Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 486 3346743 1655186 2026-05-17T15:09:20Z Fin92 23953 3346743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football club infobox | clubname = Persiram| current = | image = | fullname = Persiram Raja Ampat| nickname = Dewa Laut<br />Pari Hitam | founded = 2004 | ground = [[Stadion Wombik Kilometer 16]], [[Sorong]] | capacity = | owner = | chairman = Drs. Markus Wanma MSi. | coach = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Raja Isa]] | league = [[Liga Super Indonesia]] | season = [[Liga Super Indonesia 2011–12|2011–12]] | position = 14| pattern_la1=_black_stripes|pattern_b1=_blackstripes|pattern_ra1=_black_stripes| leftarm1=1830b4|body1=1830b4|rightarm1=1830b4|shorts1=000000|socks1=000000| pattern_la2=_blue_stripes|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=_blue_stripes| leftarm2=ffffff|body2=ffffff|rightarm2=ffffff|shorts2=ffffff|socks2=1830b4| }} '''Persiram Raja Ampat''' klub yang lisensinya dijual ke PS TNI. Kemudian tahun 2023 mendirikan manajemen baru bernama Raja Empat United. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ampat_United_FC [[Kategori:Klub sipak bola Indonesia]] {{Klub-sb-stub}} sqtj7siql5frjk77hd20j22dem10j3m 0 319138 3346755 2463695 2026-05-17T21:16:29Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346755 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dr. Dwinita Larasati S.Sn.,MA''' adolah saorang Lektor dan Dosen Kelompok Keahlian dan ''Desain Produk Industri Fakultas Seni rupa dan Desain'' Institut Teknologi Bandung. iyo lahia jo gadang di Jakarta pado 28 Desember 1972. '''Dr. Dwinita Larasati S.Sn.,MA''' tadaftar manjadi PNS sajak taun 1980 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fsrd.itb.ac.id/dr-dwinita-larasati-s-sn-m-a/|title=Dr. Dwinita Larasati, S.Sn., M.A. - fsrd|website=fsrd.itb.ac.id|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-09-16|archive-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815160232/https://fsrd.itb.ac.id/dr-dwinita-larasati-s-sn-m-a/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Pendidikan == # 1991-1997: S1 Program Studi Desain Produk Industri FSRD Institut Teknologi Bandung. Tugaih akhir tantang bambu sabagai material konstruksi di Indonesia; basamo Pusek Panalitian jo Pangambangan Fisika Tarapan Lambago Ilmu Pangatahuan Indonesia (P3FT-LIPI). Pambimbiang: Prof. Imam Buchori, konsultan: Dr. Ir. Bambang Subyanto (P3FT-LIPI).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://fsrd.itb.ac.id/dr-dwinita-larasati-s-sn-m-a/|title=Dr. Dwinita Larasati, S.Sn., M.A.|website=Dr. Dwinita Larasati, S.Sn., M.A.|publisher=Institut Teknologi Bandung|access-date=16 September 2018|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815160232/https://fsrd.itb.ac.id/dr-dwinita-larasati-s-sn-m-a/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # 1998-1999: Master of Arts in Design Research dari Program Master Industrial Design, The Design Academy, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Judul tesis: Uncovering the Green Gold of Indonesia, mangenai bambu sabagai material potensial untuak produk industri jo konstruksi; jo panakanan pado panarapan teknologi tapek guno. Didukuang dek Stichting IKEA Amsterdam dan The International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR). Dibimbiang: Dr. Ir. J. Janssen (Faculty of Architecture, TU Eindhoven) dan Dr. Ir. E. van Egmond (Faculty of Technology Management, TU Eindhoven). # 2002-2007: ''Doktor''. ''Judul disertasi'': Towards an Integrated Approach of Sustainable Housing in Indonesia: with analysis of current practices in Java dari Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture and Materials Science dan Sustainable Construction Group, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. Tanggal sidang tabukak : 11 January 2007. Promotor: Prof.ir. C.A.J. Duijvestein == Proyek == # 2008: Pangambangan Produk Industri Babasis Material Bambu jo Teknik Press-Board.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.itb.ac.id/staff/view/dwinita-larasati-rte|title=Staff|website=Dwinita Larasati|publisher=Institut Teknologi Bandung|access-date=16 September 2018|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630121554/https://www.itb.ac.id/staff/view/dwinita-larasati-rte|dead-url=yes}}</ref> # 2009: ''Pusat Desain Bambu : Strategi Komersialisai Riset Desain Bambu Kontemporer'' # 2009: Panguaik an Masyarakaik Kreatif dalam Pangalolaan Pangetahuan di Jatinangor - Jawa Barat # 2009: Material Veneer-Boo (Vinir Bambu): Pangambangan Genre Baru Desain Produk Kerajinan Kontemporer (New Craft) # 2009: Desain Kemasan Penganan Mengacu Pado Masalah Limbah dan Pencemaran Lingkungan sarato Ketersediaan Material Kemasan # 2010: Peningkatan Kompetensi Masyarakat dan Sumber Daya Alam Kawasan Bandung Barat malalui Pangambangan Desain Produk Industri Kreatif Berbasis Potensi Lokal # 2010: Laminasi Serat Gelaga untuak Finishing Treatment Produk Furnitur # 2011: Program Riset Unggulan ITB 2011 Pusek Panalitian Produk Budaya dan Lingkungan # 2012: Bantuan Penginternasional Terbitan Berkala Ilmiah (ITB Journal of Information and Communication Technologi) ISSN 1978-3086 # 2013: Riset Integratif Desain Produk Bambu: Penguatan Nilai Estetika dan Ekonomi Bambu sabagai Meterial Utama dalam Pangambangan Desain Produk Kontemporer # 2013: Pangambangan Desain Produk Bambu jo Penerapan Sistem EDS (Ecology-Diversity-Synergy) # 2013: Fruit Storage Chamber sabagai Alternatif Penyimpanan Buah Pasca Panen Bagi Industri Makanan dan Petani # 2014: Inovasi Pamanfaatan Bambu manjadi Lembaran Berkarakter Menyerupai Kain # 2014: Fruit Storage Chamber sabagai alternatif penyimpanan buah pasca panen bagi industri makanan dan petani # 2014: Fruit Storage Chamber sabagai alternatif penyimpanan buah pasca panen bagi industri makanan dan petani # 2015: Efek Penyalutan Nanopartikel Ekstrak Rumput Lauik (Eucheuma cottoni) tahadok Proses Pematangan Buah untuak Aplikasi Pasca Panen == Referensi == <references /> e2a4hxzasso29slapplnnmxsskqidp8 0 319397 3346770 1652129 2026-05-18T05:25:58Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Stasiun di Museum Kereta Api Sawahlunto 2018.jpg|jmpl|Stasiun di Museum Kereta Api Sawahlunto]] '''Museum Kareta Api Sawahlunto''' barado di dalam stasiun kareta api nan di bangun pado 1912 dan baoperasi sampai 2003.<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=https://www.aroengbinang.com/2018/02museum-kereta-api-sawahlunto.html?=1|title=museum kereta api sawah lunto|date=|access-date=2018-09-25|website=|publisher=|last=|first=}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Museum Kareta Api Sawah Lunto dirasmian pado 17 Desember 2005 nan marupokan museum kareta api kaduo sasudah Museum Kereta Api Ambarawa. Ruangan museum nan baitu elegan nan mamapakan benda- benda dan foto- foto basejarah tantang dunia kareta api di Sawah Lunto sakaligus manjadi bukti sajarah nan haruih dijago dan dilestarikan. Koleksi meseum iko kasadonyo bajumlah 106 buah nan barupo paralatan semboyan dan palengkapan dalam dunia kareta api. Bagian nan mamikek di museum iko adolah Loko Uap wisata Mak Itam seri E 1060 nan loko asli barado di bengkel stasiun dan manariknyo loko iko baoperasi kumbali pado 21 fembruari 2009 jo sewa 3,5 juta Rupiah untuak umum dan 1,5 juta Rupiah untuak palajar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aroengbinang.com/2018/02museum-kereta-api-sawahlunto.html?=1|title=museum kereta api sawahlunto|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=24-09-2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Loko Mak Itam dibuek di Jerman taun 1965 baoperasi sajak 1966 nan pado taun 1996 sempat dibawo ka Museum Kereta Api Ambarawa dan dikumbaliakan pado 2008 untuak Museum Kareta Api Sawah Lunto. == Sijarah == Kareta api di Minangkabau atau di Sumatra barat barawa pado maso panjajahan Bulando (Belanda). Pambangunan kareta api iko batujuan untuak mampamudah transportasi dan untuak mangangkuik barang atau bahan-bahan salah satunyo iyolah bahan-bahan rempah biji kopi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=informasi direktorat jenderal perkeretaapian|last=|first=|publisher=informasi derektorat jenderal perkeretaapian, kementrian perhubungan indonesia|year=2014|isbn=|location=jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Paresmian jalur kareta api partamo pado 6 Juli 1887 iyolah jalur pulau aia ka padang panjang salanjutnyo ditaruihkan ka Bukit Tinggi nan sadonyo mamiliki panjang 90&nbsp;km dan mulai di operasikan pado November 1891. Di Sawah Lunto pambangunan rel kareta api barawa dari saurang geolog bulando  nan manamukan batu baro di Sawah Lunto nan kamudian dibangunlah patambangan batu baro. Patambangan batu baro itu surang nan maagiah paluang untuak dibangunnyo rel kareta api di Sawah Lunto. Puncak kajayaan pakeretaan api Sumatera Barat tamasuak Sawah Luto dimulai pado abaik ka-19 hinggo patangahan abaik ka- 20.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita?197709?sejarah-kereta-api-sumbar-dan-mimpi-shinkansen|title=sejarah kereta api sumbar|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=24-09-2018}}</ref> Maso kajayaan dunia pakareta apian di Sumatera Barat khususnyo di Sawah Lunto indak balangsung lamo. Pado 2003 penoperasian kareta api di Sawah Lunto dibahantikan dikarenokan produksi batu bara PT Bukit Asam Ombilin nan bakurang dan alaik transportasi kareta api kalah saiang jo transportasi lain. Dengan dihantikannyo operasi kareta api di Sawah Lunto marupokan awa dari rancana dan diadokannyo museum kareta api Sawah Lunto. Museum nan dulunyo marupokan sabuah stasiun kareta api nan tamasuak ka dalam Devisi Regional II Sumatera Barat. Museum iko dikalola dek Unit Pusek Pelestarian dan Disain Arsitekstur PT Kereta Api Indonesia. Secaro taperinci lokasi museum iko barado di Jalan Jendral Ahmad Yani, Kel. Pasar, Kec. Lembah Segar, kota Sawah Lunto, Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Museum iko di buka kambali pado taun 2005 sabagai museum. == Rujuakan == [[Kategori:Museum di Sumatera Barat]] drw4c3jkmdhceicw8j7lewoepy32n7i 0 324056 3346749 1654759 2026-05-17T18:39:30Z ~2026-29000-52 23956 /* */ 3346749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox rajo| |name = Arifin Muningsyah |title = Rajo Alam Minangkabau |image = 0 |caption = 0 |succession = 0 |moretext = 0 |reign = [[1780]] – [[1821]] |coronation = 0 |investiture = 0 |predecessor = 0 |successor = 0 |regent = 0 |birth_name = 0 |birth_date = [[1745]] |birth_place = {{negara|Pagaruyuang}} Pagaruyuang |death_date = [[Agustus]] [[1825]] (umua 80) |death_place = {{negara|Balando}} Pagaruyuang |burial_place = 0 |queen = |spouse 1 = |spouse 2 = |spouse 3 = |spouse 4 = |spouse 5 = |spouse 6 = |spouse 7 = |spouse 8 = |spouse 9 = |issue = 0 |full name = Sultan Arifin Muningsyah | |regnal name = 0 |posthumous name = ''Marhum |house = [[Mauli]] |royal house = 0 |dynasty = [[Mauli]] |othertitles = Yang Dipatuan Pagaruyuang |native_lang1 = [[Minang]] |native_lang1_name1 = 0 |father = 0 |mother = 0 |religion = Islam Sunni |occupation = 0 |signature = signature.jpg |module = Ahli Ketua Keluarga Diraja Minangkabau }} '''Yang Dipatuan Pagaruyuang Rajo Alam Muningsyah''' disabuk juo jo '''Sultan Arifin Muningsyah''' (lahiah di [[Karajaan Pagaruyuang|Pagaruyung]] pado [[1745]], maningga di [[Karajaan Pagaruyuang|Pagaruyung]] pado Agustus [[1825]]) adolah '''Rajo Alam''' [[Karajaan Pagaruyuang|Pagaruyuang]] sabalun digantian dek Sultan Alam Bagagarsyah, Rajo Pagaruyuang nan paliang akia. ---- <ref name="Dobbin">{{Cite book|last=Dobbin|first=C.E.|title=Islamic revivalism in a changing peasant economy: central Sumatra, 1784-1847|publisher=Curzon Press|year=1983|id=ISBN 0-7007-0155-9}}</ref> == Biografi == Sajak taun [[1803]] alah ado bagajolak sangketo antaro Kaum Pidari jo Kaum Adaik di sajumlah [[nagari]] nan dalam kawasan [[Karajaan Pagaruyuang]].<ref name="Nain">Nain, Sjafnir Aboe, (2004), ''Memorie Tuanku Imam Bonjol (MTIB)'', transl., Padang: PPIM.</ref> Puncaknyo pado taun [[1815]], Kaum Pidari di bawah pimpinan Tuanku Pasaman manyarang ibu kota Karajaan Pagaruyung,<ref name="Stuers">{{Cite book|last=Stuers|first=Hubert Joseph Jean Lambert|first2=Pieter Johannes|last2=Veth|title=De vestiging en uitbreiding der Nederlanders ter westkust van Sumatra|volume=2|publisher=P.N. van Kampen|year=1850|quote=}}</ref> inggo mambuek Sultan Arifin Muningsyah tapaso mailak sarato malarian diri ka Lubuk Jambi.<ref name="Amran">{{Cite book|last=Amran|first=Rusli|author-link=Rusli Amran|title=Sumatra Barat hingga Plakat Panjang|publisher=Penerbit Sinar Harapan|year=1981}}</ref> Sultan Arifin Muningsyah jo cucunyo salamaik dari sarangan Kaum Pidari, walaupun duo urang putranyo tabunuah.<ref name="Dobbin">{{Cite book|last=Dobbin|first=C.E.|title=Islamic revivalism in a changing peasant economy: central Sumatra, 1784-1847|publisher=Curzon Press|year=1983|id=ISBN 0-7007-0155-9}}</ref> Katiko Thomas Stamford Raffles sukses mancapai Pagaruyuang pado taun [[1818]], baliau anyo manyaksian puing-puing istano nan alah tabaka dek paparangan nan tajadi.<ref name="Raffles">{{Cite book|last=Raffles|first=Sophia|title=Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles|publisher=J. Duncan|volume=Volume I|chapter=Chapter XII|page=|year=1835|id=|isbn=}}</ref> Sasudah [[Balando]] maambiak aliah Pagaruyuang dari Kaum Pidari, pado taun [[1824]] Letnan Kolonel Raaff alah tau kabaradoan Sultan Arifin Muningsyah nan kudian mamintaknyo untuak pulang baliak ka Pagaruyuang. Sangkek Rajo Minangkabau tu tibo di Pagaruyuang, baliau manyaksian jo marestui salah surang kamanakannyo, Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagar, alah diangkek Balando manjadi ''Regent Tanah Data''.<ref name="Amran">{{Cite book|last=Amran|first=Rusli|author-link=Rusli Amran|title=Sumatra Barat hingga Plakat Panjang|publisher=Penerbit Sinar Harapan|year=1981}}</ref> Salain itu, kabijakan pamarintah [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] ateh daulaik Karajaan Pagaruyuang nan alah barubah samanjak taun [[1821]].<ref name="Graves">{{Cite book|last=Graves|first=E.E.|title=Asal usul elite Minangkabau modern: respons terhadap kolonial Belanda abad XIX/XX|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia|year=2007|id=ISBN 979-461-661-3}}</ref> Yang Dipatuan Pagaruyuang Rajo Alam Muningsyah wafaik pado bulan Agustus [[1825]] di umua 80 taun sarato digantian jo kamanakannyo, Sultan Alam Bagagarsyah, bakubua di [[Karajaan Pagaruyuang|Pagaruyuang]].<ref name="Dobbin">{{Cite book|last=Dobbin|first=C.E.|title=Islamic revivalism in a changing peasant economy: central Sumatra, 1784-1847|publisher=Curzon Press|year=1983|id=ISBN 0-7007-0155-9}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Caliak pulo == * Daftar rajo Pagaruyuang {{S-start}} {{Succession box|before=alun dikataui|title=[[Yang Dipatuan Pagaruyuang]]|years=1780 - 1821|after=-}} {{S-end}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] kqkx8ic6h8tf9pjtsev0mhz6jotlbe7 0 324213 3346769 3187306 2026-05-18T05:20:01Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ANT}} {{Infobox religious building|image=Makam Raja-Raja Siguntur.jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Musajik Tuo Siguntua diliek dari kompleks makam|building_name=Musajik Tuo Siguntua<br/>''Masjid Tua Siguntur''|location=[[Ranah, Siguntur, Sitiung, Dharmasraya|Dusun Ranah]], [[Siguntur, Sitiung, Dharmasraya|Desa Siguntur]], [[Sitiung, Dharmasraya|Kecamatan Sitiung]], [[Kabupaten Dharmasraya]], [[Sumatra Barat]], [[Indonesia]]|religious_affiliation=[[Islam]]|leadership=Ahli warih [[Karajaan Siguntua]]|architecture_type=[[Musajik]]|architecture_style=[[Minangkabau]]|facade_direction=|groundbreaking=|year_completed=|construction_cost=|capacity=|length=13,2 meter|width=13,2 meter|minaret_quantity=|minaret_height=}}'''Musajik Tuo Siguntua''' talatak di Dusun Ranah, Nagari Siguntua, [[Sitiung, Dharmasraya|Kecamatan Sitiung]], [[Kabupaten Dharmasraya]], [[Sumatera Barat|Sumatra Barat]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dharmasrayakab.go.id/kecamatan/8/sitiung.html|title=Sitiung - Pemerintah Kabupaten Dharmasraya|website=Pemerintah Kabupaten Dharmasraya Adat Basandi Syarak, Syarak Basandi Kitabullah|access-date=2019-09-04|archive-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918083421/http://dharmasrayakab.go.id/kecamatan/8/sitiung.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Musajik iko marupoan paninggalan Karajaan Siguntua nan bangunannyo dipakiroan alah baumua 100 taun labiah.{{Sfn|BPCB Sumatra Barat|2018}}{{Sfn|Masjid-masjid Kuno...|2006}}{{Sfn|Republika|16 Mei 2017}} Musajik Tuo Siguntua barado sa pakarangan jo pandam pakuburan rajo-rajo Siguntua, nan tapeknyo barado di sabalah utara musajik. Di sabalah timur, tadapek [[Rumah Gadang|rumah gadang]] paninggalan [[Karajaan Siguntur|Karajaan Siguntua]]. Katigonyo yaitu, musajik, makam, jo rumah gadang alah ditetapkan dek pamarintah Indonesia sabagai cagar budayo pado 2007.{{Sfn|BPCB Sumatra Barat|2018}}{{Sfn|Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Barat|2012}}{{Sfn||Ernatip|2012}} Arsitektur Musajik Tuo Siguntua mangikuti bantuak [[Arsitektur Minangkabau#Bangunan ibadah|musajik tradisional Minangkabau]] pado umumnyo, yaitu badenah pasegi jo atok limas barundak-undak. Konstruksinyo alah mangalami banyak parubahan sajak didirian, diantaranyo panggantian material atok, pondasi, jo dindiang.{{Sfn|I.G.N. Anom, dkk|1996|pp=51}} == Sijarah == Siguntua marujuak pado namo daerah nan pernah manjadi pusek [[Karajaan Malayu]]. Daerah Siguntua talatak di hulu [[Batang Hari|Sungai Batanghari]]. Di kawasan iko, ado babarapo paninggalan Hindu-Buddha. Siguntua dipakiroan lahia sabagai karajaan sasudah masuaknyo [[Islam]]. Namun, indak dikatahui pasti bilo masuaknyo Islam ka wilayah Siguntua.{{Sfn|BPCB Sumatra Barat|2018|pp=18}} Musajik Tuo Siguntua didirian di sisi selatan Sungai Batanghari, karano persis di sabarangnyo tadapek kompleks bangunan paninggalan Hindu-Buddha, salah satunyo [[Candi Pulau Sawah]].{{Sfn|Rezka Delpiera|6 Juni 2017}} Indak dikatahui bilo pastinyo Musajik Tuo Siguntua didirian. Namun, manuruik panalusuran Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala (BP3) [[Batusangkar (kota)|Batusangkar]], bangunannyo nan katiko kini dipakiroan alah baumua labiah dari 100 tahun.{{Sfn|BPCB Sumatra Barat|2018}}{{Sfn|Masjid-masjid Kuno...|2006}} Dalam pajalanannyo, musajik iko sempat indak digunoan untuak baribadah, karano kondisi bangunan nan indak layak, tarutamo bagian lantai nan kayunyo alah lapuak.{{Sfn|Rezka Delpiera|6 Juni 2017}} Pamugaran baru dapek dikarajoan dek ahli waris dan masyarakaik satampek pado 1957. Lantai nan samulo bakolong dan tabuek dari papan kayu kini ko alah disemen.{{Sfn|situsbudaya.id|2 April 2009}} Salanjuiknyo, bagian atok, pondasi, dan dindiang alah diganti jo material baru dek BP3 Batusangkar pado taun anggaran 1992/1993. Salain itu, dilakukan pambongkaran pintu jo jendela, mambuek selasar, paga beton, paga kawek baduri, sarato pintu basi. Pangarajoan akhia barupo pangacetan rangko atok dindiang, pintu, jendela, jo paga tembok.{{Sfn|situsbudaya.id|2 April 2009}}{{Sfn|I.G.N. Anom, dkk|1996}} Kini ko, Musajik Tuo Siguntua masih digunoan sabagai tampek ibadah, namun indak manyalanggaroan [[Salat Fardu|salat wajib]] sacaro bajamaah. Kagiatan ibadah wajib dipusekan di musajik nan baru nan barado di sabalah barat musajik. Walau demikian, pado [[Ramadan|bulan Ramadan]], musajik iko manyalanggaroan [[salat Tarawih]] bajamaah sarato jo pangajian wirid.{{Sfn|Rezka Delpiera|6 Juni 2017}} == Rupo bangunan == Musajik Tuo Siguntua tagak di ateh tanah baukuran 20,44 x 20 meter. Bangunan utamo nan baguno sabagai ruang salat babantuak pasegi baukuran 13,2 x 13,2 meter.{{Sfn|BPCB Sumatra Barat|2018|pp=18}} Pintu manuju ruang utamo hanyo tadapek di sisi timur, tabuek dari kayu bawarna krem.{{Sfn|BPCB Sumatra Barat|2018|pp=19}} Pintu tasabuik baukuran 2,15 x 1 meter, badaun duo jo babantuak jalusi (ado ventilasi).{{Sfn|BPCB Sumatra Barat|2018|pp=19}} Dindiang bangunan tabuek dari batu batang aia sataba 40 sampai 50 cm nan diplester semen.{{Sfn|BPCB Sumatra Barat|2018}} Musajik iko punyo sapuluah jendela baukuran 1,75 x 0,75 meter nan masiang-masiang badaun duo jo tabuek dari kayu bawarna krem. Satiok daun jendela baukuran 1,75 x 0,37 meter.{{Sfn|situsbudaya.id|2 April 2009}} Sabagaimano musajik baarsitektur Minangkabau lainnyo, atok Musajik Tuo Siguntua barupo [[tajug]], yaitu bantuak limas bujur sangkar barundak-undak jo pamukaan nan malangkuang ka dalam. Atok tabuek dari seng, ditopang dek tiang-tiang babahan kayu ulin. Tiang utamonyo atau disabuik tiang macu punyo diameter 40 cm dan tinggi 7,85 meter.{{Sfn|situsbudaya.id|2 April 2009}}{{Sfn|situsbudaya.id|2 April 2009}} Bangunan mihrab dibuek manjorok kalua di sisi barat baukuran 2,5 x 3 meter. Tadapek mimbar di mihrab musajik, tapi alah indak dipagunoan lai karano Musajik Tuo Siguntua indak digunoan lai untuak [[salat Jumat|salat Jumaik]].{{Sfn|BPCB Sumatra Barat|2018}} Tampek bawuduak tadapek di sabalah utara musajik baukuran 7 x 3 meter nan tabagi dalam tigo ruangan. Iko marupokan bangunan tambahan nan tabuek dari batu simin.{{Sfn|situsbudaya.id|2 April 2009}} Kawasan Musajik Tuo Siguntua dikalialiangi jo paga beton di bagian mungko dan paga kawek baduri di bagian sampiang dan balakang. Pintu masuak manuju laman musajik barado di bagian timur tabuek dari basi.{{Sfn|BPCB Sumatra Barat|2018}}{{Sfn|situsbudaya.id|2 April 2009}} == Pakuburan == Musajik Tuo Siguntua barado sa pakarangan jo pandam pakuburan rajo-rajo Siguntua, nan barado di sabalah utara musajik. Pandam pakuburannyo babantuak sagi limo baukuran 40 x 24,5 meter. Di dalamnyo, tadapek anam pakuburan nan masiang-masiangnyo hanyo ditandoi jo nisan jo jirat dari bata jo batu. Rajo-rajo Siguntua nan bamakam yaitunyo: Sultan Muhammad Syah bin Sora, Sultan Abdul Jalil bin Sultan Muhammad Syah Tuangku Bagindo Ratu II, Sultan Abdul Kadire Tuangku Bagindo Ratu III, Sultan Amirudin Tuangku Bagindo Ratu IV, Sultan Ali Akbar Tuangku Bagindo V, dan Sultan Abu Bakar Tuangku Bagindo Ratu VI.{{Sfn|BPCB Sumatra Barat|2018}}{{Sfn|situsbudaya.id|2 April 2009}}{{Sfn||Ernatip|2012}} == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} == Daftar pustaka == {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book|title=Masjid-masjid Kuno di Sumatra Barat, Riau, dan Kepulauan Riau|year=2006|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala (BP3) Batusangkar|location=Batusangkar|id=|access-date=25 April 2019|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbatusangkar/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2015/04/Masjid-Kuno-Sumbar-Riau-Kepri-Sugi-2006-Cet.-2-Rev.pdf|ref={{sfnRef|Masjid-masjid Kuno...|2006}}|archive-date=31 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231154508/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbatusangkar/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2015/04/Masjid-Kuno-Sumbar-Riau-Kepri-Sugi-2006-Cet.-2-Rev.pdf|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite web|url=https://docplayer.info/36785079-Daftar-cagar-budaya-tidak-bergerak-provinsi-sumatera-barat-provinsi-sumatera-batat.html|title=Daftar Cagar Budaya Tidak Bergerak Provinsi Sumatera Barat|year=2012|website=Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Barat|access-date=25 April 2019|ref={{sfnRef|Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Barat|2012}}|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130150626/https://docplayer.info/36785079-Daftar-cagar-budaya-tidak-bergerak-provinsi-sumatera-barat-provinsi-sumatera-batat.html|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbsumbar/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2018/08/Cagar-Budaya-Kabupaten-Dharmasraya.pdf|title=Deskripsi Cagar Budaya Tidak Bergerak Kabupaten Dharmasraya Provinsi Sumatera Barat|last=|date=2018|website=|publisher=Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya (BPCB) Sumatra Barat|access-date=|ref={{sfnRef|BPCB Sumatra Barat|2018}}|archive-date=2019-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426041055/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbsumbar/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2018/08/Cagar-Budaya-Kabupaten-Dharmasraya.pdf|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite web|url=https://situsbudaya.id/masjid-tua-siguntur-kabupaten-dharmasraya-sumatera-barat/|title=Masjid Tua Siguntur Kabupaten Dharmasraya Sumatera Barat|last=|date=2 April 2009|website=situsbudaya.id|publisher=|access-date=25 April 2019|ref={{sfnRef|situsbudaya.id|2 April 2009}}|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426042558/https://situsbudaya.id/masjid-tua-siguntur-kabupaten-dharmasraya-sumatera-barat/|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite web|url=http://news.klikpositif.com/baca/15333/mesjid-siguntur--saksi-perkembangan-islam-di-dharmasraya|title=Masjid Siguntur, Saksi Perkembangan Islam di Dharmasraya|last=Rezka Delpiera|date=6 Juni 2017|website=klikpositif.com|access-date=|ref={{sfnRef|Rezka Delpiera|6 Juni 2017}}|archive-date=2018-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630170246/http://news.klikpositif.com/baca/15333/mesjid-siguntur--saksi-perkembangan-islam-di-dharmasraya|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|title=Hasil Pemugaran dan Temuan Benda Cagar Budaya PJP I|year=2006|last=Anom|first=I. G. N.|last2=Sugiyanti|first2=Sri|last3=Hasibuan|first3=Hadniwati|publisher=Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Indonesia|location=Jakarta|id=|access-date=1996|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=BjXkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=masjid+siguntur&source=bl&ots=7Xq8a2VRMO&sig=ACfU3U1EmsGYBixrWs2UGxnEONcl0TIl9Q&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRqYPy6-_hAhXQ7nMBHcGUAJw4ChDoATAFegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=masjid%20siguntur&f=false|ref={{sfnRef|I.G.N. Anom, dkk|1996}}}} * {{Cite book|first=|last=Ernatip|year=2012|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/10876/1/bunga%20rampai%20budaya%20sumatera%20barat.pdf|title=Bunga Rampai Budaya Sumatera Barat, Budaya Masyarakat Minangkabau: Seni, Teknologi Tradisional, dan Hubungan Antar Budaya|location=Jakarta|work=Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Padang|publisher=[[Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia]]|chapter=Pewarisan Seni Tradisi di Minangkabau (Studi Tentang Tari Toga di Nagari Siguntur Kabupaten Dharmasraya)|ref={{sfnRef||Ernatip|2012}}}} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Musajik di Sumatra Barat]] [[Kategori:Musajik di Indonesia]] n4s5raphapvjsyddp8enzp5q25z4q7m 0 324674 3346747 1655656 2026-05-17T16:47:05Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346747 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benjamin Mendy''' ( lahia di Longjumeau, Parancih, 17 Juli 1994; umua 25 tahun ) adolah Pesipak bola profesional Parancih nan bamain sabagai bek kiri di Premier Liga basamo klub Manchester City dan tim nasional Parancih. Mendy maahabihkan ampek musim di liga utamo Parancih, Liga 1, mamanangkan kajuaraan basamo Monaco sabalum pindah ka Inggirih. == Karier klub == === Le Havre === Pado 24 juli 2011, Mendy manandatangani kontrak profesional patamonyo, kontrak tigo tahun jo juara Ligue 2, klub Le Havre. . Mendy mambuek debut profesional pado tanggal 9 agustus 2011 di tim 2-1 Coupe de la Liga putaran kaduo mangalahkan Amiens SC. === Marseille === Pado 8 juli 2013, Mendy bamain Ligue 1 basamo Olympique de Marseille. Mendy di bawah manajer Élie Baup, nan mambaok Marseille ka tampek finish kaduo dan kualifikasi UEFA 2013-14 Liga Champions di musim sabalumnyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africatopsports.com/2013/07/13/elie-baup-benjamin-mendy-est-un-joueur-davenir/|title=ELIE BAUP : « BENJAMIN MENDY EST UN JOUEUR D’AVENIR »|last=Akouete|first=Isidore|date=13 July 2013|website=Africa Top Sports|language=fr|access-date=11 September 2019|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419091453/https://www.africatopsports.com/2013/07/13/elie-baup-benjamin-mendy-est-un-joueur-davenir/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Inyo mambuek debutnyo di klub Ligue 1 pada 11 agustus malawan Guingamp, dan mancetak gol patamonyo untuak Marseille pado 24 September malawan Saint-Etienne. Mendy barado dalam skuat anam patandiangan panyisihan grup, dan mambuek debut Eropa pado 1 oktober malawan Borussia Dortmund. === Manchester City === Pado 24 juli 2017, diumumkan bahwa klub Premier Liga Manchester City alah manandatangani kontrak limo tahun untuak Mendy, jo biaya dilaporkan sajumlah £52m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40691689|title=Benjamin Mendy: Man City sign Monaco defender for £52m|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> Nilai transfer malampaui ikua sabalumnyo untuak saurang bek, 10 hari sabalum City marekrut rakan satimnyo Kyle Walker. Pado 23 September, Mendy tapuruak cedera katiko malawan Crystal Palace, Cidera lutut kanan katiko maadok panyarang Palace, Andros Townsend. klub kamudian menegaskan bahwa Mendy alah pacah ligamen anterior di lutuik, dan inyo manjalani operasi di Barcelona pado 29 September. == Karier Internasional == === Junior === Mendy adolah pamain internasional [[Parancih]] karano alah mawakili negaranyo di tingkek u-16 dan u-17 . Pado tahun 2011, inyo bamain basamo tim u-17 dan mancapai parampek final pado Piala Dunia FIFA U-17 2011. === Senior === Mendy dipanggia ka skuat Parancih untuak patamo kalinyo katiko menghadapi Luksemburg dan Spanyol pado bulan Maret 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Monaco star Mbappé given maiden France call-up|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2017/03/16/33699112/monaco-star-mbappe-given-maiden-france-call-up?ICID=HP_BN_3|accessdate=16 March 2017|publisher=goal.com|Date=16 March 2017}}</ref> Inyo malakukan debut pado tanggal 25 Maret 2017, bamain panuah jo skor manang tandang 3-1 2018 di kualifikasi Piala Dunia FIFA. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Pamain Manchester City F.C]] [[Kategori:Pamain sipak bola Parancih]] [[Kategori:Muslim]] [[Kategori:Liga Utamo Inggirih]] owgqocv80w9igb9eyk8o9vzdefnmh72 0 324708 3346781 3184240 2026-05-18T11:10:33Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ethnic group|group=Suku Jambak<br />|popplace= [[Sumatera Barat]]:|langs=<nowiki> Minang </nowiki>|rels=Mayoritas [[Islam]]|related=[[Suku Muaro Basa]], [[Suku Nyiur]], [[Suku Makacik]], [[Suku Pauh]], [[Suku Simawang]], [[Suku Talapuang]], [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|Suku Malayu]], [[Suku Pisang]], [[Suku Sapuluh]], [[Suku Baringin]] }} '''Suku Jambak''' adolah salah satu [[Daftar suku Minangkabau|suku]] (''klan'') nan ado di [[Bangso Minangkabau|etnis Minangkabau]]. Suku ko basamo jo [[suku Kutianyie]] marupoan pacahan-pacahan dari [[suku Guci]]<ref>Badasakan sumber lisan dari salah satu urang [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] nan basuku [[Suku Kutianyie|Kutianyie]].</ref> nan tamasuak bagian dari [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] nan dikana jo prinsipnyo tu “bajanjang naiak, batanggo turun”. Cuman babedo lo jo suku induaknyo, kalau mancaliak ka karabaik pasukuan nan ado di [[Kota Padang]], suku Jambak bakarabaik jo [[suku Sumagek]], [[suku Mandaliko]], dan [[suku Panyalai]] nan tamasuak bagian dari [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] nan dikana jo prinsipnyo tu “tagak samo tinggi, duduak samo randah”, sadangkan suku-suku pacahannyo sorang nan tasabuik namonyo [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|suku Malayu]] dan [[suku Sipisang]] iko mamakai adaik [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] saroman suku induaknyo suku Jambak nan [[suku Guci]] tu baitu pulo,<ref name="Jumhari">{{cite journal | journal = Wacana Etnik, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora | language = id | title = Urgensi Penguatan Identitas Kewarganegaraan Subnasional di Kota Padang Pasca Gempa 2009: Studi Tentang Reposisi Etnis Cina Terhadap Kebijakan Publik dan Politik Lokal | author = Jumhari | volume = Vol. 4, no. 1 | url = http://wacanaetnik.fib.unand.ac.id/index.php/wacanaetnik/article/viewFile/42/49 | page = 8 | location = Padang | publisher = Pusat Studi dan Informasi Kebudayaan Minangkabau (PSIKM) dan Sastra Daerah FIB Universitas Andalas | id = ISSN 2098-8746 | date = April 2013 | access-date = | archive-date = 2017-04-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170429001827/http://wacanaetnik.fib.unand.ac.id/index.php/wacanaetnik/article/viewFile/42/49 | dead-url = no }}</ref> walaupun [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|suku Malayu]] ko ado juo nan mamakai adaik [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] jo adaik [[Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] sakalian nan iko bisa juo dikecek'an sabagai [[Lareh Nan Panjang]]. Adopun kalau dicaliak ka daerah nan ado di [[Kota Bukittinggi|Kota Bukiktinggi]], tapeknyo di [[Bukit Cangang Kayu Ramang, Guguk Panjang, Bukittinggi|Kel. Bukik Cangang Kayu Ramang, Kec. Guguak Panjang]], suku Jambak di sinan mamakai kaduo aliran ([[Lareh Koto Piliang]] jo [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]]) sakalian nan badampak pado bantuak rumah gadang dan adaik istiadaik. Pado rumah adaik suku Jambak, rumah ko indak punyo anjuang nan kaduo ujuang rumah gadang dan balantai data saroman rumah gadang [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Bodi Chaniago]]. Cuman, dalam adaiknyo dikana istilah ''bajanjang naiak, batanggo turun'' nan marupoan model kapamimpinan [[Lareh Koto Piliang|kalarehan Koto Piliang]]. Hal ko mancaminan integrasi antaro konsep [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|kalarehan Bodi Chaniago]] jo [[Lareh Koto Piliang|Koto Piliang]] pado adaik suku Jambak di [[Bukit Cangang Kayu Ramang, Guguk Panjang, Bukittinggi|Bukik Cangang Kayu Ramang]].<ref name="Rumah Gadang Suku Jambak">GDC Unand. [https://bukitcangang.gdc.unand.ac.id/situs/rumah-gadang-suku-jambak/1 "Rumah Gadang Suku Jambak"]. ''Explore the Beautiful Places Bukit Cangang Kayu Ramang'' (dalam Bahaso Indonesia). Diakses pas tanggal 19 November 2024.</ref> Dan pamakaian kaduo ''lareh'' sakalian bisa juo dikecek'an mamakai [[Lareh Nan Panjang]]. Kalau dicaliak baliak ka baradonyo suku Jambak nan ado di [[Kota Padang]], baati suku Jambak ado nan sistem adaiknyo mamakai [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] dan ado juo nan mamakai [[Lareh Nan Panjang]] bahubuang pamakaian kaduo ''lareh'' sakalian. Jadi, kamungkinan suku Jambak pado awalnyo mamakai [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] hinggo tajadi parubahan pamakaian sistem adaik manjadi [[Lareh Nan Panjang]] kalau dicaliak mode tu, hinggo ado juo sasudah tu barubah manjadi [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]]. Dan iko babedo jo [[suku Guci]] nan marupoan suku induaknyo dan baitu juo [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|Suku Malayu]] jo [[suku Sipisang]] nan marupoan suku-suku pacahannyo, dima katigonyo pado dasanyo mamakai [[Lareh Koto Piliang]]. Sahinggo bisa dicaliak bahwa di antaro suku-suku nan pado dasanyo barado di bawah nauangan [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] (salain [[suku Koto]] dan [[suku Piliang]]) ado juo nan mangalami parubahan pamakaian sistem adaik nan juo mamakai [[Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] sakalian nan baati bisa dikecek'an sabagai [[Lareh Nan Panjang]], dima iko tajadi pado suku Jambak dan [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|Suku Malayu]]. Bedonyo, suku Jambak dicaliak kini ko ado nan mamakai [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] dan ado juo nan mamakai [[Lareh Nan Panjang]], sadangkan [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|Suku Malayu]] pado dasanyo mamakai [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] dan ado juo nan mamakai [[Lareh Nan Panjang]]. Dalam versi lain, suku ko adolah rombongan pangambaro nan dipimpin [[Hera mong Champa]]/[[Harimau Champo]] nan datang dari [[Tiongkok]], [[Champa]], dan [[Siam]]. Versi ko cukuik babedo jo asa usua suku Jambak nan jaleh marupoan pacahan dari [[suku Guci]] nan tu jaleh lahia dari [[etnis Minangkabau]] tu sorang. Cuman soal ko indak punyo referensi pandukuang nan kuek dan malah ado di antaro urang Minang sorang nan manolak hal ko dikaranoan suku ko iyolah pacahan dari [[suku Guci]] ko, dan panolakan ko juo dikaranoan hal ko kasannyo 'bapasoan' dalam marelasian antaro "Champa" jo "Jambak" nan panyabuik'an kaduo namonyo ampia mirip. == Sajarah == === Dari Sumber Lisan (Primer) jo Sumber Tulisan (Sekunder) === Suku Jambak ko marupoan pacahan dari [[suku Guci]]. Salain tu, pacahan lainnyo dari [[suku Guci]] nan dikatahui iyolah [[suku Kutianyie]]. Sahinggo de' hubungan antaro suku-suku ko, ado pulo nan mangecek'an kalau urang dari suku Jambak, [[suku Guci]], dan [[suku Kutianyie]] indak buliah saliang nikah de' katigonyo samo-samo bainduak ka suku nan ciek yaitu [[suku Guci]]. Walau katigonyo lah babedo sukunyo, itu masih dianggap asanyo ciek, dan adopun misal buliah nikah sasuku walau babedo datuak itupun indak juo diterap'an di sadolah suku-suku nan ado di nagari-nagari dalam Ranah Minangkabau. Parihal sistem adaik nan dipakai de' suku Jambak, cando nan tasabuik, kalau dicaliak ka [[suku Guci]] nan marupoan suku induaknyo, awak tau juo bahwa sistem adaik nan dipakai tu [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] jo prinsipnyo “bajanjang naiak, batanggo turun”. Cuman babedo lo jo suku induaknyo, kalau mancaliak ka karabaik pasukuan nan ado di [[Kota Padang]], suku Jambak bakarabaik jo [[suku Sumagek]], [[suku Mandaliko]], dan [[suku Panyalai]] nan tamasuak bagian dari [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] nan dikana jo prinsipnyo tu “tagak samo tinggi, duduak samo randah”, sadangkan suku-suku pacahannyo sorang nan tasabuik namonyo [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|Suku Malayu]] dan [[suku Sipisang]] ko mamakai adaik [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] saroman suku induaknyo suku Jambak yaitu [[suku Guci]] nan baitu pulo.<ref name="Jumhari"/> Balain lo kalau dicaliak ka daerah nan ado di [[Kota Bukittinggi|Kota Bukiktinggi]] nan alah disabuik sabalunnyo, tapeknyo di [[Bukit Cangang Kayu Ramang, Guguk Panjang, Bukittinggi|Kel. Bukik Cangang Kayu Ramang, Kec. Guguak Panjang]], suku Jambak di sinan mamakai kaduo aliran ([[Lareh Koto Piliang]] jo [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]]) sakalian nan badampak pado bantuak rumah gadang dan adaik istiadaik. Pado rumah adaik suku Jambak, rumah ko indak punyo anjuang nan kaduo ujuang rumah gadang dan balantai data saroman rumah gadang [[Lareh Bodi Chaniago|Bodi Chaniago]]. Cuman, dalam adaiknyo dikana istilah ''bajanjang naiak, batanggo turun'' nan marupoan model kapamimpinan [[Lareh Koto Piliang|kalarehan Koto Piliang]]. Hal ko mancaminan integrasi antaro konsep [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|kalarehan Bodi Chaniago]] jo [[Lareh Koto Piliang|Koto Piliang]] pado adaik suku Jambak di [[Bukit Cangang Kayu Ramang, Guguk Panjang, Bukittinggi|Bukik Cangang Kayu Ramang]].<ref name="Rumah Gadang Suku Jambak"/> Jadi, kamungkinannyo suku Jambak awalnyo mamakai sistem [[Lareh Koto Piliang]]. Bisa jadi pas suku Jambak alah mamanca ka babagai wilayah, hinggo lah ado paadaban di wilayah tu sampai sakian lamo, di masiang-masiang wilayah ado pakambangan suku Jambak nan antaro ciek jo nan lainnyo indak lah samo. Dalam studi kasus mode di Kota Padang, suku Jambak basistem [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]], sadangkan mode di salah satu daerah di Kota Bukiktinggi lah babedo juo de' suku Jambak di sinan mamakai sistem [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] jo [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] basamoan. === Dari Sumber nan Kurang Jaleh Validnyo / Simpang Siua === Dalam versi lain, suku Jambak marupoan suku pangambaro nan datang dari tanah Tiongkok, tapi parihal ko iyo bana indak jaleh de' nan mode awak tau kalau dalam panakanannyo suku Jambak ko pado dasanyo bainduak ka [[suku Guci]] nan dalam artian suku ko pacahan dari suku lain nan dari [[Bangso Minangkabau|etnis Minangkabau]] juo. Nan iko dicaritoan bahwa kahadiran suku dari tanah sabarang tasabuik sampai manyeba ka wilayah daratan Minangkabau. Kabiasaan urang Tiongkok nan malakukan pangambaroan jo sistem ekspansi itu tajadi di Koto Tuo, kalompok nan mangambaro tasabuik dikana jo turunan suku Campa, mereka datang jo saurang pimpinan rajo padusi nan banamo Hera Mong Campa. Ciek riwayaik mangecekkan Hera Mong Campa datang dari Mongolia.<ref name=":0" /> Urang Tiongkok pado wakatu itu mampunyoi kabiasaan baparang, kadatangan mereka di ranah Koto Tuo pun dilakuan jo paparangan. Dari pajalanan panjang suku Campa di tanah Agam akhianyo mambuaan hasia jo manyingkianyo panduduak nan mandiami Koto Tuo sabalunnyo jo mereka iduik bakambang di wilayah tasabuik sampai manyeba ka bara daerah di Minangkabau. Sabahagian pandapek mangecek'an panduduak nan mandiami Koto Tuo sabalun bangso Tiongkok datang dipabuliahan tingga di daerah asa mereka jo sarat mangikuik'i aturan-aturan urang Campa jo sabahagian pindah ka daerah Kayu Tanam Pariaman jo kalompok ko nan bakambang manjadi suku Sikumbang di Pariaman sampai ka wilayah Pasisia Selatan. Artinyo suku Sikumbang bukan bahagian dari suku Bodi Caniago maupun Koto Piliang hanyo sajo samo-samo kaum nan datang dari daerah nan samo yaitu Turkestan.<ref name=":0" /> Jauah sabalum dikenalnyo namo Minangkabau, kahadiran suku Campa alah manyebar di wilayah Agam sasudah mereka mangalahan para pangambaro Turkestan, manuruik ciek carito kabaradoan suku Campa di Tanah Agam tajadi sabalum pindahnyo kaum Koto Piliang ka Luhak Limo Puluah Koto, itu mangkonyo tanah Agam dikana sabagai Luak Nan Tangah. Karano proses panjang eksistensi pangikuik Hera Mong Campa di Tanah Agam, tajadilah parubahan sabuah dari suku Campa manjadi suku Jambak, samo halnyo jo kisah Payokumbuah nan konon barasa dari kato Payau Kumuah. Pamekaran wilayah patamo de' suku Jambak adolah ka daerah Panampuang (salah satu nagari di Kacamatan Ampek Angkek) jo sasudah itu manyeba sampai ka saluruah wilayah lainnyo.<ref name=":0" /> === Kamungkinan Adonyo Hubungan Antaro Kaduo Versi Sumber === Dari kaduo hal ko pado dasanyo babedo juo, karano Champa adolah namo daerah, sadangkan "Jambak" pado dasanyo adolah buah jenis jambu nan baukuran gadang. Bisa dicaliak bahwa di antaro bara suku pado etnis Minangkabau ado nan namonyo marupoan namo buah, mode [[suku Sipisang|suku Sipisang (Pisang)]] dan [[suku Dalimo]]. Kalau misal sabuik se bahwa kaduo versi di ateh bakaik'an, mangko bisa jadi suku ko lahia dari suatu ikatan panikahan antaro urang [[etnis Minangkabau|Minang]] nan kamungkinan masih basuku Guci dari pihak padusi jo kalangan rombongan [[Hera mong Champa]]/[[Harimau Champo]] dari pihak laki-laki, mengingek bahwa [[etnis Minangkabau]] manganuik sistem matrilineal. Memang indak dipungkiri bahwa badasakan babagai sumber dalam kajian ilmu etnologi, antropologi, arkeologi, dan genetika, disabuik'an bahwa moyang [[orang Minangkabau|urang Minangkabau]] di antaronyo baasa dari ''Champa'', Siam, Cino salatan, India balakang, Parsia, dan Eropa.<ref>Wonderful Indonesia (15 April 2014). [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2Qc8ZijTbSc&pp=ygUvVHJhdmVsbGluZyB0byBXZXN0IFN1bWF0ZXJhIChKYXBhbmVzZSBMYW5ndWFnZSk%3D "Travelling to West Sumatera (Japanese Language)"]. ''YouTube'' (dalam Bahaso Japang). Diakses pas sakitar tahun 2015 - 2017.</ref><ref>Kementerian Dalam Negeri - Republik Indonesia (18 Oktober 2017). [https://bskdn.kemendagri.go.id/website/adakah-orang-pribumi-indonesia-penelitian-ini-menjawabnya/ "Adakah Orang Pribumi Indonesia? Penelitian Ini Menjawabnya"]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''BSKDN (Badan Strategi Kebijakan Dalam Negeri)'' (dalam Bahaso Indonesia). Diakses pas tanggal 18 November 2024.</ref><ref>Wisesa, Yosafat Diva Bayu (24 Juni 2020). [https://www.hops.id/fit/pr-2942093800/asalusul-orang-indonesia-ada-darah-india-eropa-dan-china "Asal-Usul Orang Indonesia: Ada Darah India, Eropa, dan China"]. ''Hops.ID''. Diakses pas tanggal 18 November 2024.</ref><ref>Yuskar, Yuskar (2015). [http://repo.unand.ac.id/4763/ ''Taratak Tuo “Galundi nan Baselo”''] (dalam Bahaso Indonesia). Padang: Universitas Andalas.</ref> Cuman parihal ''Champa'' ko indaklah bisa direlasian langsuang baitu se jo suku Jambak ko de' hanyo karano maliek namonyo nan hampia mirip bunyinyo. Karano suku-suku di [[Orang Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] ko lahia dari paadaban nan alah tabantuak lamo, apolae suku Jambak ko marupoan pacahan dari suku lain yaitu [[suku Guci]]. Sadangkan moyang [[orang Minangkabau|urang Minangkabau]] manjadi cika baka nan mambantuak awal paadaban [[orang Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] dan kabaradoannyo pado maso nan jauah sabalun suku-suku ko tabantuak. == Turunan Suku == Di daerah Malalo (nan mancakuik [[Padang Laweh Malalo, Batipuah Selatan, Tanah Datar|Nagari Padang Laweh Malalo]] jo [[Guguak Malalo, Batipuah Selatan, Tanah Datar|Nagari Guguak Malalo]]), [[Batipuh Selatan, Tanah Datar|Kec. Batipuah Salatan, Kab. Tanah Data]], suku Jambak mangalami patumbuahan populasi nan pasek nan mangakibaikan mereka musti mamakarkan diri manjadi 10 pacahan suku yaitu: * Suku Muaro Basa. * Suku Nyiur. * Suku Makaciak. * Suku Pauh. * Suku Simawang (diambiak dari namo nagari tatangga). * Suku Talapuang. * Suku Malayu, sahinggo bisa disabuik sabagai suku Malayu Jambak. * Suku Jambak. * Suku Pisang (namo suku ko alah ado juo di daerah lain sahinggo disabuik se sabagai suku Pisang Jambak). * Suku Sapuluh. * Suku Baringin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://halonusa.com/asal-usul-dan-sejarah-suku-jambak-di-minangkabau-yang-selalu-hujan-saat-ada-pesta/|title=Asal Usul dan Sejarah Suku Jambak di Minangkabau yang Selalu Hujan Saat ada Pesta|last=Caniago|first=Halbert|date=2022-06-17|website=Halonusa.com|language=id|access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref> == Kahidupan Masyarakaik == Kabiasaan suku Jambak di antaronyo adolah: mereka suka iduik bakalompok sasamo urang Jambak. Apobilo malakuan kagiatan manaruko atau mambukak lahan baru, mako wilayah tasabuik diagiah namo sasuai jo namo suku mereka. Indak heran kalau di satiok wilayah nan ado di Sumatera Barat ado kampuang jo sabutan Kampuang Jambak. Sacara genetik mereka pado saik usia lanjuik mangidap panyakit tuli. Dalam masyarakaik suku ko labiah banyak manuruik jo labih banyak diam artinyo indak suko neko-neko.<ref name=":0" /> Kabiasaan suku Jambak di antaronyo adolah :<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mozaikminang.wordpress.com/2009/10/15/sejarah-turunan-suku-jambak-di-minangkabau/|title=Sejarah Turunan Suku Jambak di Minangkabau|date=2009-10-14|website=Paco Paco|language=id|access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref> 1. Mereka suka hidup berkelompok sesama urang Jambak. 2. Apabila melakukan kegiatan manaruko atau membuka lahan baru, mangko wilayah tasabuik diberi namo sesuai jo namo suku mereka, tidak heran kalau disetiap wilayah nan ado di Sumatera Barat ado kampuang jo sebutan Kampuang Jambak. 3. Secara genetic mereka pado saat usia lanjut mengidap penyakit tuli. 4. Dalam masyarakaik suku ko lebih banyak menurut jo lebih banyak diam artinya tidak suka neko-neko. 5. Hal nan di luar nalar awak adolah apobilo malakukan pesta acok tibo hujan, konon carito ko adolah pasumpahan Hera Mong Campa katiko kamarau panjang nan malando daerah mereka. Sehingga mamohon pado Tuhan agar diturunkan hujan pado saaik butuah hujan jo kabatulan wakatu tu mereka sangaik butuah hujan karano ka malaksanoan pesta.{{efn|Badasakan ota nan lah umum di masyarakaik, iko mangarah ka acara baralek pas sudah akaik nikah. Faktanyo di lapangan kalau dicaliak, indak satiok urang suku Jambak nan turun juo hujan pas ado baralek di hari tu.}} == Panghulu Adaik == * Datuak Nan Baruso * Datuak Rajo Bandaro * Datuak Rajo Basa * Datuak Panduko * Datuak Panduko Tuan * Datuak Tumenggung * Datuak Rangkayo Basa atau Datuak Rangkayo Nan Basa * Datuak Nagari Labiah * Datuak Pangulu Basa * Datuak Tanameh * Datuak Rajo Perak * Datuak Rajo Mantari * Datuak Marajo * Datuak Kayo * Datuak Gadang Basa * Datuak Rajo Mangkuto di Nagari Kurai Taji<ref name=":1" /> == Tokoh == * [[Abdul Karim Amrullah|Abdul Karim Amrullah (Haji Rasul)]], ayah [[Hamka|Buya Hamka]], pandiri [[Sumatera Thawalib]] (sakolah Islam modern patamo di [[Indonesia]] nan didirian pas jaman [[Hindia Balando]]). * [[Asmawi Jambak]]. * [[Is Anwar Datuk Rajo Perak|Is Anwar Datuak Rajo Perak]], saurang pangusaho nan sukses di Jakarta, parnah manjadi anggota aktif [[Partai Bintang Reformasi]], saurang anggota DPR RI Komisi X juo. * [[Tanboy Kun]], Youtuber [[Indonesia]]. * [[Rey Bong]], pameran. * [[Inge Inkiriwang Jambak]]. * [[Rio Septianda Djambak]]. * [[Suci Wulandari]], atlet [[pencak silat|pancak silek]]<nowiki/> padusi [[Indonesia]]. * [[Deliar Noer|Prof. Deliar Noer]], saurang ilmuwan nan baasa dari Jorong Parak Laweh, Pakan Kamih, Nagari Koto Tangah, [[Tilatang Kamang, Agam|Kec. Tilatang Kamang]], [[Kabupaten Agam]]. <ref name=":1" /> * [[Williardi Wizard]], Kapolres [[Kota Administrasi Jakarta Selatan|Jakarta Salatan]]. *[[Benny Dwifa Yuswir]] Bupati [[Kabupaten Sijunjung|Kabupaten Sijunjuang]]. == Kaunikan == Ado ciek hal nan unik dari Suku Jambak, yaitu saaik malakukan pesta baralek, tajadi hujan dareh nan bahkan kajadiannyo saik cuaco paneh jo indak ado tando hujan sabalunnyo. Konon carito ko adolah pasumpahan Hera Mong Campa katiko kamarau panjang nan malando daerah mereka. Sahinggo mamohon pado Tuhan agar diturunan hujan pado saaik butuah ujan jo kabatulan waktu tu mereka sangaik butuah hujan karano akan malaksanoan pesta.<ref name=":0" /> Carito lain mangecekan alasan istilah tasabuik malegenda hinggo saaik ko iolah ucapan kutukan dari saurang kakek tuo nan bajalan tagopoh-gopoh saaik matahari terik, kakek tasabuik mancaliak dari kajauhan ado nan maadoan pesta baralek. Si kakek tasabuik mandatangi tampek tasabuik hanyo untuak mamintak sagaleh aia minum, namun para tamu nan mancaliak kahadiran kakek tasabuik maraso jijik jo kahilangan salero makan sabab kakek tasabuik bapakaian kumuah jo bajalan jo bantuan tungkek kayunyo.<ref name=":1">https://www.kabarsumbar.com/berita/mengenal-lebih-jauh-sejarah-suku-bendera-merah-sirah/</ref> Tuan rumah nan mancaliaknyo maraso malu jo para tamu undangan, lalu mausia kakek tasabuik jo parasaan kesal, si kakek langsuang malontaran kato-kato kutukan agar diturunan hujan. Lamo sasudah tu tibo-tibo langik manjadi gelap jo sakatiko hujan turun sangaik derasnyo. Urang-urang di acara baralek tasabuik manjadi kawalahan karano pesta mereka indak bajalan lancar dek turun hujan.<ref name=":1" /> == Pambagian Suku Jambak == Bakambangnyo suku Jambak jua sama saroman suku-suku nan bakambang di Luhak Tanah Data, suku Jambak juo bakambang manjadi babarapo bahagian. Manuruik pandapek nan paliang kuek adolah suku Jambak bakambang manjadi ampek suku sakalipun ado nan bapandapek suku Jambak bakambang manjadi tujuah suku, iko juo diistilahan jo Jambak Tujuah Janjang, akan tatapi nan baru saya tamui turunan suku Jambak baru ampek namo lain. Salah ciek suku Jambak nan bakambang adolah: Suku Salo, Suku Kutianyia, Suku Harau, Suku Patopang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.piamanexplore.com/2021/11/mengenal-suku-jambak-di-minangkabau-dan.html|title=Mengenal Suku JAMBAK di Minangkabau dan Sejarahnya|last=Wednesday|first=Piaman Explore|last2=November 10|website=Piaman explore|language=id|access-date=2023-02-14|last3=2021|archive-date=2023-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214130059/https://www.piamanexplore.com/2021/11/mengenal-suku-jambak-di-minangkabau-dan.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Suku Jambak tadiri dari 7 suku adaik :<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kamanghilia.com/page/sejarah-nagari|title=Sejarah Nagari|last=Reski|first=Rian|website=NAGARI KAMANG HILIA|language=id|access-date=2023-02-13|archive-date=2022-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210082350/https://kamanghilia.com/page/sejarah-nagari|dead-url=yes}}</ref> a. Suku Jambak Kubang, niniaknyo Dt. Palimo turun dari Kapau. b. Suku Jambak Puhun, niniaknyo Dt. Rajo Endah turun dari Mungka/ 50 Kota. c. Suku Jambak Pasia, niniaknyo Dt. Tumangindo turun dari Sungai Janiah/Baso. d. Suku Jambak Kutianyia, niniaknyo Dt. Nan Basa turun dari Mungka. e. Suku Jambak Ujuang Tanjuang, niniaknyo Dt. Bajangguk turun dari Kubang/Baso. f. Suku Jambak Tanjuang Mangkudu, niniaknyo Dt Bunsu turun dari Kubang. g. Suku Jambak Tangkamang, niniaknyo Dt Tan Marajo turun dari Kubang. == Catatan == {{notelist}} == Referensi == {{reflist}} <br /> {{Daftar Suku-suku Minangkabau}} [[Kategori:Suku-suku di Minangkabau]] 3tudl6llqj9f8884fgu9tnfrdio42k0 0 325212 3346764 2839936 2026-05-18T03:35:46Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bedakan|Acek}} {{Taxobox | Taxobox | name = Lintah | image = Leech in water.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = Saikua lintah di ateh batu | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Annelida]] | classis = [[Clitellata]] | subclassis = '''Hirudinea''' | subclassis_authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1818 | subdivision_ranks = Ordo | subdivision = [[Arhynchobdellida]] atau [[Rhynchobdellida]]{{br}} <small>''Ado kaindaksapakatan tantang pangalompokkan Hirudinea; apokoh samustinyo barupo kelas surang atau subkelas dari Clitellata.''</small> }} '''Lintah''' adolah binatang aia sarupo caciang, babadan pipih bagalang-galang, barono itam atau cokelat tuo, pado kepalo jo ujuang badannyo ado alaik untuak maisok darah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.web.id/Lintah|title=Arti kata lintah - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online|website=kbbi.web.id|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref> Binatang ko tagabuang dalam filum ''[[Annelida]]'' dalam kelas ''[[Hirudinea]]''. Lintah atau ''Hirudinea'' marupokan [[Upakelas]] nan mambawahi baragam jinih spesies lintah jo [[acek]]. Anggota jinih caciang ko indak mampunyoi abuak, parapodia, jo seta.<ref>Buku sekolah elektronik {{cite book|last= Moch Anshori, Djoko Martono|first= |url= http://bse.depdiknas.go.id/|coauthors= |title= Biologi 1 : Untuk Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA)-Madrasah Aliyah (MA) Kelas X|year= 2009|publisher= Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional|location= Jakarta|id= ISBN : 978-979-068-129-3 ( no.jil.lengkap) / ISBN : 978-979-068-130-9|access-date= 2019-10-06|archive-date= 2013-12-30|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131230134135/http://www.bse.depdiknas.go.id/|dead-url= yes}}</ref> Ado jinih lintah nan dapek iduik di daratan, aia tawa, jo lauik. Sarupo halnyo karabaiknyo, ''[[Oligochaeta]]'', mampunyoi klitelum untuak manyimpan talua-talua pado segmen-segmen tatantu. Sarupo ''[[Oligochaeta]]'', lintah pun [[hermafrodit]] (bakalamin gando). Lintah ubek Eropa, ''[[Hirudo medicinalis]]'', alah sajak lamo dimanfaatkan untuak mangaluaan darah ([[plebotomi]]) sacaro medis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/ikpj/lintah-hirudo-medicinalis-sebagai-bioindikator-pencemaran-lingkungan-perairan-tawar_550abe46a333119b1e2e3a5a|title=LINTAH (Hirudo medicinalis) sebagai Bioindikator Pencemaran Lingkungan Perairan Tawar|last=Kompasiana.com|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref> Binatang sajinih lintah tamasuak pulo [[pacet]]. Namun lintah dibedakan dari acek bukan manuruik taksonomi, tapi labiah pado habitat sukaannyo. Lintah saari-ari iduik di aia, sadangkan acek saari-arinyo malakek pado daun atau batang pohon (di lua aia).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bobo.grid.id/read/081651644/sama-sama-senang-mengisap-darah-apa-bedanya-lintah-dan-pacet|title=Sama-Sama Senang Mengisap Darah, Apa Bedanya Lintah dan Pacet? - Semua Halaman - Bobo.Grid.ID|website=Bobo.ID|language=id|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramadhani|first=Maysi|title=Makalah annelida|url=https://www.academia.edu/32348950/Makalah_annelida|language=en}}</ref> Sadoalah spesies lintah adolah [[karnivora]]. Babarapo marupokan [[predator]], mandapek makanan dari baragam jinih [[invertebrata]] sarupo caciang, [[sipuik]], atau [[larva]] serangga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dbpedia.cs.ui.ac.id/page/Hirudinea|title=About: Hirudinea|website=dbpedia.cs.ui.ac.id|access-date=2019-08-14|archive-date=2019-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814065331/http://dbpedia.cs.ui.ac.id/page/Hirudinea|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bantuak tubuah lintah ko pipih, basegmen, mampunyoi rono kacokelatan, dan basipaik hemaprodit. Pado musim kawin, klitelum akan kalua. Salapeh tajadi pakawinan, alaik tasabuik mansekresikan kokon untuak manyimpan talua jo sperma. Salain itu lintah pun dapek digunokan untuak pangobatan.<ref name="BSE">Buku sekolah elektronik {{cite book|last= Idun Kistinnah, Endang Sri Lestari|first= |url= http://bse.depdiknas.go.id/|coauthors= |title= Biologi 1 : Makhluk Hidup dan Lingkungannya Untuk SMA/MA Kelas X|year= 2009|publisher= Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional|location= Jakarta|id= ISBN 978-979-068-129-3 (no. jilid lengkap) / ISBN 978-979-068-131-6|access-date= 2019-10-06|archive-date= 2013-12-30|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131230134135/http://www.bse.depdiknas.go.id/|dead-url= yes}}</ref> == Spesies == === Hirudinea === {{main|Hirudo}} * ''[[Hirudo medicinalis]]'' * ''[[Hirudo orientalis]]'' * ''[[Hirudo sulukii]]'' * ''[[Hirudo verbana]]'' * ''[[Hirudobdella antipodum]]'' === Haemadipsa === {{main | Haemadipsa}} {{:acek/spesies}} == Habitat == Binatang-binatang dalam kelas Hirudinea dapek iduik di aia tawa atau di darek. Binatang ko iduik parasitis maisok darah atau predator jo mamangsa binatang lain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/pendidikan/inilah-ciri-ciri-hewan-dalam-kelas-hirudinea-filum-annelida.html|title=Inilah ciri-ciri hewan dalam kelas Hirudinea filum Annelida|website=merdeka.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slideplayer.info/slide/2864994/|title=SUBKELAS HIRUDINEA. - ppt download|website=slideplayer.info|access-date=2019-08-14|archive-date=2019-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814065133/https://slideplayer.info/slide/2864994/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} == Pautan lua == {{Commons|Hirudinea}} {{Wikispecies|Hirudinea}} * {{en}} [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/hirudo/h._medicinalis Information on the medicinal leech] * {{en}} [http://www.invertebrate.us/leech Detailed information on leeches] * {{en}} [http://www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/leeches.htm Leech fact sheet] * {{en}} [http://www.glooskapandthefrog.org/leach.htm North American leeches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129195613/http://www.glooskapandthefrog.org/leach.htm |date=2012-01-29 }} * {{en}} [http://www.wildmadagascar.org/overview/leeches.html How to remove a leech] * {{en}} [http://www.worstcasescenarios.com/scenario.htm?scenarioid=22&cache=1153346951 How to remove a leech II] * {{en}} [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A4429631 H2G2-Leeches] * {{en}} [http://myleechfarm.com/?p=194 National Geography Leech Therapy: Traditional Ayurveda Treatment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211205226/http://myleechfarm.com/?p=194 |date=2010-02-11 }} {{Taxonbar}} [[Kategori:Lintah| ]] [[Kategori:Binatang]] {{binatang-stub}} bc6a4mpcb5ubw833ejr6jio85eso6zw 0 327164 3346775 2011858 2026-05-18T08:47:43Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346775 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Psikologi komunikasi''' adolah ilmu nan mampalajari usaho untuak mamprediksi, manguraian, dan mangandalian paristiwa mental jo behaviorial dalam komunikasi. Batehan dalam komunikasi sangaik lueh, yaitu mancakup panyampaian energi, galombang suaro, tando diantaro tampek, sistem atau organisme. Dalam psikologi komunikasi, psikologi barusaho malacak alasan mangapo suatu sumber komunikasi mampu mampangaruhi urang lain jo mangapo sumber komunikasi lainnyo indak.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://docplayer.info/72561650-Psikologi-komunikasi.html|title=Psikologi Komunikasi - PDF Free Download|website=docplayer.info|access-date=2020-01-25|archive-date=2020-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206115159/http://docplayer.info/72561650-Psikologi-komunikasi.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Aubrey Fisher manyabuikan ado ampek ciri pandakean psikologi komunikasi, yaitu : # ''Sensory reception of stimuli'' (penarimoan stimuli sacaro inderawi) # ''Internal mediation of stimuli'' (proses yang manjadi perantara antaro stimulus jo renspon) # ''Prediction of response'' (prediksi respon) # ''Reinforment of responses'' (panguekan respon).<ref name=":0"/> == Tujuan psikologi komunikasi == Sacaro umum, ado babarapo tujuan dari psikologi komunikasi : # Mamprediksi gerakan jo parubahan tingkah laku urang saat tajadinyo komunikasi antaro komunikator samo komunikan. # Mamutuihan langkah jo tindakan nan diambik dalam manghadapi lawan mangecek. == Manfaaik mampalajari psikologi komunikasi == Ado babarapo manfaaik mampalajari psikologi komunikasi menuruik Stewart L. Tubbs jo Sylvia Moss : # Pangartian, artinyo panarimoan cermat nan didapek dari panyampaian komunikator. # Kasanangan, artinyo komunikasi dimaksuikan untuak manghangaikan, mangakrabkan, jo manyanangkan antaro palaku komunikasi. # Mampangaruhi sikap, artinyo diharokan dengan mampalajari psikologi komunikasi, komunikator dapek batindak persuasif. # Hubungan sosial nan elok. # Tindakan, artinyo dapek mampangaruhi tindakan sahinggo manimbulkan pangartian terhadap panyampaian komunikasi.<ref name=":0"/> == Rujuakan == <references /> aasmtzozju05azcwlvhgjv9phwk11gn 0 327170 3346774 3161425 2026-05-18T08:47:35Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346774 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Psikologi kapamimpinan''' adolah sabuah ciek bidang ilmu psikologi yang manjalehan bagaimano saurang pamimpin baparilaku sacaro konkret dan takao manjadi tauladan bawahan. Sahinggo apo yang diparintahkan atau dimintak amuah dikarajoan bawahan saelok-eloknyo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pascasarjana-ptiq.ac.id/news/read?id=3|title=Psikologi Kepemimpinan|website=pascasarjana-ptiq.ac.id|access-date=2020-01-25|archive-date=2020-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127085151/http://pascasarjana-ptiq.ac.id/news/read?id=3|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Mode Pandakekan == Tadapek tigo mode pandakekan dasa teori kapamimpinan, diantaronyo mode sipaik ''(trait model''), mode parilaku (behavioral model), dan mode kontijensi (''Contingency Model''). Mode sipaik marupokan pandakekan yang mamusaikan bawahan pado personal pamimpin. Sadangkan mode parilaku mamusaikan pado tindakan pamimpin dan mode kotijensi mamusaikan pado paralunyo gaya kapamimpinan dalam ma sadoalah kaadaan.<ref name=":0"/> == Parilaku Kapamimpinan == Parilaku saurang pamimpin sangaik ditakankan dalam psikologi kapamimpinan. Babarapo parilaku tasabuik iyolah, maagiahan dukuangan jo dorongan atau motivasi kapado bawahan, batangguangjawab, mancaliakan panarimoan jo pandangan positif, dan sabagainyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docplayer.info/48783297-Psikologi-kepemimpinan.html|title=PSIKOLOGI KEPEMIMPINAN - PDF Download Gratis|website=docplayer.info|access-date=2020-01-25|archive-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125065941/https://docplayer.info/48783297-Psikologi-kepemimpinan.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Rujuakan == lfd6g4t0gvdk1lvsgz6ng2i5righx3f 0 335607 3346767 3142437 2026-05-18T04:11:16Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Manuel Arístides Ramírez Onelcida''' ({{lahiamati||30|5|1972||||}}) adolah surang pamain [[bisbol]] profesional bakabansoan [[Republik Dominika|Dominika]]-[[Amerika Sarikat|Amerika]]. Baposisi subagai surang ''[[outfielder (bisbol)|outfielder)]]'', inyo bamain salamo sambilan baleh musim di [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) dan pernah tagabuang basamo [[Cleveland Indians]], [[Boston Red Sox]], [[Los Angeles Dodgers]], [[Chicago White Sox]], jo [[Tampa Bay Rays]]. Inyo pernah pulo bamain salamo satu musim di [[Chinese Professional Baseball League]] di [[Taiwan]]. Ramirez tanamo dek kamampuan jo kakuatan ''[[batting (bisbol)|batting]]''-nyo nan mumpuni. Inyo adolah salah satu dari 27 pamain MLB nan alah pernah mancapai 500 kali ''[[home run]]''. Ramirez tapiliah duo baleh kali untuk tampia di ''[[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Games]]''. == Kaidupan awal == Ramirez lahia jo gadang di [[Santo Domingo]], [[Republik Dominika]]. Pado tahun 1985, kaluarganyo pindah ka [[Washington Heights]], [[New York City]]. Inyo masuak ka [[George Washington High School]] namun indak manyalasaian studinyo. Di SMA, inyo mamimpin tim sakolahnyo mamanangan kajuaraan divisi bisbol sa-New York City tigo kali, dan tapiliah manjadi ''New York City Public School Player of the Year'' pado tahun 1991.<ref name="Rimer">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/26/sports/baseball/26manny.html?_r=1&hp|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Sara|last=Rimer|title=Manny Ramirez, the high school legend|date=April 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/bullpen/Manny_Ram%C3%ADrez|title=Manny Ramirez – BR Bullpen|work=Baseball-Reference |accessdate=26 Juni 2020}}</ref> == Karir bisbol profesional == === Cleveland Indians === Ramirez dipiliah dalam ''draft'' MLB subagai piliahan ka-13 dek [[Cleveland Indians]] pado tahun 1991.<ref name="Manny Ramirez Draft Pick from Bleacher Report">{{cite news|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/446489-his-generations-finest-hitter-manny-ramirez|title=His Generation's Finest Hitter, Manny Ramirez – Bleacher Report|work=Bleacher Report |date=August 30, 2010|accessdate=26 Juni 2020}}</ref> Inyo mulo bamain di tim ''minor league'' [[Burlington Indians]] sarato [[Kinston Indians]], sabalun mambuek debut ''major league''-nyo malawan [[Minnesota Twins]] pado 2 September 1993.<ref name="baseball-reference1">{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/r/ramirma02.shtml|title=Manny Ramirez Statistics and History|publisher=Baseball-Reference.com|accessdate=2 Juli 2020}}</ref> He also led the AL in salary, at $22.5 million.<ref name="baseball-reference1"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Rimer|first=Sara|title=BASEBALL; Neighborhood Hero Touches Every Base|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/04/us/baseball-neighborhood-hero-touches-every-base.html|accessdate=26 Juni 2020|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 September 1993}}</ref> Inyo mulai basinar sajak musim 1995, mancetak ratoan ''bat'' .309 jo mancetak 33 ''home run'' sarato 112 RBI, tamasuak duo ''home run'' di final [[American League Division Series 1996|American League Division Series]] malawan [[Baltimore Orioles]].<ref name="baseball-reference1"/> Walaupun baitu, rangakaian cedera jo masuaknyo pamain-pamain mudo mambuek posisi Ramirez di skuat Indians taguyahkan. Walaupun Indians manawaran papanjangan kontrak,<ref>{{cite news|title=Ramirez Rejects Tribe Offer|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ramirez-rejects-tribe-offer/|work=cbsnews.com|accessdate=26 Juni 2020|date=November 9, 2000}}</ref> inyo dilapeh subagai ''free agent'' pado bulan Oktober 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=2000 American League Season Summary|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/2000.shtml|work=baseball-reference.com||accessdate=26 Juni 2020}}</ref> === Boston Red Sox === Ramirez bagabuang jo [[Boston Red Sox]], dikontrak lapan tahun saarago $160&nbsp;juta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/mlbfs02.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991007144746/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/mlbfs02.htm |archive-date=October 7, 1999 |title=Inside Manny's Ramirez's contract |accessdate=26 Juni 2020 |date=December 12, 2000 |work=[[USA Today]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inyo manjadi pamain kunci Red Sox, walaupun mandapek babarapo cedera nan mamasonyo manapi.<ref name="Rhodes and Boburg">{{cite book|last1=Rhodes|first1=Jean|last2=Boburg|first2=Shawn|title=Becoming Manny|date=March 2009|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/becomingmannyins00rhod_0/page/223 223]–224|url=https://archive.org/details/becomingmannyins00rhod_0|url-access=registration|isbn=978-1-4165-7707-2}}</ref> Puncak karirnyo adolah pado musim 2004. Basamo [[David Ortiz]], Ramirez manjadi pasangan pamain American League partamo nan mancetak 40 ''home run'', 100 RBI, jo ratoan ''bat'' .300 sajak pasangan [[New York Yankees|Yankees]] [[Babe Ruth]] jo [[Lou Gehrig]] pado tahun 1931.<ref name="Red Sox Duo">{{cite web|url=http://www.500hrc.com/500-hrc-articles/back-to-back-jacks.html|title=Back-To-Back Jacks – 500 Home Run Club – The Most Inspiring Sluggers in Baseball History|publisher=500 Home Run Club|date=September 13, 2012|accessdate=26 Juni 2020|archive-date=June 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629093837/http://www.500hrc.com/500-hrc-articles/back-to-back-jacks.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado musim tu, Red Sox barasia maju sampai ka World Series, baambisi untuak mamacahan [[kutuakan Gambino]] dan mamanangan gala partamo sajak 1918. Ramirez mancetak ratoan ''bat'' .412, 4 RBI, jo ciek ''home run'' dalam kamanangan Red Sox 4-0 malawan Cardinals. Inyo dianugerahan gala MVP World Series.<ref name="Manny Ramirez 2004 MVP">{{cite news|url=http://m.mlb.com/postseason/history/2004|title=World Series History – 2004|work=[[MLB.com]]|publisher=[[Major League Baseball]]|date=October 28, 2004|accessdate=26 Juni 2020|archive-date=April 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415061531/http://m.mlb.com/postseason/history/2004|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Inyo manjadi salah satu pamain kunci Red Sox pado musim juara 2007, kutiko Red Sox mangalahan [[Colorado Rockies]] di World Series dan Ramirez mancetak total ratoan ''bat'' .348, 4 ''home run'', jo 16 RBI di babak gugur musim. Ramirez mamanangan gala World Seriesnyo nan kaduo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20071013&content_id=2264846&vkey=news_bos&fext=.jsp&c_id=bos|title=2007 World Series Champions|work= Boston Red Sox – MLB.com |accessdate=26 Juni 2020}}</ref> === Los Angeles Dodgers === Pado bulan Juli 2008, Ramirez dipatukaan jo ka [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]. Pado bulan Mei 2009, inyo mandapek larangan batandiang 50 patandiangan dek malangga paraturan doping MLB.<ref name="Suspended">{{cite news|first=Dylan|last=Hernandez|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-manny-ramirez8-2009may08,0,7402416,print.story|title=Manny Ramirez suspended 50 games for positive drug test|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=May 8, 2009|access-date=June 26, 2020|archive-date=January 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103041546/http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-manny-ramirez8-2009may08,0,7402416,print.story|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.mercurynews.com/kawakami/2009/05/07/as-the-news-sinks-in-manny-ramirezs-suspension-the-excuse-options-and-the-plausibility-meter/|title=Manny Ramirez's suspension, the excuse options, and the plausibility meter|work=Mercury News |date=May 7, 2009|accessdate=26 Juni 2020}}</ref> Inyo mancetak ''career base hit'' nan ka-2,500 pado bulan April 2010.