Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk Balando 0 207 2443852 2440607 2022-08-02T13:43:22Z Naval Scene 55 Suntingan [[Special:Contributions/182.0.205.244|182.0.205.244]] ([[User talk:182.0.205.244|bicara]]) dibatalkan ke versi terakhir oleh [[User:Iwan Novirion|Iwan Novirion]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|thumb|Bendera Balando]] [[File:NederlandCIA-10-10-10.png|thumb|Balando]] [[File:EU-Netherlands.svg|thumb|Balando (Eropa)]] '''Balando''', atau manuruik logat Minang lainnyo: '''Bulando, Ulando''' ([[bahaso Balando]]: ''Koninkrijk der Nederlanden'', sacaro harfiah artinyo "Karajaan Ranah-ranah Randah"), adolah [[nagara]] nan talatak di banua [[Eropa]] bagian barat lauiknyo. Di sabalah timur nagara iko babatehan jo nagara [[Jerman]], di sabalah selatan babatehan jo nagara [[Belgia]], sarto di sabalah baraiknyo babatehan jo Lauik Utara. Balando marupoan ciek dari banyak nagara nan alah manguasai [[Indonesia]], jo baru mangakui kadaulatan Indonesia pado tanggal [[27 Desember]] [[1949]], tapi baru mangakui Indonesia mardeka pado tanggal [[17 Agustus]] [[1945]]. Salain itu, Balando marupoan ciek dari banyak nagara nan tapadek panduduaknyo di dunia nan kabanyakan ranahnyo barado di bawah pamukaan lauik. Balando takana juo jo dijk (tanggua), [[kincia angin]], tarompa kayu, tulip jo parangai tabukak masyarakaiknyo. Parangai [[liberal]]nyo manjadi sabuikan masyarakaik internasional. Balando juo manjadi tampek kaduduakan [[Mahkamah Internasional]]. [[Amsterdam]] marupoan ibu kota Balando dan [[Den Haag]] sabagai pusek administrasi jo kadiaman Ratu Balando. == Provinsi (12) == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Provinsi ! Bahaso Balando ! Ibukota ! Kota<br/ >(380) ! Panduduak<br/ >(2015) ! Laweh<br/ >(km²) |- | [[Brabant Utara]] | Noord-Brabant | [['s-Hertogenbosch]] | 64 | 2.495.000 | 5.082 |- | [[Drenthe]] | | [[Assen]] | 12 | 489.000 | 2.683 |- | [[Flevoland]] | | [[Lelystad]] | 6 | 403.000 | 2.412 |- | [[Fryslân]] ''(Friesland'') | | [[Leeuwarden]] | 20 | 646.000 | 5.748 |- | [[Gelderland]] | | [[Arnhem]] | 53 | 2.031.000 | 5.136 |- | [[Groningen (provinsi)|Groningen]] | | [[Groningen (Groningen)|Groningen]] | 20 | 583.000 | 2.960 |- | [[Holland Selatan]] | Zuid-Holland | [[Den Haag]] | 60 | 3.607.000 | 3.419 |- | [[Holland Utara]] | Noord-Holland | [[Haarlem]] | 48 | 2.776.000 | 4.092 |- | [[Limburg (Balando)|Limburg]] | | [[Maastricht]] | 33 | 1.116.000 | 2.209 |- | [[Overijssel]] | | [[Zwolle]] | 25 | 1.142.000 | 3.421 |- | [[Utrecht (provinsi)|Utrecht]] | | [[Utrecht (Utrecht)|Utrecht]] | 26 | 1.268.000 | 1.449 |- | [[Zeeland]] | | [[Middelburg]] | 13 | 381.000 | 2.934 |- |} [[File:NederlandseProvincies.png|250px|left|thumb|Provinsi]] == Caliak juo == * [[Daftar nagara badaulaik]] * [[Daftar kota di Balando]] == Pautan lua == {{commons|Category:The Netherlands}} {{wikivoyage|Netherlands}} * {{en}} [http://overheid.nl/guest/sites/ Portal resmi] * {{en}} [http://www.government.nl/index.jsp Situs resmi] * {{en}} [http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/index.jsp Situs Kerajaan Belanda] * {{en}} [http://www.holland.com/global/ Situs resmi pariwisata] * {{en}} [http://indonesia.nl/ Situs Kedubes Indonesia di Belanda] {{Nagara di Eropa}} [[Kategori:Nagara di Eropa]] [[Kategori:Balando| ]] mb798soko6euqa1y1a9otne9bthhkvr Spanyol 0 1603 2443851 2440605 2022-08-02T13:42:40Z Naval Scene 55 Suntingan [[Special:Contributions/182.0.205.244|182.0.205.244]] ([[User talk:182.0.205.244|bicara]]) dibatalkan ke versi terakhir oleh [[User:Gerd Eichmann|Gerd Eichmann]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |official_name = Reino de España |iso3166code = ES |native_name = {{native name|es|Reino de España|icon=no}} |conventional_long_name = Karajaan Spanyol |common_name = Spanyol |image_flag = Flag of Spain.svg |image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg |image_map=EU-Spain.svg |map_caption={{map caption|location_color=dark green|region=[[Europe]]|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[European Union]]|subregion_color=green|legend=EU-Spain.svg}} |national_motto = {{lang|la|"[[Plus ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]"}} <small>([[Bahaso Latin|Latin]])</small><br />"Jauah ka muko"</small> |national_anthem = {{lang|es|"[[Marcha Real]]"}} |official_languages = [[Bahaso Spanyol|Spanyol]]{{efn|Bahaso rasmi nagara manuruik [[Konstitusi Spanyol 1978]] bab 3 adolah [[Bahaso Spanyol|Castilia]].<ref>[http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/IDIOMAS/9/Espana/LeyFundamental/index.htm The Spanish Constitution]</ref> Di babarapo [[wilayah otonomi Spanyol|wilayah otonomi]], [[Bahaso Katalan|Katalan]], [[Bahaso Galicia|Galicia]], jo [[Bahaso Basque|Basque]] adolah bahaso rasmi kaduo. [[Bahaso Aragon|Aragon]], [[Bahaso Asturia|Asturia]] jo [[Bahaso Leon|Leon]] punyo babarapo pangakuan rasmi}} |regional_languages = [[Bahaso Basque|Basque]], [[Bahaso Katalan|Katalan]], [[Bahaso Galicia|Galicia]] jo [[Bahaso Occitan|Occitan]] |officially_recognised_languages = [[Bahaso Aragon|Aragon]], [[Bahaso Asturia|Asturia]] jo [[Bahaso Leon|Leon]] |capital = [[Madrid]] |latd=40 |latm=26 |latNS=N |longd=3 |longm=42 |longEW=W |largest_city = capital |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] ([[Regional state|regional]]) [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]}} [[constitutional monarchy]] |leader_title1 = [[Karajaan Spanyol|Rajo]] |leader_title2 = [[Pardano Mantari]] |leader_name1 = [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos I]] |leader_name2 = [[Mariano Rajoy]] |legislature = [[Cortes Generales]] |upper_house = [[Senat Spanyol|Senat]] |lower_house = [[Kongres Deputi Spanyol|Kongres Deputi]] |sovereignty_type = [[Sijarah Spanyol|Pambantuakan]] |sovereignty_note = 15th century |established_event2 = {{spaces|2}}[[Dinasti]] |established_date2 = [[Monarki Katolik|1479]] |established_event3 = {{spaces|2}}''[[De facto]]'' |established_date3 = [[Charles I dari Spanyol|1516]] |established_event4 = {{spaces|2}}''[[De jure]]'' |established_date4 = [[Nueva Planta Decrees|1715]] |established_event5 = {{spaces|2}}''[[Negara Bangso]]'' |established_date5 = [[Konstitusi Spanyol 1812|1812]] |established_event6 = {{spaces|2}}[[Transisi Spanyol ke Demokrasi|Demokrasi konstitusional]] |established_date6 = [[Konstitusi Spanyol 1978|1978]] |accessionEUdate = 1 January 1986|EUseats = 54 |area_km2 = 505,992 |area_sq_mi = 195,364 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 52nd |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = 1.04 |population_estimate = 47,265,321<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2012/12/29/pdfs/BOE-A-2012-15714.pdf|title=Official Population Figures of Spain. Population on the 1&nbsp;January 2012|publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado|accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref><ref>According to recent unofficial estimates, the population of Spain is 46,185,697 (1 April 2012).{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxiBD/tabla.do?per=01&type=db&divi=EPOB&idtab=2|title=Estimaciones de la Población Actual de España|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)}}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2012 |population_estimate_rank = 27th |population_census = 46,815,916<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/prensa/np756.pdf|title=Censos de Población y Viviendas de 2011|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)}}</ref> |population_census_year = 2011 |population_density_km2 = 93 |population_density_sq_mi = 231 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 106th |GDP_PPP_year = 2012 |GDP_PPP = $1.407&nbsp;trillion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=79&pr.y=7&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=184&s=NGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Spain|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,412<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $1.340&nbsp;trillion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2012 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $28,976<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |HDI_year = 2011 |HDI = {{increase}} 0.878<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2011|year=2011|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=5 November 2011}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 23rd |HDI_category = <span style="color:#090;">very high</span> |Gini = 32<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=CIA World Factbook|accessdate=13 August 2008}}</ref> |Gini_year = 2005 |currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]]) |currency_code = EUR |time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |DST_note = Kecuali [[Kapulauan Kanari]] nan mamakai GMT+0 ([[Western European Time|WET]]) ([[Western European Summer Time|GMT+1]] salamo musim paneh) |date_format = dd.mm.yyyy (Spanyol; [[Common Era|CE]]) |drives_on = suok |cctld = [[.es]]{{efn|The [[.eu]] domain is also used, as it is shared with other [[European Union]] member states. Also, the [[.cat]] domain is used in Catalan-speaking territories.}} |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Spain|34]] }} '''Spanyol''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Spain.ogg|ˈ|s|p|eɪ|n}} {{respell|spayn|'}}; {{lang-es|España}}, {{IPA-es|esˈpaɲa|pron|Es-España.ogg}}), rasminyo disabuik '''Kerajaan Spanyol''' ({{lang-es|Reino de España}}),{{efn|In Spain, [[Languages of Spain|other languages]] have been officially recognised as legitimate [[Indigenous language|autochthonous]] [[regional language|(regional) languages]] under the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows: * {{lang-an|Reino d'Espanya}}, {{IPA-esdia|ˈreino ðesˈpaɲa|IPA}}; * {{lang-ast|Reinu d'España}}, {{IPA-ast|ˈreinu ðesˈpaɲa|IPA}}; * {{lang-eu|Espainiako Erresuma}} {{IPA-eu|espaɲako eres̺uma|IPA}}; * {{lang-ca|Regne d'Espanya}}, {{IPA-ca|ˈreŋnə ðəsˈpaɲə|IPA}}{{IPA-ca|ˈreŋne ðasˈpaɲa|alt}}; * {{lang-gl|Reino de España}}, {{IPA-gl|ˈreino ðe esˈpaɲa|IPA}}; * {{lang-ext|Réinu d'España}}, {{IPA-ext|ˈreinu ðesˈpaɲa|IPA}}; * {{lang-oc|Reialme d'Espanha}}, {{IPA-oc|reˈjalme ðesˈpaɲɔ|IPA}}.}}<ref>The Spanish Constitution does not establish any official name for Spain, even though the terms ''España'' (Spain), ''Estado español'' (Spanish State) and ''Nación española'' (Spanish Nation) are used throughout the document. Nonetheless, the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs established in an ordinance published in 1984 that the denominations ''España'' (Spain) and ''Reino de España'' (Kingdom of Spain) are equally valid to designate Spain in international treaties. This term, Kingdom of Spain, is widely used by the government in national and international affairs of all kind, includuing foreign treaties as well as national official documents, and is therefore recognized as the official name by many international organisations. [http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/ai281209-aec.html Acuerdo entre el Reino de de España y Nueva Zelanda], [http://www.mir.es/SGACAVT/derecho/ac/ac13021992.html Acuerdo entre el reino de España y el reino de Marruecos]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}; [http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:POLvL-tJBq8_KM:http://www.motoradictos.com/images/2010/05/permiso-conducir-espana1.jpg&t=1 licenses] [http://sbrabogados.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/carnet_conducir.jpg permissions] [http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/tue.t6.html Tratado de la Unión Europea]</ref> adolah sabuah [[nagari nan ba daulat]] dan [[anggota Uni Eropa]] nan ba lokasi di barat daya benua Eropa di Samananjuang Iberia. Nagari ko babateh di selatan dan timur jo [[Lauik Mediterania]], ka utara dan timur jo [[Parancih]], Andorra, dan Teluk Biscay; dan ka barat lauik dan barat jo [[Samudera Atlantik]] dan [[Portugal]]. <br><gallery class=center caption="Spanyol - España"> Barcelona-02-Sagrada Familia-1983-gje.jpg|Barcelona Eunate-10-Santa Maria-2001-gje.jpg|Eunate Tarazona-02-Kirchturm-1983-gje.jpg|Tarazona Segovia-112-Kathedrale-1983-gje.jpg|Segovia Segovia-164-Aquaedukt drei Boegen seitlich-1983-gje.jpg|Segovia Granada-156-Alhambra-Bassin-Pavillon-1983-gje.jpg|Granada Granada-126-Alhambra-Ornament-Detail-1983-gje.jpg|Granada Louro-14-San Francisco-Eukalyptus-1996-gje.jpg|Louro </gallery> == Catatan == {{notelist|30em}} == Rujuakan == {{reflist|30em}} ;Books referenced * {{Cite book|author=Gates, David|title=The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-306-81083-1|page=20}} [[Kategori:Spanyol| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Eropa]] khqigsd596ybml4xczcdz9bjb85vn4z Kaestneria dorsalis 0 18018 2443859 2243087 2022-08-03T06:38:14Z Oronsay 11629 added image wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox |name = Kaestneria dorsalis |image = Kaestneria dorsalis F 2020a.jpg |phylum = [[Arthropoda]] |classis = [[Arachnida]] |ordo = [[Araneae]] |familia = [[Linyphiidae]] |genus = [[Kaestneria]] |species = Kaestneria dorsalis |binomial_authority =Wider, 1834 }} '''''Kaestneria dorsalis''''' adolah sabuah spesies [[lawah]] nan tagolong dalam famili [[Linyphiidae]]. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari genus [[Kaestneria]] dan ordo [[Araneae]]. Namo ilmiah dari spesies ko partamo kali ditabik'an pado taun 1834 dek Wider. Lawah iko biasonyo banyak ditamui di Palearktik. == Referensi == * Platnick, Norman I. (2010): [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/LINYPHIIDAE.html The world spider catalog], version 10.5. ''American Museum of Natural History''. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaestneria dorsalis}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1759516}} [[Kategori:Linyphiidae]] {{Lawah-stub}} sueki5p6f0hyzcc6gq0hxhuqveud5b6 Dorcadion tauricum 0 180130 2443860 2170301 2022-08-03T06:44:06Z Oronsay 11629 added image wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox |name = Dorcadion tauricum |status = |image = Dorcadion tauricum.jpg |image_caption = |domain = |regnum = [[Animalia]] |phylum = [[Arthropoda]] |classis = [[Insecta]] |ordo = [[Coleoptera]] |familia = [[Cerambycidae]] |genus = |species = |binomial = |binomial_authority = |range_map = |range_map_caption = |image2 = |image2_caption = |subphylum = |synonyms = }} '''''Dorcadion tauricum''''' adolah [[kumbang tanduak panjang]] dari famili [[Cerambycidae]]. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo [[Coleoptera]], kalas [[Insecta]], filum [[Arthropoda]], dan kingdom [[Animalia]]. [[Larva]] [[kumbang]] iko, nan biaso disabuik panggerek [[kapalo bunda]], manggerek ka dalam [[kayu]], dima inyo dapek manyebabkan karusakan nan laweh untuak [[batang]] kayu hiduik ataupun kayu nan lah ditabang. == Rujuakan == * ''TITAN: Cerambycidae database''. Tavakilian G., 25 Mai 2009. {{DEFAULTSORT:Dorcadion tauricum}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1941900}} [[Kategori:Cerambycidae]] {{Biologi-stub}} k90a72f9lro23mrdleo55dd1xzeucan Bogor 0 228526 2443858 1651308 2022-08-03T04:33:46Z Adhmi 7359 #WPWP #WPWPMIN wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Indonesia Bogor City location map.svg|jmpl|368x368px|Peta Kota Bogor]] '''Bogor''' adolah sabuah kota di [[Provinsi Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Kota ko taletak di tangah [[Kabupaten Bogor]], 60 kilometer (37 mil) selatan [[Jakarta]], ibukota Indonesia. Bogor adolah kota tagadang ka-6 di Jabodetabek jo ka-14 sacaro nasional, jo panduduak labiah dari 1 juta jiwa; sarato marupoan pusek ekonomi, ilimu pangatahuan, budayo jo wisata nan pantiang, jo tujuan utuak baistirahat di pagunuangan. Pado [[Abaik Patangahan]], kota ko adolah ibukota [[Karajaan Sunda]] nan banamo Pakuan Pajajaran. Salamo era kolonial Balando, kota ko banamo ''Buitenzorg'' dan bafungsi sabagai kadiaman musim paneh Gubernur Jenderal [[Hindia Balando]]. Kota ko marupoan pusek pamarentahan Hindia Balando salamo maso kakuasoan [[Inggris]] nan singkek, pado awal abaik ka-19. Di kota ko ado pulo istano presiden jo kabun raya, nan adolah salah satu nan tatuo dan tagadang di dunia. Kota ko bajulukan "Kota Ujan" dek karano acoknyo turun ujan. Bahkan kutiko musim paneh pun kota ko ampia salalu ujan pulo. [[Kategori:Kota di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Jawa Barat]] oxginl308wioio8dn573x0gme4r5le8 Taiwan 0 317763 2443847 2440598 2022-08-02T13:34:28Z Naval Scene 55 Suntingan [[Special:Contributions/182.0.205.244|182.0.205.244]] ([[User talk:182.0.205.244|bicara]]) dibatalkan ke versi terakhir oleh [[User:Chongkian|Chongkian]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republik Cino |native_name = 中華民國<br> ''Zhōnghuá Mínguó'' {{small|([[Bahasa Mandarin|Mandarin]])}} |common_name = Taiwan |image_flag = Flag of the Republic of China.svg |image_coat = National Emblem of the Republic of China.svg |image_map = Taiwan (orthographic projection).svg |image_map2 = Taiwan-CIA WFB Map.png |national_motto = — |national_anthem = <br />中華民國國歌<br />''[[Lagu Kebangsaan Republik Tiongkok|Zhōnghuá Mínguó guógē]]'' |official_languages = [[Bahasa Mandarin|Mandarin]] |capital = [[Taipei]] |latd=25 |latm=02 |lats=00 |latNS=N |longd=121 |longm=38 |longs=00 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Kota New Taipei|New Taipei]]<br />{{small|{{nowrap|{{coord|25|00|40|N|121|26|45|E|display=inline}}}}}} |government_type = [[Republik]] [[Sistem semi-presidensial|semi-presidensial]] |leader_title1 = [[Presiden Republik Cino|Presiden]] |leader_name1 = [[Tsai Ing-wen]] |leader_title2 = [[Wakia Presiden Republik Cino|Wakia Presiden]] |leader_name2 = [[William Lai]] |leader_title3 = [[Perdana Menteri Republik Cino|Pardano Mantari]] |leader_name3 = [[Su Tseng-chang]] |legislature = 立法院<br />''[[Yuan Legislatif|Lìfǎ Yuàn]]'' |sovereignty_type = Pembentukan |established_event1 = [[Pambarontakan Wuchang]] |established_date1 = 10 Oktober 1911 |established_event2 = [[Pamarentahan Samantaro Republik Cino (1912)|Republik didirian]] |established_date2 = 1 Januari 1912 |established_event3 = Konstitusi kini ko |established_date3 = 25 Desember 1947 |established_event4 = Mangunsi ka Taipei akibaik [[Parang Sudaro Cino]] |established_date4 = Desember 1949 |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 36,193 |area_rank = 134 |area_sq_mi = |percent_water = 10,3 |population_estimate = 23.468.748 |population_estimate_rank = 53 |population_estimate_year = 2015 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_rank = 17 |population_density_km2 = 647 |population_density_sq_mi = |GDP_PPP = $1.078 triliun<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=19&pr.y=12&sy=2014&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=528&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Republic of China (Taiwan) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=28 Oktober 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 20 |GDP_PPP_year = 2014 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $46.036<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 19 |GDP_nominal = $529.597 miliar<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = 26 |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22.083<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 32 |Gini_year = 2007 |Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |Gini = 33,4 (<span style="color:orange">sedang</span>) |Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=1|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=26 Juli 2013}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |HDI = {{steady}} 0,882 <!-- number only --> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |accessdate=27 Juli 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}</ref> |HDI_category = <span style="color:#090;">sangaik tinggi</span> |HDI_rank = 21 |currency = [[Dolar Baru Taiwan]] (NT$) |currency_code = TWD |time_zone = [[Wakatu Taiwan]] (CST) |utc_offset = +8 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = kanan |iso3166code = TW |cctld = [[.tw]] dan [[.台灣]] |calling_code = [[+886]] |footnotes = {{Tnavbar|Taiwan infobox|plain=1}} }} '''Taiwan''' ([[bahaso Cino]]: 台灣), atau namo rasminyo '''Republik Cino''' (中華民國, ''Zhōnghuá Mínguó''), adolah sabuah nagara kapulauan nan barado di [[Asia Timur]]. Nagara-nagara jirannyo adolah [[Republik Rakyaik Cino]] (RRC) di barat, [[Japang]] di barat lauik, jo [[Filipina]] selatan. Taiwan adolah nagara bukan anggota [[PBB]] nan jumalah panduduaknyo tabanyak jo ekonominyo tagadang. == Sijarah == Pulau Taiwan sabagian gadang diunyi dek [[panduduak asali Taiwan]], sabalun kadatangan [[urang Cino Han]] nan mulai bapindah ka pulau tu sajak abaik ka-17. Pamukiman-pamukiman urang Eropa jo [[Karajaan Tungning]] badiri indak lamo sabalun muncuanyo [[Dinasti Qing]], iyolah dinasti taakia Cino nan marampeh pulau ko sadonyo. Taiwan kudian dikuasoi dek [[Japang]] pado 1895 satalah mangalahan Qing dalam [[Parang Cino-Japang patamo|parang]]. Salamo Taiwan dalam panjajahan Japang, di Cino daratan badirilah [[Republik Cino (1912-1949)|Republik Cino]] (RC) pado taun 1912 satalah [[Revolusi Xinhai|tumbangnyo Dinasti Qing]]. Kakalahan Japang kapado Sekutu pado 1945, mambuek Republik Cino maabiak alaih pamarentahan di Taiwan. Akan tatapi, Republik Cino malah kudian dirabuik kakuasoannyo di Cino daratan dek pihak Kuminih salamo Parang Sudaro Cino. Taun 1949, [[Partai Kuminih Cino]] manguasoi kasaluruahan wilayah Cino daratan, dan mandirian [[Republik Rakyaik Cino]] (RRC). Pamarentah Republik Cino malarian diri ka Taiwan jo sataruihnyo tatap juo mangklaim baso marekalah pamarentah nan sah untuak saluruah wilayah Cino. Sajak itu, yurisdiksi ukum Republik Cino (RC) sacaro efektif anyo tabateh pado Taiwan jo pulau-pulau sakitanyo sajo, di ma pulau utamo mancakuik 99% wilayah ''de facto'' nagara ko. == Geografi == [[File:Taiwan-fromair Dec2013.ogv|thumb|left|(video) Kota [[Kota Taoyuan|Taoyuan]] dicaliak dari udaro.]] [[File:Taiwan NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Taiwan timua sabagian gadang bapagunuangan, sadang di baraik lambah nan malandai. [[Kapulauan Penghu]] lataknyo di sabalah baraik pulau utamo.]] Laweh kasaluruahan wilayah yuridiksi takini Republik Cino adolah {{convert|36193|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="taiwan-popstat">{{cite web|url=http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls|title=Number of Villages, Neighborhoods, Households and Resident Population |publisher=MOI Statistical Information Service |accessdate=2 February 2014}}</ref> mambueknyo jadi nagara [[Daftar nagara manuruik laweh wilayah|ka-137 tagadang]] di dunia, labiah ketek dari [[Switzerland]] jo labiah gadang dari [[Belgia]]. <!