timur Tengah]] 9szvsq5uebfbsvejggcbz36d7ku6dn1 0 386636 2443588 2022-07-27T12:54:54Z Ardzun 577 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Kota Damaskus]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Kota Damaskus]] 86fzr5s1645qgfiunp2ktdw4y0q5iso 2443590 2443588 2022-07-27T12:56:04Z Ardzun 577 Ubah target pengalihan dari [[Kota Damaskus]] ke [[Damaskus]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Damaskus]] 66do2i04gusssw7ckia6wz86jni566z 0 386637 2443589 2022-07-27T12:55:17Z Ardzun 577 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Kota Damaskus]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Kota Damaskus]] 86fzr5s1645qgfiunp2ktdw4y0q5iso 2443591 2443589 2022-07-27T12:56:28Z Ardzun 577 Ubah target pengalihan dari [[Kota Damaskus]] ke [[Damaskus]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Damaskus]] 66do2i04gusssw7ckia6wz86jni566z 10 386638 2443594 2022-07-27T13:05:52Z Ardzun 577 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Nowrap]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Templat:Nowrap]] 6y08gbsg5vea88smvyiyjfqtp731lyh 0 386639 2443596 2022-07-27T13:28:47Z Ardzun 577 ←Mambuek laman baisi "'''Athens''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|θ|ɛ|n|z}} {{respell|ATH|enz}};<ref>{{cite book|title=Longman pronunciation dictionary|first=John C.|last=Wells|publisher=Longman|location=Harlow, England|year=1990|isbn=0-582-05383-8|page=48|chapter=Athens}}</ref> {{lang-el|Αθήνα|Athína}} {{IPA-el|aˈθina||el-Αθήνα.ogg}}; {{lang-grc|Ἀθῆναι|Athênai}} <small>(pl.)</small> {{IPA-grc|atʰɛ̂ːnai̯|}}) is the [[capital city|capital]] city of [[Greece]]. With a popula..." wikitext text/x-wiki '''Athens''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|θ|ɛ|n|z}} {{respell|ATH|enz}};<ref>{{cite book|title=Longman pronunciation dictionary|first=John C.|last=Wells|publisher=Longman|location=Harlow, England|year=1990|isbn=0-582-05383-8|page=48|chapter=Athens}}</ref> {{lang-el|Αθήνα|Athína}} {{IPA-el|aˈθina||el-Αθήνα.ogg}}; {{lang-grc|Ἀθῆναι|Athênai}} <small>(pl.)</small> {{IPA-grc|atʰɛ̂ːnai̯|}}) is the [[capital city|capital]] city of [[Greece]]. With a population close to 4 million it is the [[List of cities and towns in Greece|largest city]] in Greece, and the 7th [[List of urban areas in the European Union|largest city in the European Union]]. Athens dominates and is the capital of the [[Attica (region)|Attica region]] and is one of the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|world's oldest cities]], with its [[recorded history]] spanning over 3,400 years<ref>Vinie Daily, Athens, the city in your pocket, pp 6</ref> and its earliest human presence beginning somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC.<ref name=ethnos.gr>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22784&subid=2&pubid=2530782&tag=8796 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721080919/http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22784&subid=2&pubid=2530782&tag=8796 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2011 |title=v4.ethnos.gr – Οι πρώτοι… Αθηναίοι |publisher=Ethnos.gr|date= July 2011|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Geo-stub}} [[Kategori:Eropa]] kaeq7mhx3bngbyllqk2l0s2bmys1wt3 2443597 2443596 2022-07-27T13:32:18Z Ardzun 577 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Athena''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|θ|ɛ|n|z}} {{respell|ATH|enz}};<ref>{{cite book|title=Longman pronunciation dictionary|first=John C.|last=Wells|publisher=Longman|location=Harlow, England|year=1990|isbn=0-582-05383-8|page=48|chapter=Athens}}</ref> {{lang-el|Αθήνα|Athína}} {{IPA-el|aˈθina||el-Αθήνα.ogg}}; {{lang-grc|Ἀθῆναι|Athênai}} <small>(pl.)</small> {{IPA-grc|atʰɛ̂ːnai̯|}}) adolah ibu kota Yunani. Populasinyo ampia mancapai 4 juta panduduak dan marupokan kota paliang gadang di Yunani, sarato kota katujuah paliang gadang di Uni Eropa. Athena marupokan pusek dari Regional Attika sarato ciek dari kota-kota paliang tuo di dunia nan alah tacataik dalma sijarah salamo labiah dari 3.400 taun.<ref>Vinie Daily, Athens, the city in your pocket, pp 6</ref> Pamukiman manusia nan paliang awal dipakirokan antaro milenium kasabaleh inggo katujuah sabalun masehi.<ref name="ethnos.gr">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22784&subid=2&pubid=2530782&tag=8796|title=v4.ethnos.gr – Οι πρώτοι… Αθηναίοι|date=July 2011|publisher=Ethnos.gr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721080919/http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22784&subid=2&pubid=2530782&tag=8796|archive-date=21 July 2011|access-date=26 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Geo-stub}} [[Kategori:Eropa]] p48lm3vbmjenv6om0u2cinhyhmyanom 2443600 2443597 2022-07-27T13:36:12Z Ardzun 577 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Athena''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|θ|ɛ|n|z}} {{respell|ATH|enz}};<ref>{{cite book|title=Longman pronunciation dictionary|first=John C.|last=Wells|publisher=Longman|location=Harlow, England|year=1990|isbn=0-582-05383-8|page=48|chapter=Athens}}</ref> {{lang-el|Αθήνα|Athína}} {{IPA-el|aˈθina||el-Αθήνα.ogg}}; {{lang-grc|Ἀθῆναι|Athênai}} <small>(pl.)</small> {{IPA-grc|atʰɛ̂ːnai̯|}}) adolah ibu kota [[Yunani]]. Populasinyo ampia mancapai 4 juta panduduak dan marupokan kota paliang gadang di Yunani, sarato kota katujuah paliang gadang di Uni Eropa. Athena marupokan pusek dari Regional Attika sarato ciek dari kota-kota paliang tuo di dunia nan alah tacataik dalma sijarah salamo labiah dari 3.400 taun.<ref>Vinie Daily, Athens, the city in your pocket, pp 6</ref> Pamukiman manusia nan paliang awal dipakirokan antaro milenium kasabaleh inggo katujuah sabalun masehi.<ref name="ethnos.gr">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22784&subid=2&pubid=2530782&tag=8796|title=v4.ethnos.gr – Οι πρώτοι… Αθηναίοι|date=July 2011|publisher=Ethnos.gr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721080919/http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22784&subid=2&pubid=2530782&tag=8796|archive-date=21 July 2011|access-date=26 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Geo-stub}} [[Kategori:Eropa]] ip7n13ravdeqspvwtaoobpb986m99c0 2443601 2443600 2022-07-27T13:36:36Z Ardzun 577 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Athena''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|θ|ɛ|n|z}} {{respell|ATH|enz}};<ref>{{cite book|title=Longman pronunciation dictionary|first=John C.|last=Wells|publisher=Longman|location=Harlow, England|year=1990|isbn=0-582-05383-8|page=48|chapter=Athens}}</ref> {{lang-el|Αθήνα|Athína}} {{IPA-el|aˈθina||el-Αθήνα.ogg}}; {{lang-grc|Ἀθῆναι|Athênai}} <small>(pl.)</small> {{IPA-grc|atʰɛ̂ːnai̯|}}) adolah ibu kota [[Yunani]]. Populasinyo ampia mancapai 4 juta panduduak dan marupokan kota paliang gadang di Yunani, sarato kota katujuah paliang gadang di [[Uni Eropa]]. Athena marupokan pusek dari [[Regional Attika]] sarato ciek dari kota-kota paliang tuo di dunia nan alah tacataik dalam sijarah salamo labiah dari 3.400 taun.<ref>Vinie Daily, Athens, the city in your pocket, pp 6</ref> Pamukiman manusia nan paliang awal dipakirokan antaro milenium kasabaleh inggo katujuah sabalun masehi.<ref name="ethnos.gr">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22784&subid=2&pubid=2530782&tag=8796|title=v4.ethnos.gr – Οι πρώτοι… Αθηναίοι|date=July 2011|publisher=Ethnos.gr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721080919/http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22784&subid=2&pubid=2530782&tag=8796|archive-date=21 July 2011|access-date=26 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Geo-stub}} [[Kategori:Eropa]] 3l87st6ogd9xieb4liivyqe6tsvixto 10 386640 2443598 2022-07-27T13:34:41Z Ardzun 577 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<onlyinclude><small>{{#switch: {{{2}}}|IPA=IPA:&nbsp;|lang=Greek:&nbsp;|pron=palafalan&nbsp;|=|anc=Yunani Saisuak:&nbsp;|koine=Yunani Koine:&nbsp;|med=Yunani Abaik Patangahan:&nbsp;|mod=Yunani Modern:&nbsp;|a=Saisuak:&nbsp;|k=Koine:&nbsp;|ml=Patangahan:&nbsp;|md=Modern:&nbsp;|Palafalan Yunani:&nbsp;}}</small><span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">[[Wikipedia:IPA untuak bahaso Yunani|[{{{1}}}]]]</span>{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{IPA audio link|{{{3}}} }} }}</onlyinclude..." wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude><small>{{#switch: {{{2}}}|IPA=IPA:&nbsp;|lang=Greek:&nbsp;|pron=palafalan&nbsp;|=|anc=Yunani Saisuak:&nbsp;|koine=Yunani Koine:&nbsp;|med=Yunani Abaik Patangahan:&nbsp;|mod=Yunani Modern:&nbsp;|a=Saisuak:&nbsp;|k=Koine:&nbsp;|ml=Patangahan:&nbsp;|md=Modern:&nbsp;|Palafalan Yunani:&nbsp;}}</small><span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">[[Wikipedia:IPA untuak bahaso Yunani|[{{{1}}}]]]</span>{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{IPA audio link|{{{3}}} }} }}</onlyinclude> <noinclude>{{dokumentasi}}[[Kategori:Templat kabahasoan IPA]]</noinclude> 3cuibq8u2y7x5cr7411ypi1xj43dty7 10 386641 2443599 2022-07-27T13:35:37Z Ardzun 577 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:IPA-el]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Templat:IPA-el]] axnoqbtlcqa0r3sfq3ahh6y27gpkr4o 0 386642 2443602 2022-07-27T13:37:25Z Ardzun 577 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Athena]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Athena]] lu1qmtv0aohdextyuhhrxb0lhquaikk 0 386643 2443603 2022-07-27T13:37:39Z Ardzun 577 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Athena]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Athena]] lu1qmtv0aohdextyuhhrxb0lhquaikk 0 386644 2443604 2022-07-27T13:37:55Z Ardzun 577 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Athena]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Athena]] lu1qmtv0aohdextyuhhrxb0lhquaikk 0 386645 2443614 2022-07-27T16:22:01Z 114.124.172.130 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[Berkas:Merkava_Mk_4M_400_-_Gdud_74_-_pic01.jpg|ka|jmpl|250px|Merkava 4.]] '''Merkava''' adolah [[kandaraan]] lapih [[baja]] [[Israel]]. {{otomotif-stub}} {{Authority control}}" wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Merkava_Mk_4M_400_-_Gdud_74_-_pic01.jpg|ka|jmpl|250px|Merkava 4.]] '''Merkava''' adolah [[kandaraan]] lapih [[baja]] [[Israel]]. {{otomotif-stub}} {{Authority control}} esupgvih38l75smd36fjcbt0u9yykuz 0 386646 2443618 2022-07-28T03:16:57Z 182.2.170.59 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[Berkas:Carmella DeCesare calibre68.jpg|jmpl|200px|Playmate of the Year 2004 '''Carmella DeCesare''' jumpo panggama.]] '''Playmate''' adolah [[kawan|kawan main]] surang model padusi nan dipiliah manjadi model utamo/model muko majalah ''[[Playboy]]'' sabagai '''Playmate of the Month''' (PMOM). Tiok ''Playmate of the Month'' diagiah [[pitih]] hadiah sabosegh [[Dolar Amerika Sarikat|US]]$25.000 (''[[Pitih karateh|Banknote]]'') dan setiap Playmate of the Year menerima..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Carmella DeCesare calibre68.jpg|jmpl|200px|Playmate of the Year 2004 '''Carmella DeCesare''' jumpo panggama.]] '''Playmate''' adolah [[kawan|kawan main]] surang model padusi nan dipiliah manjadi model utamo/model muko majalah ''[[Playboy]]'' sabagai '''Playmate of the Month''' (PMOM). Tiok ''Playmate of the Month'' diagiah [[pitih]] hadiah sabosegh [[Dolar Amerika Sarikat|US]]$25.000 (''[[Pitih karateh|Banknote]]'') dan setiap Playmate of the Year menerima hadiah tambahan sabanyak [[Dolar Amerika Sarikat|US]]$100.000 (''[[Pitih karateh|Banknote]]'') batambah ciek [[oto]] (alun tamasuak, sewa oto jangka pendek).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/playmate-of-the-year-ill-use-my-prize-money-to-pay-for-medical-school|title=Playmate of the Year: I'll use my prize money to pay for medical school|access-date=April 30, 2019|date=June 4, 2014|work=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> ==Kawan nan tenar== * Pamela Anderson (Februari 1990) * Lynne Austin (Juli 1986) * Marina Baker (Maret 1987) * Bebe Buell (November 1974) * Kayla Collins (Agustus 2008) * Carmella DeCesare (April 2003) * Lisa Dergan (Juli 1998) * Donna D'Errico (September 1995) * Daphnée Duplaix (Juli 1997) * Hope Dworaczyk (April 2009) * Jaime Faith Edmondson (Januari 2010) * Erika Eleniak (July 1989) * Lindsey Evans atau Lindsey Gayle Evans (Oktober 2009) * Tiffany Fallon (Desember 2004) * Victoria Fuller (January 1996) * Lauren Michelle Hill (Februari 2001) * Claudia Jennings (November 1969) * Scarlett Keegan (September 2004) * Connie Kreski (Januari 1968) * Pilar Lastra (Agustus 2004) * Angela Little (aktris) atau Angela Little (Agustus 1998) * Jayne Mansfield (Februari 1955) * Jenny McCarthy (Oktober 1993) * Julie McCullough (Februari 1986) * Karen McDougal (Desember 1997) * Shanna Moakler (Desember 2001) * Kara Monaco (Juni 2006) * Kelly Marie Monaco (April 1997) * [[Marilyn Monroe]] (Desember 1953) * Cynthia Myers (Desember 1968) * Bettie Page (Januari 1955) * Janice Pennington (Mei 1971) * Brande Roderick (April 2000) * Nikki Schieler (September 1997) * Anna Nicole Smith (Mei 1992) * Victoria Silvstedt (Desember 1996) * Martha Smith (Juli 1973) * Stella Stevens (Januari 1960) * Dorothy Stratten (Agustus 1979) * Jeana Keough atau Jeana Tomasino ("Jeana Keough") (November 1980) * Shannon Tweed (November 1981) * Roberta Vasquez (November 1984) * Petra Verkaik (Desember 1989) * Jennifer Walcott (Agustus 2001) * Tamara Witmer (Agustus 2005) * Teri Weigel (April 1986) * Cara Zavaleta (November 2004) * Victoria Zdrok (Oktober 1994) ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{commons category-inline|Playboy Playmates|kawan playboy}} * [http://www.playboy.com/tag/playmate Playboy.com Playmate Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728124651/http://www.playboy.com/tag/playmate |date=2013-07-28 }} * [http://www.playboy.com/articles/playmate-faq/ Playboy.com Playmates FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606224616/http://www.playboy.com/articles/playmate-faq/ |date=2011-06-06 }} * [http://www.playboy.co.uk/home/girls/playmates/ Playboy UK Playmates] * [http://wekinglypigs.com/cgi-bin/nand/search/pmstat?browse=%3A%3ACONFIG%3A%3Amodelbrowse Playmate database] * [http://playmateportraitarchive.wikispaces.com/Playmate+Portrait+Archive Playmate Portrait Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406114437/http://playmateportraitarchive.wikispaces.com/Playmate+Portrait+Archive |date=2014-04-06 }} The PMPA is a permanent collection of autographed official Playmate promotional stills. Updated frequently. * [http://www.dailyspeculations.com/marion/playboy.html Playmate statistics] * [http://www.girlsofpb.com/ Girls of Playboy] * [http://wikitop.alwaysdata.net/conso/latest_results.en.Playboy_Playmates.html Most popular playmates on Wikipedia, with user comments on traffic jumps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113405/http://wikitop.alwaysdata.net/conso/latest_results.en.Playboy_Playmates.html |date=2015-04-02 }} {{Authority control}} e4hp1fd076m8pc198v0f9o46ui0kp0l 2443619 2443618 2022-07-28T03:20:22Z 182.2.170.59 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Carmella DeCesare calibre68.jpg|jmpl|200px|Playmate of the Year 2004 '''Carmella DeCesare''' jumpo panggama.]] '''Playmate''' adolah [[kawan|kawan main]] surang model padusi nan dipiliah manjadi model utamo/model muko majalah ''[[Playboy]]'' sabagai '''Playmate of the Month''' (PMOM). Tiok ''Playmate of the Month'' diagiah [[pitih]] hadiah sabosegh [[Dolar Amerika Sarikat|US]]$25.000 (''[[Pitih karateh|Banknote]]'') dan tiok Playmate of the Year manarimo hadiah tambahan sabanyak [[Dolar Amerika Sarikat|US]]$100.000 (''[[Pitih karateh|Banknote]]'') batambah ciek [[oto]] (alun tamasuak, sewa oto jangka pendek).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/playmate-of-the-year-ill-use-my-prize-money-to-pay-for-medical-school|title=Playmate of the Year: I'll use my prize money to pay for medical school|access-date=April 30, 2019|date=June 4, 2014|work=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> ==Kawan nan tenar== * Pamela Anderson (Februari 1990) * Lynne Austin (Juli 1986) * Marina Baker (Maret 1987) * Bebe Buell (November 1974) * Kayla Collins (Agustus 2008) * Carmella DeCesare (April 2003) * Lisa Dergan (Juli 1998) * Donna D'Errico (September 1995) * Daphnée Duplaix (Juli 1997) * Hope Dworaczyk (April 2009) * Jaime Faith Edmondson (Januari 2010) * Erika Eleniak (July 1989) * Lindsey Evans atau Lindsey Gayle Evans (Oktober 2009) * Tiffany Fallon (Desember 2004) * Victoria Fuller (January 1996) * Lauren Michelle Hill (Februari 2001) * Claudia Jennings (November 1969) * Scarlett Keegan (September 2004) * Connie Kreski (Januari 1968) * Pilar Lastra (Agustus 2004) * Angela Little (aktris) atau Angela Little (Agustus 1998) * Jayne Mansfield (Februari 1955) * Jenny McCarthy (Oktober 1993) * Julie McCullough (Februari 1986) * Karen McDougal (Desember 1997) * Shanna Moakler (Desember 2001) * Kara Monaco (Juni 2006) * Kelly Marie Monaco (April 1997) * [[Marilyn Monroe]] (Desember 1953) * Cynthia Myers (Desember 1968) * Bettie Page (Januari 1955) * Janice Pennington (Mei 1971) * Brande Roderick (April 2000) * Nikki Schieler (September 1997) * Anna Nicole Smith (Mei 1992) * Victoria Silvstedt (Desember 1996) * Martha Smith (Juli 1973) * Stella Stevens (Januari 1960) * Dorothy Stratten (Agustus 1979) * Jeana Keough atau Jeana Tomasino ("Jeana Keough") (November 1980) * Shannon Tweed (November 1981) * Roberta Vasquez (November 1984) * Petra Verkaik (Desember 1989) * Jennifer Walcott (Agustus 2001) * Tamara Witmer (Agustus 2005) * Teri Weigel (April 1986) * Cara Zavaleta (November 2004) * Victoria Zdrok (Oktober 1994) ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{commons category-inline|Playboy Playmates|kawan playboy}} * [http://www.playboy.com/tag/playmate Playboy.com Playmate Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728124651/http://www.playboy.com/tag/playmate |date=2013-07-28 }} * [http://www.playboy.com/articles/playmate-faq/ Playboy.com Playmates FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606224616/http://www.playboy.com/articles/playmate-faq/ |date=2011-06-06 }} * [http://www.playboy.co.uk/home/girls/playmates/ Playboy UK Playmates] * [http://wekinglypigs.com/cgi-bin/nand/search/pmstat?browse=%3A%3ACONFIG%3A%3Amodelbrowse Playmate database] * [http://playmateportraitarchive.wikispaces.com/Playmate+Portrait+Archive Playmate Portrait Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406114437/http://playmateportraitarchive.wikispaces.com/Playmate+Portrait+Archive |date=2014-04-06 }} The PMPA is a permanent collection of autographed official Playmate promotional stills. Updated frequently. * [http://www.dailyspeculations.com/marion/playboy.html Playmate statistics] * [http://www.girlsofpb.com/ Girls of Playboy] * [http://wikitop.alwaysdata.net/conso/latest_results.en.Playboy_Playmates.html Most popular playmates on Wikipedia, with user comments on traffic jumps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113405/http://wikitop.alwaysdata.net/conso/latest_results.en.Playboy_Playmates.html |date=2015-04-02 }} {{Authority control}} p9uejol96b0scre2cxlfc6w1airpy19 2443620 2443619 2022-07-28T03:22:47Z 182.2.170.59 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Playmate''' adolah [[kawan|kawan main]] surang model padusi nan dipiliah manjadi model utamo/model muko majalah ''[[Playboy]]'' sabagai '''Playmate of the Month''' (PMOM). Tiok ''Playmate of the Month'' diagiah [[pitih]] hadiah sabosegh [[Dolar Amerika Sarikat|US]]$25.000 (''[[Pitih karateh|Banknote]]'') dan tiok Playmate of the Year manarimo hadiah tambahan sabanyak [[Dolar Amerika Sarikat|US]]$100.000 (''[[Pitih karateh|Banknote]]'') batambah ciek [[oto]] (alun tamasuak, sewa oto jangka pendek).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/playmate-of-the-year-ill-use-my-prize-money-to-pay-for-medical-school|title=Playmate of the Year: I'll use my prize money to pay for medical school|access-date=April 30, 2019|date=June 4, 2014|work=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> ==Kawan nan tenar== * Pamela Anderson (Februari 1990) * Lynne Austin (Juli 1986) * Marina Baker (Maret 1987) * Bebe Buell (November 1974) * Kayla Collins (Agustus 2008) * Carmella DeCesare (April 2003) * Lisa Dergan (Juli 1998) * Donna D'Errico (September 1995) * Daphnée Duplaix (Juli 1997) * Hope Dworaczyk (April 2009) * Jaime Faith Edmondson (Januari 2010) * Erika Eleniak (July 1989) * Lindsey Evans atau Lindsey Gayle Evans (Oktober 2009) * Tiffany Fallon (Desember 2004) * Victoria Fuller (January 1996) * Lauren Michelle Hill (Februari 2001) * Claudia Jennings (November 1969) * Scarlett Keegan (September 2004) * Connie Kreski (Januari 1968) * Pilar Lastra (Agustus 2004) * Angela Little (aktris) atau Angela Little (Agustus 1998) * Jayne Mansfield (Februari 1955) * Jenny McCarthy (Oktober 1993) * Julie McCullough (Februari 1986) * Karen McDougal (Desember 1997) * Shanna Moakler (Desember 2001) * Kara Monaco (Juni 2006) * Kelly Marie Monaco (April 1997) * [[Marilyn Monroe]] (Desember 1953) * Cynthia Myers (Desember 1968) * Bettie Page (Januari 1955) * Janice Pennington (Mei 1971) * Brande Roderick (April 2000) * Nikki Schieler (September 1997) * Anna Nicole Smith (Mei 1992) * Victoria Silvstedt (Desember 1996) * Martha Smith (Juli 1973) * Stella Stevens (Januari 1960) * Dorothy Stratten (Agustus 1979) * Jeana Keough atau Jeana Tomasino ("Jeana Keough") (November 1980) * Shannon Tweed (November 1981) * Roberta Vasquez (November 1984) * Petra Verkaik (Desember 1989) * Jennifer Walcott (Agustus 2001) * Tamara Witmer (Agustus 2005) * Teri Weigel (April 1986) * Cara Zavaleta (November 2004) * Victoria Zdrok (Oktober 1994) ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{commons category-inline|Playboy Playmates|kawan playboy}} * [http://www.playboy.com/tag/playmate Playboy.com Playmate Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728124651/http://www.playboy.com/tag/playmate |date=2013-07-28 }} * [http://www.playboy.com/articles/playmate-faq/ Playboy.com Playmates FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606224616/http://www.playboy.com/articles/playmate-faq/ |date=2011-06-06 }} * [http://www.playboy.co.uk/home/girls/playmates/ Playboy UK Playmates] * [http://wekinglypigs.com/cgi-bin/nand/search/pmstat?browse=%3A%3ACONFIG%3A%3Amodelbrowse Playmate database] * [http://playmateportraitarchive.wikispaces.com/Playmate+Portrait+Archive Playmate Portrait Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406114437/http://playmateportraitarchive.wikispaces.com/Playmate+Portrait+Archive |date=2014-04-06 }} The PMPA is a permanent collection of autographed official Playmate promotional stills. Updated frequently. * [http://www.dailyspeculations.com/marion/playboy.html Playmate statistics] * [http://www.girlsofpb.com/ Girls of Playboy] * [http://wikitop.alwaysdata.net/conso/latest_results.en.Playboy_Playmates.html Most popular playmates on Wikipedia, with user comments on traffic jumps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113405/http://wikitop.alwaysdata.net/conso/latest_results.en.Playboy_Playmates.html |date=2015-04-02 }} {{Authority control}} aer5by61wusbsa64b3g8s17wlmwnrhe 2443622 2443620 2022-07-28T03:43:30Z 182.2.170.59 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Playmate''' adolah [[kawan|kawan main]] surang model [[padusi]] nan dipiliah manjadi model utamo/model muko majalah ''[[Playboy]]'' sabagai '''Playmate of the Month''' (PMOM). Tiok ''Playmate of the Month'' diagiah [[pitih]] hadiah sabosegh [[Dolar Amerika Sarikat|US]]$25.000 (''[[Pitih karateh|Banknote]]'') dan tiok Playmate of the Year manarimo hadiah tambahan sabanyak [[Dolar Amerika Sarikat|US]]$100.000 (''[[Pitih karateh|Banknote]]'') batambah ciek [[oto]] (alun tamasuak, sewa oto jangka pendek).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/playmate-of-the-year-ill-use-my-prize-money-to-pay-for-medical-school|title=Playmate of the Year: I'll use my prize money to pay for medical school|access-date=April 30, 2019|date=June 4, 2014|work=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> ==Kawan nan tenar== * Pamela Anderson (Februari 1990) * Lynne Austin (Juli 1986) * Marina Baker (Maret 1987) * Bebe Buell (November 1974) * Kayla Collins (Agustus 2008) * Carmella DeCesare (April 2003) * Lisa Dergan (Juli 1998) * Donna D'Errico (September 1995) * Daphnée Duplaix (Juli 1997) * Hope Dworaczyk (April 2009) * Jaime Faith Edmondson (Januari 2010) * Erika Eleniak (July 1989) * Lindsey Evans atau Lindsey Gayle Evans (Oktober 2009) * Tiffany Fallon (Desember 2004) * Victoria Fuller (January 1996) * Lauren Michelle Hill (Februari 2001) * Claudia Jennings (November 1969) * Scarlett Keegan (September 2004) * Connie Kreski (Januari 1968) * Pilar Lastra (Agustus 2004) * Angela Little (aktris) atau Angela Little (Agustus 1998) * Jayne Mansfield (Februari 1955) * Jenny McCarthy (Oktober 1993) * Julie McCullough (Februari 1986) * Karen McDougal (Desember 1997) * Shanna Moakler (Desember 2001) * Kara Monaco (Juni 2006) * Kelly Marie Monaco (April 1997) * [[Marilyn Monroe]] (Desember 1953) * Cynthia Myers (Desember 1968) * Bettie Page (Januari 1955) * Janice Pennington (Mei 1971) * Brande Roderick (April 2000) * Nikki Schieler (September 1997) * Anna Nicole Smith (Mei 1992) * Victoria Silvstedt (Desember 1996) * Martha Smith (Juli 1973) * Stella Stevens (Januari 1960) * Dorothy Stratten (Agustus 1979) * Jeana Keough atau Jeana Tomasino ("Jeana Keough") (November 1980) * Shannon Tweed (November 1981) * Roberta Vasquez (November 1984) * Petra Verkaik (Desember 1989) * Jennifer Walcott (Agustus 2001) * Tamara Witmer (Agustus 2005) * Teri Weigel (April 1986) * Cara Zavaleta (November 2004) * Victoria Zdrok (Oktober 1994) ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{commons category-inline|Playboy Playmates|kawan playboy}} * [http://www.playboy.com/tag/playmate Playboy.com Playmate Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728124651/http://www.playboy.com/tag/playmate |date=2013-07-28 }} * [http://www.playboy.com/articles/playmate-faq/ Playboy.com Playmates FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606224616/http://www.playboy.com/articles/playmate-faq/ |date=2011-06-06 }} * [http://www.playboy.co.uk/home/girls/playmates/ Playboy UK Playmates] * [http://wekinglypigs.com/cgi-bin/nand/search/pmstat?browse=%3A%3ACONFIG%3A%3Amodelbrowse Playmate database] * [http://playmateportraitarchive.wikispaces.com/Playmate+Portrait+Archive Playmate Portrait Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406114437/http://playmateportraitarchive.wikispaces.com/Playmate+Portrait+Archive |date=2014-04-06 }} The PMPA is a permanent collection of autographed official Playmate promotional stills. Updated frequently. * [http://www.dailyspeculations.com/marion/playboy.html Playmate statistics] * [http://www.girlsofpb.com/ Girls of Playboy] * [http://wikitop.alwaysdata.net/conso/latest_results.en.Playboy_Playmates.html Most popular playmates on Wikipedia, with user comments on traffic jumps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113405/http://wikitop.alwaysdata.net/conso/latest_results.en.Playboy_Playmates.html |date=2015-04-02 }} {{Authority control}} tuhtraezm8rapxj5p2dgfb6ssfj8obw 10 386647 2443621 2022-07-28T03:40:46Z 182.2.170.59 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{infobox | abovestyle = background-color: {{#if:{{{obsolete_notice|}}}|lightpink|lightskyblue}}; padding: 0.5em 0em; | above = {{{currency_name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}} | subheaderstyle = line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 100%; font-weight:bold; | subheader = {{{currency_name_in_local|}}} | imagestyle = {{#switch:{{#if:{{{image_1|}}}|1}}{{#if:{{{image_2|}}}|2}} | 1 = {{#if:{{{image_background_1|}}} | background: {{{image_background_1}}}}} | 2 = {{#if:{{{image_backgr..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox | abovestyle = background-color: {{#if:{{{obsolete_notice|}}}|lightpink|lightskyblue}}; padding: 0.5em 0em; | above = {{{currency_name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}} | subheaderstyle = line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 100%; font-weight:bold; | subheader = {{{currency_name_in_local|}}} | imagestyle = {{#switch:{{#if:{{{image_1|}}}|1}}{{#if:{{{image_2|}}}|2}} | 1 = {{#if:{{{image_background_1|}}} | background: {{{image_background_1}}}}} | 2 = {{#if:{{{image_background_2|}}} | background: {{{image_background_2}}}}} | 12 = padding: 0.3em 0.6em 0.3em 0.6em }} | image = {{#switch:{{#if:{{{image_1|}}}|1}}{{#if:{{{image_2|}}}|2}} | 1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_1}}}|size={{{image_width_1|}}}|sizedefault=252px|alt={{{alt1|}}}}} | 2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_2}}}|size={{{image_width_2|}}}|sizedefault=252px|alt={{{alt2|}}}}} | 12 = <table class="maptable" style="margin:0 auto; background: none"><tr> <td style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;{{#if:{{{image_background_1|}}} | background: {{{image_background_1}}}}}">{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_1}}}|size={{{image_width_1|}}}|sizedefault=126px|alt={{{alt1|}}}}}</td> <td style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;{{#if:{{{image_background_2|}}} | background: {{{image_background_2}}}}}">{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_2}}}|size={{{image_width_2|}}}|sizedefault=126px|alt={{{alt2|}}}}}</td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">{{{image_title_1|}}}</td><td style="text-align: center">{{{image_title_2|}}}</td> </tr></table> }} | caption = {{#switch:{{#if:{{{image_1|}}}|1}}{{#if:{{{image_2|}}}|2}} | 1 = {{{image_title_1|}}} | 2 = {{{image_title_2|}}} }} | headerstyle = background-color: {{#if:{{{obsolete_notice|}}}|lightpink|lightskyblue}}; | header1 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}|[[ISO 4217]]}} | label2 = Kode | data2 = {{{iso_code|}}} | label3 = Nomor | data3 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}|{{{iso_number|}}}}} | label4 = Eksponen | data4 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}|{{{iso_exponent|}}}}} | header5 = {{#if:{{{superunit_name_1|}}}{{{subunit_name_1|}}}{{{plural|}}}{{{symbol|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{used_banknotes|}}}{{{frequently_used_banknotes|}}}{{{rarely_used_banknotes|}}}{{{used_coins|}}}{{{frequently_used_coins|}}}{{{rarely_used_coins|}}}|Denominasi}} | label6 = Supersatuan | data6 = {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_1|}}}{{{superunit_ratio_2|}}}{{{superunit_ratio_3|}}}{{{superunit_ratio_4|}}}{{{superunit_ratio_5|}}}|<nowiki />}} | label7 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{superunit_ratio_1}}}}} | data7 = {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_1|}}}|{{{superunit_name_1}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_1|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_1}}}</small>}}}} | label8 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{superunit_ratio_2}}}}} | data8 = {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_2|}}}|{{{superunit_name_2}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_2|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_2}}}</small>}}}} | label9 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{superunit_ratio_3}}}}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_3|}}}|{{{superunit_name_3}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_3|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_3}}}</small>}}}} | label10 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{superunit_ratio_4}}}}} | data10 = {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_4|}}}|{{{superunit_name_4}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_4|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_4}}}</small>}}}} | label11 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{superunit_ratio_5}}}}} | data11 = {{#if:{{{superunit_ratio_5|}}}|{{{superunit_name_5}}}{{#if:{{{superunit_inline_note_5|}}}|<br /><small>{{{superunit_inline_note_5}}}</small>}}}} | label12 = Subsatuan | data12 = {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_1|}}}{{{subunit_ratio_2|}}}{{{subunit_ratio_3|}}}{{{subunit_ratio_4|}}}{{{subunit_ratio_5|}}}{{{subunit_ratio_6|}}}{{{subunit_ratio_7|}}}{{{subunit_ratio_8|}}}{{{subunit_ratio_9|}}}{{{subunit_ratio_10|}}}|<nowiki />}} | label13 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_ratio_1}}}}} | data13 = {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_1|}}}|{{{subunit_name_1}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_1|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_1}}}</small>}}}} | label14 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_ratio_2}}}}} | data14 = {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_2|}}}|{{{subunit_name_2}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_2|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_2}}}</small>}}}} | label15 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_ratio_3}}}}} | data15 = {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_3|}}}|{{{subunit_name_3}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_3|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_3}}}</small>}}}} | label16 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_ratio_4}}}}} | data16 = {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_4|}}}|{{{subunit_name_4}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_4|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_4}}}</small>}}}} | label17 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_ratio_5}}}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_5|}}}|{{{subunit_name_5}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_5|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_5}}}</small>}}}} | label18 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_ratio_6}}}}} | data18 = {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_6|}}}|{{{subunit_name_6}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_6|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_6}}}</small>}}}} | label19 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_ratio_7}}}}} | data19 = {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_7|}}}|{{{subunit_name_7}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_7|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_7}}}</small>}}}} | label20 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_ratio_8}}}}} | data20 = {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_8|}}}|{{{subunit_name_8}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_8|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_8}}}</small>}}}} | label21 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_ratio_9}}}}} | data21 = {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_9|}}}|{{{subunit_name_9}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_9|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_9}}}</small>}}}} | label22 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_ratio_10}}}}} | data22 = {{#if:{{{subunit_ratio_10|}}}|{{{subunit_name_10}}}{{#if:{{{subunit_inline_note_10|}}}|<br /><small>{{{subunit_inline_note_10}}}</small>}}}} | label23 = [[Jamak|Bantuak jamak]] | data23 = {{br separated entries | 1 = {{{plural|}}} | 2 = {{#if:{{{plural_slavic|}}}|<small>Bahasa(-bahasa) yang digunakan oleh mata uang ini termasuk dalam [[rumpun bahasa Slavia]]. Ada lebih dari satu cara untuk menyusun bentuk jamak dalam bahasa tersebut.