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ken Gurnick|url=http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100410&content_id=9211650&vkey=news_la&fext=.jsp&c_id=la|title=Manny reaches 2,500-hits milestone|publisher=Losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com|date=April 10, 2010|accessdate=26 Juni 2020|archive-date=April 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413133002/http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100410&content_id=9211650&vkey=news_la&fext=.jsp&c_id=la|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Chicago jo Tampa === Salapeh dilatakkan dalam ''waiver'' dek Los Angeles, Ramirez pindah ka [[Chicago White Sox]], namun gagal mandapek wakatu bamain nan cukuik.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Ken Gurnick|author2=Scott Merkin|lastauthoramp=yes|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100830&content_id=14098158&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb|title=Manny to White Sox on waivers looks done|publisher=MLB|date=August 30, 2010|accessdate=26 Juni 2020|archive-date=September 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902013745/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100830&content_id=14098158&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Inyo maneken kontrak satu tahun jo [[Tampa Bay Rays]] pado bulan Januari 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/rays/content/rays-reportedly-agree-terms-manny-ramirez-and-johnny-damon|title=Rays reportedly agree to terms with Manny Ramirez and Johnny Damon|author=Joe Smith|date=January 21, 2011|work=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|accessdate=26 Juni 2020|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124025030/http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/rays/content/rays-reportedly-agree-terms-manny-ramirez-and-johnny-damon|archivedate=January 24, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> namun masalah dopingnyo mamasonyo untuak manyatoan pensiun pado bulan April 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/fantasywindup/post/2011/04/manny-ramirezs-abrupt-retirement-leaves-a-big-hole-to-fill/1|author=Steve Gardner|title=Manny Ramirez's abrupt retirement leaves a big hole to fill|work=USA Today|date=April 8, 2011|accessdate=26 Juni 2020}}</ref><ref name="retire">{{cite press release|title=Manny Ramirez Notifies MLB That He Is Retiring|publisher=Major League Baseball|date=April 8, 2011|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20110408&content_id=17513916&vkey=pr_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb|accessdate=26 Juni 2020}}</ref> == Pancapaian jo pangaragoan == *12× [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]] ([[1995 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1995]], [[1998 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1998]]–[[2008 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|2008]]) *2× [[World Series]] champion ({{wsy|2004}}, {{wsy|2007}}) *[[World Series MVP]] (2004) *9× [[Silver Slugger Award]] (1995, 1999–2006) *2× [[AL Hank Aaron Award]] (1999, 2004) *[[List of Major League Baseball batting champions|AL batting champion]] (2002) *[[List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders|AL home run leader]] (2004) *[[List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders|AL RBI leader]] (1999) * [[Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} == Pautan lua == {{commonscat|Manny Ramírez}} {{wikiquote}} {{baseballstats|mlb=120903|espn=2974|br=r/ramirma02|fangraphs=210|brm=ramire002man|retro=R/Pramim002}} *[https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/8d70b524 Manny Ramirez] at SABR (Baseball BioProject) *[https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/players/5132 Yahoo! Sports Profile Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613100125/https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/players/5132/ |date=2020-06-13 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080712201406/http://msn.foxsports.com/mlb/player?statsId=5132 Manny Ramirez Profile Page on FoxSports.com] *[https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/23/070423fa_fact_mcgrath?currentPage=1 "Waiting for Manny"], profile in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060823124809/http://www.sonsofsamhorn.net/wiki/index.php/Manny_Ramirez SoSH Wiki – Manny Ramirez] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040721081819/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/ballplayers/R/Ramirez_Manny.stm Manny Ramirez] at Baseball Library *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070125224636/http://www.redsoxtimes.com/?cat=42 Manny Ramirez: Red Sox Times] *[http://multimedia.foxsports.com/baseball/los-angeles-dodgers/manny-ramirez.htm Manny Ramirez Video on FoxSports Video Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403041247/http://multimedia.foxsports.com/baseball/los-angeles-dodgers/manny-ramirez.htm |date=2010-04-03 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080808225822/http://videos.espn.com/baseball/los-angeles-dodgers/manny-ramirez.htm Manny Ramirez Video on ESPN.com] *{{Instagram|mannyramirez2499}} :<br> [[Kategori:Pamain bisbol Republik Dominika]] [[Kategori:Pamain bisbol Amerika Sarikat]] tf2ylsg1py9yqin30setjumvgccny77 0 335879 3346785 3163136 2026-05-18T11:48:01Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ANT}} {{Infobox protected area|name=Taman Nasional Komodo|nearest_city=|governing_body=[[Kementerian Kehutanan Republik Indonesia]]|visitation_year=2010|visitation_num=45.000|established=1980|area_ref=<ref>World Heritage Site Database</ref>|area_km2=1733|coordinates={{coord|8|32|36|S|119|29|22|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}|embedded1={{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |child = yes |ID = 609 |Year = 1991 |Criteria = Alam: vii, x }}|location=[[Kapulauan Nusa Tenggara]], [[Indonesia]]|alt_name=Komodo National Park|label_position=right|label='''Komodo NP'''|map_width=280|map_caption=|map=Indonesia Flores|photo_caption=Komodo di Taman Nasional Komodo|photo=Komodo dragon at Komodo National Park.jpg|iucn_category=II|website={{url|http://www.komodonationalpark.org/}}}}'''Taman Nasional Komodo''' adolah [[taman nasional]] nan talatak di Provinsi [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] dan dakek jo Pulau [[Pulau Sumbawa|Sumbawa]], [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]]. Taman ko tadiri ateh tigo pulau utamo yaitu Pulau [[Pulau Komodo|Komodo]], Pulau [[Pulau Rinca|Rinca]], jo Pulau [[Pulau Padar|Padar]], sarato 26 pulau ketek lainnyo. Wilayah total dari taman nasional ko mancapai 1.733&nbsp;km² (603&nbsp;km² wilayah darek).<ref name="dephut">{{cite web|url=http://www.dephut.go.id/INFORMASI/TN%20INDO-ENGLISH/komodo_NP.htm|title=Ministry of Forestry: Komodo NP]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012002653/http://www.dephut.go.id/INFORMASI/TN%20INDO-ENGLISH/komodo_NP.htm|archivedate=October 12, 2015|accessdate=April 3, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Taman nasional ko partamo kali didirikan pado taun 1980 untuak malinduangi [[komodo]] jo tampek tingganyo.<ref name="UNESCO-ABE">[https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/609.pdf UNESCO: Advisory Body Evaluation], retrieved 2 February 2010</ref> Kudian ditaruihan pulo untuak malinduangi binatang-binatang lain. Ado 277 spesies binatang nan marupokan papaduan antaro binatang Asia jo Australia, nan taddiri ateh 32 spesies mamalia, 128 spesies buruang, jo 37 spesies reptil. Ado pulo 253 spesies tarumbu karang jo 1000 spesies ikan. Pado taun 1991 taman ko ditatapkan sabagi [[Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO]].<ref name="Unesco609">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/609|title=Komodo National Park|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Pado taun 2011, Taman Nasional Komodo tapiliah manjadi salah satu dari ''[[New7Wonders of Nature]]'' (''7 Kaajaiban Alam Baru'').<ref name=":0">[http://www.new7wonders.com New 7 Wonders of the world], retrieved 29 December 2011</ref>Kudian mandapek suaro paliang banyak. Taman Nasional Komodo tapiliah dek baragamnyo biota lauik di dalamnyo.<ref>http://www.detiknews.com/read/2011/11/12/080701/1765930/10/new7wonders-baru-resmikan-7-keajaiban-dunia-pada-awal-2012</ref> == Sijarah == Pado taun 1911, surang letnan Balando, Letnan [[J. K. H. van Steyn van Henbroek]], malakukan panjalajahan di Pulau Komodo. Dari panjalajahannyo didapek foto jo kulik komodo nan dikirimnyo ka [[Peter Ouwens]] nan sangkek tu manjadi kurator di [[Kebun Raya Bogor]]. Peter Ouwens nan juo ilmuwan mambuek publikasi tantang komodo pado tulisan nan bajudul "''On a Large Species from The Island of Komodo''" pado taun 1912 inggo pulau sarato binatang ko tanamo di [[Eropa]]. Samanjak itu, mulai dilakukan palinduangan ka binatang sarato pulaunyo. Mulo-mulo pado taun 1915, Kasultanan Bima mangaluakan surek kaputusan untuak malinduangi komodo (''Verordening van het Sultanat van Bima''). Kudian upayo ko dilanjuikan dek Pamarintah [[Hindia-Balando]] inggo manatapkan kawasan suaka margasarwa pado taun 1927.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gumilangtour.com/sejarah-taman-nasional-komodo/|title=Sejarah Taman Nasional Komodo Yang Wajib Anda Ketahui|date=2019-11-16|website=Gumilang Tour and Travel|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-01|archive-date=2020-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701051904/https://www.gumilangtour.com/sejarah-taman-nasional-komodo/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado taun 1980, status suaka margasatwa barubah manjadi taman nasional.<ref name="UNESCO-ABE" /> Salanjuiknyo pado taun [[1991]], Taman Nasional Komodo manjadi Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO.<ref name="Unesco609" /> Sampai akhianyo di taun [[2011]], Taman Nasional Komodo manjadi salah satu dari ''New7Wonders of Nature''.<ref name=":0" /> [[Berkas:Adelaar_off_Padar_Island_(1998).jpg|jmpl|Pulau Padar]] Pado taun 2019, Pamarintah Daerah Provinsi [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] barencana untuak manutuik samantaro Taman Nasional Komodo sainggo indak bisa dikunjuangi untuak tujuan raun. Pemda maanggap hal iko paralu dilakukan untuak manaiakan populasi komodo nan mulai turun dek bakurangnyo binatang nan manjadi buruannyo. Salain itu, upayo ko dianggap paralu untuak mamparancak taman nasional sainggo manaiakan pandapatan daerah dari kunjuangan pariwisata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/rencana-pulau-komodo-ditutup-untuk-pelestarian-perlukah-deW7|title=Rencana Pulau Komodo Ditutup untuk Pelestarian, Perlukah?|last=Putri|first=Aditya Widya|website=tirto.id|language=id|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Penutupan Taman Nasional Komodo, sekedar wacana atau berbasis riset?|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-46944412|newspaper=BBC News Indonesia|date=2019-01-22|access-date=2020-07-01|language=id|first=Abraham|last=Utama}}</ref> Upayo ko ditantang dek masyarakaik satampek dek upayo ko mambueknyo musti direlokasi padohal alah lamo tingga di sinan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/07/31/ini-dampak-rencana-penutupan-pulau-komodo-bagi-warga-dan-wisatawan/|title=Ini Dampak Rencana Penutupan Pulau Komodo Bagi Warga dan Wisatawan|date=2019-07-31|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/pw3pcs384|title=Nasib Suku Komodo di Pulau Komodo|date=2019-08-12|website=Republika Online|language=id|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref> [[Berkas:Rinca_Island.jpg|jmpl|Pulau Rinca]] Pado taun [[2020]], Taman Nasional Komodo ditutuik dek adonyo [[Pandemi koronavirus 2019–2020|Pandemi COVID-19]]. Panutupan ko alah dimulai dari Maret 2020 sampai Juni 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/penutupan-balai-taman-nasional-komodo-kembali-diperpanjang.html|title=Penutupan Balai Taman Nasional Komodo Kembali Diperpanjang|website=merdeka.com|language=en|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref> Pado patangahan Juni 2020, Balai Taman Nasional Komodo barencana ka mambukak baliak taman nasional, tapi jo skema pambatasan pangunjuang sairiang jo panerapan tatanan normal baru. untuak maambek pamindahan [[Panyakik koronavirus 2019|panyakik COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1558744/balai-taman-nasional-komodo-siapkan-skema-pembatasan-pengunjung|title=Balai Taman Nasional Komodo siapkan skema pembatasan pengunjung|last=antaranews.com|date=2020-06-17|website=Antara News|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2020/06/18/131552627/wisata-taman-nasional-komodo-bakal-ada-pembatasan-pengunjung|title=Wisata Taman Nasional Komodo, Bakal Ada Pembatasan Pengunjung|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref> == Geografi == [[Berkas:Komodo_Islands.jpg|jmpl|Dataran babatu-batu di Pulau Komodo.]] Taman Nasional Komodo mambantang dari pasisia barat [[Pulau Flores|Flores]], tigo pulau utamo ([[Pulau Komodo|Komodo]], [[Pulau Rinca|Rinca]], jo [[Pulau Pada|Pada]]<nowiki/>r), 26 pulau ketek, inggo parairan Selat Sape di dakek [[Pulau Sumbawa|Sumbawa]]. Pulau-pulau ko barasa dari tanah volkanik. Daratannyo babatu-batu sarato babukik-bukik bulek<ref name="UNESCO-ABE" /> jo katinggian inggo 735 m.<ref name="dephut" /> Vegetasi padang rumpuik mandominasi taman nasional ko. Hutan-hutan rimbo masih dapek tasuo walau saketek dan hanyo ado di daerah bakatinggian di ateh 500 meter ateh pamukaan lauik dan manjadi rumah untuak tumbuahn-tumbuahan endemis katigo pulau utamo.<ref name="UNESCO-ABE" /> Iklim pulau-pulau ko condong kariang dan tamasuak dalam daerah nan paliang jarang dituruni hujan di Indonesia. Curah hujan tahunan antaro 800 mm inggo 1000 mm. Pado musim kamarau, antaro Mei inggo Oktober, suhu rato-ratonyo adolah 40&nbsp;°C.<ref name="UNESCO-ABE" /> ==Fauna== [[Komodo]] (''Varanus komodoensis'') marupokan fauna nan manjadi atraksi utamo di taman nasional ko. Kurang labiah ado 2.700-an ikua nan taseba di Pulau Komodo jo Rinca sarato pulau-pulau ketek di sakaliliangnyo, bahkan di pasisia barat [[Pulau Flores|Flores]].<ref name="komo">{{cite book|author1=Trooper Walsh|author2=Murphy, James Jerome|author3=Claudio Ciofi|author4=Colomba De LA Panouse|title=Komodo Dragons: Biology and Conservation (Zoo and Aquarium Biology and Conservation Series)|publisher=Smithsonian Books|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|year=2002|isbn=1-58834-073-2}}</ref> Namun, populasi komodo dinyatokan punah di Pulau Padar.<ref name="UNESCO-ABE" /><ref name="dephut" /> Salain komodo, ado baragam binatang di taman nasional ko. Walau baitu, karagaman binatang darek indak sabanyak binatang lauik. Binatang darek nan ado marupokan binatang endemik sarato papaduan antaro binatang Asia jo Auatralia. Binatang Asia rato-rato binatang mamalia, antaro lain [[ruso timor]] (''Cervus timorensis''), [[ciliang]] (''Sus scrofa vittatus)'', [[cigak]] (''Macaca fascicularis),'' [[kabau]] (''Bubalus bubalis''), jo [[musang]] (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lehmanni)''. Samantaro binatang Australia nan tasuo kabanyakan reptil jo buruang, sarupo buruang [[gosong kaki-sirah]] (''Megapodius reinwardt''), [[kakaktuo gombak kuniang]] (''Cacatua sulphurea''), jo [[cucak timor]] (''Philemon buceroides''). Adopulo binatang endemik cando mancik komodo atau mancik rinca (''Rattus rintjanus).<ref name="UNESCO-ABE" />'' Binatang lauik baragam jinihnyo di taman nasional ko. Paliang banyak tasuo di bagian timur laut pasisia Pulau Komodo dek ado banyak tarumbu karang di siko.<ref name="UNESCO-ABE" /> Binatang lauik nan dapek tasuo, cando hiu paus, ikan mola, pari manta, pari alang, kudo lauik ketek, false pipefish, clown frogfish, cipuik lauik-indak bacangkang (nudibranchia), gurito cincin biru, porifera, duyuang, paus sperma, paus biru, lumbo-lumbo, jo paus omura.<ref name="Kahn2001">Kahn, B. 2001. "Komodo National Park Cetacean Surveys: April 2001 and 1999–2001 survey synopsis". Presented working paper CMS/SEAMAMSII/24. United Nations Environment Programme – Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (UNEP/CMS) Second International Conference on the Marine Mammals of Southeast Asia. July 22–23, 2002. Demaguette, Philippines. 39pp.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|publisher=[[The Nature Conservancy]]|title=Cetacean Surveys in Komodo National Park|url=http://www.apex-environmental.com/pdf/InfoSheetKNPCetaceans.pdf|journal=Indonesia Program Information Sheet CMP 8|format=PDF|accessdate=2015-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324161819/http://www.apex-environmental.com/pdf/InfoSheetKNPCetaceans.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesevenseas.net/destination-komodo-south.html|title=The Deep South of Komodo|publisher=The Seven Seas Liveaboard|accessdate=2015-01-22|archive-date=2017-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717223144/http://www.thesevenseas.net/destination-komodo-south.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilatanzil.com/2010/11/blue-whales-in-komodo-national-park.html|title=Blue Whales in Komodo National Park!|year=2010|page=...Life Is Beautiful...|accessdate=2015-01-22|author=Tanzil N.|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083216/http://www.nilatanzil.com/2010/11/blue-whales-in-komodo-national-park.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> Berkas:Komodo Dragon Eating Rinca.jpg|Komodo nan sadang makan Berkas:Water buffalo at Rinca.jpg|Kabau Berkas:Crab-eating macaque at Rinca.JPG|Cigak Berkas:Komodo dragon stalking deer.png|Komodo nan maintai ruso timor Berkas:Manta ray.jpg|Pari Manta </gallery> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} {{Taman nasional di Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Nusa Tenggara Timur]] b6rkm854wd12uiu3tiimzrgn19oi5ri 0 338141 3346765 3158231 2026-05-18T03:41:22Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346765 wikitext text/x-wiki {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible" | <strong>Data kota: Los Angeles</strong> |- |{{Los_Angeles_infobox}} |} '''Los Angeles''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-los-angeles.ogg|l|ɒ|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|ə|l|ə|s}} {{respell|loss|AN|jə-ləs}}; {{IPA-es|los ˈaŋxeles|lang}}, ditulis ''Los Ángeles''; pangucapan Britania {{IPAc-en|l|ɒ|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|ə|l|iː|z}} {{respell|loss|AN|jə-leez}}) jo jumlah panduduak sabanyak 3.792.621 jiwa sasuai [[Sensus Amerika Serikat 2010|Sensus Amerika Sarikat 2010]], adolah [[Daftar kota di California (menurut jumlah penduduk)|kota paliang padek]] di [[Negara bagian AS|nagara bagian]] [[California]], sarato [[Daftar kota di Amerika Serikat menurut jumlah penduduk|kota paliang padek kaduo]] di [[Amerika Serikat|Amerika Sarikat]], sasudah [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn124.html|title=U.S. Census Bureau Releases Data on Population Distribution and Change in the U.S. Based on Analysis of 2010 Census Results|date=March 24, 2010|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016002430/http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn124.html|archive-date=2011-10-16|dead-url=yes|accessdate=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Luasnyo mancapai {{convert|468.67|sqmi|km2|1}}, jo talatak di [[California Selatan]]. Los Angeles takenal jo inisial '''L.A.'''-nyo. Kota iko marupokan titiak utamo [[Wilayah metropolitan Los Angeles|wilayah statistik metropolitan Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana]] jo region [[Wilayah Los Angeles Raya]], nan dihuni 12.828.837 jo hampia 18 juta jiwa pado tahun 2010, manjadikannyo ciek dari banyak [[Daftar wilayah metropolitan menurut jumlah penduduk|wilayah metropolitan paliang padek]] di dunia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/citypops.htm|title=City Populations – World City Population, Biggest Largest Cities in the World|publisher=Worldatlas.com|accessdate=September 28, 2011}}</ref> jo nan paliang gadang kaduao di [[Amerika Sarikat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US24PR&prodType=table|title=Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – United States – Metropolitan Statistical Area|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Los Angeles marupokan pulo [[Ibu kota county|ibu kota]] [[County Los Angeles, California|County Los Angeles]], salah ciek [[County (Amerika Serikat)|county]] paliang padek jo paliang baragam etnisnyo<ref>{{cite news|author=Les Christie|url=http://money.cnn.com/2007/08/08/real_estate/most_diverse_counties/index.htm|title=The most ethnically diverse counties in the United States|publisher=CNN|date=August 9, 2007|accessdate=September 28, 2011|archive-date=August 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817053546/http://money.cnn.com/2007/08/08/real_estate/most_diverse_counties/index.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> di [[Amerika Sarikat]], samantaro saluruah wilayah Los Angeles surang diakui sabagai kota gadang nan paliang baragam di nagara iko.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/43066296/The_Top_10_Most_Diverse_Cities_in_America?slide=11|title=The Top 10 Most Diverse Cities in America|publisher=cnbc.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627175521/http://www.cnbc.com/id/43066296/The_Top_10_Most_Diverse_Cities_in_America?slide=11|archive-date=2014-06-27|dead-url=yes|accessdate=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Panduduak kota Los Angeles disabuik "[[Angelenos]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Angeleno|title=Angeleno|publisher=The Free Dictionary|accessdate=September 28, 2011}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:Kota di Amerika Sarikaik]] nhmobn8uhkak7iwp3ldcyy1f1nizlv5 0 338156 3346753 3184881 2026-05-17T20:53:51Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info parlemen | background_color = #45994E | text_color = #FFFFFF | name = Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah<br>Provinsi Sumatera Barat | native_name = | legislature = Periode 2019–2024 | coa_pic = West Sumatra coa.svg | coa_res = 130px | house_type = [[Unikameral]] | body = | term_limits = 5 tahun | foundation = | new_session = 28 Agustus 2019 | leader1_type = Ketua | leader1 = [[Supardi (politikus)|Supardi]] | party1 = ({{Parpolname|Gerindra}}) | election1 = 4 Oktober 2019 | leader2_type = Wakil Ketua I | leader2 = H. [[Irsyad Syafar]], Lc., M.Ed. | party2 = ({{Parpolname|PKS}}) | election2 = 4 Oktober 2019 | leader3_type = Wakil Ketua II | leader3 = H. [[Suwirpen Suib]], S.Sos. | party3 = ({{Parpolname|Demokrat}}) | election3 = 4 Oktober 2019 | leader4_type = Wakil Ketua III | leader4 = H. [[Indra Datuak Rajo Lelo]], S.H., M.M. | party4 = ({{Parpolname|PAN}}) | election4 = 4 Oktober 2019 | members = 65 | structure1 = DPRD Provinsi Sumatra Barat 2019.svg | structure1_res = 250px | political_groups1 = <div><div> '''Pemerintah''' (14) {{legend|#000000|[[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera|PKS]] (10)}} {{legend|#228B22|[[Partai Persatuan Pembangunan|PPP]] (4)}} '''Oposisi''' (51) {{legend|#D2B48C|[[Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya|Gerindra]] (14)}} {{legend|#1F75FE|[[Partai Demokrat|Demokrat]] (10)}} {{legend|#00FFFF|[[Partai Amanat Nasional|PAN]] (10)}} {{legend|#FFFF00|[[Partai Golongan Karya|Golkar]] (8)}} {{legend|#091F92|[[Partai NasDem|NasDem]] (3)}} {{legend|#FF0000|[[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan|PDI-P]] (3)}} {{legend|#00FF00|[[Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa|PKB]] (3)}} | voting_system1 = Proporsional-Terbuka | last_election1 = [[Pemilu 2019|17 April 2019]] | next_election1 = [[Pemilu 2024|17 April 2024]] | session_room = Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Sumatra Barat.jpg | session_res = 250px | meeting_place = Gedung DPRD Sumatera Barat<br>Jalan Khatib Sulaiman No. 87<br>Kode Pos 25133<br>[[Padang Utara, Padang|Padang Utara]], [[Kota Padang]]<br>[[Sumatra Barat]], [[Indonesia]] | website = {{url|http://dprd.sumbarprov.go.id}} | footnotes = }} '''Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Barat''' (disingkek '''DPRD Sumatera Barat''' atau '''DPRD Sumbar''') adolah limbago pawakilan rakyaik daerah nan bakadudukan sabagai unsur panyelenggara [[Pamarintahan daerah di Indonesia|Pamarintahan Daerah]] di [[Provinsi Sumatera Barat|Provinsi Sumatera Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. <onlyinclude>DPRD Sumbar baranggotakan 65 urang nan dipiliah malalui [[pamiliahan umum]] satiok limo taun sakali. Pimpinan DPRD Sumbar tadiri dari 1 Ketua jo 3 Wakil Ketua nan barasa dari [[partai politik]] pamiliak jumlah kurisi jo suaro paliang banyak. Anggota DPRD Sumbar nan tangah manjabaik kini adolah hasia [[Pemilu 2019]] nan dilewa pado [[28 Agustus]] [[2019]] dek [[Pengadilan Tinggi Padang|Ketua Pengadilan Tinggi Padang]], Panusunan Harahap, di Gedung DPRD Provinsi Sumatera Barat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4683831/65-anggota-dprd-sumbar-dilantik|title=65 Anggota DPRD Sumbar Dilantik|date=28-08-2019|access-date=31-10-2019|website=news.detik.com|archive-date=2023-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124150929/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4683831/65-anggota-dprd-sumbar-dilantik|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Komposisi anggota DPRD Sumbar periode 2019-2024 tadiri dari 9 [[partai politik]] dimano [[Partai Gerindra]] adolah [[partai politik]] pamiliak kurisi paliang banyak yaitu 14 kurisi, kudian disusua dek [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]], [[Partai Demokrat]], jo [[Partai Amanat Nasional]] nan masiang-masiang maraiah 10 kurisi.</onlyinclude> Sabalun 2014, jumlah kurisi untuak DPRD Sumatera Barat adolah 55 kurisi. Anggota DPRD Provinsi Sumatera Barat periode 2014–2019 tadiri dari pawakilan 11 partai politik hasia [[Pamiliahan Umum Legislatif 2009|pamiliahan umum legislatif 2014]]. Pawakilan [[Partai Golkar]] maisi parolehan kurisi paliang banyak. Manuruik UU Nomor 27 tahun 2009, struktur pimpinan DPRD Sumatera Barat tadiri ateh ciek urang ketua jo tigo urang wakil ketua nan dipiliah dari partai politik manuruik urutan parolehan kurisi paliang banyak. Dewan iko bakantua di Gedung DPRD Sumatera Barat, nan barado di ujuang [[Jalan Khatib Sulaiman, Padang|Jalan Khatib Sulaiman]] jo pasimpangan nan banamo [[Simpang Oke]]. Manuruik [[Pemilu Legislatif 2009]], Sumatera Barat mangirimkan 14 wakia ka [[DPR]] RI dari duo daerah pamiliahan jo ampek wakia ka [[DPD]].<ref name="tempo">http://www.tempointeraktif.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104110645/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/ |date=2010-11-04 }} [http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/Pemilu2009_berita_mutakhir/2009/05/06/brk,20090506-174713,id.html Wajah Baru Bakal Dominasi DPRD Sumatra Barat]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. TempoInteraktif. Edisi 19-05-2009</ref><ref>politik.vivanews.com [http://politik.vivanews.com/news/read/59227-hanura_ungguli_ppp_di_dprd_sumatera_barat Hanura Ungguli PPP di DPRD Sumatra Barat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104094955/http://politik.vivanews.com/news/read/59227-hanura_ungguli_ppp_di_dprd_sumatera_barat |date=2010-01-04 }}. [[VivaNews]]. Edisi 19-05-2009.</ref> == Komposisi anggota == === 2004–kini === <onlyinclude> {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan=2|Partai politik ! colspan="4" |Jumlah kurisi dalam periode |- ! 2004–2009 ! 2009–2014 ! 2014–2019 ! 2019–2024 |- |{{Parpolicon|Golkar}} | align="right" |{{increase}} 16 | align="right" |{{decrease}} 9 | align="right" |{{steady}} 9 | align="right" |{{decrease}} 8 |- |{{Parpolicon|PDIP}} | align="right" |{{decrease}} 4 | align="right" |{{decrease}} 3 | align="right" |{{increase}} 4 | align="right" |{{decrease}} 3 |- |{{Parpolicon|PPP}} | align="right" |{{decrease}} 7 | align="right" |{{decrease}} 4 | align="right" |{{increase}} 8 | align="right" |{{decrease}} 4 |- |{{Parpolicon|PAN}} | align="right" |{{decrease}} 10 | align="right" |{{decrease}} 6 | align="right" |{{increase}} 8 | align="right" |{{increase}} 10 |- |{{Parpolicon|PKS}} | align="right" |{{increase}} 7 | align="right" |{{decrease}} 5 | align="right" |{{increase}} 7 | align="right" |{{increase}} 10 |- |{{Parpolicon|PBB}} | align="right" |{{increase}} 5 | align="right" |{{decrease}} 3 | align="right" |{{decrease}} 1 | align="right" |{{decrease}} 0 |- | {{Parpolicon|PKB}} | align=right| {{decrease}} 0 | align=right| {{steady}} 0 | align=right| {{increase}} 1 | align=right| {{increase}} 3 |- |{{parpolicon|PKPI}} | align="right" |{{decrease}} 0 | align="right" |{{steady}} 0 | align="right" |{{steady}} 0 | align="right" |{{steady}} 0 |- |{{Parpolicon|PBR}} | align="right" |{{new}} 3 | align="right" |{{decrease}} 2 | align="center" bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | align="center" bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | |- |{{Parpolicon|PD}} | align="right" |{{new}} 3 | align="right" |{{increase}} 14 | align="right" |{{decrease}} 8 | align="right" |{{increase}} 10 |- | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center bgcolor=#DCDCDC| | align=right| {{new}} 4 | align=right| {{increase}} 8 | align=right| {{increase}} 14 |- | {{Parpolicon|Hanura}} | align=center bgcolor=#DCDCDC| | align=right| {{new}} 5 | align=right| {{steady}} 5 | align=right| {{decrease}} 0 |- | {{Parpolicon|NasDem}} | align="center" bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | align="center" bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | align="right" | {{new}} 6 | align="right" | {{decrease}} 3 |- ! Jumlah anggota !{{steady}} 55 !{{steady}} 55 !{{increase}} 65 !{{steady}} 65 |- ! Jumlah partai !{{decrease}} 8 !{{increase}} 10 !{{increase}} 11 !{{decrease}} 9 |} {{legend|#DCDCDC|Indak turuik sato dalam pemilu}}</onlyinclude><!-- CHECK DATABASE Daftar anggota: http://ranahberita.com/12850/ini-65-anggota-dprd-sumbar-lima-tahun-ke-depan https://www.mail-archive.com/rantau-net@groups.or.id/msg03542.html {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;font-size:90%" !colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" | DPRD Sumatra Barat 2009–2014 |- ! Partai ! Kursi |- | [[Berkas:DEMOKRAT.gif|25px|Lambang Partai Demokrat]] [[Partai Demokrat]] | align="center"| 14 |- | {{Parpolicon|Golkar}} | align="center"| 9 |- | [[Berkas:Partai Amanat Nasional.svg|25px|Lambang PAN]] [[PAN]] | align="center"| 6 |- | [[Berkas:PKS logo 2020.png|25px|Lambang PKS]] [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera|PKS]] | align="center"| 5 |- | [[Berkas:HANURA.jpg|25px|Lambang Partai Hanura]] [[Partai Hanura]] | align="center"| 5 |- | [[Berkas:PPP.gif|25px|Lambang PPP]] [[PPP]] | align="center"| 4 |- | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align="center"| 4 |- | [[Berkas:PDIPLogo.png|25px|Lambang PDI-P]] [[PDI-P]] | align="center"| 3 |- | [[Berkas:Bulan Bintang.jpg|25px|Lambang PBB]] [[Partai Bulan Bintang|PBB]] | align="center"| 3 |- | [[Berkas:PBR.jpg|25px|Lambang PBR]] [[PBR]] | align="center"| 2 |- ! '''Total''' ! 55 |- | colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|<small>Sumber:</small> |} --> === 1977–2004 === {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Partai politik ! colspan="6" |Jumlah kurisi dalam periode |- !1977–1982 !1982–1987 !1987–1992 !1992–1997 !1997–1999 !1999–2004 |- |{{Parpolicon|Golkar}} |align="center" |21 | align="center" |{{decrease}} 19 | align="center" |{{increase}} 28 | align="center" |{{increase}} 30 | align="center" |{{increase}} 33 | align="center" |{{decrease}} 12 |- |{{Parpolicon|PDIP}} |align="center" |0 | align="center" |{{steady}} 0 | align="center" |{{increase}} 1 | align="center" |{{steady}} 1 | align="center" |{{decrease}} 0 | align="center" |{{increase}} 5 |- |{{Parpolicon|PPP}} |align="center" |11 | align="center" |{{increase}} 13 | align="center" |{{decrease}} 7 | align="center" |{{decrease}} 5 | align="center" |{{decrease}} 3 | align="center" |{{increase}} 10 |- |{{Parpolicon|PAN}} |bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | align="center" |11 |- |{{Parpolicon|PKS}} |bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | align="center" |2 |- |{{Parpolicon|PBB}} |bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | align="center" |3 |- |{{Parpolicon|PKB}} |bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | align="center" |1 |- |{{Parpolicon|PKPI}} |bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | align="center" |1 |- |{{Parpolicon|PKMI}} |bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | align="center" |1 |- |{{Parpolicon|PUMI}} |bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | align="center" |1 |- |{{Parpolicon|Masyumi}} |bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" | | align="center" |1 |- !Jumlah partai !2 !{{steady}} 2 !{{increase}} 3 !{{steady}} 3 !{{decrease}} 2 !{{increase}} 11 |- |Utusan ([[ABRI]]/Non-ABRI) | align="center" |8 | align="center" |{{steady}} 8 | align="center" |{{increase}} 9 | align="center" |{{steady}} 9 | align="center" |{{steady}} 9 | align="center" |{{decrease}} 7 |- !Jumlah anggota !40 !{{steady}} 40 !{{increase}} 45 !{{steady}} 45 !{{steady}} 45 ! align="center" bgcolor="#b7b6b4" |{{increase}} 55 |} {{legend|#DCDCDC|Indak turuik sato dalam pemilu}} == Fraksi == Fraksi marupokan wadah bahimpun anggota DPRD dalam rangka mangoptimalkan palaksanaan fungsi, tugeh, jo wewenang sarato hak jo kewajiban DPRD. Satiok fraksi baranggotakan paliang saketek samo jo jumlah komisi di DPRD.<ref>[[s:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2014|Pasal 109 Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah]]</ref> Ciek fraksi di DPRD Sumbar saindaknyo baranggotakan 5 urang. DPRD Sumbar periode 2019-2024 tadiri dari 7 fraksi nan 2 fraksi marupokan fraksi gabuangan sabagai barikuik.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.megapolitanpos.com/read/detail/13991/dprd-sumbar-sudah-menetapkan-ketua-fraksi-fraksi|title=DPRD Sumbar Sudah Menetapkan Ketua Fraksi-Fraksi|date=23-09-2019|access-date=31-10-2019|website=megapolitanpos.com|archive-date=2019-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031153309/https://www.megapolitanpos.com/read/detail/13991/dprd-sumbar-sudah-menetapkan-ketua-fraksi-fraksi|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rri.co.id/padang/post/berita/725137/daerah/pimpinan_dprd_sumbar_periode_20192024_ditetapkan.html|title=Pimpinan DPRD Sumbar Periode 2019-2024 Ditetapkan|date=23-09-2019|access-date=31-10-2019|website=rri.co.id|archive-date=2019-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031153319/http://rri.co.id/padang/post/berita/725137/daerah/pimpinan_dprd_sumbar_periode_20192024_ditetapkan.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.padangtime.com/dprd-sumbar-tetapkan-pimpinan-defenitif-dan-fraksi-fraksi-masajabatan-2019-2024/|title=DPRD Sumbar Tetapkan Pimpinan Defenitif dan Fraksi-Fraksi masajabatan 2019 2024.|date=23-09-2019|access-date=31-10-2019|website=padangtime.com|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528081413/https://www.padangtime.com/dprd-sumbar-tetapkan-pimpinan-defenitif-dan-fraksi-fraksi-masajabatan-2019-2024/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" !Namo Fraksi !Partai Politik Anggota !Ketua !Jumlah Anggota |- |Gerindra |{{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} |align=center|Hidayat{{br}}<small>(Sumbar 1)</small> |align=center|14 |- |PKS |{{Parpolicon|PKS}} |align=center|[[Nurfirmanwansyah]]{{br}}<small>(Sumbar 7)</small> |align=center|10 |- |PAN |{{Parpolicon|PAN}} |align=center|Muhayatul{{br}}<small>(Sumbar 8)</small> |align=center|10 |- |Demokrat |{{Parpolicon|PD}} |align=center|[[Ismet Amzis]]{{br}}<small>(Sumbar 3)</small> |align=center|10 |- |Golkar |{{Parpolicon|Golkar}} |align=center|[[Hendra Irwan Rahim]]{{br}}<small>(Sumbar 6)</small> |align=center|8 |- |PPP-NasDem |{{Parpolicon|PPP}}{{br}}{{Parpolicon|NasDem}} |align=center|Sawal Dt. Putih{{br}}<small>(Sumbar 4)</small> |align=center|7 |- |PDIP-PKB |{{Parpolicon|PDIP}} {{br}}{{Parpolicon|PKB}} |align=center|Albert Hendra Lukman{{br}}<small>(Sumbar 1)</small> |align=center|6 |} == Alaik Kalangkokan DPRD == Manuruik Pasal 110 [[s:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2014|Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah]], Alaik Kalangkokan DPRD (AKD) Provinsi tadiri dari: # Pimpinan # Badan Musyawarah (Bamus) # Komisi # Badan Pembentukan Peraturan Daerah (Bapemperda) # Badan Anggaran (Banggar) # Badan Kehormatan (BK) # Alaik kalangkokan Lain (dibantuak malalui Rapat Paripurna) === Pimpinan DPRD === Sasuai paraturan parundang-undangan, DPRD Provinsi nan baranggotakan: 35-44 urang dipimpin dek 1 ketua jo 2 wakil ketua; 45-84 urang dipimpin dek 1 ketua jo 3 wakil ketua; sarato 85-100 urang dipimpin dek 1 ketua jo 4 wakil ketua.<ref>[[s:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2014|Pasal 111 Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah]]</ref> Pimpinan DPRD Sumbar tadiri dari 1 Ketua jo 3 Wakil Ketua nan barasa dari [[partai politik]] paraiah kurisi jo suaro paliang banyak sacaro baurutan. Barikuik iko adolah daftar Ketua DPRD Sumbar sajak taun [[1957]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dprd.sumbarprov.go.id/home/profil/0/2 |title=archive copy |access-date=2021-09-18 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225053645/http://dprd.sumbarprov.go.id/home/profil/0/2 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Periode DPRD ! Namo Ketua DPRD ! Mulai Manjabaik ! Salasai Manjabaik ! Wakil Ketua ! Katarangan |- | align=center|1957-1965 | [[Kaharudin Datuk Rangkayo Basa]] (POLRI; marangkap Gubernur) | align=center|1957 | align=center|1965 | Halimah (taun 1962 maunduakan diri dan digantikan dek Dt. Bagindo Basa Nan Kuniang<ref>https://books.google.co.id/books?id=XFqIIm2E8cMC&pg=PA73&dq=dt.+bagindo+basa+nan+kunianh+wakil+ketua+dprd+sumatera+barat&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_w5a39fbwAhWHlEsFHbDWAPoQ6AEwAXoECAcQAw#v=onepage&q=dt.%20bagindo%20basa%20nan%20kunianh%20wakil%20ketua%20dprd%20sumatera%20barat&f=false</ref>) | DPRD-GR Sumatera Barat |- | align=center|1966-1971 | [[Imam Suparto]] ({{Parpolname|Golkar}}) | align=center|1966 | align=center|1971 | [[H.A.K. Dt. Gunung Hijau]] ({{Parpolname|Golkar}}){{br}} [[Kemal Mustafa]] ({{Parpolname|IPKI}}) | |- | align=center|1971-1977 | [[H.A. Burhani Tjokrohandoko]] ({{Parpolname|Golkar}}) | align=center|1971 | align=center|1977 | [[Mardinsyah]] ({{Parpolname|PPP}})<ref>https://books.google.co.id/books?id=qNZwAAAAMAAJ&q=mardinsyah+wakil+ketua+DPRD+Sumatera+barat+1971-1977&dq=mardinsyah+wakil+ketua+DPRD+Sumatera+barat+1971-1977&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiYhK6e9_bwAhXJFLcAHf-JBVIQ6AEwAHoECAYQAw</ref> | |- | align=center|1977-1982 | [[Djohari Kahar]] ({{Parpolname|Golkar}}) | align=center|1977 | align=center|1982 | [[Mardinsyah]] ({{Parpolname|PPP}}) | |- | align=center|1982-1987 | [[Djohari Kahar]] ({{Parpolname|Golkar}}) | align=center|1982 | align=center|1987 | [[Soesilo]]{{br}}[[Abdul Kadir Usman]] ({{Parpolname|PPP}})<ref>https://books.google.co.id/books?id=qNZwAAAAMAAJ&q=djohari+kahat+soesilo+Abdul+kadir+usman&dq=djohari+kahat+soesilo+Abdul+kadir+usman&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjt7Yfa-PbwAhUEILcAHc_sABQQ6AEwAHoECAQQAw</ref> | |- | align=center|1987-1992 | [[Bulkaini]] ({{Parpolname|Golkar}}) | align=center|1987 | align=center|1992 | ''tidak diketahui'' | |- | align=center|1992-1997 | [[Djamil Bakar]] ({{Parpolname|Golkar}}) | align=center|1992 | align=center|1997 | [[Aminsuar]] (ABRI)<ref>https://books.google.co.id/books?id=XM9wAAAAMAAJ&q=wakil+ketua+dprd+djamil+bakar&dq=wakil+ketua+dprd+djamil+bakar&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjT2_KLyfTwAhVylOYKHf2NDnQQ6AEwBXoECAkQAw</ref> | |- | align=center|1997-1999 | [[Noer B. Pamuncak]] ({{Parpolname|Golkar}})<ref>https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ujHjAAAAMAAJ&q=wakil+ketua+dprd+surya+warsilah&dq=wakil+ketua+dprd+surya+warsilah&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjynuD8m8PvAhV863MBHWT4AEoQ6AEwAXoECAEQAw</ref> | align=center|1997 | align=center|1999 | [[Masri M.S.]] ({{Parpolname|Golkar}}){{br}}[[Darmadi (politikus)|Darmadi]] ({{Parpolname|PPP}}){{br}}[[Surya Warsilah]] (ABRI) | |- | align=center|1999-2004 | [[Arwan Kasri]] ({{Parpolname|PAN}})<ref>https://nasional.tempo.co/read/126742/bekas-pimpinan-dprd-sumatera-barat-bebas</ref> | align=center|1999 | align=center|2004 | [[Masfar Rasyid]] ({{Parpolname|PPP}}){{br}}Hasmerti Oktini alias [[Titi Nazif Lubuk]] ({{Parpolname|Golkar}}) | |- | align=center|2004-2009 | [[Leonardy Harmainy]] ({{Parpolname|Golkar}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://docplayer.info/43294575-K-e-p-u-t-u-s-a-n-pimpinan-dewan-perwakilan-rakyat-daerah-provinsi-sumatera-barat-nomor-10-kep-pimp-2006.html |title=archive copy |access-date=2021-09-18 |archive-date=2023-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529010227/https://docplayer.info/43294575-K-e-p-u-t-u-s-a-n-pimpinan-dewan-perwakilan-rakyat-daerah-provinsi-sumatera-barat-nomor-10-kep-pimp-2006.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | align=center|2004 | align=center|2009 | [[Apris]] ({{Parpolname|PAN}}){{br}}[[Masful]] ({{Parpolname|PPP}}; dicopot 2008, digantikan [[Syaril Amiruddin]])<ref>https://news.okezone.com/read/2008/01/21/1/77009/wakil-ketua-dprd-sumbar-di-pecat</ref>{{br}}[[Mahyeldi Ansharullah]] ({{Parpolname|PKS}}) | |- | align=center|2009-2014 | [[Yultekhnil]] ({{Parpolname|Demokrat}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/6111679/MY_DOCUMENT_DIT_PN_9_5_2006_DAF_DPRD_PROV_1_DAFTAR_NAMA_PIMPINAN_DPRD_PROVINSI_SELURUH_INDONESIA_MASA_JABATAN_2009_2014_NO_PROVINSI_JABATAN_NAMA_PIMPINAN_DPRD |title=archive copy |access-date=2021-09-18 |archive-date=2023-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528075904/https://www.academia.edu/6111679/MY_DOCUMENT_DIT_PN_9_5_2006_DAF_DPRD_PROV_1_DAFTAR_NAMA_PIMPINAN_DPRD_PROVINSI_SELURUH_INDONESIA_MASA_JABATAN_2009_2014_NO_PROVINSI_JABATAN_NAMA_PIMPINAN_DPRD |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | align=center|2009 | align=center|2014 | [[Leonardy Harmainy]] ({{Parpolname|Golkar}}){{br}}[[Muhammad Asli Chaidir]] ({{Parpolname|PAN}}){{br}}[[Trinda Farhan Satria]] ({{Parpolname|PKS}}) | |- | align=center|2014-2019 | [[Hendra Irwan Rahim]] ({{Parpolname|Golkar}}) | align=center|2014 | align=center|2019 | [[Arkadius Datuak Intan Bano]] ({{Parpolname|Demokrat}}){{br}}[[Darmawi]] ({{Parpolname|Gerindra}}){{br}}[[Guspardi Gaus]] ({{Parpolname|PAN}}) | |- | align=center rowspan=2|2019-2024 | ''[[Desrio Putra]]'' ({{Parpolname|Gerindra}}) | align=center|28 Agustus 2019 | align=center|4 Oktober 2019 | H. [[Irsyad Syafar]] ({{Parpolname|PKS}}) | Pimpinan Sementara.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1033828/desrio-putra-jabat-ketua-dprd-sumbar-sementara|title=Desrio Putra jabat Ketua DPRD Sumbar sementara|date=28-09-2019|access-date=31-10-2019|website=antaranews.com}}</ref> |- | [[Supardi (politikus)|Supardi]] ({{Parpolname|Gerindra}}) | align=center|4 Oktober 2019 | align=center|''petahana | H. [[Irsyad Syafar]] ({{Parpolname|PKS}}){{br}}H. [[Suwirpen Suib]] ({{Parpolname|Demokrat}}){{br}}H. [[Indra Datuak Rajo Lelo|Indra Dt. Rajo Lelo]]({{Parpolname|PAN}}) | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.padangtime.com/ketua-dan-pimpinan-dprd-sumbar-dilantik/|title=Ketua dan Pimpinan DPRD Sumbar Dilantik|date=04-10-2019|access-date=31-10-2019|website=padangtime.com|archive-date=2023-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602203813/https://www.padangtime.com/ketua-dan-pimpinan-dprd-sumbar-dilantik/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === Komisi === Sasuai katantuan parundang-undangan, DPRD Provinsi nan baranggotakan 35-55 urang dapek mambantuak 4 komisi jo DPRD Provinsi nan baranggotakan labiah dari 55 urang dapek mambantuak 5 komisi.<ref>[[s:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2014|Pasal 113 Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah]]</ref> DPRD Sumbar tadiri dari 5 komisi sabagai barikuik: # Komisi I Bidang Pemerintahan # Komisi II Bidang Ekonomi # Komisi III Bidang Keuangan # Komisi IV Bidang Pembangunan # Komisi V Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat === Pimpinan AKD === Barikuik iko adolah pimpinan AKD DPRD Sumbar periode 2019-2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/297400/pks-legowo-tidak-dapat-jatah-pimpinan-alat-kelengkapan-dewan-di-dprd-sumbar|title=PKS legowo tidak dapat jatah pimpinan Alat Kelengkapan Dewan di DPRD Sumbar|date=06-10-2019|access-date=31-10-2019|website=subar.antaranews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dprd.sumbarprov.go.id/home/berita/1/987|title=DPRD Sumbar Tetapkan Struktur Pimpinan dan Keanggotaan Komisi|date=04-10-2019|access-date=31-10-2019|website=dprd.sumbarprov.go.id|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528095626/http://dprd.sumbarprov.go.id/home/berita/1/987|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://padangmedia.com/terpilih-ini-lima-anggota-bk-dprd-sumbar-masa-jabatan-2019-2024/|title=Terpilih, Ini Lima Anggota BK DPRD Sumbar Masa Jabatan 2019 – 2024|date=31-10-2019|access-date=31-10-2019|website=padangmedia.com|archive-date=2022-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911090832/https://padangmedia.com/terpilih-ini-lima-anggota-bk-dprd-sumbar-masa-jabatan-2019-2024/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Namo AKD ! Ketua ! Wakil Ketua ! Sekretaris ! Jumlah Anggota |- | Pimpinan DPRD | rowspan=3|[[Supardi (politikus)|Supardi]] <br><small>({{Parpolname|Gerindra}}/Sumbar 5)</small> | rowspan=3|[[Irsyad Syafar]] <br><small>({{Parpolname|PKS}}/Sumbar 5)</small>{{br}}[[Suwirpen Suib]] <br><small>({{Parpolname|Demokrat}}/Sumbar 1)</small>{{br}}[[Indra Datuak Rajo Lelo|Indra Dt. Rajo Lelo]] <br><small>({{Parpolname|PAN}}/Sumbar 1)</small> | rowspan=5|Sekretaris DPRD (''ex-officio'') | align=center|5 |- | Badan Musyawarah | align=center| |- | Badan Anggaran | align=center| |- | Badan Kehormatan | [[Irzal Ilyas]] <br><small>({{Parpolname|Demokrat}}/Sumbar 7)</small> | Dody Delvi <br><small>({{Parpolname|PAN}}/Sumbar 5)</small> | align=center|5 |- | Badan Pembentukan Peraturan Daerah | Hidayat <br><small>({{Parpolname|Gerindra}}/Sumbar 1)</small> | Sitti Izzati Aziz <br><small>({{Parpolname|Golkar}}/Sumbar 2)</small> | align=center| |- | Komisi I Bidang Pemerintahan | Syamsul Bahri <br><small>({{Parpolname|PDIP}}/Sumbar 4)</small> | Evi Yandri Rajo Budiman <br><small>({{Parpolname|Gerindra}}/Sumbar 1)</small> | M. Nurnas <br><small>({{Parpolname|Demokrat}}/Sumbar 2)</small> | align=center|9 |- | Komisi II Bidang Ekonomi | Arkadius Dt. Intan Bano <br><small>({{Parpolname|Demokrat}}/Sumbar 6)</small> | Muhayatul <br><small>({{Parpolname|PAN}}/Sumbar 8)</small> | Nurkhalis Dt. Bijo Dirajo <br><small>({{Parpolname|Gerindra}}/Sumbar 5)</small> | align=center|11 |- | Komisi III Bidang Keuangan | Afrizal <br><small>({{Parpolname|Golkar}}/Sumbar 1)</small> | Ali Tanjung <br><small>({{Parpolname|Demokrat}}/Sumbar 8)</small> | Ismunandi Sofyan <br><small>({{Parpolname|Gerindra}}/Sumbar 3)</small> | align=center|12 |- | Komisi IV Bidang Pembangunan | Muhammad Ikhbal <br><small>({{Parpolname|PAN}}/Sumbar 2)</small> | Mesra <br><small>({{Parpolname|Gerindra}}/Sumbar 6)</small> | Lazuardi Erman <br><small>({{Parpolname|Golkar}}/Sumbar 3)</small> | align=center|15 |- | Komisi V Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat | Muchlis Yusuf Abit <br><small>({{Parpolname|Gerindra}}/Sumbar 8)</small> | Donizar <br><small>({{Parpolname|PKB}}/Sumbar 4)</small> | Syahrul Furqan <br><small>({{Parpolname|PAN}}/Sumbar 6)</small> | align=center|15 |} == Daftar Anggota == Berikut ini adalah daftar anggota DPRD Sumbar periode 2019-2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sumbar.kpu.go.id/index.php/calon_terpilih|title=CALON TERPILIH PEMILU TAHUN 2019|website=sumabr.kpu.go.id|access-date=31-10-2019|archive-date=2020-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428035418/http://sumbar.kpu.go.id/index.php/calon_terpilih|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nama Anggota ! Partai Politik ! Daerah Pemilihan ! Suara Sah ! Fraksi ! Keterangan |- | Desrio Putra | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 1 | align=right|20.340 | align=center|Gerindra | Ketua Sementara DPRD (28 Agustus - 4 Oktober 2019) |- | Hidayat | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 1 | align=right|16.227 | align=center|Gerindra | |- | Evi Yandri Rajo Budiman | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 1 | align=right|12.099 | align=center|Gerindra | |- | ''Tri Suryadi'' <small>(2019-2020)</small> | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 2 | align=right|12.648 | align=center|Gerindra | Mengundurkan diri karena mengikuti [[Pemilihan umum Bupati Padang Pariaman 2020|Pilbup Padang Pariaman 2020]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=16-09-2020|title=Maju Pilkada, 9 Anggota DPRD di Sumatera Barat Mengundurkan Diri|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/09/16/11290581/maju-pilkada-9-anggota-dprd-di-sumatera-barat-mengundurkan-diri|website=kompas.com|access-date=10-02-2021}}</ref> |- | Jasma Juni Dt. Gadang <small>(2020-sekarang)</small> |{{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} |<center>Sumatera Barat 2 | align=right|8.102 |<center>Gerindra |PAW atas nama Tri Suryadi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Suryani|first=Deny|date=10-12-2020|title=Tujuh Anggota PAW DPRD Sumbar Resmi Bertugas, Ini Posisinya!|url=https://www.sumbarprov.go.id/home/news/19900-tujuh-anggota-paw-dprd-sumbar-resmi-bertugas-ini-posisinya.html#:~:text=Tujuh%20orang%20anggota%20DPRD%20Provinsi,Tuo%2C%20dan%20Hj.%20Artati.|website=sumbarprov.go.id|access-date=10-02-2021|archive-date=2022-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417191916/https://www.sumbarprov.go.id/home/news/19900-tujuh-anggota-paw-dprd-sumbar-resmi-bertugas-ini-posisinya.html#:~:text=Tujuh%20orang%20anggota%20DPRD%20Provinsi,Tuo%2C%20dan%20Hj.%20Artati.|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Juli 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | Jempol | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 2 | align=right|11.874 | align=center|Gerindra | |- | Ismunandi Sofyan | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 3 | align=right|9.896 | align=center|Gerindra | |- | [[Yunisra]] Syahiran | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 4 | align=right|27.967 | align=center|Gerindra | |- | Khairuddin Simanjuntak | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 4 | align=right|8.099 | align=center|Gerindra | |- | Nurkhalis Dt. Bijo Dirajo | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 5 | align=right|16.469 | align=center|Gerindra | |- | [[Supardi (politikus)|Supardi]] | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 5 | align=right|13.603 | align=center|Gerindra | Ketua DPRD |- | Mesra | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 6 | align=right|12.754 | align=center|Gerindra | |- | Syafruddin Putra Dt. Sungguno | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 6 | align=right|11.649 | align=center|Gerindra | |- | [[Mario Syah Johan]] | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 7 | align=right|15.518 | align=center|Gerindra | |- | Muchlis Yusuf Abit | {{Parpolicon|Gerindra}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 8 | align=right|13.226 | align=center|Gerindra | |- | Gustami Hidayat | {{Parpolicon|PKS}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 1 | align=right|13.061 | align=center|PKS | |- | [[Rahmat Saleh]] | {{Parpolicon|PKS}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 1 | align=right|13.010 | align=center|PKS | |- | Muhammad Ridwan | {{Parpolicon|PKS}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 2 | align=right|14.167 | align=center|PKS | |- | Rinaldi Dt. Rajo Mangkuto | {{Parpolicon|PKS}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 3 | align=right|10.488 | align=center|PKS | |- | Rafdinal | {{Parpolicon|PKS}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 3 | align=right|10.388 | align=center|PKS | |- | M. Iphan | {{Parpolicon|PKS}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 4 | align=right|10.870 | align=center|PKS | |- | H. [[Irsyad Syafar]] | {{Parpolicon|PKS}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 5 | align=right|18.905 | align=center|PKS | Wakil Ketua DPRD |- | Budiman Dt. Malano Garang | {{Parpolicon|PKS}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 6 | align=right|11.918 | align=center|PKS | |- | [[Nurfirmanwansyah]] | {{Parpolicon|PKS}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 7 | align=right|10.572 | align=center|PKS | |- | ''[[Hamdanus]]'' <small>(2019-2020)</small> | {{Parpolicon|PKS}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 8 | align=right|9.500 | align=center|PKS | Mengundurkan diri karena mengikuti [[Pemilihan umum Bupati Pesisir Selatan 2020|Pilbup Pesisir Selatan 2020]].<ref name=":0" /> |- | Mochklasin <small>(2020-sekarang)</small> |{{Parpolicon|PKS}} |<center>Sumatera Barat 8 | align=right|6.019 |<center>PKS |PAW atas nama Hamdanus.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Chaniago|first=Febry|date=11-12-2020|title=Dua Anggota DPRD Sumbar Pengganti Antar Waktu Diresmikan|url=https://padangmedia.com/dua-anggota-dprd-sumbar-pengganti-antar-waktu-diresmikan/|website=padangmedia.com|access-date=10-02-2021|archive-date=2022-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911090857/https://padangmedia.com/dua-anggota-dprd-sumbar-pengganti-antar-waktu-diresmikan/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- | H. Suwirpen Suib | {{Parpolicon|PD}} | align="center" |Sumatera Barat 1 | align="right" |10.814 | align="center" |Demokrat | Wakil Ketua DPRD |- | M. Nurnas | {{Parpolicon|PD}} | align="center" |Sumatera Barat 2 | align="right" |5.724 | align="center" |Demokrat | |- | [[Ismet Amzis]] | {{Parpolicon|PD}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 3 | align=right|29.782 | align=center|Demokrat | |- | Nofrizon | {{Parpolicon|PD}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 3 | align=right|12.232 | align=center|Demokrat | |- | ''Sabar A.S.'' <small>(2019-2020)</small> | {{Parpolicon|PD}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 4 | align=right|11.896 | align=center|Demokrat | Mengundurkan diri karena mengikuti [[Pemilihan umum Bupati Pasaman 2020|Pilbup Pasaman 2020]].<ref name=":0" /> |- | Suharjono <small>(2020-sekarang)</small> |{{Parpolicon|PD}} |<center>Sumatera Barat 4 | align=right|6.534 |<center>Demokrat |PAW atas nama Sabar A.S.<ref name=":1" /> |- | ''Darman Sahladi'' <small>(2019-2020)</small> | {{Parpolicon|PD}} | align="center" |Sumatera Barat 5 | align="right" |18.561 | align="center" |Demokrat | Mengundurkan diri karena mengikuti [[Pemilihan umum Bupati Lima Puluh Kota 2020|Pilbup Lima Puluh Kota 2020]].<ref name=":0" /> |- | Aida <small>(2020-sekarang)</small> |{{Parpolicon|PD}} |<center>Sumatera Barat 5 | align=right|16.297 |<center>Demokrat |PAW atas nama Darman Sahladi.<ref name=":2" /> |- | Jefri Masrul | {{Parpolicon|PD}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 6 | align=right|18.421 | align=center|Demokrat | |- | Arkadius Dt. Intan Bano | {{Parpolicon|PD}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 6 | align=right|13.396 | align=center|Demokrat | |- | [[Irzal Ilyas]] Dt. Lawik Basa | {{Parpolicon|PD}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 7 | align=right|14.072 | align=center|Demokrat | |- | Ali Tanjung | {{Parpolicon|PD}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 8 | align=right|10.323 | align=center|Demokrat | |- | H. Indra Dt. Rajo Lelo | {{Parpolicon|PAN}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 1 | align=right|17.277 | align=center|PAN | Wakil Ketua DPRD |- | Maigus Nasir | {{Parpolicon|PAN}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 1 | align=right|17.267 | align=center|PAN | |- | Muhammad Ikhbal | {{Parpolicon|PAN}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 2 | align=right|18.331 | align=center|PAN | |- | ''[[Andri Warman]]'' <small>(2019-2020)</small> | {{Parpolicon|PAN}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 3 | align=right|9.137 | align=center|PAN | Mengundurkan diri karena mengikuti [[Pemilihan umum Bupati Agam 2020|Pilbup Agam 2020]].<ref name=":0" /> |- |Artati <small>(2020-sekarang)</small> |{{Parpolicon|PAN}} |<center>Sumatera Barat 3 | align=right|7.729 |<center>PAN |PAW atas nama Andri Warman.<ref name=":1" /> |- | Muzli M. Nur | {{Parpolicon|PAN}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 4 | align=right|8.494 | align=center|PAN | |- | Dody Delvy | {{Parpolicon|PAN}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 5 | align=right|7.730 | align=center|PAN | |- | ''Yosrisal'' <small>(2019-2020)</small> | {{Parpolicon|PAN}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 6 | align=right|13.326 | align=center|PAN | Mengundurkan diri karena mengikuti [[Pemilihan umum Bupati Dharmasraya 2020|Pilbup Dharmasraya 2020]].<ref name=":0" /> |- |Bukhari Dt. Tuo <small>(2020-sekarang)</small> |{{Parpolicon|PAN}} |<center>Sumatera Barat 6 | align=right|11.059 |<center>PAN |PAW atas nama Yosrisal.<ref name=":1" /> |- | ''Syahrul Furqan'' <small>(2019-2020)</small> | {{Parpolicon|PAN}} | align="center" |Sumatera Barat 6 | align="right" |11.105 | align="center" |PAN | Meninggal dunia saat menjabat.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Putra|first=Perdana|date=01-11-2020|title=Anggota DPRD Sumbar Meninggal Dunia Setelah Positif Corona|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/11/01/11373871/anggota-dprd-sumbar-meninggal-dunia-setelah-positif-corona|website=kompas.com|access-date=10-02-2021}}</ref> |- |Daswanto <small>(2021-sekarang)</small> |{{Parpolicon|PAN}} |<center>Sumatera Barat 6 | align=right|9.661 |<center>PAN |PAW atas nama Syahrul Furqan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nasution|first=Marjo Sofia|date=07-01-2021|title=Ini dia anggota DPRD Sumatera Barat yang baru melalui PAW|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/408652/ini-dia-anggota-dprd-sumatera-barat-yang-baru-melalui-paw|website=antaranews.com|access-date=10-02-2021}}</ref> |- | Ahmad Rius | {{Parpolicon|PAN}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 7 | align=right|11.458 | align=center|PAN | |- | Muhayatul | {{Parpolicon|PAN}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 8 | align=right|11.823 | align=center|PAN | |- | Afrizal | {{Parpolicon|Golkar}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 1 | align=right|6.160 | align=center|Golkar | |- | Sitti Izzati Aziz | {{Parpolicon|Golkar}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 2 | align=right|7.966 | align=center|Golkar | |- | Lazuardi Erman | {{Parpolicon|Golkar}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 3 | align=right|6.909 | align=center|Golkar | |- | ''[[Benny Utama]]'' <small>(2019-2020)</small> | {{Parpolicon|Golkar}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 4 | align=right|29.063 | align=center|Golkar | Mengundurkan diri karena mengikuti [[Pemilihan umum Bupati Pasaman 2020|Pilbup Pasaman 2020]].<ref name=":0" /> |- |Zulkenedi Said <small>(2020-sekarang)</small> |{{Parpolicon|Golkar}} |<center>Sumatera Barat 4 | align=right|6.696 |<center>Golkar |PAW atas nama Benny Utama.<ref name=":1" /> |- | ''Safaruddin Dt. Bandaro Rajo'' <small>(2019-2020)</small> | {{Parpolicon|Golkar}} | align="center" |Sumatera Barat 5 | align="right" |9.681 | align="center" |Golkar | Mengundurkan diri karena mengikuti [[Pemilihan umum Bupati Lima Puluh Kota 2020|Pilbup Lima Puluh Kota 2020]].<ref name=":0" /> |- |Nela Abdika Zamri <small>(2020-sekarang)</small> |{{Parpolicon|Golkar}} |<center>Sumatera Barat 5 | align=right|7.695 |<center>Golkar |PAW atas nama Safaruddin Dt. Bandaro Rajo.<ref name=":1" /> |- | [[Hendra Irwan Rahim]] | {{Parpolicon|Golkar}} | align="center" |Sumatera Barat 6 | align="right" |10.434 | align="center" |Golkar | |- | ''[[Khairunas]]'' <small>(2019-2020)</small> | {{Parpolicon|Golkar}} | align="center" |Sumatera Barat 7 | align="right" |21.023 | align="center" |Golkar | Mengundurkan diri karena mengikuti [[Pemilihan umum Bupati Solok Selatan 2020|Pilbup Solok Selatan 2020]].<ref name=":0" /> |- |Hardinalis Kobal <small>(2020-sekarang)</small> |{{Parpolicon|Golkar}} |<center>Sumatera Barat 7 | align=right|6.213 |<center>Golkar |PAW atas nama Khairunas.<ref name=":1" /> |- | Zafri Deson | {{Parpolicon|Golkar}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 8 | align=right|8.248 | align=center|Golkar | |- | M. Syafril Huda | {{Parpolicon|PPP}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 3 | align=right|4.878 | align=center|PPP-NasDem | |- | Sawal Dt. Putih | {{Parpolicon|PPP}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 4 | align=right|8.445 | align=center|PPP-NasDem | |- | Daswippetra Dt. Manjinjiang Alam | {{Parpolicon|PPP}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 7 | align=right|6.134 | align=center|PPP-NasDem | |- | Imral Adenansi | {{Parpolicon|PPP}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 8 | align=right|7.913 | align=center|PPP-NasDem | |- | Taufik Syahrial | {{Parpolicon|NasDem}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 6 | align=right|7.955 | align=center|PPP-NasDem | |- | Irwan Afriadi | {{Parpolicon|NasDem}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 7 | align=right|11.408 | align=center|PPP-NasDem | |- | Bakri Bakar | {{Parpolicon|NasDem}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 8 | align=right|9.464 | align=center|PPP-NasDem | |- | Albert Hendra Lukman | {{Parpolicon|PDIP}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 1 | align=right|10.500 | align=center|PDI-PKB | |- | Syamsul Bahri | {{Parpolicon|PDIP}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 4 | align=right|6.558 | align=center|PDIP-PKB | |- | Leli Arni | {{Parpolicon|PDIP}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 6 | align=right|12.425 | align=center|PDIP-PKB | |- | Firdaus | {{Parpolicon|PKB}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 2 | align=right|4.039 | align=center|PDIP-PKB | |- | Donizar | {{Parpolicon|PKB}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 4 | align=right|9.942 | align=center|PDIP-PKB | |- | Rico Alviano | {{Parpolicon|PKB}} | align=center|Sumatera Barat 6 | align=right|6.120 | align=center|PDIP-PKB | |} == Daerah Pamiliahan == Sajak [[Pemilu 2014]] inggo [[Pemilu 2019]], pamiliahan DPRD Provinsi Sumatera Barat dibagi kadalam 8 daerah pemilihan (dapil) sabagai barikuik.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/95.pdf|title=Keputusan KPU Nomor 95/Kpts/KPU/TAHUN 2013 tentang Penetapan Daerah Pemilihan dan Alokasi Kursi Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten/Kota Dalam Pemilihan Umum Tahun 2014 di Wilayah Provinsi Sumatera Barat|publisher=KPU RI|acces-date=31-10-2019|date=09-03-2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/266_Sumatera%20barat.pdf|title=Keputusan KPU Nomor 266/PL.01.3-Kpt/06/KPU/IV/2018 tentang Penetapan Daerah Pemilihan dan Alokasi Kursi Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten/Kota di Wilayah Provinsi Sumatera Barat|publisher=KPU RI|acces-date=31-10-2019|date=04-04-2018}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Namo Dapil ! Wilayah Dapil ! Jumlah Kurusi |- | align=center|SUMATERA BARAT 1 | [[Kota Padang]] | align=center|10 |- | align=center|SUMATERA BARAT 2 | [[Padang Pariaman]], [[Kota Pariaman]] | align=center|7 |- | align=center|SUMATERA BARAT 3 | [[Agam]], [[Kota Bukittinggi]] | align=center|8 |- | align=center|SUMATERA BARAT 4 | [[Pasaman]], [[Pasaman Barat]] | align=center|9 |- | align=center|SUMATERA BARAT 5 | [[Lima Puluh Kota]], [[Kota Payakumbuh]] | align=center|6 |- | align=center|SUMATERA BARAT 6 | [[Sijunjung]], [[Tanah Datar]], [[Dharmasraya]], [[Kota Sawahlunto]], [[Kota Padang Panjang]] | align=center|11 |- | align=center|SUMATERA BARAT 7 | [[Kabupaten Solok|Solok]], [[Solok Selatan]], [[Kota Solok]] | align=center|7 |- | align=center|SUMATERA BARAT 8 | [[Pesisir Selatan]], [[Kepulauan Mentawai]] | align=center|7 |- ! colspan=2 |TOTAL | align=center|'''65''' |- |} == Caliak juo == * [[Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Republik Indonesia]] * [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia]] * [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah]] * [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi]] == Pautan lua == * [http://dprd.sumbarprov.go.id/ Laman Resmi DPRD Provinsi Sumatera Barat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918073523/http://dprd.sumbarprov.go.id/ |date=2021-09-18 }} * [http://www.sumbarprov.go.id/index.php?module=content&id=1/ Situs Resmi Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Barat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826193557/http://www.sumbarprov.go.id/index.php?module=content&id=1%2F |date=2020-08-26 }} * [https://sumbar.kpu.go.id/ KPU Provinsi Sumatera Barat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918072018/https://sumbar.kpu.go.id/ |date=2021-09-18 }} == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{DPRD Provinsi di Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Barat| ]] [[Kategori:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi|Sumatera Barat]] [[Kategori:Politik di Sumatera Barat]] fqjfzbbtlofh9gg49w17kuyjb3kzr1r 0 338331 3346782 3346028 2026-05-18T11:24:17Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writing system |name=Surek Batak{{efn|''Surek Batak'' pado satiok ragam aksara:<br>[[Urang Karo|Karo]]: {{btk|ᯘᯬᯒᯗ᯳ᯆᯗᯂ᯳}}<br>[[Urang Mandailing|Mandailing]]: {{btk|ᯚᯮᯒᯖ᯲ᯅᯖᯄ᯦᯲}}<br>[[Batak Pakpak|Pakpak]]: {{btk|ᯘᯮᯒᯗ᯲ᯅᯗᯂ᯲}}<br>[[Batak Simalungun|Simalungun]]: {{btk|ᯙᯯᯓᯖ᯳ᯅᯖᯃ᯳}}<br>[[Batak Toba|Toba]]: {{btk|ᯘᯮᯒᯖ᯲ᯅᯖᯂ᯲}}|group=catatan}} |type=[[Abugida]] |languages=[[Rumpun bahaso Batak]] |fam1={{hipotesis abjad aram-brahmi}} |fam2=[[Aksara Pallawa]] |fam3=[[Aksara Kawi]] |sisters={{keluarga kawi}} |time=abaik ka-18 inggo kini |unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1BC0.pdf U+1BC0–U+1BFF] |iso15924=Batk |sample=Batak_in_batak_script_toba_var.png |imagesize=250px |sample_desc= Ragam "Surat Batak". }} [[Berkas:Aksara batak.svg|jmpl|734x734px|Salah satu contoh dari aksara batak]] '''Surek Batak''', tanamo juo sabagai '''''Surat na Sampulu Sia''''' (kasambilan baleh huruf), '''''Si Sia-sia''''', atau '''Aksara Batak''', adolah salah satu [[aksara]] tradisional Indonesia nan bakambang di Tanah [[suku Batak|Batak]], [[Sumatera Utara]]. Surek Batak tadiri dari babarapo ragam nan digunokan untuak manulih limo [[rumpun bahaso Batak]]: [[bahaso Karo|Karo]], [[bahaso Pakpak|Pakpak]], [[bahaso Mandailing|Mandailing]], [[bahaso Simalungun|Simalungun]], jo [[bahaso Toba|Toba]].<ref name="uni"/> Aksara iko marupokan turunan dari [[aksara Brahmi]] India malalui parantaro aksara [[aksara Kawi|Kawi]]. Surek Batak aktif dipakai dek masyarakaik Batak saindaknyo sajak abaik ka-18 inggo panggunoannyo baransua-ansua mamuda pado abaik ka-20. Aksara iko masih diajakan di Sumatera Utara sabagai bagian dari muatan lokal, tapi jo pamakaian nan tabateh dalam kahidupan sahari-hari. Surek Batak adolah sistem tulisan [[abugida]] nan tadiri dari 19 aksara dasa jo tambahan babarapo aksara pado ragam tatantu. Sarupo aksara Brahmi lainnyo, satiok konsonan marepresentasikan ciek suku kato jo vokal inheren /a/ nan dapek diubah jo panambahan diakritik tatantu. Surek Batak dibaco dari kida ka suok. Sacaro tradisional, aksara iko ditulih tanpa spasi antarokato (''[[scriptio continua]]'') jo [[tando baco]] nan minimal. == Bantuak == === Aksara dasar === Aksara dasar ('''''ina ni surat''''') dalam Surek Batak marepresentasikan ciek suku kato jo vokal inheren /a/. Ado 19 aksara dasar nan dimiliki sado ragam aksara Batak, samantaro babarapo aksara dasar nan anyo digunokan pado ragam tatantu. Bantuaknyo dapek diliek bak cando iko:<ref name="uni"/> {| class="wikitable" |+ style="text-align: center;" | ''Ina ni Surat'' |-style="text-align:center;" ! ! a ! ha ! ka ! ba ! pa ! na ! wa ! ga ! ja ! da ! ra ! ma ! ta ! sa ! ya ! nga ! la ! nya ! ca ! nda ! mba ! i ! u |- style="length:20%;" ! style="width:10%; text-align:center;" |Karo | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak A-1, Ha.svg|30px|link=|alt=A]] | align="center"|[[Berkas:Batak A-1, Ha.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ha]] | align="center" | [[Berkas:Batak Ha-1, Ka-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ka]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ba-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ba]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Pa-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Pa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Na.svg|30px|link=|alt=Na]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Wa-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Wa]] | align="center"|[[Berkas:Batak Ga-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ga]] | rowspan="5" align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ja.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ja]] | rowspan="5" align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Da.svg|30px|link=|alt=Da]] | align="center"|[[Berkas:Batak Ra-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ra]] | align="center"|[[Berkas:Batak Ma-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ma]] | align="center"|[[Berkas:Batak Ta-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ta]] | align="center"|[[Berkas:Batak Sa-1, Ca-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Sa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ya-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ya]] | rowspan="5" align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Nga.svg|30px|link=|alt=Nga]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak La-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=La]] ! | align="center"|[[Berkas:Batak Ca-3.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ca]]<hr>[[Berkas:Batak Ca-2, Nya.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ca]] |[[Berkas:Batak Nda.svg|30px|link=|alt=Nda]] |[[Berkas:Batak Mba-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ba]] | rowspan="5" align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak I.svg|30px|link=|alt=I]] | rowspan="5" align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak U.svg|30px|link=|alt=I]] |- style="length:10%;" ! style="width:10%; text-align:center;" |Mandailing | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak A-1, Ha.svg|30px|link=|alt=A]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ha-3.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ha]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ka-3.