-- The island of Taiwan lies some {{convert|180|km}} off the southeastern coast of mainland China, which lies across the [[Taiwan Strait]], and has an area of {{convert|35883|km2|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="taiwan-popstat"/> The [[East China Sea]] lies to the north, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, the [[Bashi Channel]] of the [[Luzon Strait]] directly to the south, and the [[South China Sea]] to the southwest. All are [[arm (geography)|arm]]s of the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The shape of the main island of Taiwan is similar to a [[sweet potato]] or [[tobacco leaf]] seen in a south-to-north direction, and therefore, Taiwanese (especially [[Min Nan]] speakers) often call themselves "children of the Sweet Potato."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chao | first1 = Kang | last2 = Johnson | first2 = Marshall | year = 2000 | title = Nationalist Social Sciences and the Fabrication of Subimperial Subjects in Taiwan | url = | journal = Positions | volume = 8 | issue = 1| page = 167 }}</ref> --> Kaadoan alam pulau ko kontras bana antaro duo partigo bagian timur nan sabagian gadang tadiri dari bantangan limo area pagunuangan curam dari utara ka selatan, sarato jo bagian barat nan barupo [[Dataran Chianan]] nan landai rato nan manjadi tampek tingga sabagian gadang populasi Taiwan. Puncak tatinggi Taiwan adolah [[Yushan (gunuang)|Gunuang Yu Shan]] (disabuik juo ''Gunuang Giok'') pado katinggian {{convert|3952|m}}. Taiwan adolah pulau kaampek tatinggi di dunia. [[Kapulauan Penghu]]nan talatak {{convert|50|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} di sabalah barat pulau utamo, lawehnyo adolah {{convert|126.9|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}. Babarapo pulau lainnyo nan lataknyo labiah jauah namun dikontrol pulo dek Republik Cino adolah [[Kinmen]], [[Wuchiu]], jo [[Kapulauan Matsu]] di lapeh pasisia [[Fujian]], nan total lawehnyo mancapai {{convert|180.5|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}; sarato [[Kapulauan Pratas]] jo [[Pulau Taiping Island]] di Lauik Cino Selatan, nan total lawehnyo mancapai {{convert|2.9|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}} ka tatapi indak ado panduduak nan manatap di sinan.<ref name="taiwan-popstat"/> == Caliak pulo == * [[Urang Amis]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia]] [[Kategori:Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2016]] [[Kategori:Taiwan]] 65l7l9gv48i2hypsbo70edr3pjgi7m6 2443848 2443847 2022-08-02T13:39:37Z Naval Scene 55 /* Rujuakan */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republik Cino |native_name = 中華民國<br> ''Zhōnghuá Mínguó'' {{small|([[Bahasa Mandarin|Mandarin]])}} |common_name = Taiwan |image_flag = Flag of the Republic of China.svg |image_coat = National Emblem of the Republic of China.svg |image_map = Taiwan (orthographic projection).svg |image_map2 = Taiwan-CIA WFB Map.png |national_motto = — |national_anthem = <br />中華民國國歌<br />''[[Lagu Kebangsaan Republik Tiongkok|Zhōnghuá Mínguó guógē]]'' |official_languages = [[Bahasa Mandarin|Mandarin]] |capital = [[Taipei]] |latd=25 |latm=02 |lats=00 |latNS=N |longd=121 |longm=38 |longs=00 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Kota New Taipei|New Taipei]]<br />{{small|{{nowrap|{{coord|25|00|40|N|121|26|45|E|display=inline}}}}}} |government_type = [[Republik]] [[Sistem semi-presidensial|semi-presidensial]] |leader_title1 = [[Presiden Republik Cino|Presiden]] |leader_name1 = [[Tsai Ing-wen]] |leader_title2 = [[Wakia Presiden Republik Cino|Wakia Presiden]] |leader_name2 = [[William Lai]] |leader_title3 = [[Perdana Menteri Republik Cino|Pardano Mantari]] |leader_name3 = [[Su Tseng-chang]] |legislature = 立法院<br />''[[Yuan Legislatif|Lìfǎ Yuàn]]'' |sovereignty_type = Pembentukan |established_event1 = [[Pambarontakan Wuchang]] |established_date1 = 10 Oktober 1911 |established_event2 = [[Pamarentahan Samantaro Republik Cino (1912)|Republik didirian]] |established_date2 = 1 Januari 1912 |established_event3 = Konstitusi kini ko |established_date3 = 25 Desember 1947 |established_event4 = Mangunsi ka Taipei akibaik [[Parang Sudaro Cino]] |established_date4 = Desember 1949 |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 36,193 |area_rank = 134 |area_sq_mi = |percent_water = 10,3 |population_estimate = 23.468.748 |population_estimate_rank = 53 |population_estimate_year = 2015 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_rank = 17 |population_density_km2 = 647 |population_density_sq_mi = |GDP_PPP = $1.078 triliun<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=19&pr.y=12&sy=2014&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=528&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Republic of China (Taiwan) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=28 Oktober 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 20 |GDP_PPP_year = 2014 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $46.036<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 19 |GDP_nominal = $529.597 miliar<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = 26 |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22.083<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 32 |Gini_year = 2007 |Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |Gini = 33,4 (<span style="color:orange">sedang</span>) |Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=1|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=26 Juli 2013}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |HDI = {{steady}} 0,882 <!-- number only --> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |accessdate=27 Juli 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}</ref> |HDI_category = <span style="color:#090;">sangaik tinggi</span> |HDI_rank = 21 |currency = [[Dolar Baru Taiwan]] (NT$) |currency_code = TWD |time_zone = [[Wakatu Taiwan]] (CST) |utc_offset = +8 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = kanan |iso3166code = TW |cctld = [[.tw]] dan [[.台灣]] |calling_code = [[+886]] |footnotes = {{Tnavbar|Taiwan infobox|plain=1}} }} '''Taiwan''' ([[bahaso Cino]]: 台灣), atau namo rasminyo '''Republik Cino''' (中華民國, ''Zhōnghuá Mínguó''), adolah sabuah nagara kapulauan nan barado di [[Asia Timur]]. Nagara-nagara jirannyo adolah [[Republik Rakyaik Cino]] (RRC) di barat, [[Japang]] di barat lauik, jo [[Filipina]] selatan. Taiwan adolah nagara bukan anggota [[PBB]] nan jumalah panduduaknyo tabanyak jo ekonominyo tagadang. == Sijarah == Pulau Taiwan sabagian gadang diunyi dek [[panduduak asali Taiwan]], sabalun kadatangan [[urang Cino Han]] nan mulai bapindah ka pulau tu sajak abaik ka-17. Pamukiman-pamukiman urang Eropa jo [[Karajaan Tungning]] badiri indak lamo sabalun muncuanyo [[Dinasti Qing]], iyolah dinasti taakia Cino nan marampeh pulau ko sadonyo. Taiwan kudian dikuasoi dek [[Japang]] pado 1895 satalah mangalahan Qing dalam [[Parang Cino-Japang patamo|parang]]. Salamo Taiwan dalam panjajahan Japang, di Cino daratan badirilah [[Republik Cino (1912-1949)|Republik Cino]] (RC) pado taun 1912 satalah [[Revolusi Xinhai|tumbangnyo Dinasti Qing]]. Kakalahan Japang kapado Sekutu pado 1945, mambuek Republik Cino maabiak alaih pamarentahan di Taiwan. Akan tatapi, Republik Cino malah kudian dirabuik kakuasoannyo di Cino daratan dek pihak Kuminih salamo Parang Sudaro Cino. Taun 1949, [[Partai Kuminih Cino]] manguasoi kasaluruahan wilayah Cino daratan, dan mandirian [[Republik Rakyaik Cino]] (RRC). Pamarentah Republik Cino malarian diri ka Taiwan jo sataruihnyo tatap juo mangklaim baso marekalah pamarentah nan sah untuak saluruah wilayah Cino. Sajak itu, yurisdiksi ukum Republik Cino (RC) sacaro efektif anyo tabateh pado Taiwan jo pulau-pulau sakitanyo sajo, di ma pulau utamo mancakuik 99% wilayah ''de facto'' nagara ko. == Geografi == [[File:Taiwan-fromair Dec2013.ogv|thumb|left|(video) Kota [[Kota Taoyuan|Taoyuan]] dicaliak dari udaro.]] [[File:Taiwan NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Taiwan timua sabagian gadang bapagunuangan, sadang di baraik lambah nan malandai. [[Kapulauan Penghu]] lataknyo di sabalah baraik pulau utamo.]] Laweh kasaluruahan wilayah yuridiksi takini Republik Cino adolah {{convert|36193|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="taiwan-popstat">{{cite web|url=http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls|title=Number of Villages, Neighborhoods, Households and Resident Population |publisher=MOI Statistical Information Service |accessdate=2 February 2014}}</ref> mambueknyo jadi nagara [[Daftar nagara manuruik laweh wilayah|ka-137 tagadang]] di dunia, labiah ketek dari [[Switzerland]] jo labiah gadang dari [[Belgia]]. <!-- The island of Taiwan lies some {{convert|180|km}} off the southeastern coast of mainland China, which lies across the [[Taiwan Strait]], and has an area of {{convert|35883|km2|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="taiwan-popstat"/> The [[East China Sea]] lies to the north, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, the [[Bashi Channel]] of the [[Luzon Strait]] directly to the south, and the [[South China Sea]] to the southwest. All are [[arm (geography)|arm]]s of the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The shape of the main island of Taiwan is similar to a [[sweet potato]] or [[tobacco leaf]] seen in a south-to-north direction, and therefore, Taiwanese (especially [[Min Nan]] speakers) often call themselves "children of the Sweet Potato."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chao | first1 = Kang | last2 = Johnson | first2 = Marshall | year = 2000 | title = Nationalist Social Sciences and the Fabrication of Subimperial Subjects in Taiwan | url = | journal = Positions | volume = 8 | issue = 1| page = 167 }}</ref> --> Kaadoan alam pulau ko kontras bana antaro duo partigo bagian timur nan sabagian gadang tadiri dari bantangan limo area pagunuangan curam dari utara ka selatan, sarato jo bagian barat nan barupo [[Dataran Chianan]] nan landai rato nan manjadi tampek tingga sabagian gadang populasi Taiwan. Puncak tatinggi Taiwan adolah [[Yushan (gunuang)|Gunuang Yu Shan]] (disabuik juo ''Gunuang Giok'') pado katinggian {{convert|3952|m}}. Taiwan adolah pulau kaampek tatinggi di dunia. [[Kapulauan Penghu]]nan talatak {{convert|50|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} di sabalah barat pulau utamo, lawehnyo adolah {{convert|126.9|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}. Babarapo pulau lainnyo nan lataknyo labiah jauah namun dikontrol pulo dek Republik Cino adolah [[Kinmen]], [[Wuchiu]], jo [[Kapulauan Matsu]] di lapeh pasisia [[Fujian]], nan total lawehnyo mancapai {{convert|180.5|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}; sarato [[Kapulauan Pratas]] jo [[Pulau Taiping Island]] di Lauik Cino Selatan, nan total lawehnyo mancapai {{convert|2.9|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}} ka tatapi indak ado panduduak nan manatap di sinan.<ref name="taiwan-popstat"/> == Caliak pulo == * [[Urang Amis]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{geo-stub}} [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia]] [[Kategori:Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2016]] [[Kategori:Taiwan]] d26yfxdumkid6h9arg2ldmix8p08oi8 Palestina 0 319517 2443853 2440609 2022-08-02T13:43:49Z Naval Scene 55 Suntingan [[Special:Contributions/182.0.205.244|182.0.205.244]] ([[User talk:182.0.205.244|bicara]]) dibatalkan ke versi terakhir oleh [[User:Ardzun|Ardzun]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{untuk|nagara Palestina|Nagara Palestina}} {{disambig info}} {{Location map+ | Israel | AlternativeMap = Historical boundaries of Palestine (plain).svg | caption = {{legend|border=darkgreen solid|white|Bateh-bateh [[Syria Palaestina]] Romawi, sadangkan garis hijau putuih-putuih manunjuakan bateh antaro [[Palaestina Prima]] Romawi Timua (kamudian manjadi [[Jund Filastin]]) jo [[Palaestina Secunda]] (kamudian manjadi [[Jund al-Urdunn]]), sarato [[Palaestina Salutaris]] (kamudian menjadi Jabal at-Tih jo Jifar)}} {{legend|border=darkred solid|white|Bateh-bateh [[Mandat Britania ateh Palestina]]}} {{legend|border=blue dotted|white|Bateh-bateh [[Negara Palestina]] ([[Tapi Baraik]] jo [[Jalur Gaza]])}} | alt= Palestine is located in Asia }} '''Palestina''' ({{lang-ar| فلسطين}} {{transl|ar|''Filasṭīn''}}, {{transl|ar|''Falasṭīn''}}, {{transl|ar|''Filisṭīn''}}; {{lang-el|Παλαιστίνη}}, ''Palaistinē''; {{lang-la|Palaestina}}; [[bahaso Ibrani]]: פלשתינה ''Palestina'') adolah sabuah wilayah geografis di [[Timua Tangah]] antaro [[Lauik Tangah]] jo [[Sungai Yordan]]. Namo "Palestina" digunoan dek panulih-panulih [[Yunani Kuno]], jo kamudian digunoan untuak provinsi Romawi [[Suriah (provinsi Romawi|Syria Palaestina]], provinsi Romawi Timur [[Palaestina Prima]] jo provinsi Umayyah jo Abbasiyah [[Jund Filastin]]. Wilayah iko dikenal juo sabagai [[Tanah Israel]] ([[bahasa Ibrani]]: ארץ־ישראל ''Eretz-Yisra'el''),<ref name="Gideon Biger 2004">{{cite book|author = Gideon Biger|title = The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947|at = passim|year = 2004|publisher = RoutledgeCurzon}}</ref> [[Tanah Suci]], [[Levant Salatan]]<ref name="de Geus, 2003, p. 7">de Geus, 2003, p. 7.</ref>, [[:en:Cisjordan|Cisjordan]], jo sacaro historis dikenal jo namo-namo lainnyo misalnyo [[Kanaan]], [[Suriah Salatan]] jo [[Kerajaan Yerusalem]]. Talatak di lokasi nan strategis, di antaro [[Mesir]], [[Suriah Raya|Suriah]] jo [[Jazirah Arab]], jo tampek lahianyo [[Agamo Yahudi]] jo [[Kakristenan]], wilayah iko mampunyoi sijarah nan panjang jo riuh sabagai pasimpangan untuak agamo, budayo, padagangan jo politik. Wilayah iko alah dikuasai dek babagai bangsa, yaitu: [[Urang Mesir Kuno]], Urang [[Kanaan]], [[Bani Israil]], [[Orang Assyiria]], Urang [[Babilonia]], [[Kakaisaran Akhemeniyah|Urang Farsi]], Urang [[Yunani Kuno]], Urang [[Romawi Kuno|Romawi]], Urang [[Kakaisaran Romawi Timua|Romawi Timua]], [[Khalifah|Kakhalifahan Arab]] [[Sunni]], [[Kakhalifahan Fatimiyah]] [[Syi'ah]], [[Parang Salib|Urang Salibi]], [[Dinasti Ayyubiyyah|Ayyubiyyah]], [[Mamluk]], [[Turki Utsmani]], [[Urang Britania]], [[Urang Israel]] modern jo [[Bangsa Palestina]]. Bateh-bateh dari wilayah iko salalu barubah sapanjang sijarah, jo tarakhia kali ditatapkan pado zaman modern dek [[Pasatujuan bateh Parancih-Britania (1920)]] jo [[Nota Transyordania]] (tanggal 16 September 1922), salamo [[Mandat Britania ateh Palestina|pariode Mandat Palestina]].<ref name="Books.google.co.uk">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA453|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Bruce Alan Masters, Gábor Ágoston|publisher=Books.google.co.uk|date=|accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> Kini, wilayah iko tadiri dari [[Negara Israel]] jo [[Negara Palestina]].<ref name="Books.google.co.uk" /> == Etimologi == {{Untuk|Definisi Palestina|Linimasa nama Palestina}} Istilah ''Peleset'' (Transliterasi dari [[Hieroglif Mesir]] sabagai ''P-r-s-t'') basobok di babagai dokumen Mesir nan merujuak kapado sabuah bangsa atau tanah nan badakekan, bamulo dari sakitar taun 1150 SM salamo [[Dinasti kaduo puluah Mesir]]. Panyabuikan partamo dipakiroan ado di dalam teks-teks dari [[Kuil Medinet Habu]], nan marekam sabuah bangsa nan disabuik Peleset ado di antaro [[Bangsa Lauik]], nan manyerbu Mesir pado maso bakuasonya [[Ramses III]],<ref name=Fahlbuschp185>Fahlbusch et al., 2005, p. 185.</ref> kamudian diikuiki dek sabuah ukiran pado [[Patuang Padiiset]]. [[Urang Assyria]] manyabuik wilayah iko sabagai ''Palashtu'' atau ''Pilistu'', dimulai [[Adad-nirari III]] pado Lempeng Nimrod sakitar taun 800 SM, sampai kaisar [[Sargon II]], dalam hikayaiknyo sakitar 1 abaik satalah Lempeng Nimrod.<ref name=ehrlich>Carl S. Ehrlich "Philistines" ''The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible''. Ed. Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan. Oxford University Press, 2001.</ref><ref name=Sharonp4>Sharon, 1988, p. 4.</ref><ref name=Roomp285 /> == Geografi == [[Berkas:Nyt1917ottomanpalestinemap.png|jmpl|ka|Peta Palestina sabagai nagara baru dari Kakhilafahan Ottoman Turki, nan dimuek dek New York Tribune pado 17 Juni 1917.]] [[Berkas:Hebrew Arabic English road signs.jpg|jmpl|Papan namo dalam tribahaso di Palestina]] [[Berkas:Topography of Palestine.jpg|jmpl|Topografi Palestina|pra=Special:FilePath/Topography_of_Palestine.jpg]] Palestina talatak di bagian barat benua [[Asia]] nan mambantang antaro garih lintang meridian 15-34 dan 40-35 ka arah timur, jo antari garih lintang meridian 30-29 dan 15-33 ka arah utara. Palestina mambantuak bagian tenggara dari kasatuan geografis nan gadang di balahan timur dunia [[Arab]] nan disabuik jo nagari Syam. Salain Palestina, nagari Syam tadiri dari [[Lebanon]], [[Suriah]] jo [[Yordania]]. Pado awalnyo nagaro-nagaro iko punyo pabatasan nan kolektif di lua pabatasannyo jo [[Mesir]]. Pabatasan Palestina dimulai dari Lebanon di Ras El-Nakoura di wilayah [[Lauik Tangah]] (Lauik Mediterania) jo garih luruih mangarah ka timur sampai ka daerah di dakek kota ketek Lebanon iyolah kota Bent Jubayel, di mano garih pamisah antaro kaduo nagaro iko miriang ka Utara jo suduik nan hampia luruih. Pado titik iko, pabatasan barado mangitari mato aia [[Sungai Yordan]] nan manjadi bagian dari Palestina dalam jalan ketek nan mambatasinyo dari wilayah Timur jo wilayah Suriah jo danau Al Hola, Lout jo Tabariyya. Pabatasan jo Yordania dimulai di wilayah selatan danau Tabariyya pado pambuangan sungai Al Yarmouk. Taruih sapanjang Sungai Yordan. Dari mato aia [[Sungai Yordan]], pabatasan iko ka arah Selatan mambalah patangahan Lauik Mati sacaro geometrikal jo lembah Araba, hinggo sampai pado daerah Aqaba. Pabatasan jo Mesir dapek digambaran jo garih nan hampia mambantuak garih luruih nan mambalah antaro daerah semi-pulau Seena jo padang pasia Al Naqab. Pabatasan iko dimulai di Rafah di Lauik Tangah hinggo sampai ka daerah Taba di Teluk Aqaba. Di bagian Barat, Palestina talatak di sabalah paaiaan lapeh internasional dari [[Lauik Tangah]] jo jarak sakitar 250&nbsp;km dari Ras El-Nakoura di balah selatan hinggo Rafah di bagian salatan. Karano lokasinya talatak di patangahan nagaro-nagaro Arab, Palestina mambantuak kombinasi geografis nan natural jo humanistik bagi medan terestrial nan laweh nan mamuek kahidupan urang-urang asli Badui di wilayah selatan jo gaya panduduakan nan alah lamo di bagian utara. Tanah Palestina punyo kaistimewaan dibandiang jo daerah lain karano marupoan bagian dari tampek diturunkannyo sadoalah agamo samawi, tampek di mano paradaban kuno muncua, manjadi jambatan aktivitas komersial jo tampek panyusupan ekspedisi militer di sapanjang era basijarah nan babeda. Lokasi strategis nan dinikmati Palestina mamungkinkannyo untuak manjadi faktor panghubuang antaro babagai benua bagi dunia kuno Asia, Afrika jo Eropa. Palestina manjadi tampek nan dijadikan pintu masuak juo bagi pajalanan ka nagaro-nagaro tetangga. Inyo manjadi jambatan panghubuang bagi manusia sajak dulu kala, sabagaimano inyo menikmati juo lokasi sentral (Pusek) nan mamikek sabagian urang nan nio bamukim jo hiduik dalam kamakmuran. == Pamarintahan == Pada saat iko daerah Palestina tabagi manjadi duo entitas politik: * Daerah nagaro [[Israel]] * Daerah [[Otoritas Nasional Palestina]], iyolah sabagian gadang [[Tapi Baraik]] jo saluruah [[Jalur Gaza]] == Sijarah == {{utama|Konflik Israel jo Palestina}} == Caliak pulo == * [[Organisasi Pambebasan Palestina]] * [[Yasser Arafat]] * [[Konflik Israel jo Palestina]] * [[Hamas]] * [[Israel]] == Referensi == <references /> == Pranala lua == * Pusek Informasi Palestina [http://www.infopalestina.com/] * Sijarah Palestina jo Rakyaiknyo [http://www.dakwatuna.com/tag/sejarah-palestina/] * WAFA – kantua berita Palestina [http://english.wafa.ps/] * Palestine.ma [http://freepalestine.free.fr] * The Palestine Chronicle [http://www.palestinechronicle.com/] * Welcome to Palestine [http://www.palestine-net.com] * The Hope Simpson Report (London, 1930) [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/e3ed8720f8707c9385256d19004f057c!OpenDocument] * Palestine Royal Commission Report (the Peel Report) (London, 1937) [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/peel1.html] * Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1928) [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/a212ce7d6edb27c6052565d4005af973!OpenDocument] * Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1929) [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/38bed104db074b49052565e70054eb22!OpenDocument] * Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1934) [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/a212ce7d6edb27c6052565d4005af973!OpenDocument] * Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1935) [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/b672dc87b2d50447052565d4005173df!OpenDocument] * [http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm www.mideastweb.org – A website with a wealth of statistics regarding population in Palestine] * [http://www.drberlin.com/palestine/ Coins and Banknotes of Palestine under the British Mandate] * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/ WorldStatesmen- Maps, flags, chronology, see Israel and Palestinian National Authority] * [http://www.hweb.org.uk/content/view/69/3/ hWeb – Israel-Palestine in Maps] * [http://www.commonlanguageproject.net/?page_id=41#Palestine Palestine Fact Sheet] from the Common Language Project * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Palestine 1911 Encyclopedia description of Palestine] * [http://www.ldfp.eu/ Liberal Democrat Friends of Palestine] * [http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/ngo/history.html History of the Palestine Problem, UN website] ; Peta * [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/sykes-picot-1916.gif Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916] * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/images/israel04.jpg 1947 UN Partition Plan] * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/images/israel05.jpg 1949 Armisitice Lines] * [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/israel-post-armstice-1949.gif Israel After 1949 Armistice Agreements] * [http://www.ldfp.eu/Maps.html Liberal Democrat Friends of Palestine] * [http://www.ottomanpalestine.com/ The Ottoman Palestine Pictures] == Pustaka == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim (1971). (Ed)., ''The Transformation of Palestine''. Illinois: Northwestern Press. * Avneri, Arieh (1984), The Claim of Dispossession, Tel Aviv: Hidekel Press * Bachi, Roberto (1974), The Population of Israel, Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University * Belfer-Cohen, Anna and Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2000). Early Sedentism in the Near East. A Bumpy Ride to Village Life. In Ian Kuijt (Ed.). ''Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation''. Springer. ISBN 0-306-46122-6 * Biger, Gideon (1981). Where was Palestine? Pre-World War I perception, ''AREA'' (Journal of the Institute of British Geographers) Vol 13, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;153–160. * Broshi, Magen (1979). The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 236, p.