</small>}} | 3 = {{#if:{{{no_plural|}}}|<small>Bahasa(-bahasa) yang digunakan oleh mata uang ini tidak memiliki perbedaan secara morfologis pada bentuk jamaknya.</small>}} }} | label24 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_1}}}}} | data24 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_1|}}}|{{{plural_subunit_1|}}}}} | label25 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_2}}}}} | data25 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_2|}}}|{{{plural_subunit_2|}}}}} | label26 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_3}}}}} | data26 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_3|}}}|{{{plural_subunit_3|}}}}} | label27 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_4}}}}} | data27 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_4|}}}|{{{plural_subunit_4|}}}}} | label28 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_5}}}}} | data28 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_5|}}}|{{{plural_subunit_5|}}}}} | label29 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_6}}}}} | data29 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_6|}}}|{{{plural_subunit_6|}}}}} | label30 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_7}}}}} | data30 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_7|}}}|{{{plural_subunit_7|}}}}} | label31 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_8}}}}} | data31 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_8|}}}|{{{plural_subunit_8|}}}}} | label32 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_9}}}}} | data32 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_9|}}}|{{{plural_subunit_9|}}}}} | label33 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_10}}}}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_10|}}}|{{{plural_subunit_10|}}}}} | label34 = [[Tanda mata uang|Simbol]] | data34 = {{{symbol|}}} | label35 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_1}}}}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_1|}}}|{{{symbol_subunit_1|}}}}} | label36 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_2}}}}} | data36 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_2|}}}|{{{symbol_subunit_2|}}}}} | label37 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_3}}}}} | data37 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_3|}}}|{{{symbol_subunit_3|}}}}} | label38 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_4}}}}} | data38 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_4|}}}|{{{symbol_subunit_4|}}}}} | label39 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_5}}}}} | data39 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_5|}}}|{{{symbol_subunit_5|}}}}} | label40 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_6}}}}} | data40 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_6|}}}|{{{symbol_subunit_6|}}}}} | label41 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_7}}}}} | data41 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_7|}}}|{{{symbol_subunit_7|}}}}} | label42 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_8}}}}} | data42 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_8|}}}|{{{symbol_subunit_8|}}}}} | label43 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_9}}}}} | data43 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_9|}}}|{{{symbol_subunit_9|}}}}} | label44 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_10}}}}} | data44 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_10|}}}|{{{symbol_subunit_10|}}}}} | label45 = Juluakan | data45 = {{{nickname|}}} | label46 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_1}}}}} | data46 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_1|}}}|{{{nickname_subunit_1|}}}}} | label47 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_2}}}}} | data47 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_2|}}}|{{{nickname_subunit_2|}}}}} | label48 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_3}}}}} | data48 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_3|}}}|{{{nickname_subunit_3|}}}}} | label49 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_4}}}}} | data49 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_4|}}}|{{{nickname_subunit_4|}}}}} | label50 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_5}}}}} | data50 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_5|}}}|{{{nickname_subunit_5|}}}}} | label51 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_6}}}}} | data51 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_6|}}}|{{{nickname_subunit_6|}}}}} | label52 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_7}}}}} | data52 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_7|}}}|{{{nickname_subunit_7|}}}}} | label53 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_8}}}}} | data53 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_8|}}}|{{{nickname_subunit_8|}}}}} | label54 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_9}}}}} | data54 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_9|}}}|{{{nickname_subunit_9|}}}}} | label55 = {{nobold|&ensp;{{{subunit_name_5}}}}} | data55 = {{#if:{{{subunit_name_10|}}}|{{{nickname_subunit_10|}}}}} | label56 = {{#if:{{{banknote_article|}}}|[[{{{banknote_article}}}|Pitih karateh]]|Pitih karateh}} | data56 = {{{used_banknotes|}}}{{#if:{{{frequently_used_banknotes|}}}{{{rarely_used_banknotes|}}}|<nowiki />}} | label57 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">{{nobold|&ensp;Salalu paguno}}</span> | data57 = {{{frequently_used_banknotes|}}} | label58 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">{{nobold|&ensp;Jarang paguno}}</span> | data58 = {{{rarely_used_banknotes|}}} | label59 = {{#if:{{{coin_article|}}}|[[{{{coin_article}}}|Pitih logam]]|Pitih logam}} | data59 = {{{used_coins|}}}{{#if:{{{frequently_used_coins|}}}{{{rarely_used_coins|}}}|<nowiki />}} | label60 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">{{nobold|&ensp;Salalu paguno}}</span> | data60 = {{{frequently_used_coins|}}} | label61 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">{{nobold|&ensp;Jarang paguno}}</span> | data61 = {{{rarely_used_coins|}}} | header62 = Demografi | label63 = Tanggal paluncuaran | data63 = {{{date_of_introduction|}}} | label64 = {{nobold|&ensp;Sumber}} | data64 = {{#if:{{{date_of_introduction|}}}|{{{date_of_introduction_source|}}}}} | label65 = Manggantian | data65 = {{{replaced_currency|}}} | label66 = Tanggal panarikan | data66 = {{{date_of_withdrawal|}}} | label67 = {{nobold|&ensp;Sumber}} | data67 = {{#if:{{{date_of_withdrawal|}}}|{{{date_of_withdrawal_source|}}}}} | label68 = Digantian dek | data68 = {{{replaced_by_currency|}}} | label69 = {{#if:{{{unofficial_users|}}}|<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Pangguno rasmi</span>|Pangguno}} | data69 = {{{using_countries|}}} | label70 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Pangguno tak rasmi</span> | data70 = {{{unofficial_users|}}} | header71 = {{#if:{{{issuing_authority|}}}{{{printer|}}}{{{mint|}}}|Emisi}} | label72 = <span style="white-space:nowrap;">{{#if:{{{issuing_authority_title|}}}|{{{issuing_authority_title}}}|[[Bank sentral]]}}</span> | data72 = {{{issuing_authority|}}} | label73 = {{nobold|&ensp;Situs web}} | data73 = {{#if:{{{issuing_authority|}}}|{{{issuing_authority_website|}}}}} | label74 = [[Parusahaan parcetakan|Parcetakan pitih karateh]] | data74 = {{{printer|}}} | label75 = {{nobold|&ensp;Situs web}} | data75 = {{#if:{{{printer|}}}|{{{printer_website|}}}}} | label76 = [[Parcetakan pitih logam|Parcetakan pitih koin]] | data76 = {{{mint|}}} | label77 = {{nobold|&ensp;Situs web}} | data77 = {{#if:{{{mint|}}}|{{{mint_website|}}}}} | header78 = {{#if:{{{inflation_rate|}}}{{{value|}}}{{{ERM_since|}}}{{{pegged_with|}}}{{{pegged_by|}}}|Valuasi}} | label79 = {{#if:{{{inflation_title|}}}|{{{inflation_title}}}|[[Inflasi]]}} | data79 = {{{inflation_rate|}}} | label80 = {{nobold|&ensp;Sumber}} | data80 = {{#if:{{{inflation_rate|}}}|{{{inflation_source_date|}}}}} | label81 = {{nobold|&ensp;Metode}} | data81 = {{#if:{{{inflation_rate|}}}|{{{inflation_method|}}}}} | label82 = [[Nilai tukar totap|Patokan]] | data82 = {{{pegged_with|}}} | label83 = [[Nilai tukar|Nilai]] | data83 = {{{value|}}} | label84 = [[Nilai tukar totap|Dipatok dangan]] | data84 = {{{pegged_by|}}} | label85 = [[Mekanisme Nilai Tukar Eropa|ERM]] | data85 = {{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|<nowiki />}} | label86 = {{nobold|&ensp;Sejak}} | data86 = {{{ERM_since|}}} | label87 = {{nobold|&ensp;Panarikan}} | data87 = {{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|{{{ERM_withdraw|}}}}} | label88 = {{nobold|&ensp;Nilai totap sojak}} | data88 = {{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|{{{ERM_fixed_rate_since|}}}}} | label89 = {{nobold|&ensp;Digantian dek €, nontunai}} | data89 = {{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|{{{euro_replace_non_cash|}}}}} | label90 = {{nobold|&ensp;Digantian dek €, tunai}} | data90 = {{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|{{{euro_replace_cash|}}}}} | label91 = {{nobold|1=&ensp;<span class="nounderlines">[[Euro|€]]</span> =}} | data91 = {{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|{{{ERM_fixed_rate|}}}}} | label92 = {{nobold|&ensp;Pita}} | data92 = {{#if:{{{ERM_since|}}}|{{{ERM_band|}}}}} | below = {{#if:{{{obsolete_notice|}}}|<div style="font-size:85%; text-align:left;">Kotak info iko manunjuakkan status tabaru sabalun mato uang iko dianggap usang.</div>}} {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="font-size:85%; text-align:left;">{{#if:1|{{{footnotes}}}}}</div>}} }}<includeonly>{{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}|{{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Category:ISO 4217|{{{iso_code}}}]]}}}}</includeonly>{{#if:{{{issuing_authority_website|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{issuing_authority_website}}}|1}}|<||[[Category:Infobox currency with an unlinked website]] }}}}{{#if:{{{printer_website|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{printer_website}}}|1}}|<||[[Category:Infobox currency with an unlinked website]] }}}}{{#if:{{{mint_website|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{mint_website}}}|1}}|<||[[Category:Infobox currency with an unlinked website]] }}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}}<!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> dyhmmnhtgoyh213qqas53kp6eaoddyk 10 386648 2443623 2022-07-28T04:44:31Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{#if:{{{id|{{{1|}}}}}}|{{nowrap|1=[https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id={{{id|{{{1|}}}}}} {{{name|{{{2|{{{id|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}}}}]}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --> [[Kategori:Templat panabangan antariksa]] </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{id|{{{1|}}}}}}|{{nowrap|1=[https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id={{{id|{{{1|}}}}}} {{{name|{{{2|{{{id|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}}}}]}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --> [[Kategori:Templat panabangan antariksa]] </noinclude> 3jxohxp216x09vxjbxehculu8n70nyg 0 386649 2443634 2022-07-28T05:02:44Z Onyaso 7250 Onyaso mamindahan laman [[Tebu]] ka [[Tabu]]: bahasa minang wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH [[Tabu]] gaemg1fwjsedn9bzgbj0c64jh657kn8 10 386650 2443641 2022-07-28T05:08:39Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Flagdeco]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH [[Templat:Flagdeco]] tpn2k6ce1jeuiw29waxnm22dkfd874j 10 386651 2443643 2022-07-28T05:10:13Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Country data Kepulauan Cayman]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH [[Templat:Country data Kepulauan Cayman]] 7w9ph24xps2d0gxwkoinuduc4s2cfv5 10 386652 2443646 2022-07-28T05:13:44Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Country data Kepulauan Virgin Britania Raya]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH [[Templat:Country data Kepulauan Virgin Britania Raya]] 6iv9mjtuvs2vqc8ty5sjrvaqktkr55j 10 386653 2443648 2022-07-28T05:16:29Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Country data Balando Karibia]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH[[Templat:Country data Balando Karibia]] 6gjr04wic6tkkwjcx1fqrvt8pyohmrm 10 386654 2443654 2022-07-28T05:21:22Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Country data Caribbean Netherlands]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH[[Templat:Country data Caribbean Netherlands]] [[Kategori:Nagara data pangalihan|BES]] t1t4ikjazl09c9mb1zudbb4rt4sluqx 10 386655 2443656 2022-07-28T05:24:40Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Balando Karibia | flag alias = Flag of the Netherlands.svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | kategori = Balando <noinclude> | redir1 = BES | redir2 = Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba </noinclude> }}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Balando Karibia | flag alias = Flag of the Netherlands.svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | kategori = Balando <noinclude> | redir1 = BES | redir2 = Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba </noinclude> }} avzxm55fy666ngrsck8t4w7x3xk1vry 10 386656 2443657 2022-07-28T05:25:37Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Country data Balando Karibia]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH[[Templat:Country data Balando Karibia]] 6gjr04wic6tkkwjcx1fqrvt8pyohmrm 0 386657 2443659 2022-07-28T05:38:46Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Pargolangan tangan]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH [[Pargolangan tangan]] nk6qeismazovu5hnf2z6g2e66pvkywf 0 386658 2443661 2022-07-28T05:57:24Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Infobox anatomy | Name = Pargolangan tangan | Latin = articulatio radiocarpalis | Image = Nadgarstek (ubt).jpeg | Caption = Surang [[manusia]] manunjuakkan pargolangan tangan di tongah. | Image2 = 3D Medical Animation Human Wrist.jpg | Caption2 = Tulang karpal, kadang tamasuak dalam definisi pargolangan tangan. | Precursor = | System = | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = | Lymph = }} Berkas:Pergelangan tang..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Pargolangan tangan | Latin = articulatio radiocarpalis | Image = Nadgarstek (ubt).jpeg | Caption = Surang [[manusia]] manunjuakkan pargolangan tangan di tongah. | Image2 = 3D Medical Animation Human Wrist.jpg | Caption2 = Tulang karpal, kadang tamasuak dalam definisi pargolangan tangan. | Precursor = | System = | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = | Lymph = }} [[Berkas:Pergelangan tangan.jpg|jmpl|200px|Pargolangan tangan]] Dalam [[anatomi]], '''pargolangan tangan''' basifat fleksibel dan sompik. Pargolangan tangan adolah sambuangan antaro [[lengan]] bawah dan talapak [[tangan]].<ref name="Behnke-76">{{harvnb|Behnke|2006|p=76}} "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known as the carpal bones."</ref><ref name="Moore-485">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xz8F00Su2SwC&pg=RA1-PA485 | title = Essential clinical anatomy | vauthors = Moore KL, Agur AM | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-7817-6274-X | page = 485 | quote = The wrist (carpus), the proximal segment of the hand, is a complex of eight carpal bones. The carpus articulates proximally with the forearm at the wrist joint and distally with the five metacarpals. The joints formed by the carpus include the wrist (the radiocarpal joint), intercarpal, carpometacarpal, and intermetacarpal joints. Augmenting movement at the wrist joint, the rows of carpals glide on each other&nbsp;[...] }}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Pargolangan tangan|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Pargolangan tangan|c=no|collapsible=yes|c:Special:Search/Category:Wrists|d=Q185706|display=Pargolangan tangan|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pargolangan tangan|voy=no|wikt=Pargolangan}} io4syt9qpwbvzwqr21it64qvosbaiz3 2443662 2443661 2022-07-28T05:58:55Z 182.2.170.32 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Pargolangan tangan | Latin = articulatio radiocarpalis | Image = Nadgarstek (ubt).jpeg | Caption = Surang [[manusia]] manunjuakkan pargolangan tangan di tongah. | Image2 = 3D Medical Animation Human Wrist.jpg | Caption2 = Tulang karpal, kadang tamasuak dalam definisi pargolangan tangan. | Precursor = | System = | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = | Lymph = }} [[Berkas:Pergelangan tangan.jpg|jmpl|200px|Pargolangan tangan]] Dalam [[anatomi]], '''pargolangan tangan''' basifat fleksibel dan sompik. Pargolangan tangan adolah sambuangan antaro [[lengan]] bawah dan talapak [[tangan]].<ref name="Behnke-76">{{harvnb|Behnke|2006|p=76}} "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known as the carpal bones."</ref><ref name="Moore-485">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xz8F00Su2SwC&pg=RA1-PA485 | title = Essential clinical anatomy | vauthors = Moore KL, Agur AM | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-7817-6274-X | page = 485 | quote = The wrist (carpus), the proximal segment of the hand, is a complex of eight carpal bones. The carpus articulates proximally with the forearm at the wrist joint and distally with the five metacarpals. The joints formed by the carpus include the wrist (the radiocarpal joint), intercarpal, carpometacarpal, and intermetacarpal joints. Augmenting movement at the wrist joint, the rows of carpals glide on each other&nbsp;[...] }}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Pargolangan tangan|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Pargolangan tangan|c=no|collapsible=yes|c:Special:Search/Category:Wrists|d=Q185706|display=Pargolangan tangan|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pargolangan tangan|voy=no|wikt=tangan}} 0awfc2asvd543zkyou91r868rr98h6e 0 386659 2443663 2022-07-28T06:02:50Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Abjad Cino sadarano]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH[[Abjad Cino sadarano]] 7wpwjyk0p7zj6lpjv4c2l5ohdshltbw 0 386660 2443664 2022-07-28T06:04:13Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Abjad Cino tradisional]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH[[Abjad Cino tradisional]] 19rt890frfbqbolzs2ua76030irw2eg 10 386661 2443735 2022-07-28T07:48:13Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{#invoke:String|replace|source={{{1}}}|{{{2}}}|{{{3}}}|1}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}}</noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:String|replace|source={{{1}}}|{{{2}}}|{{{3}}}|1}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}}</noinclude> 8aojqr2n3b0gv6drwu3safb8kuckf72 10 386662 2443736 2022-07-28T07:51:23Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{str mid/core | s={{{1|}}} | i={{#if:{{{2|}}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{{3|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{4|}}}|1|0}})|{{#expr:{{min|{{{4|}}}|{{#invoke:String|len|{{trim|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}-{{{3|}}}+{{#ifexpr:{{{3|}}}<0|-1|1}}}}|1}}}} | j={{min|{{#invoke:String|len|{{trim|{{{1|}}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{4|}}}|{{{4|}}}|{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{#expr:{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2|}}}|1}}+{{{3|}}}+{{#ifexpr:{{{3|}}}<0|1|-1}}}}|}}}}}} | slen={{#invoke:String|len|{{trim|{{{1|}}}}}}} | sublen={{formatnum:{{{..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{str mid/core | s={{{1|}}} | i={{#if:{{{2|}}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{{3|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{4|}}}|1|0}})|{{#expr:{{min|{{{4|}}}|{{#invoke:String|len|{{trim|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}-{{{3|}}}+{{#ifexpr:{{{3|}}}<0|-1|1}}}}|1}}}} | j={{min|{{#invoke:String|len|{{trim|{{{1|}}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{4|}}}|{{{4|}}}|{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{#expr:{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2|}}}|1}}+{{{3|}}}+{{#ifexpr:{{{3|}}}<0|1|-1}}}}|}}}}}} | slen={{#invoke:String|len|{{trim|{{{1|}}}}}}} | sublen={{formatnum:{{{3|}}}}} | invert={{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{#ifeq:{{{3|}}}||0|{{{3|}}}}}}}<0|yes|no}} | triangle check={{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{#if:{{{4|}}}|{{#ifexpr:(({{{4|}}}-{{{2|0}}}+1)<>{{{3|0}}}) and ({{{2|}}}*{{{4|}}}<>0)|Error using {{tl|Str mid}}: indexes i={{{2|}}} and j={{{4|}}} do not match requested substring length {{trim|{{{3|}}}}}}}|}}}}}} |ignore_errors={{{ignore errors|false}}} |error_category={{yesno|{{{error category|}}}|yes={{{error category|}}}}} |no_category={{{no category|false}}} |dbg_in=_IN:_i2={{{2|u}}}_sublen3={{{3|u}}}_j4={{{4|u}}}_min={{min|{{{4|}}}|{{str len|{{trim|{{{1|}}}}}}}}} |dbg=no }}<noinclude> * {{tl|Str mid}} * {{tl|Str mid/core}} * {{tl|Str mid/testcases}} {{documentation}} </noinclude> dgzm8qrxbmx2yeg68jzavtsa5tb9202 10 386663 2443737 2022-07-28T07:52:00Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{{sublen|}}}|{{{sublen|}}}|1}}=0) or ({{{slen|1}}}=0)|<!--blank--> |{{#if:{{{triangle check|}}}|{{error|{{{triangle check|}}}}} |{{#invoke:String|sub |s={{{s|}}} |i={{#ifeq:{{{invert|no}}}|yes|{{{j|}}}|{{{i|}}}}} |j={{#ifeq:{{{invert|no}}}|yes|{{{i|}}}|{{{j|}}}}} |ignore_errors={{{ignore_errors|false}}} |{{#if:{{{error_category|}}}|error_category={{{error_category|}}}}} |no_category={{{no_category|false}}}<!-- -->}}}}}}<!-- -->{{yesno|{{{dbg|no}..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{{sublen|}}}|{{{sublen|}}}|1}}=0) or ({{{slen|1}}}=0)|<!--blank--> |{{#if:{{{triangle check|}}}|{{error|{{{triangle check|}}}}} |{{#invoke:String|sub |s={{{s|}}} |i={{#ifeq:{{{invert|no}}}|yes|{{{j|}}}|{{{i|}}}}} |j={{#ifeq:{{{invert|no}}}|yes|{{{i|}}}|{{{j|}}}}} |ignore_errors={{{ignore_errors|false}}} |{{#if:{{{error_category|}}}|error_category={{{error_category|}}}}} |no_category={{{no_category|false}}}<!-- -->}}}}}}<!-- -->{{yesno|{{{dbg|no}}} |yes={{{dbg_in|}}}_CORE:slen:{{{slen|u}}}_i={{{i|u}}}_j={{{j|u}}}_inv={{{invert|u}}}_tchk={{#if:{{{triangle check|}}}|TCHK|-}}_blankexpr:{{#expr:({{#if:{{{sublen|}}}|{{{sublen|}}}|1}}=0) or ({{{slen|1}}}=0)}} }}<noinclude> * {{tl|Str mid}} * {{tl|Str mid/core}} * {{tl|Str mid/testcases}} </noinclude> lx5x9kbd5nv3xb8cmmwxm9uea0pq6y7 828 386664 2443738 2022-07-28T07:54:24Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mambuek laman baisi "return { ["C"] = 598000, ["C-Class"] = 76000, ["C-SPAN"] = 12000, ["C-cmn"] = 2500, ["C-pl"] = 52000, ["C."] = 2400, ["CAN"] = 20000, ["CANelec"] = 13000, ["CANelec/gain"] = 2500, ["CANelec/hold"] = 4500, ["CANelec/source"] = 6500, ["CANelec/top"] = 5600, ["CANelec/total"] = 5700, ["CAS"] = 3800, ["CBB_Standings_End"] = 14000, ["CBB_Standings_Entry"] = 14000, ["CBB_Standings_Start"] = 14000, ["CBB_Yearly_Record_End"] = 2800, ["CBB_Yearly_Record_Entry"] = 2900, ["CBB..." Scribunto text/plain return { ["C"] = 598000, ["C-Class"] = 76000, ["C-SPAN"] = 12000, ["C-cmn"] = 2500, ["C-pl"] = 52000, ["C."] = 2400, ["CAN"] = 20000, ["CANelec"] = 13000, ["CANelec/gain"] = 2500, ["CANelec/hold"] = 4500, ["CANelec/source"] = 6500, ["CANelec/top"] = 5600, ["CANelec/total"] = 5700, ["CAS"] = 3800, ["CBB_Standings_End"] = 14000, ["CBB_Standings_Entry"] = 14000, ["CBB_Standings_Start"] = 14000, ["CBB_Yearly_Record_End"] = 2800, ["CBB_Yearly_Record_Entry"] = 2900, ["CBB_Yearly_Record_Start"] = 2800, ["CBB_Yearly_Record_Subhead"] = 3400, ["CBB_Yearly_Record_Subtotal"] = 2700, ["CBB_roster/Footer"] = 6900, ["CBB_roster/Header"] = 6900, ["CBB_roster/Player"] = 6900, ["CBB_schedule_end"] = 9600, ["CBB_schedule_entry"] = 9700, ["CBB_schedule_start"] = 9700, ["CBB_yearly_record_end"] = 3800, ["CBB_yearly_record_end/legend"] = 3400, ["CBB_yearly_record_entry"] = 3800, ["CBB_yearly_record_start"] = 3700, ["CBB_yearly_record_subhead"] = 3500, ["CBB_yearly_record_subtotal"] = 3600, ["CBSB_Standings_End"] = 4000, ["CBSB_Standings_Entry"] = 4000, ["CBSB_Standings_Start"] = 4000, ["CBSB_link"] = 3300, ["CC0"] = 4600, ["CENTURY"] = 16000, ["CFB_Standings_End"] = 32000, ["CFB_Standings_Entry"] = 32000, ["CFB_Standings_Start"] = 32000, ["CFB_Yearly_Record_End"] = 6400, ["CFB_Yearly_Record_End/legend"] = 2300, ["CFB_Yearly_Record_Entry"] = 6400, ["CFB_Yearly_Record_Start"] = 6400, ["CFB_Yearly_Record_Subhead"] = 6400, ["CFB_Yearly_Record_Subtotal"] = 6300, ["CFB_schedule"] = 24000, ["CFB_schedule_entry"] = 17000, ["CFL_Year"] = 5400, ["CGF_year"] = 2400, ["CHE"] = 10000, ["CHI"] = 2800, ["CHL"] = 3600, ["CHN"] = 11000, ["CN"] = 2300, ["CO2"] = 2200, ["COI"] = 14000, ["COIUL"] = 124000, ["COI_editnotice"] = 6300, ["COL"] = 4700, ["COLON"] = 13000, ["CRI"] = 2100, ["CRO"] = 4000, ["CSK"] = 2800, ["CSS_image_crop"] = 3900, ["CUB"] = 3500, ["CURRENTDATE"] = 3600, ["CURRENTISOYEAR"] = 2100, ["CURRENTMINUTE"] = 2500, ["CZE"] = 14000, ["Calendar"] = 2400, ["California/color"] = 11000, ["Call_sign_disambiguation"] = 2900, ["Campaignbox"] = 21000, ["CanProvName"] = 12000, ["CanadaByProvinceCatNav"] = 9700, ["CanadaProvinceThe"] = 3900, ["Canadian_English"] = 5100, ["Canadian_Parliament_links"] = 5100, ["Canadian_election_result"] = 13000, ["Canadian_election_result/gain"] = 2500, ["Canadian_election_result/hold"] = 4600, ["Canadian_election_result/source"] = 7600, ["Canadian_election_result/top"] = 12000, ["Canadian_election_result/top/ElectionYearTest"] = 5300, ["Canadian_election_result/total"] = 9700, ["Canadian_party_colour"] = 7500, ["Canadian_party_colour/colour"] = 16000, ["Canadian_party_colour/colour/default"] = 16000, ["Canadian_party_colour/name"] = 14000, ["Canadian_party_colour/name/default"] = 6100, ["Canned_search"] = 4000, ["Cascite"] = 15000, ["Caselaw_source"] = 3900, ["Cast_listing"] = 11000, ["Cat"] = 296000, ["CatAutoTOC"] = 626000, ["CatAutoTOC/core"] = 625000, ["CatRel"] = 3800, ["CatTrack"] = 3100, ["Cat_class"] = 6600, ["Cat_in_use"] = 50000, ["Cat_main"] = 175000, ["Cat_more"] = 108000, ["Cat_more_if_exists"] = 44000, ["Cat_see_also"] = 3400, ["Catalog_lookup_link"] = 488000, ["Category"] = 234000, ["Category-Class"] = 14000, ["Category-inline"] = 8600, ["Category_TOC"] = 71000, ["Category_TOC/tracking"] = 71000, ["Category_U.S._State_elections_by_year"] = 7300, ["Category_U.S._State_elections_by_year/core"] = 7200, ["Category_class"] = 36000, ["Category_class/column"] = 36000, ["Category_class/second_row_column"] = 36000, ["Category_described_in_year"] = 5600, ["Category_diffuse"] = 7600, ["Category_disambiguation"] = 2300, ["Category_disambiguation/category_link"] = 2300, ["Category_explanation"] = 75000, ["Category_handler"] = 3220000, ["Category_ifexist"] = 4800, ["Category_importance"] = 11000, ["Category_importance/column"] = 11000, ["Category_importance/second_row_column"] = 11000, ["Category_link"] = 347000, ["Category_link_with_count"] = 5800, ["Category_ordered_by_date"] = 9800, ["Category_other"] = 850000, ["Category_redirect"] = 103000, ["Category_see_also"] = 33000, ["Category_see_also/Category_pair_check"] = 33000, ["Category_see_also_if_exists"] = 71000, ["Category_see_also_if_exists_2"] = 84000, ["Category_title"] = 2400, ["Catexp"] = 7100, ["CathEncy"] = 2300, ["Catholic"] = 4200, ["Catholic_Encyclopedia"] = 5100, ["Catmain"] = 25000, ["Catmore"] = 9400, ["Caution"] = 2100, ["Cbb_link"] = 7700, ["Cbignore"] = 97000, ["Cbsb_link"] = 2000, ["Cc-by-2.5"] = 4300, ["Cc-by-3.0"] = 9800, ["Cc-by-sa-2.5"] = 3000, ["Cc-by-sa-2.5,2.0,1.0"] = 3100, ["Cc-by-sa-3.0"] = 29000, ["Cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0"] = 2700, ["Cc-by-sa-3.0-migrated"] = 28000, ["Cc-by-sa-4.0"] = 12000, ["Cc-zero"] = 4500, ["CensusAU"] = 10000, ["Census_2016_AUS"] = 8100, ["Cent"] = 5400, ["Center"] = 248000, ["Centralized_discussion"] = 5700, ["Centralized_discussion/core"] = 5700, ["Centralized_discussion/styles.css"] = 5700, ["Centre"] = 2600, ["Century"] = 2000, ["Century_name_from_decade_or_year"] = 72000, ["Century_name_from_title_decade"] = 7300, ["Century_name_from_title_year"] = 7100, ["Certification_Cite/Title"] = 26000, ["Certification_Cite/URL"] = 29000, ["Certification_Cite/archivedate"] = 5400, ["Certification_Cite/archiveurl"] = 5400, ["Certification_Cite_Ref"] = 26000, ["Certification_Table_Bottom"] = 25000, ["Certification_Table_Entry"] = 26000, ["Certification_Table_Entry/Foot"] = 25000, ["Certification_Table_Entry/Foot/helper"] = 25000, ["Certification_Table_Entry/Region"] = 26000, ["Certification_Table_Entry/Sales"] = 25000, ["Certification_Table_Entry/Sales/DanishPeriod"] = 2800, ["Certification_Table_Entry/Sales/DanishPeriodHelper1"] = 2800, ["Certification_Table_Entry/Sales/DanishPeriodHelper2"] = 2800, ["Certification_Table_Entry/Sales/GermanPeriod"] = 3200, ["Certification_Table_Entry/Sales/ItalianHelper"] = 2900, ["Certification_Table_Top"] = 27000, ["Cfb_link"] = 23000, ["Cfd_result"] = 2400, ["Cfdend"] = 4000, ["Chart"] = 4600, ["Chart/end"] = 4600, ["Chart/start"] = 4600, ["Chart_bottom"] = 3000, ["Chart_top"] = 3000, ["Check_completeness_of_transclusions"] = 6400, ["Check_talk"] = 27000, ["Check_talk_wp"] = 1380000, ["Check_winner_by_scores"] = 13000, ["CheckedSockpuppet"] = 7100, ["Checked_sockpuppet"] = 18000, ["Checkedsockpuppet"] = 5300, ["Checkip"] = 12000, ["Checkuser"] = 70000, ["Checkuserblock-account"] = 9300, ["Chem"] = 4800, ["Chem/atom"] = 4600, ["Chem/link"] = 4800, ["Chem2"] = 2100, ["Chem_molar_mass"] = 17000, ["Chem_molar_mass/format"] = 17000, ["Chembox"] = 13000, ["Chembox/styles.css"] = 13000, ["Chembox_3DMet"] = 13000, ["Chembox_3DMet/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_AllOtherNames"] = 12000, ["Chembox_AllOtherNames/format"] = 12000, ["Chembox_Appearance"] = 5600, ["Chembox_BoilingPt"] = 3600, ["Chembox_CASNo"] = 13000, ["Chembox_CASNo/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_CalcTemperatures"] = 6400, ["Chembox_ChEBI"] = 13000, ["Chembox_ChEBI/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_ChEMBL"] = 13000, ["Chembox_ChEMBL/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_ChemSpiderID"] = 