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ka]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ba-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ba]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Pa-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Pa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Na.svg|30px|link=|alt=Na]]<hr>[[Berkas:Batak Na-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Na]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Wa-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Wa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ga-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ga]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ra-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ra]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ma-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ma]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ta-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ta]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Sa-3.svg|30px|link=|alt=Sa]]<hr>[[Berkas:Batak Sa-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Sa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ya-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ya]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak La-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=La]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ca-2, Nya.svg|30px|link=|alt=Nya]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ca-4.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ca]]<hr>[[Berkas:Batak Ca-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=A]] ! rowspan="4" | ! rowspan="4" | |- style="length:10%;" ! style="width:10%; text-align:center;" |Pakpak | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak A-1, Ha.svg|30px|link=|alt=A]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak A-1, Ha.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ha]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ha-1, Ka-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ka]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ba-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ba]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Pa-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Pa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Na.svg|30px|link=|alt=Na]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Wa-3.svg|30px|link=|alt=Wa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ga-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ga]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ra-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ra]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ma-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ma]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ta-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ta]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Sa-1, Ca-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Sa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ya-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ya]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak La-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=La]] ! | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Sa-1, Ca-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ca]] |- style="length:10%;" ! style="width:10%; text-align:center;" |Simalungun | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak A-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=A]] | align="center" | [[Berkas:Batak Ha-2, Ka-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ha]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ha-2, Ka-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ka]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ba-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ba]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Pa-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Pa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Na.svg|30px|link=|alt=Na]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Wa-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Wa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ga-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ga]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ra-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ra]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ma-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ma]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ta-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ta]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Sa-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Sa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ya-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ya]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak La-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=La]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ca-2, Nya.svg|30px|link=|alt=Nya]] ! rowspan="2"| |- style="length:10%;" ! style="width:10%; text-align:center;" |Toba | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak A-1, Ha.svg|30px|link=|alt=A]] | align="center" | [[Berkas:Batak Ha-1, Ka-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ha]] | align="center" | [[Berkas:Batak Ha-1, Ka-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ka]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ba-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ba]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Pa-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Pa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Na.svg|30px|link=|alt=Na]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Wa-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Wa]]<hr>[[Berkas:Batak Wa-3.svg|30px|link=|alt=Wa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ga-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ga]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ra-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ra]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ma-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ma]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ta-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ta]]<hr>[[Berkas:Batak Ta-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ta]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Sa-1, Ca-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Sa]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ya-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ya]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak La-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=La]] | align="center" |[[Berkas:Batak Ca-2, Nya.svg|30px|link=|alt=Nya]] |} Bantuak-bantuak di ateh marupokan bantuak nan digeneralisasi, indak jarang suatu naskah manggunokan ragam bantuak aksara atau tarikan garih nan seketek babeda antaro ciek samo lainnyo tagantuang dari daerah asa jo media nan digunokan.{{sfn|Kozok|2009}} Aksara i ({{btk|ᯤ}}) dan u ({{btk|ᯥ}}) anyo digunokan untuak suku kato tabukak, misa pado kato dan <!--''paingot'' {{btk|ᯇᯤᯝᯬᯖ᯲}}--> ''ina'' {{btk|ᯤᯉ}} jo ''ulu'' {{btk|ᯥᯞᯮ}}. Untuak suku kato tatutuik nan diawali jo bunyi i atau u, digunokanlah aksara a ({{btk|ᯀ}} atau {{btk|ᯁ}}) basamo diaktirik untuak tiok-tiok vokal, misa pado kato ''indung'' {{btk|ᯀᯪᯉ᯲ᯑᯮᯰ}} dan ''umpama'' {{btk|ᯀᯮᯔ᯲ᯇᯔ}}.{{sfn|Kozok|1999|pp=109}} <!-- Dalam penulisan Karo, bunyi sengau m, n, dan ng sebelum konsonan b, c, d, g, j, k, dan p/ tidak ditulis. Karena itu, kata seperti ''panta'' hanya ditulis ''pata'' {{btk|ᯇᯗ}}. --> === Diakritik === Diakritik ('''''anak ni surat''''') adolah tando nan malakek pado aksara utamo untuak maubah vokal inheren aksara utamo nan tapauik, bantuaknyo dapek diliek bak cando iko:<ref name="uni"/> {| class="wikitable" |+ style="text-align: center;" | ''Anak ni Surat'' |- ! style="text-align: center"| ! -i ! -u ! -é{{ref label|/e/ sebagaimana e dalam kata "enak"|1}} ! -e{{ref label|/ə/ sebagaimana e dalam kata "empat"|2}} ! -o ! -ou ! -ng ! -h ! pamati |- style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2"| Karo | [[Berkas:Batak sign I-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-I]]<hr>[[Berkas:Batak sign I-2.svg|40px|link=|alt=-I]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign O-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-U]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign E-2.svg|40px|link=|alt=-E]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign E-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-E]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign E-3, O-2.svg|40px|link=|alt=-O]]<hr>[[Berkas:Batak sign O-3.svg|40px|link=|alt=-O]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak sign Ng.svg|40px|link=|alt=-Ng]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign H.svg|40px|link=|alt=-H]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign mute-2.svg|40px|link=|alt=-]] |- style="text-align: center" | kelawan | sikurun | ketéléngan | kebereten | ketolongen ! | kebincaren | kejeringen | penengen |- style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2"| Mandailing | [[Berkas:Batak sign I-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-I]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign U.svg|40px|link=|alt=-U]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign E-2.svg|40px|link=|alt=-E]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak sign O-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-U]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak sign Ng.svg|40px|link=|alt=-Ng]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak sign mute-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-]] |- style="text-align: center" | uluwa | boruta | talinga ! | siala ulu ! | amisara ! | pangolat |- style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2"| Pakpak | [[Berkas:Batak sign I-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-I]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign U.svg|40px|link=|alt=-U]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign E-2.svg|40px|link=|alt=-E]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign E-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-E]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign O-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-U]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak sign Ng.svg|40px|link=|alt=-Ng]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign H.svg|40px|link=|alt=-H]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign mute-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-]] |- style="text-align: center" | kaloan | kabereten | ketadingin | kabereten podi | sikora ! | kebincaren | sikorjan | pangolat |- style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2"| Simalungun | [[Berkas:Batak sign I-2.svg|40px|link=|alt=-I]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign U.svg|40px|link=|alt=-U]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign E-2.svg|40px|link=|alt=-E]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak sign O-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-U]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign Ou.svg|40px|link=|alt=-Ou]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign Ng.svg|40px|link=|alt=-Ng]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign H.svg|40px|link=|alt=-H]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign mute-2.svg|40px|link=|alt=-]] |- style="text-align: center" | haluan | haboritan | hatalingan ! | sihorlu | hatulungan | haminsaran | hajoringan | panongonan |- style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2"| Toba | [[Berkas:Batak sign I-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-I]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign U.svg|40px|link=|alt=-U]] | [[Berkas:Batak sign E-2.svg|40px|link=|alt=-E]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak sign O-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-U]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak sign Ng.svg|40px|link=|alt=-Ng]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak sign mute-1.svg|40px|link=|alt=-]] |- style="text-align: center" | uluwa | boruta | hatadingan ! | siala ! | hamisaran ! | pangolat |- | colspan="11" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left" | '''Catatan''' <small> :{{note|/e/|1}} /e/ bak cando e dalam kato "enak" :{{note|/ə/|2}} /ə/ bak cando e dalam kato "empat" :{{note|3|3}} diakritik dapek mamiliki sajumlah ragam namo nan indak sadonyo dicantumkan dalam tabel iko </small> |} Tabel barikuik manunjuakkan caro diakritik malakek pado aksara dasar ka dalam tiok-tiok ragam aksara: {| class="wikitable" |+ style="text-align: center;" | ''Ina ni Surat'' Ka + ''Anak ni Surat'' |- ! style="text-align: center"| ! ka ! ki ! ku{{ref label|3|3}} ! ké{{ref label|/e/ sebagaimana e dalam kata "enak"|1}} ! ke{{ref label|/ə/ sebagaimana e dalam kata "empat"|2}} ! ko ! kou ! kang ! kah ! k |- style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2"| Karo | [[Berkas:Batak Ha-1, Ka-1.svg|33px|link=|alt=Ka]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ki-1.png|40px|link=|alt=Ki]]<hr>[[Berkas:Batak Ki-2.png|40px|link=|alt=Ki]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ko-1, Ku-1.png|40px|link=|alt=Ku]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ke-1.png|40px|link=|alt=Ke]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ke-3.png|40px|link=|alt=Ke]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ke-2, Ko-2.png|40px|link=|alt=Ko]]<hr>[[Berkas:Batak Ko-3.png|40px|link=|alt=Ko]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak Kang.png|40px|link=|alt=Kang]] | [[Berkas:Batak Kah.png|40px|link=|alt=Kah]] | [[Berkas:Batak K-1 (Karo).svg|33px|link=|alt=K]] |- style="text-align: center" ! | kelawan | sikurun | ketéléngan | kebereten | ketolongen ! | kebincaren | kejeringen | penengen |- style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2"| Mandailing | [[Berkas:Batak Ka-3.svg|33px|link=|alt=Ka]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ki (Mandailing).png|40px|link=|alt=Ki]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ku (Mandailing).png|40px|link=|alt=Ku]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ke (Mandailing).png|40px|link=|alt=Ke]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak Ko (Mandailing).png|40px|link=|alt=Ke]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak Kang (Mandailing).png|40px|link=|alt=Kang]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak K-4 (Mandailing).svg|48px|link=|alt=K]] |- style="text-align: center" ! | uluwa | boruta | talinga ! | siala ulu ! | amisara ! | pangolat |- style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2"| Pakpak | [[Berkas:Batak Ha-1, Ka-1.svg|33px|link=|alt=Ka]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ki-1.png|40px|link=|alt=Ki]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ku-2.png|40px|link=|alt=Ku]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ke-1.png|40px|link=|alt=Ke]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ke-2, Ko-2.png|40px|link=|alt=Ke]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ko-1, Ku-1.png|40px|link=|alt=Ku]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak Kang.png|40px|link=|alt=Kang]] | [[Berkas:Batak Kah.png|40px|link=|alt=Kah]] | [[Berkas:Batak K-3 (Toba, Pakpak).svg|36px|link=|alt=K]] |- style="text-align: center" ! | kaloan | kabereten | ketadingin | kabereten podi | sikora ! | kebincaren | sikorjan | pangolat |- style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2"| Simalungun | [[Berkas:Batak Ha-2, Ka-2.svg|30px|link=|alt=Ka]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ki (Simalungun).png|40px|link=|alt=Ki]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ku (Simalungun).png|40px|link=|alt=Ku]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ke (Simalungun).png|40px|link=|alt=Ke]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak Ko (Simalungun).png|40px|link=|alt=Ko]] | [[Berkas:Batak Kou (Simalungun).png|40px|link=|alt=Kou]] | [[Berkas:Batak Kang (Simalungun).png|40px|link=|alt=Kang]] | [[Berkas:Batak Kah (Simalungun).png|40px|link=|alt=Kang]] | [[Berkas:Batak K-2 (Simalungun).svg|36px|link=|alt=K]] |- style="text-align: center" ! | haluan | haboritan | hatalingan ! | sihorlu | hatulungan | haminsaran | hajoringan | panongonan |- style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2"| Toba | [[Berkas:Batak Ha-1, Ka-1.svg|33px|link=|alt=Ka]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ki-1.png|40px|link=|alt=Ki]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ku-2.png|40px|link=|alt=Ku]] | [[Berkas:Batak Ke-1.png|40px|link=|alt=Ke]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak Ko-1, Ku-1.png|40px|link=|alt=Ku]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak Kang.png|40px|link=|alt=Kang]] ! | [[Berkas:Batak K-3 (Toba, Pakpak).svg|36px|link=|alt=K]] |- style="text-align: center" ! | uluwa | boruta | hatadingan ! | siala ! | hamisaran ! | pangolat |- | colspan="11" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left" | '''Catatan''' <small> :{{note|1|1}} /e/ bak cando e dalam kato "enak" :{{note|2|2}} /ə/ bak cando e dalam kato "empat" :{{note|3|3}} diakritik -u Mandailing, Pakpak, Simalungun, dan Toba mambantuak [[:en:orthographic ligature|ligatur]] jo aksara dasar nan tapauik :{{note|4|4}} diakritik dapek mamiliki sajumlah ragam namo nan indak sadonyo dicantumkan dalam tabel iko </small> |} === Tando baco === Teks tradisional Batak ditulih tanpa spasi antarokato (''[[scriptio continua]]'') dan normalnyo indak manggunokan tando baco. Namun baitu, tando baco banamo '''''bindu''''' kadang digunokan pado teks tatantu. Tando baco iko acok kali basipaik dekoratif dan mamiliki banyak ragam bantuak. ''Bindu godang'' umumnyo digunokan untuak manandokan mulo teks pado naskah pustaha, sadang ''bindu pinarjolma'' digunokan untuak manunjuakkan mulo teks pado naskah batuang. ''Bindu na metek'' dan ''pinarboras'' digunokan untuak mamisahkan antarobab atau bagian-bagian tatantu teks. ''Bindu judul'' kadang digunokan untuak mamisahkan antaro tajuak jo isi teks dalam ciek barih kalimaik. ''Bindu pangolat'' kadang digunokan manandokan disambiguasi pado kato atau istilah tatantu.<ref name="uni"/> {| class="wikitable" |+ style="text-align: center;" | ''Bindu'' |- ! bindu godang ! bindu pinarjolma ! bindu na metek ! bindu pinarboras ! bindu judul ! bindu pangolat |- | [[Berkas:Batak bindu godang.svg|pus|250px|link=|alt=bindu na metek]] | [[Berkas:Batak bindu pinarjolma.svg|pus|250px|link=|alt=bindu na metek]] | [[Berkas:Batak bindu na metek-1.svg|pus|30px|link=|alt=bindu na metek]]<hr>[[Berkas:Batak bindu na metek-2.svg|pus|30px|link=|alt=bindu na metek]] | [[Berkas:Batak bindu pinarboras.svg|pus|30px|link=|alt=bindu pinarboras]] | [[Berkas:Batak bindu judul.svg|pus|30px|link=|alt=bindu judul]] | [[Berkas:Batak bindu pangolat.svg|pus|30px|link=|alt=bindu pangolat]] |- |} == Contoh teks == Barikuik adalah sabuah ratapan Batak Karo pado batuang dari koleksi Museum fur Völkerkunde Berlin no. IC 39908a. Aliah aksara jo tarjamahan disadur dari Kozok (1999):{{sfn|Kozok|1999|pp=122-124}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="text-align: center"| Aksara Batak ! style="text-align: center"| Alih aksara Latin ! style="text-align: center"| Tarjamahan |- |{{btk|ᯔᯂᯀᯪᯛᯨᯀᯒᯪᯂᯬᯗᯩᯉᯬᯆᯪᯞᯰᯆᯪᯞᯰᯂᯪᯉ᯳ᯆᯬᯞᯬᯱᯗᯎᯉ᯳ᯀᯩᯢ}} |maka io ari kuté nu bilang-bilang kin buluh tagan énda |ikolah ratok tangih di batuang nan manjadi tabuang |- |{{btk|ᯔᯉ᯳ᯀᯪᯝᯉ᯳ᯉᯬᯒᯪᯉᯬᯒᯪᯂᯧᯉ᯳ᯀᯗᯩᯔᯧᯘᯬᯋᯪᯞᯒᯧᯝᯑᯪᯝᯑᯪ}} |man ingan nuri-nuriken até mesui la erngadi-ngadi |sabagai tampek untuak bacarito sansai den nan tiado abihnyo |- |{{btk|ᯘᯪᯔᯉ᯳ᯗᯬᯒᯪᯉ᯳ᯂᯧᯉ᯳ᯔᯔᯘᯪᯂᯒᯨᯂᯒᯨᯔᯧᯒ᯳ᯎᯉᯆᯧᯒᯩᯘᯪᯆᯪᯒᯪᯰ}} |si man turinken mama si karo-karo mergana beré simbiring |tantang den nan bamarga Karo-karo, nan marga amaknyo (''beré'') Simbiring |- | {{btk|ᯘᯪᯞᯇᯘ᯳ᯔᯧᯞᯬᯔᯰ}} |si lampas melumang |nan lakeh manjadi yatim piatu |- | {{btk|ᯘᯪᯗᯧᯒ᯳ᯆᯆᯀᯗᯩᯔᯧᯘᯬᯋᯪᯞᯒᯧᯝᯑᯪᯝᯑᯪ}} |si terbaba até mesui la erngadi-ngadi |nan sansainyo tiado habih |- | {{btk|ᯇᯧᯝᯪᯢᯨᯂᯬᯞᯔᯧᯀᯬᯞᯪ}} |péngindoku la mehuli |nasik den nan malang iko |- | {{btk|ᯉᯢᯩᯆᯪᯆᯪᯂᯬᯂᯒᯪᯉᯂᯗᯂᯬ}} |nandé bibiku karina kataku |wahai nandé jo amak-amak dek sadonyo, kato den |- | {{btk|ᯀᯩᯢᯗᯬᯒᯰᯂᯬᯗᯬᯒᯪᯂᯧᯉ᯳}} |énda, turang, kuturiken |ikolah, sayang, tuturan den |} == Blok unicode == {{Main|Batak (blok Unicode)}} Aksara Batak alah ditambahkan ka dalam standar [[Unicode]] versi 6.0 sajak Oktober 2010 dalam rantang U+1BC0–U+1BFF: {{Tabel_Unicode_Batak}} <!-- === Rendering === Fon Unicode untuk Batak harus menangani beberapa persyaratan untuk membuat teks dengan benar: {| class="wikitable" summary="rendering" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Persyaratan Rendering ! scope="col" colspan="3" | Contoh |- ! scope="col" |[[Transliterasi|Trans.]] Latin ! scope="col" | Gambar ! scope="col" | Font Unicode |- | rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top" | Penempatan diakritik yang benar | style="text-align:center;" | ke | style="text-align:center;" | [[Berkas:Batak Ke-1.png|33px|link=|alt=Ke]] | style="font-size:x-large;text-align:center;font-family:prada,'Noto Sans Batak';" | {{btk|ᯂᯩ|size=24px}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | ke (Mand.) | style="text-align:center;" | [[Berkas:Batak Ke (Mandailing).png|36px|link=|alt=Ke]] | style="font-size:x-large;text-align:center;font-family:prada,'Noto Sans Batak';" | {{btk|ᯄ᯦ᯩ|size=24px}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | ping | style="text-align:center;" | [[Berkas:Batak syllable ping.svg|baseline|30px|link=|alt=Ping]] | style="font-size:x-large;text-align:center;font-family:prada,'Noto Sans Batak';" | {{btk|ᯇᯪᯰ|size=24px}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | reng | style="text-align:center;" | [[Berkas:Batak syllable reng.svg|baseline|30px|link=|alt=Ping]] | style="font-size:x-large;text-align:center;font-family:prada,'Noto Sans Batak';" | {{btk|ᯒᯩᯰ|size=24px}} |- | rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top" | Ligatur dengan U | style="text-align:center;" | hu (Mand.) | style="text-align:center;" | [[Berkas:Batak Hu-3.svg|30px|link=|alt=Hu]] | style="font-size:x-large;text-align:center;font-family:prada,'Noto Sans Batak';" | {{btk|ᯄᯮ|size=24px}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | hu (Sima.) | style="text-align:center;" | [[Berkas:Batak Ku (Simalungun).png|35px|link=|alt=Hu]] | style="font-size:x-large;text-align:center;font-family:prada,'Noto Sans Batak';" | {{btk|ᯃᯮ|size=24px}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | gu | style="text-align:center;" | [[Berkas:Batak Gu-1.svg|30px|link=|alt=Gu]] | style="font-size:x-large;text-align:center;font-family:prada,'Noto Sans Batak';" | {{btk|ᯎᯮ|size=24px}} |- | style="vertical-align:top" | Penataan ulang diakritik untuk suku kata tertutup | style="text-align:center;" | tip | style="text-align:center;" | [[Berkas:Batak syllable tip.svg|80px|link=|alt=Tip]] | style="font-size:x-large;text-align:center;font-family:prada,'Noto Sans Batak';" | {{btk|ᯖᯪᯇ᯲|size=24px}} |} --> == Galeri == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" |- |align=center colspan=2| <gallery mode="packed" heights="160px"> Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wichelkoker die de gunstige en ongunstige dagen berekent TMnr 2599-16a.jpg|Tabuang batuang jo teks singkek Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Twee bamboe wichelkokers TMnr 5977-47.jpg|Batuang jo kalender Batak (''porhalaan'') dan teks singkek, koleksi Tropenmuseum Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Amulet met magische lettertekens dat om de hals wordt gedragen TMnr 137-641.jpg|Jimat batuang, koleksi Tropenmuseum Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Priesterboek TMnr 5924-2.jpg|Pustaha koleksi Tropenmuseum Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Manuscript op boombast TMnr 6057-2.jpg|Pustaha tanpa sampul koleksi Tropenmuseum Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wichelboek met formules recepten en voorschriften versierd met twee boraspati TMnr 1754-1.jpg|Pustaha koleksi Tropenmuseum basampul (''lampak'') baragi [[ilik|kadal Boraspati]] Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wichelboek met onderwijzing omtrent het citroenorakel versierd met boraspati TMnr A-4173.jpg|Pustaha koleksi Tropenmuseum dengan sampul baragi cacak Boraspati Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wichelboek met formules recepten en voorschriften die worden toegepast door de priester-genezer TMnr 137-573.jpg|Pustaha koleksi Tropenmuseum basampul polos Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wichelboek TMnr A-1389.jpg|''Pustaha Agung'' koleksi Tropenmuseum, pustaha paliang gadang nan dikataui jo lembar nan panjangnyo mancapai 15 m. Berkas:Pustaha about Protection against Evil WDL2895.png|Pustaha koleksi KITLV nna mambahas tantang ilimu panulak balo Berkas:Antidote against poison, in Batak. Wellcome L0040769.jpg|Pustaha koleksi Galeri Wellcome nan mambahas tantang sitawa biso Berkas:Si_Singamangaraja_Seal.jpg|Cap [[Sisingamangaraja XII]] File:Jalan Gereja (Church St.).jpg|Panggunoan surat Batak pado papan namo jalan di [[Tuktuk Siadong, Simanindo, Samosir|Tuktuk, Samosir]] </gallery> |} <!--Berkas:Paper Museum in Atlanta 010.JPG|Buku Batak tentang seni ramalan dari [[ayam jago]] ([[Robert C. Williams Paper Museum]] di Atlanta, Georgia, AS) Berkas:Manuscript in Toba-Batak language, central Sumatra, early 1800s - Robert C. Williams Paper Museum - DSC00360.JPG|Naskah dalam bahasa Batak Toba, awal 1800-an. ([[Robert C. Williams Paper Museum]] di Atlanta, Georgia, AS)--> == Caliak pulo == * [[Rumpun bahaso Batak|Bahaso Batak]] * [[Pustaha]] * [[Aksara Nusantara]] <!--* [[Prasasti Sitopayan I]], abad ke-13 dari aksara campuran Melayu dan Batak--> == Catatan == {{notelist}} ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} === Daftar Pustaka === <!--* {{cite journal|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3320.pdf|first=Michael|last=Everson| last2 = Kozok | first2 = Uli|title=Proposal for encoding the Batak script in the UCS|journal=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2|issue=N3320R|date=07-10-2008|publisher=Unicode}}--> *{{cite book |last=Kozok |first=Uli |chapter=Bark, Bones, and Bamboo: Batak Traditions of Sumatra |url=https://archive.org/details/illuminationswri0000kuma |title=Illuminations: The Writing Traditions of Indonesia|editor=Ann Kumar|editor2=John H. McGlynn|publisher=Lontar Foundation|year=1996|isbn=0834803496|location=Jakarta|language=EN|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Kozok |first=Uli|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Warisan_leluhur.html?id=oBu6OPT5qNEC&redir_esc=y |title=Warisan Leluhur Sastra Lama dan Aksara Batak|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|year=1999|isbn=9799023335|location=Jakarta}} * {{cite journal|url=https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/bki/156/1/article-p33_2.pdf|title=On writing the not-to-be-read; Literature and literacy in a pre-colonial tribal society|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|first=Uli|last=Kozok|volume=156|language=EN|issue=1|year=2000|place=Leiden|page=33-55|publisher=KITLV, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies}} * {{Cite book | last = Kozok | first = Uli | title = Surat Batak: Sejarah Perkembangan Tulisan Batak | publisher = Gramedia | year = 2009 | location = Jakarta | isbn = 9799101530 | url = https://docplayer.info/30542413-Surat-batak-sejarah-perkembangan-tulisan-batak-berikut-pedoman-menulis-aksara-batak-dan-cap-si-singamangaraja-xii-uli-kozok.html | access-date = 2021-10-12 | archive-date = 2021-10-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173203/https://docplayer.info/30542413-Surat-batak-sejarah-perkembangan-tulisan-batak-berikut-pedoman-menulis-aksara-batak-dan-cap-si-singamangaraja-xii-uli-kozok.html | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite journal|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/bki/149/3/article-p593_8.xml?crawler=true|first=René |last=Teygeler |title=Pustaha; A study into the production process of the Batak book|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|vol=149|issue=3|page=593-611|date=1 Januari 1993|place=Leiden|publisher=KITLV, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies|language=EN|volume=149|issn=0006-2294}} == Pauatn lua == {{Commons category|Batak script|Aksara Batak}} === Koleksi digital === * [http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx Koleksi naskah British Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007002535/http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx |date=2021-10-07 }} *[http://webapps.lsa.umich.edu/umma/exhibits/Batak2009/catalog.html Koleksi naskah Museum Antropologi Universitas Michigan] * [http://khastara.perpusnas.go.id/ Koleksi naskah Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia] * [https://sea.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/SEAImages%3Alontar?display=list ''Southeast Asia Digital Library'' kompilasi Northern Illinois University] ===Naskah digital=== *[http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Add_MS_4726 ''Pustaha Panampuhi'', panduan meramal menggunakan air jeruk nipis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424080221/http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Add_MS_4726 |date=2023-04-24 }} koleksi British Library no. Add MS 4726 *[https://budaya-indonesia.org/Pustaha-Poda-ni-si-aji-mamis-ma-inon ''Pustaha Poda ni Si Aji Manis'', panduan untuk mencelakakan musuh] koleksi Übersee-Museum no. A 12332 *[http://khastara.perpusnas.go.id/web/detail/720253/laklak Pustaha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806105005/http://khastara.perpusnas.go.id/web/detail/720253/laklak |date=2020-08-06 }} koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional Indonesia no. peti 113 D4 *[https://digital.soas.ac.uk/LOAA005798/00004/ Pustaha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173133/https://digital.soas.ac.uk/LOAA005798/00004/ |date=2021-10-24 }} koleksi SOAS University of London no. MS 41836 ===Lainnyo=== * [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3320.pdf Proposal Unicode untuak Surek Batak] * [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3489.pdf Dokumentasi Unicode tantang sistem input Batak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915210317/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3489.pdf |date=2021-09-15 }} * [http://ulikozok.com/aksara-batak/ Situs Uli Kozok] jo rangkuman sajumlah panalitiannyo takaik Surek Batak * [https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/the-great-pustaha/AQ2ZzxcN Artikel takaik koleksi pustaha Batak Tropenmuseum] di Google Arts & Culture * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/batak.htm Artikel Surek Batak] di situs Omniglot.com * Unduh font Surek Batak di [https://ulikozok.com/aksara-batak/batak-font/ Situs Uli Kozok], [https://aksaradinusantara.com/fonta/aksara/batak Aksara di Nusantara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228062354/https://aksaradinusantara.com/fonta/aksara/batak |date=2024-02-28 }}, atau [https://www.google.com/get/noto/ Google Noto Font] [[Kategori:Batak]] [[Kategori:Aksara di Indonesia]] 7858624pj4mgzcnmjg6w8yk0qrclqkh 0 338343 3346750 3152674 2026-05-17T18:41:45Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Jabatan Politik |jabatan = Wali Kota |lembaga = Payakumbuh |insignia = Lambang Kota Payakumbuh.png |ukuraninsignia = 100px |keteranganinsignia = |departemen = |namaasli = |image = Wali Kota Payakumbuh Riza Falepi.jpg |imagesize = 125px |alt = |incumbent = [[Riza Falepi]] |incumbentsince = 23 September 2012 |gelar = |kediaman = |tempo = 5 tahun |dibentuk = 23 November 1970 |pertama = Soetan Oesman |website = }} <onlyinclude> Barikuik adolah '''Daftar Wali [[Kota Payakumbuh]]''', [[Sumatera Barat]], [[Indonesia]] dari maso ka maso. {| class="wikitable" |- ! No ! colspan=3|Wali Kota<ref>https://beritasumbar.com/49-tahun-kota-payakumbuh/</ref> ! Mulai manjabaik ! Akhia menjabaik ! Prd. ! Wakil Wali Kota ! Ket. |- |rowspan=2|<center>1 |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|<small>Drs. </small><br>Soetan Oesman<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://docplayer.info/57928317-Ffi-40tahun-kotapayaicumbuh-plj-taifipribidi-dari-soetan-oesman-hingga-josrizal-zain-il-t-s-il-star-i-bin-stimin-j-9-t-j-4-d-ii-it-i-t-sl.html |title=archive copy |access-date=2021-10-12 |archive-date=2021-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022221413/http://docplayer.info/57928317-Ffi-40tahun-kotapayaicumbuh-plj-taifipribidi-dari-soetan-oesman-hingga-josrizal-zain-il-t-s-il-star-i-bin-stimin-j-9-t-j-4-d-ii-it-i-t-sl.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |<center>23 November 1970 |<center>24 Februari 1973 |rowspan=2|<center>1 | rowspan="8" |<center>— |<center>Pejabat Wali Kota |- |<center>24 Februari 1973 |<center>24 Juni 1978 |<center>Wali Kota Definitif |- |<center>2 | | |<small>Drs. </small><br>[[Masri M.S.]]<ref>https://majalah.tempo.co/read/kota/72244/wali-kota-baru-kotor-dan-panas</ref><ref>https://www.impiannews.com/2020/04/drs-masri-ms-walikotamadya-kedua.html</ref><ref>https://www.impiannews.com/2019/06/masri-ms-mantan-walikota-payakumbuh-ke.html</ref> |<center>1978 |<center>1983 |<center>2 |<center> |- |<center>3 | | |<small>Drs. H. </small><br>Muzahar Muchtar<ref> https://www.impiannews.com/2020/04/drs-muzahar-muchtar-walikotamadya.html</ref> |<center>1983 |<center>1988 |<center>3 |<center> |- |<center>4 | | |<small>Drs. H. </small><br>Muchtiar Muchtar<ref> http://www.impiannews.com/2020/04/drs-muchtiar-muchtar-walikotamadya.html</ref><ref>https://www.topsumbar.co.id/mantan-walikota-payakumbuh-muchtiar-muchtar-berpulang-kepangkuan-illahi/</ref> |<center>20 Juli 1988 |<center>1993 |<center>4 |<center> |- |<center>6 | | |<small>Drs. H. </small><br>Fahmi Rasyad<br><small> SH |<center>1993 |<center>1998 |<center>5 |<center> |- |<center>6 | | |<small>Drs. H. </small><br>Darlis Ilyas<br><small> SH<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dekadepos.com/mantan-walikota-payakumbuh-dipanggil-sang-khalik/ |title=archive copy |access-date=2021-10-12 |archive-date=2023-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906230131/https://www.dekadepos.com/mantan-walikota-payakumbuh-dipanggil-sang-khalik/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |<center>1998 |<center>29 Mei 2002<ref name=liputan6> https://liputan6.com/news/read/34984/wali-kota-payakumbuh-dipecat</ref> |rowspan=2|<center>6 |<center>Dicopot. |- |<center>— |<center> | |<small>Drs. </small><br>Yulrizal Baharin |<center>29 Mei 2002<ref name=liputan6/> |<center>23 September 2002 |<center> |- |rowspan=2|<center>7 |rowspan=2|[[Berkas:Wali Kota Payakumbuh Josrizal Zain.jpg|100px]] | |rowspan=2|<small>Capt. H. </small><br>[[Josrizal Zain]]<br><small> SE. MM |<center>23 September 2002 |<center>23 September 2007 |<center>7 |<center><small>Ir.</small><br>[[Benny Mukhtar]] (2002—2005) |<center> |- |bgcolor=#00004c| |<center>23 September 2007 |<center>23 September 2012 |<center>8 |<center><small>H. </small><br>[[Syamsul Bahri]]<br><small> SH |<center> |- |rowspan=2|<center>8 |rowspan=2|[[Berkas:Walikota Payakumbuh.jpg|100px]] |rowspan=2 bgcolor=#000000| |rowspan=2|<small>H. </small><br>[[Riza Falepi]]<br><small>ST. MT |<center>23 September 2012 |<center>23 September 2017 |<center>9 |<center><small>Drs. H. </small><br>Suwandel Muchtar<br><small> MM |<center> |- |<center>23 September 2017 |<center>''Petahana'' |<center>10 |<center><small>H. </small><br>[[Erwin Yunaz]]<br><small> SE, MM |<center><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/riza-falepi-erwin-yunaz-dilantik-gubernur-sumbar-apresiasi-suwandel-muchtar.html |title=Riza Falepi-Erwin Yunaz dilantik, Gubernur Sumbar apresiasi Suwandel Muchtar |date=24 September 2017 |access-date=10 Januari 2018 |newspaper=Merdeka| first=Anwar |last=Khumaini |editor-first= |editor-last=PAW}}</ref> |}</onlyinclude> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Kota di Indonesia|Daftar Wali|title=Daftar Wali Kota di Indonesia}} {{Kota Payakumbuh}} [[Kategori:Daftar wali kota di Indonesia|Payakumbuh]] mnft1xselasvnylnahuolq3dz3u6tkv 0 338538 3346746 3346661 2026-05-17T16:04:03Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346746 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Istano_Rajo_Basa_Pagaruyung.jpg|jmpl|350x350px|[[Istano Basa]] paninggalan [[Kerajaan Pagaruyung|Karajaan Pagaruyuang]] di [[Batusangkar (kota)|Batusangkar]], [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatra Barat|Sumatera Barat]].]] '''Arsitektur Minangkabau''' adolah arsitektur nan bantuak, struktur, fungsi, ragi, jo caro pambangunannyo diwarihkan sacaro turun tamurun dek urang Minangkabau, utamonyo nan mauni wilayah [[Sumatera Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Arsitektur iko marupokan arsitektur nan sangaik khas di Indonesia ditando dek katakteristik atok [[gonjong]], yakni bantuak atok palano nan malangkuang ka ateh sarupo tanduak kabau.{{sfn|Syafwandi|1993|pp=22}} Sacaro tradisional, arsitektur Minangkabau ado pado rumah adat nan disabuik [[rumah gadang]], lumbuang padi nan disabuik [[rangkiang]], dan balai adat nan disabuik [[balairuang]]. Rumah gadang adolah rumah tingga nan diuni sakalompok kaluarga. Rangkiang ado di laman rumah gadang untuak manyimpan padi hasia manuai. Adopun balairuang adolah tampek bakumpua sakalompok kapalo kaluarga bamupakaik. Katigo bangunan iko dicirikan jo atok gonjong dan struktur pangguang.{{sfn|Syafwandi|1993|pp=27–34}} Karakteristik tasabuik barikuiknyo mamangaruahi bangunan nan ado kudian salapeh Islam masuak ka Minangkabau, yakni [[surau]] atau [[musajik]].{{sfn|Sudarman|2014|pp=3}} Arsitektur Minangkabau dirancang manyasuaikan iklim daerah tropis jo kondisi topografi.{{sfn|Syafwandi|1993|pp=35}} Bangunan tradisional Minangkabau manunjuakkan kamampuannyo dalam mahadapi bancano sarupo gampo bumi nan acok malando wilayah Sumatera Barat. Material nan digunokan dominan manggunokan kayu. Namun, kini, alah jarang masyarakaik nan mandirikan bangunan jo material tradisional dek katabatasan bahan, utamonyo kayu.{{sfn|Titin Nofita Handa Puteri|2015}}{{sfn|Antara|16 Maret 2019}} == Karakteristik == === Gonjong === {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=left|image1=Rumah Gadang Kampai Nan Panjang Tanah Datar 2.jpg|image2=Balairung Tabek Sari - Sumatera Barat.jpg|width2=230|width1=230|footer=Di antaro paninggalan paliang tuo dari bangunan jo atok bagonjong: [[Rumah Gadang Kampai Nan Panjang]] (atas) dan [[Balairung Sari Tabek]] (bawah). Kaduonyo dipakirokan barasa dari abaik ka-17.}} Ado pabedaan pandapaik tantang asa usua bantuak gonjong. Hal iko dikaranokan sumber sijarah Minangkabau umumnyo barasa dalam bantuak lisan, yaitu malalui patatah-patitih atau carito nan disabuik sabagai [[tambo]]. Di antaro pandapaik takaik asa bantuak atok gonjong, ado nan mangaikkannyo jo bantuak tanduak kabau, haluan kapa, jo daun siriah basusun.{{sfn|Gemala Dewi|2010|pp=43–44}}{{sfn|Rosiana Haryanti|31 Juli 2018}}{{sfn|Beritagar.id|8 Desember 2017}}{{sfn|Andri Nur Oesman|2014|pp=5}}{{sfn|Elfida Agus|2006|pp=4}} Pandapaik tantang bantuak atok gonjong barasa tanduak kabau didasarkan pado [[kaba]] tantang asa usua kato Minangkabau. Manuruik kaba, pado maso daulu datang pasukan nan handak manyarang wilayah Minangkabau. Untuak managah paparangan, panguaso satampek mausuakan patampuran dilakukan sacaro simbolis jo adu kabau. Kabau miliak panguaso satampek manan dalam adu kabau sainggo mainspirasi masyarakaik manamoi kato Minangkabau, barasa dari kato "manang" jo "kabau".{{sfn|Syafwandi|1993|pp=10}}{{sfn|Syafwandi|1993|pp=25}}{{sfn|Rosiana Haryanti|31 Juli 2018}} Samantaro itu, pandapaik nan manyabuik atok gonjong barasa dari bantuak haluan kapa dikaikkan jo kisah pandaratan kapa [[Iskandar Zulkarnain]] nan manuruik tambo marupokan salah saurang niniak muyang urang Minangkabau.{{sfn|Esti Asih Nurdiah|2011|pp=15}} Palimo parang Iskandar Zulkarnain dikisahkan balayia ka Asia Tenggara jo mandaraikan kapa di puncak [[Gunuang Marapi]].{{sfn|Syafwandi|1993|pp=4–8}} Atok gonjong nan sapinteh manyarupoi kapa dibuek sabagai ujuik mangana urang Minangkabau ka niniak muyangnyo.{{sfn|Gemala Dewi|2010|pp=43–44}}{{sfn|A.A. Navis}} Manuruik Syafwandi, panaliti arsitektur Minangkabau dari [[Universitas Negeri Padang]], pandapaik tantang asa usua gonjong dari bantuak haluan kapa dikuekkan jo gala nan diagiah ka tukang rumah adat, yakni "nankodoh rajo", nan aratinyo pamimpin kapa rajo.{{sfn|Syafwandi|1993|pp=25}} Adopun pandapaik lainnyo mangatokan bantuak gonjong malambangkan daun siriah basusun dek siriah sajak lamo manjadi palambang budaya nan sangaik pantiang jo sakral di Minangkabau. Dek urang Minangkabau, siriah bamakna sabagai panyambuang tali silaturahmi. Sampai kini, siriah masih dipakai dalam satiok alek adat Minangkabau.{{sfn|Beritagar.id|8 Desember 2017}}{{sfn|Minangkabaunews.com|6 Juni 2011}} Di antaro paninggalan paliang tuo dari bangunan jo atok bagonjong yakni [[Rumah Gadang Kampai Nan Panjang]] di [[Balimbing, Rambatan, Tanah Datar|Nagari Balimbiang]] dan [[Balairung Sari Tabek|Balairung Sari]] di [[Pariangan, Pariangan, Tanah Datar|Nagari Pariangan]] nan ado di [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar]]. Kaduonyo dipakirokan barasa dari paninggalan abaik ka-17.{{sfn|Nurmatias|20 Februari 2019}}{{sfn|Wiwin Djuwita Sudjana Ramelan & Yoka Febriola|2013pp=1}}{{sfn|Zulfikar|2017}} Rumah Gadang Kampai Nan Panjang marupokan rumah gadang miliak [[Suku Kampai]] nan alah diwarihkan sacaro turun-tamurun kapado limo generasi. Adopun Balairung Sari marupokan tampek musyawarah jo patamuan tokoh-tokoh masyarakaik mambicarokan sagalo hal takaik [[adat Minangkabau]].{{sfn|Popi Trisna Putri|2017|pp=44–45}}{{sfn|Nurmatias|20 Februari 2019}} Kini, kantua-kantua pamarintahan di Sumatera Barat maadopsi desain atok gonjong.{{sfn|Andri Nur Oesman|2014|pp=2}} Di lua Sumatera Barat, atok bagonjong ditanamokan dek urang Minang nan [[marantau]], utamonyo nan mambukak kadai nasi. Gonjong alah manjadi simbol nan digunokan pado tampilan bangunan [[rumah makan Padang]] nan taseba di saluruah Nusantara.{{sfn|Rosiana Haryanti|31 Juli 2018}} == Katarangan == {{notelist}} == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} == Daftar pustaka == {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book|first1=|last1=Syafwandi|authormask=|year=1993|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/8238/1/ARSITEKTUR%20TRADISIONAL%20%20SUMBARBIRU.pdf|title=Arsitektur Tradisional Sumatra Barat|location=Jakarta|work=Proyek Penelitian, Pengkajian, dan Pembinaan Nilai-nilai Budaya|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional|chapter=|accessdate=|ref={{sfnRef|Syafwandi|1993}}}} * {{cite thesis|url=http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/20249570-R051028.pdf|title=Arsitektur Vernakular Minangkabau: Kajian Arsitektur dan Eksistensi Rumah Gadang Dilihat dari Pengaruh serta Perubahan Nilai Budaya|last=Dewi|first=Gemala|year=2010|work=|publisher=[[Universitas Indonesia]]|location=|accessdate=|ref={{sfnRef|Gemala Dewi|2010}}|authormask=Gemala Dewi|chapter=|archive-date=2021-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830221503/http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/20249570-R051028.pdf|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|first1=|last1=Syamsidar|authormask=|year=1991|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=iQwkAAAAMAAJ&q=rangkiang&dq=rangkiang&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjx5LS7t_fhAhUEIKwKHWj7AwQQ6AEIVjAJ|title=Arsitektur Tradisional Daerah Sumatra Barat|location=Jakarta|work=Proyek Inventarisasi dan Pembinaan Nilai-Nilai Budaya|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional|chapter=|accessdate=|ref={{sfnRef|Syamsidar|1991}}}} * {{cite journal|author=Ernaning Setiyowati|date=2010|title=Pengaruh Budaya dan Nilai Islam: Terbentuknya Arsitektur Vernakular Minangkabau|url=http://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/infopub/article/view/454|journal=El-Harakah|publisher=[[Universitas Islam Negeri Malang]]|volume=12|issue=3|accessdate=|ref={{sfnRef|Ernaning Setiyowati|2010}}|work=}} * {{Cite news|last=[[A.A. Navis]]|first=|date=|title=Rumah Adat di Minangkabau|url=https://sastra.perpusnas.go.id/resources/uploads/rubrik/4116rumah_adat_di_minangkabau.pdf|work=|access-date=|ref={{sfnRef|A.A. 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web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbsumbar/rumah-gadang-20-ruang-sulit-air/|title=Rumah Gadang 20 Ruang Sulit Air|date=22 Juni 2015|publisher=BPCB Sumatra Barat|accessdate=|ref={{sfnRef|BPCB Sumatra Barat|22 Juni 2015}}|author=|archive-date=2021-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128113148/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbsumbar/rumah-gadang-20-ruang-sulit-air/|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbsumbar/rumah-gadang-13-ruang-suku-dalimo/|title=Rumah Gadang 13 Ruang Suku Dalimo|date=29 Oktober 2017|publisher=BPCB Sumatra Barat|accessdate=|ref={{sfnRef|BPCB Sumatra Barat|29 Oktober 2017}}|author=|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223032434/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbsumbar/rumah-gadang-13-ruang-suku-dalimo/|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite web|url=http://arsip.gatra.com/2017-05-07/majalah/artikel.php?pil=23&id=164334|title=Kampung Ceria Asal Mula Adat Minang|date=2017|work=[[Gatra]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809163110/http://arsip.gatra.com/2017-05-07/majalah/artikel.php?pil=23&id=164334|archive-date=2020-08-09|dead-url=yes|accessdate=|ref={{sfnRef|Zulfikar|2017}}|author=Zulfikar}} * {{cite news|title=Kajang Padati Padang yang Tergerus|author=Rahmat Irfan Denas|year=2019|publisher=Harian Khazanah|ref={{sfnRef|Rahmat Irfan Denas|2019}}}} {{refend}} {{Arsitektur Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Arsitektur Minangkabau]] lea6gdozrmjhepimgph8k5g30gwmffm 0 385597 3346783 2505470 2026-05-18T11:27:49Z ~2026-29362-94 23962 3346783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Itali infobox}} '''Itali''' ({{audio|It-Italia.ogg|_''Itali''}}), rasminyo '''Republik Itali''' ({{lang-it|Repubblica Italiana}}),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/it.html |title=Italy: The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=13 Oktober 2013 |archive-date=2017-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709111211/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/it.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcgn.org.uk/country_names.htm |title="Namo-namo Nagara"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17433143 |title="BBC News - Italy profile - Facts"|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> adolah sabuah [[nagara kasatuan]] [[Republik|republik]] [[sistem parlementer|parlementer]] di [[Eropa|banua Eropa]]<ref group="catatan">[[Samananjung Itali]] sacaro geografis talotak di [[Eropa Salatan]], sadangkan Itali Utara dapek ditampekan sabagian atau saluruahnyo di [[Eropa Tangah]]. Basobok dek budayo, politik dan sajarah, Italia adolah [[Daftar nagara nan badaulaik|nagara badaulaik]] di [[Eropa Barat]].</ref> talotak di jantuang [[Lauik Mediterania]]. [[File:Castello di Lierna.jpg|thumb|Nagari mewah [[Lierna]], sebuah lokasi di bagian tengah [[Danau Como]]]] [[File:Portofino harbor.jpg|thumb|Piazzetta [[Portofino]], sebuah nagari di [[Riviera Italia]]]] == Catatan == {{Reflist|group="catatan"}} ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links |1=Italy|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Itali|collapsible=yes|c:Special:Search/Category:Italy|d=Q38|display=Itali|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Itali|voy=no|wikt=nagara}} *{{Commons-inline|Italia|Itali}} {{authority control}} 5lshbevq979t46gzolwv23lqr704mwd 0 385602 3346773 3345542 2026-05-18T07:58:26Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)<br />ڤيتروليام ناسيونل برحد | logo = PETRONAS Logo (2013).png | logo_size = 230px | caption = | type = [[Syarikat milik negara|Milik negara]] | traded_as = | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = {{start date and age|1974|8|17|df=yes}} | founder = | defunct = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | location_city = | location_country = [[Malaysia]] | location = Menara 1, [[Menara Berkembar Petronas]], [[Pusat Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur]], 50088 [[Kuala Lumpur]] | area_served = Seluruh dunia | key_people = {{plainlist| * Tengku Muhammad Taufik Tengku Aziz (Presiden & CEO Kumpulan)<ref>{{cite news|title=PETRONAS Bids Farewell To Tan Sri Wan Zulkiflee As Its President & Group CEO; Welcomes The Appointment Of Tengku Muhammad Taufik As The New PETRONAS' President & Group CEO|url=https://www.petronas.com/media/press-release/petronas-bids-farewell-tan-sri-wan-zulkiflee-its-president-group-ceo-welcomes|accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref> * Ahmad Nizam Salleh (Pengerusi)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/bisnes/2018/08/363964/ahmad-nizam-dilantik-pengerusi-petronas|title=Ahmad Nizam dilantik Pengerusi PETRONAS|date=1 Ogos 2018|accessdate=2 Jun 2020|author=Alzahrin Alias|publisher=[[Harian Metro]]}}</ref> }} | industry = [[Industri petroleum|Minyak dan gas]] | products = [[Petroleum]], [[gas asli]], [[petrokimia]] | services = [[Stesen minyak]], [[perkapalan|perkhidmatan perkapalan]] | revenue = {{loss}} AS$46.06 bilion (2016) dari S$55.68 bilion (2015)<ref name="PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/03/220740/petronas-records-higher-net-profit-fy16-pay-out-rm13b-dividend-govt-ceo|title=PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016 |date=14 March 2017}}</ref> | operating_income = | net_income = {{increase}} AS$5.28 bilion (2016) dari AS$4.69 bilion (2015) | assets = {{increase}} AS$135.63 bilion (2016) dari AS$133.07 bilion (2015)<ref name="PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016"/> | equity = {{increase}} AS$95.22 bilion (2016) dari AS$93.44 bilion (2015) | owner = [[Kerajaan Malaysia]] | num_employees = 51,000 (2016)<ref>[https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/327674 Top 20 Largest Oil & Gas Employers]</ref> | parent = | divisions = | subsid = {{unbulleted list|[[KLCC Property Holdings]]|Petronas Gas|[[Petronas Dagangan]]|Petronas Chemicals|Bintulu Port|[[MISC Berhad|MISC]]|Petronas Canada|[[BASF Petronas Chemicals]]}} | homepage =Hidupjokowi.com | footnotes = | intl = }} '''Petroliam Nasional Berhad'''<ref name="Petronas">[http://www.petronas.com.my/internet/corp/centralrep2.nsf/frameset_corp?OpenFrameset Petronas Malaysia: Corporate News 2005] About PETRONAS</ref> atau lebih dikenali sebagai '''Petronas''' (digayakan sebagai '''PETRONAS''') ialah sebuah syarikat [[Industri minyak dan gas|minyak dan gas]] [[perbadanan multinasional|multinasional]] [[Malaysia]]. Ditubuhkan pada 17 Ogos 1974 dan dimiliki sepenuhnya oleh [[kerajaan Malaysia]], syarikat ini telah mendapat hak keseluruhan terhadap sumber-sumber minyak dan gas di Malaysia dan diamanahkan dengan tanggungjawab untuk membangunkan dan menambah nilai kepada sumber-sumber tersebut. ''[[Fortune Global 500]]'' telah meletakkan Petronas sebagai sebuah syarikat ke-95 terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2008 dan ke-80 terbesar pada tahun 2009. Ia juga meletakkan Petronas sebagai syarikat perbadanan ke-13 paling banyak membuat keuntungan di dunia dan yang paling banyak keuntungan di [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Global 500 2008: Petronas| url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/snapshots/6418.html| publisher=Fortune Magazine| date=| accessdate=2008-07-16| author=| archive-date=2008-07-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716161039/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/snapshots/6418.html| dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Global 500 2008: Top Performers - Most Profitable| url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/performers/companies/profits/| date=| accessdate=2008-07-16| publisher=Fortune Magazine| archive-date=2008-07-15| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715133345/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/performers/companies/profits/| dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title= Global 500 2009: Full List| url= http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/full_list/| publisher= Fortune Magazine| accessdate= 2009-07-21| archive-date= 2021-05-03| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210503170536/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/full_list/| dead-url= yes}}</ref> Menurut senarai kedudukan yang diterbitkan oleh Forbes Global 2000, Petronas Gas diumumkan sebagai syarikat awam ke-1881 terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/petronas-gas/#5545a5271104|title= Forbes Global 2000|access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> Sejak diperbadankan, Petronas berkembang menjadi syarikat minyak dan gas dengan kepentingan perniagaan di 31 negara. Sehingga akhir Mac 2005, Kumpulan ini mengandungi 103 pemilikan sendiri anak-anak syarikat, 19 syarikat kelengkapan milik sebahagiannya dan yang dimiliki separuhnya dan 57 syarikat bersekutu. Bersama-sama ini, menjadikan Petronas, yang terlibat di dalam pelbagai aktiviti-aktiviti berasaskan minyak dan gas. Majalah ''[[Financial Times]]'' telah mengenal pasti Petronas sebagai satu daripada "kembar tujuh" yang baru":<ref name=ft>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/471ae1b8-d001-11db-94cb-000b5df10621.html The new Seven Sisters: oil and gas giants dwarf western rivals], by Carola Hoyos, Financial Times. 11 March 2007</ref> syarikat minyak dan gas milik kerajaan yang paling berpengaruh di luar [[OECD]]. Petronas menyediakan satu spektrum aktiviti [[petroleum]] yang luas, termasuk penerokaan huluan dan penghasilan minyak dan gas kepada hiliran [[minyak|penapisan minyak]]; pemasaran dan pengagihan [[petroleum|produk petroleum]]; perdagangan; pemprosesan gas dan [[Cecair|pencecairan]]; operasi rangkaian penghantaran talian paip gas; pemasaran [[gas|gas cecair semulajadi]]; pengilangan dan pemasaran [[petrokimia]]; [[perkapalan]]; [[automotif|kejuruteraan automotif]]; dan [[pelaburan]] [[hartanah]]. [[Menara Berkembar Petronas]] telah dibuka secara rasminya pada [[Hari Kemerdekaan Malaysia]] ke-42 pada 31 Ogos 1998 yang juga hari ulang tahun syarikat ke-24. Pada 31 Mac 2011, [[Kerajaan Malaysia]] secara rasminya menamatkan jawatan mantan [[Perdana Menteri Malaysia]] [[Mahathir Mohamad]] sebagai penasihat Petronas. Tindakan ini diambil berikutan ketidakfahaman dalam kesaksamaan berpolitik, dimana Mahathir dilihat menyerang secara terbuka pentadbiran dan personaliti Perdana Menteri ketika itu [[Najib Razak]], Mahathir juga dilihat mengadakan baiah bersama pemimpin pembangkang sebagai satu langkah untuk meminta Perdana Menteri melepaskan jawatannya. [[Jabatan Perdana Menteri Malaysia|Jabatan Perdana Menteri]] dalam kenyataannya bersetuju atas penamatan ini kerana "tidak menyokong kerajaan yang sedia ada dan tidak patut mempunyai sebarang jawatan dalam kerajaan".<ref>Ngui, Y. (2016). ''Malaysia Fires Former Leader Mahathir as Adviser to Petronas.'' WSJ. Retrieved March 12 2016, from http://www.wsj.com/articles/malaysia-fires-former-leader-mahathir-as-adviser-to-petronas-1457707460</ref> Sebanyak 0.69 peratus gas yang dilepaskan melalui proses perindustrian global dari tahun 1988 hingga 2015 berasal daripada aktiviti-aktiviti Petronas.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change | title= Top 100 producers and their cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from 1988-2015 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | access-date= 29 October 2020}}</ref> Oleh itu, Petronas merupakan antara penyumbang utama perubahan iklim, suatu fenomena yang membawa banyak risiko terhadap kesihatan, pekerjaan, kestabilan bekalan makanan dan air, keselamatan, serta perkembangan ekonomi.<ref>{{cite journal |title=IPCC, 2018: Summary for Policymakers |issue=Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf |accessdate=29 October 2020 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723103232/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==History== [[File:KL - Menara Carigali, KLCC.JPG|thumb|[[Petronas Tower 3]], Kuala Lumpur]] [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah Petronas-Tower-01.jpg|thumb|Petronas office building in [[Kota Kinabalu|Kota Kinabalu, Sabah]]]] Before the formation of Malaysia, Royal Dutch Shell (now [[Shell plc]]) first began the oil exploration in [[Miri, Malaysia|Miri]], [[Sarawak]]; after [[Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak|Charles Brooke]] signed the first Oil Mining Lease in 1909. In 1910, the first oil well was drilled in Miri. This oil well is later known as the Grand Old Lady.<ref name=AAPG>{{cite web|last1=Sorkhabi|first1=Rasoul|title=Historical Highlight: Miri Field Seeps Helped, But Success Was a Higher Calling|url=http://archives.aapg.org/explorer/2011/03mar/miri_well0311.cfm|publisher=[[American Association of Petroleum Geologists]] (AAPG)|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324151035/http://archives.aapg.org/explorer/2011/03mar/miri_well0311.cfm|archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Geoexpro>{{cite book|last1=Sorkhabi|first1=Rasoul|title=History of oil: Sarawak - Miri 1910|date=2010|publisher=GEO ExPro Magazine Vol 7, No 2|page=44|url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/02/miri-1910|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324153023/http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/02/miri-1910|archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> In 1929, oil was discovered in [[Brunei]]. There were no other drilling activities in [[Borneo]] or [[British Malaya]] until 1950s.<ref name="Fred R 2007">{{cite book|last1=Dr Fred R|first1=von der Mehden|last2=Al|first2=Troner|title=Petronas: a national oil company with an international vision|date=March 2007|publisher=James A Baker III Institute for public policy, Rice university|url=https://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/page/9dd51576/noc_petronas_tronervdm.pdf|access-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516220308/http://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/page/9dd51576/noc_petronas_tronervdm.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1966, the enactment of Petroleum Mining Act gave Exxon and Shell rights to explore oil territories and produce oil royalties and tax payments to the government.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Malaysian Oil and Gas Infustry: Challenging times, but fundamentals intact|date=May 2016|publisher=Price Waterhouse Coopers|url=https://www.pwc.com/my/en/assets/publications/2016-msian-oil-n-gas-industry.pdf|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705021436/https://www.pwc.com/my/en/assets/publications/2016-msian-oil-n-gas-industry.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2017|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> In the late 1960s, Esso and [[ConocoPhillips|Continental Oil]] were given concessions to explore oil off the shores of the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.<ref name="BPMB 2011">{{cite book|title=Report on Malaysia oil and gas exploration and production|date=2011|publisher=Bank Pembangunan (Malaysian Development Bank)|page=60|access-date=17 May 2018|url=http://www.bpmb.com.my:80/documents/21475/33700/20.pdf/3723eecd-5976-4fd2-9b10-c1375fbdd4cc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411100217/http://www.bpmb.com.my/documents/21475/33700/20.pdf/3723eecd-5976-4fd2-9b10-c1375fbdd4cc|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2017}}</ref> By 1974, Malaysia's output of crude oil stood at about {{convert|90,000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} to {{convert|99,000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.<ref name="BPMB 2011"/> ===1970s: Establishment with the Malaysian Government=== Several factors converged in the early 1970s to prompt the Malaysian government into setting up a state-owned oil and gas company. In 1972, the oil price per barrel was US$1.50, which later rose to US$2.28 per barrel. War in the middle east and oil embargo by Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ([[OPEC]]) had caused the price per barrel to rise until US$12.00, thus giving more incentives for Malaysia to set up her own oil company. Several countries such as [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Egypt]], and [[Indonesia]] have adopted the [[production sharing agreement]] instead of a concession system for oil revenue distribution. The Malaysian government also believed that foreign oil companies did not properly inform the government regarding the oil exploration activities in their own concessions (such as the new discovery of oil fields), thus resulted in a loss of revenue to the government. The formulation of [[Malaysian New Economic Policy]] in the early 1970s encourages Malaysians to take control of various modern industries and to open more economic opportunities for [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]] (Malaysian natives).<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> The former chief minister of Sarawak, [[Abdul Rahman Ya'kub]] was the first one who proposed the idea of Malaysia setting up an oil company in 1965,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lau|first1=Leslie|title=Ex-Sarawak CM says Kelantan has no right to oil royalty|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55898-ex-sarawak-cm-says-kelantan-has-no-right-to-oil-royalty|access-date=27 April 2015|publisher=The Malaysian Insider|date=14 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314022944/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55898-ex-sarawak-cm-says-kelantan-has-no-right-to-oil-royalty|archive-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> when he was the federal lands and mines deputy minister.<ref name="Mokhtar 1981">{{cite book |last1=Mokhtar |first1=Suhaimi |title=Putera Kenyalang: Satu Dekad Penuh Cabaran (Son of the land of the hornbills, a challenging decade) |date=1981 |publisher=Penerbitan Pena Sdn Bhd |location=Selangor |isbn= |pages=84}}</ref> It was due to the pressure of the Sarawak people who sought to clarify the exact boundaries of Sarawak territorial waters. In fact, since the formation of Malaysia in 1963, the issue of territorial waters of Sabah and Sarawak has not been fully addressed, thus leaving its interpretation wide open. The Sarawak government has declared that the territorial waters extend well beyond the three-mile limit defined by the Malaysian federal government. However, Abdul Rahman Ya'kub was reminded of [[Tun Abdul Razak]]'s act of installing him as the chief minister of Sarawak. Therefore, Rahman decided to keep the conflict as low profile as possible. Rahman's nephew, [[Abdul Taib Mahmud]] assumed the role of federal deputy land and mines minister after Rahman became education minister and later, chief minister of Sarawak. Taib believed in the sharing of oil royalties between the state and the federal government. During the time, the oil mining activities in Sarawak were still under the exclusive control of Shell. Taib Mahmud initially suggested allowing independent contractors to market government oil. Taib found a Lebanese trader to purchase the Malaysian oil, however, the contractor defaulted on payments, resulting in US$4 million loss. A government hydrocarbon committee was later set up. Taib Mahmud visited Indonesia and had a discussion with [[Pertamina]] (Indonesian state-owned oil and gas company). Taib suggested that Malaysia scrap the concession system and replace it with a [[production sharing agreement]]. However, there were no laws that allowed Malaysia to take back the concessions without compensating foreign oil companies.<ref name="Ranjit 1986"/> Despite this, Taib decided to set up a statutory body named "HIKMA" (Hidrokarbon Malaysia),<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> which would have total rights of oil found in the territorial waters of Sabah and Sarawak. However, Rahman Ya'kub protested his nephew's decision and threatened to take the federal government to court if Sarawak were to be left out of this oil deal. [[Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah]] (chairman of [[Perbadanan Nasional Berhad]] (Pernas)) visited Rahman at the latter's private residence in [[Kuching]]. Tengku Razaleigh suggested the formation of a company instead of a statutory body where the former would distribute profits equally between the federal and the state governments. Rahman agreed with the suggestion. Tengku Razaleigh drafted the Petroleum Development Act together with his associates in secret, as instructed by Tun Razak, and to be completed before the [[Malaysian general election, 1974|1974 Malaysian general election]]. Rahman Ya'kub then telephoned Tengku Razaleigh to ask about the terms offered by the Malaysian federal government. Tengku Razaleigh then told Rahman regarding abolishment of the concession system. Meanwhile, 5% oil royalty will be given to the respective oil-producing states. Rahman agreed with the deal.<ref name="Ranjit 1986">{{cite book|last1=Ranjit|first1=Gill|title=Razaleigh: An Unending Quest|date=1986|publisher=Pelanduk publication|location=Petaling Jaya, Selangor|isbn=967-978-101-1|pages=118–129|chapter=19 and 20|quote=When Taib became Minister of Land and Mines, he showed considerable interest in the development of this resource, and in his view, there should be a sharing of royalties between the State (i.e. Sarawak) and the federal government.(page 121) ... Tengku Razaleigh visited Datuk Rahman, ... I suggested the formation of a company, not a statutory corporation, which would distribute profits equally between the Federal government and Sarawak in the form of cash payments. He accepted the proposal and I rushed back to Tun Razak with the news. (page 122) ... The proceeds would accrue to Petronas, but 5 percent of the oil revenue thereafter would go to the state, and a similar amount to the Federal government. Rahman agreed (page 123).}}</ref> In 1974, the Petroleum Development Act was tabled and approved in parliament. Petronas was incorporated on 17 August 1974, and Tengku Razaleigh became its inaugural chairman. Initially, Exxon and Shell refused to surrender their concessions and refused to negotiate with Petronas. Petronas then served a notice to all foreign oil companies that after 1 April 1975, all the foreign oil companies would be operating illegally in Malaysian waters if they do not start negotiations with Petronas. After a few rounds of negotiations, foreign oil companies finally surrendered their concessions to Petronas. While all other oil-producing states in Malaysia signed the petroleum agreement, [[Tun Mustapha]], the chief minister of [[Sabah]], stubbornly refused to sign the oil agreement, complaining of the meagre 5% oil royalty. Mustapha requested for 10 to 20% oil royalty; otherwise, he would threaten to pull Sabah out of Malaysia. Tengku Razaleigh refused to bulge in. The Malaysian federal government then made another deal with Datuk [[Harris Salleh]] (who was out of favour with Tun Mustapha) to establish [[Sabah People's United Front|Berjaya]] party and oust Tun Mustapha. However, Harris was reluctant to become the Chief Minister of Sabah, and [[Fuad Stephens]] was asked to assume to the post of chief minister if Berjaya were to come to power. Berjaya successfully ousted Tun Mustapha in the 1976 Sabah state election.