&nbsp;7, 1979. * Byatt, Anthony (1973). Josephus and population numbers in first century Palestine. ''Palestine Exploration Quarterly'', 105, pp.&nbsp;51–60. * Chancey, Mark A. (2005). ''Greco-Roman Culture and the Galilee of Jesus''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84647-1 * Chase, Kenneth (2003). ''Firearms: A Global History to 1700''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82274-2 * Doumani, Beshara (1995). ''Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus 1700–1900''. UC Press. ISBN 0-520-20370-4 * Ember, Melvin & Peregrine, Peter N. (2002). ''Encyclopedia of Prehistory.'' Springer. ISBN 0-306-46262-1 * Farsoun, Samih K. and Naseer Aruri (2006), ''Palestine and the Palestinians'', Westview Press, 2nd edition, ISBN 0-8133-4336-4 * Finkelstein, I, Mazar, A and Schmidt, B. (2007). ''The Quest for the Historical Israel''. The Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-277-0 * Gelber, Yoav (1997). ''Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921–48: Alliance of Bars Sinister''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4675-X * Gerber, Haim (1998). "Palestine" and other territorial concepts in the 17th century, ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', Vol 30, pp.&nbsp;563–572. * Gilbar, Gar G. (ed.), ''Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914''. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-07785-5 * Gilbar, Gar G. (1986). The Growing Economic Involvement of Palestine With the West, 1865–1914. In David Kushner (Ed.). ''Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social and Economic Transformation''. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-07792-8 * [[Martin Gilbert|Gilbert, Martin]] (2005). ''The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35900-7 * Gottheil, Fred M. (2003) [http://www.meforum.org/article/522/ The Smoking Gun: Arab Immigration into Palestine, 1922–1931], ''[[Middle East Quarterly]]'', X(1). * Hansen, Mogens Herman (Ed.) (2000). ''A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation''. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. ISBN 87-7876-177-8 * Harris, David Russell (1996). ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia''. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-537-9 * Hayes, John H. and Mandell, Sara R. (1998). ''The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity: From Alexander to Bar Kochba''. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-25727-5 * Hughes, Mark (1999). ''Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917–1919''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4920-1 * Ingrams, Doreen (1972). ''Palestine Papers 1917–1922''. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-8076-0648-0 * [[Rashid Khalidi|Khalidi, Rashid]] (1997). ''Palestinian Identity. The Construction of Modern National Consciousness''. [[Columbia University Press]]. ISBN 0-231-10515-0 * Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004). ''Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide''. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01517-7 * Karpat, Kemal H. (2002). ''Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History''. Brill. ISBN 90-04-12101-3 * [[Shmuel Katz|Katz, Shmuel]] (1973) ''Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine'' Shapolsky Pub; ISBN 0-933503-03-2 * Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). ''Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel 1300-1100 BCE''. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 1-58983-097-0 {{col-2}} * Kimmerling, Baruch and Migdal, Joel S. (1994). ''Palestinians: The Making of a People'', Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-65223-1 * [[Hans Köchler|Köchler, Hans]] (1981). ''The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem''. Vienna: Braumüller. ISBN 3-7003-0278-9 * Kurz, Anat N. (2005) ''Fatah and the Politics of Violence: The Institutionalization of a Popular Struggle''. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1-84519-032-7, 9781845190323. * Lewis, B. (1993). ''Islam in History: Ideas, People and Events in the Middle East''. Open Court Publishing. ISBN 0-8126-9518-6 * Le Strange, Guy (1965). ''Palestine under the Moslems'' (Originally published in 1890; reprinted by Khayats) ISBN 0-404-56288-4 * Loftus, J. P. (1948), Features of the demography of Palestine, Population Studies, Vol 2 * Louis, Wm. Roger (1969). The United Kingdom and the Beginning of the Mandates System, 1919–1922. ''International Organization'', 23(1), pp.&nbsp;73–96. * McCarthy, Justin (1990). ''The Population of Palestine''. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07110-8. * Mandel, Neville J. (1976). ''The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I''. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02466-4 * [[Fabio Maniscalco|Maniscalco, Fabio]]. (2005). ''Protection, conservation and valorisation of Palestinian Cultural Patrimony'' Massa Publisher. ISBN 88-87835-62-4. * Metzer, Jacob (1988). ''The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine''. Cambridge University Press. * Mills, Watson E. (1990). ''Mercer Dictionary of the Bible''. Mercer University Press. ISBN 0-86554-373-9 * Pastor, Jack (1997). ''Land and Economy in Ancient Palestine''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15960-1 * Porath, Yehoshua (1974). ''The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement'', 1918–1929. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-2939-1 * Redmount, Carol A. 'Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt' in ''The Oxford History of the Biblical World'', ed: Michael D. Coogan, (Oxford University Press: 1999) * Rogan, Eugene L. (2002). ''Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89223-6. * Rosen, Steven A. (1997). ''Lithics After the Stone Age: A Handbook of Stone Tools from the Levant''. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 0-7619-9124-7 * [[Howard Sachar|Sachar, Howard M.]] (2006). ''A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time'', 2nd ed., revised and updated. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-76563-8 * Said, Edward W. and Christopher Hitchens (2001). ''Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question''. Verso. ISBN 1-85984-340-9. * Schlor, Joachim (1999). ''Tel Aviv: From Dream to City''. Reaktion Books. ISBN 1-86189-033-8 * Scholch, Alexander (1985) ''"The Demographic Development of Palestine 1850-1882"'', International Journal of Middle East Studies, XII, 4, November 1985, pp.&nbsp;485–505 * Shahin, Mariam (2005). ''Palestine: A Guide'', Interlink Books. ISBN 1-56656-557-X * Schmelz, Uziel O. (1990) Population characteristics of Jerusalem and Hebron regions according to Ottoman Census of 1905. In Gar G. Gilbar, ed., ''Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914''.Leiden: Brill. * Shiloh, Yigal (1980). The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of a Sample Analysis of Urban Plans, Areas, and Population Density, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 239, p.&nbsp;33, 1980. * Sicker, Martin (1999). ''Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922''. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-96639-9 * Stearns, Peter N. {{worldhistory}} * Twain, Mark (1867). ''Innocents Abroad''. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-243708-5 * [[UNSCOP]] [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3!OpenDocument Report to the General Assembly] * Westermann, ''Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte''. ISBN 3-07-509520-6 * Whitelam, Keith (1997). ''The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History'', Routledge, ISBN 0-415-10759-8, ISBN 978-0-415-10759-4 * ''Buku Ensiklopedia Indonesia''. |} {{Commons category|Palestine}} {{Commons category|Israel}} {{Wikivoyage|Israel}} {{Wikivoyage|Palestinian Territories}} [[Kategori:Palestina| ]] [[Kategori:Yahudi]] [[Kategori:Wilayah nan dipertentangkan]] 5vfpeir8k7gca8nzyl8w32vznmowbne Jonggol 0 323900 2443857 1654252 2022-08-03T04:28:02Z Adhmi 7359 #WPWP #WPWPMIN wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Peta Kawedanan di Bogor.png|jmpl|442x442px|Warna hijau marupoan daerah Jonggol nan talatak di subalah timur dari Kabupaten Bogor]] '''Jonggol''' marupokan sabuah kecamatan nan ado di [[Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. [[Kategori:Bogor]] [[Kategori:Jawa Barat]] {{Politik-indo-stub}} fb22kqfc9udfat1d8xdu5dwzubk18gs Kamantarian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia 0 324230 2443846 2056597 2022-08-02T12:40:26Z 114.5.103.181 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Logo of Ministry of Communication and Information Technology of the Republic of Indonesia.svg|150px|right]] '''Kamantarian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia''' INI KEMENTRIAN MAEN BLOKIR STEAM DAN PAYPAL AJA NEH? GILIRAN SITUS GAME JUDI ONLINE NDAK DIBLOKIR, BILANGNYA SIH ITU BUKAN JUDI, TAPI ITU GAME BIASA.. HALAH PREKETEK TAEK!! == Sijarah == Kamantrian Komunikasi jo Informatika Indonesia pado awalnyo banamo Dapartemen Panarangan. Pambentukan Dapartemen Panarangan ditandoi jo panatapan Mr. Amir Sjarifuddin sabagai Menteri Panarangan jo PPKI pado tanggal 19 Agustus [[1945]]. Saat Orde Lamo dan Orde Baru, Dapartemen Panarangan banyak mangatur jo mambina pers, media masso. talavisi, film, radio, grafika, pacetakan jo panarangan umum. Dapartemen Panarangan surang tadiri ateh Direktorat Jenderal Panarangan Umum, Direktorat Jenderal Radio, Televisi, Film, Direktorat Jenderal Urusan Panyiaran dan Media Masso, Direktorat Jenderal Pambinaan Pers dan Grafika, sarta mamiliki instansi vertikal (Kantor Wilayah dan Kantor Dinas) sampai daerah dan mamegang kandali TVRI, RRI, dan Kantua Barita Antara. Katiko Reformasi malatuih pado taun 1998, dan salah satu tuntutikannyo iyolah kababasan pers, Presiden [[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie|B.J. Habibie]] mambuek UU no. 40 taun 1999 manganai Pers nan manghilangkan SIUPP (Surek Izin Usaho Panarbitan Pers) nan salamo iko manjadi 'momok' parusahaan pers salamo Orde Baru. UU iko juo mampakuek Dewan Pers nan tadinyo dikatuai langsuang ex-officio jo Mantri Panarangan manjadi lambago nan murni independen dari pamerintah dan bafungsi manjago independensi pers. Pado taun kini juo UU no. 36 taun 1999 manganai Telekomunikasi nan manjadi dasar telekomunikasi dan internet Indonesia diundangkan dan dibantuak Badan Regulasi Telekomunikasi Indonesia (BRTI) nan masih manjadi wewenang Dapartemen Pahubungan saat tu. Katiko [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] manjadi Presiden RI pado taun 1999, Dapartemen Panarangan dan Dapartemen Sosial dibubakan. Dalam panjalehan nan diagiah sacaro tabuka pado sidang paripurna DPR, pado patangahan November 1999, [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] managehkan bahwasanyo pambubaran tu dilakuakan samato-mato untuak efisiensi dan parampiangan kabinet pamerintahan, sakaligus dalam rangko implementasi sapenuahnyo UU No. 22/1999 tantang otonomi daerah. Salain tu juo pado taun tasabuik, Lambago Sensor Film nan tadinyo dikalola jo Dapartemen Panarangan dialihan ka lingkuangan Dapartemen Pandidikan, nan nantinyo satahun kamudian dialihan kambali ka Kamantarian Kabudayaan jo Pariwisata. Abdurrahman Wahid pun mambentuk Badan Informasi Komunikasi Nasional (BIKN) sabagai lambago pangganti Dapartemen Panarangan (Keppres 153 taun 1999), jo Kapalo BIKN satara Eselon 1a. Dangan ditatapkannyo Kaputuihan Presiden tasabuik, saluruah aset dan personil eks Dep. Panarangan tingkek Pusek dialiahkan kapado Badan Informasi dan Komunikasi Nasional; kacuali aset dan personil Direktorat Televisi, TVRI Satasiun Pusek Jakarta, Balai Pandidikan dan Palatiahan Televisi Jakarta, Direktorat Radio, Satasiun Radio Republik Indonesia Nasional Jakarta, Balai Pandidikan dan Palatiahan Radio Jakarta, Balai Elektronika dan Laboratorium Radio Jakarta, dan Maintenance Center Jakarta. Dalam rangka pelaksanaan Undang-undang No. 22 Taun 1999 tantang Pamarentahan Daerah, eks instansi vertikal Dep. Panarangan tamasuak saluruah aset dan personilnya dialiahkan manjadi Perangkat/Dinas Daerah Propinsi, Kabupaten/Kota, kacuali TVRI Satasiun Daerah, TVRI Satasiun Produksi, TVRI Sektor dan Satuan Transmisi, Satasiun Radio RI Regional I dan II, Multimedia Training Center Yogyakarta, sarato Maintenance Center Medan dan Ujung Pandang. == caliak juo == * Daftar Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Indonesia * Kementerian Indonesia * Dewan Pers * Badan Regulasi Telekomunikasi Indonesia * Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia * Dewan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Nasional * Lembaga Sensor Film * Lembaga Penyiaran Publik * Komisi Informasi * PT Pos Indonesia * PT Telkom Indonesia * LKBN Antara == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Kamantarian Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Kamantarian Komunikasi dan Informatika Indonesia]] 4svd9tmg3loocmvt8g4b0za7zbkn4au 2443854 2443846 2022-08-02T13:49:52Z Naval Scene 55 Mambatalan revisi 2443846 oleh [[Special:Contributions/114.5.103.181|114.5.103.181]] ([[User talk:114.5.103.181|maota]]) vandalisme wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Logo of Ministry of Communication and Information Technology of the Republic of Indonesia.svg|150px|right]] '''Kamantarian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia''' (namo rasmi dalam bahaso [[Bahaso Indonesia|Indonesia]]: ''Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia''; biaso disingkek: '''Kemkominfo RI''') adolah kamantarian dalam Pamerintah Indonesia nan mambidangi urusan komunikasi jo informatika. Kamantarian Komunikasi jo Informatika sabalumnyo banamo Dapartemen Panarangan (1945-1999), Kamantrian Nagaro Komunikasi jo Informasi (2001-2005), dan Dapartemen Komunikasi jo Informatika (2005-2009). Kamantrian Komunikasi jo Informatika dipimpin jo saurang Mantri Komunikasi jo Informatika (Menkominfo) nan sajak tanggal 27 Oktober [[2014]] dijabek jo Rudiantara. == Sijarah == Kamantrian Komunikasi jo Informatika Indonesia pado awalnyo banamo Dapartemen Panarangan. Pambentukan Dapartemen Panarangan ditandoi jo panatapan Mr. Amir Sjarifuddin sabagai Menteri Panarangan jo PPKI pado tanggal 19 Agustus [[1945]]. Saat Orde Lamo dan Orde Baru, Dapartemen Panarangan banyak mangatur jo mambina pers, media masso. talavisi, film, radio, grafika, pacetakan jo panarangan umum. Dapartemen Panarangan surang tadiri ateh Direktorat Jenderal Panarangan Umum, Direktorat Jenderal Radio, Televisi, Film, Direktorat Jenderal Urusan Panyiaran dan Media Masso, Direktorat Jenderal Pambinaan Pers dan Grafika, sarta mamiliki instansi vertikal (Kantor Wilayah dan Kantor Dinas) sampai daerah dan mamegang kandali TVRI, RRI, dan Kantua Barita Antara. Katiko Reformasi malatuih pado taun 1998, dan salah satu tuntutikannyo iyolah kababasan pers, Presiden [[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie|B.J. Habibie]] mambuek UU no. 40 taun 1999 manganai Pers nan manghilangkan SIUPP (Surek Izin Usaho Panarbitan Pers) nan salamo iko manjadi 'momok' parusahaan pers salamo Orde Baru. UU iko juo mampakuek Dewan Pers nan tadinyo dikatuai langsuang ex-officio jo Mantri Panarangan manjadi lambago nan murni independen dari pamerintah dan bafungsi manjago independensi pers. Pado taun kini juo UU no. 36 taun 1999 manganai Telekomunikasi nan manjadi dasar telekomunikasi dan internet Indonesia diundangkan dan dibantuak Badan Regulasi Telekomunikasi Indonesia (BRTI) nan masih manjadi wewenang Dapartemen Pahubungan saat tu. Katiko [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] manjadi Presiden RI pado taun 1999, Dapartemen Panarangan dan Dapartemen Sosial dibubakan. Dalam panjalehan nan diagiah sacaro tabuka pado sidang paripurna DPR, pado patangahan November 1999, [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] managehkan bahwasanyo pambubaran tu dilakuakan samato-mato untuak efisiensi dan parampiangan kabinet pamerintahan, sakaligus dalam rangko implementasi sapenuahnyo UU No. 22/1999 tantang otonomi daerah. Salain tu juo pado taun tasabuik, Lambago Sensor Film nan tadinyo dikalola jo Dapartemen Panarangan dialihan ka lingkuangan Dapartemen Pandidikan, nan nantinyo satahun kamudian dialihan kambali ka Kamantarian Kabudayaan jo Pariwisata. Abdurrahman Wahid pun mambentuk Badan Informasi Komunikasi Nasional (BIKN) sabagai lambago pangganti Dapartemen Panarangan (Keppres 153 taun 1999), jo Kapalo BIKN satara Eselon 1a. Dangan ditatapkannyo Kaputuihan Presiden tasabuik, saluruah aset dan personil eks Dep. Panarangan tingkek Pusek dialiahkan kapado Badan Informasi dan Komunikasi Nasional; kacuali aset dan personil Direktorat Televisi, TVRI Satasiun Pusek Jakarta, Balai Pandidikan dan Palatiahan Televisi Jakarta, Direktorat Radio, Satasiun Radio Republik Indonesia Nasional Jakarta, Balai Pandidikan dan Palatiahan Radio Jakarta, Balai Elektronika dan Laboratorium Radio Jakarta, dan Maintenance Center Jakarta. Dalam rangka pelaksanaan Undang-undang No. 22 Taun 1999 tantang Pamarentahan Daerah, eks instansi vertikal Dep. Panarangan tamasuak saluruah aset dan personilnya dialiahkan manjadi Perangkat/Dinas Daerah Propinsi, Kabupaten/Kota, kacuali TVRI Satasiun Daerah, TVRI Satasiun Produksi, TVRI Sektor dan Satuan Transmisi, Satasiun Radio RI Regional I dan II, Multimedia Training Center Yogyakarta, sarato Maintenance Center Medan dan Ujung Pandang. == caliak juo == * Daftar Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Indonesia * Kementerian Indonesia * Dewan Pers * Badan Regulasi Telekomunikasi Indonesia * Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia * Dewan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Nasional * Lembaga Sensor Film * Lembaga Penyiaran Publik * Komisi Informasi * PT Pos Indonesia * PT Telkom Indonesia * LKBN Antara == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Kamantarian Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Kamantarian Komunikasi dan Informatika Indonesia]] sxzqj691bb6ulmol1zfhkw0gwhgxcxi Urang Arab 0 326229 2443850 2440602 2022-08-02T13:41:52Z Naval Scene 55 Suntingan [[Special:Contributions/182.0.205.244|182.0.205.244]] ([[User talk:182.0.205.244|bicara]]) dibatalkan ke versi terakhir oleh [[User:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Urang Arab<!-- [[WP:NOETHNICGALLERIES --> | native_name = {{lang|ar|عَرَب}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|'arab}}) {{ar icon}} | native_name_lang = ar<!-- ethnolinguistic/ethnic group [[Talk:Arabs#Proposal|under discussion]] --> | population = {{Circa|450 juta}} (est. 2011)<ref name="Nydell">Margaret Kleffner Nydell [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC&printsec Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times], Intercultural Press, 2005, {{ISBN|1931930252}}, page xxiii, 14</ref> | popplace = {{flag|Liga Arab}} | pop1 = 430.000.000<ref>total population 450 million, [[CIA Factbook]] estimates an Arab population of 450 million, see article text.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Arabic Language Day {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/world-arabic-language-day/|website=Unesco.org|accessdate=18 December 2017}}</ref> <!-- -->| region2 = {{flag|Brazil}} | pop2 = Dipakiroan 12–13 juta jiwa saindaknyo badarah campuran Arab<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2019-04-28|first=Marina |last=Sarruf |title=Brazil - Brasil - BRAZZIL - News from Brazil - Arabs: They are 12 Million in Brazil - Brazilian Immigration - September 2004|url=http://www.brazzil.com/2004/html/articles/sep04/p118sep04.htm|website=www.brazzil.