13000, ["Chembox_ChemSpiderID/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_CompTox"] = 13000, ["Chembox_CompTox/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_Datapage_check"] = 13000, ["Chembox_Density"] = 4600, ["Chembox_DrugBank"] = 13000, ["Chembox_DrugBank/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_ECHA"] = 7300, ["Chembox_ECNumber"] = 13000, ["Chembox_ECNumber/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_Elements"] = 13000, ["Chembox_Elements/molecular_formula"] = 17000, ["Chembox_Footer"] = 13000, ["Chembox_Footer/tracking"] = 13000, ["Chembox_GHS_(set)"] = 3300, ["Chembox_Hazards"] = 11000, ["Chembox_IUPHAR_ligand"] = 13000, ["Chembox_IUPHAR_ligand/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_Identifiers"] = 13000, ["Chembox_InChI"] = 12000, ["Chembox_InChI/format"] = 12000, ["Chembox_Indexlist"] = 13000, ["Chembox_Jmol"] = 13000, ["Chembox_Jmol/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_KEGG"] = 13000, ["Chembox_KEGG/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_MeltingPt"] = 5500, ["Chembox_Properties"] = 13000, ["Chembox_PubChem"] = 13000, ["Chembox_PubChem/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_RTECS"] = 13000, ["Chembox_RTECS/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_Related"] = 3000, ["Chembox_SMILES"] = 12000, ["Chembox_SMILES/format"] = 12000, ["Chembox_SolubilityInWater"] = 3700, ["Chembox_UNII"] = 13000, ["Chembox_UNII/format"] = 13000, ["Chembox_headerbar"] = 13000, ["Chembox_image"] = 12000, ["Chembox_image_cell"] = 12000, ["Chembox_image_sbs"] = 12000, ["Chembox_parametercheck"] = 13000, ["Chembox_setDatarow"] = 4300, ["Chembox_setHeader"] = 4300, ["Chembox_templatePar/formatPreviewMessage"] = 13000, ["Chembox_verification"] = 7100, ["Chemicals"] = 7300, ["Chemistry"] = 2900, ["Chemspidercite"] = 11000, ["Chessgames_player"] = 3400, ["Chinese"] = 7700, ["Chr"] = 8900, ["ChristianityWikiProject"] = 6000, ["Circa"] = 52000, ["Circular_reference"] = 4700, ["Citation"] = 351000, ["Citation/make_link"] = 5400, ["Citation/styles.css"] = 44000, ["Citation_needed"] = 504000, ["Citation_needed_span"] = 3200, ["Citation_style"] = 4300, ["Cite_AV_media"] = 39000, ["Cite_AV_media_notes"] = 24000, ["Cite_Appletons'"] = 2400, ["Cite_Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography"] = 2900, ["Cite_Catholic_Encyclopedia"] = 8100, ["Cite_Colledge2006"] = 3100, ["Cite_DCB"] = 2800, ["Cite_DNB"] = 17000, ["Cite_EB1911"] = 24000, ["Cite_GNIS"] = 2500, ["Cite_Gaia_DR2"] = 2300, ["Cite_Jewish_Encyclopedia"] = 2800, ["Cite_NIE"] = 3600, ["Cite_NSW_Parliament"] = 3300, ["Cite_NSW_SHR"] = 2600, ["Cite_ODNB"] = 14000, ["Cite_Q"] = 48000, ["Cite_QHR"] = 3000, ["Cite_QPN"] = 3900, ["Cite_Rowlett"] = 2500, ["Cite_Russian_law"] = 7800, ["Cite_Sports-Reference"] = 54000, ["Cite_WoRMS"] = 4900, ["Cite_act"] = 2200, ["Cite_arXiv"] = 4300, ["Cite_bcgnis"] = 2900, ["Cite_book"] = 1470000, ["Cite_certification"] = 29000, ["Cite_cgndb"] = 2800, ["Cite_conference"] = 14000, ["Cite_court"] = 5000, ["Cite_dictionary"] = 5100, ["Cite_document"] = 8300, ["Cite_encyclopedia"] = 190000, ["Cite_episode"] = 16000, ["Cite_gnis"] = 35000, ["Cite_interview"] = 6800, ["Cite_iucn"] = 54000, ["Cite_journal"] = 883000, ["Cite_magazine"] = 195000, ["Cite_map"] = 32000, ["Cite_news"] = 1380000, ["Cite_newspaper_The_Times"] = 6100, ["Cite_patent"] = 4900, ["Cite_patent/authors"] = 3900, ["Cite_patent/core"] = 5200, ["Cite_peakbagger"] = 4100, ["Cite_podcast"] = 3100, ["Cite_press_release"] = 56000, ["Cite_report"] = 30000, ["Cite_rowlett"] = 2500, ["Cite_simbad"] = 4200, ["Cite_sports-reference"] = 58000, ["Cite_thesis"] = 24000, ["Cite_tweet"] = 29000, ["Cite_video"] = 12000, ["Cite_video_game"] = 3000, ["Cite_web"] = 4320000, ["Cite_wikisource"] = 5100, ["Cite_wikisource/make_link"] = 55000, ["Civil_navigation"] = 2700, ["Cl"] = 112000, ["Clade"] = 6600, ["Clade/styles.css"] = 6600, ["Clarify"] = 38000, ["Class"] = 9610000, ["Class/colour"] = 612000, ["Class/icon"] = 118000, ["Class_mask"] = 9850000, ["Class_mask/b"] = 332000, ["Classical"] = 7000, ["Classicon"] = 4600, ["Clc"] = 5000, ["Cleanup"] = 11000, ["Cleanup_bare_URLs"] = 3400, ["Cleanup_reorganize"] = 2600, ["Cleanup_rewrite"] = 5500, ["Clear"] = 3500000, ["Clear-left"] = 19000, ["Clear_left"] = 32000, ["Clear_right"] = 2800, ["Clerk-Note"] = 9300, ["Clerknote"] = 7000, ["Clickable_button"] = 13000, ["Clickable_button_2"] = 874000, ["Clr"] = 3700, ["Cmbox"] = 398000, ["Cn"] = 75000, ["Cnote2"] = 2100, ["Cnote2_Begin"] = 2100, ["Cnote2_End"] = 2100, ["Coat_of_arms"] = 7500, ["Cob"] = 11000, ["Code"] = 48000, ["Col-1-of-2"] = 2500, ["Col-2"] = 166000, ["Col-2-of-2"] = 2300, ["Col-3"] = 10000, ["Col-4"] = 3500, ["Col-begin"] = 210000, ["Col-break"] = 208000, ["Col-end"] = 208000, ["Col-float"] = 2400, ["Col-float-break"] = 2300, ["Col-float-end"] = 2300, ["Col-float/styles.css"] = 2400, ["Col-start"] = 22000, ["Colbegin"] = 40000, ["Colend"] = 52000, ["Collapse"] = 9100, ["Collapse_bottom"] = 48000, ["Collapse_top"] = 49000, ["Collapsebottom"] = 3800, ["Collapsetop"] = 3800, ["Collapsible_list"] = 50000, ["Collapsible_option"] = 130000, ["College"] = 8000, ["CollegePrimaryHeader"] = 5000, ["CollegePrimaryStyle"] = 90000, ["CollegeSecondaryStyle"] = 2600, ["College_Athlete_Recruit_End"] = 2600, ["College_Athlete_Recruit_Entry"] = 2700, ["College_Athlete_Recruit_Start"] = 2700, ["College_athlete_recruit_end"] = 3700, ["College_athlete_recruit_entry"] = 3800, ["College_athlete_recruit_start"] = 3800, ["College_color_list"] = 3700, ["Colon"] = 17000, ["Color"] = 472000, ["Color_box"] = 70000, ["Colorbox"] = 3400, ["Colorbull"] = 5300, ["Colored_link"] = 34000, ["Colors"] = 2100, ["Colour"] = 9600, ["Coloured_link"] = 5000, ["Column"] = 2100, ["Column/styles.css"] = 2100, ["Columns-list"] = 87000, ["Comedy"] = 2600, ["Comic_Book_DB"] = 3700, ["Comicbookdb"] = 3600, ["Comics-replaceability"] = 3000, ["Comics_infobox_sec"] = 12000, ["Comics_infobox_sec/creator_nat"] = 3000, ["Comics_infobox_sec/formcat"] = 3100, ["Comics_infobox_sec/genre"] = 3900, ["Comics_infobox_sec/genrecat"] = 3500, ["Comicsproj"] = 28000, ["Comicsyrimage"] = 2000, ["Comma_separated_entries"] = 397000, ["Comma_separated_values"] = 39000, ["Comment"] = 4700, ["Committed_identity"] = 3000, ["Committed_identity/styles.css"] = 3000, ["Commons"] = 64000, ["Commons-inline"] = 17000, ["Commons_cat"] = 48000, ["Commons_category"] = 821000, ["Commons_category-inline"] = 134000, ["Commons_category_inline"] = 5600, ["Commonscat"] = 64000, ["Commonscat-inline"] = 18000, ["Commonscat_inline"] = 2200, ["Commonscatinline"] = 7000, ["Compact_TOC"] = 6800, ["Compact_ToC"] = 5000, ["Compare"] = 4700, ["Compare_image_with_Wikidata"] = 8900, ["Composition_bar"] = 9500, ["Confirmed"] = 15000, ["Confused"] = 2400, ["Confusing"] = 2400, ["CongBio"] = 9700, ["CongLinks"] = 4400, ["Connected_contributor"] = 16000, ["Connected_contributor_(paid)"] = 6400, ["Constellation_navbox"] = 6000, ["Container"] = 9600, ["Container_cat"] = 7200, ["Container_category"] = 38000, ["Containercat"] = 2700, ["Contains_special_characters"] = 3700, ["Contains_special_characters/core"] = 3700, ["Contains_special_characters/styles.css"] = 3600, ["Content_category"] = 7500, ["Context"] = 2800, ["Continent2continental"] = 16000, ["Continent_adjective_to_noun"] = 2200, ["Controversial"] = 3100, ["Convert"] = 1120000, ["Convinfobox"] = 194000, ["Convinfobox/2"] = 14000, ["Convinfobox/3"] = 116000, ["Convinfobox/pri2"] = 58000, ["Convinfobox/prisec2"] = 2800, ["Convinfobox/prisec3"] = 24000, ["Convinfobox/sec2"] = 8200, ["Coord"] = 1290000, ["Coord_missing"] = 104000, ["Coord_missing/CheckCat"] = 103000, ["Coords"] = 7800, ["Copied"] = 17000, ["Copy_to_Wikimedia_Commons"] = 125000, ["Copyvios"] = 2900, ["Cospar"] = 3100, ["Cot"] = 11000, ["Count"] = 8100, ["Country2continent"] = 29000, ["Country2continental"] = 2400, ["Country2nationality"] = 73000, ["CountryPrefixThe"] = 102000, ["Country_abbreviation"] = 85000, ["Country_alias"] = 15000, ["Country_at_games_navbox"] = 2500, ["Country_at_games_navbox/below"] = 2500, ["Country_data"] = 5600, ["Country_data_AFG"] = 2000, ["Country_data_ALB"] = 6000, ["Country_data_ALG"] = 8600, ["Country_data_AND"] = 2700, ["Country_data_ANG"] = 3700, ["Country_data_ARG"] = 44000, ["Country_data_ARM"] = 6500, ["Country_data_AUS"] = 71000, ["Country_data_AUT"] = 43000, ["Country_data_AZE"] = 7900, ["Country_data_Afghanistan"] = 11000, ["Country_data_Alabama"] = 2000, ["Country_data_Alaska"] = 2300, ["Country_data_Albania"] = 17000, ["Country_data_Alberta"] = 3500, ["Country_data_Algeria"] = 22000, ["Country_data_American_Samoa"] = 3000, ["Country_data_Andorra"] = 7600, ["Country_data_Angola"] = 10000, ["Country_data_Anguilla"] = 2700, ["Country_data_Antigua_and_Barbuda"] = 5900, ["Country_data_Apulia"] = 7900, ["Country_data_Argentina"] = 72000, ["Country_data_Arizona"] = 2400, ["Country_data_Arkansas"] = 2500, ["Country_data_Armenia"] = 19000, ["Country_data_Aruba"] = 3600, ["Country_data_Australia"] = 114000, ["Country_data_Austria"] = 68000, ["Country_data_Azerbaijan"] = 24000, ["Country_data_BAH"] = 3800, ["Country_data_BAN"] = 3600, ["Country_data_BAR"] = 2400, ["Country_data_BEL"] = 47000, ["Country_data_BER"] = 2200, ["Country_data_BHR"] = 4100, ["Country_data_BIH"] = 12000, ["Country_data_BLR"] = 23000, ["Country_data_BOL"] = 5300, ["Country_data_BOT"] = 2100, ["Country_data_BRA"] = 54000, ["Country_data_BUL"] = 23000, ["Country_data_Bahamas"] = 9400, ["Country_data_Bahrain"] = 10000, ["Country_data_Bangladesh"] = 16000, ["Country_data_Barbados"] = 7900, ["Country_data_Belarus"] = 39000, ["Country_data_Belgium"] = 78000, ["Country_data_Belize"] = 5100, ["Country_data_Benin"] = 7000, ["Country_data_Bermuda"] = 5700, ["Country_data_Bhutan"] = 4600, ["Country_data_Bolivia"] = 14000, ["Country_data_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"] = 26000, ["Country_data_Botswana"] = 8800, ["Country_data_Brazil"] = 92000, ["Country_data_British_Columbia"] = 3200, ["Country_data_British_Raj"] = 2000, ["Country_data_British_Virgin_Islands"] = 3400, ["Country_data_Brunei"] = 5900, ["Country_data_Bulgaria"] = 46000, ["Country_data_Burkina_Faso"] = 9800, ["Country_data_Burma"] = 2700, ["Country_data_Burundi"] = 5600, ["Country_data_CAN"] = 55000, ["Country_data_CGO"] = 2200, ["Country_data_CHE"] = 4400, ["Country_data_CHI"] = 17000, ["Country_data_CHN"] = 39000, ["Country_data_CIV"] = 7400, ["Country_data_CMR"] = 8100, ["Country_data_COD"] = 3000, ["Country_data_COL"] = 23000, ["Country_data_CRC"] = 6200, ["Country_data_CRO"] = 31000, ["Country_data_CUB"] = 9100, ["Country_data_CYP"] = 8300, ["Country_data_CZE"] = 43000, ["Country_data_California"] = 6500, ["Country_data_Cambodia"] = 8400, ["Country_data_Cameroon"] = 16000, ["Country_data_Canada"] = 110000, ["Country_data_Cape_Verde"] = 6000, ["Country_data_Castile_and_León"] = 2000, ["Country_data_Catalonia"] = 3000, ["Country_data_Cayman_Islands"] = 4200, ["Country_data_Central_African_Republic"] = 4800, ["Country_data_Chad"] = 5300, ["Country_data_Chile"] = 36000, ["Country_data_China"] = 74000, ["Country_data_Chinese_Taipei"] = 17000, ["Country_data_Colombia"] = 41000, ["Country_data_Colorado"] = 5800, ["Country_data_Comoros"] = 4300, ["Country_data_Confederate_States_of_America"] = 3000, ["Country_data_Connecticut"] = 3400, ["Country_data_Cook_Islands"] = 3700, ["Country_data_Costa_Rica"] = 16000, ["Country_data_Croatia"] = 50000, ["Country_data_Cuba"] = 20000, ["Country_data_Curaçao"] = 3300, ["Country_data_Cyprus"] = 20000, ["Country_data_Czech_Republic"] = 71000, ["Country_data_Czechoslovakia"] = 16000, ["Country_data_DEN"] = 32000, ["Country_data_DEU"] = 8100, ["Country_data_DNK"] = 3300, ["Country_data_DOM"] = 6800, ["Country_data_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"] = 11000, ["Country_data_Denmark"] = 63000, ["Country_data_Djibouti"] = 4500, ["Country_data_Dominica"] = 4300, ["Country_data_Dominican_Republic"] = 15000, ["Country_data_ECU"] = 11000, ["Country_data_EGY"] = 12000, ["Country_data_ENG"] = 43000, ["Country_data_ESA"] = 2100, ["Country_data_ESP"] = 67000, ["Country_data_EST"] = 13000, ["Country_data_ETH"] = 3200, ["Country_data_EU"] = 3800, ["Country_data_East_Germany"] = 12000, ["Country_data_East_Timor"] = 4900, ["Country_data_Ecuador"] = 22000, ["Country_data_Egypt"] = 31000, ["Country_data_El_Salvador"] = 12000, ["Country_data_Empire_of_Japan"] = 3800, ["Country_data_England"] = 87000, ["Country_data_Equatorial_Guinea"] = 5100, ["Country_data_Eritrea"] = 5200, ["Country_data_Estonia"] = 32000, ["Country_data_Eswatini"] = 4800, ["Country_data_Ethiopia"] = 12000, ["Country_data_Europe"] = 2400, ["Country_data_European_Union"] = 7500, ["Country_data_FIJ"] = 3600, ["Country_data_FIN"] = 32000, ["Country_data_FRA"] = 91000, ["Country_data_FRG"] = 13000, ["Country_data_FR_Yugoslavia"] = 3700, ["Country_data_Falkland_Islands"] = 2100, ["Country_data_Faroe_Islands"] = 5200, ["Country_data_Federated_States_of_Micronesia"] = 3100, ["Country_data_Fiji"] = 11000, ["Country_data_Finland"] = 58000, ["Country_data_Florida"] = 6900, ["Country_data_France"] = 187000, ["Country_data_French_Guiana"] = 2000, ["Country_data_French_Polynesia"] = 3600, ["Country_data_GAB"] = 2200, ["Country_data_GBR"] = 50000, ["Country_data_GDR"] = 6800, ["Country_data_GEO"] = 12000, ["Country_data_GER"] = 75000, ["Country_data_GHA"] = 9100, ["Country_data_GRE"] = 23000, ["Country_data_GUA"] = 4800, ["Country_data_GUI"] = 2900, ["Country_data_GUY"] = 2300, ["Country_data_Gabon"] = 7300, ["Country_data_Gambia"] = 6400, ["Country_data_Georgia"] = 7800, ["Country_data_Georgia_(U.S._state)"] = 2800, ["Country_data_Georgia_(country)"] = 25000, ["Country_data_German_Empire"] = 5200, ["Country_data_Germany"] = 135000, ["Country_data_Ghana"] = 21000, ["Country_data_Gibraltar"] = 4900, ["Country_data_Great_Britain"] = 60000, ["Country_data_Greece"] = 52000, ["Country_data_Greenland"] = 2700, ["Country_data_Grenada"] = 5100, ["Country_data_Guadeloupe"] = 2700, ["Country_data_Guam"] = 4700, ["Country_data_Guatemala"] = 12000, ["Country_data_Guernsey"] = 2300, ["Country_data_Guinea"] = 8100, ["Country_data_Guinea-Bissau"] = 4900, ["Country_data_Guyana"] = 7400, ["Country_data_HAI"] = 2900, ["Country_data_HKG"] = 12000, ["Country_data_HON"] = 4200, ["Country_data_HUN"] = 34000, ["Country_data_Haiti"] = 8400, ["Country_data_Honduras"] = 11000, ["Country_data_Hong_Kong"] = 23000, ["Country_data_Hungary"] = 60000, ["Country_data_IDN"] = 4500, ["Country_data_INA"] = 9600, ["Country_data_IND"] = 28000, ["Country_data_IRE"] = 9900, ["Country_data_IRI"] = 4900, ["Country_data_IRL"] = 19000, ["Country_data_IRN"] = 5800, ["Country_data_IRQ"] = 3800, ["Country_data_ISL"] = 7900, ["Country_data_ISR"] = 20000, ["Country_data_ITA"] = 80000, ["Country_data_Iceland"] = 20000, ["Country_data_Idaho"] = 2400, ["Country_data_Illinois"] = 5600, ["Country_data_India"] = 97000, ["Country_data_Indiana"] = 3100, ["Country_data_Indonesia"] = 34000, ["Country_data_Iowa"] = 3200, ["Country_data_Iran"] = 84000, ["Country_data_Iraq"] = 13000, ["Country_data_Ireland"] = 33000, ["Country_data_Isle_of_Man"] = 3100, ["Country_data_Israel"] = 40000, ["Country_data_Italy"] = 130000, ["Country_data_Ivory_Coast"] = 15000, ["Country_data_JAM"] = 8800, ["Country_data_JOR"] = 3600, ["Country_data_JP"] = 8100, ["Country_data_JPN"] = 56000, ["Country_data_Jamaica"] = 18000, ["Country_data_Japan"] = 106000, ["Country_data_Jersey"] = 2700, ["Country_data_Jordan"] = 11000, ["Country_data_KAZ"] = 18000, ["Country_data_KEN"] = 6800, ["Country_data_KGZ"] = 3400, ["Country_data_KOR"] = 29000, ["Country_data_KSA"] = 5400, ["Country_data_KUW"] = 3800, ["Country_data_Kazakhstan"] = 31000, ["Country_data_Kentucky"] = 2300, ["Country_data_Kenya"] = 18000, ["Country_data_Kingdom_of_France"] = 2000, ["Country_data_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"] = 4500, ["Country_data_Kingdom_of_Italy"] = 3700, ["Country_data_Kiribati"] = 3000, ["Country_data_Kosovo"] = 8000, ["Country_data_Kuwait"] = 10000, ["Country_data_Kyrgyzstan"] = 9000, ["Country_data_LAT"] = 13000, ["Country_data_LBN"] = 2000, ["Country_data_LIB"] = 2500, ["Country_data_LIE"] = 2900, ["Country_data_LIT"] = 2900, ["Country_data_LTU"] = 11000, ["Country_data_LUX"] = 9700, ["Country_data_LVA"] = 2400, ["Country_data_Laos"] = 7300, ["Country_data_Latvia"] = 29000, ["Country_data_Lebanon"] = 14000, ["Country_data_Lesotho"] = 5000, ["Country_data_Liberia"] = 7000, ["Country_data_Libya"] = 8500, ["Country_data_Liechtenstein"] = 7500, ["Country_data_Lithuania"] = 28000, ["Country_data_Louisiana"] = 2200, ["Country_data_Luxembourg"] = 21000, ["Country_data_MAC"] = 2300, ["Country_data_MAR"] = 11000, ["Country_data_MAS"] = 10000, ["Country_data_MDA"] = 6900, ["Country_data_MEX"] = 28000, ["Country_data_MGL"] = 2600, ["Country_data_MKD"] = 6900, ["Country_data_MLI"] = 3900, ["Country_data_MLT"] = 5200, ["Country_data_MNE"] = 7300, ["Country_data_MON"] = 3300, ["Country_data_MOZ"] = 2000, ["Country_data_MYA"] = 2800, ["Country_data_MYS"] = 3500, ["Country_data_Macau"] = 6100, ["Country_data_Macedonia"] = 4800, ["Country_data_Madagascar"] = 8700, ["Country_data_Malawi"] = 5500, ["Country_data_Malaysia"] = 33000, ["Country_data_Maldives"] = 6000, ["Country_data_Mali"] = 11000, ["Country_data_Malta"] = 15000, ["Country_data_Manitoba"] = 2500, ["Country_data_Marshall_Islands"] = 3700, ["Country_data_Martinique"] = 2700, ["Country_data_Maryland"] = 3600, ["Country_data_Massachusetts"] = 3200, ["Country_data_Mauritania"] = 5600, ["Country_data_Mauritius"] = 7800, ["Country_data_Mexico"] = 56000, ["Country_data_Michigan"] = 4400, ["Country_data_Minnesota"] = 4000, ["Country_data_Missouri"] = 2400, ["Country_data_Moldova"] = 17000, ["Country_data_Monaco"] = 9600, ["Country_data_Mongolia"] = 9200, ["Country_data_Montana"] = 2600, ["Country_data_Montenegro"] = 16000, ["Country_data_Montserrat"] = 2600, ["Country_data_Morocco"] = 24000, ["Country_data_Mozambique"] = 7100, ["Country_data_Myanmar"] = 13000, ["Country_data_NAM"] = 3200, ["Country_data_NED"] = 56000, ["Country_data_NEP"] = 2600, ["Country_data_NGA"] = 7400, ["Country_data_NGR"] = 7400, ["Country_data_NIR"] = 9300, ["Country_data_NLD"] = 5800, ["Country_data_NOR"] = 27000, ["Country_data_NZ"] = 2900, ["Country_data_NZL"] = 30000, ["Country_data_Namibia"] = 9500, ["Country_data_Nauru"] = 2500, ["Country_data_Nazi_Germany"] = 9400, ["Country_data_Nepal"] = 15000, ["Country_data_Netherlands"] = 100000, ["Country_data_Netherlands_Antilles"] = 2300, ["Country_data_Nevada"] = 2200, ["Country_data_New_Brunswick"] = 2600, ["Country_data_New_Caledonia"] = 3400, ["Country_data_New_Hampshire"] = 2100, ["Country_data_New_Jersey"] = 4400, ["Country_data_New_Mexico"] = 2200, ["Country_data_New_South_Wales"] = 5500, ["Country_data_New_York"] = 4200, ["Country_data_New_York_(state)"] = 7000, ["Country_data_New_Zealand"] = 55000, ["Country_data_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"] = 2300, ["Country_data_Nicaragua"] = 8200, ["Country_data_Niger"] = 5600, ["Country_data_Nigeria"] = 31000, ["Country_data_North_Carolina"] = 3800, ["Country_data_North_Korea"] = 12000, ["Country_data_North_Macedonia"] = 15000, ["Country_data_Northern_Cyprus"] = 2100, ["Country_data_Northern_Ireland"] = 14000, ["Country_data_Northern_Mariana_Islands"] = 2800, ["Country_data_Norway"] = 62000, ["Country_data_Nova_Scotia"] = 2300, ["Country_data_OMA"] = 2500, ["Country_data_Ohio"] = 5600, ["Country_data_Oman"] = 8400, ["Country_data_Ontario"] = 3800, ["Country_data_Oregon"] = 2000, ["Country_data_Ottoman_Empire"] = 2500, ["Country_data_PAK"] = 7700, ["Country_data_PAN"] = 5400, ["Country_data_PAR"] = 9300, ["Country_data_PER"] = 11000, ["Country_data_PHI"] = 11000, ["Country_data_PHL"] = 2600, ["Country_data_PNG"] = 2500, ["Country_data_POL"] = 46000, ["Country_data_POR"] = 29000, ["Country_data_PRC"] = 2400, ["Country_data_PRK"] = 4400, ["Country_data_PRT"] = 2700, ["Country_data_PUR"] = 7000, ["Country_data_Pakistan"] = 26000, ["Country_data_Palau"] = 3000, ["Country_data_Palestine"] = 6500, ["Country_data_Panama"] = 14000, ["Country_data_Papua_New_Guinea"] = 7600, ["Country_data_Paraguay"] = 18000, ["Country_data_Pennsylvania"] = 4200, ["Country_data_People's_Republic_of_China"] = 3100, ["Country_data_Peru"] = 29000, ["Country_data_Philippines"] = 33000, ["Country_data_Poland"] = 136000, ["Country_data_Portugal"] = 57000, ["Country_data_Prussia"] = 2500, ["Country_data_Puerto_Rico"] = 16000, ["Country_data_QAT"] = 7200, ["Country_data_Qatar"] = 15000, ["Country_data_Quebec"] = 4200, ["Country_data_ROM"] = 12000, ["Country_data_ROU"] = 24000, ["Country_data_RSA"] = 29000, ["Country_data_RUS"] = 60000, ["Country_data_Republic_of_China"] = 6000, ["Country_data_Republic_of_Ireland"] = 22000, ["Country_data_Republic_of_the_Congo"] = 7300, ["Country_data_Romania"] = 57000, ["Country_data_Russia"] = 103000, ["Country_data_Russian_Empire"] = 4600, ["Country_data_Rwanda"] = 7300, ["Country_data_SAM"] = 2900, ["Country_data_SCG"] = 3100, ["Country_data_SCO"] = 24000, ["Country_data_SEN"] = 7200, ["Country_data_SER"] = 3400, ["Country_data_SGP"] = 2300, ["Country_data_SIN"] = 6700, ["Country_data_SLO"] = 18000, ["Country_data_SLV"] = 2900, ["Country_data_SMR"] = 2900, ["Country_data_SPA"] = 4300, ["Country_data_SRB"] = 24000, ["Country_data_SRI"] = 4400, ["Country_data_SUI"] = 39000, ["Country_data_SVK"] = 27000, ["Country_data_SVN"] = 6300, ["Country_data_SWE"] = 52000, ["Country_data_SWI"] = 4500, ["Country_data_SYR"] = 3300, ["Country_data_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"] = 4600, ["Country_data_Saint_Lucia"] = 4800, ["Country_data_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"] = 4700, ["Country_data_Samoa"] = 7600, ["Country_data_San_Marino"] = 8200, ["Country_data_Saskatchewan"] = 3100, ["Country_data_Saudi_Arabia"] = 17000, ["Country_data_Scotland"] = 46000, ["Country_data_Senegal"] = 15000, ["Country_data_Serbia"] = 48000, ["Country_data_Serbia_and_Montenegro"] = 4900, ["Country_data_Seychelles"] = 5400, ["Country_data_Sierra_Leone"] = 7000, ["Country_data_Singapore"] = 24000, ["Country_data_Slovakia"] = 45000, ["Country_data_Slovenia"] = 38000, ["Country_data_Solomon_Islands"] = 4600, ["Country_data_Somalia"] = 6000, ["Country_data_South_Africa"] = 58000, ["Country_data_South_Carolina"] = 3700, ["Country_data_South_Korea"] = 56000, ["Country_data_South_Sudan"] = 3800, ["Country_data_South_Vietnam"] = 2100, ["Country_data_Soviet_Union"] = 33000, ["Country_data_Spain"] = 119000, ["Country_data_Sri_Lanka"] = 17000, ["Country_data_Sudan"] = 7800, ["Country_data_Suriname"] = 6300, ["Country_data_Swaziland"] = 2000, ["Country_data_Sweden"] = 90000, ["Country_data_Switzerland"] = 72000, ["Country_data_Syria"] = 14000, ["Country_data_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe"] = 3400, ["Country_data_TAN"] = 2300, ["Country_data_TCH"] = 9500, ["Country_data_THA"] = 19000, ["Country_data_TJK"] = 2400, ["Country_data_TKM"] = 2600, ["Country_data_TPE"] = 14000, ["Country_data_TRI"] = 4600, ["Country_data_TUN"] = 9800, ["Country_data_TUR"] = 25000, ["Country_data_Taiwan"] = 11000, ["Country_data_Tajikistan"] = 8900, ["Country_data_Tanzania"] = 11000, ["Country_data_Tennessee"] = 2400, ["Country_data_Texas"] = 6200, ["Country_data_Thailand"] = 39000, ["Country_data_Togo"] = 6700, ["Country_data_Tonga"] = 6200, ["Country_data_Trinidad_and_Tobago"] = 13000, ["Country_data_Tunisia"] = 19000, ["Country_data_Turkey"] = 68000, ["Country_data_Turkmenistan"] = 7700, ["Country_data_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"] = 2700, ["Country_data_Tuvalu"] = 2600, ["Country_data_U.S."] = 2100, ["Country_data_U.S._Virgin_Islands"] = 4900, ["Country_data_UAE"] = 8600, ["Country_data_UGA"] = 3700, ["Country_data_UK"] = 18000, ["Country_data_UKGBI"] = 2800, ["Country_data_UKR"] = 34000, ["Country_data_URS"] = 12000, ["Country_data_URU"] = 14000, ["Country_data_US"] = 5100, ["Country_data_USA"] = 127000, ["Country_data_USSR"] = 4400, ["Country_data_UZB"] = 10000, ["Country_data_Uganda"] = 12000, ["Country_data_Ukraine"] = 60000, ["Country_data_United_Arab_Emirates"] = 17000, ["Country_data_United_Kingdom"] = 82000, ["Country_data_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"] = 4100, ["Country_data_United_Nations"] = 4100, ["Country_data_United_States"] = 270000, ["Country_data_United_States_of_America"] = 5000, ["Country_data_Uruguay"] = 27000, ["Country_data_Uzbekistan"] = 18000, ["Country_data_VEN"] = 16000, ["Country_data_VIE"] = 5800, ["Country_data_Vanuatu"] = 5000, ["Country_data_Vatican_City"] = 2300, ["Country_data_Venezuela"] = 31000, ["Country_data_Vietnam"] = 20000, ["Country_data_Virginia"] = 3400, ["Country_data_WAL"] = 16000, ["Country_data_Wales"] = 32000, ["Country_data_Washington"] = 3300, ["Country_data_Washington,_D.C."] = 2300, ["Country_data_Washington_(state)"] = 3800, ["Country_data_West_Germany"] = 20000, ["Country_data_West_Indies"] = 2500, ["Country_data_Wisconsin"] = 6100, ["Country_data_Wyoming"] = 2300, ["Country_data_YUG"] = 9000, ["Country_data_Yemen"] = 7000, ["Country_data_Yugoslavia"] = 16000, ["Country_data_ZAF"] = 4400, ["Country_data_ZAM"] = 3000, ["Country_data_ZIM"] = 7800, ["Country_data_Zambia"] = 9200, ["Country_data_Zimbabwe"] = 16000, ["Country_flagbio"] = 24000, ["Country_name"] = 23000, ["Country_showdata"] = 5800, ["Country_topics"] = 21000, ["County"] = 7400, ["County_(judet)_of_Romania"] = 3300, ["Course_assignment"] = 4200, ["Course_details"] = 5500, ["Course_instructor"] = 2100, ["Cquote"] = 36000, ["Cr"] = 4000, ["Create_taxonomy/link"] = 99000, ["Cref2"] = 2200, ["Cricinfo"] = 23000, ["Cricketarchive"] = 3100, ["Crime_opentask"] = 41000, ["Croatian_Census_2011"] = 2100, ["Cross"] = 3000, ["Crossreference"] = 2200, ["Crossreference/styles.css"] = 2200, ["Csv"] = 2900, ["Ct"] = 12000, ["Curlie"] = 6900, ["Currency"] = 2900, ["Current_events"] = 8700, ["Current_events/styles.css"] = 8700, ["Currentdate"] = 22000, ["Cvt"] = 87000, ["Cycling_Archives"] = 4300, ["Cycling_archives"] = 2700, ["Cycling_team_link"] = 12000, ["Module:CFB_schedule"] = 24000, ["Module:CallAssert"] = 225000, ["Module:CanElecResTopTest"] = 5300, ["Module:CanadaByProvinceCatNav"] = 9700, ["Module:Cat_main"] = 175000, ["Module:Cat_more_if_exists"] = 44000, ["Module:Catalog_lookup_link"] = 488000, ["Module:Category_described_in_year"] = 5600, ["Module:Category_described_in_year/conf"] = 5600, ["Module:Category_handler"] = 4320000, ["Module:Category_handler/blacklist"] = 4320000, ["Module:Category_handler/config"] = 4320000, ["Module:Category_handler/data"] = 4320000, ["Module:Category_handler/shared"] = 4320000, ["Module:Category_pair"] = 5800, ["Module:Category_see_also"] = 33000, ["Module:Celestial_object_quadrangle"] = 2600, ["Module:Check_DYK_hook"] = 110000, ["Module:Check_for_clobbered_parameters"] = 1160000, ["Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters"] = 13000000, ["Module:Check_isxn"] = 476000, ["Module:Check_winner_by_scores"] = 13000, ["Module:Checkuser"] = 71000, ["Module:Chem2"] = 2100, ["Module:Chem2/styles.css"] = 2100, ["Module:Citation/CS1"] = 5290000, ["Module:Citation/CS1/COinS"] = 5290000, ["Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration"] = 5290000, ["Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation"] = 5290000, ["Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers"] = 5290000, ["Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions"] = 26000, ["Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities"] = 5290000, ["Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist"] = 5290000, ["Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"] = 5440000, ["Module:Cite_Q"] = 48000, ["Module:Cite_iucn"] = 54000, ["Module:Cite_tweet"] = 29000, ["Module:Cite_web"] = 32000, ["Module:Clade"] = 6600, ["Module:Class"] = 9590000, ["Module:Class/configuration"] = 9590000, ["Module:Class/definition.json"] = 9590000, ["Module:Class/styles.css"] = 9520000, ["Module:Clickable_button_2"] = 874000, ["Module:Collapsible_list"] = 51000, ["Module:College_color"] = 120000, ["Module:College_color/data"] = 120000, ["Module:Color_contrast"] = 483000, ["Module:Color_contrast/colors"] = 485000, ["Module:Commons_link"] = 238000, ["Module:Complex_date"] = 67000, ["Module:Convert"] = 1180000, ["Module:Convert/data"] = 1180000, ["Module:Convert/helper"] = 7100, ["Module:Convert/text"] = 1180000, ["Module:Convert/wikidata"] = 2600, ["Module:Convert/wikidata/data"] = 2600, ["Module:ConvertNumeric"] = 27000, ["Module:Convert_character_width"] = 2800, ["Module:Convert_character_width/data"] = 2800, ["Module:Coordinates"] = 1300000, ["Module:Coordinates/styles.css"] = 1300000, ["Module:Copied"] = 17000, ["Module:CountryAdjectiveDemonym"] = 42000, ["Module:CountryAdjectiveDemonym/Adjectives"] = 42000, ["Module:CountryAdjectiveDemonym/Demonyms"] = 42000, ["Module:CountryAdjectiveDemonym/The"] = 42000, ["Module:CountryData"] = 40000, ["Module:CountryData/cacheA"] = 2100, ["Module:CountryData/cacheE"] = 2300, ["Module:CountryData/summary"] = 40000, ["Module:Country_adjective"] = 4000, ["Module:Country_alias"] = 51000, ["Module:Country_alias/data"] = 51000, ["Module:Currency"] = 3000, ["Module:Currency/Presentation"] = 2900, } m9ygv2p6c1i9oneaw1xzfgkm43uw4m2 828 386665 2443739 2022-07-28T08:01:51Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mambuek laman baisi "return { ["B-Class"] = 36000, ["BBC_Online"] = 3500, ["BBC_programme"] = 2500, ["BCGNIS"] = 2100, ["BDFutbol"] = 6900, ["BEL"] = 8400, ["BGR"] = 5000, ["BIH"] = 4200, ["BLP"] = 1100000, ["BLP_others"] = 7800, ["BLP_primary_sources"] = 6100, ["BLP_sources"] = 87000, ["BLP_unreferenced"] = 6900, ["BLP_unsourced"] = 6700, ["BLP_unsourced_section"] = 5000, ["BLR"] = 5200, ["BRA"] = 8700, ["BS"] = 2100, ["BS-map"] = 4100, ["BS-map/map"] = 4100, ["BS-overlap"] = 4200, ["B..." Scribunto text/plain return { ["B-Class"] = 36000, ["BBC_Online"] = 3500, ["BBC_programme"] = 2500, ["BCGNIS"] = 2100, ["BDFutbol"] = 6900, ["BEL"] = 8400, ["BGR"] = 5000, ["BIH"] = 4200, ["BLP"] = 1100000, ["BLP_others"] = 7800, ["BLP_primary_sources"] = 6100, ["BLP_sources"] = 87000, ["BLP_unreferenced"] = 6900, ["BLP_unsourced"] = 6700, ["BLP_unsourced_section"] = 5000, ["BLR"] = 5200, ["BRA"] = 8700, ["BS"] = 2100, ["BS-map"] = 4100, ["BS-map/map"] = 4100, ["BS-overlap"] = 4200, ["BS3"] = 2000, ["BS_template"] = 2700, ["BSpx"] = 4200, ["BSrow"] = 3700, ["BSsplit"] = 11000, ["BSto"] = 6600, ["BUL"] = 4600, ["BWF"] = 2100, ["Babel"] = 41000, ["Background_color"] = 5300, ["Bad_JPEG"] = 2600, ["Banner_holder"] = 2650000, ["Banner_holder/styles.css"] = 2650000, ["Bar_box"] = 6500, ["Bar_percent"] = 6300, ["Bare_URL_PDF"] = 37000, ["Bare_URL_image"] = 2800, ["Bare_URL_inline"] = 12000, ["Base_Mérimée"] = 2100, ["Baseball_navbox"] = 11000, ["Baseball_primary_link"] = 6600, ["Baseball_primary_style"] = 15000, ["Baseball_secondary_link"] = 6200, ["Baseball_secondary_style"] = 13000, ["Baseball_year"] = 14000, ["Baseballstats"] = 24000, ["Based_on"] = 22000, ["Basketball_color"] = 6000, ["Basketball_color_cell"] = 10000, ["Basketball_color_cell2"] = 4400, ["Basketball_current_roster"] = 2400, ["Basketball_kit"] = 3600, ["Basketballbox"] = 4600, ["Basketballstats"] = 2600, ["Bda"] = 2800, ["Better_source"] = 5800, ["Better_source_needed"] = 17000, ["Bibleref2"] = 2100, ["Bibleref2/url"] = 2300, ["Bibleverse"] = 6600, ["Big"] = 245000, ["Bigger"] = 39000, ["BillboardURLbyName"] = 10000, ["Bio_icon"] = 86000, ["Bio_icon2"] = 86000, ["Biographical_Directory_of_Congress"] = 10000, ["Bioguide"] = 3200, ["BirdTalk"] = 9500, ["Birds_tasks"] = 27000, ["Birth-date"] = 26000, ["Birth-date_and_age"] = 12000, ["Birth_based_on_age_as_of_date"] = 4400, ["Birth_date"] = 342000, ["Birth_date_and_age"] = 690000, ["Birth_date_and_age2"] = 5100, ["Birth_year"] = 7100, ["Birth_year_and_age"] = 35000, ["Bk"] = 3800, ["Black"] = 8900, ["Blanked_IP_talk"] = 506000, ["Blist"] = 25000, ["Block_indent"] = 358000, ["Block_indent/styles.css"] = 358000, ["Blocked_proxy"] = 17000, ["Blockedandtagged"] = 4700, ["Blockquote"] = 164000, ["Blockquote/styles.css"] = 164000, ["Blue"] = 11000, ["Bnt"] = 4200, ["Border"] = 2100, ["BotApproved"] = 2200, ["BotTrial"] = 2400, ["Bot_trial"] = 2400, ["Botanist"] = 4500, ["Both"] = 1440000, ["Bots"] = 15000, ["Box"] = 2600, ["Box-footer"] = 6300, ["Box-header"] = 5600, ["Box-shadow_border"] = 80000, ["BoxRec"] = 5100, ["Boxbottom"] = 2600, ["Boxboxbottom"] = 16000, ["Boxboxtop"] = 19000, ["BoxingRecordSummary"] = 2900, ["Boxing_record_summary"] = 2900, ["Boxrec"] = 4500, ["Bq"] = 8100, ["Br"] = 3900, ["Br_separated_entries"] = 1790000, ["Brca"] = 2700, ["Break"] = 16000, ["British_English"] = 14000, ["British_crime_opentask"] = 2500, ["Brldb_prim"] = 2000, ["Broken_ref"] = 50000, ["Broken_ref/lang"] = 50000, ["Broken_ref/styles.css"] = 48000, ["Bronze03"] = 15000, ["Bronze3"] = 42000, ["Bronze_medal"] = 5300, ["Buddhism_topics"] = 2100, ["Bulleted_list"] = 64000, ["Bus_icon"] = 3100, ["Busy"] = 2600, ["Butt-Stations"] = 2400, ["Button"] = 42000, ["By"] = 5100, ["By_whom"] = 7700, ["Module:Babel"] = 41000, ["Module:BaseConvert"] = 33000, ["Module:Based_on"] = 22000, ["Module:Bibleverse"] = 6600, ["Module:Box-header"] = 5800, ["Module:Box-header/colours"] = 5800, ["Module:British_regnal_year"] = 2800, ["Module:British_regnal_year/data"] = 2800, ["Module:Buffer"] = 2380000, } 6dp9enz4la6k20lkkpzt88yedeybxt7 10 386666 2443747 2022-07-28T08:40:30Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{infobox anatomy | type = bone | Name = {{{Name}}} | Image = {{{Image|}}} | Width = {{{Width|}}} | Caption = {{{Caption|}}} | Image2 = {{{Image2|}}} | Width2 = {{{Width2|{{{Width|}}}}}} | Caption2 = {{{Caption2|}}} | Map{{#if:{{{map|{{{Map|}}}}}}||IGNORE_PARAMETER}} = {{{map|{{{Map|}}}}}} | MapPos{{#if:{{{map_position|{{{MapPos|}}}}}}||IGNORE_PARAMETER}} = {{{map_position|{{{MapPos|}}}}}} | ImageMap = {{{ImageMap|{{{Imagemap|{{{image_map|}}}}}}}}} | MapWidth = {{{M..