<ref name="Ranjit 1986"/> One week after the [[1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash|1976 air crash]] which killed the chief minister [[Fuad Stephens]] and other five state ministers, Harris signed the oil agreement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bid to nullify the oil royalty deal|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=82657|access-date=30 May 2015|work=Daily Express|date=26 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028232222/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=82657|archive-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> With Sabah entering the oil agreement, Petronas finally has total control of all oil and gas reserves in Malaysia. Petronas first embarked on the oil exploration and production activities with the formation of Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd in 1978. In 1980, Petronas expanded its downstream businesses by setting up ASEAN [[Bintulu]] Fertiliser plant in [[Sarawak]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About us - milestones |url=https://www.petronas.com/about-us/milestones |publisher=Petronas |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830130233/https://www.petronas.com/about-us/milestones |archive-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> In 1984, Petronas moved to [[Dayabumi Complex|Dayabumi]] after occupying various buildings in Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glut of office space in KL |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19840511-1.2.26.2?qt=dayabumi&q=dayabumi%20 |work=The Straits Times |date=11 May 1984}}</ref> ===Late 1980s: Battling oil depletion=== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}} Oil exploration was by no means at an end and could yet produce more reserves. The Seligi field, which came onstream at the end of 1988 and was developed by Esso Production Malaysia, was one of the richest oilfields so far found in Malaysia waters, and further concessions to the majors would encourage exploration of the deeper waters around Malaysia, where unknown reserves could be discovered. Meanwhile, computerised seismography made it both feasible and commercially justifiable to re-explore fields which had been abandoned, or were assumed to be unproductive, over the past century. In 1990, Petronas invited foreign companies to re-explore parts of the sea off Sabah and Sarawak on the basis of new surveys using up-to-date techniques. Another way to postpone depletion was to develop sources of oil, and of its substitute, natural gas, outside Malaysia. Late in 1989, the governments of [[Vietnam]] and [[Myanmar]] (Burma) invited Petronas Carigali to take part in joint ventures to explore for oil in their coastal waters. In 1990, a new unit, Petronas Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd, was created to take up a 15% interest in a field in Myanmar's waters being explored by Idemitsu Myanmar Oil Exploration Co. Ltd., a subsidiary of the Japanese firm [[Idemitsu Kosan|Idemitsu Oil Development Co. Ltd.]], in a production sharing arrangement with [[Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise]]. Thus began Petronas' first oil exploration outside Malaysia. In May 1990, the governments of [[Malaysia]] and [[Thailand]] settled a long-running dispute over their respective rights to an area of 7,300 square kilometres in the [[Gulf of Thailand]] by setting up a joint administrative authority for the area and encouraging a joint oil exploration project by Petronas, the [[PTT Public Company Limited|Petroleum Authority of Thailand]], and the US company [[Triton Energy Limited|Triton Oil]]. In a separate deal, in October 1990, the Petroleum Authority of Thailand arranged with Petronas to study the feasibility of transferring natural gas from this jointly administered area, through Malaysia to Thailand, by way of an extension of the pipelines laid for the third stage of the Peninsular Gas Utilisation Project. That project was on course to becoming a major element in the postponement of oil depletion. Contracts for line pipes for the second stage of the project were signed in 1989 with two consortia of Malaysian, Japanese, and Brazilian companies. This stage, completed in 1991, included the laying of 730 kilometres of pipeline through to the tip of the Peninsula, from where gas could be sold to Singapore and [[Thailand]]; the conversion of two power stations—[[Port Dickson]] and [[Pasir Gudang]]—from oil to gas; and the expansion of Petronas' output of [[methyl tert-butyl ether]] (MTBE), [[propylene]], and [[polypropylene]], which were already being produced in joint ventures with [[Idemitsu]] Petrochemical Co. of Japan and [[Neste Oy]] of Finland. The third and final stage of the project was to lay pipelines along the northwest and northeast coastlines of the Peninsula and was completed in 1997. Another new venture in 1990 was in ship-owning, since Petronas' existing arrangements with [[MISC Berhad|MISC]] and with Nigeria's state oil company would be inadequate to transport the additional exports of LNG due to start in 1994, under the contract with Saibu Gas. Petronas did not lose sight of the government's commitment to Malaysian self-reliance, and the company's second refinery at [[Malacca]], completed in 1994, with a capacity of {{convert|100000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}, promoted the same policy. The fact that it was built in a joint venture with [[Samsung]] of Korea, the [[Chinese Petroleum Corporation]] of [[Taiwan]], and [[Caltex]] of the United States did not negate the policy, for the subsidiary company Petronas Penapisan (Melaka) had a decisive 45% of equity while sharing the enormous costs of and gaining advanced technology for the project. More to the point, a side effect of the refinery's completion was that Petronas was able to refine all of the crude oil it produced, instead of being partially dependent on refining facilities in Singapore. Petronas, with its policies of promoting self-reliance, helping to develop associated industries, and varying the sources and uses of oil and gas, played an important role in the Malaysian economy as a whole. Under governments which—by current, if not historical, Western standards—were strongly interventionist, the contribution of oil taxes to the federal government's revenue hovered at around 12% to 16% until 1980, when it showed a marked increase to 23%, followed by another leap to 32% in 1981. From then until 1988 the proportion fluctuated between 29% and 36%. Petronas was not just another big oil company: it controlled a crucial sector of the economy and remained, for better or worse, an indispensable instrument of the state. ===Since 1990s: Global expansion=== [[File:E8664-Pattaya-Sukhumvit-Road.jpg|thumb|A Petronas station seen in [[Pattaya]], Thailand]] During the mid- to late 1990s, international exploration, development, and production remained key components in Petronas' strategy along with diversification. A key discovery was made in the Ruby field in Vietnam in 1994. That year, the firm also saw its first overseas production from the [[Dai Hung field]] in Vietnam and established its first retail station outside of Malaysia in [[Cambodia]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} In 1995, a subsidiary was created to import, store, and distribute [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG). In addition, the company's [[polyethylene]] plant in [[Kerteh]] began operations. Petronas marked a significant milestone during this time period—two of its subsidiaries, Petronas Dagangan Bhd and Petronas Gas Bhd, went public on the [[Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange]]. Between 1993 and 1996, it purchased the former sub-Saharan branch of Mobil Oil, rebranded as [[Engen Petroleum]]. In 1996, Petronas entered the aromatics market by way of a joint venture that created Aromatics Malaysia Sdn Bhd. It also formed a contract with [[China National Offshore Oil Corporation]] and [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] Overseas Petroleum Ltd. to begin the exploration of block 02/31 of the Liaodong Bay area in China. While the Asian economy as a whole suffered from an economic crisis during 1997 and 1998, Malaysia was quick to bounce back due to successful government reforms. From its new headquarters in the [[Petronas Twin Towers]], the state-owned concern continued its development in the oil and gas industry. During 1997, Petronas heightened its diversification efforts. The firm set plans in motion to build three petrochemical plants in [[Kuantan]] as well as an [[Acetic acid|acetic]] facility in [[Kerteh]]. Its first LPG joint venture in China was launched that year, and the company acquired a 29.3% interest in Malaysia International Shipping Corporation Berhad (MISC). In 1998, Petronas' tanker-related subsidiary merged with MISC, increasing Petronas' stake in MISC to 62%. That year, Petronas introduced the [[Proton E01 engine|Petronas E01]], the country's first commercial prototype engine. The company also signed a total of five new production sharing contracts (PSCs) in 1998 and 1999, and began oil production in the [[Sirri Island|Sirri]] field in Iran. Petronas entered the new century determined to expand its international efforts. The company forged deals for two new exploration plots in Pakistan and began construction on the Chad-Cameroon Integrated Oil Development and Pipeline Project. By 2002, Petronas had signed seven new PSCs and secured stakes in eight exploration blocks in eight countries, including [[Gabon]], [[Cameroon]], [[Niger]], Egypt, [[Yemen]], [[Indonesia]], and Vietnam. The firm also made considerable progress in its petrochemicals strategy, opening new gas-based petrochemical facilities in Kerteh and Gebeng. By 2003, Malaysia was set to usurp [[Algeria]] as the world's second-largest producer of LNG with the completion of the Malaysia LNG Tiga Plant. Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] commented on the achievement in a May 2003 [[Bernama]] News Agency article, claiming that "the Petronas LNG complex now serves as another shining example of a vision realized of a national aspiration, transformed into reality by the same belief among Malaysians that 'we can do it.'" Indeed, Petronas had transformed itself into a global oil company over the previous decade, becoming a national symbol for success. The company realised, however, that it would have to continue its aggressive growth strategy to ensure its survival in the years to come. The Petronas overseas expansion drive continues with the acquisition of Woodside Energy Ltd [[Mauritania]] assets for $418 million in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title= Petronas signs $418-million deal for Mauritania assets| url= http://www.offshore-mag.com/display_article/307375/120/ARTCL/none/PRODN/PETRONAS-signs-$418-million-deal-for-Mauritania-assets/?dcmp=ENL.OSWAR_ARCH| archive-url= https://archive.today/20140815022027/http://www.offshore-mag.com/display_article/307375/120/ARTCL/none/PRODN/PETRONAS-signs-$418-million-deal-for-Mauritania-assets/?dcmp=ENL.OSWAR_ARCH| url-status= dead| archive-date= 15 August 2014| access-date=15 July 2008| date=27 August 2007| publisher=Offshore Magazine}}</ref> The venture proved successful as they discovered oil in May 2008<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas and partners strike oil and gas in Mauritania |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/8/business/21182804&sec=business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208133205/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/8/business/21182804&sec=business |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2008 |work=The Star |date=8 May 2008 |access-date=15 July 2008 }}</ref> In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Datuk Mustapa Mohamed{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}, stated that Petronas contributed RM 25 Billion to the country's treasury accounting for 25% of revenue collected via dividends and other revenues. Petronas continued to focus on international exploration projects as 40% of revenue in 2008 was derived from international projects such as [[Iran]], [[Sudan]], [[Chad]] and [[Mauritania]]. The company's international reserves stood at 6.24 billion barrels oil equivalent in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title= Petronas to focus on overseas ops| url= http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/16/business/21836412&sec=business| author=Joseph Chin| access-date=16 July 2008| date=16 July 2008| work= The Star}}</ref> On 9 April 2019, Petronas was praised for its role in the Sudanese oil and gas industry by Minister of Oil and Gas engineer Yagoub Adam Bashir Gamaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energymixreport.com/sudans-oil-minister-briefed-on-petronas-activities-in-sudan/|title=Sudan's Oil Minister briefed on Petronas activities in Sudan|date=9 April 2019|website=Energy News {{!}} Oil and Gas News|language=en-US|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412010509/https://www.energymixreport.com/sudans-oil-minister-briefed-on-petronas-activities-in-sudan/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> On 29 October 2012, Petronas sources said it would renew a bid for gas producer, Progress Energy Resources after Canada blocked its bid earlier that month. The $6-billion bid was approved by Ottawa on 7 December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-progress-petronas-idUSBRE89S03320121029|title=Petronas agrees to renew bid for Canada's Progress: sources |date=29 October 2012 |work= Reuters }}</ref> On 17 January 2013, Petronas issued a statement that an onshore oil and gas discovery has been made in the state after drilling a test well about 20 kilometres away from the city of Miri in northern [[Sarawak]]. The well was found to have a net hydrocarbon thickness of 349 meters. It had flow rates of 440 barrels of crude oil per day and 11.5 million standard cubic feet of gas per day. The find is the first onshore oil discovery in [[Malaysia]] in 24 years. <ref name=discovery2013>{{Cite news | title = Rich oil deposits discovered in Sarawak | publisher = Investvine.com | date = 19 January 2013 | url = http://investvine.com/rich-oil-deposits-discovered-in-sarawak/ | access-date = 19 January 2013 | archive-date = 6 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170106174239/http://investvine.com/rich-oil-deposits-discovered-in-sarawak/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> On 2 May 2015, Petronas completed its acquisition of oil and gas assets in Azerbaijan from Norway's Statoil (now Equinor) for US$2.25 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Petronas closes $2.25 billion purchase of Statoil's Azerbaijan assets|date=5 May 2015|url=http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/05/petronas-closes-2-25-billion-purchase-of-statoils-azerbaijan-assets/|publisher=Petro Global News|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510013900/http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/05/petronas-closes-2-25-billion-purchase-of-statoils-azerbaijan-assets/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Plagued by the [[2010s oil glut]], Petronas reported on 26 February 2015 that it cut its 2015 capital expenditures budget after reporting a $2 billion fourth quarter loss, the company's first loss since it began reporting quarterly results five years ago.<ref>{{cite news|title=Petronas suffers first-ever loss — $2 billion in Q4|url=http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/03/petronas-suffers-first-ever-loss-2-billion-in-q4/|access-date=2 March 2015|publisher=Petro Global News}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 1 April 2017, Petronas' PFLNG Satu, is the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility, has achieved a new milestone with the successful loading of its first cargo at the Kanowit gas field, offshore Bintulu, Sarawak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.petronas.com.my/media-relations/media-releases/Pages/article/PETRONAS%E2%80%99-FIRST-FLOATING-LNG-FACILITY,-PFLNG-SATU.aspx|title=PETRONAS' FIRST FLOATING LNG FACILITY, PFLNG SATU ACHIEVES FIRST CARGO &#124; PETRONAS|website=www.petronas.com.my|language=en-us|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> On 25 July 2017, Petronas cancelled a $36-billion [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) project, the Pacific Northwest LNG, which was considered ambitious and a priority in the [[Canadian province]] of [[British Columbia]]. Both the company and the province blamed poor global LNG market conditions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/a-tragedy-for-canada-petronas-cancels-36b-lng-project-as-b-c-jacks-up-demands/wcm/de2567c8-499d-489f-9dec-3826a01c932c|title='A tragedy for Canada': Petronas cancels $36B LNG project as B.C. jacks up demands|date=26 July 2017|work=Financial Post|access-date=30 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> == Controversies == ===War crimes allegations in Sudan=== In June 2010, the European Coalition on Oil in Sudan (ECOS)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ecosonline.org/ |publisher=European Coalition on Oil in Sudan |title=ECOS Database |access-date=2025-04-11 |archive-date=2025-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418104312/https://www.ecosonline.org/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> published the report "Unpaid Debt",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/unpaid-debt-report |publisher=European Coalition on Oil in Sudan |access-date=28 June 2019 |title=Unpaid Debt, The legacy of Lundin, Petronas, and OMV in Block 5A, Sudan, 1997–2003}}</ref> that called upon the governments of Sweden, Austria, and Malaysia to look into allegations that PETRONAS, Fida Aziz, [[Lundin Petroleum]], and [[OMV]] may have been complicit in the commission of [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] while operating in [[Block 5A, South Sudan]] (then [[Sudan]]), during the period 1997–2003. The reported crimes include indiscriminate attacks and intentional targeting of civilians, burning of shelters, pillage, destruction of objects necessary for survival, unlawful killing of civilians, rape of women, abduction of children, torture, and forced displacement. When the consortium that PETRONAS took part in operated in Block 5A, approximately 12,000 people died, and 160,000 were violently displaced from their land and homes, many forever. Satellite pictures taken between 1994 and 2003 show that the activities of PETRONAS in Sudan coincided with a spectacular drop in agricultural land use in its concession area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecosonline.org/reports/2009/Satellite_mapping_Block5a_small.pdf |publisher=Prins Engineering |date=30 August 2009 |title=Satellite mapping Block 5A |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> In June 2010, the Swedish public prosecutor for international crimes opened a criminal investigation into links between Sweden and the reported crimes. In 2016, Lundin Petroleum's Chairman Ian Lundin and CEO Alex Schneiter were informed that they were the suspects of the investigation. Sweden's Government gave the green light for the Public Prosecutor in October 2018 to indict the two top executives<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/reparations/39348-lundin-faces-prosecution-for-sudan-oil-war-abuses.html |title=Lundin faces prosecution for Sudan oil war abuses |publisher=Justice Info |date=23 October 2018 |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> On 1 November 2018, and the Swedish Prosecution Authority notified Lundin Petroleum AB that the company might be liable to a corporate fine and forfeiture of economic benefits of SEK 3,285 million (app. €315 million) for involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/download/lundin-petroleum-receives-information-regarding-a-potential-corporate-fine-and-forfeiture-of-economic-benefits-in-relation-to-past-operations-in-sudan/?wpdmdl=14539/ |publisher=Lundin Petroleum website |title=Regulatory disclosure |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119011030/https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/download/lundin-petroleum-receives-information-regarding-a-potential-corporate-fine-and-forfeiture-of-economic-benefits-in-relation-to-past-operations-in-sudan/?wpdmdl=14539/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Consequently, the company itself will also be charged, albeit indirectly, and will be legally represented in court. On 15 November 2018, the suspects were served with the draft charges and the case files.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/lundin-petroleum-receives-indictment.html |title=Lundin Petroleum Receives Final Notice before Indictment |access-date=29 June 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They will be indicted for aiding and abetting [[Transnational crime|international crimes]] and may face life imprisonment if found guilty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/stream/48c2d29d-b0ea-4de1-81ae-7db98cef0bcf |title=Swedish oil bosses set to be charged on South Sudan |publisher=Financial Times |date=18 October 2018}}</ref> The trial is likely to begin early in 2022 and may take two years. The Swedish war crimes investigation raises the issue of access to remedy and reparation for victims of human rights violations linked with business activities. In May 2016, representatives of communities in Block 5A claimed their right to remedy and reparation and called upon PETRONAS and its shareholders to pay off their debt to them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/remedy-claim/ |publisher=Unpaid Debt |title=Victim's Remedy Claim |access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref> A conviction in Sweden may provide some level of remedy and reparation for the few victims of human rights violations who will testify in court, but not for the other 200,000 victims who will not be represented in court. The Swedish court cannot impose obligations upon PETRONAS. On 23 May 2019, the T.M.C. Asser Institute for International Law in The Hague organised the conference 'Towards criminal liability of corporations for human rights violations: The Lundin case in Sweden'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEwrVwXN-nA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/PEwrVwXN-nA |archive-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Towards criminal liability of corporations for human rights violations: The Lundin case in Sweden|website=[[YouTube]]|date=23 May 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> The international standard for business and human rights, the UNGP, underlines the duty of business enterprises to contribute to effective remedy of the adverse impact that it has caused or contributed to.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/GuidingprinciplesBusinesshr_eN.pdf|title=UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights}}</ref> The company has never publicly showed an interest in the adverse effects of its activities on the communities in its concession area. According to the Dutch peace organisation PAX, PETRONAS, Lundin Petroleum, OMV, as well as their shareholders are disregarding the human rights standards that they claim to respect, because they, ''A''. never conducted appropriate due diligence for their Sudanese operations; ''B''. made no effort to know their human rights impacts; and ''C''. do not show how they address alleged adverse human rights impacts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/consortium/ |publisher=PAX |title=How Lundin, OMV, and Petronas do not respect human rights}}</ref> PETRONAS Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd, a wholly owned subsidiary of PETRONAS Group of Companies, held a 28.5% share in the consortium that acquired the right to explore and develop oil deposits in Block 5A. In 2003, Lundin Petroleum and OMV sold their interest following a public outcry about the role of the consortium in Sudan's [[oil war]]. PETRONAS picked up Lundin's 40.375% working interest for a cash payment of US$142.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/timeline/lundin-2003-2/|title=Lundin 2003}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As the operator of the consortium, Lundin Petroleum was responsible for day-to-day management. Still, it stood under the supervision of the Operating Committee, that exercised "overall direction and control of all matters pertaining to the Joint Operations and the Joint Property". PETRONAS was permanently represented in the Operating Committee and has never publicly distanced itself from any of its decisions.<ref>Joint Operating Agreement between IPC Sudan Limited and Petronas Carigali Overseasn Sdn Bhd and OMV (SUDAN) Exploration GmbH and Sudapet Ltd. SUDAN BLOCK 5A, 7 April 1999.</ref> PETRONAS has never publicly responded to the allegations of negative impacts in Sudan or discussed the issue with local communities. The company is not known to have taken adequate measures to prevent involvement in human rights violations during the oil war or to undo the adverse impacts of its consortium's operations. PETRONAS was a loyal participant in the consortium that operated in Block 5A and had a substantial say in the way it operated. Therefore, the suspicions against the consortium's top managers also concern PETRONAS. The company is wholly owned by the Malaysian State. According to the UN Guiding Principles, abuse of human rights by a business enterprise that is wholly or partially controlled by a State, may entail a violation of that State's own international law obligations.<ref>UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, p. 7.</ref> In early October 2021, the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan|Sudanese transitional government]] made moves to confiscate PETRONAS' assets, alleging that they had been acquired through illegal means under the rule of ousted [[President of Sudan|Sudanese President]] [[Omar al-Bashir]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aslan |first1=Dilara |title=Sudanese government seeks confiscation of Malaysia's Petronas' assets |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064956/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |archive-date=8 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 October, the Sudanese transitional government issued an arrest warrant for PETRONAS's country manager.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aslan |first1=Dilara |title=Sudan issues arrest warrant for Petronas country manager: Sources |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudan-issues-arrest-warrant-for-petronas-country-manager-sources |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064956/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |archive-date=8 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the Malaysian Government summoned the Sudanese charge d'affaires and urged the Sudanese government to honour the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Treaty and to respect the sanctity of the Malaysian Embassy, which was housed in the same complex as the PETRONAS Sudan Complex in [[Khartoum]]. PETRONAS has also sought to cancel the manager's arrest warrant and submitted a request for arbitration at the [[World Bank]]'s [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes]] (ICSID).<ref>{{cite web |title=Issue of Petronas Sudan Complex in Khartoum |url=https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013141919/https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |archive-date=13 October 2021 |date=13 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia urges Sudan to honour bilateral treaty, observe sanctity of a diplomatic premise over Petronas Sudan Complex |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Malay Mail]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013153724/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |archive-date=13 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Siew Mung |title=Petronas pursuing legal action to cancel arrest warrant issued against ex-officers |url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014061101/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |archive-date=14 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Middle East Monitor]] contributor Nasim Ahmed opined that the Sudanese government's actions against Malaysian, Turkish, Qatari and Chinese companies were part of a foreign policy shift to court Western investors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Nasim |title=Sudan is turning on former allies under the pretext of fighting corruption |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009230119/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> Former federal counsel and [[University of Technology Malaysia]] visiting professor Salleh Buang opined that the Sudanese government's actions violated international law on the undue expropriation of commercial assets without adequate compensation, citing the 1927 [[Chorzów Factory case]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buang |first1=Salleh |title=Making sense of Sudan's move against Petronas |url=https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2021/10/735297/making-sense-sudans-move-against-petronas |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013094755/https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2021/10/735297/making-sense-sudans-move-against-petronas |archive-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> ===2022 seizure of Luxembourg assets=== {{Main|North Borneo dispute#Seizure of Malaysian foreign assets}} In February 2022, a French arbitration court known as the ''[[Tribunal de grande instance de Paris]]'' ordered the Malaysian Government to pay at least US$14.9 billion (RM 62.59 billion) to the descendants of the [[Sultanate of Sulu]], who have laid claim to the Malaysian state of [[Sabah]]. To enforce the award, the claimants filed a ''saisie-arret'' (seize order) on 11 July 2022 for Luxembourg authorities to seize two Luxembourg-based subsidiaries of PETRONAS: PETRONAS Azerbaijan (Shah Deniz) and PETRONAS South Caucasus units. The descendants' territorial claim to Sabah dated back to an 1878 agreement between Baron [[Gustav Overbeck]] and [[Alfred Dent]] of the [[British North Borneo Company]] and the-then Sultan of Sulu Jamal Al Alam of Sulu. While the British and Malaysian Governments claimed that the Sultan had permanently ceded North Borneo, the descendants of the Sultan and the Philippines Government have contended that the Sultan had merely leased the territory. Until 2013, the Malaysian Government had paid eight claimants to the Sultanate of Sulu an annual rent of RM5,300. Following the [[2013 Lahad Datu standoff]], the Malaysian Government had terminated the annual stipends; prompting these descendants to pursue legal action.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zulkaflee |first=Ikhwan |title=International Court Ruled That Malaysia Must Pay RM62 Billion To Sulu Sultan's Descendents [sic] |url=https://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2022/03/01/international-court-ruled-that-malaysia-must-pay-rm62-billion-to-sulu-sultans-descendents/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=TRP |date=March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express explainer">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rishika |title=Explained: Why a late Sultan's heirs want Malaysia to pay $15bn over a colonial-era land dispute |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/explained/malaysia-petronas-dispute-sulu-kingdom-sultan-8038849/|access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720080520/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/malaysia-petronas-dispute-sulu-kingdom-sultan-8038849/ |archive-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera 13 July 2022">{{cite news |title=Malaysia's Petronas to fight seizure of Luxembourg assets |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/7/13/malaysias-petronas-to-fight-seizure-of-luxembourg-assets |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720125745/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/7/13/malaysias-petronas-to-fight-seizure-of-luxembourg-assets |archive-date=20 July 2022}}</ref> On 13 July, the Malaysian Government obtained a stay on the French court's ruling, with [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] stating that the ruling undermined Malaysian sovereignty. In addition, PETRONAS described the seize order as "baseless" and stated it would contest the enforcement actions. It also stated that the two affected subsidiaries had already divested their assets in Azerbaijan and repatriated all their proceeds.<ref name="Al Jazeera 13 July 2022" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tay |first1=Chester |last2=Khalid |first2=Sulhi |title=Petronas says seized Luxembourg units have already divested Azerbaijan assets |url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-says-seized-luxembourg-units-have-already-divested-azerbaijan-assets |access-date=21 July 2022 |publisher=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge Markets]] |date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714152904/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-says-seized-luxembourg-units-have-already-divested-azerbaijan-assets |archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas says taking steps to protect global assets after seizure of Luxembourg units |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-says-taking-steps-protect-global-assets-after-seizure-luxembourg-units-2022-07-18/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=18 July 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726031438/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-says-taking-steps-protect-global-assets-after-seizure-luxembourg-units-2022-07-18/|archive-date=26 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 July, Malaysian opposition politicians unsuccessfully demanded a debate on the seizure order against PETRONAS' assets in the [[Malaysian Parliament]] but were blocked by the Speaker of the House on procedural grounds. [[Minister in the Prime Minister's Department|Law Minister]] [[Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar]] stated that the stay would prevent the final award from being enforced in any county until a final decision by the French court regarding the Malaysian government's application that the February court ruling be cancelled. By contrast, lawyers representing the Sultanate of Sulu claimants contended that the stay on the award was only valid in France and remained enforceable in other international jurisdictions, citing a United Nations treaty on international arbitration.<ref name="Indian Express explainer" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Paris court grants Malaysia's application to suspend claims by purported heirs of Sultan Jamilul Kiram II |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/07/813311/paris-court-grants-malaysias-application-suspend-claims-purported-heirs |work=[[New Straits Times]] |agency=[[Bernama]] |date=14 July 2022}}</ref> In September 2022, the heirs asked the Hague Court of Appeal to recognise and enforce the award in the Netherlands, and allow them to seize Malaysian assets to this end.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Latiff, Rozanna |author2=Ananthalakshmi, A. |date=29 September 2022 |title=Late Sultan's heirs press $15 bln claim, target Malaysian assets in Netherlands |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/late-sultans-heirs-ask-dutch-court-enforce-15-bln-award-against-malaysia-2022-09-29/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> They attempted to do the same in France and Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutch Court Rules in Malaysia's Favor in Sulu Heirs Case |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/dutch-court-rules-in-malaysias-favor-in-sulu-heirs-case/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2023, a Luxembourg court reportedly set aside the heirs' request to enforce the $15 billion arbitration award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Malaysia says Luxembourg court sets aside request to enforce $15 bln arbitration award |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-says-luxembourg-court-sets-aside-request-enforce-15-bln-arbitration-2023-01-26/}}</ref> However, shortly after, a Luxembourg district court issued new orders to seize holdings and assets belonging to Petronas in mid-February.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=Paris court upholds Malaysia's stay on Sulu heirs award |url=https://www.luxtimes.lu/businessandfinance/paris-court-upholds-malaysia-s-stay-on-sulu-heirs-award/1356200.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=luxembourg-times-online |language=en}}</ref> Petronas has two holding companies in Luxembourg called Petronas Azerbaijan and Petronas South Caucasus which are related to the state-owned oil company's activities around the Caspian sea.<ref name=":0" /> Petronas confirmed the new seizure order for the two units and their parent company, but reiterated the heirs' actions were baseless and that the company will continue to defend its legal position.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latiff |first=Rozana |date=17 February 2023 |title=Petronas units in Luxembourg seized again in $15 bln arbitration dispute |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-units-luxembourg-seized-again-15-bln-arbitration-dispute-2023-02-16/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> On 14 March, the Paris Court of Appeal ruled that Sulu claimants' challenge to a stay order filed by Malaysia last year was "inadmissible".<ref name=":0" /> The court handed another "decisive victory" to Malaysia on 4 June, when it found that the arbitral tribunal that had heard the petition filed by the Sulu heirs did not have jurisdiction over the case.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia hails 'victory' in row with Sulu sultan's Filipino heirs |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/7/malaysia-wins-decisive-victory-in-row-with-sulu-sultans-heirs |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> According to the Malaysian Law Minister, this judgement implied that the Paris Court of Appeal will also annual the $14.9 billion award handed down earlier.<ref name=":1" /> On the other hand, the claimants said they would now consider their options before the French Supreme Court.<ref name=":1" /> On 27 June, Malaysia won another legal victory, with the Hague Court of Appeal dismissing a bid to enforce the $15 billion award.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |author1=Stephanie van den Berg |author2=Rozanna Latiff |date=27 June 2023 |title=Dutch court rules sultan's heirs cannot seize Malaysian assets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/dutch-court-rules-sultan-heirs-cannot-seize-malaysian-assets-2023-06-27/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> According to Reuters, the Dutch judges sided with Malaysia, saying the original pact lacked a clause binding parties to arbitration and the French stay meant the claim was not enforceable in the Netherlands.<ref name=":2" /> While lawyer [[Paul Cohen (lawyer)|Paul Cohen]], acting for the Sulu heirs, said they were disappointed with the court decision, Malaysia's Prime Minister, Anwar Ibrahim, welcomed the decision, stating, "Malaysia trusts that today's decision ... will put an end to the frivolous attempts of the claimants to enforce the purported final award in other jurisdiction".<ref name=":2" /> On 8 January 2023, it was announced that [[Gonzalo Stampa]], the Spanish arbitrator who had awarded the arbitral sum against Malaysia, had been convicted of contempt of court for "knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice", and sentenced to six months in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator's Guilty Verdict Puts UK Funder's Investment at Risk |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/arbitrators-guilty-verdict-puts-uk-funders-investment-at-risk |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=news.bloomberglaw.com |language=en}}</ref> According to Law360, the Spanish courts' decision to move ahead with criminal proceedings against Stampa is a significant "victory for the Malaysian government".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator Who Issued $14.9B Award Against Malaysia Indicted - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1765396/arbitrator-who-issued-14-9b-award-against-malaysia-indicted |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref> On 5 January 2024, Stampa was convicted for contempt of court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Bianca |date=19 January 2024 |title=Arbitrator in $14.9bn case jailed following intervention by Malaysia |url=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/arbitrator-in-149bn-case-jailed-following-intervention-by-malaysia/5118364.article |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=Law Gazette |language=en}}</ref> He was sentenced to six months in prison and banned from acting as an arbitrator for one year for "knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator's Guilty Verdict Puts UK Funder's Investment at Risk |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/arbitrators-guilty-verdict-puts-uk-funders-investment-at-risk |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=Bloomberg Law |language=en}}</ref> On 17 May 2024 the Madrid Court of Appeal upheld the contempt of court conviction and sentence against Stampa, upholding his six-month prison sentence, and a one-year ban from practising as an arbitrator.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=BERNAMA |title=Sulu Case: Madrid Court of Appeal upholds Stampa's conviction, sentence |url=https://thesun.my/local-news/sulu-case-madrid-court-of-appeal-upholds-stampa-s-conviction-sentence-BB12466373 |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=The Sun |language=en-MY}}</ref> On 30 May 2024, Petronas moved a Manhattan court to seek directions for litigation funding firm Therium and its parent company to turn over subpoenaed financial documents and communications. Petronas' Azerbaijani arm said it would sue the companies and their lawyers in Spain over losses from the seizure of assets in Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Petronas units in Luxembourg seized again in $15 bln arbitration dispute" |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-units-luxembourg-seized-again-15-bln-arbitration-dispute-2023-02-16/ }}</ref> On 7 November 2024, the French Court of Cassation—the highest court in the French judicial system—annulled a $15 billion arbitration ruling against Malaysia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2024 |title=Un Jugement historique inaugure une nouvelle ère de progrès pour les tribunaux européens |url=https://www.latribune.fr/supplement/la-tribune-now/un-jugement-historique-inaugure-une-nouvelle-ere-de-progres-pour-les-tribunaux-europeens-1011299.html |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}</ref> This decision marked a significant legal victory for Malaysia and reinforced its sovereignty in a dispute with the self-proclaimed Sulu heirs.<ref name=":3" /> The ruling highlighted irregularities in the arbitration process led by [[Gonzalo Stampa]] and raised concerns about practices such as forum shopping and unregulated litigation funding in European courts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Supreme Court Rejects Enforcement of Jurisdictional Award |url=https://natlawreview.com/article/french-supreme-court-track-annul-us15-billion-award-against-malaysia#google_vignette |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=natlawreview.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia Wins $15B Arbitration Case Against Sulu Heirs - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/2257972/malaysia-wins-15b-arbitration-case-against-sulu-heirs |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref> The French court's decision was deemed a significant "win" for Malaysia that effectively marked the end of the Sulu case by several publications, including Law.com and Law360.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia Wins $15B Arbitration Case Against Sulu Heirs - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/2257972/malaysia-wins-15b-arbitration-case-against-sulu-heirs |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=French High Court Rejects Sultanate 'Heirs' $15 Billion Claim Against Malaysia |url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2024/11/11/french-high-court-rejects-sultanate-heirs-15-billion-claim-against-malaysia/?slreturn=20241219121833 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=Law.com International |language=en}}</ref>  Keith Ellison, former vice-chairman of the Democratic National Committee and Minnesota attorney general, pointed out that the case highlighted the enormous scope for "corruption," irresponsible profiteering, and foreign influence operations to subvert arbitration proceedings".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bensoussan |first=David |date=1 October 2024 |title=L'impasse politique de la France sera le plus grand cadeau pour Poutine à ce jour |url=https://42mag.fr/2024/10/limpasse-politique-de-la-france-sera-le-plus-grand-cadeau-pour-poutine-a-ce-jour/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=42mag.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ==Corporate affairs== PETRONAS is a legal entity incorporated under the Malaysian Companies Act and reports to the company's Board of Directors. The Malaysian federal government is the sole shareholder of the company. Key positions in the company are all appointees from the federal government. The federal government also controls the amount of dividend payout to finance the yearly budget of the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas' money is government's money |url=https://www.tnb.com.my/assets/newsclip/04042022c1.pdf |access-date=9 June 2022 |publisher=The Edge, Malaysia |date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609144039/https://www.tnb.com.my/assets/newsclip/04042022c1.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> In December 2019, prime minister Mahathir Mohamad mooted an idea of selling a percentage of PETRONAS stake to Sabah and Sarawak because the [[Pakatan Harapan]] government was unable to fulfill its promise of giving 20% oil royalty to both the states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia's PM Mahathir considering selling stakes in Petronas to Sabah and Sarawak |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-pm-mahathir-says-considering-selling-stakes-in-petronas-to-sabah-and-sarawak |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=The Straits Times |date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305160158/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-pm-mahathir-says-considering-selling-stakes-in-petronas-to-sabah-and-sarawak |archive-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> The price of the purchase was reported to be RM 8 billion for one per cent of the company. Such proposal met cold response from Sarawak. This is because once the shares are bought, Sarawak can only become a minority shareholder. Sarawak therefore would not have much voice in the PETRONAS board meetings. Due to its high share price, the money, once invested, may have difficulty to break even in the future.<ref>{{cite news |title=Minos: not worth it for Sarawak to buy shares in Petronas |url=https://dayakdaily.com/minos-not-worth-it-for-sarawak-to-buy-shares-in-petronas/ |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=Dayak Daily |date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220610124358/https://dayakdaily.com/minos-not-worth-it-for-sarawak-to-buy-shares-in-petronas/ |archive-date=10 June 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> A lawmaker from Sarawak stated that PETRONAS acts as a trustee for the oil and gas fields in both the states; therefore, it makes no sense of buying a property that should have been already owned by the state governments.<ref>{{cite news |title=How about giving Petronas to Sarawak and Sabah? |url=https://sarawakvoice.com/2019/12/12/how-about-giving-petronas-to-sarawak-and-sabah/ |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=Sarawak Voice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610123727/https://sarawakvoice.com/2019/12/12/how-about-giving-petronas-to-sarawak-and-sabah/ |archive-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> The brand valuation of PETRONAS as of January 2021 was US$12 billion (RM 48 billion according to conversion rate of US$1.00 to RM 4.00).<ref>{{cite web |title=Brand value of Petronas from 2015 to 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1189070/brand-value-of-petronas-globally/#:~:text=Petronas'%20brand%20value%20worldwide%202015%2D2022&text=The%20public%20Malaysian%20oil%20and,oil%20and%20gas%20companies%20globally. |publisher=[[Statista]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506190020/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1189070/brand-value-of-petronas-globally/ |archive-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> Total stockholder equity as of February 2021 was US$82 billion (RM 328 billion).<ref>{{cite web |title=Global 500 - Petronas |url=https://fortune.com/company/petronas/global500/ |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225143608/https://fortune.com/company/petronas/global500/ |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> ===Production sharing contracts=== Production-sharing contract (PSC) was signed between PETRONAS and other foreign oil companies in 1976. A ratio of 70:30 was agreed upon where for total amount of oil produced, other oil companies will take 20% of oil for cost recovery (cost oil), and the remaining 10% will be taken as oil royalty and shared equally between federal and respective state governments. The remaining 70% of oil (profit oil) will be divided again according to 70:30 formula where PETRONAS will take 70% and 30% goes to respective oil companies. Both PETRONAS and other oil companies will be subjected to 45% income tax by the federal government. Besides, 70% of any increase in oil price from the base price of US$12.72 will go to PETRONAS and the base price will increase by 5% each year so other oil companies will be able to cover for any cost inflation. In return, PETRONAS will not take over the equity of other oil companies. Each oil company will contribute 0.5% for a petroleum research fund.<ref name="Muhammad 1978">{{cite book |last1=Muhammad |first1=Anuar Adnan |title=The Petroleum Industry in Malaysia |date=June 1978 |publisher=University of London |page=80 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28739/1/10672907.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530050937/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28739/1/10672907.pdf |access-date=27 October 2021|archive-date=30 May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="CCOP">{{cite web |title=Overview of Malaysian PSC |url=http://www.ccop.or.th/ppm/document/CAWS4/MalaysianPSC.pdf |publisher=Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512074005/http://www.ccop.or.th/ppm/document/CAWS4/MalaysianPSC.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> Another PSC (the deep-water model) was developed in 1985 to attract other oil companies to enter the Malaysian oil mining scene, while taking into account the rising cost of oil exploration (cost oil of 28%). Sharing of oil revenue become more flexible, depending upon the depth of the oil is found. The deeper the oil seeps (from 200 meters to more than 1&nbsp;km), the higher the cost oil (50 to 75%). However, foreign oil companies will get higher share of profit oil (from 30 to 85%) in deep-water oil mining.<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> In 1997, revenue over cost (R/C) model was adopted for PSC. PETRONAS will get higher share of profit oil as R/C ratio increases.<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> In the meantime, 10% oil royalty stays the same throughout the years. Overall, PETRONAS earns 13.3% on R/C model and 12.5% on deep-water model. Meanwhile, the federal government earns 37% in R/C model and 25% in deep-water model.<ref name="CCOP"/> ===Finances=== PETRONAS has been publishing its financial reports online since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports |url=https://www.petronas.com/media/reports |publisher=Petronas |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209084740/https://www.petronas.com/media/reports |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Noorshahrizam |first1=Shahrin Aizat |title=Are Petronas finances a secret? Hardly, minister says reports available publicly, so no need to debate in Parliament |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/11/22/are-petronas-finances-a-secret-hardly-minister-says-reports-available-publi/2022713 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122140542/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/11/22/are-petronas-finances-a-secret-hardly-minister-says-reports-available-publi/2022713 |archive-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> However, certain quarters demanded detailed profit and loss accounts and reports on PSCs with other companies for transparency instead of just providing a summary of profits before tax.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Teo |first1=Richard |title=Why Petronas accounts are secret |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55721 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=22 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125171550/https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55721 |archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tunstile |title=Petronas accounts a secret due to us |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55834 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=24 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126135417/https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55834 |archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghazali |first1=Rahmah |title=Reveal accounts, not financial records, Petronas told |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/84642 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=18 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610021504/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/84642 |archive-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> Responding to allegations of public funds mismanagement, PETRONAS responded that its profits are managed by the Malaysian federal government, not by the company itself.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Petronas Staff |title=Don't ask Petronas how profits used, ask... |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/84737 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=19 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011150549/http://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/84737 |archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref> In 2007, PETRONAS revenue come from petroleum exports from Malaysia (50%), domestic operations (20%) and international operations (30%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=von Der Mehden |first1=Fred R |last2=Troner |first2=AL |title=Petronas - a national oil company with international vision |url=https://www.resourcedata.org/dataset/rgi-petronas-a-national-oil-company-with-an-international-vision |publisher=James Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220603122436/https://www.resourcedata.org/dataset/rgi-petronas-a-national-oil-company-with-an-international-vision |archive-date=3 June 2022 |date=March 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The weightage of the revenue streams were similar in 2020, where international operations accounted for 33% of total revenue received by PETRONAS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Review and Other Information - Revenue by Geographical Trade |url=https://www.petronas.com/integrated-report/files/PETRONAS-IR20-Financial-Review-and-Other-Information.pdf |publisher=Petronas |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603121209/https://www.petronas.com/integrated-report/files/PETRONAS-IR20-Financial-Review-and-Other-Information.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> PETRONAS continuously provides the Malaysian government dividends from its profits. Since its inception in 1974, PETRONAS have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chin |first1=Joseph |title=Petronas posts record profit, declares RM6b dividend to govt (updated) |url=http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/15/business/20080715121235&sec=business |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=The Star (Malaysia) |date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821001815/http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/15/business/20080715121235&sec=business |archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref> PETRONAS paid RM 54 billion in dividends to the federal government in 2019. In 2022, PETRONAS contributed RM 50 billion to the federal government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas to double dividend payment to government this year, to RM50bil from RM25bil promised earlier |url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/2022/08/827012/petronas-double-dividend-payment-government-year-rm50bil-rm25bil-promised |access-date=8 March 2023 |publisher=New Straits Times |date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831170444/https://www.nst.com.my/business/2022/08/827012/petronas-double-dividend-payment-government-year-rm50bil-rm25bil-promised |archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>[[File:Petronas 2013 logo.svg|thumb|150px|Petronas logo, 2013–present]] === Corporate identity === Petronas's logo was created in 1974<ref name="version"/><ref name="brands"/> by Dato Johan Ariff of Johan Design Associates.<ref name="brands">{{cite web |title=Petronas |url=https://www.brandsoftheworld.com/logo/petronas |website=Brands of the World |access-date=6 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204060608/https://www.brandsoftheworld.com/logo/petronas |archive-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> On 22 July 2013, Petronas unveiled a refreshed version of its corporate logo in that year's Asia Oil and Gas Conference, symbolising the growth and progression of its brand. It is the third iteration of the logo.<ref name="version">{{cite news |title=Petronas unveils refreshed version of logo |url=http://www.btimes.com.my/articles/20130611011418/Article/#selection-645.100-645.127 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130723083200/http://www.btimes.com.my/articles/20130611011418/Article/#selection-645.100-645.127 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2013 |work=Business Times (Malaysia) |date=23 July 2013}}</ref> ==Subsidiaries== PETRONAS has more than 100 subsidiaries and around 40 Joint Venture companies in which PETRONAS has at least 50% stake in the company. Although PETRONAS is considering to listing more of its subsidiaries,<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas to mull possibility of listing units |url=http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/20090810132042/Article/index_html |publisher=Business Times |date=10 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812011820/http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/20090810132042/Article/index_html |archive-date=12 August 2009 }}</ref> so far the company has listed at least 3 of its subsidiaries in the [[Bursa Malaysia]]. ===PETRONAS Dagangan Berhad=== [[File:YosriNov2004StesenMinyakPetronas.jpg|thumb|350px|right |A PETRONAS petrol station at km 54, Karak-Kuala Lumpur Highway]] Involved in the distribution and sale of finished petroleum products and operations of service stations for the domestic market. The company has over 800 petrol stations around Malaysia as of July 2007,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/Business|title=Malaysia Business & Finance News, Stock Updates &#124; The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref> and further increased to 870 stations in January 2008.<ref>[http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/Tuesday/Latest/20080129161234/Article/index_html Petronas teams up with Maybank, CIMB] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201112935/http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/Tuesday/Latest/20080129161234/Article/index_html |date=1 February 2008 }}</ref> The company has also teamed up with local food and beverage companies, banks and transportation companies to provide better services at their petrol stations. Companies include [[McDonald's]], [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], [[Dunkin' Donuts]], [[Konsortium Transnasional Berhad]], [[Maybank]], and [[CIMB|CIMB Bank]]. ===PETRONAS Gas Berhad=== Involved in the provision of gas processing and transmission services to PETRONAS and its customers as a throughput company. Owns and operates the [[Peninsular Gas Pipeline]] which is 2,550 kilometres in length and runs from [[Kerteh]] in Terengganu to [[Johor Bahru]] in the South and [[Kangar]] in the North of Peninsular Malaysia. ===MISC Berhad=== {{main|MISC Berhad}} Involved in ship-owning, ship-operating and other logistics and maritime transportation services and activities. ===KLCC Properties Berhad=== {{main|KLCC Properties}} Involves in the development and the management of the Kuala Lumpur City Centre project which includes the [[Petronas Twin Towers|PETRONAS Twin Towers]], [[Menara Exxon Mobil]] and [[KLCC Park]]. Other properties under its care include [[Dayabumi Complex]] which is located near [[Dataran Merdeka]]. ===PETRONAS Chemicals=== The PETRONAS Chemicals is the latest company to be publicly listed. The IPO was done on 26 November 2010 with investor raise around US$4.40 billion, effectively becoming one of the largest IPO exercises in South East Asia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Petronas Chemicals shares open up 13pc on debut |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/business/article/petronas-chemicals-shares-open-up-13pc-on-debut/ |date=26 December 2010 |publisher=The Malaysian Insider |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105201136/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/business/article/petronas-chemicals-shares-open-up-13pc-on-debut/ |archive-date=5 January 2011 }}</ref> The business is the largest petrochemical producer and seller in South East Asia. Products include [[olefins]], [[polymers]], fertilizers, [[methanol]] and other basic chemicals and derivative products.<ref>{{cite news| title= Petronas Chemicals| url= http://www.petronaschemicals.com/index.html| date= 12 January 2011| access-date= 12 January 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130304111016/http://www.petronaschemicals.com/index.html| archive-date= 4 March 2013| url-status= dead}}</ref> In 2022, the company acquired Swedish speciality plastics company Perstorp from [[PAI Partners]] for €2.3 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paipartners.com/mediaitem/pai-partners-agrees-sale-of-perstorp-to-petronas-chemicals-group/|title=PAI Partners agrees sale of Perstorp to Petronas Chemicals Group|date=17 May 2022|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canplastics.com/materials/petronas-completes-acquisition-of-swedish-specialty-chemicals-group-perstorp/1003459563/|title=Petronas completes acquisition of Swedish specialty chemicals group Perstorp|work=Canadian Plastics|date=12 October 2022|access-date=15 August 2023}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Malaysian Marine and Heavy Engineering=== {{main|Malaysian Marine and Heavy Engineering}} MMHE was listing on 29 October 2010 with MYR 1 billion raised on its IPO exercise. The business builds offshore structures for oil and gas applications, help repair large vessels and converts vessels into [[Floating production storage and offloading]] and FSOs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysian Marine & Heavy Engineering Core Business |url=http://www.mmhe.com.my/Businesses/Pages/default.aspx |date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130233536/http://www.mmhe.com.my/Businesses/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=30 November 2010 }}</ref> === New Biorefinery Joint Venture with Eniive SpA === In 2024, Petronas, Italy's [[Eni|Enilive SpA]], and Japan's Euglena Co. announced a final investment decision to establish a biorefinery in Malaysia. A joint venture will oversee the construction, slated to begin in the fourth quarter of this year at Petronas's integrated refinery and petrochemical complex in Pengerang, Johor. The facility is designed to process approximately 650,000 tons of raw materials annually, producing sustainable aviation fuel, hydrogenated vegetable oil, and bio-naphtha. The biorefinery is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2028.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2024 |title=Petronas, Enilive and Euglena to develop biorefinery in Malaysia's Pengerang |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/petronas-enilive-euglena-develop-biorefinery-malaysias-pengerang-2024-07-26/}}</ref> ===Other principal subsidiaries=== Some of the key subsidiaries are:- * PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd – Main [[Hydrocarbon exploration]] arm * E&P O&M Services Sdn Bhd (EPOMS) – Main Oil & Gas Maintenance Services – Cendor Phase 2 FPSO project, Bertam, Sepat, Layang, Gumusut-Kakap * PETRONAS Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd – [[Hydrocarbon exploration]] arm aimed at finding new blocks in international areas * PETRONAS Research Sdn Bhd – Conducting research and development * MITCO Sdn Bhd – International Trading of non-oil assets * [[Petronas Fertiliser Kedah|PETRONAS Fertiliser Kedah]] – Creating [[urea]] fertiliser * [[Petronas Methanol (Labuan)|PETRONAS Methanol (Labuan) Sdn. Bhd. (PMLSB)]] – Methanol plant Others include PETRONAS Assets Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Maritime Services Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Selenia (OEM Oil for [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]], AREXONS); PETRONAS Trading Corp. Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Argentina S.A.; PETRONAS Australia Pty Ltd.; PETRONAS Thailand Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Energy Philippines Inc.; PETRONAS Cambodia Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Technical Services Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Group Technical Solutions Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS South Africa Pty Ltd.; PETRONAS India Holdings Company Pte Ltd.; PETRONAS China Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS International Corp. Ltd.; PETRONAS Marketing Thailand Co. Ltd.; Myanmar PETRONAS Trading Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Canada; PETRONAS Marketing (Netherlands) B.V. and Indianoil PETRONAS ==Commercial automotive and motorcycle partnerships== PETRONAS is an official recommended flagship fuel and lubricants for [[Mercedes-Benz]] (including [[Mercedes-AMG]] models), [[PROTON Holdings|Proton]], [[Perodua]], and [[Tata Motors]] for automobiles. They are also recommended fuel and lubricants for [[Modenas]] and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha motorcycles]]. ==Motorsport== ===Car racing=== [[File:Starting grid of 2010 Malaysian GP.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS sponsored the Formula One [[Malaysian Grand Prix]] as the title sponsor since its inaugural race in [[1999 Malaysian Grand Prix|1999]] until the [[2017 Malaysian Grand Prix|last race in 2017]]|left]] [[File:Sauber C23 5.JPG|thumb|The [[Sauber C23]] as used in the [[2004 Formula One season]], exhibited at the Galeria Perdana on Langkawi Island, Malaysia.]] PETRONAS was one of the main [[sponsor (commercial)|sponsors]] of the [[BMW in Formula One|BMW Sauber]] [[Formula One]] team alongside [[Intel]], and supplied [[lubricant]]s and [[fuel]] to the team. It also owned 40% of [[Sauber Petronas Engineering|Sauber PETRONAS Engineering]], the company that builds chassis which formerly used [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] designed engines used by the Sauber team, until being bought out by German motor company [[BMW]]. PETRONAS was also the main sponsor for the [[Malaysian Grand Prix]], and co-sponsored the [[Chinese Grand Prix]], and the inaugural [[Korean Grand Prix]]. PETRONAS was the exclusive premium partner of the [[Sauber Petronas|Sauber PETRONAS]] (1995–2005) and [[BMW in Formula One|BMW Sauber]] (2006–2009) F1 teams. BMW had acquired the controlling stake of the former Sauber PETRONAS Engineering, but left the sport after the 2009 season. On 21 December 2009, PETRONAS was confirmed as moving from BMW Sauber to the newly formed [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes AMG PETRONAS Formula One]] team.<ref name="Petronas Mercedes">{{cite web | url=http://www.brawngp.com/readstory.asp?bgp=j%C1%AA%C0rZ%7Df | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224101048/http://www.brawngp.com/readstory.asp?bgp=j%C1%AA%C0rZ%7Df | archive-date=24 December 2009 | title=Official site of the Brawn GP Formula One Team - News }}</ref> In terms of further Formula One involvement, every year PETRONAS took the BMW Sauber team to various parts of Malaysia for F1 demos, so the public who are unable to go to the track itself get to experience a little bit of what F1 offers. Other promotional events are held in the run up to the race and the drivers play an integral part in this so much so that [[Nick Heidfeld]] conceded that there were more fans for BMW Sauber in Malaysia than in most other countries. [[File:The frontview of No.1 PETRONAS TEAM TOM'S FN09.JPG|thumb]] [[File:Andre Lotterer 2010 Super GT Fuji 400km qualify Super Lap.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS supported [[TOM'S]], a [[Toyota]] automobile racing squad in [[Super GT]] between [[2008 Super GT Series|2008]] and [[2015 Super GT Series|2015]]]] PETRONAS also sponsors many other sporting events and teams, mostly motorsports. Some of these sponsorships include the PERT (PETRONAS EON Rally Team), and also the PETRONAS Adventure Team, a 4X4 adventure team. More recently PETRONAS was also a major sponsor for [[TOM'S|PETRONAS TOYOTA TEAM TOM'S]] which was participating in [[Super GT]] series, which they won the team title in [[2008 Super GT Series|2008]] and driver title in [[2009 Super GT Series|2009]]. The series also raced in Malaysia every season at [[Sepang International Circuit]] between [[2005 Super GT Series|2005]] and [[2013 Super GT Series|2013]]. PETRONAS signed a three-year sponsorship agreement with [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Yamaha]] [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] team. The PETRONAS branding can be seen starting [[2009 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar race]] on the 10 to 12 April 2009. PETRONAS also sponsors all [[Mercedes-AMG]] [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|DTM]] cars from the 2011 season until Mercedes' DTM exit in [[2018 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2018]] (replacing [[Mobil 1]]) for only providing the lubricants. [[File:Lewis Hamilton 2017 Malaysia FP2.