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Larry |last1=Luxner |first2=Douglas |last2=Engle |title=The Arabs of Brazil|url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200505/the.arabs.of.brazil.htm|date=September–October 2005 |website=Aramco World}}</ref>{{efn|The Brazilian and Lebanese governments claim 7 million Lebanese, with 4 million Syrians. A 2008 study done by [[IGBE]] covering the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paolo, Rio Grande de Sol, Mato Grosso, and Disitro Federal showed that 0.9% or 2 million white Brazilians claimed any Middle Eastern ancestry<ref>http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv63405.pdf</ref>}} | region3 = {{flag|Parancih}} | pop3 = 3,3<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2019-01-30|title=France's crisis of national identity|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/frances-crisis-of-national-identity-1826942.html|date=25 November 2009|website=The Independent}}</ref> inggo 5,5<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2019-01-30|title=To count or not to count|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2009/03/26/to-count-or-not-to-count|newspaper=The Economist|date=26 March 2009|issn=0013-0613|via=The Economist}}</ref> juta jiwa bakaturunan [[Arab Maghrib|Afrika Utara]] (Arab atau [[Berber]])<ref name="variety.com">{{cite web |author=By |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117979837.html?categoryid=2879&cs=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221202920/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117979837.html?categoryid=2879&cs=1 |archive-date=21 February 2010 |title=French-Arabs battle stereotypes - Entertainment News, French Cinema, Media |publisher=Variety |date=29 January 2008 |accessdate=22 August 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | region4 = {{flag|Indonesia}} | pop4= {{plainlist| *Dipakiroan 4–5 juta jiwa saindaknyo badarah campuran Arab<ref>{{cite news |title=The world's successful diasporas |url=http://www.worldbusinesslive.com/research/article/648273/the-worlds-successful-diasporas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401110233/http://www.worldbusinesslive.com/research/article/648273/the-worlds-successful-diasporas/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-04-01 |accessdate=2019-04-25 |publisher=World Business |date=2007-04-03}}</ref><ref name="Hadramaut dan Para Kapiten Arab">{{cite web|last=Shihab|first=Alwi|url=http://alwishahab.wordpress.com/2009/08/20/hadramaut-dan-para-kapiten-arab/|title=Hadramaut dan Para Kapiten Arab|date=2003-12-21|publisher=Republika|accessdate=2015-03-25|author-link=Alwi Shihab}}</ref> *87.227 jiwa Arab Indonesia tacataik pado sensus 2005<ref name="Suryadinata2008">{{cite book|author=Leo Suryadinata|title=Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFNKQcvGNSAC&pg=PA29|year=2008|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-835-1|page=29}}</ref> *1,2 juta jiwa katurunan [[Sayyid]] tacataik dek [[Al-Rabithah al-Alawiyyah]]<ref name="MusliModerat 2017">{{cite web |title=Mengenal Keturunan Nabi Muhammad SAW di Indonesia |url=http://www.muslimoderat.net/2017/01/mengenal-keturunan-nabi-muhammad-saw-di.html |website=Berita Berimbang Untuk Muslim Nusantara |language=Indonesian |publisher=MusliModerat |accessdate=2019-04-23}}</ref><ref name="Tirto">{{cite web |last1=Subandoyo |first1=Arbi |title=Mereka yang Habib dan yang Bukan Habib |url= https://tirto.id/mereka-yang-habib-dan-yang-bukan-habib-chde |language=Indonesian |website=Tirto.Id |accessdate=2019-04-23}}</ref> *}} | region5 = {{flag|Turki}} | pop5 = 5.000.000<ref>{{cite web|last1=(UNHCR)|first1=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|title=UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response|url=http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224|website=UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response|language=en|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305121532/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=iraqisinturkey>{{cite web|url=http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/11298|title=The Iraqi Refugee Crisis and Turkey: a Legal Outlook|year=2009|last=Kaya|first=Ibrahim|website=cadmus.eui.eu|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="www.washingtoninstitute.org">{{cite web|title=The Impact of Syrian Refugees on Turkey|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-impact-of-syrian-refugees-on-turkey|website=www.washingtoninstitute.org}}</ref><ref name="www.aljazeera.com">{{cite web|title=Turkey's demographic challenge|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/02/turkey-demographic-challenge-arabs-syria-refugees-isis-160218063810080.html|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref name="UNHCR-Turkey">{{cite web|url=http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224|title=UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response/ Turkey|author=|date=31 December 2015|work=[[UNHCR]]|accessdate=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305121532/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region6 = {{flag|Argentina}} | pop6 = 4.500.000 saindaknyo bakaturunan campuran Arab<ref name="Fearab.org.ar">{{cite web|url=http://www.fearab.org.ar/inmigracion_sirio_libanesa_en_argentina.php |title=Inmigración sirio-libanesa en Argentina |language=es |publisher=Fearab.org.ar |accessdate=13 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620004217/http://www.fearab.org.ar/inmigracion_sirio_libanesa_en_argentina.php |archivedate=20 June 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref> | region7 = {{flag|Amerika Sarikat}} | pop7 = 3.700.000<ref name="aaiusa.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.aaiusa.org/demographics|title=Demographics|publisher=Arab American Institute|accessdate=18 December 2017}}</ref> | region8 = {{flag|Venezuela}} | pop8 = 1.600.000<ref name="thedailybeast.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/15/abdel-el-zabayar-from-parliament-to-the-frontlines.html|title=Abdel el-Zabayar: From Parliament to the Frontlines|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref> | region9 = {{flag|Kolombia}} | pop9 = 1.500.000<ref name="Las mil y una historias">{{cite web|title= Las mil y una historias|url= http://www.semana.com/especiales/articulo/las-mil-historias/68653-3|publisher= semana.com|year= 2004|language= Spanish}}There is an estimated population of 1,500,000 Arabs in Colombia.</ref> | region10 = {{flag|Iran}} | pop10 = 1.500.000<ref name="Iran">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |title=Iran |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |archivedate=3 February 2012 |accessdate=3 August 2013 }}</ref> | region11 = {{flag|Meksiko}} | pop11 = 1.500.000<ref>{{cite web|title=Arabs Making Their Mark in Latin America: Generations of Immigrants in Colombia, Venezuela and Mexico {{!}} Al Jadid Magazine|url=http://www.aljadid.com/content/arabs-making-their-mark-latin-america-generations-immigrants-colombia-venezuela-and-mexico|website=www.aljadid.com}}</ref><ref name="Ben Cahoon">{{cite web|author=Ben Cahoon |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mexico.htm |title=World Statesmen.org |publisher=World Statesmen.org |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> | region12 = {{flag|Chad}} | pop12 = 1.536.000 (est.)<ref name="chad">{{cite web |url=http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |title=Chad |accessdate=3 April 2019}}</ref> | region13 = {{flag|Spanyol}} | pop13 = 1.350.000<ref name="europapress-18-millones">{{cite web|url=http://www.europapress.es/sociedad/noticia-musulmanes-espana-superan-18-millones-20150330182141.html|title=Los musulmanes en España superan los 1,8 millones|language=es|date=30 March 2015|website=www.europapress.es|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="alertadigital-16-millones">{{cite web|url=http://www.alertadigital.com/2012/10/09/la-cifra-de-musulmanes-en-espana-casi-alcanza-los-16-millones-de-los-que-casi-un-tercio-viven-en-cataluna/|title=La cifra de musulmanes en España alcanza los 1,6 millones, de los que casi un tercio viven en Cataluña|language=es|date=9 October 2012|author=Redaction|website=www.alertadigital.com|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref> | region14 = {{flag|Jerman}} | pop14 = 1.155.390<ref>{{cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/|title=Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland in den Jahren 2015 und 2016|work=statista|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung2010200167004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile|title=Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit|work=Statistisches Bundesamt|language=German|date=20 June 2017|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> | region15 = {{flag|Chile}} | pop15 = 800.000<ref name="aurora-israel.co.il">{{es icon}} [http://www.aurora-israel.co.il/articulos/israel/Titulares/24782/ En Chile viven unas 700.000 personas de origen árabe y de ellas 500.000 son descendientes de emigrantes palestinos que llegaron a comienzos del siglo pasado y que constituyen la comunidad de ese origen más grande fuera del mundo árabe.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318054736/http://www.aurora-israel.co.il/articulos/israel/Titulares/24782/ |date=18 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="ibtimes.com">{{cite web|title=Arabs In The Andes? Chile, The Unlikely Long-Term Home Of A Large Palestinian Community|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/arabs-andes-chile-unlikely-long-term-home-large-palestinian-community-1449718|website=International Business Times|date=31 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="Adnkronos.com">{{cite web |url=http://www1.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508 |title=Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome |publisher=Adnkronos.com |date=7 April 2003 |accessdate=17 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919202702/http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508 |archive-date=19 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Laventana.casa.cult.cu">{{cite web|url=http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073846/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514|archivedate=22 July 2009 |title=500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generación de palestinos en Chile |publisher=Laventana.casa.cult.cu |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> | region16 = {{flag|Kanada}} | pop16 = 750.925<ref name="canadianarabinstitute.org">{{cite web|title=Canadian Arab Institute :: 750,925 Canadians Hail from Arab Lands|url=http://www.canadianarabinstitute.org/publications/reports/750925-canadians-hail-arab-lands/|website=www.canadianarabinstitute.org}}</ref> | region17= {{flag|Italia}} | pop17 = 680.000<ref name="ISTAT">{{cite web|last1=Dati ISTAT 2016|first1=counting only immigrants from the [[Arab world]]|title=Cittadini stranieri in Italia - 2016|url=http://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2016/|website=tuttitalia.it}}</ref> | region18 = {{flag|Baritania Rayo}} | pop18 = 500.000<ref>{{cite web|title=The British Arab|url=http://www.naba.org.uk/CONTENT/articles/Diaspora/british_arabs.htm|publisher=National Association of British Arabs|accessdate=17 April 2012|author=Anthony McRoy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103180941/http://www.naba.org.uk/Content/articles/Diaspora/british_arabs.htm|archive-date=3 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region19 = {{flag|Australia}} | pop19 = 500.000<ref>{{cite web|title=australianarab.org/about-us |url=http://australianarab.org/about-us |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030002545/http://australianarab.org/about-us |archivedate=30 October 2016 }}</ref> | region20 = {{flag|Makedonia}} | pop20 = | region21 = {{flag|Ekuador}} | pop21 = 250.000 <ref>{{cite web|title=revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ANQE/article/viewFile/ANQE9797110057A/3864|df= }}</ref> | region22 = {{flag|Honduras}} | pop22 = 275.000 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200104/the.arabs.of.honduras.htm |title=The Arabs of Honduras |publisher=Saudi Aramco World |accessdate=8 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009182011/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200104/the.arabs.of.honduras.htm |archive-date=9 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="The Arabs of Honduras">{{cite web|url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200104/the.arabs.of.honduras.htm |title=The Arabs of Honduras |publisher=Saudiaramcoworld.com |date=27 June 1936 |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> | region23 = {{flag|Belgia}} | pop23 = 800.000 (600.000 dari Maroko){{citation needed|date=April 2018}} | region24 = {{flag|Balando}} | pop24 = 480.000–613.800<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.media-citizenship.eu/images/stories/pdf/Amsterdam_national_focus_group_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228151603/http://www.media-citizenship.eu/images/stories/pdf/Amsterdam_national_focus_group_report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2019 |title=Dutch media perceived as much more biased than Arabic media – Media & Citizenship Report conducted by University of Utrecht |periodical=Utrecht University |date=10 September 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2010}}</ref> | region25 = {{flag|Swedia}} | pop25 = 425.000{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} | region26 = {{flag|Denmark}} | pop26 = 121.000{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} | region27 = {{flag|El Salvador}} | pop27 = Labiah dari 100.000<ref>{{citeweb |url=https://newsvideo.su/video/10798241</ref><ref>{{citeweb |url=http://theidentitychef.com/2009/09/06/lebanese-diaspora-worldwide-geographical-distribution</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Zielger|first1=Matthew|title=El Salvador: Central American Palestine of the West?|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Culture/Art/2004/Apr-27/91857-el-salvador-central-american-palestine-of-the-west.ashx#axzz3EZpwYUKb|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb |url=https://latinx.com/discover/aj-plus-the-palestinians-of-el-salvador/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113091131/https://latinx.com/discover/aj-plus-the-palestinians-of-el-salvador/ |date=13 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{citeweb |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-03-21-0403210538-story,amp.html</ref> | region28 = {{flag|Japang}} | pop28 = kurang dari 100.000<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2019-08-26|title=Muslim population in Japan increases with Islamic demands|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2015/05/31/muslim-population-in-japan-increases-with-islamic-demands|website=DailySabah}}</ref> | languages = [[Arabic]] | rels = Dominan: [[Islam]] <br />([[Sunni]]{{·}}[[Syiah]]{{·}}[[Sufisme|Sufi]]{{·}}[[Ibadi]]{{·}}[[Alawi]])<br />Minoritas gadang: [[Kristen]] <br />([[Gareja Ortodoks Yunani|Ortodoks Yunani]]{{·}}[[Katolik Yunani]])<br />Minoritas ketek: [[Druze]]{{·}}[[Baha'i]]<br />Maso daulu: [[Agamo di Arabia pra-Islam|Politeisme Arabia pra-Islam]] | related = Urang-urang nan babahaso [[Rumpun bahaso Afroasiati|Afroasiatik]] lainnyo, kusuihnyo [[urang Semitik]] sarupo [[urang Asyiria]] jo [[urang Yahudi]]<ref name="evolutsioon">{{cite journal|pmid=15300852|url=http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf|year=2004|last1=Shen|first1=P|last2=Lavi|first2=T|last3=Kivisild|first3=T|last4=Chou|first4=V|last5=Sengun|first5=D|last6=Gefel|first6=D|last7=Shpirer|first7=I|last8=Woolf|first8=E|last9=Hillel|first9=J|title=Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation|volume=24|issue=3|pages=248–60|doi=10.1002/humu.20077|journal=Human Mutation}}</ref><ref name="evolutsioon" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity|first= Nicholas|last= Wade|date=9 June 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10jews.html?_r=0|work=New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s004390000426|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf|title=High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews|year=2000|last1=Nebel|first1=Almut|last2=Filon|first2=Dvora|last3=Weiss|first3=Deborah A.|last4=Weale|first4=Michael|last5=Faerman|first5=Marina|last6=Oppenheim|first6=Ariella|last7=Thomas|first7=Mark G.|journal=Human Genetics|volume=107|issue=6|pages=630–41|pmid=11153918}}</ref><ref name="sciencedaily">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/05/000509003653.htm |title=Jews Are The Genetic Brothers Of Palestinians, Syrians, And Lebanese |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=9 May 2000 |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Abraham 2010">{{cite journal|pmc=3032072|year=2010|last1=Atzmon|first1=G|last2=Hao|first2=L|last3=Pe'Er|first3=I|last4=Velez|first4=C|last5=Pearlman|first5=A|last6=Palamara|first6=PF|last7=Morrow|first7=B|last8=Friedman|first8=E|last9=Oddoux|first9=C|title=Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry|volume=86|issue=6|pages=850–59|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|pmid=20560205}}</ref><ref name="Tadmouri2014"/> | footnotes = {{smallsup|a}} Etnis Arab indak buliah disamoan jo etnis non-Arab nan samo-samo panduduak asali dari dunia Arab.<ref name="Tadmouri2014"/><br />{{smallsup|b}} Indak sadonyo urang Arab adolah Muslim jo indak sadonyo Muslim adolah urang Arab. Saurang Arab dapek sajo mamaluak agamo tatantu atau indak baagamo.<br />{{smallsup|c}} [[Identitas Arab]] didefinisikan sacaro tapisah dari identitas agamo. }} '''Urang Arab''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ær|ə|b|z|}};<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Arabs|title=Arabs – Wiktionary|website=en.wiktionary.org|language=en}}</ref> {{lang-ar|عَرَب}}, <small>[[ISO 233]]</small> {{transl|ar|‘arab}}; <small>Arabic pronunciation:</small> {{IPA-ar|ˈʕarab||Arabspronouncedar.oog.ogg}}) adolah panduduak nan manampati wilayah nan disabuik [[dunia Arab]], nan umumnyo adolah panduduak [[Liga Arab|nagara-nagara Arab]] di [[Asia Barat]], [[Afrika Utara]], [[Tanduak Afrika]], sarato di [[kapulauan Samudera Hindia]] sabalah barat.<ref name=":0" /> Salain itu tadapek juo komunitas [[diaspora Arab|diaspora]] dalam jumalah nan cukuik banyak di babagai nagara di saluruah dunia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bureš|first1=Jaroslav|title=Main characteristic and development trends of migration in the Arab world|date=2008|publisher=Institute of International Relations|location=Prague|isbn=978-8086506715}}</ref> Namo Arab patamo kali tasabuik pado patangahan abaik kasambilan Sabalun Masihi, sabagai banso nan manatap di sabalah timur jo selatan jo [[Suriah]] inggo ka bagian utara [[Jazirah Arabia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Myers|first1=E. A.|title=The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East: Reassessing the Sources|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139484817|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cRrGQ8bIAkC|page=18|date=11 February 2010}}</ref> Urang-urang Arab maso itu agaknyo barado di bawah kakuasoan (manjadi ''vasal'') karajaan [[Asyiria Baru]] (911–612 SM), sarato karajaan-karajaan salanjuiknyo sarupo [[Babilonia Baru]] (626–539 SM), [[Akhamenia]] (539–332 SM), [[Seleukia]], jo [[Parthia]].<ref> * {{cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=Alan K.|last2=Champlin|first2=Edward|last3=Lintott|first3=Andrew|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521264303|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JZLW4-wba7UC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|language=en|date=8 February 1996}} * {{cite web|last1=Jan|first1=Retsö|title=Arabs (historical)|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/arabs-historical-COM_22957?s.num=41&s.rows=50&s.start=40|language=en}} * {{cite web|title=The origin of the word "Arab"|url=http://www.ismaili.net/histoire/history03/history302.html|website=Ismaili.net|accessdate=18 December 2017}}</ref> Karajaan-karajaan Arab, nan paliang tanamo iolah Bani Ghassan jo Bani Lakhm, muloi muncua di bagian selatan [[Gurun Suriah]] pado patangahan abaik katigo Masihi jo sataruihnyo, yaitu di maso-maso patangahan inggo akia dari pamarentahan kakaisaran [[Romawi]] jo [[Sassania]].<ref> * {{cite web|title=LAKHMIDS – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/lakhmids|website=Iranicaonline.org|accessdate=18 December 2017|language=en}} * {{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G.W.|last2=Brown|first2=Peter|last3=editors|first3=Oleg Grabar|title=Late antiquity : a guide to the postclassical world|date=1999|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0674511736|edition=2. print.|url=https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe}} * {{cite book|last1=Cameron|first1=Averil|title=The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity: AD 395–700|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136673054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NSoAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q&f=false|language=en|date=29 April 2015}}</ref> Sabalun muloi tasebanyo banso Arab pado maso [[Khulafaur Rasyidin]] (632-661 M), istilah "Arab" marujuak kapado satiok banso Semitik nan masiah nomadik atau nan alah manatap di wilayah [[Jazirah Arabia]], [[Gurun Suriah]], sarato bagian utara jo ilia lambah [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>* {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arab|title=Arab people|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en}} * {{cite book|title=The Syrian desert : caravans, travel and exploration|date=2003|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-1136192715|location=Hoboken|last1=Grant|first1=Christina Phelps}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-i-ancient-civilizations-enlightenment-textbook/the-rise-and-spread-of-islam-8/pre-islamic-arabia-42/the-nomadic-tribes-of-arabia-154-13223/|title=The Nomadic Tribes of Arabia|date=2 October 2016|website=Boundless|language=en|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221031402/https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-i-ancient-civilizations-enlightenment-textbook/the-rise-and-spread-of-islam-8/pre-islamic-arabia-42/the-nomadic-tribes-of-arabia-154-13223/|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-i|title=ʿARAB i. Arabs and Iran (pre-Islamic) – Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=electricpulp.com|website=Iranicaonline.org|language=en|access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref> Kini ko, nan disabuik "Arab" alah maliputi jumalah gadang panduduak asali nan iduik di babagai nagara di dunia Arab, dek alah tajadi papindahan banso jo [[bahaso Arab]] ka wilayah nan labiah laweh pado maso awa panaklukan Muslim di abaik ka-7 jo ka-8, nan balanjuik jo proses [[Arabisasi]] kapado para panduduak satampek.<ref> * {{cite book|title=A history of the Arab peoples|date=2010|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674058194|edition=1st Harvard Press pbk.|location=Cambridge, Mass.|last1=Ruthven|first1=Albert Hourani ; with a new afterword by Malise}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=bbv|title=HISTORY OF MIGRATION|website=Historyworld.net|accessdate=18 December 2017}} * {{cite web|url=http://people.umass.edu/educ613/WorldhistoryI/WHI.3.html|title=Untitled Document|website=people.umass.edu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903042434/http://people.umass.edu/educ613/WorldhistoryI/WHI.3.html|archivedate=3 September 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=ebh|title=History of the Arabs (book)|website=Historyworld.net|accessdate=18 December 2017}} * {{cite book|author=Bernard Ellis Lewis |author2=Buntzie Ellis Churchill |title=Islam: The Religion and the People |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |page=137|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=IVyMAvW9slYC&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=21 August 2017 |quote=At the time of the Prophet's birth and mission, the Arabic language was more or less confined to Arabia, a land of deserts, sprinkled with oases. Surrounding it on land on every side were the two rival empires of Persia and Byzantium. The countries of what now make up the Arab world were divided between the two of them—Iraq under Persian rule, Syria, Palestine, and North Africa part of the Byzantine Empire. They spoke a variety of different languages and were for the most part Christians, with some Jewish minorities. Their Arabization and Islamization took place with the vast expansion of Islam in the decades and centuries following the death of the Prophet in 632 CE. The Aramaic language, once dominant in the Fertile Crescent, survives in only a few remote villages and in the rituals of the Eastern churches. Coptic, the language of Christian Egypt before the Arab conquest, has been entirely replaced by Arabic except in the church liturgy. Some earlier languages have survived, notably Kurdish in Southwest Asia and Berber in North Africa, but Arabic, in one form or another, has in effect become the language of everyday speech as well as of government, commerce, and culture in what has come to be known as "the Arab world."