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox anatomy | type = bone | Name = {{{Name}}} | Image = {{{Image|}}} | Width = {{{Width|}}} | Caption = {{{Caption|}}} | Image2 = {{{Image2|}}} | Width2 = {{{Width2|{{{Width|}}}}}} | Caption2 = {{{Caption2|}}} | Map{{#if:{{{map|{{{Map|}}}}}}||IGNORE_PARAMETER}} = {{{map|{{{Map|}}}}}} | MapPos{{#if:{{{map_position|{{{MapPos|}}}}}}||IGNORE_PARAMETER}} = {{{map_position|{{{MapPos|}}}}}} | ImageMap = {{{ImageMap|{{{Imagemap|{{{image_map|}}}}}}}}} | MapWidth = {{{MapWidth|}}} | MapCaption = {{{map_caption|{{{MapCaption|}}}}}} | Latin = {{{Latin|{{{latin|}}}}}} | Origins = {{{Origins|{{{Origin|{{{origins|}}}}}}}}} | PartOf = {{{PartOf|}}} | Insertions = {{{Insertions|{{{Insertion|{{{insertions|}}}}}}}}} | Articulations = {{{Articulations|{{{Articulation|{{{articulations|}}}}}}}}} | Nerve = {{{Nerve|}}} | Precursor = {{{Precursor|}}} | System = {{{System|}}} | Acronym = {{{Acronym|}}} | Pronunciation = {{{Pronunciation|}}} | Location = {{{Location|}}} | GraySubject = {{{GraySubject|}}} | GrayPage = {{{GrayPage|}}} | MeshName = {{{MeshName|{{{Meshname|{{{MeSHname|}}}}}}}}} | MeshYear = {{{MeshYear|2007}}} | MeshNumber = {{{MeshNumber|{{{Meshnumber|{{{MeSHnumber|}}}}}}}}} | Dorlands = {{{Dorlands|}}} | DorlandsID = {{{DorlandsSuf|{{{DorlandsID|}}}}}} | DorlandsPre = {{{DorlandsPre|}}} | DorlandsSuf = {{{DorlandsSuf|}}} | FMA = {{{FMA|{{#property:P1402}}}}} | TA98{{#if:{{{TA98|}}}||IGNORE_PARAMETER}} = {{{TA98|}}} }}{{main other| {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{1|♦}}}|♦||[[Kategori:Medicine infobox template using deprecated parameters|1{{PAGENAME}}]] }}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=[[Kategori:Medicine infobox template using deprecated parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]] | Name | Image | Width | Caption | Image2 | Width2 | Caption2 | ImageMap | Imagemap | image_map | PartOf | MapWidth | map_caption | MapCaption | Latin | latin | Origin | Origins | origins | System | Acronym | Pronunciation | Insertion | Location | Insertions | insertions | Articulation | Articulations | articulations | Nerve | Precursor | GraySubject | GrayPage | MeshName | Meshname | MeSHname | MeshYear | MeshNumber | Meshnumber | MeSHnumber | Dorlands | DorlandsPre | DorlandsSuf | DorlandsID | FMA }} }}<noinclude> {{Dokumentasi}} </noinclude> 2zkes56a5ap9q2gw93blwtkshuw3r67 828 386667 2443748 2022-07-28T09:31:46Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mambuek laman baisi "-- vim: set noexpandtab ft=lua ts=4 sw=4: require('Module:No globals') local p = {} local debug = false ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- module local variables and functions local wiki = { langcode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code } -- internationalisation local i18n = { ["errors"] = { ["property-not-found"] = "Property not found.", ["entity-not-found"] = "Wikidata entity not found.", ["unknown-cl..." Scribunto text/plain -- vim: set noexpandtab ft=lua ts=4 sw=4: require('Module:No globals') local p = {} local debug = false ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- module local variables and functions local wiki = { langcode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code } -- internationalisation local i18n = { ["errors"] = { ["property-not-found"] = "Property not found.", ["entity-not-found"] = "Wikidata entity not found.", ["unknown-claim-type"] = "Unknown claim type.", ["unknown-entity-type"] = "Unknown entity type.", ["qualifier-not-found"] = "Qualifier not found.", ["site-not-found"] = "Wikimedia project not found.", ["unknown-datetime-format"] = "Unknown datetime format.", ["local-article-not-found"] = "Article is not yet available in this wiki." }, ["datetime"] = { -- $1 is a placeholder for the actual number [0] = "$1 billion years", -- precision: billion years [1] = "$100 million years", -- precision: hundred million years [2] = "$10 million years", -- precision: ten million years [3] = "$1 million years", -- precision: million years [4] = "$100,000 years", -- precision: hundred thousand years [5] = "$10,000 years", -- precision: ten thousand years [6] = "$1 millennium", -- precision: millennium [7] = "$1 century", -- precision: century [8] = "$1s", -- precision: decade -- the following use the format of #time parser function [9] = "Y", -- precision: year, [10] = "F Y", -- precision: month [11] = "F j, Y", -- precision: day [12] = "F j, Y ga", -- precision: hour [13] = "F j, Y g:ia", -- precision: minute [14] = "F j, Y g:i:sa", -- precision: second ["beforenow"] = "$1 BCE", -- how to format negative numbers for precisions 0 to 5 ["afternow"] = "$1 CE", -- how to format positive numbers for precisions 0 to 5 ["bc"] = '$1 "BCE"', -- how print negative years ["ad"] = "$1", -- how print positive years -- the following are for function getDateValue() and getQualifierDateValue() ["default-format"] = "dmy", -- default value of the #3 (getDateValue) or -- #4 (getQualifierDateValue) argument ["default-addon"] = "BC", -- default value of the #4 (getDateValue) or -- #5 (getQualifierDateValue) argument ["prefix-addon"] = false, -- set to true for languages put "BC" in front of the -- datetime string; or the addon will be suffixed ["addon-sep"] = " ", -- separator between datetime string and addon (or inverse) ["format"] = -- options of the 3rd argument { ["mdy"] = "F j, Y", ["my"] = "F Y", ["y"] = "Y", ["dmy"] = "j F Y", ["ymd"] = "Y-m-d", ["ym"] = "Y-m" } }, ["monolingualtext"] = '<span lang="%language">%text</span>', ["warnDump"] = "[[Category:Called function 'Dump' from module Wikidata]]", ["ordinal"] = { [1] = "st", [2] = "nd", [3] = "rd", ["default"] = "th" } } if wiki.langcode ~= "en" then --require("Module:i18n").loadI18n("Module:Wikidata/i18n", i18n) -- got idea from [[:w:Module:Wd]] local module_title; if ... == nil then module_title = mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle() else module_title = ... end require('Module:i18n').loadI18n(module_title..'/i18n', i18n) end -- this function needs to be internationalised along with the above: -- takes cardinal numer as a numeric and returns the ordinal as a string -- we need three exceptions in English for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 21st, .. 31st, etc. local function makeOrdinal (cardinal) local ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal.default if cardinal % 10 == 1 then ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal[1] elseif cardinal % 10 == 2 then ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal[2] elseif cardinal % 10 == 3 then ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal[3] end -- In English, 1, 21, 31, etc. use 'st', but 11, 111, etc. use 'th' -- similarly for 12 and 13, etc. if (cardinal % 100 == 11) or (cardinal % 100 == 12) or (cardinal % 100 == 13) then ordsuffix = i18n.ordinal.default end return tostring(cardinal) .. ordsuffix end local function printError(code) return '<span class="error">' .. (i18n.errors[code] or code) .. '</span>' end local function parseDateFormat(f, timestamp, addon, prefix_addon, addon_sep) local year_suffix local tstr = "" local lang_obj = mw.language.new(wiki.langcode) local f_parts = mw.text.split(f, 'Y', true) for idx, f_part in pairs(f_parts) do year_suffix = '' if string.match(f_part, "x[mijkot]$") then -- for non-Gregorian year f_part = f_part .. 'Y' elseif idx < #f_parts then -- supress leading zeros in year year_suffix = lang_obj:formatDate('Y', timestamp) year_suffix = string.gsub(year_suffix, '^0+', '', 1) end tstr = tstr .. lang_obj:formatDate(f_part, timestamp) .. year_suffix end if addon ~= "" and prefix_addon then return addon .. addon_sep .. tstr elseif addon ~= "" then return tstr .. addon_sep .. addon else return tstr end end local function parseDateValue(timestamp, date_format, date_addon) local prefix_addon = i18n["datetime"]["prefix-addon"] local addon_sep = i18n["datetime"]["addon-sep"] local addon = "" -- check for negative date if string.sub(timestamp, 1, 1) == '-' then timestamp = '+' .. string.sub(timestamp, 2) addon = date_addon end local _date_format = i18n["datetime"]["format"][date_format] if _date_format ~= nil then return parseDateFormat(_date_format, timestamp, addon, prefix_addon, addon_sep) else return printError("unknown-datetime-format") end end -- This local function combines the year/month/day/BC/BCE handling of parseDateValue{} -- with the millennium/century/decade handling of formatDate() local function parseDateFull(timestamp, precision, date_format, date_addon) local prefix_addon = i18n["datetime"]["prefix-addon"] local addon_sep = i18n["datetime"]["addon-sep"] local addon = "" -- check for negative date if string.sub(timestamp, 1, 1) == '-' then timestamp = '+' .. string.sub(timestamp, 2) addon = date_addon end -- get the next four characters after the + (should be the year now in all cases) -- ok, so this is dirty, but let's get it working first local intyear = tonumber(string.sub(timestamp, 2, 5)) if intyear == 0 and precision <= 9 then return "" end -- precision is 10000 years or more if precision <= 5 then local factor = 10 ^ ((5 - precision) + 4) local y2 = math.ceil(math.abs(intyear) / factor) local relative = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[precision], "$1", tostring(y2)) if addon ~= "" then -- negative date relative = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.beforenow, "$1", relative) else relative = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.afternow, "$1", relative) end return relative end -- precision is decades (8), centuries (7) and millennia (6) local era, card if precision == 6 then card = math.floor((intyear - 1) / 1000) + 1 era = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[6], "$1", makeOrdinal(card)) end if precision == 7 then card = math.floor((intyear - 1) / 100) + 1 era = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[7], "$1", makeOrdinal(card)) end if precision == 8 then era = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[8], "$1", tostring(math.floor(math.abs(intyear) / 10) * 10)) end if era then if addon ~= "" then era = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.bc, '"', ""), "$1", era) else era = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.ad, '"', ""), "$1", era) end return era end local _date_format = i18n["datetime"]["format"][date_format] if _date_format ~= nil then -- check for precision is year and override supplied date_format if precision == 9 then _date_format = i18n["datetime"][9] end return parseDateFormat(_date_format, timestamp, addon, prefix_addon, addon_sep) else return printError("unknown-datetime-format") end end -- the "qualifiers" and "snaks" field have a respective "qualifiers-order" and "snaks-order" field -- use these as the second parameter and this function instead of the built-in "pairs" function -- to iterate over all qualifiers and snaks in the intended order. local function orderedpairs(array, order) if not order then return pairs(array) end -- return iterator function local i = 0 return function() i = i + 1 if order[i] then return order[i], array[order[i]] end end end -- precision: 0 - billion years, 1 - hundred million years, ..., 6 - millennia, 7 - century, 8 - decade, 9 - year, 10 - month, 11 - day, 12 - hour, 13 - minute, 14 - second local function normalizeDate(date) date = mw.text.trim(date, "+") -- extract year local yearstr = mw.ustring.match(date, "^\-?%d+") local year = tonumber(yearstr) -- remove leading zeros of year return year .. mw.ustring.sub(date, #yearstr + 1), year end local function formatDate(date, precision, timezone) precision = precision or 11 local date, year = normalizeDate(date) if year == 0 and precision <= 9 then return "" end -- precision is 10000 years or more if precision <= 5 then local factor = 10 ^ ((5 - precision) + 4) local y2 = math.ceil(math.abs(year) / factor) local relative = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[precision], "$1", tostring(y2)) if year < 0 then relative = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.beforenow, "$1", relative) else relative = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.afternow, "$1", relative) end return relative end -- precision is decades, centuries and millennia local era if precision == 6 then era = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[6], "$1", tostring(math.floor((math.abs(year) - 1) / 1000) + 1)) end if precision == 7 then era = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[7], "$1", tostring(math.floor((math.abs(year) - 1) / 100) + 1)) end if precision == 8 then era = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime[8], "$1", tostring(math.floor(math.abs(year) / 10) * 10)) end if era then if year < 0 then era = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.bc, '"', ""), "$1", era) elseif year > 0 then era = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.ad, '"', ""), "$1", era) end return era end -- precision is year if precision == 9 then return year end -- precision is less than years if precision > 9 then --[[ the following code replaces the UTC suffix with the given negated timezone to convert the global time to the given local time timezone = tonumber(timezone) if timezone and timezone ~= 0 then timezone = -timezone timezone = string.format("%.2d%.2d", timezone / 60, timezone % 60) if timezone[1] ~= '-' then timezone = "+" .. timezone end date = mw.text.trim(date, "Z") .. " " .. timezone end ]]-- local formatstr = i18n.datetime[precision] if year == 0 then formatstr = mw.ustring.gsub(formatstr, i18n.datetime[9], "") elseif year < 0 then -- Mediawiki formatDate doesn't support negative years date = mw.ustring.sub(date, 2) formatstr = mw.ustring.gsub(formatstr, i18n.datetime[9], mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.bc, "$1", i18n.datetime[9])) elseif year > 0 and i18n.datetime.ad ~= "$1" then formatstr = mw.ustring.gsub(formatstr, i18n.datetime[9], mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.ad, "$1", i18n.datetime[9])) end return mw.language.new(wiki.langcode):formatDate(formatstr, date) end end local function printDatavalueEntity(data, parameter) -- data fields: entity-type [string], numeric-id [int, Wikidata id] local id if data["entity-type"] == "item" then id = "Q" .. data["numeric-id"] elseif data["entity-type"] == "property" then id = "P" .. data["numeric-id"] else return printError("unknown-entity-type") end if parameter then if parameter == "link" then local linkTarget = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) local linkName = mw.wikibase.getLabel(id) if linkTarget then -- if there is a local Wikipedia article link to it using the label or the article title return "[[" .. linkTarget .. "|" .. (linkName or linkTarget) .. "]]" else -- if there is no local Wikipedia article output the label or link to the Wikidata object to let the user input a proper label if linkName then return linkName else return "[[:d:" .. id .. "|" .. id .. "]]" end end else return data[parameter] end else return mw.wikibase.getLabel(id) or id end end local function printDatavalueTime(data, parameter) -- data fields: time [ISO 8601 time], timezone [int in minutes], before [int], after [int], precision [int], calendarmodel [wikidata URI] -- precision: 0 - billion years, 1 - hundred million years, ..., 6 - millennia, 7 - century, 8 - decade, 9 - year, 10 - month, 11 - day, 12 - hour, 13 - minute, 14 - second -- calendarmodel: e.g. http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727 for the proleptic Gregorian calendar or http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11184 for the Julian calendar] if parameter then if parameter == "calendarmodel" then data.calendarmodel = mw.ustring.match(data.calendarmodel, "Q%d+") -- extract entity id from the calendar model URI elseif parameter == "time" then data.time = normalizeDate(data.time) end return data[parameter] else return formatDate(data.time, data.precision, data.timezone) end end local function printDatavalueMonolingualText(data, parameter) -- data fields: language [string], text [string] if parameter then return data[parameter] else local result = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.monolingualtext, "%%language", data["language"]), "%%text", data["text"]) return result end end local function findClaims(entity, property) if not property or not entity or not mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(entity, property)[1] then return end if mw.ustring.match(property, "^P%d+$") then -- if the property is given by an id (P..) access the claim list by this id return mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(entity, property) else property = mw.wikibase.resolvePropertyId(property) if not property then return end return mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(entity, property) end end local function getSnakValue(snak, parameter) if snak.snaktype == "value" then -- call the respective snak parser if snak.datavalue.type == "string" then return snak.datavalue.value elseif snak.datavalue.type == "globecoordinate" then return printDatavalueCoordinate(snak.datavalue.value, parameter) elseif snak.datavalue.type == "quantity" then return printDatavalueQuantity(snak.datavalue.value, parameter) elseif snak.datavalue.type == "time" then return printDatavalueTime(snak.datavalue.value, parameter) elseif snak.datavalue.type == "wikibase-entityid" then return printDatavalueEntity(snak.datavalue.value, parameter) elseif snak.datavalue.type == "monolingualtext" then return printDatavalueMonolingualText(snak.datavalue.value, parameter) end end return mw.wikibase.renderSnak(snak) end local function getQualifierSnak(claim, qualifierId) -- a "snak" is Wikidata terminology for a typed key/value pair -- a claim consists of a main snak holding the main information of this claim, -- as well as a list of attribute snaks and a list of references snaks if qualifierId then -- search the attribute snak with the given qualifier as key if claim.qualifiers then local qualifier = claim.qualifiers[qualifierId] if qualifier then return qualifier[1] end end return nil, printError("qualifier-not-found") else -- otherwise return the main snak return claim[1].mainsnak end end local function getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId, parameter) local error local snak snak, error = getQualifierSnak(claim, qualifierId) if snak then return getSnakValue(snak, parameter) else return nil, error end end local function getReferences(frame, claim) local result = "" -- traverse through all references for ref in pairs(claim.references or {}) do local refparts -- traverse through all parts of the current reference for snakkey, snakval in orderedpairs(claim.references[ref].snaks or {}, claim.references[ref]["snaks-order"]) do if refparts then refparts = refparts .. ", " else refparts = "" end -- output the label of the property of the reference part, e.g. "imported from" for P143 refparts = refparts .. tostring(mw.wikibase.getLabel(snakkey)) .. ": " -- output all values of this reference part, e.g. "German Wikipedia" and "English Wikipedia" if the referenced claim was imported from both sites for snakidx = 1, #snakval do if snakidx > 1 then refparts = refparts .. ", " end refparts = refparts .. getSnakValue(snakval[snakidx]) end end if refparts then result = result .. frame:extensionTag("ref", refparts) end end return result end local function parseInput(frame) local qid = frame.args.qid or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or nil if qid and (#qid == 0) then qid = nil end local propertyID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") local input_parm = mw.text.trim(frame.args[2] or "") if input_parm ~= "FETCH_WIKIDATA" then return false, input_parm, nil, nil end local claims if qid and mw.wikibase.entityExists(qid) and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, propertyID)[1] then claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, propertyID) if not claims then return false, "", nil, nil end else return false, "", nil, nil end return true, claims end local function isType(claims, type) return claims and claims.mainsnak.snaktype == "value" and claims.mainsnak.datavalue.type == type end local function getValue(claims, delim, labelHook) if labelHook == nil then labelHook = function (qnumber) return nil; end end local out = {} if claims[1] then local i = 1 while claims[i] ~= nil do if isType(claims[i], "wikibase-entityid") then local qnumber = "Q" .. claims[i].mainsnak.datavalue.value["numeric-id"] local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qnumber) local label = labelHook(qnumber) or mw.wikibase.getLabel(qnumber) or qnumber if sitelink then out[#out + 1] = "[[" .. sitelink .. "|" .. label .. "]]" else out[#out + 1] = "[[:d:" .. qnumber .. "|" .. label .. "]]<abbr title='" .. i18n["errors"]["local-article-not-found"] .. "'>[*]</abbr>" end else out[#out + 1] = mw.wikibase.renderSnak(claims[i].mainsnak) end i = i + 1 end end return table.concat(out, delim) end ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- module global functions if debug then function p.inspectI18n(frame) local val = i18n for _, key in pairs(frame.args) do key = mw.text.trim(key) val = val[key] end return val end end function p.descriptionIn(frame) local langcode = frame.args[1] local id = frame.args[2] -- return description of a Wikidata entity in the given language or the default language of this Wikipedia site return mw.wikibase.getEntity(id):getDescription(langcode or wiki.langcode) end function p.labelIn(frame) local langcode = frame.args[1] local id = frame.args[2] -- return label of a Wikidata entity in the given language or the default language of this Wikipedia site return mw.wikibase.getEntity(id):getLabel(langcode or wiki.langcode) end -- This is used to get a value, or a comma separated list of them if multiple values exist p.getValue = function(frame) local delimdefault = ", " -- **internationalise later** local delim = frame.args.delimiter or "" delim = string.gsub(delim, '"', '') if #delim == 0 then delim = delimdefault end local go, claims = parseInput(frame) if not go then return claims end return getValue(claims, delim) end -- Same as above, but uses the short name property for label if available. p.getValueShortName = function(frame) local go, claims = parseInput(frame) if not go then return claims end -- if wiki-linked value output as link if possible local function labelHook (qnumber) local label local i = 1 if mw.wikibase.entityExists(qnumber) then if mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qnumber, "P1813")[1] then while mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qnumber, "P1813")[i] ~= nil do if mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qnumber, "P1813")[i].mainsnak.datavalue.value.language == "en" then label = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qnumber, "P1813")[i].mainsnak.datavalue.value.text end i = i + 1 end end end if label == nil or label == "" then return nil end return label end return getValue(claims, ", ", labelHook); end -- This is used to get a value, or a comma separated list of them if multiple values exist -- from an arbitrary entry by using its QID. -- Use : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|<ID>|<Property>|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} -- E.g.: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q151973|P26|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} - to fetch value of 'spouse' (P26) from 'Richard Burton' (Q151973) -- Please use sparingly - this is an *expensive call*. p.getValueFromID = function(frame) local itemID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") local propertyID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[2] or "") local input_parm = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or "") if input_parm == "FETCH_WIKIDATA" then local claims if frame.args[1] and mw.wikibase.entityExists(itemID) and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(itemID, propertyID)[1] then claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(itemID, propertyID) end if claims then return getValue(claims, ", ") else return "" end else return input_parm end end local function getQualifier(frame, outputHook) local propertyID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") local qualifierID = mw.text.trim(frame.args[2] or "") local input_parm = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or "") if input_parm == "FETCH_WIKIDATA" then local entityid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() if mw.wikibase.entityExists(entityid) ~= nil and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(entityid, propertyID)[1] ~= nil then local out = {} local i = 1 while mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(entityid, propertyID)[i] ~= nil do for k2, v2 in pairs(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(entityid, propertyID)[i].qualifiers[qualifierID]) do if v2.snaktype == 'value' then out[#out + 1] = outputHook(v2); end end i = i + 1 end return table.concat(out, ", "), true else return "", false end else return input_parm, false end end p.getQualifierValue = function(frame) local function outputValue(value) local qnumber = "Q" .. value.datavalue.value["numeric-id"] if (mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qnumber)) then return "[[" .. mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qnumber) .. "]]" else return "[[:d:" .. qnumber .. "|" ..qnumber .. "]]<abbr title='" .. i18n["errors"]["local-article-not-found"] .. "'>[*]</abbr>" end end return (getQualifier(frame, outputValue)) end -- This is used to get a value like 'male' (for property p21) which won't be linked and numbers without the thousand separators p.getRawValue = function(frame) local go, claims = parseInput(frame) if not go then return claims end local result = {} local i = 1 while claims[i] ~= nil do -- if number type: remove thousand separators, bounds and units if isType(claims[i], "quantity") then result[#result +1] = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.wikibase.renderSnak(claims[i].mainsnak), "(%d),(%d)", "%1%2") result[#result +1] = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.wikibase.renderSnak(claims[i].mainsnak), "(%d)±.*", "%1") else result[#result + 1] = mw.wikibase.renderSnak(claims[i].mainsnak) end i = i + 1 end return table.concat(result, ', ') end -- This is used to get the unit name for the numeric value returned by getRawValue p.getUnits = function(frame) local go, claims = parseInput(frame) if not go then return claims end local result = {} local i = 1 while claims[i] ~= nil do local i = 1 if isType(claims[i], "quantity") then result[#result +1] = mw.ustring.sub(mw.renderSnak(claims[i].mainsnak), mw.ustring.find(result, " ")+1, -1) else result[#result + 1] = mw.renderSnak(claims[i].mainsnak) end i = i + 1 end return result end -- This is used to get the unit's QID to use with the numeric value returned by getRawValue p.getUnitID = function(frame) local go, claims = parseInput(frame) if not go then return claims end local result if isType(claims[1], "quantity") then -- get the url for the unit entry on Wikidata: result = claims[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.unit -- and just reurn the last bit from "Q" to the end (which is the QID): result = mw.ustring.sub(result, mw.ustring.find(result, "Q"), -1) end return result end p.getRawQualifierValue = function(frame) local function outputHook(value) if value.datavalue.value["numeric-id"] then return mw.wikibase.getLabel("Q" .. value.datavalue.value["numeric-id"]) else return value.datavalue.value end end local ret, gotData = getQualifier(frame, outputHook) if gotData then ret = string.upper(string.sub(ret, 1, 1)) .. string.sub(ret, 2) end return ret end -- This is used to get a date value for date_of_birth (P569), etc. which won't be linked -- Dates and times are stored in ISO 8601 format (sort of). -- At present the local formatDate(date, precision, timezone) function doesn't handle timezone -- So I'll just supply "Z" in the call to formatDate below: p.getDateValue = function(frame) local date_format = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or i18n["datetime"]["default-format"]) local date_addon = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or i18n["datetime"]["default-addon"]) local go, claims = parseInput(frame) if not go then return claims end local out = {} local i = 1 while claims[i] ~= nil do if claims[i].mainsnak.datavalue.type == 'time' then local timestamp = claims[i].mainsnak.datavalue.value.time local dateprecision = claims[i].mainsnak.datavalue.value.precision -- A year can be stored like this: "+1872-00-00T00:00:00Z", -- which is processed here as if it were the day before "+1872-01-01T00:00:00Z", -- and that's the last day of 1871, so the year is wrong. -- So fix the month 0, day 0 timestamp to become 1 January instead: timestamp = timestamp:gsub("%-00%-00T", "-01-01T") out[#out + 1] = parseDateFull(timestamp, dateprecision, date_format, date_addon) i = i + 1 end end return table.concat(out, ", ") end p.getQualifierDateValue = function(frame) local date_format = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or i18n["datetime"]["default-format"]) local date_addon = mw.text.trim(frame.args[5] or i18n["datetime"]["default-addon"]) local function outputHook(value) local timestamp = value.datavalue.value.time return parseDateValue(timestamp, date_format, date_addon) end return (getQualifier(frame, outputHook)) end -- This is used to fetch all of the images with a particular property, e.g. image (P18), Gene Atlas Image (P692), etc. -- Parameters are | propertyID | value / FETCH_WIKIDATA / nil | separator (default=space) | size (default=frameless) -- It will return a standard wiki-markup [[File:Filename | size]] for each image with a selectable size and separator (which may be html) -- e.g. {{#invoke:Wikidata|getImages|P18|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} -- e.g. {{#invoke:Wikidata|getImages|P18|FETCH_WIKIDATA|<br>|250px}} -- If a property is chosen that is not of type "commonsMedia", it will return empty text. p.getImages = function(frame) local sep = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or " ") local imgsize = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or "frameless") local go, claims = parseInput(frame) if not go then return claims end if (claims[1] and claims[1].mainsnak.datatype == "commonsMedia") then local out = {} local i = 1 while claims[i] ~= nil do local filename = claims[i].mainsnak.datavalue.value out[#out + 1] = "[[File:" .. filename .. "|" .. imgsize .. "]]" i = i + 1 end return table.concat(out, sep) else return "" end end -- This is used to get the TA98 (Terminologia Anatomica first edition 1998) values like 'A01.1.00.005' (property P1323) -- which are then linked to http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.005%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm -- uses the newer mw.wikibase calls instead of directly using the snaks -- formatPropertyValues returns a table with the P1323 values concatenated with ", " so we have to split them out into a table in order to construct the return string p.getTAValue = function(frame) local entid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() local props = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entid):formatPropertyValues('P1323') local out = {} local t = {} for k, v in pairs(props) do if k == 'value' then t = mw.text.split( v, ", ") for k2, v2 in pairs(t) do out[#out + 1] = "[http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/" .. string.sub(v2, 2) .. "%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm " .. v2 .. "]" end end end local ret = table.concat(out, "<br> ") if #ret == 0 then ret = "Invalid TA" end return ret end --[[ This is used to return an image legend from Wikidata image is property P18 image legend is property P2096 Call as {{#invoke:Wikidata |getImageLegend | <PARAMETER> | lang=<ISO-639code> |id=<QID>}} Returns