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS supports the [[Mercedes AMG Petronas|Mercedes-AMG PETRONAS]] Formula One racing team since 2010. (pictured here in [[2017 Formula One World Championship|2017]])]] Since 2010, PETRONAS has been the main sponsor of the [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes AMG PETRONAS F1]] team. [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] have won eight straight Constructors' Championship titles and 7 Drivers' Championship titles from the beginning of the 1.6 litre (97.6 cu in) turbocharged V6 engine era in {{F1|2014}} until {{f1|2021}}. Since 2014, PETRONAS has also been supplying fuel and lubricants for [[Mercedes-AMG]] customer teams, including [[Force India]] (from 2014) (now known as [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]], along with Ravenol from 2018 season for lubricants only), [[Lotus F1|Lotus]] for {{F1|2015}}, [[Manor Racing|Manor]] for {{F1|2016}}, [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]] from {{F1|2017}} to [[2022 Formula One World Championship|2022]] and [[McLaren]] from {{F1|2021}}. In addition PETRONAS also supplies fuels and lubricants for [[Honda F1|Honda]]-powered [[Red Bull GmbH|Red Bull]]-owned Italian team [[Scuderia Toro Rosso]], known as [[Scuderia AlphaTauri]] since the 2018 season, until 2023. PETRONAS' title and technical partnership with Mercedes is extended from the 2026 season onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racing the Future: Mercedes-AMGF1 and PETRONAS Power Towards Two Decades of Partnership and Embrace F1's Sustainable Future |url=https://www.petronas.com/media/press-release/racing-future-mercedes-amgf1-and-petronas-power-towards-two-decades-partnership |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=PETRONAS Global |language=en}}</ref> ===Motorcycle racing=== [[File:Fabio Quartararo 2019 Misano (cropped).jpeg|thumb|Petronas supporting the [[Sepang Racing Team]] in MotoGP]] In [[1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1996]], PETRONAS sponsored a Grand Prix motorcycle racing team called PETRONAS Sprinta TVK in the 250cc class with [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] as the manufacturer. The team got a wildcard opportunity at the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix]] with [[Shahrol Yuzy]] as its rider. In the following season in [[1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1997]], the team received another wildcard and raced in the 125cc class. This time [[Honda]] was chosen as the manufacturer. Then two seasons later, PETRONAS Sprinta TVK returned to the 250cc class. From [[2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2000]] to [[2002 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2002]], the team competed for a full season in the 250cc class on [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] bikes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gridoto.com/read/221030120/kolaborasi-yamaha-dan-petronas-dulu-pernah-ada-ini-pembalapnya|title=Kolaborasi Yamaha dan Petronas Dulu Pernah Ada, Ini Pembalapnya - GridOto.com|website=www.gridoto.com}}</ref> PETRONAS also sponsors the [[Malaysian Cub Prix]] races, and the now-defunct Foggy PETRONAS Superbike team (in which PETRONAS debuts their superbike, the [[Petronas FP1|FP1]]). Then, PETRONAS became a team sponsor in the [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Moto2]] championship in the [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011 season]] called the PETRONAS Malaysia Team with [[Hafizh Syahrin]] as the rider and using the [[Moriwaki]] motorcycle. Then in the [[2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2012 season]], PETRONAS became the sponsor of the Malaysian Raceline Team when he received a wildcard at the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysian Sepang Grand Prix]] with [[Hafizh Syahrin]], who at that time switched to using an [[FTR Moto|FTR]] motorcycle. It was in this season that Syahrin managed to get on the podium for the first time. The team then got another wildcard in the following season, until in the [[2014 Moto2 season|2014]]-[[2017 Moto2 season|2017 season]], the team participated in full competition in the season with [[Kalex]] as the manufacturer. Since [[2017 MotoGP season|2017]], PETRONAS has been the main sponsor of the [[Sepang Racing Team]], which at that time competed in the Moto2 and Moto3 classes and was named PETRONAS Sprinta Racing. In the Moto3 class the team uses [[Honda]] bikes, while in Moto2 it uses [[Kalex]]. At [[2019 MotoGP season|2019]], PETRONAS is the main sponsor of the new [[Sepang Racing Team|PETRONAS Yamaha SRT]], which became the satellite team for [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Yamaha]] in MotoGP following [[Tech3]]'s switch to [[KTM]] bikes after 20 years with Yamaha bikes. Their riders are [[Valentino Rossi]] and 2017 Moto2 World Champion [[Franco Morbidelli]]. In addition, PETRONAS also played a role for supplying fuels, motorcycle oil and other products for [[Sepang Racing Team|PETRONAS Yamaha SRT]] [[MotoGP]] team. But unfortunately, at the end of the 2021 season, PETRONAS did not continue its cooperation to become the main sponsor of the [[Sepang Racing Team|SRT]] team. In [[2022 Moto2 World Championship|2022]], PETRONAS returned as a team sponsor in Moto2 with their wildcard riders [[Kasma Daniel]] in the PETRONAS MIE Racing team and Azroy Anuar with the PETRONAS RW Racing team. Both riders compete in the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysian]] series. From [[2023 Superbike World Championship|2023]], PETRONAS became the [[title sponsor]] of a [[World Superbike]] and [[Supersport World Championship|World Supersport]] racing team, [[Moriwaki Engineering|MIE Honda Racing]] and changed its name to PETRONAS MIE Honda Racing Team. Their riders are [[Hafizh Syahrin]] & [[Eric Granado]] for WSBK category, and [[Adam Norrodin]] & [[Tarran Mackenzie]] for WSSP category at this season. As part of its corporate social responsibility programme, PETRONAS also brings underprivileged children to watch the races. ==Automotive manufacturers== Petronas once developed its own race bike. Initially, this racing bike will be fielded in the WorldSBK racing event. The desire began in [[2002 Superbike World Championship|2002]], when Petronas was already a partner of the [[Sauber]] racing team in [[Formula 1]]. The base used was the Petronas GP1, which was originally prepared to go down in [[MotoGP]]. But, it was changed to pass WorldSBK homologation. For its development, Petronas worked with Suter Racing Technology. The [[Petronas FP1]] is ready for mass production, to meet WorldSBK regulations. Petronas is working with MSX International in the UK to make 75 units of the road version of the FP1. The remaining 75 units are made by [[Modenas]], a Malaysian motorcycle brand. In terms of specifications, this bike is quite powerful. It uses an in-line 3-cylinder engine, DOHC, 4 valves per cylinder, with a capacity of 899.5 cc, and liquid-cooled. The engine produces 127.4 tk of power at 10,000 rpm and 92 Nm of torque at 9,700 rpm. Petronas had formed the Foggy Petronas Racing team to compete in WorldSBK. The team is led by [[Carl Fogarty]], a former legendary WorldSBK rider. For the riders, [[Troy Corser]], [[Chris Walker (motorcyclist)|Chris Walker]], and [[Garry McCoy]] were selected. However, during the 5 years the team competed in WorldSBK, Petronas FP1 was less competitive. One of the reasons was the change in regulations in 2003. Previously, 3-cylinder engines were limited to 900 cc. But, it was revised to 1,000 cc. Thus, the Petronas FP1 engine was quite defeated in terms of power. It was also not uncommon for the bike to experience technical problems. Even so, the bike made it to the podium three times. One of them was achieved by Walker when he finished third in the [[2004 Superbike World Championship|2004 Valencia WorlsSBK]]. Corser has also achieved pole position twice. The project was eventually discontinued in 2006 by Fogarty and Petronas. Until now, the road version of the Petronas FP1 has also been a question mark. Because, the motorcycle is difficult to detect its whereabouts now.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2021/05/03/180200715/petronas-pernah-kembangkan-motor-balap-sendiri-untuk-worldsbk | title=Petronas Pernah Kembangkan Motor Balap Sendiri untuk WorldSBK | date=3 May 2021 }}</ref> ===WorldSBK constructors=== ====By season results==== ([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) <div style="height: px; overflow: auto;"> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" |- !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Year !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Bike !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Team !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Tyres !valign="middle" rowspan=2| No. !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Riders !colspan=2| 1 !colspan=2| 2 !colspan=2| 3 !colspan=2| 4 !colspan=2| 5 !colspan=2| 6 !colspan=2| 7 !colspan=2| 8 !colspan=2| 9 !colspan=2| 10 !colspan=2| 11 !colspan=2| 12 !colspan=2| 13 !colspan=2| 14 ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| Points ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| {{Tooltip|RC|Riders' championship position}} ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| Points ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| {{Tooltip|MC|Manufacturers' championship position}} |- ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 |- !rowspan="2"| [[2003 Superbike World Championship season|2003]] !rowspan="2"| [[Petronas FP1]] !rowspan="2"| Foggy Petronas Racing !rowspan="2"| {{Pirelli}} |4 |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Troy Corser]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|5}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|13}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|14}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|16}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|10}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|6}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|9}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} | | | | ! 12th ! 107 !rowspan="2" style="background:#;"| 118 !rowspan="2" style="background:#;"| 4th |- |8 |align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[James Haydon]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|15}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|16}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|9}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|17}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} | | | | ! 26th ! 12 |- !rowspan="2"| [[2004 Superbike World Championship season|2004]] !rowspan="2"| [[Petronas FP1]] !rowspan="2"| Foggy Petronas Racing !rowspan="2"| {{Pirelli}} |4 |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Troy Corser]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|11}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|13}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Cir…" https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas#:~:text=%7B%7BShort%20description%7CMalaysian,7Breflist%257D%257D ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Pertamina|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Pertamina|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Pertamina|d=Q1641044|display=Pertamina|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pertamina|voy=no|wikt=Pertamina}} {{commons|Petrol station|Pertamina}} ==HENDRI MELONTE== {{Sister project links |1=Pertamina|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Pertamina|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Pertamina|d=Q1641044|display=Pertamina|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pertamina|voy=no|wikt=Pertamina}} {{commons|Petrol station|Pertamina}} i57qak6qp7ot6oeshe0o7mo8463ung3 0 385624 3346745 3151193 2026-05-17T15:48:40Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346745 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox kapatabang honda |image=[[Berkas:Antonov_An-225_Beltyukov-1.jpg|300px|]] |caption= '''Antonov An-225 Mriya''' {{br}} sadang tabang }} |} '''Antonov An-225 Mriya''' adolah [[Pasawat angkuik|pasawat angkuik]] [[Pangangkutan udaro|udaro ''strategis'']] nan pado kali partamo dikambangkan untuak mambao [[Pasawat Ulang Alik|pasawat ulang alik]].<ref name="goebel">{{cite web |url=http://www.airvectors.net/avantgt.html#m3 |title=Antonov An-225 Mriya ("Cossack") |website=The Antonov Giants: An-22, An-124, & An-225 |access-date=21 Agustus 2012 |author=Greg Goebel |language=en |archive-date=2012-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205123323/http://www.airvectors.net/avantgt.html#m3 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="Gordon">{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Yefim |last2=Komissarov |first2=Dmitriy |first3=Sergey |last3=Komissarov |chapter=The Six-Engined Dream |page=76 |title=Antonov's Heavy Transports: Big Lifters for War & Peace |volume=18 |series=Red Star |publisher=Midland |date= 3 September 2004 |isbn=978-1857801828 |oclc=173497301 |ol=OL9001238M |df=dmy-all |language=en }}</ref> ==Spesifikasi Teknis== [[Berkas:Antonov_An-225_3-view.svg|jmpl|Gamba di ateh [[karateh]] Antonov An-225 Mriya.]]<br/> [[Berkas:Antonov-225_main_landing_gear_2.jpg|jmpl|Sabolah sasis utamo Antonov An-225 Mriya.]]<br/> [[Berkas:An-225_D-18T.jpg|jmpl|Sabolah kidagh [[Progress D-18T|masin utamo]] di sayok Antonov An-225 Mriya.]] Ciri-ciri umum<ref name="ramAn225">[http://ram-home.com/ram-old/an-225.html An-225 (An-225-100) "Мрія"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031011047/http://ram-home.com/ram-old/an-225.html |date=31 Oktober 2015}} ''Russian Aviation Museum'', 20 Oktober 2001. Diarspikan tanggal 31 Oktober 2010.</ref><ref name=mf>[http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=58 "Antonov An-225 Mriya (Cossack) Heavy Lift Strategic Long-Range Transport"]. ''Military Factory'', 23 Agustus 2012. Diarsipkan tanggal 2 Agustus 2020.</ref><ref name=gs>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/an-225.htm |title=AN-225 Mriya |website=[[GlobalSecurity.org]] |date=27 Februari 2022 |access-date=28 Februari 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220228164416/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/an-225.htm |archive-date=28 Februari 2022 |language=en }}</ref><ref name=acs>{{cite web |url= http://www.aircharterservice.aero/cargo/aircraft/antonov_an225.htm |title= Antonov An 225 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120415013519/http://www.aircharterservice.aero/cargo/aircraft/antonov_an225.htm |archive-date=15 April 2012 |website=Air Charter Service |access-date=6 September 2012 |df=dmy-all |language=en }}</ref> <br/> *Awak: 6 *Dayo muek: 253.820 kg (559.580 lb) *Dimensi pintu: 440 x 640 cm (14,4 x 21 ft) *Panjang: 84 m (275,6 ft) *[[Rontang sayok|Rontang sayok]]: 88,4 m (290 ft 2 in) *Tinggi: 18,1 m (59,3 ft) *Loweh sayok: 905 m2 (9.743,7 ft2) *Volume kargo: 1.300 m3 (46.000 cu ft) *Barek kosong: 285.000 kg (628.315 lb) *Berek maksimal bilo lapeh landas: 600.000 kg (1.323.000 lb) *[[Masin]]: 6 × [[turbofan]] ZMKB [[Progress D-18T|Lotaryov D18]]<nowiki/>T, 229,5 kN (51.600 lbf) parmasin *Jarak lapeh landas: 3500 m (11500 ft) dangan beban maksimal<br/> Kinerja <br/> *Laju maksimal: 850 km/h (530 mph, 460 knot) *Laju jalajah: 800 km/h (500 mph, 430 knot) *Jangkauan: **Bahan baka panuah: 15.400 km (9.600 mi) **Barek muek 200 ton: 4.000 km (2.500 mi) *Bateh-tabang di langik: 11.000 m (36.000 ft) *Beban sayok: 662,9 kg/m2 (135,8 lb/ft2) ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Antonov An-225|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Antonov An-225 Mriya|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Antonov An-225|d=Q178351|display=Antonov An-225 Mriya|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Antonov An-225 Mriya|voy=no|wikt=kopa tobang}} {{commons|Antonov An-225}} 398x399abvdgdz6x2l9j9ym2p675o5p 0 385814 3346752 3164302 2026-05-17T19:02:26Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346752 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Lokasi_Sumatra_Barat_Kabupaten_Pasaman.svg|pus|jmpl|250x250px|<center>Peta Lokasi Kabupaten Pasaman di Sumatra Barat</center>]] Barikuik adolah '''daftar [[kacamatan]] jo [[nagari]] di [[Kabupaten Pasaman]]''', [[Sumatra Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. <onlyinclude>Kabupaten Pasaman mampunyoi 12 kacamatan jo 62 nagari. Kabupaten iko mamiliki wilayah salaweh 3.947,63 km² jo panduduak sabanyak 315.470 jiwa (2017) jo sebarannyo mancapai 80 jiwa/km².<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017|title=Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan|publisher=Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up|archive-date=29 Desember 2018|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url=http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf|title=Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan|publisher=Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019|archive-date=25 Oktober 2019|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> Daftar kacamatan jo nagari di Kabupaten Pasaman adolah sabagai barikuik: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" !Kode Kemendagri !Kacamatan !Jumlah !Status !Daftar |-valign="top" |13.08.04 |[[Bonjol, Pasaman|Bonjol]] |align="center"| 5 |Nagari||{{Flatlist| * [[Ganggo Hilia, Bonjol, Pasaman|Ganggo Hilia]] * [[Ganggo Mudiak, Bonjol, Pasaman|Ganggo Mudiak]] * [[Koto Kaciak, Bonjol, Pasaman|Koto Kaciak]] * [[Koto Kaciak Barat, Bonjol, Pasaman|Koto Kaciak Barat]] * [[Limo Koto, Bonjol, Pasaman|Limo Koto]] }} |-valign="top" |13.08.12 |[[Duo Koto, Pasaman|Duo Koto]] |align="center"| 7 |Nagari |{{Flatlist| * [[Cubadak, Duo Koto, Pasaman|Cubadak]] * [[Cubadak Barat, Duo Koto, Pasaman|Cubadak Barat]] * [[Cubadak Tangah, Duo Koto, Pasaman|Cubadak Tengah]] * [[Cubadak Timur, Duo Koto, Pasaman|Cubadak Timur]] * [[Simpang Tonang, Duo Koto, Pasaman|Simpang Tonang]] * [[Simpang Tonang Selatan, Duo Koto, Pasaman|Simpang Tonang Selatan]] * [[Simpang Tonang Utara, Duo Koto, Pasaman|Simpang Tonang Utara]] }} |-valign="top" |13.08.05 |[[Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Lubuk Sikaping]] |align="center"| 13 |Nagari |{{Flatlist| * [[Aia Manggih, Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Aia Manggih]] * [[Aia Manggih Barat, Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Aia Manggih Barat]] * [[Aia Manggih Selatan, Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Aia Manggih Selatan]] * [[Aia Manggih Utara, Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Aia Manggih Utara]] * [[Durian Tinggi, Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Durian Tinggi]] * [[Jambak, Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Jambak]] * [[Pauah, Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Pauah]] * [[Sundata, Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Sundata]] * [[Sundata Selatan, Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Sundata Selatan]] * [[Sundata Utara, Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Sundata Utara]] * [[Tanjuang Baringin, Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Tanjuang Baringin]] * [[Tanjuang Baringin Selatan, Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Tanjuang Baringin Selatan]] * [[Tanjuang Baringin Utara, Lubuk Sikaping, Pasaman|Tanjuang Baringin Utara]] }} |-valign="top" |13.08.07 |[[Panti, Pasaman|Panti]] |align="center"| 4 |Nagari |{{Flatlist| * [[Panti, Panti, Pasaman|Panti]] * [[Panti Selatan, Panti, Pasaman|Panti Selatan]] * [[Panti Timur, Panti, Pasaman|Panti Timur]] * [[Panti Utara, Panti, Pasaman|Panti Utara]] }} |-valign="top" |13.08.08 |[[Mapat Tunggul, Pasaman|Mapat Tunggul]] |align="center"| 4 |Nagari |{{Flatlist| * [[Lubuak Gadang, Mapat Tunggul, Pasaman|Lubuak Gadang]] * [[Muaro Tais, Mapat Tunggul, Pasaman|Muaro Tais]] * [[Muaro Tais Koto Gadang, Mapat Tunggul, Pasaman|Muaro Tais Koto Gadang]] * [[Pintu Padang, Mapat Tunggul, Pasaman|Pintu Padang]] }} |-valign="top" |13.08.15 |[[Mapat Tunggul Selatan, Pasaman|Mapat Tunggul Selatan]] |align="center"| 2 |Nagari |{{Flatlist| * [[Muaro Sungai Lolo, Mapat Tunggul Selatan, Pasaman|Muaro Sungai Lolo]] * [[Silayang, Mapat Tunggul Selatan, Pasaman|Silayang]] }} |-valign="top" |13.08.17 |[[Padang Gelugur, Pasaman|Padang Gelugur]] |align="center"| 4 |Nagari |{{Flatlist| * [[Bahagia Padang Galugua, Padang Gelugur, Pasaman|Bahagia Padang Galugua]] * [[Padang Galugua, Padang Gelugur, Pasaman|Padang Galugua]] * [[Sitombol Padang Galugua, Padang Gelugur, Pasaman|Sitombol Padang Galugua]] * [[Sontang Cubadak, Padang Gelugur, Pasaman|Sontang Cubadak]] }} |-valign="top" |13.08.14 |[[Rao, Pasaman|Rao]] |align="center"| 5 |Nagari |{{Flatlist| * [[Padang Mantinggi, Rao, Pasaman|Padang Mantinggi]] * [[Padang Mantinggi Utara, Rao, Pasaman|Padang Mantinggi Utara]] * [[Taruang Taruang, Rao, Pasaman|Taruang Taruang]] * [[Taruang Taruang Selatan, Rao, Pasaman|Taruang Taruang Selatan]] * [[Taruang Taruang Utara, Rao, Pasaman|Taruang Taruang Utara]] }} |-valign="top" |13.08.19 |[[Rao Selatan, Pasaman|Rao Selatan]] |align="center"| 6 |Nagari |{{Flatlist| * [[Lansek Kadok, Rao Selatan, Pasaman|Lansek Kadok]] * [[Lansek Kadok Barat, Rao Selatan, Pasaman|Lansek Kadok Barat]] * [[Lubuak Layang, Rao Selatan, Pasaman|Lubuak Layang]] * [[Tanjung Betung, Rao Selatan, Pasaman|Tanjung Betung]] * [[Tanjung Betung Timur, Rao Selatan, Pasaman|Tanjung Betung Timur]] * [[Tanjung Betung Utara, Rao Selatan, Pasaman|Tanjung Betung Utara]] }} |-valign="top" |13.08.18 |[[Rao Utara, Pasaman|Rao Utara]] |align="center"| 3 |Nagari |{{Flatlist| * [[Koto Nopan, Rao Utara, Pasaman|Koto Nopan]] * [[Koto Rajo, Rao Utara, Pasaman|Koto Rajo]] * [[Languang, Rao Utara, Pasaman|Languang]] }} |-valign="top" |13.08.16 |[[Simpang Alahan Mati, Pasaman|Simpang Alahan Mati]] |align="center"| 4 |Nagari |{{Flatlist| * [[Alahan Mati, Simpang Alahan Mati, Pasaman|Alahan Mati]] * [[Alahan Mati Hilia, Simpang Alahan Mati, Pasaman|Alahan Mati Hilia]] * [[Simpang, Simpang Alahan Mati, Pasaman|Simpang]] * [[Simpang Utara, Simpang Alahan Mati, Pasaman|Simpang Utara]] }} |-valign="top" |13.08.13 |[[Tigo Nagari, Pasaman|Tigo Nagari]] |align="center"| 5 |Nagari |{{Flatlist| * [[Binjai, Tigo Nagari, Pasaman|Binjai]] * [[Ladang Panjang, Tigo Nagari, Pasaman|Ladang Panjang]] * [[Ladang Panjang Barat, Tigo Nagari, Pasaman|Ladang Panjang Barat]] * [[Malampah, Tigo Nagari, Pasaman|Malampah]] * [[Malampah Barat, Tigo Nagari, Pasaman|Malampah Barat]] }} |- valign="top" style="background-color: #ccc;" ! !TOTAL !62 ! ! |} </onlyinclude> == Referensi == {{reflist}} == Lihat pula == * [[Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Indonesia]] * [[Daftar kecamatan jo nagari/kelurahan/desa di Sumatra Barat]] * [[Pembagian administratif Indonesia]] == Pranala luar == * {{id}} [http://pasamankab.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Pasaman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527011231/https://pasamankab.bps.go.id/ |date=2021-05-27 }} * {{id}} [http://sumbarprov.go.id Situs Resmi Provinsi Sumatra Barat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929012418/https://www.sumbarprov.go.id/ |date=2023-09-29 }} * {{id}} [http://pasamankab.go.id Situs Resmi Kabupaten Pasaman] ''catatan: URL sawaktu-waktu bisa barubah/hilang. Kalau URL indak aktif, mohon diapuih dari daftar.''{{Kabupaten Pasaman|state=expanded}} cqcr7ninzief3dg0f9rx0pt7u4qs69j 0 386590 3346756 2505624 2026-05-17T22:37:31Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox rock |name=Granit |type=Batuan boku |image=Fjæregranitt3.JPG |caption=Granit nan manganduang kalium feldspar, plagioklas feldspar, kuarsa, dan biotit atau amfibol |composition= [[Felsik]], [[Felspar|kalium felspar]], [[plagioklase]] dan [[kuarsa]] |composition_secondary = Sajumlah [[amfibol]], [[muskovit]], [[biotit]] dan [[Hornblende|hornblende nan babedo]]. }} [[Berkas:Doorway La Ronce National Trust for Jersey.jpg|jmpl|ka|Sabuah dindiang dangan granit.]] '''Granit''' adolah jinih [[Batuan boku|igneus]] [[intrusi (geologi)|intrusif]], [[felsik]], nan umum dan banyak ditomui. Sabagian bosegh granit batekstur kareh dan kuek saroto punyo katahanan nan lamo, dek biktu granit banyak paguno sabagai batuan untuak konstruksi. [[Kapadekan]] rato-rato granit adolah 2,75 gr/cm³ dangan jangkauan antaro 1,74 dan 2,80. Kato granit baasa dari [[bahaso Latin]] ''granum''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Page|first=Geology|date=2019-05-16|title=Granite Rocks : What Is Granite Rock And How Is It Formed?|url=http://www.geologypage.com/2019/05/granite-rocks.html|website=Geology Page|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-02}}</ref> Salain tu, granit punyo juo banyak variasi warno, bahkan ado babarapo nan polanyo sangek manariak saroto punyo kaindahan dan karakteristik alami. Dek biktu, granit condong lobiah barek bilo dibandingkan dangan [[karamik]]. [[Berkas:Mejagranit.jpg|250px|jmpl|ka|Meja granit sabagai bidang acuan dalam proses pangukuran karehnyo [[baja]].]] Pado bidang industri dan rekayasa, granit banyak paguno sabagai bidang acuan dalam babagai pangukuran dan [[alat ukur|alat pangukur]]. Iko basobok granit basifaik kedap aia, kaku (rigid), non-higroskopis dan punyo koefisien ekspansi termal nan sangat rondah. Ciek dari panarapannyo adolah pado masin pangukur koordinat ([[Coordinate Measuring Machine]]) nan manggunoan granit sabagai meja atau bidang acuan, dangan tujuan untuak manjamin kaàkuratan konstruksi CMM nan dibuek sangek kaku (rigid).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robin|first=|date=|title=Coordinate Measuring Machine|url=https://www.rocheindustry.com/coordinate-measuring-machine/|website=www.rocheindustry.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-12-02|archive-date=2023-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617171054/https://www.rocheindustry.com/coordinate-measuring-machine/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Commons|Granite|Granit}} *{{commons category-inline|Granite|Granit}} {{Authority control}} 77ewvn396xfkfp96nqseh03uc4o2fn2 0 386691 3346748 2443990 2026-05-17T17:03:54Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Backpulver.jpg|jmpl|300px|Bubuak pangombang]] '''Bubuak pangombang''' ({{lang-en|baking powder}})<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=hSfia-1mYgMC&pg=PA44&dq=bakpuder&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJz8HG-oLmAhUIxjgGHY7_ChoQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=bakpuder&f=false|title=An Indonesian-English Dictionary|last=Echols|first=John M.|last2=Shadily|first2=Hassan|last3=Wolff|first3=John U.|date=1989|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-2127-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=BJrFsQ0SwzgC&pg=PA706&dq=bakpuder&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJz8HG-oLmAhUIxjgGHY7_ChoQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=bakpuder&f=false|title=Ensiklopedi Umum|last=Pringgodigdo|first=Prof Mr Ag|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Kanisius|isbn=978-979-413-522-8|language=id}}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> adolah [[bahan pangombang]] nan paguno untuak maningkekàn volume dan mamparingan bantuak makanan nan dipanggang ajak [[muffin (kue)|muffin]], [[kue bolu|bolu]], [[scone (kue)|scone]], dan [[biskuit]]. Bubuak pangombang bakarojo dangan malapehàn gas [[karbon dioksida]] ka dalam adonan malalui sabuah reaksi asam-basa, manyobabkan galombuang-galombuang pado adonan nan masih basah, dan katiko dipanehan adonan mamuai; katiko adonan matang, galombuang-galombuang tu taparangkok hinggo manyobabkan kue manjadi naiak dan ringan. Bubuak pangombang dipakai untuak manggantian [[ragi]] katiko raso fermentasi indak diingini pado makanan nan dihasilkan,<ref>{{cite book|last=Matz|first=Samuel A.|title=Bakery Technology and Engineering|edition=3|year=1992|page=54|publisher=Springer|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=rU1wQotD3jIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=&f=false|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> atau ketika adonan kurang memiliki sifat elastis untuk menahan gelembung-gelembung gas lebih dari beberapa menit.<ref>{{cite book|last=McGee|first=Harold|title=On Food and Cooking|edition=revised|year=2004|page=533|publisher=Scribner-Simon &amp; Schuster|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA533#v=onepage&q=&f=false|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> Roti nan dibuek dangan mamakai bahan pangombang kimia disabuik [[roti copek]]. Sabagian bosegh bubuak pangombang nan tasadio di pasaran dibuek dari unsua basa (biasonyo soda kue nan juo dikana sabagai [[natrium bikarbonat]] ditambah ciek atau lobiah [[garam asam]], dan pati lombam (umumnyo pati jaguang, meskipun pati kantang dapek juo paguno). Bubuak pangombang adolah sumber karbon dioksida,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lallemand.com/BakerYeastNA/eng/PDFs/LBU%20PDF%20FILES/1_12CHEM.PDF |title=Chemical Leaveners, Lallemand Baking Update, Vol. 1 No. 12, 1996 |accessdate=2009-03-05 |publisher=Lallemand Inc. |archive-date=2006-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014185015/http://www.lallemand.com/BakerYeastNA/eng/PDFs/LBU+PDF+FILES/1_12CHEM.PDF |dead-url=yes }}</ref> dan reaksi asam-basa nan tajadi lobiah topek dijalehàn sabagai dekomposisi soda kue satolah diaktifkan dek asam, sasuai parsamoan barikuik:<ref>{{cite book|editor=A.J. Bent|title=The Technology of Cake Making|edition=6|year=1997|page=102|publisher=Springer|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=OTy8aIWxHhQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q=&f=false|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> :NaHCO₃ + H⁺ → Na⁺ + CO₂ + H₂O Panambahan pati lembam pado bubuak pangombang punyo babarapo kagunoan, tarutamo untuak manyorap kalambapan. Dangan tasorapnyo kalambapan, [[umua simpan]] dapek lobiah lamo basobok mancogah tajadinyo reaksi unsua asam dan basa sacaro prematur. Salain itu, bubuak nan koriang juo dapek bacampua dangan mudah, dan bantuak tapuang mamungkinkan panimbangan nan lobiah akurat.<ref>{{cite book|last=McGee|first=Harold|title=On Food and Cooking|edition=revised|year=2004|page=534|publisher=Scribner-Simon &amp; Schuster|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA534#v=onepage&q=&f=false|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> Asam di dalam bubuak pangombang dapek barupo aksi-copek atau aksi-lambek.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lindsay|first=Robert C.|editor=Owen R. Fennema|title=Food Chemistry|edition=3|year=1996|page=772|publisher=CRC Press|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=1OhFPZ7tFz8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA772#v=onepage&q=&f=false|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> Asam aksi-copek baraksi pado campuran basah dangan bubuak pangombang pado suhu ruang, samantaro asam aksi-lambek indak akan bareaksi hinggo dipanehàn di dalam oven. Bubuak pangombang nan tadiri dari asam-asam aksi-copek dan aksi-lambek disabuik ''double acting'' (aksi gando); bubuak pangombang nan hanyo barisi ciek asam disabuik ''single acting'' (aksi tunggal). Bubuak pangombang ''double-acting'' hanyo malapehan sabagian gas sawakatu adonan masih basah, dan adonan naiak untuak kaduo kalinyo sawakatu dipanggang di dalam oven, bubuak pangombang ''double-acting'' manjamin adonan kue panggang manjadi naiak, sahinggo salisiah wakatu antaro mangaduak adonan dan mamanggang indak bagitu mamangaruhi hasil akhia kue. Bubuak pangombang ''double-acting'' ikolah nan kini tasadio sacaro lowe untuak konsumen, meskipun idak ditulih pado label. Garam asam suhu randah nan umum, di antaronyo [[Potassium bitartrate|krim tartar]] dan [[monokalsium fosfat]] (disabuik juo kalsium asam fosfat). Garam asam suhu tinggi di antaronyo [[natrium aluminum sulfat]], [[natrium aluminum fosfat]], dan [[natrium asam pirofosfat]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Matz|first=Samuel A.|title=Bakery Technology and Engineering|edition=3|year=1992|pages=71–72|publisher=Springer|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=rU1wQotD3jIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q=&f=false|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{commons category-inline|Baking powder|bubuak pangombang}} * [http://www.foodsubs.com/Leaven.html Cook's Thesaurus: Leavens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128002210/http://www.foodsubs.com/Leaven.html |date=2016-11-28 }} Descriptions of various chemical leavening agents and substitutions. * [http://bowlofplenty.blogspot.com/2009/02/baking-powder_16.html Baking Powder] Contains list of aluminium-free baking powders available in the US. {{Authority control}} {{kimia-stub}} r3yc56q9q2uzxi2ffaiqs0jtzqle92i 0 386791 3346757 2504951 2026-05-17T22:38:13Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346757 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Spice Girls in Toronto, Ontario.jpg|jmpl|[[Spice Girls]], grup vokal padusi dangan panjualan album talaris sapanjang maso.]] {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 250 | footer = Grup vokal [[padusi]] [[JKT48]], Indonesia. | image1 = JKT48 Jak-Japan Matsuri Aitakatta.jpg }} '''Grup vokal padusi''' adolah kalompok [[grup musik]] nan tadiri dari babarapo [[panyanyi]] [[padusi|tino]] mudo nan biasonyo malakukan panampilan [[musik]] nan [[harmoni|selaras]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Rutledge |first=Meredith E. |url=http://rockhall.com/blog/post/6655_the-fabulous-girl-groups-women-who-rock/ |title=The Fabulous Girl Groups &#124; The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |publisher=Rockhall.com |date=15 April 2013 |access-date=4 June 2014 |archive-date=29 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629172820/http://www.rockhall.com/blog/post/6655_the-fabulous-girl-groups-women-who-rock/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history-of-rock.com/g_g-history.htm |title=Girl Groups - A Short History |publisher=History-of-rock.com |access-date=4 June 2014 |archive-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917011426/http://www.history-of-rock.com/g_g-history.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==Carito== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{commons category inline|Girl groups|grup vokal tino}} * [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/womens-history/the-real-dreamgirls-147452817/?no-ist 2007 Smithsonian piece of historical influence of American Girl Groups] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150522114204/http://www.girl-groups.com/ Fan-made site devoted to the breadth of mid-century American Girl Groups] {{Authority control}} {{Bio-stub}} ti49yw7aj7197853cms7uc576hrssz4 0 387936 3346751 3345316 2026-05-17T18:46:26Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[JKT48]]''' adolah [[Idola Jepang|grup idola]] asal [[Indonesia]]. Dibuek pado tahun 2011, JKT48 marupoan grup saudari [[AKB48]] patamo nan barado di lua [[Jepang]].<ref name="orcon20110511">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/entertainment/2001678/full/|title=インドネシア・ジャカルタで「JKT48」始動! AKB48海外初の姉妹グループ誕生へ|date=11 Mei 2011|accessdate=13 September 2011|publisher=Oricon, Inc.}}</ref> Grup iko mangadopsi konsep AKB48 yaitu "idola nan dapek Sanak jumpai satiok hari".<ref name="ann20110511">{{Cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2011-09-11/akb48-idol-group-to-spawn-jkt48-spinoff-in-indonesia|title=AKB48 Idol Group to Spawn JKT48 Spinoff in Indonesia|date=11 Mei 2011|accessdate=12 September 2011|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> JKT48 maadoan partunjukan di Theater JKT48, lantai 4 mal [[fX Sudirman]], Jakarta. == Anggota kini ko == === Anggota tetap === <!-- Tolong jangan dimasukkan "terduga" aktivitas bisnis para anggota jika belum diakui secara terbuka ataupun ada pernyataan resmi baik dari official ataupun anggota yang bersangkutan. --> {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=11 | Daftar anggota tetap (Untuak mambuka tabel di bawah iko, silakan takan tombol "kambangan") |- | align=center | <gallery> File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Alya).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alya Amanda|Alya Amanda Fatihah]] Berkas:20191221 JKT48 at JKT48 Joy Kick Tears HSF - Angelina Christy (Christy) (4) (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Angelina Christy]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Anindya).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Anindya Ramadhani|Anindya Ramadhani Purnomo]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Cathy).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cathleen Nixie|Cathleen Hana Nixie]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Elin).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Celline Thefani|Celline Thefannie]] File:Chelsea JKT48, Ella JKT48, dan Gita JKT48 di Futuristik 2024 Tangerang (Chelsea).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Chelsea Davina|Chelsea Davina Norman]] File:Oniel JKT48 at Nivea Men X JKT48 Event - 53105396298.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cornelia Vanisa|Cornelia Syafa Vanisa]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Cynthia).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Cynthia Yaputera]] File:Danella JKT48 tampil di Mendadak Festival (MenFest) Padang 2024 - HIBIKUN.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Dena Natalia|Dena Natalia Ang]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Daisy).jpg|[[Desy Natalia (penyanyi, kelahiran 2005)|Desy Natalia Ang]] Berkas:Olla JKT48 Doing Jikoshoukai Session (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Febriola Sinambela]] File:Feni F 08Dec19 IMG 1745.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Feni Fitriyanti]] File:Gita JKT48 dan Fiony JKT48 (Fiony).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Fiony Alveria Tantri]] File:Freya Jayawardana.jpg|Freyanashifa Jayawardana]] Berkas:Ella JKT48 (2023-12-16).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gabriela Abigail|Gabriela Abigail Mewengkang]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Gendis).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gendis Mayrannisa|Gendis Mayrannisa Setiawan]] File:Gita JKT48 dan Fiony JKT48 (Gita).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Gita Sekar Andarini]] Berkas:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Gracie).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Grace Octaviani|Grace Octaviani Tanujaya]] Berkas:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Greesel).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Greesella Adhalia|Greesella Sophina Adhalia]] Berkas:Helisma Putri at OVJ Trans 7.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Helisma Putri|Helisma Mauludzunia Putri Kurnia]] File:JKT48 Joy Kick! Tears Handshake Festival Jakarta 01Dec19 IMG 3670.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Indah Cahya Nabilla]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama IDN Media dan JKT48 (Jessi).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Jessica Chandra|Jessica Rich Chandra]] File:Kathrina Irene Indarto Putri (Kathrin) JKT48.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Kathrina Irene|Kathrina Irene Indarto Putri]] Kemenparekraf Gandeng JKT48 Sukseskan "Melodi Kemerdekaan 2024" 01 (Lulu).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lulu Salsabila|Lulu Azkiya Salsabila]] Zee JKT48 and Marsha JKT48 Having Fun! (Marsha).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Marsha Lenathea|Marsha Lenathea Lapian]] File:Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Dito Ariotedjo bersama JKT48 Hari Sumpah Pemuda 2023 (Michie).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Michelle Alexandra|Michelle Alexandra Suandi]] Berkas:Mutiara Azzahra at Joy Kick Tears Surabaya HSF.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Mutiara Azzahra|Mutiara Azzahra Umandana]] </gallery> <small>'''Catatan:''' * {{colorbox|cfb53b}} Kapten grup. * {{colorbox|fe9eda}} Akan dipindahan ka Tim ''Love''. * {{colorbox|7fffff}} Akan dipindahan ka Tim ''Dream''. * {{colorbox|ffdf7f}} Akan dipindahan ka Tim ''Passion''. * {{colorbox|fe9494}} Anggota alah maumuman kalulusannyo dari grup.<!-- (Apabila ada anggota telah lulus dari JKT48, silahkan hapus bidang warna ini dan alihkan ke halaman "Daftar mantan anggota JKT48/(tahun kelulusan)". Dan apabila tuntas semua, bagian pada catatan ini akan disembunyikan.)--><!-- * {{colorbox|d3d3d3}} Anggota akan ''hiatus'' dari grup. (Apabila ada anggota sedang hiatus dari JKT48, silahkan hapus bidang warna ini dan diganti menjadi bidang warna selanjutnya di bawah pada catatan ini. Dan apabila tuntas semua, bagian pada catatan ini akan disembunyikan.)--> * {{colorbox|a9a9a9}} Anggota sadang ''hiatus'' dari grup.<!-- (Bidang ini bertujuan apabila ada anggota sedang ''hiatus'' dari JKT48. Apabila ada anggota yang akan segera kembali beraktivitas di JKT48 setelah masa ''hiatus'' nya, silahkan hapus bidang warna ini. Dan apabila tuntas semua, bagian pada catatan ini akan disembunyikan.)--> * {{colorbox|b5b5b5}} Anggota sadang dihukum nonaktif akibat malangga paraturan grup (basarato jo tando <s>coret</s>)<!-- (Apabila ada anggota telah bebas dari hukuman dan akan kembali beraktivitas di JKT48, silahkan hapus bidang warna ini. Dan apabila tuntas semua, bagian pada catatan ini akan disembunyikan.)--> </small> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! Nama lengkap<!--{{efn|name="nama"|Nama yang tertera di situs web resmi JKT48}}--> !! Nama panggilan !! Kelahiran (usia) !! Generasi !! Salam perkenalan !! Mulai dan durasi bergabung (di JKT48) !! Formasi sebelumnya (tanggal pembubaran atau terakhir bergabung) !! Mulai dan durasi bergabung (sebagai anggota tetap JKT48) !! Sub-unit !! Nama ''fanbase'' !! Akun [[media sosial]]<ref name="mediasosial">Akun-akun media sosial yang dimiliki oleh para anggota JKT48 adalah [[Threads (aplikasi)|Threads]] (@), [[IDN App]] (IDN), [[Instagram]] (IG), [[Showroom (layanan pengaliran)|SHOWROOM]] (SR), [[TikTok]] (TT), [[X (media sosial)|X]] (X), dan [[YouTube]] (YT, hanya sebagian kecil anggota yang memiliki kanal YouTube resmi).</ref>!! Ref. |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Abigail Rachel|Abigail Rachel Lie]] |Aralie |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2008|8|6|df=yes}} ({{age|2008|8|6}} tahun) |12 |''Seperti bunga yang mekar, aku akan membuat kamu, kamu, dan kamu terbayang-bayang. Aku Ara-Aralie. Halo semuanya, nama aku Aralie ya!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Arariel |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.aralie @: @jkt48.aralie]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_aralie IDN: Aralie JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.aralie IG: @jkt48.aralie]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Aralie SR: Aralie / アラリー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.aralie TT: @jkt48.aralie]<br>[https://x.com/Aralie_JKT48 X: @Aralie_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/277?lang=id Abigail Rachel]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Adeline Wijaya]] |Delynn, ''Deyin'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2007|9|1|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|9|1}} tahun) |12 |''Nyemangatin dan ngangenin, siapa yang kamu pikirin? Delynn! Pyong! Pyong! Aku Delynn!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Delynessence |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.delynn @: @jkt48.delynn]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_delynn IDN: Delynn JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.delynn IG: @jkt48.delynn]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Delynn SR: Delynn / デリンヌ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.delynn TT: @jkt48.delynn]<br>[https://x.com/Delynn_JKT48 X: @Delynn_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/278?lang=id Adeline Wijaya]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| *Bersahabat dengan [[Hillary Abigail|Lily]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Alya Amanda|Alya Amanda Fatihah]] |Alya |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 26 Agustus 2006 ({{age|2006|8|26}} tahun) |11 |''Jika hatimu sedang menangis, aku akan datang sebagai pelangi! Hai aku Alya!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Alamanda |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.alya_ @: @jkt48.alya_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_alya IDN: Alya JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.alya_ IG: @jkt48.alya_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Alya SR: Alya / アリア (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@alyajkt48 TT: @alyajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/AA_AlyaJKT48 X: @AA_AlyaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/260?lang=id Alya Amanda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528204254/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/260?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff, #fe9494)" | [[Amanda Sukma|Amanda Puspita Sukma Mulyadewi]] | Amanda, ''Manda'', ''Mandut'' | {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Malang|Malang]], [[Jawa Timur]], [[Indonesia]], 17 Desember 2004 ({{age|2004|12|17}} tahun) | 10 | ''Aku akan membuat hatimu berdebar kencang, seperti lagu dengan 1000bpm. Halo semuanya aku Amanda.'' | {{dts|2021|12|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}) | data-sort-value="7.5.2023"|Siswi Pelatihan (7 Mei 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|5|7}})) | {{dts|2023|5|8}} ({{age in years and days|2023|5|8}}) | ''Belum pernah'' | Mandaffection | [https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.amanda.s @: @jkt48.amanda.s]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_amanda IDN: Amanda JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.amanda.s IG: @jkt48.amanda.s]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Amanda SR: Amanda / アマンダ (JKT48)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417221318/https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Amanda |date=2022-04-17 }}<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.amanda.s TT: @jkt48.amanda.s]<br>[https://x.com/PS_AmandaJKT48 X: @PS_AmandaJKT48] | <ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/249?lang=id Amanda Sukma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528055045/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/249?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Kakak kelas di [[Sekolah menengah atas|SMA]] dengan [[Desy Natalia (penyanyi, kelahiran 2005)|Daisy]] dan [[Dena Natalia|Danella]] yang merupakan 2 anggota JKT48 generasi kesebelas. Mereka pernah menjadi anggota grup ''cover'' tarian di SMA nya. *Berkuliah di [[Universitas Multimedia Nusantara]] dalam 2 periode. Dulu, pernah berkuliah di Prodi Teknik Fisika, tetapi berakhir putus kuliah. Kini, berkuliah di Prodi Arsitektur pada angkatan 2025. *Pernah dihukum nonaktif selama 12 minggu (2 Mei – 25 Juli 2024) karena terjerat skandal.<ref name=":1784">{{cite web |url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1784?lang=id|title=Pengumuman Mengenai Aktivitas Amanda Sukma dan Indira Seruni|date=2 Mei 2024|website=JKT48.com|accessdate=2 Mei 2024 |publisher=JKT48 Operation Team}}</ref>--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Angelina Christy]] |Christy, ''Angel'', ''Kitoy'', ''Toya'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2005|12|5|df=yes}} ({{age|2005|12|5}} tahun) |7 |''Peduli dan berbaik hati, siapakah dia? Chris.. (ty!) Halo semuanya aku Christy.'' |{{dts|2018|9|29}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) |data-sort-value="13.3.2021"|Tim KIII (13 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|13}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Christyzer |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.christy @: @jkt48.christy]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_christy IDN: Christy JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.christy IG: @jkt48.christy]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Christy SR: Christy/クリスティー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@christyjkt48 TT: @christyjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/A_ChristyJKT48 X: @A_ChristyJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/204?lang=id Angelina Christy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611015347/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/204?lang=id |date=2023-06-11 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Teman [[Sekolah menengah pertama|SMP]] dengan [[Jessica Chandra|Jessi]] yang sesama anggota JKT48 generasi ketujuh. *Memulai karir sebagai seorang model cilik. *Salah satu ''ace'' dari generasi ketujuh. *Bersahabat dengan [[Marsha Lenathea|Marsha]]. *Berkuliah di Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi [[Institut Komunikasi dan Bisnis LSPR]] pada angkatan 2023.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Anindya Ramadhani|Anindya Ramadhani Purnomo]] |Anindya, ''Anin'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Depok|Depok]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], 18 Oktober 2005 ({{age|2005|10|18}} tahun) |11 |''Si mungil hadir, semanis mangga! Hai aku Anindya!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Aninimous |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.anindya_ @: @jkt48.anindya_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_anindya IDN: Anindya JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.anindya_ IG: @jkt48.anindya_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Anindya SR: Anindya / アニンディア (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@anindyajkt48 TT: @anindyajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/AR_AnindyaJKT48 X: @AR_AnindyaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/262?lang=id Anindya Ramadhani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601230223/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/262?lang=id |date=2023-06-01 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Berkuliah di Jurusan Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis [[Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia]] pada angkatan 2024.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Aurellia]] |Lia, ''Oreli'', ''Coach Lia'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 29 Oktober 2002 ({{age|2002|10|29}} tahun) |10 |''Si social butterfly yang energik dan periang! Halo semuanya nama aku Lia!'' |{{dts|2021|12|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}) |data-sort-value="7.5.2023"|Siswi Pelatihan (7 Mei 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|5|7}})) |{{dts|2023|5|8}} ({{age in years and days|2023|5|8}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Liamelior |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.aurellia_ @: @jkt48.aurellia_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_lia IDN: Lia JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.aurellia_ IG: @jkt48.aurellia_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Lia SR: Lia / リア (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.aurellia_ TT: @jkt48.aurellia_]<br>[https://x.com/AU_LiaJKT48 X: @AU_LiaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/250?lang=id Aurellia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601155535/https://www.jkt48.com/member/detail/id/250?lang=id |date=2023-06-01 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Berkuliah dan lulus dari Program Studi Akuntansi STIE Trisakti (2020–2025). *Dijuluki sebagai "''Coach Lia''", karena dia tahu tentang sepak bola, seperti seorang pengamat sepak bola Indonesia [[Justinus Lhaksana]] alias Coach Justin.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Aurhel Alana|Aurhel Alana Tirta]] |Lana, ''Ce Lana'', ''Onnie'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2006|9|14|df=yes}} ({{age|2006|9|14}} tahun) |12 |''Dengan kekuatan bulan, aku akan menyihirmu dengan pesonaku! Halo semuanya, nama aku Lana!'' ||{{dts|2023|11|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="30.4.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (30 April 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|4|30}}))||{{dts|2025|5|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2025|5|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Lanautica |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.lana.a @: @jkt48.lana.a]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_lana IDN: Lana JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.lana.a IG: @jkt48.lana.a]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Lana SR: Lana / ラナ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.lana TT: @jkt48.lana]<br>[https://x.com/AR_LanaJKT48 X: @AR_LanaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/280?lang=id Aurhel Alana]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Anggota generasi ke-12 tertua yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Pernah gagal dalam proses audisi [[Indonesia's Got Talent (musim 3)|Indonesia's Got Talent 2022]] bersama grup ''cover'' tarian 11 Evolve.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Catherina Vallencia|Catherina Vallencia Kurniawan]] |Erine |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2007|8|21|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|8|21}} tahun) |12 |''Hanya dengan seribu kejutan, checkmate! Siap memenangkan hatimu! Halo semuanya namaku Erine!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Cavallery |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.erine @: @jkt48.erine]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_erine IDN: Erine JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.erine IG: @jkt48.erine]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Erine SR: Erine / エリン (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.erine_ TT: @jkt48.erine_]<br>[https://x.com/CErine_JKT48 X: @CErine_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/281?lang=id Catherina Vallencia]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| *Pernah menjadi anggota grup ''cover'' tarian di SMA nya.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Cathleen Nixie|Cathleen Hana Nixie]] |Cathy |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]], [[Jawa Timur]], [[Indonesia]], 28 Mei 2009 ({{age|2009|5|28}} tahun) |11 |''Tring! Si peri cantik jelita, itulah aku! Hai semuanya, namaku Cathy!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Cathleenexus |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.cathy @: @jkt48.cathy]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_cathy IDN: Cathy JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.cathy IG: @jkt48.cathy]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Cathy SR: Cathy / キャシー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@cathyjkt48 TT: @cathyjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/N_CathyJKT48 X: @N_CathyJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/263?lang=id Cathleen Nixie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604033118/https://www.jkt48.com/member/detail/id/263?lang=id |date=2023-06-04 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Memulai karir sebagai seorang aktris cilik.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Celline Thefani|Celline Thefannie]] |Elin |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], 9 April 2007 ({{age|2007|4|9}} tahun) |11 |''Semanis permen kapas dan seindah bunga lavender. Hola, perkenalkan namaku Elin.'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Cellineyours |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.elin_ @: @jkt48.elin_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_elin IDN: Elin JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.elin_ IG: @jkt48.elin_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Elin SR: Elin / エリン (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@elinjkt48 TT: @elinjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Elin_JKT48 X: @Elin_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/264?lang=id Celline Thefani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328143639/https://www.jkt48.com/member/detail/id/264?lang=id |date=2023-03-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Adik dari Cindy Thefannie (kini Cindy Thyssen) yang merupakan seorang pencipta konten di YouTube dan Instagram. *Memiliki campuran darah dengan Belanda dan Thailand.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Chelsea Davina|Chelsea Davina Norman]] |Chelsea |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], 23 Desember 2009 ({{age|2009|12|23}} tahun)<ref name="chelseajkt48">{{cite web |author=Ari Kurniawan |title=Hidupkan Lagi Musik Anak-anak, Chelsea Davina Rilis Single Doa Untuk Ayah Bunda |url=https://www.tabloidbintang.com/film-tv-musik/kabar/read/159223/hidupkan-lagi-musik-anak-anak-chelsea-davina-rilis-single-doa-untuk-ayah-bunda |website=TabloidBintang.com |access-date=12 November 2022 |date=13 Mei 2021}}</ref> |11 |''As bright as a shooting star in the starry night sky. Hai semua, aku Chelsea!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Chelsealand |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.chelsea.d @: @jkt48.chelsea.d]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_chelsea IDN: Chelsea JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.chelsea.d IG: @jkt48.chelsea.d]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Chelsea SR: Chelsea / チェルシー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@_chelseajkt48 TT: @_chelseajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/DC_ChelseaJKT48 X: @DC_ChelseaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/265?lang=id Chelsea Davina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528135038/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/265?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Anggota pertama yang lahir di luar Asia ([[Australia]]) dan memiliki kewarganegaraan non-Asia. * Memiliki darah Australia dari ayahnya dan Indonesia dari ibunya.<ref name="chelseajkt48" / > * Memulai karir sebagai seorang model, aktris, penari, dan penyanyi cilik. * Pendukung klub sepak bola Inggris [[Chelsea F.C.|yang bernama sama dengan namanya]]. * Meraih 3 medali emas dalam "Arena Fun Swimming Festival Series III" di Jakarta pada 27 September 2025.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Cornelia Vanisa|Cornelia Syafa Vanisa]] |Oniel, ''Onyil'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|df=yes|2002|7|26}} ({{age|2002|7|26}} tahun) |8 |''Seperti teka-teki, kalian akan selalu penasaran denganku. Aku Oniel!'' |{{dts|2019|4|27}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|04|27}}) |data-sort-value="12.3.2021"|Tim T (12 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|12}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Onielity |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.oniel @: @jkt48.oniel]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_oniel IDN: Oniel JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.oniel IG: @jkt48.oniel]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Oniel SR: Oniel / オニエル (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@onieljkt48 TT: @onieljkt48]<br>[https://x.com/C_OnielJKT48 X: @C_OnielJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/221?lang=id Cornelia Vanisa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330220151/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/221?lang=id |date=2023-03-30 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Pernah tinggal di [[Kota Surabaya]], [[Jawa Timur]]. *Pernah menjadi penggemar JKT48 sebelum bergabung di grup, dan mengidolakan [[Nabilah Ayu]] (anggota JKT48 generasi pertama). *Berkuliah dan lulus dari Program Studi Sastra Inggris [[Universitas Pamulang]] (2019–2025). --> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Cynthia Yaputera]] |Cynthia, ''Ciput'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 22 November 2003 ({{age|2003|11|22}} tahun) |11 |''Semangatku terus-menerus meluap, pop-pop! Halo aku Cynthia yang selalu semangat!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Cynthiaction (Cynthia in Action) |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.cynthia @: @jkt48.cynthia]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_cynthia IDN: Cynthia JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.cynthia IG: @jkt48.cynthia]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Cynthia SR: Cynthia / シンティア (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@cynthiajkt48 TT: @cynthiajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Y_CynthiaJKT48 X: @Y_CynthiaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/266?lang=id Cynthia Yaputera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528055224/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/266?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kesebelas tertua yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Berkuliah dan lulus dari Program Studi Desain Interior [[Universitas Bina Nusantara]] (2021–2025). ** Juara 1 "Ajang Kreasi Desain Interior dalam Industri Film" dari Arté Room 2024.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Dena Natalia|Dena Natalia Ang]] |Danella, ''Dena'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], 16 Desember 2005 ({{age|2005|12|16}} tahun) |11 |''Tok tok! Siapa? Si penari yang akan menarikmu ke duniaku. Hai, aku Danella.'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Denalize |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.danella @: @jkt48.danella]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_danella IDN: Danella JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.danella IG: @jkt48.danella]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Danella SR: Danella / ダネラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@danellajkt48 TT: @danellajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Danella_JKT48 X: @Danella_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/267?lang=id Dena Natalia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603182602/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/267?lang=id |date=2023-06-03 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Berasal dari [[Kabupaten Purwakarta|Purwakarta]], [[Jawa Barat]]. * Saudari kembar dari [[Desy Natalia (penyanyi, kelahiran 2005)|Daisy]] yang sesama anggota JKT48 generasi kesebelas. * Adik kelas di [[Sekolah menengah atas|SMA]] dengan [[Amanda Sukma|Amanda]] yang merupakan anggota JKT48 generasi kesepuluh. Mereka pernah menjadi anggota grup ''cover'' tarian di SMA nya. *Berkuliah di Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi [[Institut Komunikasi dan Bisnis LSPR]] pada angkatan 2024 bersama saudari kembarnya.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Desy Natalia (penyanyi, kelahiran 2005)|Desy Natalia Ang]] |Daisy, ''Desy'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], 16 Desember 2005 ({{age|2005|12|16}} tahun) |11 |''Seperti bunga daisy, aku akan memancarkan kesegaran dan kebahagiaan! Hai hai, aku Daisy.'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Daisyne |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.daisy @: @jkt48.daisy]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_daisy IDN: Daisy JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.daisy IG: @jkt48.daisy]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Daisy SR: Daisy / デイシー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@daisyjkt48 TT: @daisyjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Daisy_JKT48 X: @Daisy_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/268?lang=id Desy Natalia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208014235/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/268?lang=id |date=2023-02-08 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Berasal dari [[Kabupaten Purwakarta|Purwakarta]], [[Jawa Barat]]. * Saudari kembar dari [[Dena Natalia|Danella]] yang sesama anggota JKT48 generasi kesebelas. * Adik kelas di [[Sekolah menengah atas|SMA]] dengan [[Amanda Sukma|Amanda]] yang merupakan anggota JKT48 generasi kesepuluh. Mereka pernah menjadi anggota grup ''cover'' tarian di SMA nya. *Berkuliah di Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi [[Institut Komunikasi dan Bisnis LSPR]] pada angkatan 2024 bersama saudari kembarnya.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Febriola Sinambela]] |Olla, ''Olali'', ''Febri'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2005|2|26|df=yes}} ({{age|2005|2|26}} tahun) |7 |''Dengan keajaibanku aku akan membuat kalian semua selalu tertawa! Halo semuanya aku Olla, si mechanic girl!'' |{{dts|2018|9|29}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) |data-sort-value="12.3.2021"|Tim T (12 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|12}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Oracle (Olla the Miracle) |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.olla @: @jkt48.olla]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_olla IDN: Olla JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.olla IG: @jkt48.olla]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Olla SR: Olla / オラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@ollajkt48 TT: @ollajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/F_OllaJKT48 X: @F_OllaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/213?lang=id Febriola Sinambela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605003411/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/213?lang=id |date=2023-06-05 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Bersahabat dengan [[Jessica Chandra|Jessi]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #a9a9a9, #ffdf7f)" |[[Feni Fitriyanti]] |Feni, ''Mpen'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kabupaten Cianjur|Cianjur]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|1999|1|16|df=yes}} ({{age|1999|1|16}} tahun) |3 |''Matahari yang indah, yang akan memberikan kehangatan di setiap harinya. Halo aku Feni.'' |{{dts|2014|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2014|03|15}}) |data-sort-value="14.3.2021"|Tim J (14 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|14}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |[[4 Gulali]] (2016–2017)<br>QUADLIPS (sejak 2023) |Fenidelity |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48feni @: @jkt48feni]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_feni IDN: Feni JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48feni IG: @jkt48feni]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Feni SR: Feni / フェニ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@fenijkt48 TT: @fenijkt48]<br>[https://x.com/F_FeniJKT48 X: @F_FeniJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/76?lang=id Feni Fitriyanti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607082521/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/76?lang=id |date=2023-06-07 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Satu-satunya anggota yang berasal dari [[Kabupaten Cianjur|Cianjur]], [[Jawa Barat]]. *Anggota JKT48 dan generasi ketiga yang terakhir dan saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Anggota ''senbatsu'' asli singel "[[LOVE TRIP (singel JKT48)|Love Trip]]" dan "[[Everyday, Kachuusha / UZA (singel JKT48)|UZA]]" yang terakhir meninggalkan grup. *Anggota ''under girls'' asli lagu "[[Beginner (singel JKT48)|Punggung Milikmu]]" dan anggota ''senbatsu'' asli singel "[[High Tension (singel JKT48)|High Tension]]" yang tersisa di grup. *Kini sedang merangkap kegiatan dengan QUADLIPS (unit internasional [[AKB48 Group]] di [[Thailand]]) sebagai pemimpin sejak tahun 2023 sekaligus produser sejak tahun 2025. *''Center'' asli singel hasil [[Pemilihan Member Single ke-26 JKT48|pemilihan tahun 2024]] ("[[Ku Sangat Suka|#KuSangatSuka]]"). *Sedang ''hiatus'' sejak tanggal 1 Agustus 2025, demi fokus pada QUADLIPS.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Fiony Alveria Tantri]] |Fiony, ''Pio'', ''Ce Pio'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|df=yes|2002|2|4}} ({{age|2002|2|4}} tahun) |8 |''Seperti simfoni yang menenangkan hati, halo aku Fiony!'' |{{dts|2019|4|27}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|04|27}}) |data-sort-value="12.3.2021"|Tim T (12 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|12}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Symfiony |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.fiony @: @jkt48.fiony]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_fiony IDN: Fiony JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.fiony IG: @jkt48.fiony]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Fiony SR: Fiony / フィオニー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@fionyjkt48 TT: @fionyjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/A_FionyJKT48 X: @A_FionyJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/223?lang=id Fiony Alveria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528201622/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/223?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kedelapan tertua yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Memiliki darah Jepang dari garis keturunan ibunya. *''Ace'' asli dari generasi kedelapan. *Teman [[Sekolah menengah atas|SMA]] dari [[Pamela Krysanthe]] dan sama-sama menjadi anggota JKT48 di generasi kedelapan. *Berkuliah di program studi Desain Komunikasi Visual [[Universitas Pelita Harapan]] pada angkatan 2021. *Bersahabat dengan [[Freya Jayawardana|Freya]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #cfb53b, #7fffff)" |[[Freya Jayawardana|Freyanashifa Jayawardana]] |Freya, ''Fre'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2006|2|13|df=yes}} ({{age|2006|2|13}} tahun) |7 |''Gadis koleris yang suka berimajinasi, terangi harimu dengan senyuman karamelku. Halo aku Freya!'' |{{dts|2018|9|29}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) |data-sort-value="12.3.2021"|Tim T (12 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|12}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Freyanation |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.freya @: @jkt48.freya]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_freya IDN: Freya JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.freya IG: @jkt48.freya]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Freya SR: Freya / フレヤ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@freyajkt48 TT: @freyajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Freya_JKT48 X: @Freya_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/214?lang=id Freya Jayawardana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528005005/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/214?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Anggota generasi ketujuh termuda yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Memiliki garis keturunan dari Sultan [[Hamengkubuwana II]] dan [[Hamengkubuwana VIII]] dari pihak ayahnya. *Salah satu ''ace'' dari generasi ketujuh. *Menjabat sebagai Kapten JKT48 sejak 28 Desember 2025. ** Menjadi Kapten JKT48 pertama yang lahir pada abad ke-21 dan dekade 2000-an. *Bersahabat dengan [[Fiony Alveria Tantri|Fiony]]. *Berkuliah di Jurusan Performing Arts Communication Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi [[Institut Komunikasi dan Bisnis LSPR]] pada angkatan 2024.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Fritzy Rosmerian]] |Fritzy, ''Piji'', ''Zyzy'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2008|7|28|df=yes}} ({{age|2008|7|28}} tahun) |12 |''Abrakadabra! Si pesulap yang siap membuat hatimu terpikat. Halo semuanya, it's me Fritzy.'' ||{{dts|2023|11|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="30.4.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (30 April 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|4|30}}))||{{dts|2025|5|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2025|5|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Fritzy Force |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.fritzy.r @: @jkt48.fritzy.r]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_fritzy IDN: Fritzy JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.fritzy.r IG: @jkt48.fritzy.r]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Fritzy SR: Fritzy / フリッツィー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.fritzy TT: @jkt48.fritzy]<br>[https://x.com/RFritzy_JKT48 X: @RFritzy_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/282?lang=id Fritzy Rosmerian] – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Memulai karir sebagai seorang pesulap dan penari. * Peringkat kelima [[Indonesia's Got Talent (musim 3)|Indonesia's Got Talent 2022]]. * Bersahabat dengan [[Fiony Alveria Tantri]] yang merupakan anggota JKT48 dari generasi kedelapan. *Salah satu ''ace'' dari generasi ke-12. *Pernah gagal dalam proses audisi pelatihan di [[SM Entertainment]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Gabriela Abigail|Gabriela Abigail Mewengkang]] |Ella, ''Gaby'', ''Ellay'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 7 Agustus 2006 ({{age|2006|8|7}} tahun) |10 |''Ohayo! Konnichiwa! Oyasumi! Aku ingin ada di setiap harimu. Halo semuanya aku Ella.'' |{{dts|2021|12|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}) |data-sort-value="7.5.2023"|Siswi Pelatihan (7 Mei 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|5|7}})) |{{dts|2023|5|8}} ({{age in years and days|2023|5|8}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Ellatheria |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.ella.a @: @jkt48.ella.a]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_ella IDN: Ella JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.ella.a IG: @jkt48.ella.a]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Ella SR: Ella / エラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.ella.a TT: @jkt48.ella.a]<br>[https://x.com/AM_EllaJKT48 X: @AM_EllaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/252?lang=id Gabriela Abigail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605203404/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/252?lang=id |date=2023-06-05 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Adik dari Angeline Natasya Mewengkang, mantan anggota grup idola Indonesia UP Girls yang pernah gagal dalam proses audisi [[The Voice Kids Indonesia (musim ketiga)|The Voice Kids Indonesia 2018]]. *''Ace'' asli dari generasi kesepuluh. *Berkuliah di Pendidikan Seni Musik Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni [[Universitas Negeri Jakarta]] pada angkatan 2024. *Pernah dihukum nonaktif selama lebih dari 8 minggu (5 September - 31 Oktober 2025) karena terjerat skandal.