}}</ref> Urang-urang Arab mandirian kakhalifahan-kakhalifahan [[Khilafah Rasyidah|Rasyidah]], [[Umayyah]], [[Abbasiyyah]] jo [[Fathimiyyah]], nan bateh-batehnyo mancapai selatan [[Parancih]] di barat, di [[Cino]] di timur, [[Anatolia]] di utara, jo [[Sudan]] di selatan. Iko salah satu karajaan darek tagadang dalam sijarah.<ref> * {{cite web|title=Islam, The Arab Empire Of The Umayyads|url=http://history-world.org/islam11.htm|website=history-world.org|access-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215204011/http://history-world.org/islam11.htm|archive-date=15 December 2014|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|title=The Arab Empire {{!}} Mohammed {{!}} Umayyad Empire History|url=http://www.historybits.com/arab-empire.htm|website=Historybits.com|accessdate=18 December 2017}} * {{cite web|title=Top 10 Greatest Empires In History|url=https://listverse.com/2010/06/22/top-10-greatest-empires-in-history/|website=Listverse|date=22 June 2010}} * {{cite web|last1=Pillalamarri|first1=Akhilesh|title=The 5 Most Powerful Empires in History|url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-5-most-powerful-empires-history-12296?page=2|website=The National Interest|language=en}} * {{cite web|title=10 Greatest Empires in the History of World|url=http://www.smashinglists.com/top-10-greatest-empires-in-the-history-of-world/|website=Top Ten Lists|date=24 March 2010}} </ref> Di awa abaik ka-20, [[Parang Dunia Patamo]] manandoi runtuahnyo [[Kasultanan Usmaniyyah]], nan alah manguasoi sabagian gadang dunia Arab satalah manaklukkan [[Kasultanan Mamluk]] pado 1517.<ref> * [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/ottoman-empire/arab-revolt Page 8 – The Arab Revolt, 1916–18] Published by New Zealand History at nzhistory.net.nz * Sean McMeekin (2012) ''The Berlin–Baghdad Express''. Belknap Press. {{ISBN|0674064321}}. pp. 288, 297</ref> Puncaknyo adolah kakalahan jo pambubaran Kasultanan Usmaniyyah, lalu tabagi-bagi bakeh wilayahnyo manjadi nagara-nagara Arab moderen.<ref>*{{Cite book|title=Frontiers of the state in the late Ottoman Empire : Transjordan, 1850–1921|last=L.|first=Rogan, Eugene|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521892230|oclc=826413749}} *Schsenwald, William L. "The Vilayet of Syria, 1901–1914: A Re-Examination of Diplomatic Documents As Sources." Middle East Journal (1968), Vol 22, No. 1, Winter: p. 73.</ref> Manyusul balakunyo [[Protokol Aleksandria]] pado 1944, mako batagaklah [[Liga Arab]] pado 22 Maret 1945.<ref name="History">[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/arab-league-formed Arab League formed — History.com This Day in History — 3/22/1945]. History.com. Retrieved on 28 April 2014.</ref> [[Piagam Liga Arab]] mandukuang prinsip tanah aia Arab, namun tatok maakui kadaulatan nagara-nagara anggotanyo.<ref> * {{cite book|last1=MacDonald|first1=Robert W.|title=The League of Arab States: A Study in Dynamics of Regional Organization|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400875283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ_WCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|language=en|date=8 December 2015}} * {{cite web|title=Arab League from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1E1-ArabLeag/arab-league|website=Questia.com|language=en|accessdate=18 December 2017}}</ref> Kini ko, urang-urang Arab tarutamo mandiami 22 nagara-nagara Arab nan anggota Liga Arab: [[Aljazair]], [[Bahrain]], [[Komoro]], [[Djibouti]], [[Mesir]], [[Irak]], [[Yordania]], [[Kuwait]], [[Lebanon]], [[Libya]], [[Mauritania]], [[Maroko]], [[Oman]], [[Palestina]], [[Qatar]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan]], [[Suriah]], [[Tunisia]], [[Uni Emirat Arab]], jo [[Yaman]]. Dunia Arab mambantang sakita 13 juta km2, dari [[Samudra Atlantik]] di barat ka [[Lauik Arab]] di timur, jo dari [[Lauik Mediterania]] di utara ka [[Tanduak Afrika]] jo [[Samudra Hindia]] di tenggara. Di lua bateh-bateh Liga Nagara-nagara Arab, urang-urang Arab dapek ditamuan juo sabagai [[diaspora Arab|diaspora]] global.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Frishkopf|first1=edited by Michael|title=Music and media in the Arab world|date=2010|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|location=Cairo|isbn=978-9774162930|edition=1st}}</ref> Ikatan nan mangikek sasamo urang Arab adolah etnis, [[bahaso Arab|bahaso]], [[budayo Arab|budayo]], sijarah, [[identitas Arab|identitas]], [[nasionalisme Arab|nasionalisme]], [[geografi Liga Arab|geografis]], jo [[politik Liga Arab|politik]].<ref> * {{cite web|title=Who is an Arab?|url=http://al-bab.com/albab-orig/albab/arab/arabs.htm|website=al-bab.com}} * {{cite book|author=Francis M. Deng|title=War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAPLHidx8MkC|date=1 October 2011|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-2369-1|page=405}}</ref> Banso Arab punyo adaik, bahaso, [[arsitektur Arab|arsitektur]], [[seni Arab|seni]], [[sastra Arab|sastra]], [[musik Arab|musik]], [[tarian Arab|tari]], media, [[masakan Arab|masakan]], pakaian, masarakaik, olahraga, jo mitologi kusuihnyo surang.<ref> * {{cite web|title=Culture and Tradition in the Arab Countries|url=http://www.habiba.org/culture.html|website=Habiba.org|accessdate=18 December 2017}} * {{cite web|title=Arabic Culture & Traditions – Online Resources {{!}} Pimsleur Approach™|url=http://www.pimsleurapproach.com/…/useful-li…/culture-guides/|website=Pimsleurapproach.com|accessdate=18 December 2017}} * {{cite book|last1=El-Shamy|first1=Hasan M.|title=Folk traditions of the Arab world : a guide to motif classification|date=1995|publisher=Indiana Univ. Press|location=Bloomington u.a.|isbn=978-0253352224|edition=1. [Dr.].}}</ref> Jumalah total urang Arab dipakiroan mancapai 450 juta.<ref name="Nydell"/> Urang-urang Arab marupoan kalompok nan baragam kok dicaliak dari afiliasi jo praktik kaagamoannyo. Pado maso [[Arabia pra-Islam|pra-Islam]], kabanyakan urang Arab manganuik [[politeisme]]. Babarapo suku alah mamaluak agamo [[Kristen]] atau [[agamo Yahudi|Yahudi]], jo babarapo urang nan disabuik ''[[hanif]]'' maamalan suatu bantuak [[monoteisme]].<ref name="auto"> * {{cite book|author=Jonathan Porter Berkey|title=The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLV6lo4mvj0C&pg=PA42|year=2003|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-58813-3|page=42}} * {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Neal|title=Islam: A Concise Introduction|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136817731|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2UL8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false|language=en}}</ref> Kini ko, labiah kurang 93% urang Arab adolah panganuik [[Islam]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Arabs facts, information, pictures | website=Encyclopedia.com articles about Arabs | date=21 April 2018 | url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/arabs | access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref> sarato cukuik banyak pulo minoritas Kristen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/04/04/global-religious-diversity/|title=Religious Diversity Around The World – Pew Research Center|date=4 April 2014|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> Arab Muslim tarutamo maikuik aliran [[Sunni]], [[Syiah]], [[Ibadi]], jo Alawi. [[Arab Kristen]] umumnyo maikuik salah satu [[Gareja Kristen Timur]], sarupo [[Gareja Ortodoks Oriental]] atau salah satu [[Gareja Katolik Timur]].<ref name="PharesIntro"> * {{cite web|first=Walid|last=Phares|author-link=Walid Phares|url=https://www.arabicbible.com/for-christians/christians/1396-arab-christians-introduction.html|title=Arab Christians: An Introduction|publisher=Arabic Bible Outreach Ministry|date=2001}} * {{cite web|title=Majority and Minorities in the Arab World: The Lack of a Unifying Narrative|url=http://jcpa.org/article/majority-and-minorities-in-the-arab-world-the-lack-of-a-unifying-narrative/|website=Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs}}</ref> Agamo minoritas nan labiah ketek lai adolah [[Baha'i]] jo [[Druze]]. Banso Arab alah banyak mampangaruahi jo manyumbang dalam babagai bidang, tarutamo seni jo arsitektur, bahaso, [[pilsapaik Islam|pilsapaik]], mitologi, [[etika Islam|etika]], sastra, politik, bisnis, musik, tari, bioskop, kedokteran, sains jo teknologi<ref> * {{Cite web|url=http://www.alhewar.org/ArabCivilization.htm|title=Arab Civilization|website=Alhewar.org|access-date=1 November 2017}} * Studies in the History of the Near East – Page 28 113627331X P.M. Holt – 2013 "He held the post until his death in 1624 and was succeeded by his former pupil, James Golius (1596–1667). Erpenius and Golius made outstanding contributions to the development of Arabic studies by their teaching, their preparation of texts, ..."</ref> sapanjang sijarah kuno jo modern paradaban manusia. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Arabia]] gv66j5gvt6rqvvrvt3mr7q5poapfdgx Urang Cino Padang 0 327639 2443849 2440600 2022-08-02T13:40:15Z Naval Scene 55 Suntingan [[Special:Contributions/182.0.205.244|182.0.205.244]] ([[User talk:182.0.205.244|bicara]]) dibatalkan ke versi terakhir oleh [[User:Adhmi|Adhmi]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{ANT}} {{infobox ethnic group| | group = Urang Cino Padang<br/>Tionghoa Padang | image = [[Berkas:Klenteng See Hin Kiong.jpg|268px]] | image_caption = [[Kelenteng See Hien Kiong]]. | poptime = 9.498 ([[Sensus 2010]]){{sfnp|Riniwaty Makmur|2018|pp=16}} | popplace = [[Padang Selatan, Padang|Kecamatan Padang Selatan]] | languages = Bahaso Minang Pondok | religions = [[Agamo tradisional Cino]], [[Kristen]], [[Islam]] }} '''Urang Cino Padang''' atau '''Tionghoa Padang''' adolah urang katuruan [[Urang Cino|Cino]] nan batampek tingga sarato bakaturunan di [[Kota Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Urang Cino Padang marupoan ciek dari babagai etnis nan mauni Padang salain [[Urang Minang|urang Minangkabau]], [[Urang Jawa|Jawa]], [[Urang Batak|Batak]], [[Urang Nieh|Nieh]], [[Urang Malayu|Melayu]], [[Urang Sunda|Sunda]], jo [[Urang Mentawai|Mentawai]].{{sfnp|Riniwaty Makmur|2018|pp=16}} Mereka saindaknyo alah tingga salamo salapan generasi di Padang.{{sfn|Rahmat Irfan Denas|11 Februari 2021}} Kabanyakan mereka bakarajo sabagai padagang. Parmukiman urang Cino Padang takonsentrasi di daerah Pondok jo sakitarnyo di wilayah [[Padang Selatan, Padang|Kecamatan Padang Selatan]] nan tanamo sabagai Kampuang Cino.{{sfnp|Mardanas Safwan|1987|pp=15}}{{sfnp|Riniwaty Makmur, dkk|2018|pp=135}} Indak ado catatan pasti bilo urang Cino patamo tibo ka Padang. Dipakiroan urang Cino mulai tibo samanjak parusahaan dagang Balando [[Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie]] (VOC) managakkan markasnyo di Padang pado abaik ka-17.{{sfnp|Freek Colombijn|1994|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8bfZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Padang+has+an+old+Chinese+community+and+Chinese+were+among%22&dq=%22Padang+has+an+old+Chinese+community+and+Chinese+were+among%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjr0oK498_oAhXNdCsKHckTAzQQ6AEIKDAA 55a]|ps=: "''Padang has an old Chinese community and Chinese were among the first permanent inhabitants of Padang, arriving soon after the establishment of the VOC trading post.''"}}{{sfnp|Christine Dobbin|2016|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JzR6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT153&dq=%22Batavian+Chinese,+possibly+moving+*%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR5-uF3LroAhVBWysKHSb1AewQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Batavian%20Chinese%2C%20possibly%20moving%20*%22&f=false 135a]|ps=: "''Almost immediately after the establishment of the Dutch factory at Padang some Chinese must have settled there as agents for Batavian Chinese, possibly moving south from Pariaman. In 1673 there are reports of a Chinese 'Nakoda Banten' living at Padang in his own house, and other Chinese were also settled there performing services for company officials as they did at Batavia.''"}} Pado tahun 2000, populasi urang Cino Padang parnah masuak tigo paliang banyak sasudah [[Urang Minang|urang Minangkabau]] jo Jawa dengan presentasi 1,90% dari populasi kota. Namun, sasudah [[Gampo bumi Sumatera Barat 2009|gampo bumi pado tahun 2009]], banyak dari mereka nan maninggaan Padang dan pindah kalua wilayah Sumatera Barat.{{sfnp|Rahmi Surya Dewi|2018|pp=28}} Manuruik data Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) pado tahun 2010, presentasi urang Cino Padang tingga 1,1% dari populasi kota atau sabanyak 9.498 jiwa, urutan kaampek sasudah Minangkabau, Jawa, jo Batak.{{sfnp|Riniwaty Makmur|2018|pp=16}} Urang Cino Padang mampu baradaptasi jo [[budaya Minangkabau]]. Bahkan, generasi urang Cino Padang kini banyak nan indak dapek mangecek dalam rumpun bahaso Cino dek mereka alah baasimilasi jo Minangkabau. Bahaso nan mereka partuturan tanamo sabagai Bahaso Minang Pondok.{{sfnp|Riniwaty Makmur, dkk|2018|pp=138-139}} Namun baitu, mereka indak maninggaan adat jo tradisi mereka. Lewat parkumpulan sosial, budaya, jo kamatian [[Himpunan Tjinta Teman]] (HTT) jo [[Himpunan Bersatu Teguh]] (HBT) nan alah tagak sajak abaik ka-19, eksistensi adat jo tradisi Cino di Padang tetap tajago di tangah masyarakaik hinggo kini.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=190|ps=: "''Kedua perkumpulan ini berperan besar dalam menjaga budaya dan adat istiadat leluhur meskipun untuk saat ini genrasi muda kehilangan maknanya. Namun keberadaan kedua perkumpulan ini juga seakan-akan membagi etnis Cina Padang atas dua kelompok.''"}}{{sfnp|Riniwaty Makmur|2018|pp=56}}{{sfnp|Kompas.com|5 Februari 2008}} == Sijarah awal == === Kadatangan === Takah di daerah lainnyo di [[Nusantara]], kabaradaan urang Cino di Padang indak lapeh dari fenomena diaspora atau kaluanyo urang Cino dari tanah kelahiran mereka untuak tujuan parniagaan. Walaupun indak ado catatan pasti bilo urang Cino bamulo tibo di Padang, urang Cino dipakiroan alah ado di [[pantai barat Sumatera]] pado abaik ka-17, sabalun urang Balando jo Inggirih tibo. Mereka datang dari [[Banten]], nan sangkek itu marupoan pusek niaga di Nusantara.{{sfnp|Christine Dobbin|2016|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JzR6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT152&dq=Islamic+Revivalism+%22before+the+dutch+and+the+english%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio7aK-1broAhWYF3IKHbP8AEEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Islamic%20Revivalism%20%22before%20the%20dutch%20and%20the%20english%22&f=false 134]|ps=: "''Before the Dutch and the English came to Sumatra for pepper, Chinese pepper traders had been visiting west Sumatra from their commercial base at Banten.''"}} Pado tahun 1630-an, diketahui alah banyak basanda kapa-kapa Cino di sakitar parairan pantai barat Sumatera. Di antaro kota nan rami dikunjungi dek kapa-kapa Cino adolah [[Kota Pariaman|Piaman]]. Di daerah iko, urang Cino manggaleh kabutuhan pokok, utamonyo [[garam]]. Namun, kabanyakan mereka hanyolah agen dari padagang Cino nan ado di Banten.{{sfnp|Christine Dobbin|2016|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JzR6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT152&dq=%22Very+few+of+these+Chinese+traded+with+their+own+capital%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT99XY17roAhVWAXIKHVEbDBkQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Very%20few%20of%20these%20Chinese%20traded%20with%20their%20own%20capital%22&f=false 134–135]|ps=: "''Very few of these Chinese traded with their own capital, and they had meagre capital resources; they were generally agents for Banten Chinese, who in turn operated a commenda trade using money and goods supplied by merchants in China and, later on, by Europeans in Banten.''"}} Pado tahun 1633, dilaporkan alah ado urang Cino nan manetap di Piaman.{{sfnp|Christine Dobbin|2016|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JzR6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT152&dq=%221630s+their+vessels+were+reported+to+be+swarming%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy2rL_1rroAhWXXSsKHb_ZCO8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%221630s%20their%20vessels%20were%20reported%20to%20be%20swarming%22&f=false 134]|ps=: "''In the 1630s their vessels were reported to be swarming to the coast in search of pepper, and it seems likely that there were Chinese settled at Pariaman to act as agents for their compatriots; certainly they were reported to be established there in 1663.''"}} Pado tahun 1664, Balando manjadian Padang sabagai markas gadangnyo di pantai barat Sumatera nan ditandoi dengan ditagakannyo sabuah benteng.{{sfnp|Freek Colombijn|1994|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8bfZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Padang+was+a+second-rank+port+on+the+*%22&dq=%22Padang+was+a+second-rank+port+on+the+*%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMoPX_2rroAhXGR30KHR56BA8Q6AEIKDAA 134]|ps=: "''In 1666 the Dutch made Padang their headquarters on Sumatra's west coast and built a fortress.''"}} Balando mancubo mangaliahan parniagaan dari Pariaman ka Padang. Mancaliak kondisi iko, urang Cino mulai batadangan dan manetap di Padang untuak dapek ikuik sato dalam parniagaan.{{sfnp|Freek Colombijn|1994|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8bfZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Padang+has+an+old+Chinese+community+and+Chinese+were+among%22&dq=%22Padang+has+an+old+Chinese+community+and+Chinese+were+among%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjr0oK498_oAhXNdCsKHckTAzQQ6AEIKDAA 55]|ps=: "''Padang has an old Chinese community and Chinese were among the first permanent inhabitants of Padang, arriving soon after the establishment of the VOC trading post.''"}} Urang Cino di Padang dipakiroan marupoan pindahan dari Pariaman. Pado tahun 1673, ado laporan tantang "Nahkoda Banten" Cino nan punyo rumah surang di Padang basamo beberapa urang Cino lainnyo.{{sfnp|Christine Dobbin|2016|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JzR6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT153&dq=%22Batavian+Chinese,+possibly+moving+*%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR5-uF3LroAhVBWysKHSb1AewQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Batavian%20Chinese%2C%20possibly%20moving%20*%22&f=false 135a]|ps=: "''Almost immediately after the establishment of the Dutch factory at Padang some Chinese must have settled there as agents for Batavian Chinese, possibly moving south from Pariaman. In 1673 there are reports of a Chinese 'Nakoda Banten' living at Padang in his own house, and other Chinese were also settled there performing services for company officials as they did at Batavia.''"}} Rumah nan mereka punyo labih rancak dibandiangan jo rumah panduduak satampek.{{sfnp|Steven Adriaan Buddingh|1861|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=HaRyY2V8zpQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Neerlands+Oost-Indi%C3%AB+Reizen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW1I2SpY7sAhXSXisKHQVqCesQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Padang&f=false 161]}} Mereka tingga mangalompok di salah satu kawasan di sakitar tapian [[Batang Arau]]. Mereka dapek mambali tanah dari panguaso satampek nan bagala panglimo rajo. Mulai banyaknyo jumlah urang Cino di Padang manyebabkan pado tahun 1682 diangkek saurang "Letnan Cino" untuak mangatur dan mangontrol sasamo urang Cino.{{sfnp|Christine Dobbin|2016|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JzR6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT153&dq=%22Batavian+Chinese,+possibly+moving+*%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR5-uF3LroAhVBWysKHSb1AewQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Batavian%20Chinese%2C%20possibly%20moving%20*%22&f=false 135b]|ps=: "''In that year several Chinese bought land from the panglima raja to establish a brickworks, and by 1682 there were so many Chinese at the entrepôt that a Lieutenant Chinese had to be appointed to regulate matters concerning them.''"}} === Manjadi mitra datang Balando === [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Handelskade Padang TMnr 60038892.jpg|jmpl|270x270px|Sajak kadatangan Balando di bawah bendera VOC, Padang makin bakembang manjadi palabuhan nan rami.]] Sairiang wakatu, urang Cino mulai mamacik pangaruah dalam parniagaan di Padang. Mereka manjalin hubungan karajo samo jo Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC), parusahaan dagang Balando. Hubungan mereka kian lamo kian arek dek adonyo kauntuangan nan samo-samo didapek. VOC nan indak punyo banyak pagawai di Padang maagih hak ka pihak swasta untuk mamunguik pajak impor jo ekspor. Banyak di antaro pihak swasta nan mandapek hak iko adolah urang Cino. Pado tahun 1785, saurang Kapitan Cino banamo Lau Ch'uan-ko mamacik hak mamungik pajak di Padang.{{sfnp|Christine Dobbin|2016|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JzR6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT154&dq=%22In+1785+the+farm+for+collecting+import+and+export+duties+at+Padang+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjG_6nV4rroAhVs7HMBHa2_BFYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22In%201785%20the%20farm%20for%20collecting%20import%20and%20export%20duties%20at%20Padang%20%22&f=false 136a]|ps=: "''In 1785 the farm for collecting import and export duties at Padang was sold to the Captain Chinese, Lau Ch'uan-ko.''"}} Katiko parniagaan ameh di Minangkabau makin marosot, pamarentah kolonial Balando pado tahun 1790 manyatujui untuak manarimo mato uang urang Cino sabagai pambayia persentase tertentu (dalam hal panjualan kain) untuak Balando. Samantaro itu, urang Minangkabau masih bagantuang ka ameh sabagai alaik tuka. Ditarimonyo mato uang Cino sabagai alaik tuka mambuek urang Cino makin diuntuangan.{{sfnp|Christine Dobbin|2016|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JzR6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT177&dq=%22singapore+and+in+particular+raw+silk%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjulOCU5rroAhWbbX0KHZlfC4gQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22singapore%20and%20in%20particular%20raw%20silk%22&f=false 136b]|ps=: "''With the decline of the gold trade, it was agreed by the Batavia government in 1790 to accept specie for a certain percentage of the company's cloth sales at Padang, so that the cloth trade would not be totally paralysed by the absence of gold. This too benefited the Padang Chinese, who were the only group at the port with access to specie, and enabled them now to act as brokers in the company's cloth trade, bypassing the Minangkabau brokerage system which relied on exchanging gold for cloth.''"