PARAMETER, unless it is equal to "FETCH_WIKIDATA", from Item QID (expensive call) If QID is omitted or blank, the current article is used (not an expensive call) If lang is omitted, it uses the local wiki language, otherwise it uses the provided ISO-639 language code ISO-639: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E13214_01/wli/docs92/xref/xqisocodes.html#wp1252447 Ranks are: 'preferred' > 'normal' This returns the label from the first image with 'preferred' rank Or the label from the first image with 'normal' rank if preferred returns nothing Ranks: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Wikibase_Client/Lua ]] p.getImageLegend = function(frame) -- look for named parameter id; if it's blank make it nil local id = frame.args.id if id and (#id == 0) then id = nil end -- look for named parameter lang -- it should contain a two-character ISO-639 language code -- if it's blank fetch the language of the local wiki local lang = frame.args.lang if (not lang) or (#lang < 2) then lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code end -- first unnamed parameter is the local parameter, if supplied local input_parm = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") if input_parm == "FETCH_WIKIDATA" then local imglbl if id and mw.wikibase.entityExists(id) and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, "P18")[1] and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, "P18")[1].mainsnak.datavalue and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, "P18")[1].rank == "preferred" then -- in getBestStatements if there is an preferred value, it is ordered first. imglbl = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, "P18")[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value elseif id and mw.wikibase.entityExists(id) and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, "P18")[1] and mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, "P18")[1].mainsnak.datavalue then -- only normal and preferred rank values outputted in beststatements imglbl = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, "P18")[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value end return imglbl else return input_parm end end -- This is used to get the QIDs of all of the values of a property, as a comma separated list if multiple values exist -- Usage: {{#invoke:Wikidata |getPropertyIDs |<PropertyID> |FETCH_WIKIDATA}} -- Usage: {{#invoke:Wikidata |getPropertyIDs |<PropertyID> |<InputParameter> |qid=<QID>}} p.getPropertyIDs = function(frame) local go, propclaims = parseInput(frame) if not go then return propclaims end -- if wiki-linked value collect the QID in a table if (propclaims[1] and propclaims[1].mainsnak.snaktype == "value" and propclaims[1].mainsnak.datavalue.type == "wikibase-entityid") then local out = {} local i = 1 while claims[i] ~= nil do out[#out + 1] = "Q" .. claims[i].mainsnak.datavalue.value["numeric-id"] i = i + 1 end return table.concat(out, ", ") else -- not a wikibase-entityid, so return empty return "" end end -- returns the page id (Q...) of the current page or nothing of the page is not connected to Wikidata function p.pageId(frame) return mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end function p.claim(frame) local property = frame.args[1] or "" local id = frame.args["id"] or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() local qualifierId = frame.args["qualifier"] local parameter = frame.args["parameter"] local list = frame.args["list"] local references = frame.args["references"] local showerrors = frame.args["showerrors"] local default = frame.args["default"] if default then showerrors = nil end -- check wikidata entity if not mw.wikibase.entityExists(id) then if showerrors then return printError("entity-not-found") else return default end end -- fetch the first claim of satisfying the given property local claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, property) or nil if not claims or not claims[1] then if showerrors then return printError("property-not-found") else return default end end -- no need to sort, bestStatements orders preferred rank first local result local error local i = 1 if list then local value -- iterate over all elements and return their value (if existing) result = {} for idx in pairs(claims) do local claim = claims[i] value, error = getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId, parameter) if not value and showerrors then value = error end if value and references then value = value .. getReferences(frame, claim) end result[#result + 1] = value i = i + 1 end result = table.concat(result, list) else -- return first element local claim = claims[i] result, error = getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId, parameter) if result and references then result = result .. getReferences(frame, claim) end end if result then return result else if showerrors then return error else return default end end end -- look into entity object function p.ViewSomething(frame) local f = (frame.args[1] or frame.args.id) and frame or frame:getParent() local id = f.args.id if id and (#id == 0) then id = nil end local data = mw.wikibase.getEntity(id) if not id or not mw.wikibase.entityExists(id) then return nil end local i = 1 while true do local index = f.args[i] if not index then if type(data) == "table" then return mw.text.jsonEncode(data, mw.text.JSON_PRESERVE_KEYS + mw.text.JSON_PRETTY) else return tostring(data) end end data = data[index] or data[tonumber(index)] if not data then return end i = i + 1 end end -- getting sitelink of a given wiki -- get sitelink of current item if qid not supplied function p.getSiteLink(frame) local qid = frame.args.qid if qid == "" then qid = nil end local f = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "") if not quid or not mw.wikibase.entityExists(qid) then return end local link = mw.wikibase.getSitelink( f ) if not link then return end return link end function p.Dump(frame) local f = (frame.args[1] or frame.args.id) and frame or frame:getParent() local data = mw.wikibase.getEntity(f.args.id) if not data then return i18n.warnDump end local i = 1 while true do local index = f.args[i] if not index then return "<pre>"..mw.dumpObject(data).."</pre>".. i18n.warnDump end data = data[index] or data[tonumber(index)] if not data then return i18n.warnDump end i = i + 1 end end return p 5moaqmdddekp725f8kvrq18uf2rliq1 828 386668 2443749 2022-07-28T09:35:12Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mambuek laman baisi "return { ["WAL"] = 2600, ["WAP_assignment"] = 3300, ["WDL"] = 5800, ["WDLtot"] = 4500, ["WIR"] = 41000, ["WIR-00-2018"] = 2300, ["WIR-00-2019"] = 2400, ["WIR-00-2020"] = 3500, ["WIR-00-2021"] = 2900, ["WIR-150"] = 2700, ["WIR-60"] = 2800, ["WP-Tennis"] = 2100, ["WP1"] = 5200, ["WP1.0"] = 4800, ["WP1.0/cat"] = 4700, ["WP1.0/categories"] = 4800, ["WP1.0/image"] = 4700, ["WP1.0/release"] = 4700, ["WPAFC"] = 48000, ["WPASIA10k"] = 5800, ["WPAVIATION"] = 38000, ["WPArgen..." Scribunto text/plain return { ["WAL"] = 2600, ["WAP_assignment"] = 3300, ["WDL"] = 5800, ["WDLtot"] = 4500, ["WIR"] = 41000, ["WIR-00-2018"] = 2300, ["WIR-00-2019"] = 2400, ["WIR-00-2020"] = 3500, ["WIR-00-2021"] = 2900, ["WIR-150"] = 2700, ["WIR-60"] = 2800, ["WP-Tennis"] = 2100, ["WP1"] = 5200, ["WP1.0"] = 4800, ["WP1.0/cat"] = 4700, ["WP1.0/categories"] = 4800, ["WP1.0/image"] = 4700, ["WP1.0/release"] = 4700, ["WPAFC"] = 48000, ["WPASIA10k"] = 5800, ["WPAVIATION"] = 38000, ["WPArgentina"] = 3200, ["WPAstronomy"] = 9100, ["WPBIO"] = 3700, ["WPBS"] = 78000, ["WPB_Announcements"] = 16000, ["WPBanner"] = 4200, ["WPBannerMeta"] = 9850000, ["WPBannerMeta/class"] = 9890000, ["WPBannerMeta/core"] = 9890000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/aclass"] = 2310000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/bchecklist"] = 2780000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/bchecklist/cat"] = 253000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/bchecklist/core"] = 253000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/bchecklist/criterion"] = 267000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/bchecklist/syntax"] = 174000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/cats"] = 3380000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/collaboration"] = 1150000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/collapsed"] = 514000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/image_needed"] = 207000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/notecounter"] = 3810000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/notes"] = 3400000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/peerreview"] = 2420000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/qualimpintersect"] = 1970000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/qualimpintersect/core"] = 1970000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/qualitycats"] = 45000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/taskforces"] = 5800000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/taskforces/core"] = 5800000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/taskforces/taskforce"] = 3430000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/tfnested"] = 5490000, ["WPBannerMeta/hooks/todolist"] = 1260000, ["WPBannerMeta/importance"] = 9890000, ["WPBannerMeta/importancescale"] = 8690000, ["WPBannerMeta/inactive"] = 169000, ["WPBannerMeta/istemplate"] = 9890000, ["WPBannerMeta/note"] = 1410000, ["WPBannerMeta/qualityscale"] = 9560000, ["WPBannerMeta/styles.css"] = 9860000, ["WPBannerMeta/taskforce"] = 3700000, ["WPBeatles"] = 3900, ["WPBelgium"] = 2200, ["WPBiography"] = 77000, ["WPBooks"] = 6600, ["WPBrazil"] = 3400, ["WPCANADA"] = 2300, ["WPCHINA"] = 14000, ["WPCanada"] = 5400, ["WPChile"] = 2000, ["WPCities"] = 39000, ["WPDAB"] = 2900, ["WPDED"] = 2200, ["WPE"] = 5200, ["WPEQ"] = 2400, ["WPEUR10k"] = 6400, ["WPFlorida"] = 2500, ["WPG"] = 3900, ["WPGC"] = 2200, ["WPGERMANY"] = 4100, ["WPHK"] = 4800, ["WPJ"] = 7000, ["WPJournals"] = 13000, ["WPLondon"] = 2900, ["WPMA"] = 3200, ["WPMED"] = 16000, ["WPMILHIST"] = 103000, ["WPMILHIST_Infobox_style"] = 143000, ["WPMS"] = 2600, ["WPOCEANIA10k"] = 3100, ["WPPHC"] = 2600, ["WPPhilippines"] = 8800, ["WPRL"] = 2100, ["WPRock"] = 3100, ["WPSHIPS"] = 29000, ["WPSS-cat"] = 18000, ["WPSchools"] = 14000, ["WPSongs"] = 48000, ["WPSpiders"] = 3900, ["WPStatistics"] = 2800, ["WPSweden"] = 5400, ["WPTR"] = 11000, ["WPTV"] = 3400, ["WPUK"] = 5900, ["WPUKIR10k"] = 7600, ["WPUKgeo"] = 9900, ["WPUS"] = 4400, ["WPUSA"] = 2300, ["WPVG_announcements"] = 97000, ["WPVG_announcements/shell"] = 97000, ["WPVG_icon"] = 31000, ["WPVG_icon_direct"] = 132000, ["WPX_action_box"] = 2900, ["WPX_block"] = 2200, ["WPX_last_updated"] = 5100, ["WPX_list_end"] = 2200, ["WPX_list_start"] = 2200, ["WPX_subheader"] = 3000, ["WP_Albums"] = 21000, ["WP_Anthroponymy"] = 2200, ["WP_Architecture"] = 7100, ["WP_Australia"] = 42000, ["WP_Bangladesh"] = 2600, ["WP_Biography"] = 5900, ["WP_Canada"] = 2900, ["WP_Christianity"] = 3000, ["WP_Cities"] = 8200, ["WP_Crime"] = 5600, ["WP_Disambiguation"] = 4600, ["WP_Energy"] = 3800, ["WP_Film"] = 7400, ["WP_Football"] = 3800, ["WP_France"] = 2200, ["WP_Germany"] = 2900, ["WP_India"] = 68000, ["WP_Indonesia"] = 4600, ["WP_Italy"] = 12000, ["WP_Languages"] = 4700, ["WP_Lists"] = 2700, ["WP_Magazines"] = 2600, ["WP_Olympics"] = 2700, ["WP_Pakistan"] = 6500, ["WP_Plants"] = 3200, ["WP_Politics"] = 2800, ["WP_Scotland"] = 2900, ["WP_Songs"] = 4900, ["WP_Sports"] = 2300, ["WP_Swimming"] = 3800, ["WP_Television"] = 13000, ["WP_UK_Politics"] = 7800, ["WP_US"] = 2800, ["WP_Women"] = 2300, ["WP_Years"] = 13000, ["WPbox"] = 3200, ["WPbox/1"] = 3200, ["WRMS_source"] = 2800, ["WRMS_species"] = 13000, ["WTA"] = 3700, ["Warning"] = 55000, ["Watch"] = 24000, ["Wb"] = 2200, ["Wdib"] = 45000, ["Weather_box"] = 22000, ["Webarchive"] = 449000, ["Wednesday"] = 2600, ["Welcomeg/links"] = 62000, ["Western_name_order"] = 5400, ["What_links_here"] = 12000, ["When"] = 24000, ["Where"] = 2100, ["Which"] = 5200, ["Whisperback"] = 2800, ["White"] = 47000, ["Who"] = 11000, ["Who's_Who"] = 2100, ["Whois"] = 28000, ["Wide_image"] = 8700, ["WikiProjectBannerShell"] = 1210000, ["WikiProjectCard"] = 2700, ["WikiProjectSongs"] = 6400, ["WikiProject_Academic_Journals"] = 32000, ["WikiProject_Academic_Journals/class"] = 32000, ["WikiProject_Afghanistan"] = 10000, ["WikiProject_Africa"] = 178000, ["WikiProject_Africa/class"] = 178000, ["WikiProject_African_diaspora"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Agriculture"] = 9900, ["WikiProject_Agriculture/class"] = 9900, ["WikiProject_Alabama"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Alabama/class"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Alaska"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Alaska/class"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Albania"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Albums"] = 376000, ["WikiProject_Albums/class"] = 376000, ["WikiProject_Algae"] = 3400, ["WikiProject_Algae/class"] = 3400, ["WikiProject_Algeria"] = 6600, ["WikiProject_Algeria/class"] = 6600, ["WikiProject_Alternative_medicine"] = 2100, ["WikiProject_Alternative_music"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Alternative_music/class"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_American_Open_Wheel_Racing"] = 3300, ["WikiProject_American_football"] = 8000, ["WikiProject_American_football/class"] = 8000, ["WikiProject_Amphibians_and_Reptiles"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Amphibians_and_Reptiles/class"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Amusement_Parks"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_Amusement_Parks/class"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_Amusement_Parks/importance"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_Anarchism"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Anarchism/class"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Anarchism/importance"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Anarchism_cleanup_issue_count"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Anatomy"] = 21000, ["WikiProject_Anatomy/class"] = 21000, ["WikiProject_Ancient_Egypt"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_Ancient_Near_East"] = 5300, ["WikiProject_Anglicanism"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Anglo-Saxon_Kingdoms"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Anglo-Saxon_Kingdoms/class"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Animals"] = 17000, ["WikiProject_Animation"] = 29000, ["WikiProject_Animation/class"] = 29000, ["WikiProject_Animation/importance"] = 29000, ["WikiProject_Animation/taskforce"] = 21000, ["WikiProject_Anime_and_manga"] = 29000, ["WikiProject_Anime_and_manga/checks"] = 29000, ["WikiProject_Anime_and_manga/class"] = 29000, ["WikiProject_Anime_and_manga/type_check"] = 29000, ["WikiProject_Antarctica"] = 18000, ["WikiProject_Antarctica/class"] = 18000, ["WikiProject_Anthropology"] = 5500, ["WikiProject_Anthropology/class"] = 5500, ["WikiProject_Anthroponymy"] = 109000, ["WikiProject_Anthroponymy/class"] = 109000, ["WikiProject_Apple_Inc."] = 4300, ["WikiProject_Apple_Inc./BCriteriaCheck"] = 4300, ["WikiProject_Apple_Inc./ChecklistCategorization"] = 4300, ["WikiProject_Apple_Inc./class"] = 4300, ["WikiProject_Apple_Inc./importance"] = 4300, ["WikiProject_Arab_world"] = 5400, ["WikiProject_Arab_world/class"] = 5400, ["WikiProject_Archaeology"] = 17000, ["WikiProject_Architecture"] = 97000, ["WikiProject_Architecture/class"] = 97000, ["WikiProject_Arctic"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Arena_Football_League"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Argentina"] = 25000, ["WikiProject_Arizona"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_Arizona/class"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_Armenia"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Arthropods"] = 20000, ["WikiProject_Arthropods/class"] = 20000, ["WikiProject_Articles_for_creation"] = 149000, ["WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/class"] = 149000, ["WikiProject_Arts"] = 6200, ["WikiProject_Asia"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Asia/class"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Astronomy"] = 59000, ["WikiProject_Astronomy/class"] = 59000, ["WikiProject_Astronomy/importance"] = 59000, ["WikiProject_Athletics"] = 69000, ["WikiProject_Australia"] = 240000, ["WikiProject_Australia/class"] = 240000, ["WikiProject_Austria"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Automobiles"] = 18000, ["WikiProject_Aviation"] = 75000, ["WikiProject_Aviation/bchecklistcats"] = 75000, ["WikiProject_Aviation/class"] = 75000, ["WikiProject_Awards"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Awards/class"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Awards_and_prizes"] = 9600, ["WikiProject_Azerbaijan"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Azerbaijan/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_BBC"] = 7800, ["WikiProject_BBC/class"] = 7800, ["WikiProject_Badminton"] = 6800, ["WikiProject_Bahrain"] = 2800, ["WikiProject_Ballet"] = 5800, ["WikiProject_Ballet/class"] = 5800, ["WikiProject_Bangladesh"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_BannerShell"] = 3300, ["WikiProject_Banner_Shell"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Baseball"] = 84000, ["WikiProject_Baseball/class"] = 84000, ["WikiProject_Basketball"] = 54000, ["WikiProject_Basketball/class"] = 54000, ["WikiProject_Basque"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Bavaria"] = 5400, ["WikiProject_Beauty_Pageants"] = 7300, ["WikiProject_Beauty_Pageants/class"] = 7300, ["WikiProject_Beer"] = 3600, ["WikiProject_Beer/class"] = 3600, ["WikiProject_Beetles"] = 46000, ["WikiProject_Beetles/class"] = 46000, ["WikiProject_Belarus"] = 8600, ["WikiProject_Belgium"] = 30000, ["WikiProject_Belgium/class"] = 30000, ["WikiProject_Belize"] = 2100, ["WikiProject_Berkshire"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Bhutan"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_Bhutan/class"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_Bhutan/importance"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_Biathlon"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Bible"] = 7500, ["WikiProject_Bible/class"] = 7500, ["WikiProject_Biography"] = 2060000, ["WikiProject_Biography/class"] = 2100000, ["WikiProject_Biology"] = 6200, ["WikiProject_Biology/class"] = 6200, ["WikiProject_Birds"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Birds/class"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Bivalves"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Board_and_table_games"] = 6300, ["WikiProject_Board_and_table_games/class"] = 6300, ["WikiProject_Bolivia"] = 6300, ["WikiProject_Bolivia/class"] = 6300, ["WikiProject_Books"] = 54000, ["WikiProject_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Boxing"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Boxing/class"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Brands"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_Brands/class"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_Brazil"] = 49000, ["WikiProject_Brazil/class"] = 49000, ["WikiProject_Bridges"] = 6500, ["WikiProject_Bridges_and_Tunnels"] = 9700, ["WikiProject_Bridges_and_Tunnels/class"] = 9700, ["WikiProject_Bristol"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_British_Empire"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_British_Overseas_Territories"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_British_Overseas_Territories/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_British_crime"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_Buckinghamshire"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Buddhism"] = 7600, ["WikiProject_Buddhism/class"] = 7600, ["WikiProject_Bulgaria"] = 20000, ["WikiProject_Bulgaria/class"] = 20000, ["WikiProject_Burma"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Buses"] = 5500, ["WikiProject_Buses/class"] = 5500, ["WikiProject_Business"] = 34000, ["WikiProject_Business/class"] = 34000, ["WikiProject_Business_&_Economics"] = 3700, ["WikiProject_COVID-19"] = 4400, ["WikiProject_COVID-19/class"] = 4400, ["WikiProject_California"] = 71000, ["WikiProject_California/class"] = 71000, ["WikiProject_Cambodia"] = 4600, ["WikiProject_Cambodia/class"] = 4600, ["WikiProject_Cambodia/to_do"] = 4600, ["WikiProject_Canada"] = 193000, ["WikiProject_Canada/TFtext"] = 151000, ["WikiProject_Canada/class"] = 193000, ["WikiProject_Canada_Roads"] = 2800, ["WikiProject_Canada_Roads/ProvinceName"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Canada_Roads/taskforce"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Canada_Roads/tfnested"] = 2800, ["WikiProject_Canada_Roads/tfnestedlink"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Canadian_football"] = 9200, ["WikiProject_Cannabis"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Cannabis/class"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Canoeing_and_Kayaking"] = 7000, ["WikiProject_Caribbean"] = 44000, ["WikiProject_Caribbean/class"] = 44000, ["WikiProject_Cartoon_Network"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Cartoon_Network/class"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Cartoon_Network/importance"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Catalan-speaking_Countries"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Catalan-speaking_countries"] = 4200, ["WikiProject_Categories"] = 5200, ["WikiProject_Catholicism"] = 51000, ["WikiProject_Catholicism/class"] = 51000, ["WikiProject_Cemeteries"] = 4700, ["WikiProject_Central_America"] = 4900, ["WikiProject_Central_America/class"] = 4900, ["WikiProject_Central_Asia"] = 18000, ["WikiProject_Cephalopods"] = 3200, ["WikiProject_Cephalopods/class"] = 3200, ["WikiProject_Chemicals"] = 23000, ["WikiProject_Chemicals/class"] = 23000, ["WikiProject_Chemistry"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Chemistry/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Cheshire"] = 4200, ["WikiProject_Chess"] = 7600, ["WikiProject_Chess/class"] = 7600, ["WikiProject_Chess/importance"] = 7600, ["WikiProject_Chicago"] = 40000, ["WikiProject_Chicago/class"] = 40000, ["WikiProject_Children's_literature"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_Children's_literature/class"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_Chile"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Chile/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_China"] = 87000, ["WikiProject_China/class"] = 87000, ["WikiProject_Christian_music"] = 6500, ["WikiProject_Christianity"] = 73000, ["WikiProject_Christianity/class"] = 73000, ["WikiProject_Cities"] = 156000, ["WikiProject_Cities/class"] = 156000, ["WikiProject_Civil_engineering"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Classical_Greece_and_Rome"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Classical_music"] = 28000, ["WikiProject_Cleveland"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Cleveland/class"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Climate_change"] = 3800, ["WikiProject_Cold_War"] = 2800, ["WikiProject_College_Basketball"] = 52000, ["WikiProject_College_Basketball/class"] = 52000, ["WikiProject_College_basketball"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_College_football"] = 144000, ["WikiProject_College_football/class"] = 144000, ["WikiProject_College_football/importance"] = 144000, ["WikiProject_Colombia"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Colombia/class"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Colonial_Empires"] = 3700, ["WikiProject_Colonialism"] = 3100, ["WikiProject_Comedy"] = 18000, ["WikiProject_Comedy/class"] = 18000, ["WikiProject_Comics"] = 49000, ["WikiProject_Comics/class"] = 49000, ["WikiProject_Comics/importance"] = 49000, ["WikiProject_Companies"] = 88000, ["WikiProject_Companies/class"] = 88000, ["WikiProject_Composers"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Composers/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Computer_Security"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_Computer_Security/class"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_Computer_science"] = 6800, ["WikiProject_Computer_science/class"] = 6800, ["WikiProject_Computing"] = 42000, ["WikiProject_Computing/class"] = 63000, ["WikiProject_Concerts"] = 4700, ["WikiProject_Connecticut"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Connecticut/class"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Conservatism"] = 8200, ["WikiProject_Conservatism/class"] = 8200, ["WikiProject_Cooperatives"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Cornwall"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_Cornwall/guide"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_Correction_and_Detention_Facilities"] = 4200, ["WikiProject_Costa_Rica"] = 5200, ["WikiProject_Countries"] = 9100, ["WikiProject_Countries/class"] = 9100, ["WikiProject_Country"] = 4200, ["WikiProject_Country_Music"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Country_Music/class"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Cricket"] = 60000, ["WikiProject_Cricket/bchecklist"] = 60000, ["WikiProject_Cricket/class"] = 60000, ["WikiProject_Crime"] = 35000, ["WikiProject_Criminal_Biography"] = 6200, ["WikiProject_Croatia"] = 23000, ["WikiProject_Croatia/class"] = 23000, ["WikiProject_Cuba"] = 7600, ["WikiProject_Cuba/class"] = 7600, ["WikiProject_Culture"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_Curling"] = 7400, ["WikiProject_Curling/class"] = 7400, ["WikiProject_Cycling"] = 36000, ["WikiProject_Cycling/class"] = 36000, ["WikiProject_Cyprus"] = 5500, ["WikiProject_Czech_Republic"] = 30000, ["WikiProject_Dallas-Fort_Worth"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Dams"] = 6400, ["WikiProject_Dance"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Dance/class"] = 8400, ["WikiProject_Death"] = 34000, ["WikiProject_Denmark"] = 31000, ["WikiProject_Derbyshire"] = 2800, ["WikiProject_Devon"] = 5200, ["WikiProject_Dinosaurs"] = 3200, ["WikiProject_Dinosaurs/class"] = 3200, ["WikiProject_Diptera"] = 17000, ["WikiProject_Diptera/class"] = 17000, ["WikiProject_Disability"] = 6400, ["WikiProject_Disability/class"] = 6400, ["WikiProject_Disambiguation"] = 316000, ["WikiProject_Disaster_management"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Discographies"] = 6300, ["WikiProject_Discographies/class"] = 6300, ["WikiProject_Discrimination"] = 4400, ["WikiProject_Disney"] = 6600, ["WikiProject_Disney/class"] = 6600, ["WikiProject_Doctor_Who"] = 4500, ["WikiProject_Doctor_Who/class"] = 4500, ["WikiProject_Dogs"] = 3300, ["WikiProject_Dogs/class"] = 3300, ["WikiProject_Dogs/importance"] = 3300, ["WikiProject_Dorset"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Dungeons_&_Dragons"] = 5500, ["WikiProject_Dungeons_&_Dragons/class"] = 5500, ["WikiProject_Dungeons_&_Dragons/importance"] = 5500, ["WikiProject_Earthquakes"] = 3100, ["WikiProject_EastEnders"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_EastEnders/class"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_East_Anglia"] = 7800, ["WikiProject_Eastern_Orthodoxy"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Ecology"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Economics"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Economics/class"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Ecoregions"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Ecuador"] = 8100, ["WikiProject_Ecuador/class"] = 8100, ["WikiProject_Education"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Egypt"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_El_Salvador"] = 3400, ["WikiProject_Elections"] = 7100, ["WikiProject_Elections_and_Referendums"] = 106000, ["WikiProject_Elections_and_Referendums/class"] = 106000, ["WikiProject_Electrical_engineering"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Electrical_engineering/class"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Electrical_engineering/importance"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Electronic_music"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Electronics"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_Electronics/class"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_Elements"] = 4700, ["WikiProject_Elements/class"] = 4700, ["WikiProject_Energy"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Engineering"] = 8600, ["WikiProject_England"] = 76000, ["WikiProject_Environment"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Equine"] = 7000, ["WikiProject_Espionage"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_Estonia"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_Estonia/class"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_Ethiopia"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_Ethiopia/class"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_Ethnic_groups"] = 10000, ["WikiProject_Ethnic_groups_tasks"] = 10000, ["WikiProject_Europe"] = 17000, ["WikiProject_Europe/class"] = 17000, ["WikiProject_European_Microstates"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_European_Union"] = 8300, ["WikiProject_European_Union/class"] = 8300, ["WikiProject_European_history"] = 6200, ["WikiProject_European_history/class"] = 6200, ["WikiProject_Eurovision"] = 8300, ["WikiProject_Eurovision/class"] = 8300, ["WikiProject_Event_Venues"] = 2000, ["WikiProject_Faroe_Islands"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Fashion"] = 10000, ["WikiProject_Feminism"] = 8300, ["WikiProject_Fencing"] = 7500, ["WikiProject_Fencing/class"] = 7500, ["WikiProject_Festivals"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_Fictional_characters"] = 39000, ["WikiProject_Fictional_characters/class"] = 39000, ["WikiProject_Figure_Skating"] = 6900, ["WikiProject_Fiji"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Fiji/class"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Film"] = 332000, ["WikiProject_Film/B-checklist_categories"] = 332000, ["WikiProject_Film/Checks"] = 332000, ["WikiProject_Film/class"] = 332000, ["WikiProject_Finance"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Finance_&_Investment"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Finance_&_Investment/class"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Finland"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Fire_Service"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_Firearms"] = 8100, ["WikiProject_Firearms/class"] = 8100, ["WikiProject_Fish"] = 7000, ["WikiProject_Fisheries_and_Fishing"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Fisheries_and_Fishing/class"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Fishes"] = 35000, ["WikiProject_Fishes/class"] = 35000, ["WikiProject_Florida"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Florida/class"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Folklore"] = 2000, ["WikiProject_Food_and_Drink"] = 6200, ["WikiProject_Food_and_drink"] = 48000, ["WikiProject_Food_and_drink/class"] = 48000, ["WikiProject_Football"] = 427000, ["WikiProject_Football/class"] = 427000, ["WikiProject_Forestry"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Former_countries"] = 28000, ["WikiProject_Former_countries/class"] = 28000, ["WikiProject_Formula_One"] = 7400, ["WikiProject_Formula_One/class"] = 7400, ["WikiProject_France"] = 156000, ["WikiProject_France/class"] = 156000, ["WikiProject_Fungi"] = 21000, ["WikiProject_Fungi/class"] = 21000, ["WikiProject_Gaelic_games"] = 17000, ["WikiProject_Gambling"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Gambling/class"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Gastropods"] = 42000, ["WikiProject_Gender_Studies"] = 3300, ["WikiProject_Gender_studies"] = 4500, ["WikiProject_Geography"] = 113000, ["WikiProject_Geography/class"] = 113000, ["WikiProject_Geology"] = 23000, ["WikiProject_Geology/class"] = 23000, ["WikiProject_GeorgiaUS"] = 3800, ["WikiProject_Georgia_(U.S._state)"] = 21000, ["WikiProject_Georgia_(U.S._state)/class"] = 21000, ["WikiProject_Georgia_(country)"] = 9200, ["WikiProject_Georgia_(country)/class"] = 9200, ["WikiProject_Germany"] = 145000, ["WikiProject_Germany/class"] = 145000, ["WikiProject_Ghana"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_Ghost_towns"] = 2100, ["WikiProject_Gibraltar"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Gibraltar/class"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Glaciers"] = 3700, ["WikiProject_Glaciers/class"] = 3700, ["WikiProject_Gloucestershire"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Golf"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Greater_Manchester"] = 6100, ["WikiProject_Greater_Manchester/class"] = 6100, ["WikiProject_Greece"] = 