<ref name=":1949">{{cite web |url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1949?lang=id|title=Pengumuman Mengenai Aktivitas Gabriela Abigail|date=5 September 2025|website=JKT48.com|accessdate=5 September 2025 |publisher=JKT48 Operation Team}}</ref>--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff, #b5b5b5)" |<s>[[Gendis Mayrannisa|Gendis Mayrannisa Setiawan]]</s> |<s>Gendis</s> |<s>{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 23 Juni 2010 ({{age|2010|6|23}} tahun)</s> |<s>11</s> |<s>''Bonjour! Periang dan pencair suasana, itulah aku. Halo semuanya, aku Gendis!''</s> |<s>{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})</s>||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|<s>Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))</s>||<s>{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}})</s> |<s>''Belum pernah''</s> |<s>Sahabat Gendis/Bestie Gendis</s> |<s>[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.gendis @: @jkt48.gendis]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_gendis IDN: Gendis JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.gendis IG: @jkt48.gendis]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Gendis SR: Gendis / ゲンディス (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@gendisjkt48 TT: @gendisjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Gendis_JKT48 X: @Gendis_JKT48]</s> |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/269?lang=id Gendis Mayrannisa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609110425/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/269?lang=id |date=2023-06-09 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kesebelas termuda yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Memulai karir sebagai seorang model, aktris, dan penyanyi cilik. *Sedang dihukum nonaktif selama 3 bulan (17 Februari - 17 Mei 2026) karena terjerat skandal.<ref name=":1995">{{cite web |url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1995?lang=id|title=Pengumuman Mengenai Aktivitas Gendis Mayrannisa di JKT48|date=17 Februari 2026|website=JKT48.com|accessdate=17 Februari 2026 |publisher=JKT48 Operation Team}}</ref>--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Gita Sekar Andarini]] |Gita |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2001|6|30|df=yes}} ({{age|2001|6|30}} tahun) |6 |''Diam bukan berarti tak memperhatikanmu. Aku Gita.'' |{{dts|2018|4|8}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|04|08}}) |data-sort-value="13.3.2021"|Tim KIII (13 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|13}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |[[Valkyrie48]] (sejak 2022) |Gitroops |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48gita @: @jkt48gita]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_gita IDN: Gita JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48gita IG: @jkt48gita]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Gita SR: Gita / ギタ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@gitajkt48 TT: @gitajkt48]<br>[https://x.com/A_GitaJKT48 X: @A_GitaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/190?lang=id Gita Sekar Andarini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601230730/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/190?lang=id |date=2023-06-01 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Anggota generasi keenam yang terakhir bertahan di grup. *Bersahabat dengan [[Cornelia Vanisa|Oniel]]. *Berkuliah dan lulus dari Program Studi Sastra Inggris Fakultas Bahasa dan Sastra [[Universitas Nasional]] (2019–2023).--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Grace Octaviani|Grace Octaviani Tanujaya]] |Gracie |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], 18 Oktober 2007 ({{age|2007|10|18}} tahun) |11 |''Manis seperti gulali, imut seperti kelinci. Cie cie cie Gracie!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}}) |data-sort-value="31.1.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Januari 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|1|31}})) | {{dts|2024|2|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|2|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Gracieluv |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.gracie @: @jkt48.gracie]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_gracie IDN: Gracie JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.gracie IG: @jkt48.gracie]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Gracie SR: Gracie / グラシー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@graciejkt48 TT: @graciejkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Gracie_JKT48 X: @Gracie_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/270?lang=id Grace Octaviani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610233311/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/270?lang=id |date=2023-06-10 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Sebelum bergabung di grup ini, dia pernah bergabung di proyek konten tarian Little Pinkee yang aktif antara pertengahan 2021 hingga pertengahan 2022, bersama [[Aurel Mayori]] yang merupakan mantan anggota JKT48 generasi ketujuh dan [[Michelle Levia]] yang merupakan anggota JKT48 generasi keduabelas. *Salah satu ''ace'' dari generasi ke-11.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Greesella Adhalia|Greesella Sophina Adhalia]] |Greesel, ''Icel'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], 10 Januari 2006 ({{age|2006|1|10}} tahun) |11 |''Pandangan mataku akan menyinari hatimu bagaikan kunang-kunang di malam hari. Halo, aku Greesel!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}}) |data-sort-value="31.1.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Januari 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|1|31}})) | {{dts|2024|2|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|2|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Degrees |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.greesel @: @jkt48.greesel]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_greesel IDN: Greesel JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.greesel IG: @jkt48.greesel]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Greesel SR: Greesel / グリーセル (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@greeseljkt48 TT: @greeseljkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Greesel_JKT48 X: @Greesel_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/271?lang=id Greesella Adhalia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607085951/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/271?lang=id |date=2023-06-07 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Memulai karir sebagai seorang model, aktris, bintang iklan, penyanyi, dan musisi. * Pendukung klub sepak bola Spanyol [[FC Barcelona]]. * Bersahabat dengan [[Michelle Alexandra|Michie]]. *Salah satu ''ace'' dari generasi ke-11.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Helisma Putri|Helisma Mauludzunia Putri Kurnia]] |Eli, ''Helisma'', ''Ceu Eli'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2000|6|15|df=yes}} ({{age|2000|6|15}} tahun) |7 |''Bagai lembayung senja, dengan energi kegembiraanku, Aku akan menghangatkan suasana. Halo halo aku Ceu Eli.'' |{{dts|2018|9|29}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) |data-sort-value="13.3.2021"|Tim KIII (13 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|13}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Helismiley |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.eli @: @jkt48.eli]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_eli IDN: Eli JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.eli IG: @jkt48.eli]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Eli SR: Eli / エリ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@elijkt48 TT: @elijkt48]<br>[https://x.com/H_EliJKT48 X: @H_EliJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/210?lang=id Helisma Putri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601224539/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/210?lang=id |date=2023-06-01 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Berasal dari [[Kabupaten Bandung Barat|Bandung Barat]], [[Jawa Barat]]. *Anggota generasi ketujuh tertua yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Berkuliah di Program Studi Bahasa Korea [[Universitas Nasional]] pada angkatan 2023.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Hillary Abigail|Hillary Abigail Mantiri]] |Lily |{{flagicon|USA}} Dover, Strafford County, [[New Hampshire]], [[Amerika Serikat]], {{birth date|2007|10|19|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|10|19}} tahun) |12 |''Papipapipum! Aku akan mengejutkanmu dengan kehebatanku! Halo nama aku Lily.'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Hillaryours |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.lily_ @: @jkt48.lily_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_lily IDN: Lily JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.lily_ IG: @jkt48.lily_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Lily SR: Lily / リリー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.lily TT: @jkt48.lily]<br>[https://x.com/Lily_JKT48 X: @Lily_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/283?lang=id Hillary Abigail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714023511/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/283?lang=id |date=2025-07-14 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Anggota pertama yang lahir di [[belahan Bumi barat]], tepatnya di [[Amerika Serikat]]. * Bersahabat dengan [[Adeline Wijaya|Delynn]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Indah Cahya Nabilla]] |Indah |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Jambi]], [[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2001|3|20|df=yes}} ({{age|2001|3|20}} tahun) |9 |''Tak banyak bicara, bercerita melalui tulisan. Hai aku Indah.'' |{{dts|2019|12|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|12|1}}) |data-sort-value="11.3.2021"|Akademi Kelas A (11 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|11}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Interindah |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48indah_ @: @jkt48indah_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_indah IDN: Indah JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48indah_ IG: @jkt48indah_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Indah SR: Indah / インダー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@indahjkt48 TT: @indahjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/C_IndahJKT48 X: @C_IndahJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/241?lang=id Indah Cahya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325225959/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/241?lang=id |date=2023-03-25 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Satu-satunya anggota yang berasal dari [[Jambi]]. *Anggota generasi kesembilan tertua yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Berkuliah dan lulus dari Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni [[Universitas Negeri Jakarta]] (2021–2025). --> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Jazzlyn Trisha|Jazzlyn Agatha Trisha Indra Putri]] |Trisha, ''Tica'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2011|2|16|df=yes}} ({{age|2011|2|16}} tahun) |12 |''Pelukis yang hadir di mimpi-mimpi indahmu. One, two, Tri... sha!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |TACT (Trisha's Art & Creation Tribe) |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.trisha @: @jkt48.trisha]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_trisha IDN: Trisha JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.trisha IG: @jkt48.trisha]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Trisha SR: Trisha / トリシャ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.trisha TT: @jkt48.trisha]<br>[https://x.com/JTrisha_JKT48 X: @JTrisha_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/284?lang=id Jazzlyn Trisha]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| *Anggota generasi ke-12 termuda yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Adik dari aktris Zafiraa Pasha.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Jessica Chandra|Jessica Rich Chandra]] (郑微婷) |Jessi, ''Jeci'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2005|9|23|df=yes}} ({{age|2005|9|23}} tahun) |7 |''Suka menari dan akan selalu berusaha untuk menjadi sumber energimu. Perkenalkan aku Jessi.'' |{{dts|2018|9|29}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) |data-sort-value="12.3.2021"|Tim T (12 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|12}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Jessination |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.jessi @: @jkt48.jessi]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_jessi IDN: Jessi JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.jessi IG: @jkt48.jessi]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Jessi SR: Jessi / ジェシ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jessijkt48 TT: @jessijkt48]<br>[https://x.com/C_JessiJKT48 X: @C_JessiJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/215?lang=id Jessica Chandra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601222704/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/215?lang=id |date=2023-06-01 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Teman [[Sekolah menengah pertama|SMP]] dengan [[Angelina Christy|Christy]] yang sesama anggota JKT48 generasi ketujuh. *Memulai karir sebagai seorang model cilik. *Bersahabat dengan [[Febriola Sinambela|Olla]]. *Pernah bersahabat dengan [[Jesslyn Callista|Jesslyn]] (mantan anggota JKT48 generasi ketujuh). *Berkuliah di Prodi Ilmu Komunikasi [[Universitas Multimedia Nusantara]] pada angkatan 2025.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Jesslyn Elly|Jesslyn Septiani Elly]] |Lyn, ''Ci Lyn'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 13 September 2001 ({{age|2001|9|13}} tahun) |10 |''Seperti ombak laut yang tenang, tiba-tiba aku akan menyapumu dengan banyak cinta. Halo semuanya, aku Lyn!'' |{{dts|2021|12|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}) |data-sort-value="7.5.2023"|Siswi Pelatihan (7 Mei 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|5|7}})) |{{dts|2023|5|8}} ({{age in years and days|2023|5|8}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Lynear |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.lyn.s @: @jkt48.lyn.s]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_lyn IDN: Lyn JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.lyn.s IG: @jkt48.lyn.s]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Lyn SR: Lyn / リーン (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.lyn.s TT: @jkt48.lyn.s]<br>[https://x.com/SE_LynJKT48 X: @SE_LynJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/254?lang=id Jesslyn Elly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528033603/https://www.jkt48.com/member/detail/id/254?lang=id |date=2023-05-28 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- | colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kesepuluh tertua yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Berasal dari keluarga musisi dan perancang busana. *Telah menyelesaikan pendidikannya dari Fakultas Psikologi [[Universitas Pelita Harapan]] pada tahun 2024.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Kathrina Irene|Kathrina Irene Indarto Putri]] |Kathrina, ''Kathrin'', ''Atin'', ''Bokem'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2006|7|26|df=yes}} ({{age|2006|7|26}} tahun) |9 |''Never miss a chance to be a star. Halo semua aku Kathrina.'' |{{dts|2019|12|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|12|1}}) |data-sort-value="11.3.2021"|Akademi Kelas A (11 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|11}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |[[Valkyrie48]] (sejak 2022) |KATH, Inc. |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.kathrina @: @jkt48.kathrina]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_kathrina IDN: Kathrina JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.kathrina IG: @jkt48.kathrina]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Kathrina SR: Kathrina / カトリナ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@kathrinjkt48 TT: @kathrinjkt48]<br>[https://x.com/I_KathrinaJKT48 X: @I_KathrinaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/242?lang=id Kathrina Irene] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606163017/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/242?lang=id |date=2023-06-06 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kesembilan termuda yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Adik dari [[Stephanie Pricilla|Stefi]] yang merupakan mantan anggota JKT48 generasi ketiga. *Pernah gagal dalam proses audisi untuk generasi ketujuh dan kedelapan. *Pernah bersahabat dengan [[Jesslyn Callista|Jesslyn]] (mantan anggota JKT48 generasi ketujuh). *Berkuliah di Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi [[Institut Komunikasi dan Bisnis LSPR]] pada angkatan 2024.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Lulu Salsabila|Lulu Azkiya Salsabila]] |Lulu, ''Bubub'', ''Salsa'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Serang|Serang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|df=yes|2002|10|23}} ({{age|2002|10|23}} tahun) |8 |''Terang seperti bulan, bersinar seperti bintang. Halo aku Lulu!'' |{{dts|2019|4|27}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|04|27}}) |data-sort-value="12.3.2021"|Tim T (12 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|12}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Lunarian |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.lulu @: @jkt48.lulu]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_lulu IDN: Lulu JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.lulu IG: @jkt48.lulu]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Lulu SR: Lulu / ルル (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@lulu_jkt48 TT: @lulu_jkt48]<br>[https://x.com/A_LuluJKT48 X: @A_LuluJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/228?lang=id Lulu Salsabila] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325235556/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/228?lang=id |date=2023-03-25 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kedelapan termuda yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Satu-satunya anggota yang berasal dari [[Kota Serang]], [[Banten]]. *Pernah gagal dalam proses audisi untuk generasi kelima, keenam, dan ketujuh. *Berkuliah dan lulus dari Program Studi Ilmu Komunikasi [[Universitas Paramadina]] (2020–2024). *Menjadi anggota luar Jepang pertama yang berhasil mencapai posisi 8 besar Final Kompetisi Menyanyi Grup AKB48 pada 2024. * Adik dari Xia, kibordis grup band idola Indonesia Bubble Bliss.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Marsha Lenathea|Marsha Lenathea Lapian]] |Marsha, ''Matcha'', ''Maeng'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2006|1|9|df=yes}} ({{age|2006|1|9}} tahun) |9 |''Seperti pizza yang selalu dinanti-nantikan semua orang, selalu nantikan aku ya! Halo aku Marsha!'' |{{dts|2019|12|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|12|1}}) |data-sort-value="11.3.2021"|Akademi Kelas A (11 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|11}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |[[Valkyrie48]] (sejak 2021) |MarshaOshi |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.marsha @: @jkt48.marsha]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_marsha IDN: Marsha JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.marsha IG: @jkt48.marsha]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Marsha SR: Marsha / マーシャ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@marsha.jkt48 TT: @marsha.jkt48]<br>[https://x.com/L_MarshaJKT48 X: @L_MarshaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/243?lang=id Marsha Lenathea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605010823/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/243?lang=id |date=2023-06-05 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Seorang [[Japanofilia|wibu]]. *''Ace'' dari generasi kesembilan, sebagai pengganti [[Caithlyn Gwyneth Santoso|Caithlyn]] yang telah lulus dari JKT48 pada 11 Maret 2021. *Bersahabat dengan [[Zee Asadel|Zee]] (mantan anggota JKT48 generasi ketujuh) dan [[Angelina Christy|Christy]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |[[Michelle Alexandra|Michelle Alexandra Suandi]] |Michie |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 22 April 2009 ({{age|2009|4|22}} tahun) |11 |''Always your number one, till infinity and beyond. Hello everyone, it's Michie!'' |{{dts|2022|10|31}} ({{Age in years and days|2022|10|31}})||data-sort-value="31.10.2024"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}))||{{dts|2024|11|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Michiban |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.michie_ @: @jkt48.michie_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_michie IDN: Michie JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.michie_ IG: @jkt48.michie_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Michie SR: Michie / ミチー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@michiejkt48 TT: @michiejkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Michie_JKT48 X: @Michie_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/273?lang=id Michelle Alexandra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607083155/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/273?lang=id |date=2023-06-07 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| * Pernah sempat tinggal di [[Kota Palembang|Palembang]], [[Sumatera Selatan]]. * Pendukung klub sepak bola Spanyol [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]. * Bersahabat dengan [[Greesella Adhalia|Greesel]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Michelle Levia|Michelle Levia Arifin]] |Levi |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2009|1|24|df=yes}} ({{age|2009|1|24}} tahun) |12 |''Are you ready? Jalani hari ini dengan menari bersamaku. Yuhu! Aku Levi!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Le Viosa |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.levi @: @jkt48.levi]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_levi IDN: Levi JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.levi IG: @jkt48.levi]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Levi SR: Levi / レヴィ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.levi TT: @jkt48.levi]<br>[https://x.com/Levi_JKT48 X: @Levi_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/286?lang=id Michelle Levia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913202144/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/286?lang=id |date=2025-09-13 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Sebelum bergabung di grup ini, dia pernah bergabung di proyek konten tarian Little Pinkee yang aktif antara pertengahan 2021 hingga pertengahan 2022, bersama [[Aurel Mayori]] yang merupakan mantan anggota JKT48 dari generasi ketujuh dan [[Grace Octaviani]] yang merupakan anggota JKT48 dari generasi kesebelas.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Mutiara Azzahra|Mutiara Azzahra Umandana]] |Muthe, ''Mumuchang'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2004|7|12|df=yes}} ({{age|2004|7|12}} tahun) |7 |''Dengan kelincahanku, aku akan menari setiap hari! Panggil aku Mu-Mu-Mu-Mu-the!'' |{{dts|2018|9|29}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) |data-sort-value="13.3.2021"|Tim KIII (13 Maret 2021 ({{Age in years and days|2021|3|13}})) |{{dts|2021|3|15}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|03|15}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Muffin |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.muthe_ @: @jkt48.muthe_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_muthe IDN: Muthe JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.muthe_ IG: @jkt48.muthe_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Muthe SR: Muthe / ムテ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@muthejkt48 TT: @muthejkt48]<br>[https://x.com/A_MutheJKT48 X: @A_MutheJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/199?lang=id Mutiara Azzahra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607082659/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/199?lang=id |date=2023-06-07 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Kakaknya gagal dalam proses audisi untuk generasi keempat dan ketujuh. *Dikenal karena memiliki kemiripan dengan [[Momo Hirai|Momo]] yang merupakan salah satu anggota grup vokal K-Pop [[Twice]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #fe9eda)" |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nayla Suji|Araki Nayla Suji Aurelia]] (アラキ・ナイラ・スジ・アウレリア) |Nayla, ''Naira-chan'' |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Prefektur Kumamoto|Kumamoto]], [[Jepang]], {{birth date|2007|6|18|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|6|18}} tahun) |12 |''Moshi! moshi! Welcome Nayla-lalaland! Halo semuanya, bakkyun! Nama aku Nayla!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Nayrakuen |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.nayla.s @: @jkt48.nayla.s]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_nayla IDN: Nayla JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.nayla.s IG: @jkt48.nayla.s]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Nayla SR: Nayla / ナイラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.nayla TT: @jkt48.nayla]<br>[https://x.com/SNayla_JKT48 X: @SNayla_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/287?lang=id Nayla Suji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807194957/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/287?lang=id |date=2025-08-07 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Berasal dari [[Jepang]]. * Memiliki darah Jepang dari ayahnya dan Indonesia dari ibunya.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Nina Tutachia|Nina Tutachia Chapman]] |Nachia |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2009|10|16|df=yes}} ({{age|2009|10|16}} tahun) |12 |''Si panda unyu yang selalu ceria. Halo aku Nachia, bikin kamu bahagia!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Yokinachia |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.nachia.t @: @jkt48.nachia.t]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_nachia IDN: Nachia JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.nachia.t IG: @jkt48.nachia.t]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Nachia SR: Nachia / ナチア (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.nachia TT: @jkt48.nachia]<br>[https://x.com/Nachia_JKT48 X: @Nachia_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/288?lang=id Nina Tutachia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906221545/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/288?lang=id |date=2025-09-06 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Memulai karir sebagai seorang aktris, model, dan bintang iklan cilik. * Memiliki darah Inggris dari ayahnya dan Indonesia dari ibunya.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Oline Manuel|Oline Manuel Chay]] |Oline |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2007|11|3|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|11|3}} tahun) |12 |''Semangatku full terus, gas gas gas Oline!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Olinara |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.oline @: @jkt48.oline]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_oline IDN: Oline JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.oline IG: @jkt48.oline]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_OlineM SR: Oline / オリヌ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.oline TT: @jkt48.oline]<br>[https://x.com/M_OlineJKT48 X: @M_OlineJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/289?lang=id Oline Manuel]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Memulai karir sebagai seorang ''cosplayer''.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Raisha Syifa|Raisha Syifa Wardhana]] |Raisha, ''Rai'' |{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], 11 November 2007 ({{age|2007|11|11}} tahun) |10 |''Kalau sakura itu kembang, aku itu kembanggaanmu! You can call me Raisha.'' |{{dts|2021|12|18}} ({{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}) |data-sort-value="7.5.2023"|Siswi Pelatihan (7 Mei 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|5|7}})) |{{dts|2023|5|8}} ({{age in years and days|2023|5|8}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Raishanrise |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.raisha.s @: @jkt48.raisha.s]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_raisha IDN: Raisha JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.raisha.s IG: @jkt48.raisha.s]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/JKT48_Raisha SR: Raisha / ライシャ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.raisha.s TT: @jkt48.raisha.s]<br>[https://x.com/SW_RaishaJKT48 X: @SW_RaishaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/255?lang=id Raisha Syifa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601231249/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/255?lang=id |date=2023-06-01 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=12| *Anggota generasi kesepuluh termuda yang saat ini masih bertahan di grup. *Adik dari [[Callista Alifia|Callie]] (mantan anggota JKT48 generasi kesepuluh). *Dikenal karena memiliki kemiripan dengan [[Saktia Oktapyani|Saktia]] yang merupakan mantan anggota JKT48 generasi kedua. * Pendukung klub sepak bola Inggris [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]].--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Ribka Budiman]] |Ribka |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2009|1|13|df=yes}} ({{age|2009|1|13}} tahun) |12 |''Mirror mirror on the wall, who's the sweetest in here? It's me Ribka!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Ribcalls |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.ribka @: @jkt48.ribka]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_ribka IDN: Ribka JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.ribka IG: @jkt48.ribka]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Ribka SR: Ribka / リブカ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.ribka TT: @jkt48.ribka]<br>[https://x.com/Ribka_JKT48 X: @Ribka_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/291?lang=id Ribka Budiman]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #7fffff)" |[[Shabilqis Naila|Shabilqis Naila Bustomi]] |Nala |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2008|9|1|df=yes}} ({{age|2008|9|1}} tahun) |12 |''Roar! Si singa pemberani yang siap menyemangati harimu. Hai, hai! Aku Nala.'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Nalania |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.nala @: @jkt48.nala]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_nala IDN: Nala JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.nala IG: @jkt48.nala]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Nala SR: Nala / ナラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.nala TT: @jkt48.nala]<br>[https://x.com/Nala_JKT48 X: @Nala_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/292?lang=id Shabilqis Naila] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813235329/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/292?lang=id |date=2025-08-13 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Memulai karir sebagai seorang atlet pencak silat.--> |-style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffdf7f)" |[[Victoria Kimberly|Victoria Kimberly Lukitama]] |Kimmy |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2010|3|8|df=yes}} ({{age|2010|3|8}} tahun) |12 |''Baby hamster yang lincah, aku akan berlari-lari di pikiranmu. Halo-ha, katakan Kimmy!'' |18 November 2023 ({{Age in years and days|2023|11|18}})||data-sort-value="31.12.2025"|Siswi Pelatihan (31 Desember 2025 ({{Age in years and days|2025|12|31}}))||{{dts|2026|1|1}} ({{Age in years and days|2026|1|1}}) |''Belum pernah'' |GROVY (Glimmer Star Of Victory) |[https://www.threads.net/@jkt48.kimmy @: @jkt48.kimmy]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_kimmy IDN: Kimmy JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jkt48.kimmy IG: @jkt48.kimmy]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Kimmy SR: Kimmy / キミー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.kimmy TT: @jkt48.kimmy]<br>[https://x.com/Kimmy_JKT48 X: @Kimmy_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/293?lang=id Victoria Kimberly]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Pernah mengikuti audisi untuk generasi keduabelas karena diajak oleh temannya, namun dia sendiri yang lolos dan bergabung di grup.--> |} |} === Siswi pelatihan === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=8 | Daftar siswi pelatihan (Untuak mambuka tabel di bawah iko, silakan takan tombol "kambangan") |- | align=center | <gallery> </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! Nama lengkap !! Nama panggilan !! Kelahiran (usia) !! Generasi !! Perkenalan !! Mulai dan durasi bergabung (di JKT48) !! Sub-unit !! Nama ''fanbase'' !! Akun [[media sosial]]<ref name="mediasosial"/> !! Ref. |- |[[Afera Thalia|Afera Thalia Putri Eysteinn]] |Fera |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], (13 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Astrella Virgiananda|Astrella Virgiananda Nugraha]] |Virgi |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2010|8|6|df=yes}} ({{age|2010|8|6}} tahun) |13 |''Suka berekspresi melalui kreasi. Tara! Aku Virgi!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Astralux |[https://www.threads.net/@virgi.jkt48 @: @virgi.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_virgi IDN: Virgi JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/virgi.jkt48 IG: @virgi.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Virgi SR: Virgi / ヴィルジ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.virgi TT: @jkt48.virgi]<br>[https://x.com/A_VirgiJKT48 X: @A_VirgiJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/297?lang=id Astrella Virgiananda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813073758/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/297?lang=id |date=2025-08-13 }} – JKT48.com</ref> |- |[[Aulia Riza|Aulia Riza Firdausy Effendi]] |Auwia |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]], [[Jawa Timur]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2007|7|14|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|7|14}} tahun) |13 |''Serigala tangguh di bawah sinar purnama. Panggil aku Auuu-wia!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Aulavana |[https://www.threads.net/@auwia.jkt48 @: @auwia.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_auwia IDN: Auwia JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/auwia.jkt48 IG: @auwia.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Auwia SR: Auwia / アウウィア (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.auwia TT: @jkt48.auwia]<br>[https://x.com/Auwia_JKT48 X: @Auwia_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/298?lang=id Aulia Riza]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Berasal dari [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]], [[Jawa Timur]]. *Memulai karier sebagai penari, model, dan aktris. *Pernah menjadi Koordinator Sixteen Dance Squad (SDS), tim tarian di SMA Negeri 16 Surabaya. *Pemenang Miss Beauty Jawa Timur 2023 dan predikat Foto Terbaik Top Model Indonesia Jawa Timur 2021.--> |- |[[Bong Aprilli|Bong Aprilli Paskah]] |Rilly |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2010|4|1|df=yes}} ({{age|2010|4|1}} tahun) |13 |''Bagaikan harmoni indah yang berirama di benakmu. Hai Aku Rilly!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |AprilliVels |[https://www.threads.net/@rilly.jkt48_ @: @rilly.jkt48_]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_rilly IDN: Rilly JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/rilly.jkt48_ IG: @rilly.jkt48_]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Rilly SR: Rilly / リリー (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.rilly TT: @jkt48.rilly]<br>[https://x.com/Rilly_JKT48 X: @Rilly_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/299?lang=id Bong Aprilli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905223419/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/299?lang=id |date=2025-09-05 }} – JKT48.com</ref> |- |[[Carissa Dini|Carissa Dini Asmaranti]] |Carissa |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Christabella Bonita|Christabella Bonita Claura Chandra]] |Bella |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Fahira Putri|Fahira Putri Kirana]] |Fahira |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], (13 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Fatimah Azzahra]] |Rara |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Depok|Depok]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], (15 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Hagia Sopia (penyanyi, kelahiran 2008)|Hagia Sopia]] |Giaa |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]],{{birth date|2008|7|1|df=yes}} ({{age|2008|7|1}} tahun) |13 |''Dengan semangat dan kerja kerasku. Aku akan membuat kalian bahagia. Halo panggil aku Giaa!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |BerbahaGIA |[https://www.threads.net/@giaa.jkt48 @: @giaa.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_giaa IDN: Giaa JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/giaa.jkt48 IG: @giaa.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Giaa SR: Giaa / ギアァ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@giaa.jkt48 TT: @giaa.jkt48]<br>[https://x.com/Giaa_JKT48 X: @Giaa_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/300?lang=id Hagia Sopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811023613/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/300?lang=id |date=2025-08-11 }} – JKT48.com</ref> |- |[[Heidi Suyangga]] |Heidi |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], (17 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | <!--|- |colspan=10| *Anggota generasi ke-14 tertua di grup.--> |- |[[Humaira Ramadhani|Humaira Ramadhani Salfiandi]] |Maira, ''Mai'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]], [[Banten]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2011|8|13|df=yes}} ({{age|2011|8|13}} tahun) |13 |''Penceria yang akan membuatmu tertawa dengan tingkahku. Halo semuanya Aku Maira!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Humainiora |[https://www.threads.net/@maira.jkt48 @: @maira.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_maira IDN: Maira JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/maira.jkt48 IG: @maira.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Maira SR: Maira / マイラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.maira TT: @jkt48.maira]<br>[https://x.com/Maira_JKT48 X: @Maira_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/301?lang=id Humaira Ramadhani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905213752/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/301?lang=id |date=2025-09-05 }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| *Anggota generasi ke-13 termuda di grup.--> |- |[[Jacqueline Immanuela|Jacqueline Immanuela Jonathan]] |Ekin |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2009|7|9|df=yes}} ({{age|2009|7|9}} tahun) |13 |''Sesejuk dan sedingin mint. Perkenalan aku Ekin!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |EkinAir |[https://www.threads.net/@ekin.jkt48 @: @ekin.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_ekin IDN: Ekin JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/ekin.jkt48 IG: @ekin.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Ekin SR: Ekin / エキン (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.ekin TT: @jkt48.ekin]<br>[https://x.com/Ekin_JKT48 X: @Ekin_JKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/302?lang=id Jacqueline Immanuela]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Memulai karir sebagai seorang penari, penyanyi, dan aktris.--> |- |[[Jemima Evodie|Jemima Evodie Mayra Lijaya]] |Jemima |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Mataram|Mataram]], [[Pulau Lombok|Lombok]], [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2009|11|9|df=yes}} ({{age|2009|11|9}} tahun) |13 |''Ci...luk...ba! Merpati yang akan membawa kejutan di setiap penampilanku. Halo aku Jemima!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |JeVolante |[https://www.threads.net/@jemima.jkt48 @: @jemima.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_jemima IDN: Jemima JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/jemima.jkt48 IG: @jemima.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Jemima SR: Jemima / ジェミマ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.jemima TT: @jkt48.jemima]<br>[https://x.com/JE_JemimaJKT48 X: @JE_JemimaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/303?lang=id Jemima Evodie]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| * Anggota pertama yang berasal dari [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]].--> |- |[[Maegan Jovanka|Maegan Jovanka Anita Putri]] |Maegan |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Depok|Depok]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Maxine Faye Lee]] |Maxine |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Mikaela Kusjanto]] |Mikaela, ''Mika'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2007|12|15|df=yes}} ({{age|2007|12|15}} tahun) |13 |''Camera... Roll... Action! Sutradara yang akan mewarnai kisah hidupmu dengan penuh warna. Hai Aku Mikaela!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Cinemika |[https://www.threads.net/@mikaela.jkt48 @: @mikaela.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_mikaela IDN: Mikaela JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/mikaela.jkt48 IG: @mikaela.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Mikaela SR: Mikaela / ミカエラ (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.mikaela TT: @jkt48.mikaela]<br>[https://x.com/M_MikaelaJKT48 X: @M_MikaelaJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/304?lang=id Mikaela Kusjanto]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> |- |[[Nur Intan (penyanyi)|Nur Intan]] |Intan, ''Nuy'' |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], {{birth date|2006|2|24|df=yes}} ({{age|2006|2|24}} tahun) |13 |''Intan permata yang berkilau, temukan cahayaku di hatimu!'' |31 Oktober 2024 ({{Age in years and days|2024|10|31}}) |''Belum pernah'' |Intanium |[https://www.threads.net/@intan.jkt48 @: @intan.jkt48]<br>[https://www.idn.app/jkt48_intan IDN: Intan JKT48]<br>[https://www.instagram.com/intan.jkt48 IG: @intan.jkt48]<br>[https://www.showroom-live.com/r/JKT48_Intan SR: Intan / インタン (JKT48)]<br>[https://www.tiktok.com/@jkt48.intan TT: @jkt48.intan]<br>[https://x.com/N_IntanJKT48 X: @N_IntanJKT48] |<ref>[https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/305?lang=id Nur Intan]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JKT48.com</ref> <!--|- |colspan=10| *Anggota generasi ke-13 tertua di grup. *''Ace'' asli dari generasi ke-13. *Pernah gagal dalam proses audisi untuk generasi ke-11 dan ke-12 di JKT48, serta generasi pertama di [[KLP48]]. *Memulai karir sebagai seorang atlet pencak silat dan penari, sebelum bergabung dengan grup. **Mewakili Perguruan Silat Sabda Sunda, berhasil meraih Juara 1 Pusaka Sunda Cup se-Jabodetabek pada 10 Juli 2022. **Pernah mengikuti ajang kompetisi tari "DBL Dance Competition 2023 - West Java Series West Region" dan "DBL Favorite Dancer 2023 West Java Series West Region" mewakili SMA Negeri 3 Bogor. *Berkuliah di Program Studi D-3 Periklanan Kreatif, Program Pendidikan Vokasi [[Universitas Indonesia]] (UI) di [[Kota Depok|Depok]], [[Jawa Barat]]. **Sebelum bergabung dengan grup juga, ia sering melakukan ''cover'' tarian dari JKT48 bersama beberapa temannya di kampus.--> |- |[[Putry Jazyta]] |Jazzy |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |- |[[Ralyne Van Irwan]] |Ralyne |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Kota Medan|Medan]], [[Sumatera Utara]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | <!--|- |colspan=10| *Satu-satunya anggota generasi ke-14 yang bukan berasal dari [[Jabodetabekjur|Jabodetabek]].--> |- |[[Sona Kalyana|Sona Kalyana Purbo Prasetyani]] |Sona |{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], (14 tahun) |14 | |14 Februari 2026 ({{Age in years and days|2026|02|14}}) |''Belum pernah'' | | | |} |} === Penjadwalan mutasi === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=5 | Penjadwalan Mutasi di JKT48 (Untuak mambuka tabel daftar anggota JKT48 yang ka dimutasi, silakan takan tombol "kambangan") |- |rowspan=5 style="width: 500px; background: #eaecf0; font-weight: bold"| Catatan: * Khusus anggota Akademi Kelas B, tanggal pengumumannya adalah tanggal pengumuman ujian kenaikan yang bersangkutan sedangkan tanggal penetapannya adalah tanggal ujian yang bersangkutan. Jika yang bersangkutan belum naik ke Akademi Kelas A, maka data di tabel ini akan dihapus sampai ada ujian kenaikan yang berikutnya. * Jika ada pertukaran pelajar sementara dari luar JKT48, maka tanggal penetapannya adalah tanggal awal dan/sampai tanggal akhir anggota tersebut berada di dalam JKT48. * Seorang anggota dimungkinkan untuk memegang, mengganti, atau melepas keanggotaan ganda (baik mutasi sebagian atau penuh). * Jika terjadi pengumuman mendadak dan penetapannya terjadi pada saat itu juga, nama dan data anggota yang bersangkutan tidak ditulis di dalam tabel. * Jika tanggal mutasi yang bersangkutan sudah memasuki tanggal penetapannya, nama dan data di dalam tabel akan dihapus. |align=center| {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" !Nama ! Mutasi / Keluar menuju ! Tanggal Pengumuman ! Tanggal Penetapan |- |[[Dhea Angelia]]||Kelulusan||26 November 2022||''Belum diumumkan'' |} |} == Riwayat kepemimpinan == === Kepemimpinan JKT48 === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=8 | Kepemimpinan JKT48 (Untuak mambukak tabel daftar anggota nan mamimpin JKT48, silakan takan tombol "kambangan") |- ! colspan=4 | Kapten ! colspan=4 | Wakil Kapten |- ! Nama!! Tim Asal!! Masa Kepemimpinan!! Durasi Kepemimpinan!! Nama!! Tim Asal!! Masa Kepemimpinan!! Durasi Kepemimpinan |- | colspan=2|''Belum diadakan'' | ''2 November 2011 – 21 Desember 2013'' | ''{{Age in years and days|2011|11|2|2013|12|21}}'' |colspan=2 rowspan=3| ''Belum diadakan'' | rowspan=3| ''2 November 2011 – 22 Desember 2019'' | rowspan=3| ''{{Age in years and days|2011|11|02|2019|12|22}}'' |- | [[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani]] | Tim J (dan Tim T sejak 1 Desember 2016) | 21 Desember 2013 – 31 Maret 2018 | {{Age in years and days|2013|12|21|2018|03|31}} |- | [[Shania Junianatha]] | Tim J | 1 April 2018 – 27 April 2019 | {{Age in years and days|2018|04|01|2019|04|27}} |- | [[Beby Chaesara Anadila]] | Tim KIII | 27 April 2019 – 21 Februari 2021 | {{Age in years and days|2019|04|27|2021|2|21}} | [[Gabriela Margareth Warouw]] | Tim J | 22 Desember 2019 – 21 Februari 2021 | {{Age in years and days|2019|12|22|2021|2|21}} |- | [[Gabriela Margareth Warouw]] | Tim J | 22 Februari – 14 Maret 2021 | {{Age in years and days|2021|2|22|2021|3|14}} |colspan=4 rowspan=2|''Tidak ada'' |- | colspan=2|''Lowong'' | ''15 Maret – 18 Desember 2021'' | ''{{Age in years and days|2021|3|15|2021|12|18}}'' |- | '''[[Shani Indira Natio]]''' | — | '''18 Desember 2021 – sekarang''' | '''{{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}''' | '''[[Jinan Safa Safira]]''' | — | '''18 Desember 2021 – sekarang''' | '''{{Age in years and days|2021|12|18}}''' |} === Kepemimpinan Tim J === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=6 | Kepemimpinan Tim J (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota yang memimpin Tim J di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- ! colspan=3 | Kapten ! colspan=3 | Wakil Kapten |- ! Nama ! Masa Kepemimpinan ! Durasi Kepemimpinan ! Nama ! Masa Kepemimpinan ! Durasi Kepemimpinan |- | [[Devi Kinal Putri]] | style="text-align:center;"|23 Desember 2012 – 31 Juli 2015 | {{age in years and days|2012|12|23|2015|07|31}} | rowspan=7| Tidak diadakan | rowspan=7| 23 Desember 2012 – 14 Maret 2021 | rowspan=7| {{age in years and days|2012|12|23|2021|3|14}} |- | [[Shania Junianatha]] | style="text-align:center;"|1 Agustus 2015 – 31 Maret 2018 | {{age in years and days|2015|08|01|2018|03|31}} |- | [[Priscillia Sari Dewi]] | 1 April – 7 Juni 2018<ref name="Mengenai Priscillia Sari Dewi">{{cite web|url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/919?lang=id|title=Mengenai Priscillia Sari Dewi|date=7 Juni 2018|publisher=JKT48 Operation Team|language=ID|access-date=2022-12-12|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528071227/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/919?lang=id|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | {{age in years and days|2018|04|01|2018|06|07}} |- | ''Lowong'' | ''7 Juni – 1 Juli 2018'' | ''{{age in years and days|2018|06|07|2018|07|01}}'' |- | [[Gabriela Margareth Warouw]] | style="text-align:center;"|1 Juli 2018 – 6 Juni 2020 | {{age in years and days|2018|07|01|2020|6|6}} |- | [[Frieska Anastasia Laksani]] | style="text-align:center;"|6 Juni 2020 – 20 Februari 2021<ref name=umumYT>{{cite web |url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1294?lang=id |title=Rangkuman Pengumuman Live Streaming 26 Mei – 6 Juni 2020 |publisher=JKT48 Operation Team |date=7 Juni 2020 |access-date=7 Juni 2020 |language=id |archive-date=2023-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528195500/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1294?lang=id |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | {{age in years and days|2020|6|6|2021|2|20}} |- | ''Lowong'' | style="text-align:center;"|21 Februari 2021 – 14 Maret 2021 | {{age in years and days|2021|2|21|2021|3|14}} |} === Kepemimpinan Tim KIII === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=6 | Kepemimpinan Tim KIII (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota yang memimpin Tim KIII di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- ! colspan=3 | Kapten ! colspan=3 | Wakil Kapten |- ! Nama ! Masa Kepemimpinan ! Durasi Kepemimpinan ! Nama ! Masa Kepemimpinan ! Durasi Kepemimpinan |- | rowspan=3 | ''Lowong'' | ''25 Juni – 3 Juli 2013'' | ''{{age in years and days|2013|06|25|2013|07|03}}'' | rowspan=9| ''Tidak diadakan'' | rowspan=9| ''25 Juni 2013 – 13 Maret 2021'' | rowspan=9| ''{{age in years and days|2013|06|25|2021|3|13}}'' |- | ''12 Oktober 2017 – 31 Januari 2018'' | ''{{age in years and days|2017|10|12|2018|01|31}}'' |- | ''23 Februari – 6 Juni 2020'' | ''{{age in years and days|2020|2|23|2020|6|6}}'' |- | [[Shinta Naomi]] | 3 Juli 2013 – 31 Juli 2015 | {{age in years and days|2013|07|03 |2015|07|31}} |- | [[Devi Kinal Putri]] | 1 Agustus 2015 – 30 November 2016 | {{age in years and days|2015|08|1 |2016|11|30}} |- | rowspan=2 | [[Ratu Vienny Fitrilya]] | 1 Desember 2016 – 12 Oktober 2017<ref name="Mengenai Ratu Vienny Fitrilya">{{cite web|url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/859?lang=id|title=Mengenai Ratu Vienny Fitrilya|date=13 Oktober 2017|publisher=JKT48 Operation Team|language=ID|access-date=2022-12-12|archive-date=2023-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604232125/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/859?lang=id|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | {{age in years and days|2016|12|1 |2017|10|12}} |- | 22 Desember 2019 – 23 Februari 2020 | {{age in years and days|2019|12|22|2020|2|23}} |- | [[Viviyona Apriani]] | 1 Februari 2018 – 21 Desember 2019 | {{age in years and days|2018|02|1|2019|12|21}} |- | [[Shania Gracia]] | 6 Juni 2020 – 13 Maret 2021<ref name=umumYT /> | {{age in years and days|2020|6|6|2021|3|13}} |} === Kepemimpinan Tim T === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=6 | Kepemimpinan Tim T (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota yang memimpin Tim T di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- ! colspan=3 | Kapten ! colspan=3 | Wakil Kapten |- ! Nama ! Masa Kepemimpinan ! Durasi Kepemimpinan ! Nama ! Masa Kepemimpinan ! Durasi Kepemimpinan |- | ''Lowong'' | ''24 Januari – 31 Juli 2015'' | ''{{age in years and days|2015|01|24 |2018|07|14}}'' | rowspan=3| ''Belum diadakan'' | rowspan=3| ''24 Januari 2015 – 14 Juli 2018'' | rowspan=3| ''{{age in years and days|2015|1|24|2018|7|15}}'' |- | [[Haruka Nakagawa]] | 1 Agustus 2015 – 30 November 2016 | {{age in years and days|2015|8|1|2016|11|30}} |- | [[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani]] | 1 Desember 2016 – 31 Maret 2018 | {{age in years and days|2016|12|1|2018|3|31}} |- | [[Ayana Shahab]] | 1 April 2018 – 8 Desember 2019 | {{age in years and days|2018|4|1|2019|12|8}} | [[Sonia Natalia]] | 15 Juli 2018 – 7 Desember 2019 | {{age in years and days|2018|7|15|2019|12|7}} |- | ''Lowong'' | ''8–31 Desember 2019'' | ''{{age in years and days|2019|12|8|2019|12|31}}'' | ''Lowong'' | ''7–31 Desember 2019'' | ''{{age in years and days|2019|12|7|2019|12|31}}'' |- | ''Jabatan dihapus, tim dibekukan'' | ''1 Januari – 21 Agustus 2020'' | ''{{age in years and days|2020|1|1|2020|8|21}}'' | ''Jabatan dihapus, tim dibekukan'' | ''1 Januari – 21 Agustus 2020'' | ''{{age in years and days|2020|1|1|2020|8|21}}'' |- | [[Tan Zhi Hui Celine]] | 22 Agustus 2020 – 12 Maret 2021<ref name=umumYT /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1312?lang=id|title=Pengumuman Mengenai Shonichi Setlist “Fly, Team T!” oleh JKT48 Team T|publisher=JKT48 Operation Team|date=8 August 2020|access-date=8 August 2020|language=id|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607082840/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1312?lang=id|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="penutup">{{cite web|url=https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1391?lang=id|title=Pengumuman Mengenai Struktur dan Kegiatan JKT48|date=2 Februari 2021|publisher=JKT48 Operation Team|language=ID|accessdate=2 Februari 2021|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528133120/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/1391?lang=id|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | {{age in years and days|2020|8|22|2021|3|12}} | ''Lowong'' | ''22 Agustus 2020 – 12 Maret 2021'' | ''{{age in years and days|2020|8|22|2021|3|12}}'' |}<!-- === Anggota tersisa Tim J === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=10 | Tim J (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- | align=center | <gallery> </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! Nama !! Panggilan !! Kelahiran (Usia) !! Generasi !! Perkenalan !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di JKT48) !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di Tim J) !! Nama ''Fansclub'' !! Akun [[Media Sosial]]<ref name="mediasosial" /> !! Ref |- |} === Anggota tersisa Tim KIII === {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=10 | Tim KIII (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- | align=center | <gallery> </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! Nama !! Panggilan !! Kelahiran (Usia) !! Generasi !! Perkenalan !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di JKT48) !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di Tim KIII) !! Nama ''Fansclub'' !! Akun [[Media Sosial]]<ref name="mediasosial" /> !! Ref |- |} === Anggota tersisa Tim T === Mohon untuk urusan formasi, saya akan buatkan tabel khusus nanti; Mengenai kapan tim ini dibentuk, sebenarnya sudah mengalami dua kali bentukan dan akan bertambah satu lagi bentukan yang berakibat konflik di tim lain {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=10 | Tim T (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- | align=center | <gallery> </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! Nama !! Panggilan !! Kelahiran (Usia) !! Generasi !! Perkenalan !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di JKT48) !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di Tim T) !! Nama ''Fansclub'' !! Akun [[Media Sosial]]<ref name="mediasosial" /> !! Ref |- |} === Anggota lulusan Akademi === Tips: - Untuk member yang dipromosikan ke kelas A, mohon untuk memprioritaskannya di atas, pastikan disusun berdasar kelas dan abjad - Tidak perlu membuat tabel baru untuk kelasa B atau A, hanya perlu mengubah kelas dan tanggal bergabung ke kelas tersebut {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=9 | Akademi (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar anggota di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- | align=center | <gallery> </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! Nama !! Panggilan !! Kelahiran (Usia) !! Generasi !! Perkenalan !! Mulai dan Lama Bergabung (di JKT48) dan Masuk ke Akademi !! Nama ''Fansclub'' !! Akun [[Media Sosial]]<ref name="mediasosial" /> !! Ref |- |}--> == Mantan anggota == {{Main|Daftar mantan anggota JKT48}} {{for|anggota yang meninggalkan grup pada tahun ini|Daftar mantan anggota JKT48/tahun 2022}} == Garis waktu di JKT48 == <!--Timeline khusus karier di JKT48. Stefi selama pertukaran pelajar di AKB48 namanya tidak dihapus dari daftar anggota JKT48.--> ;Keterangan <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3; text-align:left; padding:0.2em;"> {{legend|red|Tim J|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|yellow|Tim KIII|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|pink|Tim T|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|blue|Siswi Pelatihan/Anggota Akademi Kelas A|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|black|Calon Siswi Pelatihan/Anggota Akademi Kelas B|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|orange|Kennin (Rangkap Tim) di dalam JKT48|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|magenta|Kennin (Rangkap Tim) di luar JKT48|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|purple|Pelajar Pertukaran Sementara ke AKB48|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|green|Kaigai (''Overseas Transfer'') dan Pelajar Pertukaran Sementara dari AKB48 yang belum masuk tim|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|grey|Tidak ada tim/Anggota tetap|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} </div> <!-- Kaigai =/= Pertukaran Pelajar (Exchange Student), Kaigai = Overseas Transfer, Mohon untuk dipertahankan istilah ini --> === Ringkasan === <div style="width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: auto"> {| class="wikitable collapsed collapsible" border="1" style="font-size: 80%; text-align:left; white-space: nowrap;" |- ! colspan=11 | Ringkasan (Untuk menampilkan tabel daftar generasi di bawah ini, silakan tekan tombol "kembangkan") |- | {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size: 100%; text-align:center;" ! colspan=5|Umum ! colspan=4|Promosi ! colspan=3|Demosi |- <!-- Mohon perbaiki tabel ini --> ! rowspan=2| Metode Masuk ! rowspan=2| Generasi ! rowspan=2| Warna kaus (saat menjadi siswi pelatihan) ! colspan=2| Tanggal ! rowspan=2 | * Membentuk tim (promosi anggota untuk pertama kali beriringan dengan pembentukan/reformasi penuh tim, diisi oleh yang mendominasi); * Umur formasi tim; * Rasio anggota pembentuk; * Anggota terlama dalam satu formasi dari anggota pembentuk (tidak pernah pindah); dan * Penghuni terakhir dari anggota pembentuk (juga pernah pindah) ! rowspan=2| Rasio * Jumlah anggota sekarang; * Yang berhasil menduduki jabatan tertinggi di grup atau di tim (dihitung sekali) * Yang berhasil dipromosikan (dihitung sekali); dan * Yang pertama kali diumumkan ! colspan=2| Tanggal promosi dan jumlah anggota ! rowspan=2| * Rasio ** Jumlah yang berhasil direpromosikan; dengan ** Yang didemosikan * Tanggal repromosi terakhir dan jumlah anggota |- ! Pengumuman dan umur generasi ! Akhir aktivitas anggota terakhir ! Pertama ! Terakhir |- | Audisi | rowspan=2|Pertama | Putih | {{birth date|2011|11|02|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2011|11|02}}) | Belum | rowspan=2| * Tim J ('''{{Age in years and days|2012|12|23}}''') ** '''22 anggota generasi pertama (semuanya dipromosikan)''' ** 2 anggota ''kaigai'' generasi pertama (semuanya dipromosikan) *** Gabriela Margareth Warouw *** Gabriela Margareth Warouw dan Frieska Anastasya Laksani (sampai sekarang) | 3 : 9 : 22 : 28 | colspan=2| {{birth date|2012|12|23|df=yes}} (22 anggota) | colspan=2| Belum ada kasus |- | Perombakan (Lintas Negara) | Tiada | {{birth date|2012|11|01|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2012|11|01|2016|12|30}}) | {{birth date|2016|12|30|df=yes}} | 0 : 1 : 2 : 2 | colspan=2| {{birth date|2012|12|23|df=yes}} (2 anggota) | colspan=2|Tiada kasus |- | Audisi | rowspan=2|Kedua | Merah | {{birth date|2012|11|03|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2012|11|03}}) | Belum | * Tim KIII ('''{{Age in years and days|2013|06|25}}''') ** '''18 anggota generasi kedua (semuanya dipromosikan)''' *** Alicia Chanzia *** Ratu Vienny Fitrilya (untuk sekarang ini) | 2 : 4 : 26 : 32 | {{birth date|2013|06|25|df=yes}} (18 anggota) | {{birth date|2014|05|18|df=yes}} (5 anggota) | * 1 : 3 * {{birth date|2018|02|23|df=yes}} (1 anggota) |- | Perombakan (Lintas Negara) | Tiada | {{birth date|2014|02|24|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2014|02|24|2018|03|18}}) | {{birth date|2018|03|18|df=yes}} | Tidak | 0 : 0 : 1 : 1 | colspan=2| {{birth date|2014|06|12|df=yes}} (1 anggota) | colspan=2| Tiada kasus |- | rowspan=4|Audisi | Ketiga | ''Pink'' | {{birth date|2014|03|15|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2014|03|15}}) | rowspan=4|Belum | * Tim T (formasi pertama, '''{{Age in years and days|2015|01|24|2016|11|30}}''' berbanding '''{{Age in years and days|2015|01|24}}''') ** '''16 anggota generasi ketiga (semuanya dipromosikan)''' *** 12 anggota (terlama dan penghuni terakhir) | 7 : 1 : 20 : 31 | {{birth date|2015|01|24|df=yes}} (16 anggota) | {{birth date|2015|08|01|df=yes}} (4 anggota) | * 2 : 3 * {{birth date|2019|09|10|df=yes}} (1 anggota) |- | Keempat | Ungu muda / lavender (bunga) muda | {{birth date|2015|05|16|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2015|05|16}}) | rowspan=2| * Tim T (formasi kedua, '''{{Age in years and days|2016|12|01|2019|12|31}}''' berbanding '''{{Age in years and days|2015|01|24}}''') ** '''10 anggota generasi keempat (semuanya dipromosikan)''' ** '''8 anggota generasi kelima (semuanya dipromosikan)''' ** 1 anggota generasi pertama (digandakan) *** 5 anggota generasi keempat dan 1 anggota generasi kelima (terlama dan penghuni terakhir) | 6 : 1 : 10 : 12 (10 siswi pelatihan biasa + 2 kandidat) | colspan=2| {{birth date|2016|12|01|df=yes}} (10 anggota) | colspan=2| Belum ada kasus |- | Kelima | Abu-abu kebiruan / lavender (''web'') / ''periwinkle'' | {{birth date|2016|05|28|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2016|05|28}}) | 5 : 0 : 13 : 17 (14 siswi pelatihan biasa + 3 kandidat) | {{birth date|2016|12|01|df=yes}} (8 anggota) | {{birth date|2018|12|22|df=yes}} (1 anggota) | * 1 : 1 * {{birth date|2019|04|08|df=yes}} (1 anggota) |- | Keenam | Hijau muda | {{birth date|2018|04|08|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|04|08}}) | rowspan=2|Tidak | 7 : 0 : 7 : 14 (13 Akademi Kelas A (1 belum dipromosikan) + 1 Akademi Kelas B) | {{birth date|2018|10|28|df=yes}} (2 anggota) | {{birth date|2019|07|21|df=yes}} (2 anggota) | colspan=2|Belum ada kasus |- | Perombakan (Lintas Negara) | Pertukaran Pelajar Sementara 2018 | Tiada | {{birth date|2018|09|15|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|15|2018|10|18}}) | {{birth date|2018|10|18|df=yes}} | 0 : 0 : 1 : 1 | colspan=2|{{birth date|2018|09|16|df=yes}} (1 anggota) | colspan=2|Tiada kasus |- | rowspan=3|Audisi | Ketujuh | Hijau | {{birth date|2018|09|29|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2018|09|29}}) | rowspan=3|Belum | rowspan=2| * Tim T (formasi ketiga, belum resmi diaktifkan kembali<!--'''{{Age in years and days|2020|01|01|2019|12|31}}''' berbanding '''{{Age in years and days|2015|01|24}}'''-->) ** '''7 anggota generasi ketujuh ('''1 ditransfer''', lainnya dipromosikan)''' ** '''8 anggota generasi kedelapan (semuanya dipromosikan)''' ** 1 anggota generasi ketiga (digandakan) ** 1 anggota generasi keempat (ditransfer) *** Pembubaran formasi belum terjadi dan/atau masih ada banyak anggota | 14 : 0 : 17 : 20 (18 Akademi Kelas A (3 belum dipromosikan) + 2 Akademi Kelas B) | {{birth date|2019|07|21|df=yes}} (4 anggota) | {{birth date|2020|08|22|df=yes}} (6 anggota) | colspan=2 rowspan=3| Belum ada kasus |- | Kedelapan | rowspan=2| Biru muda kapri | {{birth date|2019|04|27|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|04|27}}) | 14 : 0 : 10 : 18 (Akademi Kelas A, 4 belum dipromosikan) | colspan=2 | {{birth date|2020|08|22|df=yes}} (10 anggota) |- | Kesembilan | {{birth date|2019|12|01|df=yes}} ({{Age in years and days|2019|12|01}}) | Belum/tidak ada tim yang dibubarkan sekarang dan/atau belum ada yang dipromosikan | 10 : 0 : 0 : 13 (12 Akademi Kelas A (10 belum dipromosikan) + 1 Akademi Kelas B) | colspan=2 | Belum ada yang dipromosikan |} |} </div> === Generasi Pertama (2011) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.5) ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2011 till:2022 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2011 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Icha from:02/11/2011 till:10/05/2012 color:gray bar:Mova from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Mova from:23/12/2012 till:21/01/2013 color:red bar:Ayana/Achan from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Ayana/Achan from:23/12/2012 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Ayana/Achan from:01/12/2016 till:31/03/2018 color:yellow bar:Ayana/Achan from:01/04/2018 till:30/06/2018 color:orange bar:Ayana/Achan from:30/06/2018 till:08/12/2019 color:pink bar:Beby from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Beby from:23/12/2012 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Beby from:01/12/2016 till:21/02/2021 color:yellow bar:Cindy/Cigul from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Cindy/Cigul from:23/12/2012 till:16/02/2014 color:red bar:Cleo from:02/11/2011 till:10/12/2012 color:gray bar:Delima from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Delima from:23/12/2012 till:18/03/2016 color:red bar:Kinal from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Kinal from:23/12/2012 till:31/07/2015 color:red bar:Kinal from:01/08/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Kinal from:01/12/2016 till:30/06/2018 color:red bar:Diasta/Nyash from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Diasta/Nyash from:23/12/2012 till:22/12/2013 color:red bar:Fahira from:02/11/2011 till:10/05/2012 color:gray bar:Frieska from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Frieska from:23/12/2012 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Frieska from:01/12/2016 till:30/06/2018 color:yellow bar:Frieska from:01/07/2018 till:20/02/2021 color:red bar:Gaby from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Gaby from:23/12/2012 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Gaby from:15/03/2021 till:14/08/2022 color:gray bar:Ghaida from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Ghaida from:23/12/2012 till:20/11/2016 color:red bar:Intania from:02/11/2011 till:12/02/2012 color:gray bar:Jeje from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Jeje from:23/12/2012 till:12/03/2017 color:red bar:Veranda/Ve from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Veranda/Ve from:23/12/2012 till:25/05/2017 color:red bar:Melody from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Melody from:23/12/2012 till:31/03/2018 color:red bar:Melody from:01/12/2016 till:31/03/2018 color:orange bar:Nabilah from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Nabilah from:23/12/2012 till:31/10/2017 color:red bar:Ochi from:02/11/2011 till:25/11/2012 color:gray bar:Rena from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Rena from:23/12/2012 till:17/06/2013 color:red bar:Rena from:18/06/2013 till:24/02/2014 color:magenta bar:Dhike from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Dhike from:23/12/2012 till:13/09/2016 color:red bar:Rica from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Rica from:23/12/2012 till:07/12/2014 color:red bar:Sendy from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Sendy from:23/12/2012 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Shania/Shanju from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Shania/Shanju from:23/12/2012 till:28/04/2019 color:red bar:Gayatri from:02/11/2011 till:12/02/2012 color:gray bar:Sonia from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Sonia from:23/12/2012 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Sonia from:01/12/2016 till:30/06/2018 color:yellow bar:Sonia from:01/07/2018 till:07/12/2019 color:pink bar:Sonya/Panda from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Sonya/Panda from:23/12/2012 till:22/12/2013 color:red bar:Stella from:02/11/2011 till:23/12/2012 color:gray bar:Stella from:23/12/2012 till:28/12/2013 color:red </timeline> Dua puluh dua anggota yang berhasil bertahan sampai akhir Desember 2012 semuanya dipromosikan sebagai anggota Tim J sehingga generasi ini menjadi pelopor Tim J bersama dengan Akicha dan Haruka yang masuk pada tahun 2012. Rena Nozawa menjadi anggota ganda Tim J dengan Tim K AKB48 pada tahun 2013, lalu ditransfer penuh ke Tim B AKB48 pada tahun 2014. Rena lulus sebagai anggota Tim K pada tahun 2019. Melody (2016–2018) dan Ayana (2018) pernah menjadi anggota ganda Tim J dan Tim T. Sembilan anggota terakhir dari anggota generasi pertama (yang berhasil bertahan sampai Maret 2018) telah dan/atau pernah menduduki jabatan tertinggi dari grup ataupun tim, baik yang sekarang masih ada (3 anggota), masa jabatannya habis dan lulus tidak lama kemudian (5 anggota), ataupun lulus setelah masa jabatannya habis (1 anggota). <!