}} Pado awal abaik ka-19, urang Cino di Padang alah malibatkan diri dalam parniagaan lua nagari, tarutamo jo kawasan selat takah [[Penang]], [[Malaka]], jo [[Singapura]]. Hal iko didorong dek kebijakan Gubernur Pantai Barat Sumatera [[Andreas Victor Michiels]] nan mandorong urang asiang untuak labiah banyak tibo ka Padang dengan tujuan maningkekan parsaingan. Babagai kamudahan jo fasilitas diagiah ka para padagang Cino nan dianggap mampu mamajuan parekonomian.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=46a|ps=: "''Gubernur Michiels mendorong orang asing untuk lebih banyak datang ke Padang dengan tujuan meningkatkan persaingan, sehingga Padang menjadi pelabuhan yang ramai dan dinamis. Berbagai kemudahan dan fasilitas diberikan kepada para pendatang, terutama kepada pedagang Cina yang dianggap mampu memajukan perekonomian.''"}} Salah satunyo adolah pinjam pitih untuak modal dari [[Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij]] (NHM), nan manggantian fungsi VOC nan bangkrut pado 1799.{{sfnp|Gusti Asnan|2003|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ndZwAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Pedagang+Cina+juga+mendapat+banyak+kemudahan+dalam+meminjam+uang+atau+modal%22&dq=%22Pedagang+Cina+juga+mendapat+banyak+kemudahan+dalam+meminjam+uang+atau+modal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjx6NXB5broAhXFV30KHWVsBYIQ6AEIKDAA 59]}}{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=79|ps=: "''Bahkan NHM memberikan uang muka kepada pialang Tionghoa sebagai modal untuk mengumpulkan hasil produksi dari daerah pedalaman.''"}} Dengan dukungan modal sarato jaringan regional dan internasional, padagang Cino dapek manjadi agen bagi parniagaan barang-barang impor, sarupo kain jo porselen.{{sfnp|Christine Dobbin|2016|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JzR6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT177&dq=%22singapore+and+in+particular+raw+silk%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjulOCU5rroAhWbbX0KHZlfC4gQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22singapore%20and%20in%20particular%20raw%20silk%22&f=false 158]|ps=: "''They imported Chinese goods such as cloth and porcelain for domestic use from Batavia, Penang and later Singapore,...''"}} Akibaiknyo, banyak padagang Minangkabau bagantuang ka padagang Cino.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=67|ps=: "''Orang Cina yang waktu itu memiliki mata uang akhirnya menduduki posisi penting, bahkan mereka berhasil menjadi pialang dan mampu menggeser kelompok pialang tradisional Minangkabau hingga memasuki daerah pedalaman. Akibatnya orang Minangkabau sangat tergantung terhadap barang-barang pokok yang diperoleh melalui pedagang pengecer di pasar-pasar tradisional, sedangkan pedagang pengecer juga tergantung kepada pedagang monopoli Belanda dan Cina.''"}} Pado tahun 1829, tasabuik ado ampek urang pialang Cino nan tanamo, yaitu [[Lie Heng]] (atau Lie Gieng), [[Lie Ma-ch’ao]] (Lie Matjiaw), [[Lie Sing]], jo [[Hu A-chiao]] (Hoi Atjouw).{{sfnp|Christine Dobbin|2016|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JzR6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT177&dq=%22singapore+and+in+particular+raw+silk%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjulOCU5rroAhWbbX0KHZlfC4gQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22singapore%20and%20in%20particular%20raw%20silk%22&f=false 159]|ps=: "''The four leading Chinese brokers in Padang in 1829, just as the American coffee boom was passing, were Li Heng, Li Ma-ch'iao, Li Sing and Hu A-chiao.''"}} Pado tahun 1833, ado sakitar 700 urang Cino di Padang, kabanyakan urang kayo.{{sfn|Millies|1850|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1nNNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35&dq=PADANG+ONGEVEer+700+chinezen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitpta0xsjpAhXJfX0KHTZSDeIQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=PADANG%20ONGEVEer%20700%20chinezen&f=false 35]}} Indak hanyo manguasai parniagaan barang impor nan dibutuhan dek masyarakaik Minangkabau di darek, padagang Cino mulai manggarap parniagaan komoditas ekspor nan barasa dari kawasan [[darek]] atau padalaman Minangkabau. Pado 1847, saurang Cino banamo [[Lie Saay]] mandapek kontrak pamarentah kolonial Balando untuak maangkuik kopi, komoditas ekspor Minangkabau nan tanamo maso itu. Lie Saay malalui parusahaan ekspedisi nan inyo punyo maangkuik kopi dari [[Kota Padang Panjang|Padang Panjang]] ka [[Kayu Tanam, 2x11 Kayu Tanam, Padang Pariaman|Kayu Tanam]] sarato mangangkuik garam jo barang-barang lainnyo dalam parjalanan pulang.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=46b|ps=: "'Untuk pertama kalinya pada tahun 1847 Lie Saay berhasil membuat kontrak dengan pemerintah kolonial Belanda untuk mengangkut kopi dari Padang Panjang ke Kayutanam dan mengangkut garam dan barang-barang lainnya dalam perjalanan baliknya. .''"}} Wakatu itu, sarana transportasi hanyo didukuang dek jalan satapak nan mangubuangan kampuang-kampuang darek ka pasisia barat dan ka sungai-sungai nan mengalir ka timur ka Selat Malaka.{{sfn|Jeffrey Hadler|2010|pp=40-41}} Angkutan transportasi nan digunoan Lie Saay hanyo barupo [[padati]] nan dielo dek [[kudo]]. Dalam parjalanan, Lie Saay didampingi kakaknyo, [[Lie Maa Toon]] nan santiang bela diri [[kungfu]] sabagai pangawal. Sasudah transportasi dibangun, Lie Saay pindah ka Padang dan diangkek manjadi [[Kapitan Cino]] pado tahun 1860.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=46c|ps=: "''Perusahaan ekspedisi Lie Saay membawa hasil bumi mengunakan pedati (gerobak) kuda melewati lereng Lembah Anai di bawah pengawalan kakaknya Lie Maa Toon yang bisa bela diri kungfu. Perusahaan ekspedisi ini berkembang hingga dibangun jalan darat dan jalur kereta api.''"}}{{sfnp|Rusli Amran|1988|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=3mseAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+Lie+Saay+adalah+yang+pertama+setelah+keluar+surat+keputusan+tersebut%22&dq=%22+Lie+Saay+adalah+yang+pertama+setelah+keluar+surat+keputusan+tersebut%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjr8Jjs1sHoAhUJbisKHU9BAuIQ6AEIKjAA 31]}} === Managakkan parmukiman, kelenteng, jo pasa === [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een chinese tempel te Padang. TMnr 60003313.jpg|jmpl|270x270px|Kelenteng See Hien Kiong sakitar tahun 1870.]] Sairing tanamonyo Padang sabagai pusek pardagangan VOC untuak pulau Sumatera, parusahaan-parusahaan Balando tumbuah bak cindawan. Hal iko mambuek bangsa asing samakin banyak bardatangan, tamasuak urang Cino. Dalam ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'' edisi ka-9, Padang pado partangahan abaik ka-19 digambaran sabagai kota nan punyo 2.000 rumah dengan panduduak sabanyak 15.000, alah tamasuak di dalamnyo parmukiman urang Cino.{{sfnp|Thomas Spencer Baynes|1887|loc=Volume 22|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=mscsAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Padang+is+a+town+of+some+2000+houses%22&dq=%22Padang+is+a+town+of+some+2000+houses%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig-bWP0LroAhXlQ3wKHSVoBkkQ6AEIPTAD 639]|ps=: "''Padang is a town of some 2,000 houses and 15,000 inhabitants, with a Chinese settlement and a European quarter. It is the chief market in Sumatra for gold.''"}} Paniliti tantang sijarah urang Cino di Sumatera Barat, [[Erniwati (dosen)|Erniwati]] manulih pantang Cino di Padang samulo tingga mangalompok di salah satu sisi tapian [[Batang Arau]] arah ka muaro nan kini banamo Pondok. Baa kok banamo "Pondok" dek banyak urang Cino Padang managakkan rumah jo tampek manggaleh nan babantuak [[pondok]]. Pado tahun 1852, urang Cino di Padang alah bajumlah 1.140 urang.{{sfnp|Elizabeth E. Graves|2007|pp=92-93}}{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=38}} Jumlah iko maningkek manjadi 1.564 pado tahun 1858.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=72}} Mulai banyaknyo pandatang Cino nan tingga di Padang maakibaikan kabutuhan adonyo kelenteng timbua. Pado awalnyo, urang Cino di Padang indak punyo kelenteng samo sakali. Sakalompok pantadang bainisiatif untuak managakan kelenteng pado partangahan abaik ka-19. Kelenteng iko dinamoan Kelenteng Kwan Im (Kwan Im Teng). Patamo kali tagak, Kwan Im Teng hanyo barupo bangunan kayu baatok atap rumbio. Namun, pado tahun 1861, dek kalalaian pendeta Sae Kong, Kwan Im Teng tabaka hinggo manjadi abu. Samaso Kapitan Cino dipacik dek [[Lie Goan Hoat]] pado 1893, didampingi dek Letnan Liem Soen Mo jo Letnan Lie Bian Ek, bamufaakaiklah urang Cino Padang untuak managakan baliak Kelenteng Kwan Im. Kelenteng nan baru tagak dinamoan Kelenteng See Hien Kiong. Pambangunannyo salasai pado tahun 1893.{{sfnp|Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatra Barat|8 Juni 2017}} Urang Cino di Padang indak hanyo manjadian kelenteng sabagai tampek sumbayang atau ibadah, malainkan juo sabagai tampek tingga samantaro bagi pandatang Cino nan indak punyo dunsanak. Dari siko, mereka bisa bakenalan jo urang Cino lainnyo sahinggo manjadi paubuang bagi mereka untuak marintis usaho. Di sakitar kelenteng, mereka managakkan kos-kios dari [[buluah]] untuak tampek manggaleh. Sasudah kelenteng mangalmi kabakaran pado tahun 1861, kios-kios iko disewaan, nan hasil labonyo digunaan untuak mambayia cicilan pinjaman pambangunan kelenteng. Lamo kalamoan, kios-kios di sakitar kelenteng bakambang manjadi pasa nan kini tanamo sabagai Pasa Tanah Kongsi.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=55a|ps=: "''Untuk membayar cicilan pinjaman pembangunan klenteng setelah mengalami kebakaran di tahun 1861, kios-kios bambu tersebut disewakan kepada para pedagang. Lama kelamaan kios-kios bambu berkembang menjadi pasar yang dikenal dengan nama pasar Tanah Kongsi.''"}} Pasa iko manjadi rami sahinggo dalam wakatu nan relatif capek mampu manyaingi [[Pasa Mudiak, Padang|Pasa Mudiak]] nan sabalunnyo alah ado dan lataknyo badakekan.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=93a|ps=: "''Walaupun letak Pasar Tanah Kongsi berdampingan dengan Pasar Mudik yang sebelumnya sudah didirikan oleh pedagang Minangkabau, namun dalam waktu yang relatif singkat, Pasar Tanah Kongsi berkembang dengan cepat dan mampu menyaingi Pasar Mudik.''"}} === Akhia pamarentahan kolonial Balando === [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gezicht over Padang TMnr 60004079.jpg|jmpl|270x270px|Kamajuan Padang nan samulo hanyo kampuang nalayan manjadi pusek parniagaan jo pamarentahan di [[Sumatera]] manyebabkan daerah iko rami dikunjungi para pandatang, tamasuak urang Cino. |al=]] Pado tahun 1865, jumlah urang Cino di Padang adolah 2.973 urang. Pado tahun 1874, 10% dari populasi panduduak Padang nan sangkek itu bajumlah sakitar 25.000 urang adolah urang Cino.{{sfnp|Freek Colombijn|1994|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8bfZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Padang+was+a+second-rank+port+on+the+*%22&dq=%22Padang+was+a+second-rank+port+on+the+*%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMoPX_2rroAhXGR30KHR56BA8Q6AEIKDAA 134]|ps=: "''In 1666 the Dutch made Padang their headquarters on Sumatra's west coast and built a fortress.''"}} Pado tahun 1878, jumlah urang Cino di Padang adolah 2.640 urang. Jumlah iko mangalami panurunan dibandiangan tahun 1865. Pado tahun 1880, jumlah urang Cino di Padang naik baliak manjadi 3.468 urang.{{sfnp|Elizabeth E. Graves|2007|pp=92-93}}{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=38}} Mancaliak jumlah urang Cino di Padang nan cenderung maningkek, pamarentah kolonial Balando maabik kabijakan untuk manata parmukiman di Padang. Panataan iko mangikui kabijakan Besluit No. 758 nan diteken dek Gubernur Pantai Barat Sumatera tangga 30 Oktober 1884 tantang Panetapan Wilayah untuak Urang Cino di Kota Padang. Dek populasi urang Cino taruih maningkek, baitu pulo urang asiang lainnyo, paraturan tahun 1884 kudian diparbarui jo Beslit No. 34 tangga 3 Februari 1891. Dalam paraturan itu, wilayah urang Cino dipalaweh sampai ka masuak ka daerah [[Belakang Tangsi, Padang Barat, Padang|Balakang Tangsi]].{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=68|ps=: "''Lama-kelamaan lokasi perkampungan Tionghoa semakin berkembang seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah orang Tionghoa yang bermukim. Di Padang, perluasan permukiman Tionghoa ini sampai ke daerah Belakang Tangsi...''"}}{{sfnp|Padangkita.com|23 Oktober 2017}}{{sfnp|Mardanas Safwan|1987|pp=101}} Di siko, saurang padagang Cino banamo [[Gho Lam San]] mambukak sabuah pasa basubarangan jo bakeh pasa milik parusahaan urang Minangkabau [[Badu Ata & Co.]] nan tabaka pado tahun 1882.{{sfnp|Freek Colombijn|1994|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8bfZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22THE+RICH+LIE+SAAY+OPENED%22&dq=%22THE+RICH+LIE+SAAY+OPENED%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAoJXHrr_oAhXNfX0KHbxRAnIQ6AEIKjAA 235]|ps=: "''Badu Ata & Co. started their second market-place in the Belakang Tangsi area, further north. It was successful until destroyed by fire in 1882. Immediately afterwards the Chinese Gho Lam San opened a new market next to the charred remains of Badu Ata & Co.''"}}{{sfnp|Rusli Amran|1988|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=3mseAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Gho+Lam+San.%22&dq=%22Gho+Lam+San.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBj9Lsqr_oAhUFdCsKHekxA4AQ6AEINTAB 23]}} Pado tahun 1900, pamarentahan kolonial Balando malunggaan izin masuak urang Cino di [[Hindia Balando]]. Kabijakan iko bapangaruah tarhadap jumlah urang Cino di Padang.{{sfnp|Freek Colombijn|1994|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8bfZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+last+one+after+the+Dutch+government+%27+s*%22&dq=%22the+last+one+after+the+Dutch+government+%27+s*%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR8Li1-c_oAhXadCsKHXcTAYYQ6AEIKDAA 55b]|ps=: "''Chinese have come to Indonesia in several waves of migration, the last one after the Dutch government's relaxation on Chinese entry after 1900.''"}}{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=62|ps=: "''Imigran Cina yang datang menjelang akhir abad ke-19 sampai awal abad ke-20 (1930-an) merupakan migrasi yang dilakukan secara massal.''"}} Jumlah urang Cino pado tahun 1905 adolah sabanyak 5.000 urang, kudian naiak manjadi 6.765 pado tahun 1920, dan maningkek manjadi 8.516 urang pado tahun 1930.{{sfnp|Elizabeth E. Graves|2007|pp=92-93}}{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=38}}<ref>http://repository.unp.ac.id/1227/1/MESTIKA%20ZED_213_11.pdf</ref> Paningkatan jumlah urang Cino Padang antaro tahun 1905 sampai 1930 sajalan jo galombang migrasi massal nan dilakuan dek urang Cino.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=40|ps=: "''Pada tahun 1930 ditemukan 51% perantauan Cina berasal dari keturunan ke tiga yang terdiri dari 80% Hokkian, 15% Kwongfu, 2% Hakka, dan 3% dari suku lainnya. Dari perkiraan penduduk tahun 1930 terlihat bahwa penduduk Cina Padang mayoritas berasal dari kelompok bahasa Hokkian yang tergolong ke dalam pedagang yang berasal dari Amoy.''"}} == Sasudah kamerdekaan Indonesia == === Parjuangan kamerdekaan Indonesia === [[Berkas:Een optocht tijdens traditioneel Chinees feest Cap Go Meh. Mannen, vrouwen en ki, Bestanddeelnr 491-6-5.jpg|al=|jmpl|270x270px|Urang Cino Padang mambaok arak-arakan Sipasan dalam parayaan [[Cap Go Meh]] pado 4 Januari 1948.]] Sasudah Indonesia mamproklamasian [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|kamerdekaannyo pado 17 Agustus 1945]], sikap urang Cino Padang tabagi ka dalam tigo kalompok. Ado nan maagih dukungan terhadap Balando, ado nan ikuik sato mambantu parjuangan kamerdekaan Indonesia, dan ado nan basikap netral.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=85a|ps=: "''Sebagai akibat peristiwa yang terjadi pada masa revolusi, etnis Cina Padang kemudian dapat dibagi atas tiga kelompok orientasi, yaitu pro Republik, pro Belanda, dan kelompok netral.''"}} Karagaman orientasi urang Cino Padang samaso parjuangan mampartahankan kamerdekaan Indonesia manyebabkan masyarakatik umum sariak mangenali sikap mereka.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=86b|ps=: "''Keragaman orientasi kelompok etnis Cina ini menyebabkan masyarakat umumpun sulit mengenali mereka. Ketidakjelasan sikap etnis Cina tersebut menyebabkan masyarakat umum akhirnya menyamakan penilaian terhadap etnis Cina sebagai kelompok yang hanya mengambil keuntungan di negara Indonesia.''"}} Walaupun baitu, [[Johnny Anwar]] dalam buku ''Api Perjuangan Kemerdekaan di Kota Padang'' manulih, banyak urang Cino Padang indak mamasang bandera Merah Putih di rumah jo toko mereka pado maso awal kamardekaan Indonesia, padahal alah ado imbauan dari Pamarentah Kota Padang.{{sfnp|Mulyadi Mintaraga|1986|pp=100}} Urang Cino Padang nan bapihak ka Balando nio Balando bakuaso baliak di Indonesia. Di antaro mereka tasabuik namo Nyo Hok Seng. Inyo acok maagih informasi ka Balando tantang parkambangan situasi Padang, tamasuak kabaradoan posisi pajuang kamerdekaan.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=86a|ps=: "''Nyok Hok Seng selalu memberi informasi kepada Belanda tentang perkembangan situasi Padang dan menjadi penunjuk jalan kemungkinan di mana posisi pejuang kemerdekaan. Dengan sombong, setiap sore Nyo Hok Seng berkeliling kampung Pondok dan kota Padang dengan tentara Sekutu dan Belanda mengunakan mobil Jeep. Sikap Nyo Hok Seng menyebabkan etnis Cina lainnya sering mendapat masalah dan digeneralisasikan sebagai antek-antek Belanda dan diangap hanya mengambil keuntungan saja oleh masyarakarakat umum.''"}} Ado pulo urang Cino Padang nan bapihak ka Balando untuak mampakayo diri. Mereka mamanfaatkan kamampuan manembus blokade Balando untuak mancari kauntungan. Umumnyo mereka adolah panggaleh bahan makanan.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=84-85|ps=: "''Sebagian kecil dari kelompok ini juga ada orang-orang yang berusaha memperkaya diri sendiri dengan mengadakan penyelundupan dan menerobos blokade Belanda.''"}} Ada pulo urang Cino Padang nan bapihak ka pajuang kamerdekaan. Mereka maagih pertolongan dalam bantuak mamasok sanjato untuak kabutuhan pajuang kamerdekaan.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=85b|ps=: "''Kemampuan etnis Cina Padang dalam menyelundupkan senjata untuk kebutuhan pejuang kemerdekaan menjadikan mereka memiliki kedekatan dengan perwira militer yang sangat mempengaruhi hubungan mereka di masa selanjutnya.''"}} [[Sho Bun Seng]] adolah di antaro urang Cino di Padang nan dikana jasonyo dalam mamasok sanjato untuak pajuang kamerdekaan.{{sfnp|Freek Colombijn|1994|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8bfZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Oei+Ho+Tjong%22&dq=%22Oei+Ho+Tjong%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBuPLBm9DoAhVR_XMBHTmLDmIQ6AEIKDAA 135b]|ps=: "''Regardless of these forced changes, the Chinese in Padang were well assimilated. It seems that one Chinese, Oei Ho Tjong, who had provided the Republic with weapons, even became member of the LKAAM.''"}}{{sfnp|Mulyadi Mintaraga|1986|pp=100}} Adapun urang Cino Padang nan netral iyolah mereka nan indak manentukan sikap. Mereka hanyo manunggu parang usai dan kaadaan stabil sahinggo mereka bisa malakuan aktivitas paniagaan takah samulo.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=85-86|ps=: "''Sikap yang tidak jelas disebabkan karena kurangnya posisi mereka dalam bidang ekonomi menyebabkan kelompok ini tidak berani menentukan sikap. Kelompok ini hanya akan menunggu siapapun sebagai pemenang perang. Namun karena mereka telah terbiasa dengan kehidupan pada masa kekuasaan kolonial Belanda, maka harapan mereka hanyalah kembalinya keamanan pribadi dan keadaan ekonomi yang relatif stabil.''"}} Katiko parang makin basosoh pado pangujung tahun 1945, tajadi pambakaran rumah-rumah urang Cino di Padang. Dek banyaknyo urang Cino nan manjadi kaki tangan Balando, mereka manjadi sasaran panyarangan dek panduduak. Saderetan rumah urang Cino Padang di Blok Eng Djoe Bie di Balai Baru, [[Kampung Jao, Padang Barat, Padang|Kampung Jao]] disarang. Di siko, ado toko nan manjadi pamasok kabutuhan tentara NICA takah makanan jo obat-obatan. Panyarangan iko mambuek mereka nan tingga di sinan bagabuang ka Kampuang Cino di Pondok. Rumah Ang Eng Hoat, saurang Letnan Cino di Jalan Hiligoo, diobrak-abrik hinggo "tingga dindiangnyo se lai".{{sfnp|Mulyadi Mintaraga|1986|pp=101}} === Pangakuan kadaulatan Indonesia === [[Berkas:Een Chinese optocht Spandoeken worden meegedragen Op een daarvan staat Lang L, Bestanddeelnr 491-6-4.jpg|al=|jmpl|270x270px|Spanduk nan dibaok de Urang Cino Padang nan babunyi Hiduik "Para Pemburu", yakni batalion Balando bagian dari U-Brigade nan malakun operasi militer di Padang pado tahun 1948]] Sairing jo pangakuan kadaulatan kamerdekaan Indonesia dek Balando pado tahun 1949, kondisi politik jo kamaanan Padang baransua puliah. Pamarentah mulai manata baliak kahidupan masyarakaik dari babagai aspek, tamasuak parsoalan status kawarganegaraan urang Cino di Indonesia nan alun salasai. [[Soekarno|Presiden Soekarno]] maumuman tantang kaharusan urang Cino di Indonesia untuak mamiliah status kawarganegaraan mereka. Mereka diagiah tigo pilihan. Patamo manjadi warga negara [[Balando]], kaduo manjadi warga negara Indonesia, atau katigo manjadi warga negara [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]]. Di Padang, adonyo pilihan status kawarganegaraan urang Cino mambuek babarapo kaluarga punyo status kawarganegaraan yang babedo hinggo manyebabkan mereka tapisah. Manuruik Erniwati, parbedaan pilihan status kawarganegaraan tajadi akibaik babedonyo orientasi jo kapantiangan di antaro urang Cino Padang.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=89|ps=: "''Dengan adanya tiga pilihan status kewarganegaraan tersebut, beberapa keluarga memiliki status kewarganegaraan yang berbeda. Perbedaan pilihan status kewarganegaraan ini terjadi sebagai akibat perbedaan orientasi dan kepentingan. Konsekuensi dari pilihan yang berbeda menyebabkan banyak keluarga-keluarga dari etnis Cina di Indonesia termasuk yang tinggal di Padang terpisah-pisah.''"