47000, ["WikiProject_Greece/class"] = 47000, ["WikiProject_Green_Bay_Packers"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Green_Bay_Packers/class"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Greenland"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Guatemala"] = 4200, ["WikiProject_Guild_of_Copy_Editors"] = 9300, ["WikiProject_Guitarists"] = 3400, ["WikiProject_Guitarists/class"] = 3400, ["WikiProject_Gymnastics"] = 8700, ["WikiProject_Gymnastics/class"] = 8700, ["WikiProject_Haiti"] = 5500, ["WikiProject_Hampshire"] = 4200, ["WikiProject_Handball"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Handball/class"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Hawaii"] = 8500, ["WikiProject_Hawaii/class"] = 8500, ["WikiProject_Health_and_fitness"] = 4000, ["WikiProject_Heraldry"] = 4300, ["WikiProject_Heraldry_and_vexillology"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Heraldry_and_vexillology/class"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Hertfordshire"] = 3400, ["WikiProject_Higher_education"] = 58000, ["WikiProject_Highways"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Highways/Assessment"] = 55000, ["WikiProject_Hinduism"] = 8900, ["WikiProject_Hinduism/class"] = 8900, ["WikiProject_Hip_hop"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_Hip_hop/class"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_Historic_sites"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_History"] = 33000, ["WikiProject_History/class"] = 33000, ["WikiProject_History_of_Science"] = 5100, ["WikiProject_History_of_Science/class"] = 5100, ["WikiProject_Holidays"] = 3900, ["WikiProject_Home_Living"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Honduras"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Honduras/class"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Hong_Kong"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_Hong_Kong/class"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_Horror"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Horror/class"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Horse_racing"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Horse_racing/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Horticulture_and_Gardening"] = 3700, ["WikiProject_Horticulture_and_Gardening/class"] = 3700, ["WikiProject_Hospitals"] = 9900, ["WikiProject_Hospitals/class"] = 9900, ["WikiProject_Hotels"] = 4200, ["WikiProject_Hotels/class"] = 4200, ["WikiProject_Houston"] = 4000, ["WikiProject_Human_rights"] = 9500, ["WikiProject_Hungary"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Ice_Hockey"] = 59000, ["WikiProject_Ice_hockey"] = 3600, ["WikiProject_Iceland"] = 8800, ["WikiProject_Illinois"] = 37000, ["WikiProject_Illinois/class"] = 37000, ["WikiProject_Indexes"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_India"] = 237000, ["WikiProject_India/class"] = 237000, ["WikiProject_Indiana"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Indiana/class"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"] = 4500, ["WikiProject_Indonesia"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Industrial"] = 3800, ["WikiProject_Industrial_design"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Industrial_design/class"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Industrial_tasks"] = 3800, ["WikiProject_Insects"] = 97000, ["WikiProject_Insects/class"] = 97000, ["WikiProject_International_Relations"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_International_relations"] = 43000, ["WikiProject_International_relations/class"] = 43000, ["WikiProject_Internet"] = 8000, ["WikiProject_Internet/class"] = 8000, ["WikiProject_Internet_culture"] = 4600, ["WikiProject_Internet_culture/class"] = 4600, ["WikiProject_Iran"] = 88000, ["WikiProject_Iraq"] = 9500, ["WikiProject_Iraq/class"] = 9500, ["WikiProject_Ireland"] = 92000, ["WikiProject_Ireland_category"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Islam"] = 17000, ["WikiProject_Islam/class"] = 17000, ["WikiProject_Islands"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Isle_of_Man"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_Israel"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Israel/class"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Italy"] = 82000, ["WikiProject_Italy/class"] = 82000, ["WikiProject_Japan"] = 107000, ["WikiProject_Japan/class"] = 107000, ["WikiProject_Jazz"] = 33000, ["WikiProject_Jazz/class"] = 33000, ["WikiProject_Jewish_Women"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Jewish_history"] = 9700, ["WikiProject_Jewish_history/class"] = 9700, ["WikiProject_Jordan"] = 3900, ["WikiProject_Journalism"] = 39000, ["WikiProject_Journalism/class"] = 39000, ["WikiProject_Judaism"] = 20000, ["WikiProject_Kansas"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Kansas/class"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Kent"] = 4400, ["WikiProject_Kingdom_of_Naples"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Korea"] = 44000, ["WikiProject_Kosovo"] = 4200, ["WikiProject_Kurdistan"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Kyrgyzstan"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_LGBT_studies"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_LGBT_studies/class"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Lacrosse"] = 3200, ["WikiProject_Lakes"] = 20000, ["WikiProject_Lancashire_and_Cumbria"] = 8100, ["WikiProject_Languages"] = 18000, ["WikiProject_Languages/class"] = 18000, ["WikiProject_Latin_America"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Latin_America/class"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Latin_music"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Latter_Day_Saint_movement"] = 5000, ["WikiProject_Latter_Day_Saint_movement/class"] = 5000, ["WikiProject_Latvia"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Latvia/class"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Law"] = 56000, ["WikiProject_Law/class"] = 56000, ["WikiProject_Law/portalbox"] = 56000, ["WikiProject_Law_Enforcement"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Law_Enforcement/class"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Leaders_by_year"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Lebanon"] = 8300, ["WikiProject_Lebanon/class"] = 8300, ["WikiProject_Lepidoptera"] = 115000, ["WikiProject_Lepidoptera/class"] = 115000, ["WikiProject_Libraries"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Libraries/class"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Library_of_Congress"] = 2100, ["WikiProject_Lighthouses"] = 3800, ["WikiProject_Lighthouses/class"] = 3800, ["WikiProject_Lincolnshire"] = 4700, ["WikiProject_Linguistics"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Linguistics/class"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Lists"] = 140000, ["WikiProject_Lists/class"] = 140000, ["WikiProject_Literature"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_Lithuania"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_London"] = 34000, ["WikiProject_London/class"] = 34000, ["WikiProject_London_Transport"] = 3200, ["WikiProject_London_Transport/class"] = 3200, ["WikiProject_Lutheranism"] = 3200, ["WikiProject_Luxembourg"] = 5900, ["WikiProject_Macau"] = 2000, ["WikiProject_Magazines"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_Magazines/class"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_Maine"] = 9400, ["WikiProject_Maine/class"] = 9400, ["WikiProject_Malaysia"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Malaysia/class"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Maldives"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Malta"] = 5500, ["WikiProject_Mammals"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Mammals/Bats_Task_Force"] = 2100, ["WikiProject_Mammals/Bats_Task_Force/class"] = 2100, ["WikiProject_Mammals/class"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Maps"] = 7800, ["WikiProject_Marine_life"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Marine_life/class"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Marketing_&_Advertising"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_Marketing_&_Advertising/class"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_Martial_arts"] = 25000, ["WikiProject_Martial_arts/class"] = 25000, ["WikiProject_Maryland"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Maryland/class"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Mathematics"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Mathematics/class"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Media"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Media_franchises"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Media_franchises/class"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Medicine"] = 60000, ["WikiProject_Medicine/class"] = 60000, ["WikiProject_Melanesia"] = 7400, ["WikiProject_Melanesia/class"] = 7400, ["WikiProject_Merseyside"] = 3900, ["WikiProject_Mesoamerica"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Metal"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_Metal/class"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_Metalworking"] = 2100, ["WikiProject_Mexico"] = 38000, ["WikiProject_Miami"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Michigan"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Michigan/class"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Micro"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Microbiology"] = 17000, ["WikiProject_Microbiology/class"] = 17000, ["WikiProject_Micronesia"] = 7200, ["WikiProject_Micronesia/class"] = 7200, ["WikiProject_Microsoft"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Microsoft/class"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Microsoft_Windows"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Microsoft_Windows/class"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Middle_Ages"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Military_History"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Military_history"] = 288000, ["WikiProject_Military_history/Any"] = 288000, ["WikiProject_Military_history/Checklist_categories"] = 163000, ["WikiProject_Military_history/Class"] = 289000, ["WikiProject_Military_history/NormalizedClass"] = 289000, ["WikiProject_Military_history/Task_force_categories"] = 281000, ["WikiProject_Military_history/YesNo"] = 289000, ["WikiProject_Mills"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Mills/class"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Mining"] = 6500, ["WikiProject_Mining/class"] = 6500, ["WikiProject_Minnesota"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_Minnesota/class"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_Missouri"] = 23000, ["WikiProject_Mixed_martial_arts"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_Moldova"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_Molecular_Biology"] = 37000, ["WikiProject_Mongols"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Montana"] = 8700, ["WikiProject_Montana/class"] = 8700, ["WikiProject_Montenegro"] = 5500, ["WikiProject_Morocco"] = 9000, ["WikiProject_Motorcycle_racing"] = 3400, ["WikiProject_Motorcycling"] = 6600, ["WikiProject_Motorsport"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Mountains"] = 36000, ["WikiProject_Mountains/class"] = 36000, ["WikiProject_Multi-sport_events"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Museums"] = 20000, ["WikiProject_Music/Music_genres_task_force"] = 3100, ["WikiProject_Music/Music_genres_task_force/class"] = 3100, ["WikiProject_Musical_Instruments"] = 4400, ["WikiProject_Musical_Theatre"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_Myanmar"] = 10000, ["WikiProject_Myanmar/class"] = 10000, ["WikiProject_Myanmar_(Burma)"] = 3800, ["WikiProject_Mythology"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_NASCAR"] = 6200, ["WikiProject_NBA"] = 6100, ["WikiProject_NFL"] = 7800, ["WikiProject_NRHP"] = 7500, ["WikiProject_National_Basketball_Association"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_National_Basketball_Association/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_National_Football_League"] = 48000, ["WikiProject_National_Football_League/class"] = 48000, ["WikiProject_National_Register_of_Historic_Places"] = 90000, ["WikiProject_National_Register_of_Historic_Places/class"] = 90000, ["WikiProject_National_Register_of_Historic_Places/importance"] = 90000, ["WikiProject_Nepal"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_Nepal/class"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_Netherlands"] = 44000, ["WikiProject_Netherlands/class"] = 44000, ["WikiProject_Neuroscience"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Nevada"] = 8100, ["WikiProject_Nevada/class"] = 8100, ["WikiProject_New_Jersey"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_New_Jersey/class"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_New_York"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_New_York_(state)"] = 45000, ["WikiProject_New_York_(state)/class"] = 45000, ["WikiProject_New_York_City"] = 28000, ["WikiProject_New_York_City/class"] = 28000, ["WikiProject_New_Zealand"] = 69000, ["WikiProject_New_Zealand/class"] = 69000, ["WikiProject_Newspapers"] = 6800, ["WikiProject_Nicaragua"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Nicaragua/class"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Nigeria"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Nigeria/class"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Normandy"] = 4000, ["WikiProject_Norse_history_and_culture"] = 3400, ["WikiProject_North_America"] = 7700, ["WikiProject_North_America/class"] = 7700, ["WikiProject_North_America/importance"] = 7700, ["WikiProject_North_East_England"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_North_Macedonia"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_North_Macedonia/class"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_Northern_Ireland"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_Norway"] = 55000, ["WikiProject_Norway/class"] = 55000, ["WikiProject_Nottinghamshire"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Nottinghamshire/class"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Novels"] = 79000, ["WikiProject_Novels/class"] = 79000, ["WikiProject_Numismatics"] = 7000, ["WikiProject_Occult"] = 2100, ["WikiProject_Occupational_Safety_and_Health"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Occupations"] = 2800, ["WikiProject_Oceania"] = 5400, ["WikiProject_Oceania/class"] = 5400, ["WikiProject_Oceans"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Ohio"] = 6900, ["WikiProject_Ohio/class"] = 6900, ["WikiProject_Oklahoma"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Oklahoma/class"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Olympics"] = 191000, ["WikiProject_Olympics/class"] = 191000, ["WikiProject_Opera"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Orders,_Decorations,_and_Medals"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Orders,_decorations,_and_medals"] = 5200, ["WikiProject_Oregon"] = 25000, ["WikiProject_Oregon/class"] = 25000, ["WikiProject_Oregon/errors"] = 25000, ["WikiProject_Oregon_collab"] = 25000, ["WikiProject_Organizations"] = 36000, ["WikiProject_Organizations/class"] = 36000, ["WikiProject_Organized_Labour"] = 10000, ["WikiProject_Organized_crime"] = 7000, ["WikiProject_Overseas_France"] = 5100, ["WikiProject_Overseas_France/class"] = 5100, ["WikiProject_Pakistan"] = 37000, ["WikiProject_Palaeontology"] = 28000, ["WikiProject_Palaeontology/class"] = 28000, ["WikiProject_Paleontology"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Palestine"] = 10000, ["WikiProject_Palestine/class"] = 10000, ["WikiProject_Panama"] = 3800, ["WikiProject_Papua_New_Guinea"] = 5200, ["WikiProject_Papua_New_Guinea/class"] = 5200, ["WikiProject_Paraguay"] = 3500, ["WikiProject_Paraguay/class"] = 3500, ["WikiProject_Paranormal"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Pennsylvania"] = 47000, ["WikiProject_Peru"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Peru/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Pharmacology"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Philadelphia"] = 9900, ["WikiProject_Philately"] = 4600, ["WikiProject_Philately/class"] = 4600, ["WikiProject_Philippines"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Philosophy"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Philosophy/class"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Photography"] = 8500, ["WikiProject_Photography/class"] = 8500, ["WikiProject_Physics"] = 25000, ["WikiProject_Physics/class"] = 25000, ["WikiProject_Physiology"] = 3900, ["WikiProject_Physiology/class"] = 3900, ["WikiProject_Pittsburgh"] = 5800, ["WikiProject_Pittsburgh_Steelers"] = 2000, ["WikiProject_Plants"] = 111000, ["WikiProject_Plants/class"] = 111000, ["WikiProject_Podcasting"] = 2000, ["WikiProject_Podcasting/class"] = 2000, ["WikiProject_Poetry"] = 18000, ["WikiProject_Pokémon"] = 3300, ["WikiProject_Pokémon/class"] = 3300, ["WikiProject_Poland"] = 103000, ["WikiProject_Poland/class"] = 103000, ["WikiProject_Politics"] = 113000, ["WikiProject_Politics/class"] = 113000, ["WikiProject_Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom"] = 45000, ["WikiProject_Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom/class"] = 45000, ["WikiProject_Polynesia"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Polynesia/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Pop_music"] = 28000, ["WikiProject_Pop_music/class"] = 28000, ["WikiProject_Popular_Culture"] = 3500, ["WikiProject_Pornography"] = 4400, ["WikiProject_Portugal"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Post-hardcore"] = 4200, ["WikiProject_Post-hardcore/class"] = 4200, ["WikiProject_Primates"] = 2100, ["WikiProject_Primates/class"] = 2100, ["WikiProject_Pritzker-GLAM"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Professional_sound_production"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Professional_wrestling"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Professional_wrestling/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Progressive_Rock"] = 3800, ["WikiProject_Progressive_Rock/class"] = 3800, ["WikiProject_Protected_areas"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Protected_areas/class"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Psychology"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Public_Art"] = 6800, ["WikiProject_Public_Art/class"] = 6800, ["WikiProject_Puerto_Rico"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Puerto_Rico/class"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Punk_music"] = 7600, ["WikiProject_Punk_music/class"] = 7600, ["WikiProject_Qatar"] = 3400, ["WikiProject_R&B_and_Soul_Music"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Radio"] = 13000, ["WikiProject_Radio_Stations"] = 42000, ["WikiProject_Record_Charts"] = 4400, ["WikiProject_Record_Labels"] = 9600, ["WikiProject_Record_Production"] = 3100, ["WikiProject_Record_Production/class"] = 3100, ["WikiProject_Redirect"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Redirect/class"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Referees"] = 4300, ["WikiProject_Reference_works"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Reggae"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Regional_and_national_music"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Religion"] = 25000, ["WikiProject_Religion/class"] = 25000, ["WikiProject_Religious_texts"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_Republic_of_Macedonia"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Retailing"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Retailing/class"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Retailing/importance"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Rivers"] = 51000, ["WikiProject_Robotics"] = 3000, ["WikiProject_Robotics/class"] = 3000, ["WikiProject_Rock"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Rock_music"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Rock_music/class"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Rocketry"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Rocketry/class"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Rocketry/importance"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Rocks_and_minerals"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Rodents"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Rodents/class"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Role-playing_games"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_Role-playing_games/class"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_Romania"] = 36000, ["WikiProject_Romania/class"] = 36000, ["WikiProject_Rome"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_Roots_music"] = 4000, ["WikiProject_Rowing"] = 10000, ["WikiProject_Royalty_and_Nobility"] = 3500, ["WikiProject_Rugby_league"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_Rugby_league/class"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_Rugby_union"] = 32000, ["WikiProject_Running"] = 21000, ["WikiProject_Russia"] = 108000, ["WikiProject_Russia/class"] = 108000, ["WikiProject_Sailing"] = 9600, ["WikiProject_Saints"] = 5900, ["WikiProject_San_Diego"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_San_Diego/class"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_Saudi_Arabia"] = 6800, ["WikiProject_Schools"] = 72000, ["WikiProject_Schools/class"] = 72000, ["WikiProject_Science"] = 6200, ["WikiProject_Science/class"] = 6200, ["WikiProject_Science_Fiction"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Science_Fiction/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Scotland"] = 47000, ["WikiProject_Scottish_Islands"] = 3200, ["WikiProject_Scouting"] = 7300, ["WikiProject_Scouting/class"] = 7300, ["WikiProject_Scuba_diving"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Scuba_diving/class"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Sculpture"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Serbia"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Serbia/class"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Serial_Killer_task_force"] = 3100, ["WikiProject_Sexology_and_sexuality"] = 7400, ["WikiProject_Sexology_and_sexuality/class"] = 7400, ["WikiProject_Sexuality"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_Ships"] = 83000, ["WikiProject_Ships/class"] = 83000, ["WikiProject_Shipwrecks"] = 6300, ["WikiProject_Shopping_Centers"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_Singapore"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Singapore/class"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Skepticism"] = 5100, ["WikiProject_Skepticism/class"] = 5100, ["WikiProject_Skiing_and_Snowboarding"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Skyscrapers"] = 4800, ["WikiProject_Slovakia"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Slovenia"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_Slovenia/class"] = 19000, ["WikiProject_Snooker"] = 2800, ["WikiProject_Snooker/class"] = 2800, ["WikiProject_Soap_Operas"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Soap_Operas/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Socialism"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Socialism/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Sociology"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Sociology/class"] = 14000, ["WikiProject_Softball"] = 4500, ["WikiProject_Software"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Software/class"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Solar_System"] = 42000, ["WikiProject_Solar_System/class"] = 42000, ["WikiProject_Somalia"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Somerset"] = 4700, ["WikiProject_Somerset/class"] = 4700, ["WikiProject_Songs"] = 185000, ["WikiProject_Songs/class"] = 185000, ["WikiProject_South_Africa"] = 31000, ["WikiProject_South_Africa/class"] = 31000, ["WikiProject_South_America"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_South_America/class"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_South_Dakota"] = 7500, ["WikiProject_South_Korea"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Southeast_Asia"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Soviet_Union"] = 21000, ["WikiProject_Soviet_Union/class"] = 21000, ["WikiProject_Spaceflight"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Spaceflight/class"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Spain"] = 67000, ["WikiProject_Speed_Skating"] = 5000, ["WikiProject_Spiders"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Spiders/class"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Sports"] = 85000, ["WikiProject_Sports/class"] = 85000, ["WikiProject_Sports_Car_Racing"] = 3000, ["WikiProject_Sports_facilities_task_force"] = 5100, ["WikiProject_Squash"] = 2300, ["WikiProject_Sri_Lanka"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_St._Louis"] = 2800, ["WikiProject_Star_Trek"] = 3800, ["WikiProject_Star_Trek/class"] = 3800, ["WikiProject_Star_Wars"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Star_Wars/class"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Statistics"] = 5700, ["WikiProject_Statistics/class"] = 5700, ["WikiProject_Stub_sorting"] = 52000, ["WikiProject_Surrey"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Sussex"] = 4000, ["WikiProject_Sweden"] = 60000, ["WikiProject_Swimming"] = 34000, ["WikiProject_Switzerland"] = 35000, ["WikiProject_Switzerland/class"] = 35000, ["WikiProject_Syria"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Systems"] = 4300, ["WikiProject_Systems/class"] = 4300, ["WikiProject_Table_tennis"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Taiwan"] = 18000, ["WikiProject_Taiwan/class"] = 18000, ["WikiProject_Tajikistan"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Tajikistan/class"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Tambayan_Philippines"] = 38000, ["WikiProject_Technology"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Technology/class"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Telecommunications"] = 8100, ["WikiProject_Telecommunications/class"] = 8100, ["WikiProject_Television"] = 201000, ["WikiProject_Television/class"] = 201000, ["WikiProject_Televison"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Templates"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Tennessee"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Tennis"] = 52000, ["WikiProject_Terrorism"] = 8500, ["WikiProject_Terrorism/class"] = 8500, ["WikiProject_Textile_Arts"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Thailand"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_Thailand/class"] = 22000, ["WikiProject_The_Beatles"] = 5000, ["WikiProject_The_Beatles/class"] = 5000, ["WikiProject_Theatre"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Theatre/class"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Tibet"] = 3400, ["WikiProject_Time"] = 8600, ["WikiProject_Toys"] = 3500, ["WikiProject_Toys/class"] = 3500, ["WikiProject_Trains"] = 135000, ["WikiProject_Trains/class"] = 135000, ["WikiProject_Trains/portalbox"] = 135000, ["WikiProject_Transport"] = 15000, ["WikiProject_Travel_and_Tourism"] = 6300, ["WikiProject_Travel_and_Tourism/class"] = 6300, ["WikiProject_Tree_of_Life"] = 6300, ["WikiProject_Tree_of_Life/class"] = 6300, ["WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago"] = 4600, ["WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/class"] = 4600, ["WikiProject_Tunisia"] = 4500, ["WikiProject_Tunisia/class"] = 4500, ["WikiProject_Turkey"] = 50000, ["WikiProject_Turtles"] = 3600, ["WikiProject_Turtles/class"] = 3600, ["WikiProject_Typography"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Typography/class"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_U.S._Congress"] = 20000, ["WikiProject_U.S._Roads"] = 35000, ["WikiProject_U.S._Roads/StateName"] = 34000, ["WikiProject_U.S._Roads/articletest"] = 35000, ["WikiProject_U.S._Roads/class"] = 35000, ["WikiProject_U.S._Roads/hookcounter"] = 35000, ["WikiProject_U.S._Roads/issuecounter"] = 35000, ["WikiProject_U.S._Roads/link"] = 34000, ["WikiProject_U.S._Roads/name"] = 34000, ["WikiProject_U.S._Roads/shield"] = 34000, ["WikiProject_U.S._Roads/subtopic"] = 34000, ["WikiProject_U.S._Supreme_Court_cases"] = 4500, ["WikiProject_UK_Parliament_constituencies"] = 2100, ["WikiProject_UK_Politics"] = 2100, ["WikiProject_UK_Roads"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_UK_geography"] = 30000, ["WikiProject_USA"] = 3300, ["WikiProject_Ukraine"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Ukraine/class"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_United_Arab_Emirates"] = 6000, ["WikiProject_United_Kingdom"] = 58000, ["WikiProject_United_Kingdom/class"] = 58000, ["WikiProject_United_States"] = 603000, ["WikiProject_United_States/class"] = 603000, ["WikiProject_United_States_History"] = 3900, ["WikiProject_United_States_History/class"] = 3900, ["WikiProject_United_States_Territories"] = 4300, ["WikiProject_United_States_Territories/class"] = 4300, ["WikiProject_United_States_courts_and_judges"] = 5100, ["WikiProject_Universities"] = 36000, ["WikiProject_University_of_California"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_University_of_Cambridge"] = 2500, ["WikiProject_University_of_Oxford"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_University_of_Oxford/class"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_University_of_Pennsylvania"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_Urban_studies_and_planning"] = 4600, ["WikiProject_Uruguay"] = 9100, ["WikiProject_Uruguay/class"] = 9100, ["WikiProject_Userboxes"] = 46000, ["WikiProject_Veganism_and_Vegetarianism"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Veganism_and_Vegetarianism/class"] = 2200, ["WikiProject_Venezuela"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Venezuela/class"] = 11000, ["WikiProject_Veterinary_medicine"] = 2000, ["WikiProject_Veterinary_medicine/class"] = 2000, ["WikiProject_Video_Games"] = 5500, ["WikiProject_Video_games"] = 97000, ["WikiProject_Video_games/class"] = 97000, ["WikiProject_Video_games/importance"] = 97000, ["WikiProject_Vietnam"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Villages"] = 10000, ["WikiProject_Virginia"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Virginia/class"] = 27000, ["WikiProject_Viruses"] = 7000, ["WikiProject_Viruses/class"] = 7000, ["WikiProject_Visual_Arts"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Visual_arts"] = 73000, ["WikiProject_Volcanoes"] = 6200, ["WikiProject_Volcanoes/class"] = 6200, ["WikiProject_Volleyball"] = 16000, ["WikiProject_Wales"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Wales/class"] = 26000, ["WikiProject_Warwickshire"] = 2400, ["WikiProject_Water_polo"] = 7100, ["WikiProject_Water_sports"] = 9300, ["WikiProject_Weather"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Weather/class"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_Websites"] = 4500, ["WikiProject_Websites/class"] = 4500, ["WikiProject_West_Midlands"] = 3900, ["WikiProject_Western_Asia"] = 9800, ["WikiProject_Western_Asia/class"] = 9800, ["WikiProject_Westerns"] = 7700, ["WikiProject_Westerns/class"] = 7700, ["WikiProject_Wiltshire"] = 2600, ["WikiProject_Wine"] = 5100, ["WikiProject_Wine/class"] = 5100, ["WikiProject_Wisconsin"] = 29000, ["WikiProject_Wisconsin/class"] = 29000, ["WikiProject_Women"] = 86000, ["WikiProject_Women's_Health"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Women's_History"] = 59000, ["WikiProject_Women's_history"] = 2800, ["WikiProject_Women's_sport"] = 113000, ["WikiProject_Women/class"] = 86000, ["WikiProject_Women_Writers"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Women_artists"] = 17000, ["WikiProject_Women_in_Business"] = 8500, ["WikiProject_Women_in_Music"] = 38000, ["WikiProject_Women_in_music"] = 25000, ["WikiProject_Women_music"] = 2700, ["WikiProject_Women_scientists"] = 21000, ["WikiProject_Women_writers"] = 61000, ["WikiProject_Writing_systems"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Writing_systems/class"] = 4100, ["WikiProject_Years"] = 502000, ["WikiProject_Yemen"] = 4300, ["WikiProject_Yorkshire"] = 24000, ["WikiProject_Yugoslavia"] = 5600, ["WikiProject_Zimbabwe"] = 4600, ["WikiProject_Zimbabwe/class"] = 4600, ["WikiProject_Zoo"] = 2800, ["WikiProject_banner_shell"] = 2650000, ["WikiProject_banner_shell/styles.css"] = 2650000, ["WikiProject_cleanup_group"] = 5300, ["WikiProject_cleanup_list"] = 12000, ["WikiProject_cleanup_listing"] = 7900, ["WikiProject_description_page"] = 2900, ["WikiProject_status"] = 2600, ["WikiProjectbasename"] = 2400, ["Wiki_Loves_Pride_talk"] = 2300, ["Wikibooks"] = 2600, ["Wikibooks-inline"] = 6400, ["Wikibreak"] = 2300, ["Wikidata"] = 430000, ["WikidataCheck"] = 444000, ["WikidataCoord"] = 5900, ["Wikidata_entity_link"] = 35000, ["Wikidata_image"] = 856000, ["Wikidata_list"] = 3500, ["Wikidata_list_end"] = 3400, ["Wikidata_location"] = 3300, ["Wikidata_redirect"] = 32000, ["Wikidata_sitelink"] = 71000, ["Wikiedu.org_course_header"] = 5200, ["Wikinews"] = 3400, ["Wikipedia's_sister_projects/styles.css"] = 4000, ["Wikipedia_Embassy_link"] = 4400, ["Wikipedia_ads"] = 3600, ["Wikipedia_category"] = 17000, ["Wikipedia_logs"] = 2400, ["Wikipedia_other"] = 16000, ["Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines"] = 3400, ["Wikiproject_Userboxes"] = 2500, ["Wikiquote"] = 37000, ["Wikiquote-inline"] = 2500, ["Wikisource"] = 11000, ["Wikisource-inline"] = 5400, ["Wikisource_author"] = 5000, ["Wikisourcelang"] = 2200, ["Wikispecies"] = 39000, ["Wikispecies-inline"] = 12000, ["Wikivoyage"] = 12000, ["Wikivoyage-inline"] = 5700, ["Wikt"] = 3100, ["Wikt-lang"] = 2000, ["Wiktionary"] = 65000, ["Wiktionary-inline"] = 2500, ["Wiktionarypar"] = 2000, ["Wine"] = 2500, ["Wink"] = 2100, ["Winners"] = 4800, ["Winning_percentage"] = 30000, ["Winpct"] = 5000, ["Won"] = 35000, ["Workpage"] = 4600, ["Works_year_header"] = 4300, ["Works_year_header/helper"] = 4400, ["WorldCat_id"] = 4700, ["WorldFootball.net"] = 16000, ["World_Athletics"] = 13000, ["World_Rowing"] = 2200, ["World_Series_Year"] = 6200, ["Worldcat_id"] = 4600, ["Worldfootball.net"] = 3500, ["Wpbs"] = 5200, ["Wrap"] = 47000, ["Writer_icon"] = 6000, ["Writer_icon2"] = 6000, ["Writing-mode"] = 2300, ["Wsy"] = 5600, ["Module:WDL"] = 8300, ["Module:WLink"] = 62000, ["Module:WPMILHIST_Infobox_style"] = 183000, ["Module:WPSHIPS_utilities"] = 40000, ["Module:WPSHIPS_utilities/data"] = 40000, ["Module:Wd"] = 1540000, ["Module:Wd/i18n"] = 1540000, ["Module:Weather_box"] = 22000, ["Module:Weather_box/colors"] = 22000, ["Module:Weather_box/row"] = 22000, ["Module:Webarchive"] = 449000, ["Module:Webarchive/data"] = 449000, ["Module:Wide_image"] = 10000, ["Module:Wikidata"] = 123000, ["Module:WikidataCheck"] = 456000, ["Module:WikidataCoord"] = 5900, ["Module:WikidataIB"] = 1120000, ["Module:WikidataIB/nolinks"] = 1120000, ["Module:WikidataIB/titleformats"] = 1120000, ["Module:WikidataIdentifiers"] = 2500, ["Module:Wikipedia_ads"] = 3600, ["Module:Wikipedia_ads/data"] = 3800, ["Module:Wikipedia_ads/list"] = 3800, } b3f6caksst3evljx2ym7nhh5e7ixern 828 386669 2443750 2022-07-28T09:39:07Z 182.2.170.32 ←Mambuek laman baisi "require('Module:No globals') local p = {} local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local namespace = title.namespace local testcases = (string.sub(title.subpageText,1,9) == 'testcases') --[[==========================================================================]] --[[ Category functions ]] --[[==========================================================================]] local function addCat( cat ) if cat a..." Scribunto text/plain require('Module:No globals') local p = {} local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local namespace = title.namespace local testcases = (string.sub(title.subpageText,1,9) == 'testcases') --[[==========================================================================]] --[[ Category functions ]] --[[==========================================================================]] local function addCat( cat ) if cat and cat ~= '' then return '[[Category:'..cat..']]'