-- Mohon perbaiki ini. --> </div></div> === Generasi Kedua dan Kaigai Generasi Pertama (2012) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2012 till:2021 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2012 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Akicha from:01/11/2012 till:23/12/2012 color:green bar:Akicha from:23/12/2012 till:27/04/2013 color:red bar:Akicha from:28/04/2013 till:24/04/2014 color:magenta bar:Haruka from:01/11/2012 till:23/12/2012 color:green bar:Haruka from:23/12/2012 till:31/07/2015 color:red bar:Haruka from:01/08/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Haruka from:01/12/2016 till:30/12/2016 color:red bar:Acha from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Acha from:25/06/2013 till:04/08/2019 color:yellow bar:Althea from:03/11/2012 till:10/01/2013 color:blue bar:Nisa/Nichan from:03/11/2012 till:09/09/2013 color:blue bar:Yupi from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Yupi from:25/06/2013 till:30/06/2018 color:yellow bar:Yupi from:01/07/2018 till:27/07/2019 color:red bar:Della from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Della from:25/06/2013 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Della from:01/12/2016 till:31/03/2019 color:red bar:Dellia from:03/11/2012 till:30/11/2013 color:blue bar:Dena from:03/11/2012 till:18/05/2014 color:blue bar:Dena from:18/05/2014 till:01/12/2017 color:red bar:Dena from:01/12/2017 till:05/04/2018 color:blue bar:Uty from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Uty from:25/06/2013 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Uty from:01/12/2016 till:30/09/2018 color:red bar:Shafa from:03/11/2012 till:18/05/2014 color:blue bar:Shafa from:18/05/2014 till:25/03/2018 color:yellow bar:Kariin from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Kariin from:25/06/2013 till:09/09/2013 color:yellow bar:Hanna from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Hanna from:25/06/2013 till:27/09/2016 color:yellow bar:Rachel from:03/11/2012 till:23/02/2014 color:blue bar:Rachel from:23/02/2014 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Rachel from:01/12/2016 till:05/01/2020 color:yellow bar:Lidya from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Lidya from:25/06/2013 till:27/10/2018 color:yellow bar:Dhifa from:03/11/2012 till:30/11/2013 color:blue bar:Nadila from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Nadila from:25/06/2013 till:20/07/2019 color:yellow bar:Nadila from:21/07/2019 till:07/02/2021 color:red bar:Natalia/Nat from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Natalia/Nat from:25/06/2013 till:20/07/2019 color:yellow bar:Noella from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Noella from:25/06/2013 till:27/02/2015 color:yellow bar:Novinta/Nobi from:03/11/2012 till:18/05/2014 color:blue bar:Novinta/Nobi from:18/05/2014 till:16/08/2015 color:yellow bar:Halimah/Imoy from:03/11/2012 till:10/01/2013 color:blue bar:Octi from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Octi from:25/06/2013 till:23/01/2014 color:yellow bar:Olivia from:03/11/2012 till:12/04/2013 color:blue bar:Sisil from:03/11/2012 till:18/05/2014 color:blue bar:Sisil from:18/05/2014 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Sisil from:01/12/2016 till:07/06/2018 color:red bar:Sisil from:07/06/2018 till:31/07/2018 color:blue bar:Vienny/Viny from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Vienny/Viny from:25/06/2013 till:11/10/2017 color:yellow bar:Vienny/Viny from:12/10/2017 till:23/02/2018 color:blue bar:Vienny/Viny from:23/02/2018 till:23/02/2020 color:yellow bar:Ikha from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Ikha from:25/06/2013 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Ikha from:01/12/2016 till:29/12/2018 color:red bar:Rona/Ayen from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Rona/Ayen from:25/06/2013 till:20/07/2019 color:yellow bar:Rona/Ayen from:21/07/2019 till:15/02/2021 color:red bar:Saktia/Via from:03/11/2012 till:18/05/2014 color:blue bar:Saktia/Via from:18/05/2014 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Saktia/Via from:01/12/2016 till:31/03/2019 color:red bar:Naomi from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Naomi from:25/06/2013 till:31/07/2015 color:yellow bar:Naomi from:01/08/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:red bar:Naomi from:01/12/2016 till:29/12/2018 color:yellow bar:Sinka from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Sinka from:25/06/2013 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Sinka from:01/12/2016 till:05/10/2019 color:red bar:Tata from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Tata from:25/06/2013 till:26/08/2015 color:yellow bar:Vanka/Thacil from:03/11/2012 till:23/02/2014 color:blue bar:Vanka/Thacil from:23/02/2014 till:30/06/2018 color:red bar:Vanka/Thacil from:01/07/2018 till:06/12/2019 color:pink bar:Yona from:03/11/2012 till:25/06/2013 color:blue bar:Yona from:25/06/2013 till:30/11/2016 color:yellow bar:Yona from:01/12/2016 till:31/01/2018 color:red bar:Yona from:01/02/2018 till:21/12/2019 color:yellow </timeline> Delapan belas anggota generasi kedua yang bertahan sampai Juni 2013 dipromosikan sebagai anggota Tim KIII sehingga generasi ini menjadi pelopor Tim KIII, lalu menyusul lima anggota generasi kedua sisanya dipromosikan pada 2014, tiga anggota lainnya dipromosikan ke Tim J pada tahun 2014, lalu Chikarina yang masuk ke JKT48 pada tahun 2014 masuk ke Tim KIII. Awalnya, Akicha (Generasi keenam AKB48, 2008) dan Haruka (Generasi ketiga AKB48, 2006) adalah anggota Tim A AKB48 pada tahun 2012 dan mereka berdua menjadi pelopor Tim J. Pada tahun 2013, Akicha merangkap di Tim J dengan Tim B, lalu ditransfer penuh ke Tim B pada tahun 2014. Akicha lulus sebagai anggota Tim K pada tahun 2016. </div></div> === Generasi Ketiga dan Kaigai Generasi Kedua (2014) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.5) ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2014 till:2022 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2014 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Chikarina from:24/02/2014 till:11/06/2014 color:green bar:Chikarina from:12/06/2014 till:25/03/2018 color:yellow bar:Cia from:15/03/2014 till:01/02/2016 color:blue bar:Manda from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Manda from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Manda from:01/12/2016 till:01/12/2017 color:yellow bar:Manda from:01/12/2017 till:23/05/2018 color:blue bar:Andela from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Andela from:24/01/2015 till:04/09/2015 color:pink bar:Anggie from:15/03/2014 till:23/03/2015 color:blue bar:Anin from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Anin from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Anin from:01/12/2016 till:20/07/2019 color:yellow bar:Anin from:21/07/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:orange bar:Anin from:14/03/2021 till:15/03/2021 color:red bar:Anin from:15/03/2021 till:29/05/2022 color:gray bar:Okta from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Okta from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Okta from:01/12/2016 till:01/12/2017 color:yellow bar:Okta from:01/12/2017 till:30/06/2018 color:blue bar:Okta from:01/07/2018 till:23/04/2019 color:pink bar:Chikita/Chika from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Chikita/Chika from:24/01/2015 till:29/05/2016 color:pink bar:Elaine from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Elaine from:24/01/2015 till:31/07/2015 color:pink bar:Elaine from:01/08/2015 till:03/04/2016 color:red bar:Farina from:15/03/2014 till:01/02/2016 color:blue bar:Feni from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Feni from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Feni from:01/12/2016 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Feni from:15/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Sisca from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Sisca from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Sisca from:01/12/2016 till:20/07/2019 color:yellow bar:Sisca from:21/07/2019 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Sisca from:15/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Indah from:15/03/2014 till:01/02/2016 color:blue bar:Kei from:15/03/2014 till:22/11/2014 color:blue bar:Desy from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Desy from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Desy from:01/12/2016 till:26/12/2020 color:yellow bar:Grace from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Grace from:24/01/2015 till:22/04/2016 color:pink bar:Michelle/Lele from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Michelle/Lele from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Michelle/Lele from:01/12/2016 till:18/01/2020 color:red bar:Milen from:15/03/2014 till:22/11/2014 color:blue bar:Nadse from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Nadse from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Nadse from:01/12/2016 till:16/02/2017 color:red bar:Aurel from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Aurel from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Aurel from:01/12/2016 till:20/07/2019 color:yellow bar:Aurel from:21/07/2019 till:13/12/2020 color:red bar:Nina from:15/03/2014 till:31/07/2015 color:blue bar:Nina from:01/08/2015 till:01/02/2016 color:pink bar:Pipit from:15/03/2014 till:24/03/2014 color:blue bar:Farin from:15/03/2014 till:01/02/2016 color:blue bar:Yukka from:15/03/2014 till:23/03/2015 color:blue bar:Afa from:15/03/2014 till:11/08/2014 color:blue bar:Shani from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Shani from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Shani from:01/12/2016 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Shani from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Gracia from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Gracia from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Gracia from:01/12/2016 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Gracia from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Sofia from:15/03/2014 till:31/07/2015 color:blue bar:Sofia from:01/08/2015 till:27/04/2016 color:red bar:Stefi from:15/03/2014 till:31/07/2015 color:blue bar:Stefi from:01/08/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Stefi from:01/12/2016 till:31/01/2018 color:yellow bar:Stefi from:01/02/2018 till:17/09/2018 color:red bar:Stefi from:17/09/2018 till:17/10/2018 color:purple bar:Stefi from:17/10/2018 till:12/04/2019 color:red bar:Stefi from:12/04/2019 till:10/09/2019 color:blue bar:Stefi from:10/09/2019 till:28/09/2019 color:yellow bar:Angel from:15/03/2014 till:24/01/2015 color:blue bar:Angel from:24/01/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Angel from:01/12/2016 till:30/06/2018 color:red bar:Angel from:01/07/2018 till:13/12/2019 color:pink bar:Tya from:15/03/2014 till:01/02/2016 color:blue bar:Cesen from:15/03/2014 till:31/07/2015 color:blue bar:Cesen from:01/08/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:pink bar:Cesen from:01/12/2016 till:02/03/2017 color:red bar:Zebi from:15/03/2014 till:26/12/2014 color:blue </timeline> Enam belas anggota generasi ketiga yang bertahan sampai awal 2015 dipromosikan sebagai anggota Tim T sehingga generasi ini menjadi pelopor Tim T. Menyusul tiga anggota sisa dari generasi ketiga dipromosikan pada pertengahan 2015, Sofia dipromosikan ke Tim J pada pertengahan 2015, dan lima anggota yang tidak pernah dipromosikan memutuskan untuk mengundurkan diri. Jelang akhir 2016, Tim T yang diisi dengan anggota generasi ketiga dan Haruka ini dibubarkan dan diganti dengan Tim T yang diisi oleh generasi keempat, kelima, dan Melody yang merangkap (dua anggota generasi ketiga kemudian kembali ke Tim T). Awalnya, Chikarina (generasi kelima AKB48, 2007) adalah anggota Tim K AKB48, lalu dipindahkan ke Tim KIII pada tahun 2014. Pada tahun 2018, Stefi ditukar dengan Sayaya (Tim 4 AKB48) pada 2018, hanya saja Stefi tidak masuk tim di AKB48, lalu mereka kembali lagi ke tim asalnya. Pada tahun 2019, Anin adalah anggota rangkap Tim KIII dan Tim T, lalu menjadi anggota rangkap Tim J dan Tim KIII sejak awal 2020, lalu diumumkan pada akhir Mei 2020 juga akan memegang rangkap Tim T dan menjadi anggota pertama di JKT48 dan 48Family yang memegang status rangkap tiga tim (secara internal) dalam sebuah grup saudari AKB48, hanya Anin dan Celine (generasi keempat) (anggota Tim T formasi sebelumnya) yang masuk ke formasi ketiga Tim T. </div></div> === Generasi Keempat dan Kelima (2015, 2016) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.5) ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2015 till:2022 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2015 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Lisa from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Lisa from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Lisa from:01/12/2016 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Lisa from:01/01/2020 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Christi from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Christi from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Christi from:01/12/2016 till:21/10/2017 color:pink bar:Cindy/Cinhap from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Cindy/Cinhap from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Cindy/Cinhap from:01/12/2016 till:31/01/2018 color:pink bar:Cindy/Cinhap from:01/02/2018 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Cindy/Cinhap from:15/03/2021 till:17/07/2022 color:gray bar:Fia/Fidly from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Fia/Fidly from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Fia/Fidly from:01/12/2016 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Fia/Fidly from:01/01/2020 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Jessica/JB from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Jinan from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Jinan from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Jinan from:01/12/2016 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Jinan from:01/01/2020 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Jinan from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Devi from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Devi from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Devi from:01/12/2016 till:27/12/2018 color:pink bar:Mega from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Melati/Meme from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Melati/Meme from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Melati/Meme from:01/12/2016 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Melati/Meme from:01/01/2020 till:24/10/2020 color:red bar:Lintang from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Lintang from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Lintang from:01/12/2016 till:04/03/2017 color:pink bar:Lintang from:04/03/2017 till:07/12/2017 color:red bar:Celine from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Celine from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Celine from:01/12/2016 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Celine from:01/01/2020 till:21/08/2020 color:red bar:Celine from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Celine from:13/03/2021 till:13/08/2022 color:gray bar:Yuriva/Yuri from:16/05/2015 till:31/10/2015 color:black bar:Yuriva/Yuri from:31/10/2015 till:30/11/2016 color:blue bar:Yuriva/Yuri from:01/12/2016 till:04/03/2017 color:pink bar:Yuriva/Yuri from:04/03/2017 till:10/02/2018 color:red bar:Zara from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Zara from:01/12/2016 till:04/12/2019 color:pink bar:Anggi from:28/05/2016 till:27/06/2016 color:black bar:Chintya from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Chintya from:01/12/2016 till:16/02/2017 color:blue bar:Citra from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Citra from:01/12/2016 till:04/03/2017 color:blue bar:Citra from:04/03/2017 till:30/06/2018 color:pink bar:Diani from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Diani from:01/12/2016 till:30/09/2018 color:blue bar:Diani from:01/10/2018 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Ori from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Ori from:01/12/2016 till:13/04/2018 color:pink bar:Eve from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Eve from:01/12/2016 till:07/11/2018 color:pink bar:Eve from:07/11/2018 till:07/04/2019 color:blue bar:Eve from:08/04/2019 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Eve from:15/03/2021 till:13/02/2022 color:gray bar:Aby from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Aby from:01/12/2016 till:22/12/2018 color:blue bar:Aby from:22/12/2018 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Aby from:01/01/2020 till:16/11/2020 color:yellow bar:Kyla from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Kyla from:01/12/2016 till:31/01/2018 color:blue bar:Kyla from:01/02/2018 till:10/11/2019 color:pink bar:Helma from:28/05/2016 till:09/09/2016 color:black bar:Aya from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Aya from:01/12/2016 till:31/01/2018 color:pink bar:Aya from:01/02/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:red bar:Aya from:21/07/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Puti/Pucchi from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Puti/Pucchi from:01/12/2016 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Puti/Pucchi from:01/01/2020 till:18/05/2020 color:yellow bar:Regina/Gina from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Regina/Gina from:01/12/2016 till:01/11/2017 color:pink bar:Sanda from:28/05/2016 till:09/09/2016 color:black bar:Ruth/Ru-chan/Iyut from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Ruth/Ru-Chan/Iyut from:01/12/2016 till:30/06/2018 color:pink bar:Julie from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Julie from:01/12/2016 till:30/06/2018 color:blue bar:Julie from:01/07/2018 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Violet/Vio from:28/05/2016 till:30/11/2016 color:black bar:Violet/Vio from:01/12/2016 till:03/07/2018 color:pink </timeline> Untuk menggantikan Tim T generasi ketiga dan Haruka, seluruh (kesepuluh) anggota generasi keempat yang berhasil bertahan sampai September 2016 dan delapan anggota generasi kelima dipromosikan ke Tim T bersamaan dengan Melody (generasi pertama) yang merangkap dari Tim J, lalu menyusul tiga anggota dari generasi kelima. Tiga anggota generasi kelima dipromosikan ke Tim J (dua promosi dan satu repromosi). Beberapa anggota telah ditransfer ke tim lain secara perlahan, namun berbagai anggota dari berbagai generasi turut mengisi ''slot'' keanggotaan Tim T (baik transfer, promosi, dan rangkap tim). Pada akhirnya, diumumkan pada saat konser ulang tahun JKT48 yang kedelapan, Tim T bentukan generasi keempat dan kelima (juga berbagai generasi) ini dibubarkan (sehingga Tim T akan dinonaktifkan sampai Juni 2020) dan akan digantikan dengan Tim T yang baru, yang terbentuk dari generasi ketujuh dan kedelapan (dan ditambah dengan Anin (generasi ketiga)); hanya Anin (generasi ketiga) dan Celine (generasi keempat) (anggota Tim T formasi sebelumnya) yang masuk ke formasi ketiga Tim T. </div></div> === Generasi Keenam dan Ketujuh, dan Pertukaran Pelajar Sementara (2018) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.5) ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2018 till:2022 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2018 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Ella from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Ella from:10/06/2018 till:12/12/2018 color:blue bar:Tasya from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Tasya from:10/06/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:blue bar:Tasya from:21/07/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Ariel from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Ariel from:10/06/2018 till:30/09/2018 color:blue bar:Ariel from:01/10/2018 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Ariel from:15/03/2021 till:13/02/2022 color:gray bar:Denise from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Denise from:10/06/2018 till:21/08/2018 color:blue bar:Erika from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Erika from:10/06/2018 till:27/10/2018 color:blue bar:Erika from:28/10/2018 till:09/02/2019 color:yellow bar:Sintia from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Sintia from:10/06/2018 till:24/01/2019 color:blue bar:Gita from:08/04/2018 till:12/08/2018 color:black bar:Gita from:12/08/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:blue bar:Gita from:21/07/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Gita from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Ciel from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Ciel from:10/06/2018 till:15/06/2019 color:blue bar:Jee from:08/04/2018 till:21/04/2018 color:black bar:Indy from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Indy from:10/06/2018 till:22/12/2018 color:blue bar:Indy from:22/12/2018 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Riri from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Riri from:10/06/2018 till:01/11/2018 color:blue bar:Nanda from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Nanda from:10/06/2018 till:30/09/2018 color:blue bar:Nanda from:01/10/2018 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Nanda from:01/01/2020 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Amel from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Amel from:10/06/2018 till:07/04/2019 color:blue bar:Amel from:08/04/2019 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Shalza from:08/04/2018 till:10/06/2018 color:black bar:Shalza from:10/06/2018 till:22/09/2020 color:blue bar:Sayaya from:15/09/2018 till:16/09/2018 color:green bar:Sayaya from:16/09/2018 till:19/10/2018 color:pink bar:Aiko from:29/09/2018 till:16/12/2018 color:black bar:Aiko from:16/12/2018 till:29/07/2020 color:blue bar:Christy from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Christy from:28/10/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:blue bar:Christy from:21/07/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Christy from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Yori from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Yori from:28/10/2018 till:06/10/2019 color:blue bar:Yori from:07/10/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:red bar:Yori from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Zee/Azizi from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Zee/Azizi from:28/10/2018 till:06/10/2019 color:blue bar:Zee/Azizi from:07/10/2019 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Zee/Azizi from:15/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Lea from:29/09/2018 till:24/01/2019 color:black bar:Dey from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Dey from:28/10/2018 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Dey from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Dey from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Febi from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Febi from:28/10/2018 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Bri from:29/09/2018 till:16/12/2018 color:black bar:Bri from:16/12/2018 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Olla from:29/09/2018 till:16/12/2018 color:black bar:Olla from:16/12/2018 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Olla from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Olla from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Freya from:29/09/2018 till:16/12/2018 color:black bar:Freya from:16/12/2018 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Freya from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Freya from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Brielle from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Brielle from:28/10/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:blue bar:Brielle from:21/07/2019 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Brielle from:01/01/2020 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Eli from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Eli from:28/10/2018 till:05/08/2019 color:blue bar:Eli from:05/08/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Eli from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Jessi from:29/09/2018 till:26/01/2019 color:black bar:Jessi from:26/01/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Jessi from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Jessi from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Jesslyn from:29/09/2018 till:16/12/2018 color:black bar:Jesslyn from:16/12/2018 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Jesslyn from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Jesslyn from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Kanya from:29/09/2018 till:06/10/2018 color:black bar:Muthe from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Muthe from:28/10/2018 till:05/08/2019 color:blue bar:Muthe from:05/08/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Muthe from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Lala from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Lala from:28/10/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:blue bar:Lala from:21/07/2019 till:31/12/2019 color:pink bar:Lala from:01/01/2020 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Rifa from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Rifa from:28/10/2018 till:13/09/2019 color:blue bar:Vivi from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Vivi from:28/10/2018 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Vivi from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Chika from:29/09/2018 till:28/10/2018 color:black bar:Chika from:28/10/2018 till:20/07/2019 color:blue bar:Chika from:21/07/2019 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Chika from:14/03/2021 till:end color:gray </timeline> Beberapa anggota di kedua generasi ini menyebar ke semua tim. Awalnya, Sayaya (Draft Generasi Pertama AKB48, 2013) adalah anggota Tim 4 AKB48. Pada tahun 2018, Sayaya (Tim 4) ditukar dengan Stefi, dia masuk ke Tim T, lalu mereka kembali lagi ke tim asalnya. Enam anggota generasi ketujuh yang belum dipromosikan (ditambah dengan Yori, Anin dari generasi ketiga, dan Celine dari generasi keempat) dipromosikan ke Tim T dan membentuk formasi ketiga tim tersebut. </div></div> === Generasi Kedelapan dan Kesembilan (2019) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.5) ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2019 till:2022 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2019 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Afiqah from:27/04/2019 till:26/05/2019 color:black bar:Afiqah from:26/05/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Afiqah from:22/08/2020 till:14/03/2021 color:red bar:Mira from:27/04/2019 till:30/06/2019 color:black bar:Mira from:30/06/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Mira from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Mira from:13/03/2021 till:27/11/2021 color:gray bar:Nunu from:27/04/2019 till:03/08/2019 color:black bar:Nunu from:03/08/2019 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Oniel from:27/04/2019 till:26/05/2019 color:black bar:Oniel from:26/05/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Oniel from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Oniel from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Devytha from:27/04/2019 till:30/06/2019 color:black bar:Devytha from:30/06/2019 till:30/03/2020 color:blue bar:Eri-chan from:27/04/2019 till:26/05/2019 color:black bar:Eri-chan from:26/05/2019 till:16/05/2020 color:blue bar:Fiony from:27/04/2019 till:30/06/2019 color:black bar:Fiony from:30/06/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Fiony from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Fiony from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Flora from:27/04/2019 till:03/08/2019 color:black bar:Flora from:03/08/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Flora from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Flora from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Vany from:27/04/2019 till:28/05/2019 color:black bar:Vany from:28/05/2019 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Keisya from:27/04/2019 till:30/06/2019 color:black bar:Keisya from:30/06/2019 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Lulu from:27/04/2019 till:28/05/2019 color:black bar:Lulu from:28/05/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Lulu from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Lulu from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Ratu from:27/04/2019 till:03/08/2019 color:black bar:Ratu from:03/08/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Ratu from:22/08/2020 till:09/11/2020 color:pink bar:Pamela from:27/04/2019 till:28/05/2019 color:black bar:Pamela from:28/05/2019 till:07/02/2020 color:blue bar:Reva from:27/04/2019 till:26/05/2019 color:black bar:Reva from:26/05/2019 till:30/12/2019 color:blue bar:Adel from:27/04/2019 till:30/06/2019 color:black bar:Adel from:30/06/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Adel from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Adel from:13/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Alma from:27/04/2019 till:28/05/2019 color:black bar:Alma from:28/05/2019 till:01/09/2020 color:blue bar:Ume from:27/04/2019 till:03/08/2019 color:black bar:Ume from:03/08/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Ume from:22/08/2020 till:12/03/2021 color:pink bar:Ara from:27/04/2019 till:26/05/2019 color:black bar:Ara from:26/05/2019 till:21/08/2020 color:blue bar:Ara from:22/08/2020 till:13/03/2021 color:yellow bar:Ara from:14/03/2021 till:25/08/2021 color:gray bar:Ashel from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Ashel from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Ashel from:12/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Caithlyn from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Caithlyn from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Chalista from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Chalista from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Abel from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Abel from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Indah from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Indah from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Indah from:12/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Iris from:01/12/2019 till:30/12/2019 color:black bar:Kathrina from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Kathrina from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Kathrina from:12/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Olivia from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Olivia from:25/01/2020 till:17/02/2020 color:blue bar:Marsha from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Marsha from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Marsha from:12/03/2021 till:end color:gray bar:Nabila from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Nabila from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Zahra from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Zahra from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Shinta from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Shinta from:25/01/2020 till:11/03/2021 color:blue bar:Tiara from:01/12/2019 till:25/01/2020 color:black bar:Tiara from:25/01/2020 till:17/02/2020 color:blue </timeline> </div></div> === Generasi ke-10 dan ke-11 (2020–2021, 2022) === <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="{{int:show}}" data-collapsetext="{{int:hide}}"> Tekan "tampilkan" untuk menampilkan garis waktu mutasi anggota selama anggota tersebut masih berada di JKT48. <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <timeline> Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.5) ImageSize = width:800 height:1000 PlotArea = left:180 bottom:50 top:50 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2020 till:2022 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2020 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:4 textcolor:red align:left anchor:from bar:Abieza from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Giselle from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Giselle from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Amanda from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Amanda from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Lia from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Lia from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Callie from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Callie from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Danessa from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Ella from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Ella from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Indira from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Indira from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Lyn from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Lyn from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Naura from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Raisha from:27/08/2020 till:04/12/2020 color:black bar:Raisha from:18/12/2021 till:end color:blue bar:Alya from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Anindya from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Aulia from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Cathy from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Elin from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Chelsea from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Cynthia from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Danella from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Daisy from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Gendis from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Gracie from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Greesel from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Jeane from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue bar:Michie from:31/10/2022 till:end color:blue </timeline> </div></div> == Rujukan == === Catatan kaki === {{Reflist|30em}} === Buku === {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last1 = Ogino|first1 = Toshiyuki|last2 = Ohira|first2 = Akira|editor1-last = Uchino|editor1-first = Emi|editor2-last = Kuriyama|editor2-first = Haruka|editor3-last = Iwasaki|editor3-first = Haruka|title = Love JKT48: The 1st Official Guide Book|year = 2012|publisher = Dunia Otomotifindo Mediatama|location = Jakarta|isbn = 978-979-23-5755-4}} {{Refend}} === Berita === {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite news|title = インドネシア・ジャカルタで「JKT48」始動！ AKB48海外初の姉妹グループ誕生へ|url = http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/entertainment/2001678/full/|publisher = [[Oricon]]|date = 11 September 2011|accessdate = 13 September 2011|language = ja|trans_title = "JKT48" Launches in Jakarta, Indonesia! Toward the Birth of Overseas AKB48 Sister Groups|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6EB2h8oP8?url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/entertainment/2001678/full/|archivedate = 2013-02-04|ref = {{Harvid|Oricon 2011}}|dead-url = no}} * {{Cite news|title = ＡＫＢ初の海外姉妹グループ、ＪＫＴ４８の可能性|url = http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASFK08010_Y2A200C1000002/|work = [[Nihon Keizai Shimbun]]|date = 14 Februari 2012|accessdate = 5 Februari 2013|language = ja|trans_title = AKB's First Overseas Sister Group, JKT48's Potential|ref = {{Harvid|Nihon Keizai Shimbun 2012}}}} * {{Cite news|title = 28 girls picked for first AKB overseas sister group|url = http://aws.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/11/04/news/28-girls-picked-for-first-akb-overseas-sister-group/|work = [[The Japan Times]]|date = 4 November 2011|accessdate = 6 Februari 2013|ref = {{Harvid|The Japan Times 2011}}|archive-date = 2013-04-13|archive-url = https://archive.is/20130413120728/http://aws.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/11/04/news/28-girls-picked-for-first-akb-overseas-sister-group/|dead-url = yes}} {{Refend}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:JKT48| ]] [[Kategori:Anggota JKT48]] fdqx7030jx957wo2hjv3tjnc4bbk8sc 0 388040 3346744 3159347 2026-05-17T15:09:40Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ahda Imran | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|8|10}} | birth_place = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Baruah Gunuang, Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota]], [[Indonesia]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (tanggal meninggal diikuti tanggal lahir) --> | death_place = | nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] | other_names = | alma_mater = | occupation = [[Panyair]], [[Sastrawan]], [[Panulih Naskah Drama]] | known_for = Panyair | religion = [[Islam]] | spouse = | children = | parents = }} '''Ahda Imran''' (lahia 10 Agustus 1966 di [[Baruah Gunuang]], Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota|Lima Puluh Kota]]; umua 56 tahun) adolah panulis puisi, cerpen, novel, drama, esai, dan biografi di [[Indonesia]]. Ahda Imran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idwriters.com/writers/ahda-imran/|title=Ahda Imran|date=2014-09-30|website=IDWRITERS|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siapabilang.com/penulis-ahda-imran|title=Ahda Imran Info » Ahda Imran|website=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|language=en|access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koran.tempo.co/read/tamu/479166/bagaimna-pergulatan-ahda-imran-dengan-sastra-hingga-sinema|title=Bagaimna Pergulatan Ahda Imran dengan Sastra hingga Sinema|last=Siswadi|first=Anwar|date=2022-12-24|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2022-12-29|archive-date=2022-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229140248/https://koran.tempo.co/read/tamu/479166/bagaimna-pergulatan-ahda-imran-dengan-sastra-hingga-sinema|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hot.detik.com/art/d-5735358/sulitnya-ahda-imran-riset-sosok-ini-buat-monolog-di-tepi-sejarah|title=Sulitnya Ahda Imran Riset Sosok Ini Buat Monolog Di Tepi Sejarah|last=Agnes|first=Tia|website=detikhot|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref>kini tingga di [[Cimahi]], [[Jawa Barat]] dan bagiat di lapangan jurnalisme seni/budaya serta aktivitas seni jo kabudayaan. == Karya-karya == * ''Dunia Perkawinan'' (buku puisi, 1999) * ''Penunggang Kuda Negeri Malam'' (buku puisi, 2008) * ''Rusa Berbulu Merah'' (buku puisi, 2014) * ''Ludah Orang Suci'' (buku puisi, 2021) * ''Jais Darga Namaku'' (buku novel, 2018) * ''Wot Batu; Meniti Suara Batu Menuju Kekal'' (buku seni rupa, 2021) *''Tan Malaka: Saya Rusa Berbulu Merah'' (buku naskah drama) *''Sjahrir'' (buku naskah drama) *''Amir Hamzah''; ''Nyanyian Sunyi Revolusi'' (buku naskah drama) *''The Sin Nio, Sepinya Sepi'' (buku naskah drama) *''Annelis Mallema'' (buku naskah drama) *''Kacamata Sjafruddin'' (buku naskah drama) * ''200 Ikon Bandung, Ieu Bandung Lur!'' (2010); bersama [[Zaki Yamari]] * ''Inggit''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buruan.co/ahda-imran-membaca-kembali-pemikiran-tan-malaka/|title=Ahda Imran: “Membaca Kembali Pemikiran Tan Malaka” {{!}} Buruan.co|last=Umbara|first=Yopi Setia|date=2016-03-16|language=id|access-date=2022-12-29|archive-date=2022-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229135813/https://www.buruan.co/ahda-imran-membaca-kembali-pemikiran-tan-malaka/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ''(''buku naskah drama 2013) * ''Monolog 3 Perempuan'' (buku naskah drama, 2014); bersama [[Gunawan Maryanto]] dan [[Djenar Maesa Ayu]] * ''Di Atas Viaduct'' (buku non fiksi, 2009) * ''5 Dasa Warsa Irawati Menari'' (buku non fiksi 2011); bersama [[Miftahul Malik]] dan [[Irawati Durban Ardjo]] == Panghargaan == * ''Anugrah Khusala Sastra Khatulistiwa 2014'' untuk buku puisi Rusa Berbulu Merah * Buku puisi ''Rusa Berbulu Merah'' menjadi buku ''Rekomendasi Majalah Tempo'' (2015) * Buku puisi ''Ludah Orang Suci'' menjadi buku ''Rekomendasi Majalah Tempo'' (2021) * Buku puisi ''Ludah Orang Suci'' menerima ''Penghargaan Buku Puisi Kemendikbud'' (2022) * Nominasi ''Piala Citra Festival Film Indonesia (FFI)'' kategori ''Skenario dan Adaptasi Terbaik'' bersama [[Kamila Andini]] (2022) * Pemenang ''Sayembara Naskah Teater Dewan Kesenian Jakarta'' (2022) untuk naskah ''Mesin Jemaat'' * Rawayan Award == Rujuakan == [[Kategori:Manusia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Sastrawan]] t70rrr3sih5k9jxbvntd01r3q934s3v 0 473122 3346759 3161796 2026-05-18T00:02:04Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang|predecessor=[[Ginandjar Kartasasmita]]|successor=[[Mohammad Saleh (politisi)|Mohammad Saleh]]|alma_mater=[[Universitas Kristen Indonesia]]<br/>[[:en:University of Bridgeport|University of Bridgeport]]|parents=[[Gusman Gaus]] (ayah){{br}}Janimar Kamili (ibu)|religio=Islam}} H. '''Irman Gusman''', S.E., MBA gala '''Datuak Rajo Nan Labiah''' ({{Lahiamati|[[Kota Padang Panjang|Padang Panjang]], [[Sumatera Barat]]|11|2|1962}}) adolah saurang politikus jo pengusaha kayu dari [[Indonesia]]. Inyo pernah manjabat sabagai Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD) RI dari 2009 sampai dibarantian pado 2016 dek kasus operasi tangkap tangan dek Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rochmanuddin|date=2016-09-17|title=Irman Gusman, Mantan Pengusaha Kayu yang Tergiur Manisnya Gula|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/2604126/irman-gusman-mantan-pengusaha-kayu-yang-tergiur-manisnya-gula|work=[[Liputan6.com]]|access-date=29 Desember 2023|editor-last=Sinaga|editor-first=Shinta NM}}</ref> Irman Gusman mamulai karir politiknyo sajak taun 1999 sajak duduak sabagai anggota Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat [[Indonesia|Republik Indonesia]] untuak mewakili Sumatera Barat. Pado Pemilu 2004, Irman nan dikenal sabagai panggagas lahirnyo DPR RI, dipiliah sabagai anggota DPD RI untuak mewakili [[Sumatera Barat]] dan manjadi Wakil Ketua DPD RI basamo Ginandjar Karatasasmita sabagai Ketua DPD RRI periode partamo. == Latar belakang == [[Berkas:Jokowi_and_Irman_Gusman.jpg|jmpl|Gubernur DKI Jakarta [[Joko Widodo]] manyambut tangguang jo Irman Gusman]] Irman iolah anak dari Gusman Gaus jo Janimar Kamili dari [[Guguak Tabek Sarojo, IV Koto, Agam|Guguak Tabek Sarojo, Agam]]. Apaknyo pernah duduak sabagai Rektor [[Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat]], sedangkan bundonyo anak dari padagang ameh nan cukup tanamo. Irman adolah anak kaduo dari 14 badunsanak. Sekolah Dasar inyo tempuh salamo 5 taun karano manuruik hasil tes psikologi inyo nilai IQ inyo tinggi. Lanjuiklah inyo di SMP Negeri 3 Padang jo SMP Don Bosco Padang, tapi bapindah dan tamek di [[SMA Negeri 2 Padang]] pado taun 1979. Irman lanjuik ka pandidikan sarjana di Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI) pado taun 1984, hinggo Master of Business Administration (MBA) di University of Bridgeport, [[Amerika Sarikat|Amerika Serikat]] pado taun 1987.<ref>{{Cite book|date=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IhwAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA231|title=Profil Tokoh, Aktivis, dan Pemuka Masyarakat Minang|publisher=Permo Promotion|isbn=978-979-8931-00-0|pages=231-233|language=id|access-date=29 Desember 2023|dead-url=no}}</ref> Salamo di UKI, inyo aktif dalam Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam.<ref>https://books.google.co.id/books?id=HKFLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA281</ref> == Kasus korupsi == Pado tanggal 5 Oktober 2016, Irman dibarantian dari jabatannyo sabagai Ketua DPD RI.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ikhsanudin|first=Arief|title=Alasan BK Berhentikan Irman Gusman: Salah Gunakan Jabatan dan Ciderai DPD|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3301738/alasan-bk-berhentikan-irman-gusman-salah-gunakan-jabatan-dan-ciderai-dpd|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|language=id-ID|access-date=29 Desember 2023|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805040605/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3301738/alasan-bk-berhentikan-irman-gusman-salah-gunakan-jabatan-dan-ciderai-dpd|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pambarantian Itu dek inyo tatangkok dalam operasi tangkap tangan Komisi Pencegahan Korupsi (KPK) pado 17 September 2016 dek dugaan korupsi pakaro kuota gula impor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2016/09/160917_indonesia_dpd_kpk|title=Ketua DPD Irman Gusman ditetapkan sebagai tersangka setelah operasi tangkap tangan KPK|date=2016-09-17|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|access-date=29 Desember 2023}}</ref> Irman manjadi anggota DPD patamo nan tatangkok dalam operasi tangkap tangkap KPK.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-09-18|title=Irman Gusman Ditangkap KPK, Usul Penambahan Wewenangan DPD Dipertanyakan|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/xml/2016/09/18/07395541/irman.gusman.ditangkap.kpk.usul.penambahan.wewenangan.dpd.dipertanyakan|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=29 Desember 2023|editor-last=Gatra|editor-first=Sandro|first=Dani|last=Prabowo}}</ref> Sasudah bara sidang di Mahkamah Tipikor Jakarta pado 20 Februari 2017, majelis hakim manvonis Irman dipanjaro 4,5 taun.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kurniawati|first=Endri|date=2017-02-20|title=Terbukti Terima Suap, Irman Gusman Dihukum 4,5 Tahun|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/848246/terbukti-terima-suap-irman-gusman-dihukum-45-tahun|work=[[Tempo.co]]|language=id|access-date=29 Desember 2023|editor-last=Kurniawati|editor-first=Endri}}</ref> Majelis hakim dalam timbangnyo manyatoan baso Irman alah mancederai amanat sabagai Ketua DPD RI dan indak jujua pado sidang.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2019-09-26|title=Perjalanan Irman Gusman, Dari Vonis 4,5 Tahun Hingga Dapat Pengurangan Hukuman|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/09/27/06402091/perjalanan-irman-gusman-dari-vonis-45-tahun-hingga-dapat-pengurangan-hukuman|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=29 Desember 2023|editor-last=Kuwado|editor-first=Fabian Januarius|first=Dylan Aprialdo|last=Rachman}}</ref> Pado 24 September 2019, Mahkamah Agung (MA) manarimo pamohonan peninjauan kembali oleh Irman. MA manurunkan maso tahanan Irman manjadi 3 tahun panjaro.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dhika Kusuma Winata|first=|date=2019-09-27|title=MA Perlunak Vonis Irman Gusman|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/politik-dan-hukum/262017/ma-perlunak-vonis-irman-gusman|work=[[Media Indonesia]]|language=id|access-date=29 Desember 2023}}</ref> Juru bicara KPK [[Febri Diansyah]] bakato baso panurunan maso hukuman tasabuik indak baarti Irman indak tabukti mambuek tindak pidana korupsi.<ref name=":0"/> MA manyatokan Irman tatap terbukti malakukan tindak pidana korupsi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=MA Ubah Penerapan Pasal di Putusan PK Irman Gusman|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/ma-ubah-penerapan-pasal-di-putusan-pk-irman-gusman-1rwD5vDUdSv|work=[[Kumparan (situs web)|Kumparan]]|language=id-ID|access-date=29 Desember 2023|last=Saputra|first=Erandhi Hutomo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/842d497c58f683f11406a6f21281981e.html |title=archive copy |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-date=2023-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805224837/https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/842d497c58f683f11406a6f21281981e.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Keluarga == Irman manikah jo Liestyana Rizal, saurang padusi dari [[Sungai Batang, Tanjung Raya, Agam|Sungai Batang]] di daerah Danau Maninjau. Dari panikahan itu, inyo dikaruniai duo anak padusi jo surang anak laki-laki, iyolah Irviandari Alestya Gusman, Irviandra Fathan Gusman jo Irvianjani Audria Gusman.<ref>[http://m.antarabali.com/berita/48901/irman-gusman-sosok-pemimpin-baru-indonesia "Irman Gusman Sosok Pemimpin Baru Indonesia"]. ''ANTARA''. 20 Februari 2014.</ref> == Organisasi == * Dewan Ahli [[Gebu Minang|Gambu Minang]] (1999-2003) * Kabun Umum ICMI (2000-2005) * Panguwaso Majelis Ekonomi Pimpinan Wilayah [[Muhammadiyah|Muhammadiah]] Provinsi Sumatera Barat (2000-2005) * Wakil Ketua Dewan Pakar ICMI (2005-2010) * Dewan Panutuik Universitas Andalusia, [[Koto Padang|Padang]] * Dewan Panantun [[Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat]], [[Koto Padang|Padang]] * Dewan Kehormatan ESQ == Jabatan == * Komisaris Utamo PT Padang Industrial Park (PIP) * Komisaris Utamo PT Khage Lestari Timber * Komisaris Utamo PT Sumatra Korea Motor * Komisaris PT Abdi Bangsa, Tbk * Komisaris Independen PT Media Nusantara Citra, Tbk * Direktur Utamo PT Prinavin Prakarsa * Komisaris Utamo PT Guthri Pasaman Nusantara * Komisaris Utamo PT Kopitime DotCom, Tbk == Panghargaan == * Bintang Mahaputra Adipradana * Honorary Knight Commander Of The Most Distinguished Order Of St. Michael And St. George, (2012) * Gala Datuk Nan Labiah dari suku Pisang di [[Guguak Tabek Sarojo, IV Koto, Agam|Guguak Tabek Sarojo]], [[Kabupaten Agam|Agam]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dpd.go.id/artikel-ketua-dpd-ri-diberikan-gelar-datuak-rajo-nan-labiah|title=KETUA DPD RI DIBERIKAN GELAR DATUAK RAJO NAN LABIAH|publisher=[[Dewan Perwakilan Daerah]] RI|date=1 Maret 2010|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=2017-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409200211/http://www.dpd.go.id/artikel-ketua-dpd-ri-diberikan-gelar-datuak-rajo-nan-labiah|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * Pemimpin Muda Berpengaruh dek Majalah Biografi Politik * Pemimpin Muda Indonesia dek [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]] (PKS) * Pemimpin Muda Berpengaruh dek Majalah Jakarta Political Club * Pemimpin Muda Potensial di Parlemen dek Pemerintah Amerika Serikat == Catatan kaki == {{Reflist}} == Pranala lua == * [http://www.irmangusman.com/profil Profil Irman Gusman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520092004/http://www.irmangusman.com/profil |date=2013-05-20 }} Diarsipkan pado tanggal 5-20 2013 di Wayback Machine. {{S-start}} {{s-off}} {{succession box|title=[[Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Daerah|Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Republik Indonesia]]|years=2009–2016|with=|before=[[Ginandjar Kartasasmita]]|after=[[Mohammad Saleh (politisi)|Mohammad Saleh]]}} {{Kotak selesai}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Islam Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Padangpanjang]] 7xylsvn1tzmiukfa37cnhvvs5g9krds 0 473270 3346766 3162424 2026-05-18T03:57:15Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info tokoh | name = Maidir Harun | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1950|7|10}} | birth_place = [[Lubuk Alung, Padang Pariaman|Lubuk Alung]], [[Kabupaten Padang Pariaman|Padang Pariaman]], [[Sumatera Barat]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|02|26|1950|7|10}} | death_place = [[Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. M. Djamil]], [[Kota Padang|Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]] | nationality = [[Indonesia]] | alma_mater = [[Universitas Islam Negeri Imam Bonjol|IAIN Imam Bonjol]]{{br}}[[Universitas Al-Azhar]]{{br}}[[Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah|IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah]] | occupation = [[Ulama]], [[pengajar]] | known_for = - Ketua [[PBNU]]<br>- Rektor [[IAIN Imam Bonjol]], [[Padang]] | spouse = Rosnelli | children = Rosaliny, Khilal Syauqi, Dian Sahara, Subhan Irfani, Jenetri Ningsih, Saddam Maidir, Rosalina | parents = }} '''Prof. Dr. H. Maidir Harun, M.A''' bagala '''Datuak Sinaro''' ({{Lahiamati||10|7|1950||26|2|2023}} - )<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uinib.ac.id/prof-dr-h-maidir-harun-ma-datuak-sinaro-rektor-iain-imam-bonjol-padang-ke-12-tutup-usia/|title=Prof.Dr. H. Maidir Harun, MA Datuak Sinaro Rektor IAIN Imam Bonjol Padang ke 12 Tutup Usia|date=2023-02-26|website=UIN IB Padang|language=id|access-date=2024-01-13|archive-date=2024-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113144031/https://uinib.ac.id/prof-dr-h-maidir-harun-ma-datuak-sinaro-rektor-iain-imam-bonjol-padang-ke-12-tutup-usia/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> adolah surang ulama, sijarawan, akademisi, jo birokrat Indonesia nan parnah manjabaik Kapalo Puslitbang Lektor Kaugamoan di [[Badan Litbang jo Diklat Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia]] periode 2007-2010 jo Rektor Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Imam Bonjol Padang pariode 2001-2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padek.jawapos.com/opini/26/02/2023/prof-dr-maidir-harun-ma-maha-guru-peta-sejarah-islam/|title=Prof. Dr. Maidir Harun, MA, Maha Guru Peta Sejarah Islam|last=Khusairi|first=Abdullah|date=2023-02-26|website=Padek.co|language=id|access-date=2024-01-13}}</ref> Inyo adolah salah surang Katua Panguruih Gadang [[Nahdlatul Ulama]] (PBNU) pariode 2010-2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/|title=Republika Online|website=Republika Online|language=id|access-date=2024-01-13}}</ref> Pado maso sabalumnyo, Maidir Harun manjabaik sabagai Katua Tanfidziyah Pangurus Wilayah Nahdlatul Ulama (PWNU) [[Sumatera Barat]] periode 2005-2010, sasudah dipiliah pado Konferensi Wilayah (konferwil) X PWNU Sumatera Utara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nu.or.id/|title=NU Online - Beranda Islam Indonesia|website=NU Online|language=id-id|access-date=2024-01-13}}</ref> == Latar balakang jo pandidikan == Maidir Harun dilayiekan di Balah Hilir, Lubuk Alung, [[Kabupaten Padang Pariaman]], [[Sumatera Barat]] pado 10 Juli 1950 sabagai anak kaampek dari sapuluah dunsanak. Inyo adolah anak pasangan Harun Nudin dari Padusunan, Pariaman jo Rosma, urang Lubuk Alung.<ref name="langgam">{{Cite web|url=https://langgam.id/mantan-rektor-iain-ib-maidir-harun-berpulang/|title=Mantan Rektor IAIN IB Maidir Harun Berpulang|last=Redaksi|date=2023-02-26|website=Langgam.id|language=id|access-date=2024-01-13}}</ref> Maidir Harun mamulai pandidikan di Sikolah Rakyat (SR) Taladan Kota Medan pado taun 1957, manuruik urang gaeknyo nan hijrah ka kota tu. Pado 1962, kaluarga Maidir pulang ka Lubuk Alung, jo inyo manamaikkan pandidikan dasar di SR Negeri 2 Lubuk Alun.<ref name="langgam" /> Salain lulus dari SR, Maidir malanjuian pandidikan manangah di Pandidikan Guru Agama Negeri (PGAN) 6 Taun Padang dari 1963 sampai 1968. Salain sikolah inyo aktif sabagai pangurus organisasi MASDA ([[Organisasi Siswa Intra Sekolah|OIS]]) jo Kasatuan Aksi Pamuda Palajar Indonesia (KAPPI).<ref name="langgam" /> Salain itu, inyo mandapatkan pangajaran bahaso Arab dari Fakultas Tarbiyah Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Imam Bonjol Padang. Inyo mancapai gelar [[Sarjana]] Muda (B.A.) pado taun 1972 jo Sarjana lengkap bagala Doktorandus (Drs.) pado taun 1977.<ref name="langgam" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=70 tahun Prof. Dr. Maidir Harun "Lika-liku Kehidupan Anak Seorang Petani Lubuak Aluang"|last=Harun|first=Maidir|publisher=Sakata Cendikia|year=2020|isbn=978-602-5809-13-2|location=Jakarta|pages=14-15|lay-url=https://scholar.uinib.ac.id/id/eprint/316/1/ebook_%2070%20Prof.%20Maidir.pdf|access-date=2024-01-13}}</ref> == Karir == Pado taun 1978, Maidir mulai karirnyo sabagai guru bahaso Arab jo status [[pagawai negeri sipil|pegawai negeri sipil]] di PGA Nagari 6 Padusunan, Pariaman. Sataun salapeh, inyo manarimo beasiswa untuak baraja di [[Universitas Al-Azhar]], [[Mesir]] nan tamatnyo pado taun 1981.<ref name=":0" /> Sasudah pulang dari Mesir, Maidir muajukan mutasi untuak IAIN Imam Bonjol sabagai dosen. Pado taun 1986, inyo mandapek gala Magister Pangajian Islam jo pado taun 1989 gelar Doktor Pengkajian islam dari [[Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah|IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah]] Jakarta.<ref name="dikti">{{Cite web|url=https://pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id/data_dosen/OEE2Q0ExRTItMDI0Qi00MTk0LTg5RUEtQzRCM0RCRTE0ODIz|title=PDDikti - Pangkalan Data Pendidikan Tinggi|website=pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id|access-date=2024-01-13|archive-date=2023-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227033332/https://pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id/data_dosen/OEE2Q0ExRTItMDI0Qi00MTk0LTg5RUEtQzRCM0RCRTE0ODIz|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Salain karirnyo di kampus, Maidir Harun parnah diangkek sabagai katua jurusan, direktur lembaga bahaso, wakil dekan I Fakultas Adab, dekan duo pariode dari 1992 sampai 2000, bantuak rektor antaro 2000 sampai 2001 mandampiangi rektor [[Abdul Aziz Dahlan]], sampai manjadi rektor pado 2001 sampai 2006.<ref name="langgam" /> Pado tanggal 19 Mei 2001, Maidir Harun ditunjuak sabagai guru gadang dalam sijarah paradaban Islam Fakultas Adab IAIN Imam Bonjol. Inyo marupoan profesor kaampek di kampus tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uinib.ac.id/tentang-uin/sejarah-uin/|title=Sejarah UIN|date=2022-02-17|website=UIN IB Padang|language=id|access-date=2024-01-13|archive-date=2019-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207011718/https://uinib.ac.id/tentang-uin/sejarah-uin/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado 30 November 2004, Maidir jo bininyo Rosneli manjadi korban luko jo salamonyo dari tagalincianyo Lion Air Penerbangan 538 di Solo, [[Jawa Tengah]]. Pado April 2010, Maidir diangkek sabagai salah satu Katua Tanfidziyah Pengurus Besar Nahdlatul Ulama periode 2010-2015 jo ketua umum [[Said Aqil Siradj]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nu.or.id/warta/susunan-penyesuaian-pbnu-2010-2015-resmi-diumumkan-RPpvo|title=Susunan Penyesuaian PBNU 2010-2015 Resmi Diumumkan|website=NU Online|language=id-id|access-date=2024-01-13}}</ref> == Wafat == Maidir Harun maningga di [[Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. M. Djamil]], Padang, Sumatera Barat pado 26 Februari 2023 pado 09.19 WIB. Inyo maninggakan surang bini jo surang anak laki-laki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katasumbar.com/kabar-duka-mantan-rektor-uin-imam-bonjol-padang-maidir-harun-berpulang/|title=Kabar Duka, Mantan Rektor UIN Imam Bonjol Padang Maidir Harun Berpulang|last=Haikal|first=M.|date=2023-02-26|website=Kata Sumbar|language=id|access-date=2024-01-13}}</ref> == Daftar pusaka == * {{cite book|last=Nurdin|first=Syafruddin|editor-first1=Danil Mahmud|editor-last1=Chaniago|editor-first2=Umi Rusmiani|editor-last2=Humairah|title=70 TAHUN PROF. DR. MAIDIR HARUN Lika-liku Kehidupan Anak Seorang Petani Lubuak Aluang|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LAVjEAAAQBAJ|place=Ciputat|publisher=Sakata Cendikia|date=7 Mei 2020|pages=149–154|chapter=PROF. DR. MAIDIR HARUN: AJO, KAKAK KELAS DAN PIMPINANKU|isbn=978-602-5809-13-2|ref={{sfnRef|Nurdin|2020}}}} * {{cite book|last=Harun|first=Maidir|editor-first1=Danil Mahmud|editor-last1=Chaniago|editor-first2=Umi Rusmiani|editor-last2=Humairah|title=70 TAHUN PROF. DR. MAIDIR HARUN Lika-liku Kehidupan Anak Seorang Petani Lubuak Aluang|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LAVjEAAAQBAJ|place=Ciputat|publisher=Sakata Cendikia|date=Juli 2020|pages=1–123|isbn=978-602-5809-13-2|ref={{sfnRef|Harun|2020}}}} == Rujuakan == fncplafadxmcmrc8pc64ixaf9rcc8i8 0 473317 3346768 3151974 2026-05-18T04:58:20Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |honorific-prefix = |name = Chatib Basri |honorific-suffix = |image = Menkeu Chatib Basri.jpg |imagesize = |smallimage = |caption = |order = |office = Menteri Keuangan Indonesia<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/591243/chatib-basri-resmi-ditunjuk-jadi-menteri-keuangan |title= Chatib Basri Resmi Ditunjuk Jadi Menteri Keuangan |last= |first= |date=20 Mei 2013 |website=liputan6.com |publisher= |access-date=16 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref> |order = ke-28 |term_start = 21 Mei 2013 |term_end = 20 Oktober 2014 |succeeding = |predecessor = [[Agus Martowardojo]] <br />[[Hatta Rajasa]]<br/> <small>(Pelaksana Tugas) |successor = [[Bambang Brodjonegoro]] |president = [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] |office2 = {{nowrap|[[Daftar Kepala Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal|Kepala Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal]]}} ke-15 |order2 = |term_start2 = 14 Juni 2012 |term_end2 = 1 Oktober 2013 |president2 = [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] |predecessor2 = [[Gita Wirjawan]] |successor2 = [[Mahendra Siregar]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|08|22}} |birth_place = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] |alma_mater = [[Universitas Indonesia]]<br>[[Universitas Nasional Australia|Australia National University]] |occupation = [[Dosen]], politikus |spouse = [[Dana Iswara]] |children = 3 |religion = [[Islam]] |signature = }} '''Muhammad Chatib "Dede" Basri''' ({{Lahiamati|Jakarta|22|8|1965}}) adolah saurang ekonom Indonesia nan manjabat sabagai Menteri Keuangan dalam [[Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu II|Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu Kadua]] pado pariode 21 Mei 2013 sampai 20 Oktober 2014 pado maso pamarentahan presiden [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/21/bkpm-chief-chatib-basri-named-finance-minister.html |title= BKPM chief Chatib Basri named finance minister |last= |first= |date=21 Mei 2013 |website=thejakartapost.com |publisher= |access-date=16 Januari 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Sabalun dilantiak sabagai Mantari Keuangan, inyo adolah kapalo Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal (BKPM) ''.'' == Lata balakang == Chatib Basri lahia dari pasangan parantau [[Orang Minang|Minangkabau]], Chairul Basri (apak) jo Nurbaiti (mandeh). Apaknyo barasa dari [[Rao, Pasaman]], [[Sumatra Barat]] nan marupoan kakak dari sastrawan [[Asrul Sani]]. Samaso ketek, Chatib sanang mampalajari politik, sastra, jo seni, dibandiangan jo ilmu ekonomi. Inyo sampek babarapo kali ikuik pamentasan Teater Cradda di [[Taman Ismail Marzuki]], [[Jakarta]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://nasional.tempo.co/read/38277/kakak-asrul-sani-meninggal-dunia |title= Kakak Asrul Sani Meninggal Dunia |last= |first= |date=12 Januari 2004 |website=tempo.co |publisher= |access-date=16 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref> Chatib Basri manampuah pandidikan di [[Kolese Kanisius]], jo manamatkan pandidikan sarjananyo di [[Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia]] (1992). Sasudah itu, inyo malanjuikan pandidikannya ka [[Universitas Nasional Australia|Australia National University]]. Inyo lulus jo gala Master of Economic Development pado taun 1996. Lim taun kamudian, inyo mamparoleh gala PhD dalam bidang Ekonomi dari universitas nan samo.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://makassar.tribunnews.com/amp/2019/12/09/ini-sosok-chatib-basri-dipercaya-jabat-wakil-komisaris-utama-pt-bank-mandiri |title= Ini Sosok Chatib Basri Dipercaya Jabat Wakil Komisaris Utama PT Bank Mandiri |last= |first= |date=9 Desember 2019 |website=tempo.co |publisher= |access-date=16 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref> Kini, Chatib Basri tacatat sabagai dosen di Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://economics.feb.ui.ac.id/personnel/muhammad-chatib-basri/ |title= Muhammad Chatib Basri sebagai Staf Pengajar pada FEUI |last= |first= |date=|website=feb.ui.ac.id |publisher= |access-date=16 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref> == Karier == Inyo manjabat di babarapo jabatan konsultan ekonomi sanior sabalun dilantiak sabagai katua BKPM pado taun 2011. Inyo adolah saurang panasihat mantan Menteri Keuangan Indonesia, [[Sri Mulyani Indrawati]] jo Wakil Ketua Komite Ekonomi Nasional (KEN) sarato pawakilan presiden Indonesia dalam partemuan [[G-20]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://m.antaranews.com/amp/berita/3098737/chatib-basri-g20-perlu-memilih-persoalan-yang-universal-untuk-dibahas |title= Chatib Basri: G20 perlu memilih persoalan yang universal untuk dibahas |last= |first= |date=5 September 2022 |website=antaranews.com |publisher= |access-date=16 Januari 2024 |language=}}</ref> Basri bagala PhD dari Universitas Nasional Australia. Inyo juo mangaja di Fakultas Ekonomi di [[Universitas Indonesia]] (FEUI) sarato manjadi Direktur Lembaga Penyelidikan Ekonomi dan Masyarakat (LPEM) di FEUI jo Ash Centre Senior Fellow di Harvard Kennedy School 2015-2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ash.harvard.edu/news/dr-muhamad-chatib-basri-former-indonesian-finance-minister-joins-ash-center |title=Dr. Muhamad Chatib Basri, Former Indonesian Finance Minister joins the Ash Center |last= |first= |date=16 September 2015 |website=harvard.edu |publisher= |access-date=16 Januari 2024 |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118060023/https://ash.harvard.edu/news/dr-muhamad-chatib-basri-former-indonesian-finance-minister-joins-ash-center |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Inyo juo manjadi anggota di [[:en:University_of_California,_San_Diego|Global Transformation University of California]] di San Diego.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cgt.ucsd.edu/fellows/upcoming/muhamad-chatib-basri.html|title=Muhamad Chatib Basri|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160118155028/http://cgt.ucsd.edu/fellows/upcoming/muhamad-chatib-basri.html|archive-date=2016-01-18|access-date=16 Januari 2024}}</ref> Inyo kini adolah anggota The World Bank Advisory Council on Gender and Development.<ref>'[http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/gender/publication/world-bank-advisory-council-on-gender-and-development World Bank Advisory Council on Gender and Development].</ref> Inyo manjadi anggota pulo di Advisory Board of Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis di Universitas Nasional Australia.<ref>'[https://cama.crawford.anu.edu.au/about-cama/advisory-board ANU, Advisory Board Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021022449/https://cama.crawford.anu.edu.au/about-cama/advisory-board |date=2023-10-21 }}.</ref> Spesialisasi Dede Basri tamasuak perdagangan internasional, makroekonomi, jo ekonomi politik. Sabagai ahli ekonomi akademik, inyo alah manulih di babarapo jurnal ekonomi sarupo World Economy, Asian Economic Papers, jo Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies. Inyo juo mangaja di Thee Kian Wie Distinguished Visiting Professor di Australian National University <ref>'[https://indonesia.crawford.anu.edu.au/research/three-kian-wie-distinguished-visiting-professorship Thee Kian Wie Distinguished Visiting Professorship'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117105949/https://indonesia.crawford.anu.edu.au/research/three-kian-wie-distinguished-visiting-professorship |date=2024-01-17 }}.</ref> jo manjadi panaliti di Arndt-Corden Department of Economics di Australian National University. Basri juo marupokan anggota Group of Eminent Personalities of the OECD Development Centre.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.oecd.org/dev/Development-Centre-Governing-Board-7th-HLM-Communique-2021.pdf |title= DEVELOPMENT CENTRE GOVERNING BOARD OF THE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE |last= |first= |date= |website=oecd.org |publisher= |access-date=16 Januari 2024 |language=en}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{S-start}} {{s-off}} {{Succession box|before=[[Agus Martowardojo]]|title=[[Minister of Finance (Indonesia)|Minister of Finance]]|years=2013–2014|after=[[Bambang Brodjonegoro]]}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Islam Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Politikus Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Jakarta]] gem1v92xato9ijfjdbzvm7ywo9p5bej 0 473363 3346754 3186877 2026-05-17T21:07:13Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Djafni Djamal | image = Djafni Djamal.jpg | alt = | caption = Djafni Djamal sebagai Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Sawahlunto (1990-1995) | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|11|3}} | birth_place = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Kota Padang|Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (tanggal meninggal diikuti tanggal lahir) --> | death_place = | nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] | other_names = | alma_mater = [[Universitas Andalas]]{{br}}[[Universitas Jayabaya]] | occupation = [[Hakim]], [[pengajar]] | known_for = - Ketua Kamar Pedata [[Mahkamah Agung Indonesia|MA]]<br/>- Hakim Agung MA<br/>- Ketua [[Pengadilan Tinggi|PT]] [[Mataram]]<br/>- [[Dekan]] Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sunan Bonang, [[Tuban]], [[Jawa Timur]] | religion = [[Islam]] | spouse = Ellya Arief | children = 1. Adi Perdana, ST, MT 2. Yenni Yuriandi, A.Md 3. Yossi Ellyani, S.Si 4. Yoana Putumina, SH 5. Yolla Yolanda, SS, MM | parents = }} [[File:Ketua MA Melantik Ketua Kamar Perdata Djafni Djamal.jpg|jmpl|Ketua MA, Dr. H.M. [[Hatta Ali]], SH., MH, melantik H.Djafni Djamal, SH., MH, sebagai ketua Kamar Perdata MA pada Rabu, 30 April 2014 pukul 11.00 WIB di auditorium Gedung Sekretariat MA, Jakarta Pusat.]] '''H. Djafni Djamal, S.H., M.H.''' (lahia 3 November 1945) adolah seorang ahli hukum dan pengajar Indonesia yang pernah berkarier sabagai Ketua Muda Kamar Perdata Mahkamah Agung Indonesia, Hakim Agung, Ketua Pengadilan Tinggi Mataram (2008), dekan Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sunan Bonang, Tuban, Jawa Timur (1981-1986) dan sabagai dosen Fakultas Hukum AAI–UNES, Padang (1975-1977).<ref>"Profil Hakim Agung yang Akan dilantik dan Proses Seleksi Pimpinan MA" ''Antikorupsi.org. Diakses pada 21-01-2024.''</ref> == Karier == Djafni Djamal pernah manjabaik sabagai Ketua Muda Kamar Perdata Mahkamah Agung Indonesia, Hakim Agung Mahkamah Agung Indonesia, Ketua Pengadilan Tinggi Mataram, Wakil Ketua Pengadilan Tinggi Padang, Hakim Tinggi Pengadilan Tinggi Jakarta, Hakim Tinggi Pengadilan Tinggi Jambi, Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Pontianak, Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Sawahlunto (1990-1995), dan Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Padang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pn-sawahlunto.go.id/sejarah/|title=Sejarah Pengadilan Negeri Sawahlunto – Pengadilan Negeri Sawahlunto|website=pn-sawahlunto.go.id|access-date=2024-01-21}}</ref> Ia dipacayoi manjabaik sabagai Hakim Agung di Mahkamah Agung Indonesia setelah malalui pemilihan oleh Komisi III DPR RI pado bulan Oktober 2008. Sabalumnyo ia manjabaik sabagai Ketua Pengadilan Tinggi Mataram yang kamudian digantikan oleh Lalu Mariyun, SH, M.Hum.<ref>"Kunjungan Hakim Agung H. Djafni Djamal, SH." ''PT-Mataram.com.'' Diakses pada 21-01-2024.</ref> Pado tanggal 30 April 2014 Djafni Djamal dilantik manjadi Ketua Muda Kamar Perdata Mahkamah Agung Indonesia manggantikan Suwardi, SH, MH.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pn-sumber.go.id/berita-ketua-mahkamah-agung-mengambil-sumpah-dan-melantik-ketua-ketua-kamar-perdata-pada-mahkamah-agung.html|title=KETUA MAHKAMAH AGUNG MENGAMBIL SUMPAH DAN MELANTIK KETUA KETUA KAMAR PERDATA PADA MAHKAMAH AGUNG|last=http://pn-sumber.go.id|website=www.pn-sumber.go.id|language=Indonesia|access-date=2024-01-21|archive-date=2021-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609042932/https://www.pn-sumber.go.id/berita-ketua-mahkamah-agung-mengambil-sumpah-dan-melantik-ketua-ketua-kamar-perdata-pada-mahkamah-agung.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Djafni Djamal manjalani profesi hakimnyo mulai dari tahun 1969 di Pengadilan Negeri Padang. Sadangkan pendidikan hukumnyo ditampuah di Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas Padang, Sumatera Barat, dan tamaik pado tahun 1974.