}} Salain mangatur parsoalan status kawarganegaraan urang Cino, pamarentah Indonesia maantian masuaknyo imigran dari Cino. Walaupun baitu, masih ado paningkatan jumlah urang Cino di Padang. Paningkatan iko dipakiroan marupoan akibaik kadatangan imigran dari [[Medan]] jo [[Pekanbaru]] sarato parpindahan urang Cino dari babarapo daerah di Sumatera Barat untuak mancari parlindungan katiko ado peristiwa [[Pemerintahan Revolusioner Republik Indonesia]] pado tahun 1958 jo [[Gerakan 30 September]] pado tahun 1965.{{sfnp|Freek Colombijn|1994|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8bfZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Patches+of+Padang%22+%221945+and+1965%22&dq=%22Patches+of+Padang%22+%221945+and+1965%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7xcS1ktDoAhVaXSsKHQZ5Bn4Q6AEIKDAA 134]|ps=: "''After 1949 the immigration of Chinese to Indonesia was virtually called to a halt by the Indonesian government, but there was still an increase in absolute numbers in Padang. Chinese who lived dispersed over the area fled to Padang after 1945 and 1965 for protection and the army started to move Chinese from the countryside to cities in 1959.''"}} === Sajak 1966 sampai kini === [[Berkas:Makam Korban Gempa 2009 Warga Tionghoa Padang.jpg|al=|jmpl|270x270px|Makam korban gampo 2009 dari urang Cino Padang di [[Bungus Teluk Kabung, Padang|Bunguih]]]] Pado tahun 1966, Pamarentah Indonesia mangaluaan [[:wikisource:id:Keputusan Presidium Kabinet Nomor 127 Tahun 1966|Keputusan Presidium Kabinet Nomor 127 Tahun 1966]] nan isinyo mangharuskan urang Cino di Indonesia mangganti namo mereka dengan namo Indonesia. Di Padang, hampiang 8.000 urang Cino malakuannyo.{{sfnp|Freek Colombijn|1994|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8bfZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Oei+Ho+Tjong%22&dq=%22Oei+Ho+Tjong%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBuPLBm9DoAhVR_XMBHTmLDmIQ6AEIKDAA 135a]|ps=: "''The presidential decree No. 127 of 1966 compelled them to change their names to autochthonous ones; nearly eight thousand Chinese in Padang did so.''"}} Kabijakan untuak urang Cino di Indonesia kudian dibuek pulo dek rezim [[Orde Baru]] di bawah [[Soeharto|Presiden Soeharto]] nan dikenal dengan kabijakan asimilasi. Pado tahun 1967, Presiden Soeharto mangaluaan [[:wikisource:id:Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 1967|Instruksi Presiden Nomor 14 Tahun 1967]] nan isinyo mambatasi aktivitas agamo, adat, jo tradisi Cino di muko umum. Urang Cino Padang manuruti kabijakan tersebut. Namun baitu, pamarentah dan masyarakat Kota Padang maagih kalonggaran tarhadap mereka.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=4-5|ps=: "''Kelonggaran ini tidak saja diberikan oleh pemerintah, tetapi juga oleh masyarakat kota Padang. Bahkan di saat perayaan ulang tahun kota Padang, pemerintah juga mengundang barongsai dan sipasan untuk beratraksi melalui dua perhimpunan kematian Himpunan Tjinta Teman dan Himpunan Bersatu Teguh.''"}} Mereka tetap dapek malaksanoan kagiatan agamo, adat, jo tradisi mereka di bawah pangalolaan parhimpunan kaluarga (marga) maupun parkumpulan sosial, budaya, jo kamatian.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=4|ps=: "''Pada masa pemerintahan Orde Baru, etnis Cina Padang tetap bisa melaksanakan budaya dan adat istiadat leluhur di bawah pengelolaan perhimpunan keluarga (marga) dan perhimpunan kematian Himpunan Tjinta Teman (HTT), serta Himpunan Bersatu Teguh (HBT).''"}} Sangkek tajadinyo [[karicuahan Mei 1998]], katiko urang Cino di banyak tampek di Indonesia mandapek parlakukan indak elok, indak pernah dilaporan adonyo tindak kekerasan jo kriminal nan manjadian urang Cino sabagai sasaran di Padang.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=7a|ps=: "''Pengalaman buruk bagi sebagian etnis Cina di beberapa kota di Indonesia tidak dialami oleh etnis Cina Padang, termasuk saat peristiwa Mei 1998. Sepanjang era Reformasi bahkan tidak ditemukan tindak kekerasan dan kriminal yang menjadikan etnis Cina Padang sebagai sasaran kekerasan, seperti yang terjadi di Jakarta, Solo, Surabaya, Medan, maupun kota lainnya. Fenomena nasional yang menjadikan etnis Cina sebagai sasaran untuk mengungkapkan kekecewaan dan ketidakpuasan terhadap pemerintah, krisis ekonomi, dan kekacauan politik tidak dialami oleh etnis Cina Padang.''"}} Pado tahun 2000, [[Abdurrahman Wahid|Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid]] mangaluaan [[:wikisource:id:Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2000|Keputusan Presiden Nomor 6 Tahun 2000]] untuak mancabuik Instruksi Presiden Nomor 14 Tahun 1967. Sajak itu, urang Cino Padang dapek bebas malaksanoan kagiatan agamo, adat, jo tradiis mereka.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=3-4|ps=: "''Perubahan terjadi setelah tahun 2000, ketika Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid mengeluarkan Keppres no 6/2000 untuk mencabut Inpres no.14/1967 dan membebaskan etnis Cina untuk merayakan hari besar dan adat istiadat serta tradisi mereka.''"}} Sasudah tajadinyo [[Gampo bumi Sumatera Barat 2009|gampo bumi nan maoyak Sumatera Barat pado 30 September 2009]], banyak urang Cino Padang nan mamiliah pai mangungsi kalua kota. Akibaiknyo, jumlah urang Cino Padang agak manurun dibandingkan pariode sabalunnyo. Hinggo kini, alun sadoalah urang Cino nan maninggaan Padang baliak, walaupun kondisi kota alah pulih. Dek Padang rawan kanai tsunami, apolai kawasan urang Cino talatak di tapi pantai, manyebabkan urang Cino banyak nan pindah kalua kota, utamonyo takah Pekanbaru, Medan, jo Jambi.{{sfnp|Rahmi Surya Dewi|2018|pp=28}}{{sfnp|Kompas.id|8 Juni 2019}} Katiko dilakuan Sensus Penduduk pado tahun 2010, presentasi urang Cino Padang hanyo tingga 1,1% dari populasi kota atau bajumlah 9.498 jiwa.{{sfnp|Riniwaty Makmur|2018|pp=16}} Dampak paliang taraso dari gampo bumi 2009 adolah runtuahnyo Kelenteng Se Hien Kiong. Akibaiknyo, aktivitas kaagamoan urang Cino Padang manjadi taambek. Salamo babarapo wakatu, urang Cino Padang manyalanggaroan ibadahnyo di bangunan sederhana nan basipaik samantaro di muko bangunan kelenteng.{{sfnp|Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatra Barat|8 Juni 2017}}{{sfnp|Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatra Barat|2018|pp=13}} Pado Desember 2010, para urang Cino Padang supakaik untuak managakan kelenteng baru. Mode bangunannyo indak jauah beda jo kelenteng lamo, tapi lataknya dipindahan ka lokasi baru. Kelenteng diresmian pado Maret 2013. Pambangunannyo mamakan dana sakitar Rp5 miliar.{{sfnp|Padang.go.id|23 September 2018}} == Sosial jo kakarabatan == [[Berkas:Kelenteng See Hien Kiong malam.jpg|al=|jmpl|270x270px|Bangunan Kelenteng See Hien Kiong nan baru dibangun, sasudah hancua dek gampo bumi 2009.]]Urang Cino Padang barasa dari babagai marga. Sistem marga dalam kaluarga etnis Cino didasarkan pado asa katurunan dari leluhur nan sama. Kabaradaan ciek marga biasonyo ditandai jo rumah marga. Aktivitas utamo rumah marga adolah manyalanggaroan sumbayang tarhadap leluhur jo dewa-dewa nan diyakini. Selain itu, anggota rumah marga saling mambantu jo mamparatian antaro ciek dan nan lain.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=63|ps=: "''Rumah marga atau yang disebut kongsi oleh Cina Padang mengayomi etnis Cina berdasarkan suku yang sama, sehingga aktivitas utama rumah marga adalah membantu sesama anggota, menyelenggarakan sembahyang kepada leluhur dan dewa-dewa yang diyakini sebagai pelindung. Selain itu, rumah marga juga berperan dalam melestarikan kebudayaan dan tradisi leluhur, termasuk menyelenggarakan upacara-upacara yang bersifat kekeluargaan, seperti pesta perkawinan, menyelenggarakan sembahyang kepada leluhur dan dewa-dewa yang diyakini sebagai pelindung, serta prosesi pemakaman secara tradisional.''"}} Namun, dek babarapo marga jumlahnyo indak banyak, hanyo ado tujuah marga di Padang nan punyo rumah marga surang, yaitu marga Tan, marga Oei, marga Ong, marga Choa, marga Lie & Kwee, marga Gho, jo marga Lim.{{sfnp|Riniwaty Makmur|2018|pp=147}} Selain rumah marga, urang Cino Padang bagabaung ka dalam parkumpulan sosial, budaya, jo kamatian nan basipaik heterogen, yaitu [[Himpunan Tjinta Teman]] (HTT) jo [[Himpunan Bersatu Teguh]] (HBT). HTT ditagakkan sajak tahun 1863 dengan toako patamo Lee Po Keng, samantaro Heng Beng Tong (HBT) ditagakkan sajak tahun 1873 dengan toako patamo Oei A King. Meskipun alah tagak sajak lamo, kaduo parkumpulan iko sacaro administrasi baru resmi tardaptar sajak tahun 1895.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=65-66|ps=: "''Selain rumah marga, etnis Cina Padang juga bergabung ke dalam perkumpulan sosial, budaya, dan kematian yang bersifat heterogen, yaitu Hok Teek Tong (HTT) yang berdiri sejak tahun 1863 dengan Toako pertama Lee Po Keng dan Heng Beng Tong (HBT) yang berdiri sejak tahun 1873 dengan Toako pertama Oei A King. Meskipun sudah berdiri sejak lama, namun secara administrasi kedua perkumpulan sosial, budaya, dan kematian ini baru resmi terdaftar sejak tahun 1895.''"}} Parkumpulan HTT jo HBT utamonyo fokus maagih bantuan palaksanaan upacara kamatian sasuai adat jo tradisi leluhur. Gadangnyo biayo sarato banyaknyo tanago yang diparaluan salamo prosesi pamakaman mambuek urang Cino Padang bagantuang pado parkumpulan.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=66|ps=: "''Kebutuhan terhadap adanya perkumpulan kematian bagi orang Cina disebabkan oleh faktor budaya dan adat istiadat tradisional Cina. Adanya dorongan dan kebutuhan orang Cina, jika mati harus memiliki peti mati dan membutuhkan biaya serta tenaga yang banyak untuk mengurus pemakaman menyebabkan kebersamaan dalam perkumpulan pemakaman sangat penting.''"}}{{sfnp|Riniwaty Makmur|2018|pp=56}} Namun, manuruik Erniwati, kabaradoan kaduo parkumpulan iko saakan-akan mambagi urang Cino Padang dalam duo kelompok.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=190|ps=: "''Kedua perkumpulan ini berperan besar dalam menjaga budaya dan adat istiadat leluhur meskipun untuk saat ini genrasi muda kehilangan maknanya. Namun keberadaan kedua perkumpulan ini juga seakan-akan membagi etnis Cina Padang atas dua kelompok.''"}} Mereka berkompetisi menarik pangaruah jo mampartahankan citra positif di mato urang Cino di Padang. Dalam panampilan, upacara, maupun acara ritual jo formal, HTT jo HBT bausaho untuak manonjolkan identitas surang-surang.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=172|ps=: "''Mereka berkompetisi menarik pengaruh dan mempertahankan citra positif di mata etnis Cina di kota Padang terutama sejak kebebasan diberikan. Dalam penampilan, upacara, acara-acara ritual dan formal, kedua perhimpunan besar ini berusaha untuk menunjukkan dirinya berbeda.''"}} Upayo untuak mandapekan prestise jo panghargaan acok manjadi pamicu munculnyo konflik. Walaupun baitu, konflik terbuka antaro HTT jo HBT indak pernah tajadi dek dapek langsuang diredam oleh para pamimpinnyo.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=175|ps=: "''Upaya untuk mendapatkan prestise dan penghargaan ini sering menjadi pemicu munculnya konflik di antara lembaga sosial budaya etnis Cina Padang. Namun konflik terbuka hingga saat ini tidak pernah terjadi. Hal ini disebabkan karena kontrol pemerintah dan masyarakat yang sangat tinggi. Ketika terjadi gejala konflik muncul dengan segera dapat diredam karena adanya keinginan dari etnis Cina untuk menjaga tatanan sosial masyarakat yang ada.''"}} == Budaya == [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Chinese optocht te Padang West-Sumatra TMnr 10002761.jpg|jmpl|270x270px|Arakan Sipasan pado maso pamarentahan kolonial Balando.]] Urang Cino Padang alah baradaptasi dengan masyarakat lokal tampek mereka barado. Hal iko ditandoi jo digunoannyo [[bahaso Minangkabau]] dek urang Cino Padang sabagai bahaso sahari-hari. Hal iko babedo jo, sabagai contoh, urang Cino di pantai Timur Sumatra.{{sfn|Kantor Waligereja Indonesia|1974|p=118}} Bahkan, mayoritas urang Cino Padang alah indak dapek mangecek jo bahaso asa mereka.{{sfnp|Rahmi Surya Dewi|2018|pp=29}} Bahaso Minang nan dipartuturan dek urang Cino Padang tanamo sabagai bahaso Pondok atau bahaso Minang dialek Pondok, hasil pancampuran antaro bahaso Indonesia dengan bahaso Minang tapi mamakai logat [[Bahaso Mandarin|Mandarin]].{{sfnp|Riniwaty Makmur, dkk|2018|pp=138-139}} Bahaso iko mambuek mereka bisa labiah berbaur jo masyarakat Minangkabau.{{sfnp|Riniwaty Makmur|2018|pp=277}} Sipasan adolah salah satu budayo Cino Padang nan indak basarobok di kota lainnyo di Indonesia. Indak jaleh dari ma asa mulo tradisi Sipasan. Namun, samaso pamarentah kolonial Balando, tradisi iko alah balangsuang. Sipasan marupoan arak-arakan tandu babantuak kursi nan tabuek dari kayu dan disusun sapanjang kamampuan anggota parhimpunan kamatian nan manjadi si pangka maangkuiknyo. Di ateh kursi nan bajejer panjang, duduak anak-anak nan manggunoan pakaian dari babagai daerah. Pado umumnyo anak-anak itu manggunoan pakaian tradisional, utamonyo pakaian Cino. Dengan kompak, anggota parhimpunan maangkuik kursi sahinggo mambantuk [[sipasan]] nan dibaok bakaliliang Kampuang Cino. Di bagian muko, ado hiasan nan bantuaknyo saroman kapalo nago. Tradisi iko dilaksanoan satiok parayoan Tahun Baru Cino ([[Imlek]]'').{{sfnp|Kompas.com|10 Pebruari 2009}}{{sfnp|Tempo.co|25 Agustus 2013}}'' Urang Cino Padang mancubo pulo untuak manjago adat jo tradisi mereka di tangah parubahan zaman lewat parkumpulan sosial, budaya, jo kamatian nan banamo Himpunan Tjinta Teman (HTT) jo Himpunan Bersatu Teguh (HBT). Kaduo parkumpulan iko maagiah bantuan dalam panyalanggaraan upacara kamatian sarato parkawinan sasuai adat jo tradisi luluhur Cino.{{sfnp|Kompas.com|5 Februari 2008}} Kabaradoan HTT jo HBT mambuek eksistensi adat jo tradisi Cino di Padang tetap tajago.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=190|ps=: "''Kedua perkumpulan ini berperan besar dalam menjaga budaya dan adat istiadat leluhur meskipun untuk saat ini genrasi muda kehilangan maknanya. Namun keberadaan kedua perkumpulan ini juga seakan-akan membagi etnis Cina Padang atas dua kelompok.''"}}{{sfnp|Riniwaty Makmur|2018|pp=56}} == Kampuang Cino == [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Straatgezicht in de Chinese wijk TMnr 60004081.jpg|jmpl|270x270px|Kampuang Cino Padang pado maso pamarentahan kolonial Balando.]] [[Berkas:Chinese kamp te Padang KITLV 84840.tiff|jmpl|270x270px|Sabuah ruko balenggek di Kampuang Cino Padang maso saisuak]] {{commonscat|Padang Chinatown|Kampuang Cino}} Urang Cino di Padang tingga mangalompok dan mambantuak parmukiman nan tanamo sabagai Kampuang Cino.{{sfnp|Mardanas Safwan|1987|pp=15}} Latak kawasan iko barado di sisi utara tapian [[Batang Arau]] arah ka muaro di di [[Padang Selatan, Padang|Kecamatan Padang Selatan]]. Urang Cino saisuak mamiliah tingga di dakek muaro dengan tujuan supayo dakek jo akses transportasi aia nan sangkek itu marupoan sarana utamo dalam parniagaan ekspor jo impor. Mangolompoknyo tampek tingga urang Cino indak lapeh pulo dari adonyo paraturan nan dikaluaan dek pamarentah kolonial Balando, yaitu sistem sentralisasi parmukiman pado ciek tampek bagi panduduak pandatang. Dek Balando, parmukiman urang Cino Padang dikonsentrasikan pado ciek kawasan, yakni di daerah Pondok jo sakitarnyo sahinggo lamo-kalamoan daerah itu manjadi permanen sabagi parmukiman urang Cino Padang sampai kini.{{sfnp|Riniwaty Makmur, dkk|2018|pp=135}} Takah Kampuang Cino atau pecinan pado umumnyo, bantuak bangunan tampek tingga urang Cino di Padang adolah barupo bangunan balenggek duo atau tigo baatok [[pelana kudo]] nan dibuek baleret mamanjang maikuik alua jalan. Antaro ciek bangunan jo bangunan nan basubalahan indiangnyo saliang baimpikan.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=73|ps=: "''Bentuk bangunan tempat tinggal orang Tionghoa di daerah pecinan biasanya hampir sama. Bangunan terdiri dari dua atau tiga tingkat dan dibangun secara berderet memanjang , berhimpitan antara dinding bangunan yang satu dengan dinding bangunan yang berikutnya.''"}} Baa kok dibuek balenggek duo atau tigo supayo dapek dijadian toko tampek manggaleh di lenggek bawahnyo dan tampek tingga di lenggek atehnyo. Konsep bangunan takah iko kini lazim disabuik [[ruko]] dan banyak basobok di [[Daptar kota besar di Indonesia|kota-kota gadang Indonesia]] nan banyak dihuni dek urang Cino.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=52|ps=: "''Klenteng See Hien Kiong merupakan satu-satunya yang terdapat di Sumatera Barat.''"}} Aktivitas ibadah urang Cino Padang dipusekan di kelenteng nan banamo [[Kelenteng See Hien Kiong]]. Lataknyo barado dakek tapi Batang Arau, maadok ka [[Bukiik Gado-Gado]] di [[Seberang Palinggam, Padang Selatan, Padang|Subarang Palinggam]]. Kapan tahun pambangunannyo indak diketahui pasti. Dipakiroan kelenteng iko ditagakan sakitar partangahan abaik ka-19, badasaran tinggalan barupa lonceng (''genta'') nan ado Kelenteng See Hien Kiong nan batarikh tahun 1841.{{sfnp|Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatra Barat|8 Juni 2017}} Kelenteng See Hien Kiong manjadi tampek sumbayang urang Cino tarhadap dewa atau leluhur nan mereka sembah. Paruntuakan kelenteng iko adolah untuak urang Cino di Padang pado umumnyo. Kabaradoan kelenteng di Kampuang Cino nan hanyo ciek manunjuakan bahasonyo mayoritas urang Cino Padang mampunyoi leluhur nan samo. Hal iko mambueknyo babeda jo urang Cino nan tingga di babarapo kota di Indonesia, misalnyo urang Cino di [[Jakarta]] jo [[Semarang]] nan punyo banyak kelenteng surang-surang bagantuang leluhur mereka.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=53|ps=: "''Klenteng See Hien Kiong merupakan tempat untuk melakukan sembahyang terhadap dewa atau leluhur yang mereka sembah menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas etnis Cina Padang memiliki leluhur yang sama. Berbeda halnya dengan etnis Cina yang tinggal di beberapa kota di Indonesia, misalnya di Jakarta dan Semarang ditemukan banyak klenteng yang masing-masing memiliki spesifik tersendiri dengan leluhur dan dewa yang berbeda pula.''"}} Kelenteng See Hien Kiong bahkan manjadi kelenteng satu-satunyo di Sumatera Barat.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=52|ps=: "''Klenteng See Hien Kiong merupakan satu-satunya yang terdapat di Sumatera Barat.''"}} Di sakitar kelenteng, tagak rumah-rumah marga. Di subalah timur kelenteng, ado rumah marga Tan, rumah marga Oei, rumah marga Ong, jo rumah marga Choa. Adapun di subalah barat kelenteng, ado rumah marga Lie & Kwee. Rumah marga Gho jo rumah marga Lim talatak di sekitar daerah Pulau Karam.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=55c|ps=: "''Secara berkelompok di sekitar klenteng terdapat rumah marga-rumah marga, yaitu di sebelah timur klenteng terdapat rumah marga Tan, rumah marga Oei, rumah marga Ong, dan rumah marga Choa, sedangkan di sebelah barat klenteng terdapat rumah marga Lie & Kwee. Rumah marga Gho dan Lim terletak di sekitar daerah Pulau Karam.''"}} Sabagai parmukiman, Kampuang Cino dilengkapi pulo jo pasa nan banamo [[Pasa Tanah Kongsi]]. Pasa iko lataknyo barado di tangah-tangah Kampuang Cino. Walaupun manuruik samulo marupoan tampek manggalehnyo urang Cino, padagang Minangkabau ikuik pulo manggaleh di pasa iko.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=93b|ps=: "''Pasar ini ramai dikunjungi oleh pedagang dan pembeli dari berbagai tempat, baik oleh penduduk pribumi maupun oleh orang Tionghoa.''"}} Padagang Minangkabau di Pasa Tanah Kongsi sabagian gadang marupoan [[patani]] jo [[nalayan]] nan langsuang mambaok barang dagangannyo barupo [[sayua]], [[talua]], [[buah]], jo kabutuhan pokok lainnyo dari daerah pasisia. Pasa iko rami dikunjungi dek pambali sajak Subuah sampai siang hari.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=55b|ps=: "''Pedagang Minangkabau yang berdagang di pasar Tanah Kongsi sebagian besar petani atau nelayan yang langsung membawa barang dagangannya berupa sayuran, telur, buah-buahan, dan kebutuhan hidup lainnya dari daerah pesisir, seperti dari Painan, Kambang, Muko-Muko, dan dari daerah lainnya. Pasar Tanah Kongsi ramai dikunjungi pembeli sejak Subuh sampai siang hari (sekitar jam 12).''"}} == Hubungan antaretnis == [[Berkas:Barongsai from Padang.jpg|al=|jmpl|270x270px|Partunjukan [[barongsai]] (atau kudo-kudo api) di Padang.]] Kabaradoan Padang sabagai pusek parniagaan jo pamarentahan di Sumatera pado maso pamarentahan kolonial Balando diiringi jo partumbuhan penduduk jo pandatang dari babagai etnis. Pado pangujuang abaik ka-19, Padang alah manjadi kota majemuk nan panduduaknyo terdiri dari babagai etnis. Salain Minangkabau nan marupoan etnis mayoritas, Padang dihuni dek urang Cino, [[Urang Nieh|Nieh]], [[Urang Jawa|Jawa]], [[Urang Aceh|Aceh]], jo [[Urang Tamil|Tamil]]. Hal iko taruih balanjuik hinggo maso-maso sasudah kamerdekaan. Khusus antaro urang Minangkabau jo urang Cino, hubungan di antaro duo entis iko relatif aman dari konflik, walaupun dalam bidang parniagaan diwarnai jo adonyo parsaingan jo kompetisi. Sampai kini, indak parnah ado konflik nan malibatkan tindak kekerasan antaro urang Minangkabau jo urang Cino di Kota Padang, baitu pulo antaretnis lainnyo.{{sfnp|Erniwati|2007|pp=7b|ps=: "''Sepanjang sejarah, tidak ditemukan adanya konflik antar etnis di kota Padang, terutama konflik antar etnis Minangkabau dengan etnis pendatang lainnya, termasuk etnis Cina.''"}}{{sfnp|Rahmi Surya Dewi|Juni 2018|pp=28}}{{sfnp|Nafriandi|2016|pp=189}} Manuruik Erniwati, areknyo hubungan antaro urang Minangkabau dengan urang Cino Padang sabagai kakuatan ekonomi jo sosial nan dominan di Kota Padang maakibaikan kabijakan represif [[Orde Baru|rezim Orde Baru]] tarhadap urang Cino di Indonesia indak baitu dirasoan dek urang Cino Padang. Di Padang, urang Cino mandapek parlakuan nan samo jo etnis lainnyo. Pamarentah Kota Padang indak maagih pambatasan maupun palarangan bagi urang Cino Padang untuak malaksanakan sarato malestarian adat jo tradisi mereka. Sampai kini, Pamarentah Kota Padang taruih malibatkan urang Cino Padang untuak ikuik sato satiok parayaan ulang tahun kota. Bahkan, atraksi nan ditampilkan dek urang Cino takah barongsai jo sipasan dijadiaan sabagai [[Pariwisata di Kota Padang|dayo tarik wisata di Kota Padang]].{{sfnp|Nerosti|2002|pp=73}}{{sfnp|Republika.co.id|10 Januari 2020}} Pamarentah Kota Padang sacaro rutin mandukuang kagiatan nan manampilkan budaya Cino Padang jo pembaurannya. Dalam satiok parayaan [[Imlek]], ditampilkan atraksi seni jo budaya nan ado dari babagai etnis nan mauni Kota Padang. Di antaro atraksi nan ditampilan dek urang Cino Padang adolah [[barongsai]], [[arak-arakan kio]], jo [[sipasan]].{{sfnp|Kompas.com|10 Pebruari 2009}} Pado 2013, atraksi sipasan nan ditampilan dek parkumpulan HTT mancatat rekor dunia di [[Guinness World Records]] sabagai atraksi maarak tandu paliang panjang, yakni panjang arak-arakan 243 meter jo jarak tampuah 1,9 km. Pancapaian iko mangalahan rekor sabalunnyo untuak atraksi sarupo nan tacatat di [[Kinmen]], [[Taiwan]].