..p.redCatLink(cat) end return '' end function p.getCatForId( id ) local cat = '' if namespace == 0 then cat = 'Articles with '..id..' identifiers' end return addCat(cat) end function p.redCatLink( cat ) --cat == 'Blah' (not 'Category:Blah', not '[[Category:Blah]]') if cat and cat ~= '' and testcases == false and mw.title.new(cat, 14).exists == false then return '[[Category:Pages with red-linked authority control categories]]' end return '' end function p.createRow( id, rawValues, link, links, withUid, specialCat, prefix) local faultyCat = 'Articles with faulty '..(specialCat or id)..' identifiers' if links then -- all links[] use withUid = false; no check needed local row = '' if prefix then row = row..'*'..prefix end for i, l in ipairs( links ) do if i == 1 and not prefix then row = row..'*' else row = row..'\n**' end if l then row = row..'<span class="uid">'..l..'</span>' else row = row..'<span class="error">The '..id..' id '..rawValues[i]..' is not valid.</span>'..addCat(faultyCat) end end return row..'\n' elseif link then -- All IDs that have a prefix support multiple identifiers, so prefix is not needed if withUid then return '*<span class="nowrap"><span class="uid">'..link..'</span></span>\n' end return '*<span class="nowrap">'..link..'</span>\n' end return '* <span class="error">The '..id..' id '..rawValues..' is not valid.</span>'..addCat(faultyCat)..'\n' end --[[==========================================================================]] --[[ Property formatting functions ]] --[[==========================================================================]] -- If a link has a suitable entry in the global inter-wiki prefix table at [[:m:Interwiki_map]], -- please consider routing through this prefix rather than as external link URL. -- This will ease future maintenance as necessary updates to the link can be centrally carried out there rather than by updating this module. -- The "external link" icon would disappear for such entries. function p.aagLink( id, label) --P3372's format regex: \d+ (e.g. 1) if not id:match( '^%d+$' ) then return false end return '[https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/'..id..'/ '..(label or 'Auckland')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'AAG' ) end function p.acmLink( id, label ) --P864's format regex: \d{11} (e.g. 12345678901) if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[https://dl.acm.org/profile/'..id..' '..(label or 'Association for Computing Machinery')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'ACM-DL' ) end function p.adbLink( id, label ) --P1907's format regex: [a-z][-a-z]+-([1-3]\d|[1-9])\d{0,3} (e.g. barton-sir-edmund-toby-71) if not id:match( '^[a-z][-a-z]+-[1-3]%d%d?%d?%d?$' ) and not id:match( '^[a-z][-a-z]+-[1-9]%d?%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/'..id..' '..(label or 'Australia')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'ADB' ) end function p.admiraltyLink(id,label) --P3562's format regex: [A-Q]\d{4}(\.\d+)? (e.g. D1204.1) if not id:match('^[A-Q]%d%d%d%d$') and not id:match('^[A-Q]%d%d%d%d%.%d+$') then return false end return id..p.getCatForId( 'admiralty' ) end function p.agsaLink( id, label ) --P6804's format regex: [1-9]\d* (e.g. 3625) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d*$' ) then return false end return '[https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/'..id..'/ '..(label or 'South Australia')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'AGSA' ) end function p.ARLHSLink(id,label) --P2980's format regex: [A-Z]{3}\d{3,4}[A-Z]?| e.g. LAT023 if not id:match('^[A-Z][A-Z][A-Z]%d%d%d%d?[A-Z]?$') then return false end return '[http://wlol.arlhs.com/lighthouse/'..id..'.html '..(label or 'ARLHS')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'ARLHS' ) end function p.autoresuyLink( id, label ) --P2558's format regex: [1-9]\d{0,4} (e.g. 12345) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[https://autores.uy/autor/'..id..' '..(label or 'Uruguay')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'autores.uy' ) end function p.awrLink( id, label ) --P4186's format regex: (([A-Z]{3}\d{4})|([A-Z]{2}\d{5}))[a-z] (e.g. PR00768b) if not id:match( '^[A-Z][A-Z][A-Z]%d%d%d%d[a-z]$' ) and not id:match( '^[A-Z][A-Z]%d%d%d%d%d[a-z]$' ) then return false end return '[http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/'..id..'.htm '..(label or 'Australian Women\'s Register')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'AWR' ) end function p.bibsysLink( id, label ) --P1015's format regex: [1-9]\d* or [1-9](\d{0,8}|\d{12}) (e.g. 1234567890123) --TODO: follow up @ [[d:Property talk:P1015#Discrepancy between the 2 regex constraints]] or escalate/investigate if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) and not id:match( '^[1-9]%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/'..id..' '..(label or 'Norway')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'BIBSYS' ) end function p.bildLink( id, label ) --P2092's format regex: \d+ (e.g. 1) if not id:match( '^%d+$' ) then return false end return '[https://www.bildindex.de/document/obj'..id..' '..(label or 'Bildindex (Germany)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'Bildindex' ) end function p.bncLink( id, label ) --P1890's format regex: \d{9} (e.g. 123456789) if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number='..id..' '..(label or 'Chile')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'BNC' ) end function p.bneLink( id, label ) --P950's format regex: (XX|FF|a)\d{4,7}|(bima|bimo|bica|bis[eo]|bivi|Mise|Mimo|Mima)\d{10} (e.g. XX1234567) if not id:match( '^[XF][XF]%d%d%d%d%d?%d?%d?$' ) and not id:match( '^a%d%d%d%d%d?%d?%d?$' ) and not id:match( '^bi[mcsv][aoei]%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) and not id:match( '^Mi[sm][eoa]%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id='..id..' '..(label or 'Spain')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'BNE' ) --no https as of 9/2019 end function p.bnfLink( id, label ) --P268's format regex: \d{8}[0-9bcdfghjkmnpqrstvwxz] (e.g. 123456789) if not id:match( '^c?b?%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[0-9bcdfghjkmnpqrstvwxz]$' ) then return false end --Add cb prefix if it has been removed if not id:match( '^cb.+$' ) then id = 'cb'..id end return '[https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/'..id..' '..(label or 'France')..'] [https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/'..id..' (data)]'..p.getCatForId( 'BNF' ) end function p.botanistLink( id, label ) --P428's format regex: ('t )?(d')?(de )?(la )?(van (der )?)?(Ma?c)?(De)?(Di)?\p{Lu}?C?['\p{Ll}]*([-'. ]*(van )?(y )?(d[ae][nr]?[- ])?(Ma?c)?[\p{Lu}bht]?C?['\p{Ll}]*)*\.? ?f?\.? (e.g. L.) --not easily/meaningfully implementable in Lua's regex since "(this)?" is not allowed... if not mw.ustring.match( id, "^[%u%l%d%. '-]+$" ) then --better than nothing return false end id = id:gsub(' +', '%%20') return '[https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation='..id..' '..(label or 'International Plant Names Index')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'Botanist' ) end function p.bpnLink( id, label ) --P651's format regex: \d{6,8} (e.g. 00123456) if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) and --original format regex, changed 8/2019 to not id:match( '^0?%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) and --allow 1-2 leading 0s, allowed by the website not id:match( '^0?0?%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/'..id..' '..(label or 'Netherlands')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'BPN' ) --no https as of 9/2019 end function p.canticLink( id, label ) --P1273's format regex: a\d{7}[0-9x] (e.g. a10640745) if not id:match( '^a%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[%dx]$' ) then return false end return '[http://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/'..id..' '..(label or 'Catalonia')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'CANTIC' ) --no https as of 10/2019 end function p.ccgLink( id, label ) --P3920's format regex: ([NAIP])?[1-9]\d*(\.\d+)? (e.g. A1761) if not id:match( '^[NAIP]?[1-9]%d*$' ) and not id:match( '^[NAIP]?[1-9]%d*%.%d+$' ) then return false end return id..p.getCatForId( 'CCG' ) end function p.ciniiLink( id, label ) --P271's format regex: DA\d{7}[\dX] (e.g. DA12345678) if not id:match( '^DA%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[%dX]$' ) then return false end return '[https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/'..id..'?l=en '..(label or 'CiNii (Japan)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'CINII' ) end function p.cwgcLink( id, label ) --P1908's format regex: [1-9]\d* (e.g. 75228351) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d*$' ) then return false end return '[https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/'..id..'/ '..(label or 'Commonwealth War Graves Commission')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'CWGC' ) end function p.emuLink( id, label ) --P4613's format regex: \d{1,6} (e.g. 15409 (or 015409)) if not id:match( '^%d%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id='..id..' '..(label or 'Ukraine')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'EMU' ) end function p.daaoLink( id, label ) --P1707's format regex: [a-z\-]+\d* (e.g. rolf-harris) if not id:match( '^[a-z%-]+%d*$' ) then return false end return '[https://www.daao.org.au/bio/'..id..' '..(label or 'Australian Artists')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'DAAO' ) end function p.dblpLink( id, label ) --P2456's format regex: \d{2,3} /\d+(-\d+)?|[a-z] /[a-zA-Z][0-9A-Za-z]*(-\d+)? (e.g. 123/123) if not id:match( '^%d%d%d?/%d+$' ) and not id:match( '^%d%d%d?/%d+%-%d+$' ) and not id:match( '^[a-z]/[a-zA-Z][0-9A-Za-z]*$' ) and not id:match( '^[a-z]/[a-zA-Z][0-9A-Za-z]*%-%d+$' ) then return false end return '[https://dblp.org/pid/'..id..' '..(label or 'DBLP (computer science)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'DBLP' ) end function p.dibLink( id, label ) --P6829's format regex: a\d{4}\d?(-[A-D])? (e.g. a1953) if not id:match( '^a%d%d%d%d%d?%-?[A-D]?$' ) then return false end return '[https://dib.cambridge.org/viewReadPage.do?articleId='..id..' '..(label or 'Ireland')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'DIB' ) end function p.dsiLink( id, label ) --P2349's format regex: [1-9]\d* (e.g. 1538) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d*$' ) then return false end return '[http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value='..id..' '..(label or 'Scientific illustrators')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'DSI' ) end function p.dtbioLink( id, label ) --P7902's format regex: 1[0-9]{7,8}[0-9X] (e.g. 118554700) if not id:match( '^1[0-9]%d%d%d%d%d%d%d?[0-9X]$' ) then return false end return '[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd'..id..'.html?language=en '..(label or 'Germany')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'DTBIO' ) end function p.fastLink( id, label ) --P2163's format regex: [1-9]\d{0,7} (e.g. 1916996) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[http://id.worldcat.org/fast/'..id..'/ '..(label or 'Faceted Application of Subject Terminology')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'FAST' ) end function p.fnzaLink( id, label ) --P6792's format regex: [1-9]\d* (e.g. 9785) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d*$' ) then return false end return '[https://findnzartists.org.nz/artist/'..id..'/ '..(label or 'New Zealand Artists')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'FNZA' ) end function p.gndLink( id, label ) --P227's format regex: 1[012]?\d{7}[0-9X]|[47]\d{6}-\d|[1-9]\d{0,7}-[0-9X]|3\d{7}[0-9X] (e.g. 4079154-3) if not id:match( '^1[012]?%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[0-9X]$' ) and not id:match( '^[47]%d%d%d%d%d%d%-%d$' ) and not id:match( '^[1-9]%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%-[0-9X]$' ) and not id:match( '^3%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[0-9X]$' ) then return false end return '[https://d-nb.info/gnd/'..id..' '..(label or 'Germany')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'GND' ) end function p.googleLink( id, label ) --P1960's format regex: [-_0-9A-Za-z]{12} (e.g. CUO0vDcAAAAJ) if not id:match( '^[%-_%d%l%u][%-_%d%l%u][%-_%d%l%u][%-_%d%l%u][%-_%d%l%u][%-_%d%l%u][%-_%d%l%u][%-_%d%l%u][%-_%d%l%u][%-_%d%l%u][%-_%d%l%u][%-_%d%l%u]$' ) then return false end return '[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user='..id..' '..(label or 'Google Scholar')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'Google Scholar' ) end function p.hdsLink( id, label ) --P902's format regex: \d{6} (e.g. 050123) if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/'..id..' '..(label or 'Historical Dictionary of Switzerland')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'HDS' ) end function p.iaafLink( id, label ) --P1146's format regex: [0-9][0-9]* (e.g. 012) if not id:match( '^%d+$' ) then return false end return '[https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/'..id..' '..(label or 'World Athletics')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'IAAF' ) end function p.iccuLink( id, label ) --P396's format regex: \D{2}[A-Z0-3]V\d{6} (e.g. CFIV000163) if not id:match( '^%u%u[%u0-3]V%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then --legacy: %u used here instead of %D (but the faulty ID cat is empty, out of ~12k uses) return false end return '[https://opac.sbn.it/nome/'..id..' '..(label or 'Italy')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'ICCU' ) end function p.iciaLink( id, label ) --P1736's format regex: \d+ (e.g. 1) if not id:match( '^%d+$' ) then return false end return '[https://www.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/?artist='..id..' '..(label or 'ICIA (Israel)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'ICIA' ) end function p.ieuLink( id, label ) --P9070's format regex: [A-Z]\\[A-Z]\\[A-Za-z0-9]+ (e.g. K\Y\Kyiv) if not id:match( '^[A-Z]\\[A-Z]\\%w+$' ) then return false end return '[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\'..id..' '..(label or 'Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'IEU' ) end function p.isniLink( id, label ) id = p.validateIsni( id ) --e.g. 0000-0000-6653-4145 if not id then return false end return '[https://isni.org/isni/'..id..' '..(label or 'ISNI')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'ISNI' ) end function p.j9uLink( id, label ) --P8189's format regex: 9870(0|1)\d{8}05171 (e.g. 987007305652505171) if not id:match( '^9870[0-1]%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d05171$' ) then return false end return '[http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request='..id..' '..(label or 'Israel')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'J9U' ) end function p.jocondeLink( id, label ) --P347's format regex: [\-0-9A-Za-z]{11} (e.g. 12345678901) local regex = '^'..string.rep('[%-0-9A-Za-z]', 11)..'$' if not id:match( regex ) then return false end return '[https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/'..id..' '..(label or 'Joconde (France)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'Joconde' ) end function p.kulturnavLink( id, label ) --P1248's format regex: [0-9a-f]{8}\-[0-9a-f]{4}\-[0-9a-f]{4}\-[0-9a-f]{4}\-[0-9a-f]{12} (e.g. 12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB) if not id:match( '^%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x$' ) then return false end return '[http://kulturnav.org/'..id..' '..(label or 'KulturNav (Norway)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'KULTURNAV' ) --no https as of 9/2019 end function p.lccnLink( id, label ) local parts = p.splitLccn( id ) --e.g. n78039510 if not parts then return false end local lccnType = parts[1] ~= 'sh' and 'names' or 'subjects' id = parts[1] .. parts[2] .. p.append( parts[3], '0', 6 ) return '[https://id.loc.gov/authorities/'..lccnType..'/'..id..' '..(label or 'United States')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'LCCN' ) end function p.lirLink( id, label ) --P886's format regex: \d+ (e.g. 1) if not id:match( '^%d+$' ) then return false end return '[http://www.e-lir.ch/e-LIR___Lexicon.'..id..'.450.0.html '..(label or 'Lexicon Istoric Retic (Switzerland)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'LIR' ) --no https as of 9/2019 end function p.lnbLink( id, label ) --P1368's format regex: \d{9} (e.g. 123456789) if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number='..id..'&P_CON_LNG=ENG '..(label or 'Latvia')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'LNB' ) end function p.mathsnLink( id, label ) --P4955's format regex: [1-9]\d{4,6} (e.g. 175270) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d%d%d%d%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/'..id..' '..(label or 'MathSciNet')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'MATHSN' ) end function p.mbaLink( id, label ) --P434's format regex: [0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12} (e.g. 12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB) if not id:match( '^%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x$' ) then return false end local url = 'https://musicbrainz.org/artist/'..id local cat = p.getCatForId( 'MusicBrainz' )--special cat name if label then return '['..url..' '..label..']'..cat else return '[[MBA (identifier)|MusicBrainz]] ['..url..' artist]'..cat end end function p.mbareaLink( id, label ) --P982's format regex: [0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12} (e.g. 12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB) if not id:match( '^%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x$' ) then return false end local url = 'https://musicbrainz.org/area/'..id local cat = p.getCatForId( 'MusicBrainz area' )--special cat name if label then return '['..url..' '..label..']'..cat else return '[[MBAREA (identifier)|MusicBrainz]] ['..url..' area]'..cat end end function p.mbiLink( id, label ) --P1330's format regex: [0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12} (e.g. 12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB) if not id:match( '^%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x$' ) then return false end local url = 'https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/'..id local cat = p.getCatForId( 'MusicBrainz instrument' )--special cat name if label then return '['..url..' '..label..']'..cat else return '[[MBI (identifier)|MusicBrainz]] ['..url..' instrument]'..cat end end function p.mblLink( id, label ) --P966's format regex: [0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12} (e.g. 12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB) if not id:match( '^%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x$' ) then return false end local url = 'https://musicbrainz.org/label/'..id local cat = p.getCatForId( 'MusicBrainz label' )--special cat name if label then return '['..url..' '..label..']'..cat else return '[[MBL (identifier)|MusicBrainz]] ['..url..' label]'..cat end end function p.mbpLink( id, label ) --P1004's format regex: [0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12} (e.g. 12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB) if not id:match( '^%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x$' ) then return false end local url = 'https://musicbrainz.org/place/'..id local cat = p.getCatForId( 'MusicBrainz place' )--special cat name if label then return '['..url..' '..label..']'..cat else return '[[MBP (identifier)|MusicBrainz]] ['..url..' place]'..cat end end function p.mbrgLink( id, label ) --P436's format regex: [0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12} (e.g. 12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB) if not id:match( '^%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x$' ) then return false end local url = 'https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/'..id local cat = p.getCatForId( 'MusicBrainz release group' )--special cat name if label then return '['..url..' '..label..']'..cat else return '[[MBRG (identifier)|MusicBrainz]] ['..url..' release group]'..cat end end function p.mbsLink( id, label ) --P1407's format regex: [0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12} (e.g. 12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB) if not id:match( '^%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x$' ) then return false end local url = 'https://musicbrainz.org/series/'..id local cat = p.getCatForId( 'MusicBrainz series' )--special cat name if label then return '['..url..' '..label..']'..cat else return '[[MBS (identifier)|MusicBrainz]] ['..url..' series]'..cat end end function p.mbwLink( id, label ) --P435's format regex: [0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12} (e.g. 12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB) if not id:match( '^%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%-%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x$' ) then return false end local url = 'https://musicbrainz.org/work/'..id local cat = p.getCatForId( 'MusicBrainz work' )--special cat name if label then return '['..url..' '..label..']'..cat else return '[[MBW (identifier)|MusicBrainz]] ['..url..' work]'..cat end end function p.mgpLink( id, label ) --P549's format regex: \d{1,6} (e.g. 123456) if not id:match( '^%d%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id='..id..' '..(label or 'Mathematics Genealogy Project')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'MGP' ) end function p.naraLink( id, label ) --P1225's format regex: ^([1-9]\d{0,8})$ (e.g. 123456789) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/'..id..' '..(label or 'National Archives (US)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NARA' ) end function p.nclLink( id, label ) --P1048's format regex: \d+ (e.g. 1081436) if not id:match( '^%d+$' ) then return false end return '[http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence='..id..'&CON_LNG=ENG '..(label or 'Taiwan')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NCL' ) --no https as of 9/2019 end function p.ndlLink( id, label ) --P349's format regex: 0?\d{8} (e.g. 012345678) if not id:match( '^0?%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/'..id..' '..(label or 'Japan')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NDL' ) end function p.ngaLink(id,label) --P3563's format rgex: 11[0-6]-\d+(\.\d+)? (e.g. 114-7721.2) if not id:match('^11[0-6]%-%d+%.?%d*$') then return false end return '[https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmsi.nga.mil%2FqueryResults%3Fpublications%2Fngalol%2Flights-buoys%3Fvolume%3D%251%26featureNumber%3D%252%26includeRemovals%3Dfalse%26output%3Dhtml&exp=(%5Cd%7B3%7D)-(.*)&id='..id..' '..(label or 'NGA')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NGA' ) end function p.ngvLink( id, label ) --P2041's format regex: \d+ (e.g. 12354) if not id:match( '^%d+$' ) then return false end return '[https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/'..id..'/ '..(label or 'Victoria')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NGV' ) end function p.nkcLink( id, label ) --P691's format regex: [a-z]{2,4}[0-9]{2,14} (e.g. abcd12345678901234) if not id:match( '^[a-z][a-z][a-z]?[a-z]?%d%d%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica='..id..'&CON_LNG=ENG '..(label or 'Czech Republic')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NKC' ) end function p.nlaLink( id, label ) --P409's format regex: [1-9][0-9]{0,11} (e.g. 123456789012) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an'..id..' '..(label or 'Australia')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NLA' ) end function p.nlgLink( id, label ) --P3348's format regex: [1-9]\d* (e.g. 1) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d*$' ) then return false end return '[https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record'..id..' '..(label or 'Greece')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NLG' ) end function p.nliLink( id, label ) --P949's format regex: \d{9} (e.g. 123456789) if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number='..id..'&local_base=nlx10'..' '..(label or 'Israel')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NLI' ) end function p.nlkLink( id, label ) --P5034's format regex: KA.(19|20).{7} (e.g. KAC201501465) if not id:match( '^KA.19.......$' ) and not id:match( '^KA.20.......$' ) then return false end return '[https://librarian.nl.go.kr/LI/contents/L20101000000.do?id='..id..' '..(label or 'Korea')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NLK' ) end function p.nlpLink( id, label ) --P1695's format regex: 9810[0-9]\d* or A[0-9]{7}[0-9X] (e.g. 9810123456789012345 or A10414836) if not id:match( '^9810%d+$' ) and not id:match( '^A%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[%dX]$' ) then return false end return '[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url?p=1695&id='..id..' '..(label or 'Poland')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NLP' ) end function p.nlrLink( id, label ) --P1003's format regex: \d{9} (e.g. 123456789) if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number='..id..' '..(label or 'Romania')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NLR' ) end function p.nskLink( id, label ) --P1375's format regex: \d{9} (e.g. 123456789) if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number='..id..'&local_base=nsk10 '..(label or 'Croatia')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NSK' ) --no https as of 9/2019 end function p.ntaLink( id, label ) --P1006's format regex: \d{8}[\dX] (e.g. 12345678X) if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[%dX]$' ) then return false end return '[http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p'..id..' '..(label or 'Netherlands')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'NTA' ) end function p.orcidLink( id, label ) id = p.validateIsni( id ) --e.g. 0000-0002-7398-5483 if not id then return false end id = id:sub( 1, 4 )..'-'..id:sub( 5, 8 )..'-'..id:sub( 9, 12 )..'-'..id:sub( 13, 16 ) return '[https://orcid.org/'..id..' '..(label or 'ORCID')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'ORCID' ) end function p.picLink( id, label ) --P2750's format regex: [1-9]\d* (e.g. 1) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d*$' ) then return false end return '[https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/'..id..' '..(label or 'Photographers\' Identities')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'PIC' ) end function p.plwabnLink( id, label ) --P7293's format regex: 981[0-9]{8}05606 (e.g. 9810696457305606) if not id:match( '^981%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d05606*$' ) then return false end return '[http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI='..id..' '..(label or 'Poland')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'PLWABN' ) end function p.publonsLink( id, label ) --P3829's format regex: \d+ (e.g. 654601) if not id:match( '^%d+$' ) then return false end return '[https://publons.com/author/'..id..'/ '..(label or 'Publons (researchers)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'Publons' ) end function p.ridLink( id, label ) --P1053's format regex: [A-Z]{1,3}-\d{4}-(19|20)\d\d (e.g. AAS-5150-2020) if not id:match( '^[A-Z][A-Z]?[A-Z]?%-%d%d%d%d%-19%d%d$' ) and not id:match( '^[A-Z][A-Z]?[A-Z]?%-%d%d%d%d%-20%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[https://www.researcherid.com/rid/'..id..' '..(label or 'ResearcherID')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'RID' ) end function p.rismLink( id, label ) --P5504's format regex: (pe|ks)?\[1-9]d* (e.g. pe30006410) if not id:match( '^pe[1-9]%d*$' ) and --99% start with 'pe' not id:match( '^ks[1-9]%d*$' ) and not id:match( '^[1-9]%d*$' ) then return false end return '[https://opac.rism.info/search?id='..id..' '..(label or 'RISM (France)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'RISM' ) end function p.reroLink( id, label ) --P3065's format regex: 0[1-2]-[A-Z0-9]{1,10} (e.g. 02-A012345678) if not id:match( '^0[1-2]%-[A-Z%d][A-Z%d]?[A-Z%d]?[A-Z%d]?[A-Z%d]?[A-Z%d]?[A-Z%d]?[A-Z%d]?[A-Z%d]?[A-Z%d]?$' ) then return false end return '[http://data.rero.ch/'..id..' '..(label or 'RERO (Switzerland)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'RERO' ) end function p.rkdartistsLink( id, label ) --P650's format regex: [1-9]\d{0,5} (e.g. 123456) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/'..id..' '..(label or 'RKD Artists (Netherlands)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'RKDartists' ) end function p.rkdidLink( id, label ) --P350's format regex: [1-9]\d{0,5} (e.g. 123456) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/images/'..id..' '..(label or 'RKD ID (Netherlands)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'RKDID' ) end function p.rslLink( id, label ) --P947's format regex: \d{1,9} (e.g. 123456789) if not id:match( '^%d%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request='..id..'&CON_LNG=ENG '..(label or 'Russia')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'RSL' ) --no https as of 9/2019 end function p.scopusLink( id, label ) --P1153's format regex: [1-9]\d{9,10} (e.g. 35247902700) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d?$' ) then return false end return '[https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId='..id..' '..(label or 'Scopus author')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'Scopus' ) end function p.selibrLink( id, label ) --P906's format regex: [1-9]\d{4,5} (e.g. 123456) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d%d%d%d%d?$' ) then return false end return '[https://libris.kb.se/auth/'..id..' '..(label or 'Sweden')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'SELIBR' ) end function p.sikartLink( id, label ) --P781's format regex: \d{7,9} (e.g. 123456789) if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[http://www.sikart.ch/KuenstlerInnen.aspx?id='..id..'&lng=en '..(label or 'SIKART (Switzerland)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'SIKART' ) --no https as of 9/2019 end function p.snacLink( id, label ) --P3430's format regex: \d*[A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z]* (e.g. A) if not id:match( '^%d*[A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z]*$' ) then return false end return '[https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/'..id..' '..(label or 'Social Networks and Archival Context')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'SNAC-ID' ) end function p.sudocLink( id, label ) --P269's format regex: (\d{8}[\dX]|) (e.g. 026927608) if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[%dxX]$' ) then --legacy: allow lowercase 'x' return false end return '[https://www.idref.fr/'..id..' '..(label or 'SUDOC (France)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'SUDOC' ) end function p.ta98Link( id, label ) --P1323's format regex: A\d{2}\.\d\.\d{2}\.\d{3}[FM]? (e.g. A12.3.45.678) if not id:match( '^A%d%d%.%d%.%d%d%.%d%d%d[FM]?$' ) then return false end local longurl = '[http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=' return longurl..id..' '..(label or 'Terminologia Anatomica')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'TA98' ) end function p.tdviaLink( id, label ) --P7314's format regex: [a-z/-]+] (e.g. barkan-omer-lutfi) if not id:match( '^[a-z/-]+$' ) then return false end return '[https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/'..id..' '..(label or 'İslâm Ansiklopedisi')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'TDVİA' ) end function p.tepapaLink( id, label ) --P3544's format regex: \d+ (e.g. 1) if not id:match( '^%d+$' ) then return false end return '[https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/'..id..' '..(label or 'Te Papa (New Zealand)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'TePapa' ) end function p.tlsLink( id, label ) id = id:gsub(' +', '_') --P1362's format regex: \p{Lu}[\p{L}\d_',\.\-\(\)\*/–]{3,69} (e.g. Abcd) local class = "[%a%d_',%.%-%(%)%*/–]" local idlen = #id if idlen < 4 or idlen > 70 then return false end local regex = '^%u'..string.rep(class, idlen - 1)..'$' if not mw.ustring.match( id, regex ) then return false end return '[http://tls.theaterwissenschaft.ch/wiki/'..id..' '..(label or 'Theaterlexikon (Switzerland)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'TLS' ) --no https as of 9/2019 end function p.troveLink( id, label ) --P1315's format regex: [1-9]\d{5,7} (e.g. 12345678) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d%d%d%d%d%d?%d?$' ) then return false end return '[https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/'..id..' '..(label or 'Trove (Australia)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'Trove' ) end function p.ukparlLink( id, label ) --P6213's format regex: [a-zA-Z\d]{8} (e.g. AQUupyiR) if not id:match( '^[a-zA-Z%d][a-zA-Z%d][a-zA-Z%d][a-zA-Z%d][a-zA-Z%d][a-zA-Z%d][a-zA-Z%d][a-zA-Z%d]$' ) then return false end return '[https://id.parliament.uk/'..id..' '..(label or 'UK Parliament')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'UKPARL' ) end function p.ulanLink( id, label ) --P245's format regex: 500\d{6} (e.g. 500123456) if not id:match( '^500%d%d%d%d%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid='..id..' '..(label or 'Artist Names (Getty)')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'ULAN' ) end function p.uscgLink( id, label ) --P3723's format regex: [1-7]-\d{1,5}(.[1-9])? (e.g. 6-0695) if not id:match( '^[1-7]%-%d%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) and not id:match( '^[1-7]%-%d%d?%d?%d?%d?%.%d*[1-9]$' ) then return false end return id..p.getCatForId( 'USCG' ) end function p.uscongressLink( id, label ) --P1157's format regex: [A-Z]00[01]\d{3} (e.g. A000123) if not id:match( '^[A-Z]00[01]%d%d%d$' ) then return false end return '[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index='..id..' '..(label or 'US Congress')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'USCongress' ) --no https as of 9/2019 end function p.vcbaLink( id, label ) --P8034's format regex: \d{3}\/[1-9]\d{0,5} (e.g. 494/9793) if not id:match( '^%d%d%d\/[1-9]%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) then return false end id = id:gsub('\/', '_') return '[https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/'..id..' '..(label or 'Vatican')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'VcBA' ) end function p.viafLink( id, label ) --P214's format regex: [1-9]\d(\d{0,7}|\d{17,20}) (e.g. 123456789, 1234567890123456789012) if not id:match( '^[1-9]%d%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?$' ) and not id:match( '^[1-9]%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d?%d?%d?$' ) then return false end -- If the "VIAF" entry at [[:m:Interwiki map]] would resolve to "https://viaf.org/viaf/$1" (rather than "http://viaf.org/viaf/$1", as it currently still does), -- then the code below could change from '[https://viaf.org/viaf/'..id..' '..id..']' to '[[:VIAF:'..id..'|'..id..']]'. return '[https://viaf.org/viaf/'..id..' '..(label or 'VIAF')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'VIAF' ) end function p.worldcatidLink( id, label ) --P7859's format regex: viaf-\d+|lccn-n[a-z]?[0-9\-]+|n[cps]-.+ (e.g. viaf-100181709, lccn-n78-95332, np-verbeck,%20william$1861) if not id:match( '^viaf%-%d+$' ) and not id:match( '^lccn%-n[a-z]?[0-9%-]+$' ) and not id:match( '^n[cps]%-.+$' ) then return false end return '[https://www.worldcat.org/identities/'..mw.uri.encode(id, 'PATH')..'/ '..(label or 'WorldCat')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'WORLDCATID' ) end function p.zbmathLink( id, label ) --P1556's format regex: [a-z][a-z\-]*\.[a-z\-]*(\.[1-5])? (e.g. turing.alan-m) if not id:match( '^[a-z][a-z%-]*%.[a-z%-]*$' ) and not id:match( '^[a-z][a-z%-]*%.[a-z%-]*%.[1-5]$' ) then return false end return '[https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:'..id..' '..(label or 'zbMATH')..']'..p.getCatForId( 'ZBMATH' ) end --[[=========================== Helper functions =============================]] function p.append(str, c, length) while str:len() < length do str = c..str end return str end --Returns the ISNI check digit isni must be a string where the 15 first elements are digits, e.g. 0000000066534145 function p.getIsniCheckDigit( isni ) local total = 0 for i = 1, 15 do local digit = isni:byte( i ) - 48 --Get integer value total = (total + digit) * 2 end local remainder = total % 11 local result = (12 - remainder) % 11 if result == 10 then return 'X' end return tostring( result ) end --Validate ISNI (and ORCID) and retuns it as a 16 characters string or returns false if it's invalid --See http://support.orcid.org/knowledgebase/articles/116780-structure-of-the-orcid-identifier function p.validateIsni( id ) --P213 (ISNI) format regex: [0-9]{4} [0-9]{4} [0-9]{4} [0-9]{3}[0-9X] (e.g. 0000-0000-6653-4145) --P496 (ORCID) format regex: 0000-000(1-[5-9]|2-[0-9]|3-[0-4])\d{3}-\d{3}[\dX] (e.g. 0000-0002-7398-5483) id = id:gsub( '[ %-]', '' ):upper() if not id:match( '^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[%dX]$' ) then return false end if p.getIsniCheckDigit( id ) ~= string.char( id:byte( 16 ) ) then return false end return id end function p.splitLccn( id ) --P244's format regex: (n|nb|nr|no|ns|sh)([4-9][0-9]|00|20[0-1][0-9])[0-9]{6} (e.g. n78039510) if id:match( '^%l%l?%l?%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d?%d?$' ) then id = id:gsub( '^(%l+)(%d+)(%d%d%d%d%d%d)$', '%1/%2/%3' ) end if id:match( '^%l%l?%l?/%d%d%d?%d?/%d+$' ) then return mw.text.split( id, '/' ) end return false end --[[==========================================================================]] --[[ Wikidata & documentation functions ]] --[[==========================================================================]] function p.getIdsFromWikidata( itemId, property ) local ids = {} local statements = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements( itemId, property ) if statements then for _, statement in ipairs( statements ) do if statement.mainsnak.datavalue then table.insert( ids, statement.mainsnak.datavalue.value ) end end end return ids end -- Creates a human-readable standalone wikitable version of p.conf, and tracking categories with page counts, for use in the documentation function p.docConfTable( frame ) local wikiTable = '{| class="wikitable sortable"\n'.. '! rowspan=2 | Parameter\n'.. '! rowspan=2 | Section\n'.. '! rowspan=2 | Appears as\n'.. '! rowspan=2; data-sort-type=number | Wikidata property\n'.. '! colspan=2 | Tracking categories and page counts\n'.. '|-\n'.. '! [[:Category:Articles with authority control information|'.. 'Articles]]\n'.. '! [[:Category:Articles with faulty authority control information|'.. 'Faulty IDs]]\n'.. '|-\n' local lang = mw.getContentLanguage() local a, u, m, f, P = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 --cumulative sums for _, conf in pairs( p.conf ) do local param, pid, section = conf[1], conf[2], conf[4] local appearsAs if conf.prefix then appearsAs = conf.prefix else appearsAs = conf[3](conf[5]) end local link = conf.link or param..' (identifier)' local category = conf.category or param local args = { id = 'f', pid } local wpl = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Wikidata property link', args = args } --cats local articleCat = 'Articles with '..category..' identifiers' local userCat = 'User pages with '..category..' identifiers' local miscCat = 'Miscellaneous pages with '..category..' identifiers' local faultyCat = 'Articles with faulty '..category..' identifiers' --counts local articleCount = lang:formatNum( mw.site.stats.pagesInCategory(articleCat, 'pages') ) local userCount = lang:formatNum( mw.site.stats.pagesInCategory(userCat, 'pages') ) local miscCount = lang:formatNum( mw.site.stats.pagesInCategory(miscCat, 'pages') ) local faultyCount = lang:formatNum( mw.site.stats.pagesInCategory(faultyCat, 'pages') ) --calcs P = P + 1 --property count a = a + lang:parseFormattedNumber(articleCount) u = u + lang:parseFormattedNumber(userCount) m = m + lang:parseFormattedNumber(miscCount) f = f + lang:parseFormattedNumber(faultyCount) --concat wikiTable = wikiTable..'\n'.. '|-\n'.. '||[['..link..'|'..param..']]'.. '||'..section.. '||'..appearsAs.. '||data-sort-value='..pid..'|'..wpl.. '||style="text-align: right;"|[[:Category:'..articleCat..'|'..articleCount..']]'.. '||style="text-align: right;"|[[:Category:'.. faultyCat..'|'.. faultyCount..']]' end --append derivative WorldCat cats local wcd = { 'WorldCat-LCCN', 'WorldCat-VIAF' } for _, w in pairs(wcd) do local articleCat = 'Articles with '..w..' identifiers' local articleCount = lang:formatNum( mw.site.stats.pagesInCategory(articleCat, 'pages') ) local appearsAs if w == 'WorldCat-LCCN' then appearsAs = '[https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-113947 WorldCat (via Library of Congress)]' else appearsAs = '[https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/12345789 WorldCat (via VIAF)]' end a = a + lang:parseFormattedNumber(articleCount) wikiTable = wikiTable..'\n'.. '|-\n'.. '||'..'—'.. '||General'.. '||'..appearsAs.. '||data-sort-value='..w..'|'..'—'.. '||style="text-align: right;"|[[:Category:'..articleCat..'|'..articleCount..']]'.. '||style="text-align: right;"|—' end --append sums wikiTable = wikiTable..'\n'.. '|-\n'.. '! style="text-align: right;" colspan=3|Totals'.. '||style="text-align: right;"|'..lang:formatNum(P).. '||style="text-align: right;"|'..lang:formatNum(a).. '||style="text-align: right;"|'..lang:formatNum(f) return require('Module:Suppress categories').main(wikiTable)..'\n|}' end --[[==========================================================================]] --[[ Configuration ]] --[[==========================================================================]] -- Please use "<parameter> (identifier)" redirects rather than linking directly to the target page. -- This reduces clutter in "What links here" on both the redirect and the target, -- and improves reverse lookup of articles where a manifestation of each identifier is used. -- p.conf table basic format: { 'parameter name', propertyId # in Wikidata, formatting/validation function, section, example ID for documentation } -- p.conf table optional named parameters: -- link: to override the link in the documentation (defaults to "<parameter> (identifer)") -- category: to override the ID in category names (defaults to "... with <parameter> identifiers") -- prefix: to include a prefix (usually a wikilink explaining what the identifier is) before the external link itself p.conf = { { 'AAG', 3372, p.aagLink, 'Art galleries and museums', '1' }, { 'ACM-DL', 864, p.acmLink, 'Scientific databases', '12345678901', link = 'ACM DL (identifier)' }, { 'ADB', 1907, p.adbLink,'Biographical dictionaries', 'barton-sir-edmund-toby-71' }, { 'admiralty', 3562, p.admiraltyLink, 'Lighthouse identifiers', 'D1204.1', prefix='[[Admiralty number|Admiralty]]'}, { 'AGSA', 6804, p.agsaLink, 'Art galleries and museums', '3625' }, { 'ARLHS', 2980, p.ARLHSLink, 'Lighthouse identifiers', 'LAT023'}, { 'autores.uy', 2558, p.autoresuyLink, 'Biographical dictionaries', '12345' }, { 'AWR', 4186, p.awrLink, 'Biographical dictionaries', 'PR00768b' }, { 'BIBSYS', 1015, p.bibsysLink, 'National libraries', '1234567890123' }, { 'Bildindex', 2092, p.bildLink, 'Art research institutes', '1' }, { 'BNC', 1890, p.bncLink, 'National libraries', '123456789' }, { 'BNE', 950, p.bneLink, 'National libraries', 'XX1234567' }, { 'BNF', 268, p.bnfLink, 'National libraries', '123456789' }, { 'Botanist', 428, p.botanistLink , 'Scientific databases', 'L.' }, { 'BPN', 651, p.bpnLink , 'Biographical dictionaries', '12345678' }, { 'CANTIC', 1273, p.canticLink, 'National libraries', 'a12345678' }, { 'CCG', 3920, p.ccgLink, 'Lighthouse identifiers', 'A1761', prefix='[[CCG (identifier)|CCG]]' }, { 'CINII', 271, p.ciniiLink, 'Scientific databases', 'DA12345678', link = 'CiNii (identifier)' }, { 'CWGC', 1908, p.cwgcLink, 'Other', '1234567' }, { 'DAAO', 1707, p.daaoLink, 'Art research institutes', 'rolf-harris' }, { 'DBLP', 2456, p.dblpLink, 'Scientific databases', '123/123' }, { 'DIB', 6829, p.dibLink, 'Biographical dictionaries', 'a1234' }, { 'DSI', 2349, p.dsiLink, 'Art research institutes', '1538' }, { 'DTBIO', 7902, p.dtbioLink, 'Biographical dictionaries', '118554700' }, { 'EMU', 4613, p.emuLink, 'National libraries', '15409' }, { 'FAST', 2163, p.fastLink, 'Other', '1' }, { 'FNZA', 6792, p.fnzaLink, 'Art research institutes', '12' }, { 'GND', 227, p.gndLink, 'National libraries', '4079154-3' }, { 'Google Scholar', 1960, p.googleLink, 'Scientific databases', 'QPdLuj8AAAAJ' }, { 'HDS', 902, p.hdsLink, 'Other', '050123' }, { 'IAAF', 1146, p.iaafLink, 'Other', '123' }, { 'ICCU', 396, p.iccuLink, 'National libraries', 'CFIV000163' }, --formerly SBN { 'ICIA', 1736, p.iciaLink, 'Art research institutes', '1' }, { 'IEU', 9070, p.ieuLink, 'Other', 'N\\A\\NationalAcademyofArtandArchitecture' }, { 'ISNI', 213, p.isniLink, 'General', '0000-0000-6653-4145', prefix = '[[ISNI (identifier)|ISNI]]' }, { 'J9U', 8189, p.j9uLink, 'National libraries', '987007305652505171' }, { 'Joconde', 347, p.jocondeLink, 'Art research institutes', '12345678901' }, { 'KULTURNAV', 1248, p.kulturnavLink, 'Art research institutes', '12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB', link = 'KulturNav (identifier)' }, { 'LCCN', 244, p.lccnLink, 'National libraries', 'n78039510' }, { 'LIR', 886, p.lirLink, 'Other', '1' }, { 'LNB', 1368, p.lnbLink, 'National libraries', '123456789' }, { 'MATHSN', 4955, p.mathsnLink, 'Scientific databases', '175270' }, { 'MBA', 434, p.mbaLink, 'Other', '12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB', category = 'MusicBrainz' }, --special cat name { 'MBAREA', 982, p.mbareaLink, 'Other', '12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB', category = 'MusicBrainz area' }, --special cat name { 'MBI', 1330, p.mbiLink, 'Other', '12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB', category = 'MusicBrainz instrument' }, --special cat name { 'MBL', 966, p.mblLink, 'Other', '12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB', category = 'MusicBrainz label' }, --special cat name { 'MBP', 1004, p.mbpLink, 'Other', '12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB', category = 'MusicBrainz place' }, --special cat name { 'MBRG', 436, p.mbrgLink, 'Other', '12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB', category = 'MusicBrainz release group' }, --special cat name { 'MBS', 1407, p.mbsLink, 'Other', '12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB', category = 'MusicBrainz series' }, --special cat name { 'MBW', 435, p.mbwLink, 'Other', '12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890AB', category = 'MusicBrainz work' }, --special cat name { 'MGP', 549, p.mgpLink, 'Scientific databases', '123456' }, { 'NARA', 1225, p.naraLink, 'Other', '12345678' }, { 'NCL', 1048, p.nclLink, 'National libraries', '1081436' }, { 'NDL', 349, p.ndlLink, 'National libraries', '012345678' }, { 'NGA', 3563, p.ngaLink, 'Lighthouse identifiers', '114-5592'}, { 'NGV', 2041, p.ngvLink, 'Art galleries and museums', '12354' }, { 'NKC', 691, p.nkcLink, 'National libraries', 'abcd12345678901234' }, { 'NLA', 409, p.nlaLink, 'National libraries', '123456789012' }, { 'NLG', 3348, p.nlgLink, 'National libraries', '12345678' }, { 'NLI', 949, p.nliLink, 'National libraries', '123456789' }, { 'NLK', 5034, p.nlkLink, 'National libraries', 'KAB197000000' }, { 'NLP', 1695, p.nlpLink, 'National libraries', '9810123456789012345' }, { 'NLR', 1003, p.nlrLink, 'National libraries', '123456789' }, { 'NSK', 1375, p.nskLink, 'National libraries', '123456789' }, { 'NTA', 1006, p.ntaLink, 'National libraries', '12345678X' }, { 'ORCID', 496, p.orcidLink, 'General', '0000-0002-7398-5483', prefix = '[[ORCID (identifier)|ORCID]]' }, { 'PIC', 2750, p.picLink, 'Art research institutes', '1' }, { 'PLWABN', 7293, p.plwabnLink, 'National libraries', '9812345678905606' }, { 'Publons', 3829, p.publonsLink, 'Scientific databases', '2776255' }, { 'RID', 1053, p.ridLink, 'Scientific databases', 'A-1234-1934' }, { 'RISM', 5504, p.rismLink, 'Other', 'pe1', prefix = '[[RISM (identifier)|RISM (France)]]' }, { 'RERO', 3065, p.reroLink, 'Other', '02-A012345678', prefix = '[[RERO (identifier)|RERO (Switzerland)]]' }, { 'RKDartists', 650, p.rkdartistsLink, 'Art research institutes', '123456' }, { 'RKDID', 350, p.rkdidLink, 'Art research institutes', '123456' }, { 'RSL', 947, p.rslLink, 'National libraries', '123456789' }, { 'Scopus', 1153, p.scopusLink, 'Scientific databases', '7005487412' }, { 'SELIBR', 906, p.selibrLink, 'National libraries', '123456' }, { 'SIKART', 781, p.sikartLink, 'Art research institutes', '123456789' }, { 'SNAC-ID', 3430, p.snacLink, 'Other', 'A' }, { 'SUDOC', 269, p.sudocLink, 'Other', '026927608', prefix = '[[SUDOC (identifier)|SUDOC (France)]]' }, { 'TA98', 1323, p.ta98Link, 'Scientific databases', 'A12.3.45.678' }, { 'TDVİA', 7314, p.tdviaLink, 'Other', 'asim-b-behdele' }, { 'TePapa', 3544, p.tepapaLink, 'Art galleries and museums', '1' }, { 'TLS', 1362, p.tlsLink, 'Other', 'Abcd' }, { 'Trove', 1315, p.troveLink, 'Other', '12345678', prefix = '[[Trove (identifier)|Trove (Australia)]]' }, --formerly NLA-person { 'UKPARL', 6213, p.ukparlLink, 'Other', 'AQUupyiR' }, { 'ULAN', 245, p.ulanLink, 'Art research institutes', '500123456' }, { 'USCG', 3723, p.uscgLink, 'Lighthouse identifiers', '6-0695', prefix='[[USCG (identifier)|USCG]]'}, { 'USCongress', 1157, p.uscongressLink, 'Other', 'A000123', link = 'US Congress (identifier)' }, { 'VcBA', 8034, p.vcbaLink, 'National libraries', '494/9793' }, { 'VIAF', 214, p.viafLink, 'General', '123456789', prefix = '[[VIAF (identifier)|VIAF]]' }, { 'WORLDCATID', 7859, p.worldcatidLink, 'General', 'lccn-n78-95332', link = 'WorldCat Identities (identifier)' }, { 'ZBMATH', 1556, p.zbmathLink, 'Scientific databases', 'turing.alan-m' }, } -- Legitimate aliases to p.conf, for convenience -- Format: { 'alias', 'parameter name in p.conf' } p.aliases = { { 'DNB', 'GND' }, --Deutsche Nationalbibliothek -> Gemeinsame Normdatei { 'MusicBrainz', 'MBA' }, { 'MusicBrainz artist', 'MBA' }, { 'MusicBrainz label', 'MBL' }, { 'MusicBrainz release group', 'MBRG' }, { 'MusicBrainz work', 'MBW' }, { 'SBN', 'ICCU' }, --SBN alias to be deprecated at a later stage { 'TDVIA', 'TDVİA' }, --alias name without diacritics { 'tdvia', 'TDVİA' }, --lowercase variant without diacritics } -- Deprecated aliases to p.conf; tracked in [[Category:Articles with deprecated authority control identifiers]] -- Format: { 'deprecated parameter name', 'replacement parameter name in p.conf' } p.deprecated = { { 'GKD', 'GND' }, { 'PND', 'GND' }, { 'RLS', 'RSL' }, { 'SWD', 'GND' }, { 'NARA-organization', 'NARA' }, { 'NARA-person', 'NARA' }, } --[[==========================================================================]] --[[ Main ]] --[[==========================================================================]] function p.authorityControl( frame ) local resolveEntity = require( 'Module:ResolveEntityId' ) local parentArgs = frame:getParent().args --WD IDs added here later local iParentArgs = 0 --count original/manual parent args only later local worldcatCat = '' local elementsCat = '' local multipleIdCat = '' local suppressedIdCat = '' local suppressedIdCatArts = '' local deprecatedIdCat = '' local differentOnWDCat = '' local sameOnWDCat = '' local stateCat = '' --redirect aliases to proper parameter names for _, a in pairs( p.aliases ) do local alias, param = a[1], a[2] if (parentArgs[param] == nil or parentArgs[param] == '') and parentArgs[alias] then parentArgs[param] = parentArgs[alias] end end --redirect deprecated parameters to proper parameter names, and assign tracking cat for _, d in pairs( p.deprecated ) do local dep, param = d[1], d[2] if (parentArgs[param] == nil or parentArgs[param] == '') and parentArgs[dep] then parentArgs[param] = parentArgs[dep] if namespace == 0 then deprecatedIdCat = '[[Category:Articles with deprecated authority control identifiers|'..dep..']]' end end end --use QID= parameter for testing/example purposes only local itemId = nil if namespace ~= 0 then local qid = parentArgs['qid'] or parentArgs['QID'] if qid then itemId = 'Q'..mw.ustring.gsub(qid, '^[Qq]', '') itemId = resolveEntity._id(itemId) --nil if unresolvable end else itemId = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end --Wikidata fallback if available if itemId then local suppressedIdCount = 0 local iMatches = 0 for _, params in ipairs( p.conf ) do if params[2] > 0 then local val = parentArgs[mw.ustring.lower(params[1])] or parentArgs[params[1]] if val == nil or val == '' then local wikidataIds = p.getIdsFromWikidata( itemId, 'P'..params[2] ) if wikidataIds[1] then if val == '' and (namespace == 0 or testcases) then suppressedIdCount = suppressedIdCount + 1 suppressedIdCat = '[[Category:Articles with suppressed authority control identifiers|'..params[1]..']]' else parentArgs[params[1]] = wikidataIds[1] --add ID from WD end end else iParentArgs = iParentArgs + 1 local wikidataIds = p.getIdsFromWikidata( itemId, 'P'..params[2] ) if wikidataIds[1] and differentOnWDCat == '' then local bMatch = false for _, wd in pairs( wikidataIds ) do if val == wd then iMatches = iMatches + 1 bMatch = true end end if bMatch == false then differentOnWDCat = '[[Category:Pages using authority control with parameters different on Wikidata|'..params[1]..']]' end end end end end if iMatches > 0 and iMatches == iParentArgs then sameOnWDCat = '[[Category:Pages using authority control with parameters all matching Wikidata]]' end if parentArgs['arts'] == 'arts' and suppressedIdCount > 0 then if namespace == 0 or testcases then local s = 's' if suppressedIdCount == 1 then s = '' end local sCat = 'ACArt with '..suppressedIdCount..' suppressed element'..s suppressedIdCatArts = addCat(sCat) end end end --configure rows local rct = 0 local sectionOrder = { 'General', 'National libraries', 'Art galleries and museums', 'Art research institutes', 'Biographical dictionaries', 'Scientific databases', 'Lighthouse identifiers', 'Other' } local sections = { ['General'] = {}, ['National libraries'] = {}, ['Art galleries and museums'] = {}, ['Art research institutes'] = {}, ['Biographical dictionaries'] = {}, ['Scientific databases'] = {}, ['Lighthouse identifiers'] = {}, ['Other'] = {} } --don't show NLI if J9U is present, since they both go to the National Library of Israel --and the library has deprecated NLI IDs in favor of J9U IDs if parentArgs.J9U or parentArgs.j9u then parentArgs.NLI = '' parentArgs.nli = '' end --don't show NLP if PLWABN is present, since they both go to the National Library of Poland --and the library has deprecated NLP IDs in favor of PLWABN IDs if parentArgs.PLWABN or parentArgs.plwabn then parentArgs.NLP = '' parentArgs.nlp = '' end for _, params in ipairs( p.conf ) do local val = parentArgs[mw.ustring.lower(params[1])] or parentArgs[params[1]] local tval, tlinks = {}, {} --init tables if val and val ~= '' and type(params[3]) == 'function' then table.insert( tval, val ) if params.prefix then table.insert( tlinks, params[3]( val, '1' ) ) else table.insert( tlinks, params[3]( val ) ) end end --collect other unique vals (IDs) from WD, if present if itemId and tval[1] then local nextIdVal = 2 local wikidataIds = p.getIdsFromWikidata( itemId, 'P'..params[2] ) for _, v in pairs( wikidataIds ) do local bnew = true for _, w in pairs( tval ) do if v == w then bnew = false end end if bnew then table.insert( tval, v ) table.insert( tlinks, params[3]( v, tostring(nextIdVal) ) ) nextIdVal = nextIdVal + 1 end end end --assemble if tval[1] then table.insert( sections[params[4]], p.createRow( params[1], tval, nil, tlinks, true, params.category, params.prefix) ) rct = rct + 1 if tval[2] then multipleIdCat = p.getCatForId( 'multiple' ) end end end --WorldCat-VIAF & WorldCat-LCCN local worldcatId = parentArgs['worldcatid'] or parentArgs['WORLDCATID'] if worldcatId == nil then --if WORLDCATID absent but unsuppressed local viafId = parentArgs['viaf'] or parentArgs['VIAF'] local lccnId = parentArgs['lccn'] or parentArgs['LCCN'] if viafId and viafId ~= '' and p.viafLink( viafId ) then --VIAF must be present, unsuppressed, & validated table.insert( sections['General'], p.createRow( 'VIAF', viafId, '[https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/'..viafId..' WorldCat (via VIAF)]', nil, false ) ) if namespace == 0 then worldcatCat = '[[Category:Articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers]]' end rct = rct + 1 elseif lccnId and lccnId ~= '' and p.lccnLink( lccnId ) then --LCCN must be present, unsuppressed, & validated local lccnParts = p.splitLccn( lccnId ) if lccnParts and lccnParts[1] ~= 'sh' then local lccnIdFmtd = lccnParts[1]..lccnParts[2]..'-'..lccnParts[3] table.insert( sections['General'], p.createRow( 'LCCN', lccnId, '[https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-'..lccnIdFmtd..' WorldCat (via Library of Congress)]', nil, false ) ) if namespace == 0 then worldcatCat = '[[Category:Articles with WorldCat-LCCN identifiers]]' end end rct = rct + 1 end end --configure Navbox local outString = '' local extrap = true local extra = parentArgs.extralist if extra == nil or extra == '' then extrap = false end if rct > 0 or extrap then local Navbox = require('Module:Navbox') local sectionID = 1 local args = { pid = 'identifiers' } -- #target the list of identifiers if testcases and itemId then args = { pid = 'identifiers', qid = itemId } end --expensive local pencil = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'EditAtWikidata', args = args} local navboxArgs = { name = 'Authority control', navboxclass = 'authority-control', bodyclass = 'hlist', state = parentArgs.state or 'autocollapse', navbar = 'off' } for _, sectName in ipairs(sectionOrder) do if #sections[sectName] ~= 0 then navboxArgs['group'..sectionID] = sectName navboxArgs['list'..sectionID] = table.concat(sections[sectName]) sectionID = sectionID + 1 end end if extrap then if parentArgs.extragroup then navboxArgs['group'..sectionID] = parentArgs.extragroup else navboxArgs['group'..sectionID] = 'Additional' end navboxArgs['list'..sectionID] = extra sectionID = sectionID + 1 end if navboxArgs.list2 then navboxArgs.title = '[[Help:Authority control|Authority control]]'..pencil else local sect = navboxArgs.group1 if sect == 'General' or sect == 'Other' or sect == 'Additional' then -- Just say "Authority control" with no label if only general or only other IDs are present -- since "general" is redundant and "other" is silly when there's nothing to contrast it with navboxArgs.group1 = '[[Help:Authority control|Authority control]]'..pencil else navboxArgs.group1 = '[[Help:Authority control|Authority control: '..sect..']] '..pencil end end outString = Navbox._navbox(navboxArgs) end --auxCats if rct == 0 or rct >= 25 then if namespace == 0 or testcases then local eCat = 'AC with '..rct..' elements' elementsCat = addCat(eCat) end end if parentArgs.state then if namespace == 0 or testcases then local sCat if parentArgs.state == 'collapsed' then sCat = 'AC using state parameter: collapsed' elseif parentArgs.state == 'expanded' then sCat = 'AC using state parameter: expanded' elseif parentArgs.state == 'autocollapse' then sCat = 'AC using state parameter: autocollapse' else sCat = 'AC using state parameter: other' end stateCat = addCat(sCat) end end local auxCats = worldcatCat..elementsCat..multipleIdCat..suppressedIdCat..suppressedIdCatArts.. deprecatedIdCat..differentOnWDCat..sameOnWDCat..stateCat if testcases then auxCats = mw.ustring.gsub(auxCats, '(%[%[)(Category)', '%1:%2') --for easier checking end --out outString = outString..auxCats if namespace ~= 0 then outString = mw.ustring.gsub(outString, '(%[%[)(Category:Articles)', '%1:%2') --by definition end return outString end return p nw3gvet6cno2divv3zk7we2r3c9720r 0 386670 2443757 2022-07-28T11:34:07Z 182.2.165.157 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Merkava]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH [[Merkava]] 67w5dsygrn5gaszul7gwu2bkwxrpsvb 0 386671 2443758 2022-07-28T11:34:50Z 182.2.165.157 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Merkava]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH [[Merkava]] 67w5dsygrn5gaszul7gwu2bkwxrpsvb 0 386672 2443759 2022-07-28T11:35:12Z 182.2.165.157 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Merkava]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH [[Merkava]] 67w5dsygrn5gaszul7gwu2bkwxrpsvb 0 386673 2443760 2022-07-28T11:35:35Z 182.2.165.157 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Merkava]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH [[Merkava]] 67w5dsygrn5gaszul7gwu2bkwxrpsvb 10 386674 2443761 2022-07-28T11:49:01Z 182.2.165.157 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{ infobox | child = yes | decat = yes <!-- remove from template:infobox tracking categories --> | title = '''Karier teknik''' | class1 = category | label1 = Disiplin teknik | data1 = {{{discipline|}}} | label2 = Kaànggotaan institusi | data2 = {{{institutions|}}} | label3 = Namo praktik | data3 = {{{practice_name|}}} | class3 = org | label4 = Parusahaan | data4 = {{{employer|}}} | class4 = org | rowclass5 = note |..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{ infobox | child = yes | decat = yes <!-- remove from template:infobox tracking categories --> | title = '''Karier teknik''' | class1 = category | label1 = Disiplin teknik | data1 = {{{discipline|}}} | label2 = Kaànggotaan institusi | data2 = {{{institutions|}}} | label3 = Namo praktik | data3 = {{{practice_name|}}} | class3 = org | label4 = Parusahaan | data4 = {{{employer|}}} | class4 = org | rowclass5 = note | label5 = Proyek penting | data5 = {{{significant_projects|}}} | rowclass6 = note | label6 = Desain terkenal | data6 = {{{significant_design|}}} | label7 = Kamajuan terkenal | data7 = {{{significant_advance|}}} | label8 = Pangharogoan utama | data8 = {{{significant_awards|}}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 32nck2lx5n6h4yrlgw378ay745355ri 10 386675 2443762 2022-07-28T11:51:31Z 182.2.165.157 ←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Nowrap]] wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIAH [[Templat:Nowrap]] p32r03xd6mchrauh58ixb37mhw0vgdj