{{sfnp|Tempo.co|25 Agustus 2013}}{{sfnp|Taiwan Today|16 Mei 2011}} Sajak 2018, parayaan Imlek alah masuak manjadi kalender wisata Kota Padang nan dikemas dalam [[Festival Multikultural Padang|Festival Multikultural]].{{sfnp|Harian Haluan|10 Pebruari 2020}}{{sfnp|Posmetro Padang|7 Pebruari 2019}} Pado 2019, untuak kali patamo diadoan [[Festival Bakcang Ayam dan Lamang Baluo]]. Pado alek iko, dibagian sabanyak 10.000 bakcang ayam jo lamang baluo sacaro perai. Kaduonyo marupoan kuliner babahan utamo katan, mamiliki isian, jo dibungkuih daun.{{sfnp|Antara|6 Juni 2019}} Salain pambagian makanan, festival iko diramaian pulo jo babagai partunjukan seni jo budaya urang Cino Padang jo Minang.{{sfnp|Kompas.id|8 Juni 2019}} == Catatan kaki == === Rujuakan === {{reflist|2}} === Daftar pustaka === {{refbegin|2}} ;'''Buku''' * {{cite book |first1 = Christine |last1 = Dobbin |authormask = Christine Dobbin |year = 2016 |orig-year = Tabik patamo kali pado 1983 |url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JzR6DQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |title = Islamic Revivalism in a Changing Peasant Economy: Central Sumatra, 1784–1847 |location = London |work = |publisher = Routledge |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Syamsidar|1991}} }} * {{cite book |first = Freek |last = Colombijn |authormask = Freek Colombijn |authorlink = Freek Colombijn |year = 1994 |url = https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Patches_of_Padang.html?id=8bfZAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title = Patches of Padang: The History of an Indonesian Town in the Twentieth Century and the Use of Urban Space |location = Balando |work = |publisher = Research School CNWS |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Freek Colombijn|1994}} }} * {{cite book |first = |last = Erniwati |authormask = Erniwati |year = 2007 |url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Ey97JAAACAAJ&dq=Asap+Hio+di+Ranah+Minang:+Komunitas+Tionghoa+di+Sumatera+Barat&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjS6Me737zoAhUIWCsKHRefAdIQ6AEIKzAA |title = Asap Hio di Ranah Minang: Komunitas Tionghoa di Sumatera Barat |location = Yogyakarta |work = |publisher = Ombak |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Erniwati|2007}} }} * {{cite book |first = Elizabeth E. |last = Graves |authormask = Elizabeth E. Graves |url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=OuthL0q-9P0C&pg=PA107&dq=%22Asal-usul+elite+Minangkabau%22+5.985&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYiv3dhL_oAhUbXSsKHfZpCxsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Asal-usul%20elite%20Minangkabau%22%205.985&f=false |title = Asal-Usul Elite Minangkabau Modern: Respons Terhadap Kolonial Belanda Abad XIX/XX |publisher = Yayasan Obor Indonesia |year = 2007 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Elizabeth E. Graves|2007}} }} * {{cite book |first = Audrey |last = Kahin |authormask = Audrey Kahin |authorlink = Audrey Kahin |title = Dari Pemberontakan ke Integrasi: Sumatra Barat dan Politik Indonesia, 1926–1998 |url = http://books.google.co.id/books/about/Dari_pemberontakan_ke_integrasi.html?hl=id&id=v0y4-dp9uEEC |publisher = Yayasan Obor Indonesia |year = 2005 |location = Jakarta |ref = {{sfnRef|Kahin|2005}} }} * {{cite book |first = Rusli |last = Amran |authormask = Rusli Amran |authorlink = Rusli Amran |year = 1988 |url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=3mseAAAAMAAJ&q=Padang+Riwayatmu+Dulu&dq=Padang+Riwayatmu+Dulu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ16vssr_oAhVDjOYKHas3DWYQ6AEIKDAA |title = Padang Riwayatmu Dulu |location = Jakarta |work = |publisher = Yasaguna |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Rusli Amran|1988}} }} * {{cite book |first = Mardanas |last = Safwan |authormask = Mardanas Safwan |year = 1987 |url = http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/7522/1/SEJARAH%20KOTA%20PADANG.pdf |title = Sejarah Kota Padang |location = Jakarta |work = Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional |publisher = Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Mardanas Safwan|1987}} }} * {{cite book |first = Riniwaty |last = Makmur |authormask = Riniwaty Makmur |year = 2018 |url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=IjrcvQEACAAJ&dq=Orang+Padang+Tionghoa:+dima+bumi+dipijak,+disinan+langik+dijunjuang+Riniwaty+Makmur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiS0peI1MHoAhUDYysKHRpqBIcQ6AEIKDAA |title = Orang Padang Tionghoa – Dima Bumi Dipijak, Disinan Langik Dijunjuang |location = Jakarta |work = |publisher = Kompas |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef||}} }} * {{cite book |first = Steven |last = Adriaan Buddingh |authormask = Steven Adriaan Buddingh |year = 1861 |url = |title = Neerlands Oost-Indië Reizen (1852–1857) |location = Rotterdam |publisher = M. Wijt & Zonen |accessdate = 25 September 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Steven Adriaan Buddingh|1861}} }} *{{Cite book |url = http://worldcat.org/oclc/971526815 |title = Sengketa Tiada Putus: Matriarkat, Reformisme Agama, dan Kolonialisme di Minangkabau |first = Jeffrey |last = Hadler |authormask = [[Jeffrey Hadler]] |first = |date = 2010 |publisher = Freedom Institute |isbn = 978-979-19466-5-0 |location = |oclc = 971526815 |ref = {{sfnRef|Jeffrey Hadler|2010}} }} * {{Cite book|date=1974|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B5YEAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22kalangan+orang+Tionghoa+,+maka+penduduk+Tionghoa+di+pantai+*%22&q=%22kalangan+orang+Tionghoa+,+maka+penduduk+Tionghoa+di+pantai+*%22&hl=en&redir_esc=y|title=Sejarah Gereja Katolik Indonesia|publisher=Kantor Waligereja Indonesia|language=id |ref = {{sfnRef|Kantor Waligereja Indonesia|1974}}}} ;'''Ensiklopedia''' * {{cite book |first = Gusti |last = Asnan |authormask = Gusti Asnan |authorlink = Gusti Asnan |title = Kamus Sejarah Minangkabau |url = https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Kamus_sejarah_Minangkabau.html?id=ndZwAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |publisher = Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Minangkabau |location = Padang |date = 2003 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Gusti Asnan|2003}} }} * {{cite book |editor = Thomas Spencer Baynes |title = Encyclopædia Britannica |url = |publisher = Werner Co. |location = New York |date = 1887 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |volume = 22 |edition = 9 |ref = {{sfnRef|Thomas Spencer Baynes|1887}} }} * {{cite book |first1 = Henricus Christiaan |last1 = Millies |authormask = Henricus Christiaan Millies |year = 1850 |url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1nNNAAAAcAAJ&dq=PADANG+ONGEVEer+700+chinezen&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title = De Chinezen in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië en het Christendom: Eene Schets |location = |work = |publisher = |accessdate = |ref = {{sfnRef|Millies|1850}} }} ;'''Disertasi''' * {{cite thesis |first = |last = Erniwati |authormask = Erniwati |year = 2011 |url = https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2447927873403738371&hl=en&oi=scholarr |title = Cina Padang dalam Dinamika Masyarakat Minangkabau: Dari Revolusi sampai Reformasi |location = Jakarta |publisher = [[Universitas Indonesia|Jurusan Sejarah Universitas Indonesia]] |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Erniwati|2011}} }} ;'''Jurnal''' * {{cite journal |title = Hidup di Dunia Multikultural: Potret Sosial Budaya Kerukunan Etnis Minang dan Tionghoa di Kota Padang |author = Rahmi Surya Dewi |url = https://ojs.stiami.ac.id/index.php/lugas/article/view/120/105 |journal = Jurnal Lugas |volume = 2 |issue = 1 |work = |publisher = [[Universitas Andalas|Jurusan Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Andalas]] |date = 2018 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Rahmi Surya Dewi|2018}} }} * {{cite journal |title = Politik Relasi Etnik: Matrilinealitas dan Etnik Minoritas Cina di Padang, Sumatra Barat |author1 = Laila Kholid Alfirdaus |author2 = Eric Hiariej |author3 = Farsijana Adeney Risakotta |url = https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/komunitas/article/view/2941/pdf |journal = Jurnal Komunitas |volume = 6 |issue = 1 |work = |publisher = [[Universitas Negeri Semarang|Jurusan Sosiologi dan Antropologi Universitas Negeri Semarang]] |date = 2014 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Laila Kholid Alfirdaus, dkk|2014}} }} * {{cite journal |title = Identitas Etnis Tionghoa Padang Masa Pemerintah Hindia Belanda |author = Erniwati |url = http://ejurnalpatanjala.kemdikbud.go.id/patanjala/index.php/patanjala/article/view/482 |journal = Jurnal Patanjala |volume = 11 |issue = 2 |work = |publisher = Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia |date = 2019 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Erniwati|2019}} }} * {{cite journal |title = Multikultural Ranah Minang: Interaksi Sosial dan Eksistensi Etnis Cina Padang |author = Nafriandi |url = http://garuda.ristekbrin.go.id/documents/detail/1033814 |journal = Jurnal Turãst |volume = 4 |issue = 2 |work = |publisher = [[Institut Agama Islam Negeri Batusangkar]] |date = 2016 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Nafriandi|2016|pp=186}} }} * {{cite journal |title = Pertunjukan Barongsai dalam Etnis Tionghoa di Kota Padang |author = Nerosti |url = http://repository.unp.ac.id/16778/1/NOROSTI%204.pdf |journal = Jurnal Humanuis |volume = 5 |issue = 1 |work = |publisher = [[Universitas Negeri Padang|Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Padang]] |date = 2002 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Nerosti|2002}} }} * {{cite journal |title = Bahasa Minang Pondok dalam Komunikasi Antarbudaya Masyarakat Tionghoa Kota Padang |author1 = Riniwaty Makmur |author2 = Engkus Kuswarno |author3 = Evi Novianti |author4 = Nuryah Asri Syafirah |url = http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/jkk/article/view/15302/9164 |journal = Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi |volume = 6 |issue = 2 |work = |publisher = [[Universitas Padjadjaran|Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Padjadjaran]] |date = 2018 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Riniwaty Makmur, dkk|2018}} }} ;'''Situs web''' * {{cite web |title = Jejak Panjang Tionghoa Padang: Sejak Abad ke-17 Berasimilasi hingga Sekarang Tetap Harmonis |author = Rahmat Irfan Denas |url = https://padangkita.com/jejak-panjang-tionghoa-padang-sejak-abad-ke-17-berasilimilasi-hingga-sekarang-tetap-harmonis/ |work = Padangkita.com |publisher = |date = 11 Februari 2021 |accessdate = 12 Februari 2021 |ref = {{sfnRef|Rahmat Irfan Denas|11 Februari 2021}} }} * {{cite web |title = Klenteng See Hien Kiong |author = Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatra Barat |url = https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbsumbar/klenteng-see-hien-kiong/ |work = Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia |publisher = |date = 8 Juni 2017 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatra Barat|8 Juni 2017}} }} * {{cite web |title = Deskripsi Cagar Budaya Tidak Bergerak Kota Padang Provinsi Sumatera Barat |author = Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatra Barat |url = https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbsumbar/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2018/08/Cagar-Budaya-Kota-Padang.pdf |work = Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia |publisher = |date = 2018 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatra Barat|2018}} }} * {{cite web |title = Sejarah Kedatangan Orang Cina di Kota Padang (2) |author = |url = https://padangkita.com/sejarah-kedatangan-orang-cina-di-kota-padang-2/ |work = Padangkita.com |publisher = |date = 23-10-2017 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Padangkita.com|23 Oktober 2017}} }} * {{cite web |title = Pesona Kelenteng See Hin Kiong Padang |author = |url = https://info.padang.go.id/pesona-kelenteng-see-hin-kiong-padang |work = Padang.go.id |publisher = Diskominfo Kota Padang |date = 23-09-2018 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Padang.go.id|23 September 2018}} }} * {{cite web |title = Imlek, Prosesi Pernikahan China Peranakan Hanya Bertahan di Tiga Kota |author = |url = https://sains.kompas.com/read/2008/02/05/18160273/imlek.prosesi.pernikahan.china.peranakan.hanya.bertahan.di.tiga.kota |work = Kompas.com |publisher = |date = 5 Februari 2008 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Kompas.com|5 Februari 2008}} }} * {{cite web |title = Bakcang Ayam dan Lamang Baluo Yang Mempersatukan |author = Yola Sastra |url = https://kompas.id/baca/utama/2019/06/08/bakcang-ayam-dan-lamang-baluo-yang-mempersatukan/ |work = Kompas.id |publisher = |date = 8 Juni 2019 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Kompas.id|8 Juni 2019}} }} * {{cite web |title = Pesan Damai Imlek dari Padang |author = Ismail Zakaria |url = https://kompas.id/baca/utama/2019/02/05/pesan-damai-imlek-dari-padang/ |work = Kompas.id |publisher = |date = 5 Pebruari 2019 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Kompas.id|5 Pebruari 2019}} }} * {{cite web |title = Ada "Lipan" Terpanjang di Perayaan Cap Go Meh |author = |url = https://properti.kompas.com/read/2009/02/10/11452049/~Oase~Cakrawala |work = [[Kompas.com]] |publisher = |date = 10-02-2009 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Kompas.com|10 Pebruari 2009}} }} * {{cite web |title = Padang Siap Gelar Perayaan Cap Go Meh Paling Meriah Se-Indonesia |author = Novia Harlina |url = https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/4170797/padang-siap-gelar-perayaan-cap-go-meh-paling-meriah-se-indonesia |work = [[Liputan6.com]] |publisher = |date = 4 Pebruari 2020 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Novia Harlina|4 Pebruari 2020}} }} * {{cite web |title = Digelar 19 Pebruari 2019, Cap Go Meh Bakal Dihadiri Menteri Pariwisata |author = |url = https://posmetropadang.co.id/digelar-19-februari-2019-cap-go-meh-bakal-dihadiri-menteri-pariwisata/ |work = Posmetro Padang |publisher = |date = 7-02-2019 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Posmetro Padang|7 Pebruari 2019}} }} * {{cite web |title = Cap Go Meh 2020 Sukses, Perayaan Multi Etnik harus Berlanjut |author = |url = https://www.harianhaluan.com/news/detail/86399/cap-go-meh-2020-sukses-perayaan-multi-etnik-harus-berlanjut |work = [[Harian Haluan]] |publisher = |date = 10-02-2020 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Harian Haluan|10 Pebruari 2020}} }} * {{cite web |title = Pawai Budaya Multikultur di Padang |author = |url = https://travel.tempo.co/read/507145/pawai-budaya-multikultur-di-padang |work = [[Tempo.co]] |publisher = |date = 25-08-2013 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Tempo.co|25 Agustus 2013}} }} * {{cite web |title = Kinmen Sets Guinness World Record for Pedestal Carrying |author = |url = https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=10&post=17981 |work = Taiwan Today |publisher = |date = 16-05-2011 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Taiwan Today|16 Mei 2011}} }} * {{cite web |title = Pasar Malam Sincia, Potret Keberagaman dan Toleransi Padang |author = |url = https://republika.co.id/berita/q3uk97320/pasar-malam-sincia-potret-keberagaman-dan-toleransi-padang |work = Republika.co.id |publisher = |date = 10-01-2020 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Republika.co.id|10 Januari 2020}} }} * {{cite web |author = Ikhwan Wahyudi |url = https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/270828/bakcang-dan-lamang-baluo-satukan-minang-dan-tionghoa |title = Bakcang dan Lamang Baluo Satukan Minang dan Tionghoa |work = [[Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara|LKBN Antara]] |date = 6-06-2019 |accessdate = 1 April 2020 |ref = {{sfnRef|Antara|6 Juni 2019}} }} {{refend}} {{Urang Cino Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Padang]] [[Kategori:Urang Cino Indonesia|Padang]] 1kgfbw10c81nhql5fvt1cxp6jth8mz0 Eksoskeleton badayo 0 386395 2443856 2443206 2022-08-02T16:18:23Z 120.188.35.163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name= Eksoskeleton badayo |image= [[Berkas:Dragon_Con_2009_Halo_cosplay02.jpg|152 px]][[Berkas:WonderCon_2012_-_female_Master_Chief_from_Halo_(7019135989).jpg|250 px]] |caption= Rancangan Eksoskeleton badayo untuak militer |origin= |type= [[Tantaro]] |armour= |primary_armament= |sidearm= }} [[Berkas:US Army powered armor.jpg|thumb|Pameran "prajurit maso akan datang", di [[Amerika Sarikat]].]] '''Eksoskeleton badayo''' dikana juo sabagai '''power armor''' atau '''[[sanjato]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] sibernetika''', '''[[sanjato]] sibernetika''', '''exosuit''' (parwujudan pakaian), '''[[pakaian|pakaian kareh]]''', '''parwujudan bingkai''' atau mobilitas tambahan,<ref name="Ferguson">{{cite web |last1=Ferguson |first1=Alan |title=Exoskeletons and injury prevention |url=https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/17370-exoskeletons-in-the-workplace |website=Safety+Health Magazine |access-date=October 19, 2018 |language=en |date=September 23, 2018}}</ref> adolah [[masin]] bajalan nan dapek dikonaàn ka saluruah atau sabagian [[badan manusia]], mambarikan dukuangan struktural ergonomis dan didukuang dek sistem [[motor listrik]] [[firmware|taprogram]] badayo [[Baterai listrik|baterai]], [[pneumatik]], [[tueh|tuas]], [[hidraulika]] atau kombinasi teknologi [[sibernetika]], sambil bagorak mamungkinkan gorakan anggota tubuah nan cukuik dangan paningkatan kakuatan dan dayo tahan.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Blake McGowan |title=Industrial Exoskeletons: What You're Not Hearing |url=https://ohsonline.com/articles/2018/10/01/industrial-exoskeletons-what-youre-not-hearing.aspx |website=Occupational Health & Safety |access-date=2018-10-10 |language=en |date=2019-10-01}}</ref> Eksoskeleton dirancang untuak maàgiah toleransi boban mekanis nan labiah elok, dan sistem kontrolnyo batujuan untuak marasoàn dan manyinkronkan dangan gerakan nan diinginkan pangguno saroto manyampaikan sinyal ka motor nan mangalola roda gigi. Eksoskeleton malinduangi juo bahu, pinggang, pungguang, dan paho pangguno dari boban balabiah, dan manstabilkan garakan katiko mangangkek dan mamociak barang nan barek.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=R.M.|last2=Ng|first2=P.L.|date=2018|title=Wearable Robotics, Industrial Robots and Construction Worker's Safety and Health|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318170755|journal= Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems|volume=595|pages=31–36|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-60384-1_4|series=Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing|isbn=9783319603834}}</ref> Eksoskeleton badayo babedo dari eksoskeleton pasif, basobok nan pasif indak punyo aktuator intrinsik dan bagantuang sapanuahnyo pado [[otot]] pangguno sandiri untuak bagarak, lobiah lanjuik banyak stres dan mambuek pangguno lobiah rontan tahadok panek, dak biktu maàgiah manfaat mekanis dan parlinduangan kepado pangguno.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koopman |first1=Axel S. |last2=Kingma |first2=Idsart |last3=Faber |first3=Gert S. |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel P. |last5=van Dieën |first5=Jaap H. |title=Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks |journal=Journal of Biomechanics |date=23 January 2019 |volume=83 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033 |pmid=30514627 |issn=0021-9290|url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/75451697/Effects_of_a_passive_exoskeleton_on_the_mechanical_loading_of_the_low_back_in_static_holding_tasks.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bosch |first1=Tim |last2=van Eck |first2=Jennifer |last3=Knitel |first3=Karlijn |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel |title=The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work |journal=[[The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors|Applied Ergonomics]] |date=1 May 2016 |volume=54 |pages=212–217 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2015.12.003 |pmid=26851481 |issn=0003-6870}}</ref> Iko manjalehkan pambedo eksoskeleton dangan [[Ortotik|ortotik prostetik]]. ==Sajarah== <br/> ==Pangalompokan== <br/> ==Produk== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{Commons category-inline|Powered exoskeletons|Eksoskeleton badayo}} * [http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/bleex.htm Video, images and articles about the Bleex exoskeleton project] * [http://bionics.seas.ucla.edu/research/exoskeleton_index.html University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)—Exo Arm Project] * ''[[Wired (majalah)|Wired]]'' Issue 13.01, January 2005—[https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.01/ironmen.html Ironmen], the world's first exoskeleton weight-lifting competition * [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4209572 Video and abstract about the GAIT Robotic Orthosis (via IEEE Xplore)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJ4J69EEpu4 SARCOS Military Humanoid Exoskeleton (YouTube)] {{emerging technologies|topics=yes|robotics=yes|manufacture=yes|materials=yes}} {{Robotics}} ji8n9tqvpwjrpmhv3tzccechucwf8dh Wikipedia:Artikel nan Tapiliah/Agustus 2022 4 386692 2443855 2022-08-02T14:08:36Z Naval Scene 55 puta baliak artikel Keumalahayati wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Jirat_Malahayati.JPG|left|175px]] '''[[Keumalahayati]]''', atau disingkek '''Malahayati''', adolah surang [[laksamana]] padusi dari [[Kasultanan Aceh]], nan dipakiroan iduik antaro akia abaik ka-16 inggo mulo abaik ka-17. Keumalahayati baparan pantiang dalam mamimpin angkatan lauik Aceh manjadi kakuatan nan disagani di [[Selat Malaka]] jo sakitarnyo, tamasuak dalam malawan [[Portugih]], [[Balando]], jo [[Inggirih]] nan mulai masuak ka [[Asia Tenggara]] pado maso tu. Keumalahayati mamimpin pasukan Aceh mangalahan kapa-kapa Balando di bawah pimpinan [[Cornelis de Houtman]] jo sudaronyo [[Frederick de Houtman]] pado taun 1599. Cornelis tabunuah dan Frederic manjadi tawanan. '''([[Keumalahayati|salangkoknyo...]])''' <small>Artikel nan Tapiliah sabalunnyo: [[Urang Ocu]] &ndash; [[Sjafruddin Prawiranegara]] &ndash; [[Islam]] &ndash; [[Nepenthes rajah]] <div style="font-weight: bold;" align="right" class="noprint"> [[Wikipedia:Artikel nan Tapiliah/2022|Arsip]] &ndash; [[Wikipedia:Artikel nan Tapiliah|Labiah banyak Artikel nan Tapiliah...]] </div> {{clear}} kv9c08jo7b6vrpzxygivgoasx2rhyri