<ref>"Masak, Kekayaan Calon Hakim Agung Cuma Rp 138 Juta?". ''Kompas.com.'' Diakses pada 21-01-2024.</ref> Djafni Djamal mangawali karirnyo sabagai hakim di PN Padang tahun 1969 dan kariernyo terus maningkek. Tahun 1977, alumni pascasarjana Universitas Jayabaya ini manjadi hakim pada PN Tuban. Jabatan wa­kil ketua PN Bulukumba, Sulawesi Selatan, diembannyo tahun 1986. Tahun 1995 ia dipacayoi manjadi ketua Pengadilan Negeri Sumber, Kabupaten Cirebon. Tahun 1997, Djafni manjadi hakim pado Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat. Sabalum kariernyo berpijak di Pengadilan Tinggi Bandung, ia manjabaik sabagai Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Pontianak tahun 2000. Baru pado tahun 2003, ia manjabaik sabagai hakim tinggi pada Pengadilan Tinggi Jambi, kamudian pindah ka Pengadilan Tinggi Jakarta tahun 2005. Pengalamannyo sabagai hakim tinggi di duo Pengadilan Tinggi mambawanyo manjadi Wakil Ketua Pengadilan Tinggi Sumatera Barat. Tahun 2008 manjadi Ketua Pengadilan Tinggi Padang Sumatera Barat. Pengabdiannyo pado bidang hukum salamo 44 tahun mengantarkan mantan dosen Akademi Akunting Indonesia Padang ini manjadi Hakim Agung pado tahun 2008. Tahun 2014 capaian tertinggi manjadi ketua Kamar Perdata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mahkamahagung.go.id/assets/majalah/Majalah_MA_Edisi4/majalah/assets/basic-html/page27.html|title=Mahkamah Agung Edisi 4|website=www.mahkamahagung.go.id|access-date=2024-01-21|archive-date=2021-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609041704/https://www.mahkamahagung.go.id/assets/majalah/Majalah_MA_Edisi4/majalah/assets/basic-html/page27.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Djafni Djamal berhasil manjadi Mahkamah Aguang (MA) setelah tapiliah dari pasangan lainnyo yang alah dicalonkan sabalumnyo, yaitu 6 calon hakim agung, yakni Lektor Kepala Fakultas Hukum Universitas Hasanuddin Dr H Andi Abu Ayyub Saleh, Wakil Ketua Pengadilan Tinggi (Waka PT) Bangka Belitung Andi Ware Pasinringi, Ketua PT Mataram Djafni Djamal, Waka PT Mataram I Gusti Made Antara, Ketua PT Medan Simar Saragih Siadari, Ka PT Pekanbaru Mahdi Soroindah Nasution. Djafni Djamal bahkan pernah diraguan karano hasil laporan kekayaanno. Laporan harta kekayaan calon hakim agung Djafni Djamal, hanyo sanilai Rp 138 juta. Nominal yang tagolong ketek untuak seorang hakim karier tersebut spontan jadi bahan pertanyaan anggota Komisi III DPR-RI. Keraguan atas nilai total harta kekayaan tersebut disampaikan anggota Komisi III DPR Kurdi Mukri, dalam uji kepatutan dan kelayakan calon hakim agung di ruang rapat Komisi III DPR, Gedung DPR-RI, Senayan, Jakarta. Djafni yang saat itu manjabaik sabagai Ketua Pengadilan Tinggi Mataram, NTB, manegaskan laporannyo pado KY adolah sasuai keadaannyo yang sebenar-benarnyo. Laporan tersebut sudah disahkan dan dimuaik dalam berita negara. Djafni Djamal adalah calon hakim agung katigo yang diuji oleh Komisi III DPR, setelah Andi Abu Ayyub Saleh dan Andi Ware Pasinringi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-1019461/dpr-ragukan-laporan-harta-kekayaan|title=DPR Ragukan Laporan Harta Kekayaan|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-01-21}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ketua Mahkamah Agung (MA) malantik hakim agung Djafni Djamal sabagai Ketua Kamar (chamber) Perdata. Diharapkan Djafni dapek melaksanakan tugasnyo dalam mangurus perkara perdata dengan capek dan baik. Djafni manjadi Ketua Kamar Perdata manggantikan hakim agung Suwardi yang sekarang manjabaik sabagai Wakil Ketua MA non Yudisial. Djafni diangkek sasuai Kepres No 30/P/2014. Pria berusia 68 tahun ini mamulai karirnyo di pengadilan pado tahun 1977 di Pengadilan Negeri Tuban. Selanjuiknyo, dia dipromosikan manjadi Wakil Ketua PN Bulukumba pado tahun 1986. Di tahun 1995 Djafni manjabaik sabagai Ketua PN Kabupaten Cirebon. Karir Djafni terus melonjak katiko dia diangkek manjabaik sabagai hakim agung pado tahun 2008. Kini, lulusan pascasarjana Universitas Jayabaya ini manjadi garda terdepan dalam urusan perdata di Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-2569722/hakim-agung-djafni-djamal-dilantik-jadi-ketua-kamar-perdata|title=Hakim Agung Djafni Djamal Dilantik Jadi Ketua Kamar Perdata|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-01-21|archive-date=2025-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222055552/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-2569722/hakim-agung-djafni-djamal-dilantik-jadi-ketua-kamar-perdata|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> slxjbtvkz0oi2gb32y5wwbwq7c2svdr 0 474285 3346758 3162053 2026-05-17T23:03:16Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Harashta Haifa Zahra''' (lahia 5 September 2003) adolah surang model, aktivis lingkungan jo pamanang kontes kacantikan [[Indonesia]] nan dinobatkan sabagai Miss Supranational 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/317931/harashta-haifa-zahra-crowned-miss-supranational-2024|title=Harashta Haifa Zahra crowned Miss Supranational 2024|last=Farhan Arda|first=N|last2=Ihsan|first2=Nabil|date=8 Juli 2024|editor-last=Mutiasari|editor-first=Tia|website=Antara|language=en|access-date=8 Juli 2024}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/indonesia-harashta-haifa-zahra-winner-miss-supranational-2024/|title=Indonesia’s Harashta Haifa Zahra is Miss Supranational 2024|last=|date=7 Juli 2024|website=Rappler|language=en-US|access-date=8 Juli 2024}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-supranational/harashta-haifa-zahra-of-indonesia-crowned-miss-supranational-2024/articleshow/111543974.cms|title=Harashta Haifa Zahra of Indonesia crowned Miss Supranational 2024|date=7 Juli 2024|website=Femina India|language=en|access-date=8 Juli 2024}}</ref> Inyo manjadi wakil Indonesia patamo nan dapek mandapek gelar iko. Pado sabalunnyo inyo dinobatkan sabagai [[Puteri Indonesia|Puteri Indonesia 2024]].<ref name="PI-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20240308233959-277-1072416/harashta-haifa-zahra-dari-jabar-sabet-gelar-puteri-indonesia-2024|title=Harashta Haifa Zahra dari Jabar Sabet Gelar Puteri Indonesia 2024|date=9 Maret 2024|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=9 Maret 2024}}</ref><ref name="PI-2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/5546348/wakil-jawa-barat-harashta-haifa-zahra-jadi-puteri-indonesia-2024-kalahkan-di-yogyakarta-di-babak-2-besar|title=Wakil Jawa Barat Harashta Haifa Zahra Jadi Puteri Indonesia 2024, Kalahkan DI Yogyakarta di Babak 2 Besar|last=Mutiah|first=Dinny|date=9 Maret 2024|website=Liputan6|access-date=9 Maret 2024}}</ref><ref name="PI-3">{{Cite web|url=https://m.antaranews.com/berita/4002237/harashta-haifa-terpilih-sebagai-puteri-indonesia-2024|title=Harashta Haifa terpilih sebagai Puteri Indonesia 2024|last=Hanifa|first=Putri|date=9 Maret 2024|editor-last=Zita Meirina|website=Antara|access-date=9 Maret 2024}}</ref><ref name="PI-4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/mizi-1/wakil-jawa-barat-juara-puteri-indonesia-2024-c1c2|title=Wakil Jawa Barat Juara Puteri Indonesia 2024|last=Mizi|first=Izi|date=9 Maret 2024|website=IDN Times|access-date=9 Maret 2024}}</ref><ref name="PI-5">{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribunnews.com/seleb/2024/03/09/harashta-haifa-zahra-wakil-dari-jawa-barat-raih-gelar-puteri-indonesia-2024-ini-sosoknya|title=Harashta Haifa Zahra, Wakil dari Jawa Barat Raih Gelar Puteri Indonesia 2024, Ini Sosoknya|last=Juliati|first=Sri|date=9 Maret 2024|editor-last=Arif Tio Buqi Abdullah|website=Tribunnews|access-date=9 Maret 2024}}</ref><ref name="PI-6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20240309000559-277-1072421/daftar-lengkap-pemenang-puteri-indonesia-2024|title=Daftar Pemenang Puteri Indonesia 2024|date=9 Maret 2024|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=9 Maret 2024}}</ref> == Kehidupan awal == Harashta Haifa Zahra lahir pado 5 September 2003 di Kabupaten Garut, [[Jawa Barat]] dan gadang di [[Kota Bandung]], sabuah ibu kota provinsi di Jawa Barat, [[Indonesia]].<ref name="profile-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritainspiratif.com/read/68286/profil-puteri-indonesia-2024-harashta-haifa-zahra-mojang-asal-kota-bandung|title=PROFIL Puteri Indonesia 2024 Harashta Haifa Zahra Mojang Asal Kota Bandung|date=10 Maret 2024|website=Berita Inspiratif|access-date=11 Maret 2024}}</ref><ref name="profile-2">{{Cite web|url=https://zonabanten.pikiran-rakyat.com/entertainment/pr-237818783/bikin-kagum-ini-profil-harashta-haifa-zahra-pemenang-puteri-indonesia-2024-yang-masih-berstatus-mahasiswa?page=all|title=Bikin Kagum! Ini Profil Harashta Haifa Zahra, Pemenang Puteri Indonesia 2024 yang Masih Berstatus Mahasiswa|last=Maharani|first=Tiara Nanda|date=10 Maret 2024|website=Zona Banten|access-date=11 Maret 2024}}</ref> Inyo marupokan anak partamo dari duo dunsanak dari urang gaek katurunan [[Urang Sunda|Sunda]], bapaknyo banamo Ginanjar-saurang surangiraswasta nan barasa dari [[Kota Bandung]] dan mandehnyo Yeni Yuliani barasa dari Paundeuy, Kabupaten Garut.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Neni|last=Nuraeni|date=11 Maret 2024|title=Mojang Garut! Ini Sosok Harashta Haifa Zahra Putri Indonesia 2024, 'Sang Pahlawan Sampah'|url=https://garut.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-527823140/mojang-garut-ini-sosok-harashta-haifa-zahra-putri-indonesia-2024-sang-pahlawan-sampah?page=all|access-date=9 Juni 2024|language=id}}</ref> Inyo punyo surang adiak nan baduo banamo Hasya Hafizha Dhafin.<ref name="profile-1" /><ref name="profile-2" /> == Kontes kacantikan == === Puteri Indonesia 2024 === Usai berhasil lolos sabagai perwakilan provinsi jo gala Puteri Indonesia Jawa Barat 2024, Harashta marujuak untuak provinsi [[Jawa Barat]] dalam kontes kacantikan nan ba'andak tingkat nasional Puteri Indonesia 2024 nan digadang di Plenary Hall, Jakarta Convention Center di [[Jakarta|Jakarta Pusat]] pado tanggal 8 Maret 2024 nan sabanta jo Hari Wanita Internasional.<ref name="date-2">{{Cite web|url=https://ntbsatu.com/2023/08/30/pendaftaran-puteri-indonesia-2024-dibuka-yuk-intip-persyaratannya.html|title=Pendaftaran Puteri Indonesia 2024 Dibuka, Yuk Intip Persyaratannya|date=30 Agustus 2023|website=NTB SATU|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007153834/https://ntbsatu.com/2023/08/30/pendaftaran-puteri-indonesia-2024-dibuka-yuk-intip-persyaratannya.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="date-3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/5506542/pemilihan-puteri-indonesia-2024-siap-terselenggara-para-pemenang-bakal-wakili-indonesia-di-3-kontes-kecantikan-internasional|title=Pemilihan Puteri Indonesia 2024 Siap Terselenggara, Para Pemenang Bakal Wakili Indonesia di 3 Kontes Kecantikan Internasional|last=Riani|first=Asnida|date=16 Januari 2024|website=Liputan6|access-date=2 Maret 2024}}</ref> Di akhir acara, Harashta berhasil dinobatkan sabagai panjuang, inyo dimakkotakan dek pendahulunyo [[Puteri Indonesia|Puteri Indonesia 2023]], [[Farhana Nariswari|Farhana Nariswari Wisandana]] dari [[Jawa Barat]].<ref name="PI-12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20240308233959-277-1072416/harashta-haifa-zahra-dari-jabar-sabet-gelar-puteri-indonesia-2024|title=Harashta Haifa Zahra dari Jabar Sabet Gelar Puteri Indonesia 2024|date=9 Maret 2024|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=9 Maret 2024}}</ref><ref name="PI-22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/5546348/wakil-jawa-barat-harashta-haifa-zahra-jadi-puteri-indonesia-2024-kalahkan-di-yogyakarta-di-babak-2-besar|title=Wakil Jawa Barat Harashta Haifa Zahra Jadi Puteri Indonesia 2024, Kalahkan DI Yogyakarta di Babak 2 Besar|last=Mutiah|first=Dinny|date=9 Maret 2024|website=Liputan6|access-date=9 Maret 2024}}</ref><ref name="PI-32">{{Cite web|url=https://m.antaranews.com/berita/4002237/harashta-haifa-terpilih-sebagai-puteri-indonesia-2024|title=Harashta Haifa terpilih sebagai Puteri Indonesia 2024|last=Hanifa|first=Putri|date=9 Maret 2024|editor-last=Zita Meirina|website=Antara|access-date=9 Maret 2024}}</ref> Harashta manjadi wakil Jawa Barat sahinggo [[Urang Sunda|padusi Sunda]] kaduo nan mandapek gelar iko–juo marupoan partamo kali kamenangan provinsi nan samo salamo duo taun berturut-turut dalam sajarah Puteri Indonesia.<ref name="PI-42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/mizi-1/wakil-jawa-barat-juara-puteri-indonesia-2024-c1c2|title=Wakil Jawa Barat Juara Puteri Indonesia 2024|last=Mizi|first=Izi|date=9 Maret 2024|website=IDN Times|access-date=9 Maret 2024}}</ref><ref name="PI-52">{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribunnews.com/seleb/2024/03/09/harashta-haifa-zahra-wakil-dari-jawa-barat-raih-gelar-puteri-indonesia-2024-ini-sosoknya|title=Harashta Haifa Zahra, Wakil dari Jawa Barat Raih Gelar Puteri Indonesia 2024, Ini Sosoknya|last=Juliati|first=Sri|date=9 Maret 2024|editor-last=Arif Tio Buqi Abdullah|website=Tribunnews|access-date=9 Maret 2024}}</ref><ref name="PI-62">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20240309000559-277-1072421/daftar-lengkap-pemenang-puteri-indonesia-2024|title=Daftar Pemenang Puteri Indonesia 2024|date=9 Maret 2024|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=9 Maret 2024}}</ref> === Miss Supranational 2024 === Organisasi iko sacaro rasmi manumumkan baso Harashta sabagai panjuang utama Puteri Indonesia 2024 adolah ditunjuk untuak mawakil Indonesia di Miss Supranational 2024. Kontes iko akan dijadwalkan pado tanggal 6 Juli 2024 di Nowy Sacz, Polandia Kecil, [[Polandia]].<ref name="supra:0">{{Cite news|date=7 Juni 2024|title=Harashta Haifa Siap Maju ke Miss Supranational, Intip Persiapannya|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20240607171752-277-1107265/harashta-haifa-siap-maju-ke-miss-supranational-intip-persiapannya|language=id|access-date=8 Juni 2024}}</ref><ref name="supra:1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/berkat-prima/pemenang-puteri-indonesia-2024-akan-berkompetisi-di-miss-supranational-c1c2|title=Pemenang Puteri Indonesia 2024 Akan Berkompetisi di Miss Supranational|last=Prima|first=Berkat|date=7 Mei 2024|website=IDN Times|language=Indonesian|access-date=7 Mei 2024|}}</ref><ref name="supra:2">{{Cite news|last=Febriani|first=Gresnia Arela|date=8 Juni 2024|title=Diet Puteri Indonesia Harashta Haifa Demi Ikut Miss Supranational 2024|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-7380932/diet-puteri-indonesia-harashta-haifa-demi-ikut-miss-supranational-2024/amp|language=id|access-date=8 Juni 2024|archive-date=2024-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608150813/https://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-7380932/diet-puteri-indonesia-harashta-haifa-demi-ikut-miss-supranational-2024/amp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Di akhir acara, Harastha berhasil manjadi panjuang jo dipantah dek pendahulunyo Andrea Aguilera dari [[Ekuador]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Kemenangannyo marupoan padusi Asia ka anam nan dapek mandapek gelar setelah Antonnia Porsild dari [[Thailand]] pado edisi ka-11.<ref name="supra:02">{{Cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/2024/7/6/indonesia-wins-miss-supranational-2024-ph-in-top-12-718|title=Indonesia wins Miss Supranational 2024; PH in Top 12|date=6 Juli 2024|website=ABS-CBN News|access-date=7 Juli 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 Juli 2024|title=Cetak Sejarah, Puteri Indonesia Harashta Juara Miss Supranational|trans-title=Making History, Puteri Indonesia Harashta Wins Miss Supranational|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20240707101601-277-1118448/cetak-sejarah-puteri-indonesia-harashta-juara-miss-supranational|work=CNN Indonesia|language=id|access-date=8 Juli 2024}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} == Pautan lua == * {{Instagram|harashtata}} {{s-start}} {{s-ach}} {{succession box |before = {{flagicon|Ekuador}} Andrea Aguilera |title = Miss Supranational |years = 2024 |after = }} {{succession box |before = {{flagicon|Jawa Timur}} [[Yasinta Aurellia]] |title = Miss Supranational Indonesia |years = 2024 |after = }} {{succession box |before = {{flagicon|Jawa Barat}} [[Farhana Nariswari]] |title = [[Puteri Indonesia]] |years = [[Puteri Indonesia|2024]] |after = }} {{succession box |before = [[Farhana Nariswari]] |title = {{flagicon|Jawa Barat}} Puteri Indonesia Jawa Barat |years = 2024 |after = }} {{S-end}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Sunda]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Indonesia]] 76tlwxdoppd21se572of27ve3xphlin 0 474799 3346762 3186704 2026-05-18T01:45:44Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Pendudukan Jepang di Sumatra Barat<br>{{nobold|Provinsi Pantai Barat Sumatera}} | common_name = Kekaisaran Jepang | native_name = {{native name|ja|スマトラ西海岸州}} | image_flag = Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg | image_coat = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg | symbol_type = [[Lambang Negara dan Kekaisaran Jepang|Lambang Kekaisaran]] | national_motto = 八紘一宇 (''[[Hakkō ichiu]]'')<br />("Salapan Tali Mahkota, Ciek Atok") | national_anthem = {{transliteration|ja|[[Kimigayo]]}}{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Kimi ga Yo 1930 instrumental.ogg]]}} | image_map = Japanese West Coast Sumatra location.svg | capital = [[Padang]]<ref>「日本官僚制総合事典: 1868 – 2000」138頁.</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|1|00|S|100|30|E|region:ID-SB_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | largest_city = capital | religion = | demonym = | legislature = <!--legislature name-->Shū Sangi-kai | area_km2 = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | currency = [[Rupiah Hindia Belanda]] | time_zone = [[Waktu Standar Jepang|TST]] | utc_offset = +9 | footnotes = | status = Pendudukan militer | status_text = Provinsi yang [[Daftar wilayah yang diperoleh oleh Kekaisaran Jepang|diduduki militer]] oleh [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] | year_end = 1945 | year_start = 1942 | flag_type = [[Bendera Jepang|Bendera Kekaisaran Jepang]] | image_map_caption = Pantai Barat Sumatera (merah tua) di dalam [[pendudukan Jepang di Hindia Belanda]] (merah) | common_languages = {{hlist|[[Bahasa Jepang|Jepang]]|[[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]]|[[Bahasa Belanda|Belanda]]|[[Bahasa Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]}} | title_leader = [[Kaisar Jepang|Kaisar]] | year_leader1 = 1942–1945 | leader1 = [[Hirohito]] | title_representative = [[Angkatan Darat ke-25 (Jepang)|Panglima Angkatan Darat]] (''Gunshireikan'') | year_representative1 = 1942 | representative1 = [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] | year_representative2 = 1942‒1943 | representative2 = {{ill|Yaheita Saito|jp|斎藤弥平太}} | year_representative3 = 1943‒1945 | representative3 = [[Moritake Tanabe]] | title_deputy = [[Daftar Gubernur Sumatra Barat|Gubernur]] (''Shūchōkan'') | year_deputy1 = 1942‒1944 | deputy1 = [[Yano Kenzo]] | year_deputy2 = 1944‒1945 | deputy2 = [[Hattori Naoaki]] | type_house1 = [[Majelis Tinggi]] | house1 = [[Kerukunan Minangkabau]] | date_start = 9 Agustus | date_end = 17 Agustus | p1 = Hindia Belanda | s1 = Revolusi Nasional Indonesia#Formation of the Republican government{{!}}Indonesia | flag_p1 = Flag of the Netherlands.svg | flag_p2 = | p2 = | p3 = | flag_s1 = Flag of Indonesia.svg <!--|image_map = Japanese Empire - 1942.svg-->| flag_s2 = Flag of the Netherlands.svg | s2 = Hindia Belanda | flag_s3 = | s3 = | today = [[Indonesia]] | era = [[Perang Dunia II]] }} [[Berkas:Presiden Sukarno.jpg|[[Soekarno]] nan pado maso awa kedatangan Japang baada di Padang meyakinkan sabagian gadang tokoh-tokoh pergerakan kamardekaan agar mau bekerja sama jo Japang.|jmpl|ka|200px]] '''Kaduduakan Japang di Sumatera Barat''', sacaro resmi dikatahui sabagai {{Nihongo|'''Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shū'''|スマトラ西海岸州|Sumatora Nishikaigan-shū|lead=yes|{{lit|Provinsi Pantai Barat Sumatra}}}},<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFseAAAAMAAJ&q=Sumatora+Nishi+Kaigan+Shu |title=Sedjarah Minangkabau |date=1970 |publisher=Bhratara |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Asnan |first=Gusti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFqIIm2E8cMC&dq=Sumatora+Nishi+Kaigan+Shu&pg=PA8 |title=Memikir ulang regionalisme: Sumatera Barat tahun 1950-an |date=2007 |publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia |isbn=978-979-461-640-6 |language=id}}</ref> dimulai dari taun 1942 sampai taun 1945 katiko wilayah ko dikuasai dek [[Kekaisaran Jepang|Kekaisaran Japang]]. Japang mamasuki Kota Padang pado 17 Maret 1942 jo dalam sapuluah hari seluruah kota pantiang di wilayah Sumatera Barat diduduaki tanpa palawanan dari [[Belanda]]. Kaduduakan Japang di wilayah ko barakhia pado tangga 17 Agustus 1945 sairiang jo [[proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia|proklamasi kamardekaan Indonesia]] dek [[Soekarno]] jo [[Mohammad Hatta]]. Pado maso awa kaduduakan Japang, paristiwa nan tajadi di Padang banyak dipangaruhi dek Soekarno.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=137}} Inyo barado di Sumatera Barat salamo tigo sampai limo bulan, antaro Februari 1942 hinggo Juli 1942.{{sfn|Historia|1 Juni 2016}} Pado Oktoba 1943, Japang mamarintahan pandirian [[Giyugun]] untuak membantu patahanan. Dipimpin dek [[Chatib Sulaiman]], Giyugun marupoan ciek-cieknyo ciekan ketantaraan nan dibantuak Japang di Sumatera Barat. Tantara sukarela ko kelak manjadi tulang pungguang [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|kekuatan basenjata Indonesia]] susudah kamardekaan. == Kadatangan Japang == Japang mamulai invasinyo di Sumatra pado Februari 1942 jo manarjunan unit-unit pasukan payuang di [[Palembang]]. Manuruik Audrey Kahin, Japang bamaksik mandahului rancano Belanda nan ka marusakkan instalasi minyak di dakek Palembang. Dari Palembang, balatantara Japang basigageh manyeba ka arah selatan jo utara Sumatra. Pado patangahan Maret, pasukan dalam jumlah nan labiah gadang mandaraik di pantai utara jo timur Sumatra, lalu bagerak capek ka selatan.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=135}} Malalui [[Perjanjian Kalijati|Pajanjian Kalijati]] pado 8 Maret 1942, Belanda manyarahan wilayah jajahan Indonesia kapado Japang. Sasudah kaduduakan dimulai, Japang mambagi Indonesia dalam tigo wilayah pamarintahan militer. Wilayah Sumatra barado di bawah Departemen Pamarintahan Militer Angkatan Darat (''Rikugun'') ke-25 di Singapura nan dipimpin Jenderal Tomoyuki Yamashita. Namun, komandan militer Belanda di Sumatra A. I. Spits madneklarasikan tantara Belanda di Sumatra akan taruih bajuang hinggo tetes darah tarakhia.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=136}} Masuknyo Japang ka Sumatera Barat hampia babarengan jo pagerakan mereka di babagai daerah Sumatra lainnyo. Tantara angkatan perang Japang mamasuki [[Kota Padang]] pado 17 Maret 1942. Dalam hitungan hari, sadoalah Sumatera Barat dapek dek nyo kuasai jo komandan militer Belanda di Sumatra manyarah ndak basyarat kapado Japang.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=135}} == Pamarintahan == {{multiple image |perrow = 3 |total_width = 330 |align=right | image1 = Klokkentoren te Fort de Kock (small).jpg | image2 = Bukittinggi 1948 crop.jpg | image3 = Jam Gadang, Bukittinggi, 2016-02-12 01.jpg | footer = Atap [[Jam Gadang]] mengikuti bentuk atap [[pagoda]] (tengah) sewaktu pendudukan Jepang. }} Akademisi [[Audrey Kahin]]—nan maraiah gala doktor dalam ilmu sajarah Asia Tenggara dari [[Universitas Cornell]]{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|22 Januari 2014}}—mancataik, salah ciek fokus tantara kaduduakan Japang salamo taun patamo kaduduakan adolah mamfungsikan aparatur pamarintahan di Sumatra sahinggo jo damikian mereka dapek mamanfaatkan sacaro efisien sumber daya vital di Sumatra, tarutamo ladang minyak dakek Palembang jo pakabunan karet di [[Karesidenan Sumatra Timur|Sumatra Timur]]. Japang maiduikan baliak sistem pamarintahan paninggalan Belanda jo maangkek baliak sabagian gadang mantan pajabaik Indonesia nan alah duduak di birokrasi sebelumnyo.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=135}}<ref>http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/14166/1/Peranan%20desa%20dalam%20perjuangan%20kemerdekaan%20di%20sumatera%20barat%201945-1950.pdf</ref> Sumatra dalam struktur pamarintahan kaduduakan pado mulonyo barado di bawah kakuasaan [[Angkatan Darat ke-25 (Jepang)|Angkatan Darat ke-25]] nan bapusaik di [[Singapura]]. Namun, Komando Angkatan Darat ke-25 bakasimpulan dek inyo indak mungkin mamarintah Sumatra dari markas gadangnyo di Singapura, tarutamo dalam usahoo malindungi daerah di sekitar instalasi-instalasi vital. pado 1 Mei 1943, markas gadang Angkatan Darat ke-25 dipindahkan dari Singapura ka [[Kota Bukittinggi|Bukittinggi]] jo Sumatra nan sebelumnyo tergabung basama Malaya dijadikan unit pamarintahan sendiri.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=136}} Japang membagi Sumatra manjadi 10 ''shū'' (identik jo daerah administratif residen pado zaman Belanda) nan masing-masing dikepalai dek seorang ''shūchōkan.'' Keresidenan Sumatera Barat dibentuk pado Agustus 1942 jo nama [[Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shū]]. Keresidenan ko baibu kota di Padang. Mantan Gubanur [[Prefektur Toyama]] [[Yano Kenzo]] menjabat sabagai ''shūchōkan'' pertama.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=142}} Sebagai pemimpin sipil untuak wilayah Sumatera Barat, Yano Kenzo tiba di Padang tangga 9 Agustus 1942 basama jo 68 orang pegawai sipil.{{sfn|Asnan|2006|pp=119}} pambagian unit daerah administratif Sumatera Barat hampir sepenuhnyo mengacu pado pambagian nan dilakukan dek Belanda pado taun 1935 nan terdiri dari 5 ''afdeelingen'', 19 ''onderafdeelingen'', 20 ''districten'', jo 49 ''onderdistricten'' serta sedikitnyo 430 nagari. Sejarawan [[Gusti Asnan]] mencatat, sedikit perbedaan dari pambagian unit daerah administratif dek Japang adolah dikeluarkannyo Fuku Bun Bangkinang jo dimasukkannyo daerah itu ka dalam [[Rio Shū]]. Dalam menjalankan roda pamarintahannyo di Sumatera Barat, Japang indak banyak melakukan perubahan struktur pamarintahan, kecuali perubahan nomenklatur ka dalam bahaso Japang. ''Afdeeling'' nan dikepalai dek asisten residen diubah manjadi ''bunshū'' nan dikepalai dek ''bunshūchō''. ''Onderafdeeling'' nan dikepalai dek kontroler diubah manjadi ''fuku bunshū'' nan dikepalai dek seorang ''fuku bunshūchō''. ''District'' nan dikepalai dek demang diubah manjadi ''gun'' nan dikepalai dek ''gunchō''. ''Onderdistrict'' nan dikepalai dek asisten demang diubah manjadi ''fuku gun'' nan dikepalai dek ''fuku gunchō''.{{sfn|Asnan|2006|pp=119}} Kecuali posisi pantiang dalam pamarintahan, Japang masih menggunakan pegawai-pegawai pribumi nan sebelumnyo duduak di administrasi Hindia Belanda<ref>{{Cite book|date=1996|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Yqo5EROTOhAC&q=%22Karena+kekurangan+tenaga+sipil+maka+banyaklah+kedudukan+administrasi%22&dq=%22Karena+kekurangan+tenaga+sipil+maka+banyaklah+kedudukan+administrasi%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIroiB_IHrAhWWaCsKHRRGBksQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg|title=Kongres Nasional Sejarah, 1996: sub tema Dinamika Sosial Ekonomi, III|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|language=id}}</ref> jo syarat indak melanggar otoritas Japang.{{sfn|Siti Fatimah|2011|pp=82-83}} Pejabat Bumiputra tertinggi mengepalai ''gun'' jo struktur di bawahnyo, ''fuku gun''. Unit pamarintahan nan terkecil yaitu ''[[nagari]]'' dibai istilah ''son'' jo kepala nagari dinamakan ''sonchō''.{{sfn|Asnan|2006|pp=119}} == Pangerahan tanago panduduak == :''Lihat pula: [[Giyugun]] jo [[romusha|rōmusha]]'' [[Berkas:Dekorasi di Tugu Simpang Haru.jpg|jmpl|300x300px|Relief di [[Monumen Padang Area|Tugu Padang Area]], Padang nan menggambarkan antusiasme rakyat bagabung jo Giyugun]] Dalam waktu setaun sejak kaduduakan, Japang menggeser fokus kebijakan mereka dari konsolidasi kekuatan jo pengendalian terhadap daerah-daerah nan alah diduduaki di Asia Tenggara ka upaya-upaya persiapan mempertahankan kawasan ko dari serangan Sekutu.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=145}} Japang baupaya mengerahkan tenaga penduduak untuak kepantiangan Japang. Sebelumnyo, tantara kaduduakan gagal melengkapi kekuatan angkatan basenjata jo menggunakan sistem tantara bayaran. Kepado Gubanur Sumatera Barat Yano Kenzo, [[Chatib Sulaiman]] mengusulkan pembentukan tantara sukarela di Sumatera Barat nan bisa dimanfaatkan untuak melengkapi kekuatan balatantara Japang.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=144}} Sealah Komando Angkatan Darat nan bakeduduakan di [[Kota Hồ Chí Minh|Saigon]], [[Vietnam]] mengeluarkan perintah untuak membentuk ''kyodo boei giyugun'' pado 8 Septemba 1943, Panglima Angkatan Darat ke-25 Tanabe membai kewenangan penuh kapado Gubanur Sumatera Barat untuak melaksanakan pembentukan tantara sukareka.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=145}} [[Berkas:Rasuna Said.jpg|jmpl|kiri|180px|[[Rasuna Said]], tokoh [[Persatuan Muslim Indonesia|Permi]] nan mamimpinn pergerakan padusi lewat organisasi ''Haha No Kai'' sewaktu kaduduakan Japang di Sumatera Barat]] pado 14 Oktoba 1943, Chatib Sulaiman mamimpinn jo memelopori terbentuknyo panitia untuak pembentukan [[Giyugun]] banama Giyugun Koenkai.{{sfn|Husein|1991|pp=56}}{{efn|Chatib Sulaiman sibuk berkeliling Sumatera Barat untuk merekrut calon perwira Giyugun, sebagian besar waktunya digunakan untuk bolak-balik antara Padang dan Bukittinggi.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=146}}}} Panitia ko di bawah pengawasan Japang menyoring calon perwira sukarela nan akan dibentuk.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=145}} Ada sekitar 20.000 nan melamar Giyugun, tapi hanyo 1.000 jatah nan tersedia. Tanggung jawab perekrutan calon perwira Giyugun diserahkan Chatib Sulaiman basama [[Mahmud Yunus]], jo [[Ahmad Datuk Simaradjo]].{{efn|Pemuda-pemuda di Minangkabau didorong untuk menjadi pasukan Giyugun agar mendapat pelatihan kemiliteran dari Jepang. Dengan dorongan dari tokoh adat dan agama, banyak pemuda-pemuda mendaftarkan diri menjadi Giyugun. Di antara mereka yang tercatat adalah [[Dahlan Djambek]], [[Ismail Lengah]], Syarif Usman, [[Dahlan Ibrahim]], Syofyan Nur, Syofyan Ibrahim. A. Thalib, Nurmatias, Sayuti Amin, Alwi St. Marajo, Syefei Ali, Mahyuddin Tonek, Burhanuddin, [[Munir Latief]], dan banyak lagi yang lain;{{sfn|Husein|1991|pp=59}}{{sfn|Martamin|1978|pp=109}}}} Mereka meyakinkan para perwira bahwa bekal latihan militer dari Japang ditujukan untuak pencapaian cita-cita [[kemerdekaan Indonesia|kamardekaan Indonesia]].{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=150}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.justic.or.id/2010/10/21.html|title=Salinan arsip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001170135/http://www.justic.or.id/2010/10/21.html|archive-date=2020-10-01|dead-url=yes|access-date=2024-10-31}}</ref> Dorongan nan gadang bagi perkembangan Giyugun dibaikan dek Yano dalam suatu rapat gadang pado tangga 20 Novemba 1943 di Bukittinggi. Terakhir inyo mampu mempengaruhi para penghulu, nan seindak-indaknyo alah dapek merekrut 20.000 prajurit dari setiap anggota keturunannyo. Seruan penghulu ko mendapek sambutan nan baik dari kelompok kaumnyo.{{sfn|Siti Fatimah|1993}} Giyugun manjadi ciek-cieknyo kekuatan militer nan dibentuk Japang di Sumatera Barat.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=149}} Angkatan Giyugun mula-mula dibentuk di [[Kota Padang|Padang]] jo wilayah pesisir.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=147}} Di wilayah dataran tinggi, Giyugun baru dibentuk pado pengujung 1944. Propaganda Japang semakin intensif dalam taun 1944. Berbagai macam kelompok nan ada diciekkan dalam ''[[Hokokai]]'', nan dipimpin dek Muhammad Syafii jo Khatib Sulaiman dari golongan gerakan nasionalis atau terpelajar; Datuk Parpatih Baringek jo Datu Majo Uang dari kelompok adat; serta Djamil Djambek jo Sutan Mansur dari kelompok agama.{{sfn|Siti Fatimah|1993}} ''Giyugun Koenkai'' (lalu baganti ''Giyugun Koenbu''), perhimpunan pendukung Giyugun, dibentuk sabagai penghubung antara tokoh sipil jo tokoh militer.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Penerangan|first=Indonesia Departemen|date=1959|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=VBRIJAQx3zsC&pg=PA541&lpg=PA541&dq=giyu+gun+ko+en+kai&source=bl&ots=Z-zQ3r_iAI&sig=ACfU3U2k15gGofMcB7Z4LRVfNIezMswiiA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3l7nfgNnsAhX-xDgGHVsxDPEQ6AEwBnoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=giyu%20gun%20ko%20en%20kai&f=false|title=Propinsi Sumatera Tengah|publisher=Kementerian Penerangan|language=ms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bahar|first=Dr Brigjen (Purn) Saafroedin|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Tk1jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=giyu+gun+ko+en+kai&source=bl&ots=b5zM8aLX7T&sig=ACfU3U3z46CuyHMhwiNyPfENaY2l8KXqOA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3l7nfgNnsAhX-xDgGHVsxDPEQ6AEwA3oECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=giyu%20gun%20ko%20en%20kai&f=false|title=ETNIK, ELITE DAN INTEGRASI NASIONAL: MINANGKABAU 1945-1984 REPUBLIK INDONESIA 1985-2015|publisher=Gre Publishing|language=id}}</ref> ''Haha No Kai'', organisasi sayap Giyugun nan baanggotakan padusi didirikan untuak menyiapkan perbekalan untuak para perwira.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=148}} Sampai proklamasi kamardekaan dikumandangkan, Giyugun alah menyelenggarakan dua kali latihan bagi opsirnyo.{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=115}} Seiring eskalasi ketegangan [[Perang Pasifik]], Japang meningkatkan kontrol terhadap penduduak. Dalam upaya memenuhi kebutuhan terhadap tenaga kerja, otoritas Japang mengenakan kerja wajib ''rōmusha'' kapado penduduak untuak babagai keperluan Japang, seperti membangun jalan raya, jalur kereta api, jembatan, benteng-benteng, jo terowongan perlindungan. Selain itu, kapado para pegawai negeri, pedagang, anak-anak sekolah serta penduduak nan indak ikut kerja paksa dikenai ''kinro hoshi'', kerja bakti mengumpulkan batu-batu kali, pasir, jo kerikil serta mengangkutnyo ka tempat-tempat nan diperlukan.{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=116}} Bunker jo terowongan perlindungan peninggalan Japang ditemukan di Padang jo Bukittinggi. [[Jalur kereta api Muaro–Pekanbaru]] adolah hasil kerja paksa nan melibatkan kurang lebih 5.000 tahanan perang jo 30.000 pekerja ''rōmusha''. Lewat jalur pendidikan, Japang melakukan perubahan-perubahan sacaro mendasar di Sumatera Barat. Sekolah-sekolah dimobilisasi untuak kepantiangan Japang. Bahasa Indonesia dijadikan bahaso pengantar di sekolah untuak mempekenalkan kebudayaan Japang jo pado saat nan sama, para murid dalam babagai tingkatan diajarkan babahaso Japang.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Asoka|first=Andi|date=2005|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JllxAAAAMAAJ&q=%22*+dan+Aisyiah,+yang+sebenarnya%22&dq=%22*+dan+Aisyiah,+yang+sebenarnya%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiazMi5_djsAhW2yDgGHd0LB10Q6AEwAXoECAAQAg|title=Sawahlunto, dulu, kini, dan esok: menyongsong kota wisata tambang yang berbudaya|publisher=Pusat Studi Humaniora (PSH), Unand kerja sama dengan Kantor Pariwisata, Seni, dan Budaya, Kota Sawahlunto, Sumatera Barat|isbn=978-979-3723-50-1|language=id}}</ref> Sementara itu, golongan terpelajar, terutama para guru, pegawai negeri, jo murid-murid dijadikan "orang Japang baru". ''Seikeirei'' (rukuk menghadap istana kaisar di Tokyo) jo ''mukto'' (memperingati arwah-arwah pahlawan Japang) dilakukan pado waktu-waktu tertentu. Kegiatan ko biasanyo dilakukan sealah mendengar pidato ''shūchōkan'' atau para petinggi Japang. ''Keirei'' (membai hormat jo sikap badiri) wajib dilakukan setiap kali bapapasan jo pemgadang–bahkan mobil–Japang.{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=115}}{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=116}} Penanggalan [[Masehi]] nan digunakan diganti jo [[Tahun Jepang|taun Sumera]] nan selisihnyo 660 taun, sementara tanda waktu disesuaikan jo waktu Japang nan selisihnyo sekitar 2,5 jam dari waktu Tokyo.{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=115}}{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=116}} === Padusi === :''Lihat pula: [[Jugun ianfu]]'' [[Berkas:Rangkajo Rahmah El Junusiah.jpg|jmpl|kiri|180px|[[Rahmah El Yunusiyah]] menuntut pamarintah kaduduakan Japang untuak menutup rumah bordil jo menentang pengerahan padusi Indonesia sabagai wanita penghibur.]] Selama kaduduakan Japang, banyak padusi Sumatera Barat manjadi korban kekerasan tantara Japang, khususnyo eksploitasi seksual. Tindak kekerasan terhadap padusi alah tajadi sejak hari-hari pertama bala tantara Japang datang. Aturan-aturan nilai nan menghargai padusi dilecehkan dek tindakan seperti memaksa, menculik, jo memperkosa, hingga manjadikan padusi penghibur sacaro paksa atau ''[[Ianfu|jugun ianfu]]''. Japang indak lagi bisa mendatangkan padusi penghibur dari negeri mereka sahinggo sabagai gantinyo, Japang membuat kebijakan untuak memaksa padusi sabagai penghibur bagi kebutuhan tantaranyo di [[Rumah pelacuran|rumah-rumah bordil]] nan mereka dirikan. Kebijakan pamarintah nan dikeluarkan pado 1938 mengatakan bahwa setiap batalion perlu memiliki rumah pelacuran, agar serdadu Japang dapek konsentrasi dalam menghadapi perang.{{sfn|Zusneli Zubir|2009|pp=103-116}} Mengatasi tindakan baupa paksaan ko alah diupayakan dek pemuka daerah setempat. Soekarno katiko baada di Padang sealah badiskusi jo bebaapa ulama membai izin praktik prostitusi untuak tantara Japang.{{sfn|Sukarno|2010|pp=[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4rxW1J7M9T4C&pg=PA110&dq=sukarno+padang&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnn6SSm47lAhXaF3IKHdzTCQUQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=sukarno%20padang&f=false 110]}} "Semata-mata sabagai tindakan darurat, demi menjaga para gadis kita, aku bamaksud memanfaatkan para pelacur di daerah ini. Dengan cara ini, orang-orang asing dapek memuaskan keinginannyo jo sebaiknyo para gadis indak diganggu," beba Soekarno.{{sfn|Merdeka.com|10 Juni 2012}}{{sfn|VIVA.co.id|10 Desember 2015}}{{sfn|Tirto.id|18 Juli 2017}}{{sfn|Tirto.id|15 Januari 2017}} Pembaian izin tersebut ditandai jo adanyo rumah-rumah bordil di bebapa tempat Sumatera Barat seperti Padang, Bukittinggi, jo Payakumbuh. Umumnyo para pekerja seks baasal dari padusi non-Sumatera Barat, kebanyakan mereka baasal dari padusi nan dibawa dek Belanda bekerja jo hidupnyo terlantar.{{sfn|Zusneli Zubir|2009|pp=103-116}} Pembaian izin Soekarno terhadap rumah-rumah bordil awanyo batujuan agar tantara Japang indak lagi mengganggu padusi-padusi Sumatera Barat. Namun, para padusi nan dibai izin baoperasi pado kamp-kamp Japang indak sebanding jumlahnyo jo tantara nan ribuan jumlahnyo. "Untuk mendapekkan padusi penghibur nan disediakan, tantara Japang harus beli karcis antrean. Bahkan untuak ciek padusi ada nan antre sampai empat/enam orang ciek malam," ujar kesaksian salah seorang Kaigun Heiho bapangkat kopral. Dengan adanyo karcis, serdadu Japang manjadi teratur dalam menunggu giliran untuak dapek basama jo padusi nan diinginkannyo.{{sfn|Zusneli Zubir|2009|pp=103-116}} Ketimpangan nan mencolok menimbulkan rasa indak puas pado banyak serdadu Japang sahinggo mendorong mereka melakukan pemaksaan kapado banyak padusi Sumatera Barat. Untuk mendapekkan padusi, Japang melakukan jo cara pemaksaan, penculikan, pemerkosaan, jo bujukan demi mencapai maksudnyo. Mereka bahkan indak segan-segan menarik padusi walau sudah kawin, indak peduli padusi itu sedang duduak jo suaminyo.{{sfn|Zusneli Zubir|2009|pp=103-116}} == Pangaruh Japang == [[Berkas:Japanese Tunnel Bukittinggi Indonesia.jpg|jmpl|300x300px|[[Lubang Jepang Bukittinggi|Lubang Japang]] di [[Bukittinggi]], terowongan perlindungan nan dibangun dek para pekerja paksa.|al=]] Manuruik [[Akira Oki]], diiziinkannyo panggunaan bahaso Indonesia sabagai bahaso panganta di sekolah bapangaruah pado pakambangan bahaso Indonesia jo manyebaban timbuanyo raso pasatuanan di kalangan rakyat.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oki|first=A.|date=1977|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LNrCmAEACAAJ&dq=Social+Change+in+The+West+Sumatran+Village+1908-+1945&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjH6vLA_tjsAhXVV30KHaKtAhwQ6AEwAHoECAAQAQ|title=Social Change in the West Sumatran Village: 1908-1945|location=|publisher=|isbn=|pages=239|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Pandidikan nan diagiah Japang mampacapek matangnyo usaho kamardekaan Indonesia, ciek hal nan indak disadari dek panguaso Japang di Sumatera Barat. Dalam lapangan politik, Japang alah mawarisan bantuak lambago representatif Kerukunan Minangkabau nan mahimpun tokoh adaik jo agama sabagai penasihat dek residen.{{sfn|Asnan|2006|pp=123}} Meski indak mampunyoi wewenang resmi dalam pamarintahan, mereka dapek mawarnai kabijakan panguaso Japang di Sumatera Barat,{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=143}} jo sacaro diam-diam mananaman cito-cito kabangsaan kapado rakyat.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=154}} Dalam bidang militer, Japang maagiah palatihan militer lewaik tantara sukarela Giyugun. Angkatan terawa perwira Giyugun kelak baperan dalam pendirian [[Sejarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia|angkatan basenjata Indonesia]] sasudah kamardekaan{{sfn|Asnan|2003|pp=83}} jo sabagian gadang di antaro mereka mamparoleh tampek strategis dalam hierarki kemiliteran pado [[Revolusi Nasional Indonesia|maso revolusi]]. Audrey Kahin mancataik, karajo samo antara tokoh adaik jo agama salamo kaduduakan Japang di Sumatera Barat alah mambantuak mato rantai hubungan teritorial jo landasan bagi taciptanyo saliang pangartian, sasuatu nan sangai banilai pado taun-taun sasudah kamardekaan.{{sfn|Kahin|2005|pp=150}} == Catatan kaki == === Keterangan === {{notelist}} === Rujuakan === {{reflist|2}} === Daftar pustaka === {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |title=Dari Pemberontakan ke Integrasi: Sumatera Barat dan Politik Indonesia, 1926–1998 |first=Audrey Richey |last=Kahin |year=2005 |publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia |isbn=979-461-519-6}} * {{cite book |title=Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan Minangkabau Masa Pendudukan Jepang (1942–1945) |first=Zusneli |last=Zubir |author-link=Zusneli Zubir |year=2006 |publisher=Universitas Gadjah Mada |isbn=}} * {{cite book |title=Reclaiming the Conversation: Islamic Intellectual Tradition in the Malay Archipelago |last=Hashim |first=Rosnani |year=2010 |publisher=The Other Press |location= |isbn=978-983-9541-74-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZUc2IzdaBUC&q=Reclaiming+the+Conversation:+Islamic+Intellectual+Tradition+in+the+Malay+Archipelago}} * {{cite book |first=Gusti |last=Asnan |date=2003 |title=Kamus Sejarah Minangkabau |publisher=Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Minangkabau |isbn=979-97407-0-3}} * {{cite book |first=Gusti |last=Asnan |date=2006 |title=Pemerintahan Daerah Sumatera Barat dari VOC hingga Reformasi |location=Yogyakarta |publisher=Citra Pustaka}} * {{cite book |first=Mahmud |last=Yunus |date=1996 |title=Sejarah Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia |location=Jakarta |publisher=Hidakarya Agung}} * {{cite book |first=Aiko |last=Kurasawa |date=1993 |title=Mobilisasi dan Kontrol: Studi Tentang Perubahan Sosial di Pedesaan Jawa, 1942–1945 |location=Jakarta |publisher=Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia}} * {{cite book |first=Irhash A. |last=Shamad |date=2007 |title=Islam dan Praksis Kultural Masyarakat Minangkabau |location=Jakarta |publisher=Tintamas Indonesia}} * {{cite web |title=Lima Bulan Sukarno di Padang |url=http://historia.id/modern/lima-bulan-sukarno-di-padang |last=Hendra |first=Jose |date=7 June 2016 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=Historia |ref={{sfnRef|Historia|7 Juni 2016}} |archive-date=15 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315122113/http://historia.id/modern/lima-bulan-sukarno-di-padang |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite web |title=Sila Ketuhanan dari Ulama Padang Japang |url=http://historia.id/agama/sila-ketuhanan-dari-ulama-padang-japang |last= |first= |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=Historia |ref={{sfnRef|Historia|1 June 2016}} |archive-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328182700/http://historia.id/agama/sila-ketuhanan-dari-ulama-padang-japang |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite web |title=Syekh Abbas Abdullah |url=http://www.darulfunun.or.id/13/syekh-abbas-abdullah/13/ |last= |first= |date=5 November 2015 |access-date=9 June 2016 |publisher=[[Darul Funun]] |ref={{sfnRef|Darulfunun|2015}}}} * {{cite web |title=Kisah Soekarno Sediakan Pelacur untuk Tentara Jepang |url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/cerita-soekarno-sediakan-pelacur-untuk-tentara-jepang.html |last= |first= |date=10 June 2012 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=[[Merdeka.com]] |publisher= |ref={{sfnRef|Merdeka.com|10 Juni 2012}}}} * {{cite web |title=Siasat Bung Karno Hadapi Tentara Jepang |url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/709450-siasat-bung-karno-hadapi-tentara-jepang |last= |first= |date=10 December 2015 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=[[VIVA.co.id]] |publisher= |ref={{sfnRef|VIVA.co.id|10 Desember 2015}}}} * {{cite web |title=Sukarno & Para Pekerja Seks di Masa Pergerakan Indonesia |url=https://tirto.id/sukarno-para-pekerja-seks-di-masa-pergerakan-indonesia-csQ7 |last= |first= |date=18 July 2017 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=[[Tirto.id]] |publisher= |ref={{sfnRef|Tirto.id|18 Juli 2017}}}} * {{cite web |title=Jugun Ianfu, Budak Wanita di Masa Penjajahan Jepang |url=https://tirto.id/jugun-ianfu-budak-wanita-di-masa-penjajahan-jepang-cgZz |last= |first= |date=15 January 2017 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=[[Tirto.id]] |publisher= |ref={{sfnRef|Tirto.id|15 Januari 2017}}}} * {{cite report |author=Siti Fatimah |url=https://docplayer.info/138473018-Sistim-kepemimpinan-tradisional-masyarakat-minangkabau.html |title=Sistim Kepemimpinan Tradisional Masyarakat Minangkabau pada Masa Jepang |publisher=Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Padang |date=1993 |ref={{sfnRef|Siti Fatimah|1993}} }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite journal |author=Siti Fatimah |url=http://ejournal.unp.ac.id/index.php/tingkap/article/download/14/13 |title=Kepemimpinan Tradisional Masyarakat Minangkabau pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang |journal=Tingkap |date=2011 |volume=8 |issue=1}} * {{Cite book |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/670239003 |title=Sukarno |series=Seri Buku Tempo |last= |date=2010 |publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia |isbn=978-979-9102-66-9 |oclc=670239003 |ref={{sfnRef|Sukarno|2010}}}}<!-- belum dirapikan http://lontar.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/125822-RB08L199j-Jugunianfu%20pada-Literatur.pdf --> * {{cite book |last=White |first=Sally |editor-last1=Blackburn |editor-first1=Susan |editor-last2=Ting |editor-first2=Ting |title=Women in Southeast Asian Nationalist Movements |publisher=NUS Press |date=2013 |pages=98–123 |chapter=Rasuna Said: Lioness of the Indonesian Independence Movement |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1qv1g3.9 |jstor=j.ctv1qv1g3.9 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctv1qv1g3.9.pdf |isbn=978-979-96532-1-5}} * {{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=R.B |last2=Kahin |first2=Audrey |title=Historical Dictionary of Indonesia |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2004 |isbn=9780810849358}} * {{cite book |title=Perkembangan Pendidikan Islam di Nusantara |last=Asy |first=Fauzan |year=2004 |publisher=Angkasa |location= |id= 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Sejarah Indonesia-Minangkabau |isbn=978-979-405-126-9 |edition=Cet. 2., dengan perbaikan |location=Jakarta |department=Badan Pemurnian Sejarah Indonesia-Minangkabau}} * {{Cite book |last=Kurasawa |first=Aiko |title=Giyūgun : Tentara Sukarela pada Pendudukan Jepang di Jawa dan Sumatra |date=2 April 2024 |publisher=Penerbit Buku Kompas |isbn=9786231604699 |editor-last=Mita |publication-place=Jakarta |language=id}} * {{cite book |title=Bung Karno dan Islam: Kumpulan Pidato Tentang Islam, 1953–1966 |trans-title=Sukarno and Islam: Collection of Speeches on Islam, 1953–1966 |author=Soekarno |author-link=Sukarno |year=1990 |publisher=Haji Masagung |place=Jakarta |isbn=979-412-167-3}} * {{cite web |title=Masjid Raya Gantiang |trans-title=Gantiang Grand Mosque |language=id |author=Culture and Tourism Ministry of Padang |url=http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=59 |access-date=30 May 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104150200/http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=59 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Martamin |first=Mardjani |url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/7440/ |title=Sejarah Kebangkitan Nasional Daerah Sumatera Barat |publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan |year=1977 |location=Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah |publication-place=Jakarta |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Kanahele |first=George S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvwnAQAAMAAJ |title=The Japanese Occupation of Indonesia: Prelude to Independence |date=1967 |publisher=Cornell University |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Lubis |first=Nina H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iag3AQAACAAJ |title=Peta cikal-bakal TNI |date=2005 |publisher=Pusat Penelitian Kemasyarakatan dan Kebudayaan, Lembaga Penelitian, Universitas Padjadjaran |isbn=978-979-97745-1-4 |language=id}} * {{Cite web |last=Fujiwara Iwaichi |date=1 October 1966 |title=Ｆ機関 |trans-title=F-Kikan or F-Agency |url=https://search.showakan.go.jp/search/book/detail.php?material_cord=000003587 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=昭和館デジタルアーカイブ |publisher=原書房 |language=ja |ref={{sfnRef|Iwaichi Fujiwara|1966}}}} * {{cite book |title=Etnik, Elite dan Integrasi Nasional |first=Saafroedin |last=Bahar |author-link=Saafroedin Bahar |year=2015 |publisher=GRE Publishing |location=Yogyakarta |isbn=978-602-7677-56-2 |ref={{sfnRef|Bahar|2015}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Bahar |first=Dr Brigjen (Purn) Saafroedin |author-link=Saafroedin Bahar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tk1jDwAAQBAJ&dq=giyu+gun+ko+en+kai&pg=PA110 |title=Etnik, Elite Dan Integrasi Nasional: Minangkabau 1945–1984 Republik Indonesia 1985–2015 |publisher=Gre Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=978-602-7677-56-2 |location=Yogyakarta |language=id}} * {{Cite book |last=Lebra |first=Joyce C. |title=Tentara gemblengan Jepang |publisher=Pustaka Sinar Harapan |year=1988 |isbn=9794160237 |location=Jakarta}} * {{Cite book |last=Benda |first=Harry Jindrich |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14321437M/Japanese_military_administration_in_Indonesia_selected_documents |title=Japanese military administration in Indonesia: selected documents |date=1965 |publisher=Yale University Southeast Studies |location=New Haven] |lccn=65026388 |oclc=306368 |ol=OL14321437M}} * {{Cite book |title=Memoar Siti Aminah Madjid usman-Hiroko Osada : kisah hidup dan perjuangan seorang putri bangsawan Jepang untuk kemerdekaan Indonesia |date=1 September 2017 |publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia |isbn=9789794619049 |editor-last=Usman |editor-first=Salmyah Madjid |location=Jakarta |language=id |editor-last2=Chaniago |editor-first2=Hasril |ref={{sfnRef|Usman|Chaniago|2017}}}} * {{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |author-link=Sukarno |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |ref={{sfnRef|Sukarno|1965}}}}<!-- belum dirapikan http://lontar.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/125822-RB08L199j-Jugunianfu%20pada-Literatur.pdf --> {{refend}} [[Kategori:Sejarah Sumatera Barat]] [[Kategori:Pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia]] swtt3d3jvbydubw48tz6ah4y7jvtmbu 0 475769 3346777 3162119 2026-05-18T09:28:46Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarchy | border = federal | royal_title = Raja Permaisuri Agong<br>('' Bahasa Melayu '') | realm = | native_name = {{lang|ms|راج ڤرمايسوري اݢوڠ}} | coatofarms = Standard of the Raja Permaisuri Agong.svg | coatofarmscaption = Bendera Panji Raja Permaisuri Agong | type = other | his/her = Her | image = Raja Zarith Sofiah Rajasekharan 2019.jpg | caption = | incumbent = [[Raja Zarith Sofia]] | incumbentsince = 31 Januari 2024 | style = Baginda Melayu Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda | residence = [[Istana Negara, Jalan Duta|Istana Negara]]<br /><small>kediaman resmi</small> | website = [http://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my/index.php/bm/sejarah/senarai-raja-permaisuri-agong Keeper of the Rulers' Seal Office] | formation = {{start date and age|1957|08|31|df=yes}} | first_monarch = [[Tunku Kurshiah|Tunku Puan Besar Hajah Kurshiah]] }} '''Raja Permaisuri Agong Malaysia''' maruopan gala pasangan sah atau istri patamo dari [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Yang di-Pertuan Agong Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Her Majesty Raja Zarith Sofiah Queen of Malaysia|url=https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/149|website=myGOV|access-date=11 July 2024|archive-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602230403/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/149|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Gala iko marupoan gala resmi bagi pasangan Raja Malaysia. Gala resmi nan langkok adolah '''''Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda Raja Permaisuri Agong Malaysia'''.'' == Daftar Raja Permaisuri Agong == Barikuk adolah daftar Raja Permaisuri Agong sarato maso jabatannyo: {| class="wikitable" !width="5"|No ! width="180"|Namo ! width="160"|Negara bagian ! width="410"|Mulai balaku<ref>{{cite web |title=Senarai Raja Permaisuri Agong |url=http://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my/index.php/bm/sejarah/senarai-raja-permaisuri-agong |website=majlisraja-raja.gov.my |publisher=Pejabat Penyimpan Mohor Besar Raja-Raja |access-date=4 June 2019 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607172751/http://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my/index.php/bm/sejarah/senarai-raja-permaisuri-agong |url-status=live }}</ref> ! width="410"|Kasudahan ! width="180"|Yang di-Pertuan Agong ! width="180"|Lahia ! width="180"|Maningga |- | 1 (I) || [[Tunku Puan Besar Kurshiah|Tuanku Kurshiah]] || {{flag|Negeri Sembilan}} || 31 Agustus 1957 |1 April 1960||[[Abdul Rahman dari Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Abdul Rahman]]||{{dts|16 May 1911|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Yang di-Pertuan Agong I |url=http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_1 |author=Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia |website=malaysianmonarchy.org.my |date=2003 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007071309/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_1 |archivedate=7 October 2007 }}</ref>||{{dts|2 February 1999|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Tunku Puan Besar Kurshiah Permaisuri Penuh Bakti |url=https://www.thepatriots.asia/tunku-puan-besar-kurshiah-permaisuri-penuh-bakti/ |author=Farahi Kamaruddin |website=The Patriots Asia |date= 4 December 2018|accessdate=17 June 2019 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617091709/https://www.thepatriots.asia/tunku-puan-besar-kurshiah-permaisuri-penuh-bakti/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | 2 (II) || [[Tengku Ampuan Jemaah|Raja Jema'ah]]|| {{flag|Selangor|pre-1965}} || 14 April 1960 |1 September 1960||[[Hisamuddin Alam Shah dari Selangor|Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah]]|| 1900<ref>{{cite web |title=Yang di-Pertuan Agong II |url=http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_2 |author=Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia |website=malaysianmonarchy.org.my |date=2003 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007071215/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_2 |archivedate=7 October 2007 }}</ref>||{{dts|8 April 1973|df=y|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Penerima Darjah Kebesaran 1973 DK |url=http://awards.selangor.gov.my/awards/sublinkyear.php?cat=38&subcat=D.K |website=awards.selangor.gov.my |author=[[Selangor State Government]] |accessdate=19 June 2019 |archive-date=4 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104034851/http://awards.selangor.gov.my/awards/sublinkyear.php?cat=38&subcat=D.K. |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | 3 (III) || [[Raja Perempuan Budriah|Tengku Budriah]]|| {{flag|Perlis}} || 21 September 1960 |20 September 1965||[[Syed Putra dari Perlis|Tuanku Syed Putra]]||{{dts|28 March 1924|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_3|title=Yang di-Pertuan Agong III|work=Malaysian Monarchy|author=Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia|year=2003|accessdate=10 December 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121506/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_3 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 28 September 2007}}</ref>||{{dts|28 November 2008|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Raja Perempuan Besar Perlis dies |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/11/28/nation/20081128130133&sec=nation |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |date=28 November 2008 |accessdate=24 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017222056/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F11%2F28%2Fnation%2F20081128130133&sec=nation |archivedate=17 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- | 4 (IV) || [[Tengku Ampuan Tua Intan Zaharah|Tengku Intan Zaharah]]|| {{flag|Terengganu}} || 21 September 1965 |20 September 1970||[[Ismail Nasiruddin Shah dari Terengganu|Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah]]||{{dts|13 April 1928|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Yang di-Pertuan Agong IV|url=http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_4 |author=Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia |website=malaysianmonarchy.org.my|date=2003 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007071343/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_4|archivedate=7 October 2007 }}</ref>||{{dts|24 January 2015|df=y|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Tengku Ampuan Intan Zaharah mangkat, Terengganu berkabung 40 hari |url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/tengku-ampuan-intan-zaharah-mangkat-terengganu-berkabung-40-hari-52751?amp=1 |author=[[BERNAMA]] |publisher=[[Astro Awani]] |date=24 January 2015 |accessdate=19 June 2019 |archive-date=15 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515155908/http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/tengku-ampuan-intan-zaharah-mangkat-terengganu-berkabung-40-hari-52751?amp=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | 5 (V) || [[Sultanah Bahiyah|Tuanku Bahiyah]]|| {{flag|Kedah}} || 21 September 1970 |20 September 1975||[[Abdul Halim dari Kedah|Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah]]||{{dts|24 August 1930|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Yang di-Pertuan Agong V |url=http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_5 |author=Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia |website=malaysianmonarchy.org.my |date=2003 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121542/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_5 |archivedate=28 September 2007 }}</ref>||{{dts|26 August 2003|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Sultanah of Kedah dies |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2003/08/26/sultanah-of-kedah-dies |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |date=26 August 2003 |accessdate=25 February 2024 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |- | 6 (VI) || [[Raja Perempuan Zainab II|Tengku Zainab]]|| {{flag|Kelantan}} || 21 September 1975 |29 Maret 1979||[[Yahya Petra dari Kelantan|Sultan Yahya Petra]]||{{dts|7 August 1917|df=yes|abbr=on|addkey=}}<ref name="Zainab" />||{{dts|10 January 1993|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref name="Zainab">{{cite web|author=Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia|date=2003|title=Yang di-Pertuan Agong VI|url=http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007071534/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_6|archive-date=7 October 2007|website=malaysianmonarchy.org.my}}</ref> |- | 7 (VII) || [[Tengku Ampuan Afzan|Tengku Hajah Afzan]]|| {{flag|Pahang}} || 26 April 1979 |25 April 1984||[[Ahmad Shah dari Pahang|Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta'in Billah]]|| {{dts|4 December 1932|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Yang di-Pertuan Agong VII |url=http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_7 |author=Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia |website=malaysianmonarchy.org.my |date=2003 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121336/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_7 |archivedate=28 September 2007 }}</ref>||{{dts|29 June 1988|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Almarhum Sultan Ahmad Shah selamat disemadikan |url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/almarhum-sultan-ahmad-shah-selamat-disemadikan-208385?amp=1 |website=[[Astro Awani]] |author=[[BERNAMA]] |date=23 May 2019 |accessdate=14 June 2019 |archive-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527180425/http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/almarhum-sultan-ahmad-shah-selamat-disemadikan-208385?amp=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | 8 (VIII) || [[Tunku Puan Zanariah|Tengku Zanariah]] || {{flag|Johor}} || 26 April 1984 |25 April 1989||[[Iskandar dari Johor|Sultan Iskandar]]||{{dts|5 July 1940|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Mengenang Almarhum Tengku Puan Zanariah |url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/mengenang-almarhum-tengku-puan-zanariah-201459 |author=Ain Najhan |website=[[Astro Awani]] |date=18 March 2019 |accessdate=4 June 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603183120/http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/mengenang-almarhum-tengku-puan-zanariah-201459 |url-status=live }}</ref>||{{dts|17 March 2019|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Bonda Tiri Sultan Johor mangkat |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2019/03/542266/bonda-tiri-sultan-johor-mangkat |website=[[Berita Harian]] |date=18 March 2019 |accessdate=5 June 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224041424/https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2019/03/542266/bonda-tiri-sultan-johor-mangkat |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | 9 (IX) || [[Raja Permaisuri Tuanku Bainun|Tuanku Bainun]]|| {{flag|Perak}} || 26 April 1989 |25 April 1994||[[Azlan Shah dari Perak|Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah]]||{{dts|7 November 1932|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuanku Bainun dari guru ke Raja Permaisuri Perak |url=https://www.orangperak.com/ymm-tuanku-bainun-dari-guru-ke-raja-permaisuri-perak.html |author=Iskandar Zulqarnain |website=Orang Perak |date=18 April 2019 |accessdate=19 June 2019 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712195418/https://www.orangperak.com/ymm-tuanku-bainun-dari-guru-ke-raja-permaisuri-perak.html |url-status=live }}</ref>||'''Hiduik''' |- | 10 (X) || [[Tunku Ampuan Najihah|Tuanku Najihah]]|| {{flag|Negeri Sembilan}} || 26 April 1994 |25 April 1999||[[Ja'afar dari Negeri Sembilan|Tuanku Ja'afar]]||{{dts|1 September 1923|df=yes|abbr=on}}||{{dts|8 September 2023|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunku Ampuan Najihah dies |website=www.nst.com.my |date=8 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-11 |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2023/09/952553/tunku-ampuan-najihah-dies}}</ref> |- | 11 (XI) || [[Permaisuri Siti Aishah|Tuanku Siti Aishah]]|| {{flag|Selangor}} || 26 April 1999 |21 November 2001||[[Salahuddin dari Selangor|Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz]]|| {{dts|18 November 1971|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Yang di-Pertuan Agong XI |url=http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_11 |author=Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia |work=malaysianmonarchy.org.my |date=2003 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007000953/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk3/rk3a.php?id=rk3_11 |archivedate=7 October 2007}}</ref>||'''Hiduik''' |- | 12 (XII) || [[Tuanku Tengku Fauziah|Tengku Fauziah]]|| {{flag|Perlis}} || 13 Desember 2001 |12 Desember 2006||[[Syed Sirajuddin dari Perlis|Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin]]||{{dts|6 June 1946|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=DYMM Tengku Fauziah&nbsp;— Simbol kemesraan rakyat Perlis |url=https://perlisroyalty.perlis.gov.my/index.php/ms/raja-kita/dymm-tuanku-syed-sirajuddin/tengku-fauziah |website=perlisroyalty.perlis.gov.my |author=Perlis State Government |accessdate=3 June 2019 |archive-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208131221/https://perlisroyalty.perlis.gov.my/index.php/ms/raja-kita/dymm-tuanku-syed-sirajuddin/tengku-fauziah |url-status=live }}</ref>||'''Hiduik''' |- | 13 (XIII) || [[Sultanah Nur Zahirah|Tuanku Nur Zahirah]] || {{flag|Terengganu}} || 13 Desember 2006 |12 Desember 2011||[[Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu|Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin]] || {{dts|7 December 1973|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Kind, gentle Queen |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2007/04/26/kind-gentle-queen/ |author=K. Suthakar |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |date=26 April 2007 |accessdate=3 June 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602173518/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2007/04/26/kind-gentle-queen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || '''Hiduik''' |- | 14 (XIV) || [[Che Puan Besar Haminah|Tuanku Hajah Haminah]]|| {{flag|Kedah}} || 13 Desember 2011 |12 Desember 2016||[[Abdul Halim dari Kedah|Sultan Abdul Halim of Kedah]]{{efn|Tuanku Abdul Halim adalah Yang di-Pertuan Agong pertama dan satu-satunya yang memerintah dua kali.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kedah Sultan To Be Next King, For The Second Time |url=http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsindex.php?id=620011 |author=Bernama |author-link=Bernama |date=14 October 2011 |access-date=14 October 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025115/http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsindex.php?id=620011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sultanah Haminah adalah istri keduanya dari tahun 1975 hingga kematiannya dan memerintah bersama dia sebagai Raja Permaisuri Agong XIV karena Sultanah Bahiyah telah wafat pada tahun 2003.}} ||{{dts|15 July 1953|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Kedah's new Sultanah crowned |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2004/01/10/kedahs-new-sultanah-crowned/ |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |date=10 January 2004 |accessdate=3 June 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602172538/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2004/01/10/kedahs-new-sultanah-crowned/ |url-status=live }}</ref>||'''Hiduik''' |- | 15 (XV) || {{CNone|—}}{{efn|Sultan Muhammad V memerintah tanpa permaisuri karena istrinya, Sultanah Nur Diana Petra, tidak dinyatakan sebagai Sultanah Kelantan hingga tahun 2022. Sesaat sebelum turun tahta pada Januari 2019, dilaporkan bahwa Muhammad V telah menikahi Oksana Voevodina, tetapi pernikahan tersebut tidak diakui secara resmi dan Voevodina tidak diakui sebagai permaisurinya.<ref>{{citation|work=[[Business Insider]]|via=South China Morning Post|title=Has former Miss Moscow Oksana Voevodina married Malaysia's king Sultan Muhammad V?|date=December 3, 2018|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people-events/article/2176084/has-former-miss-moscow-oksana-voevodina-married|access-date=25 July 2019|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723022335/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people-events/article/2176084/has-former-miss-moscow-oksana-voevodina-married|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ST>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-says-cant-confirm-if-malaysian-king-has-married-as-widely-reported-on-social|title=Mahathir says can't confirm if Malaysian King has married, as widely reported on social media|date=30 November 2018|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|access-date=3 January 2019|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103161314/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/mahathir-says-cant-confirm-if-malaysian-king-has-married-as-widely-reported-on-social|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || {{flag|Kelantan}}|| colspan="2" {{CNone|—}} || [[Muhammad V dari Kelantan|Sultan Muhammad V of Kelantan]]|| colspan="2" {{CNone|—}} |- | 16 (XVI) || [[Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah]]|| {{flag|Pahang}} || 31 Januari 2019 |30 Januari 2024||[[Abdullah dari Pahang|Sultan Abdullah of Pahang]]|| {{dts|5 August 1960|df=yes=|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Biodata Tengku Ampuan Pahang kelima |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/wilayah/2019/01/525252/biodata-tengku-ampuan-pahang-kelima |author=Bernama |website=[[Berita Harian]] |date=29 January 2019 |accessdate=2 June 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602144452/https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/wilayah/2019/01/525252/biodata-tengku-ampuan-pahang-kelima |url-status=live }}</ref>||'''Hiduik''' |- | 17 (XVII) || [[Raja Zarith Sofiah]] || {{flag|Johor}} || 31 Januari 2024 || '''Petahana''' || [[Ibrahim Iskandar dari Johor|Sultan Ibrahim of Johor]]|| {{dts|14 August 1959|df=yes|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Biodata of Her Majesty Raja Zarith Sofiah, Queen of Malaysia |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/01/31/biodata-of-her-majesty-raja-zarith-sofiah-queen-of-malaysia |author=The Star |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=31 January 2024 |accessdate=31 January 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131120532/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/01/31/biodata-of-her-majesty-raja-zarith-sofiah-queen-of-malaysia |url-status=live }}</ref>||'''Hiduik''' |} ==Catatan kaki== {{notelist}} ==Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Caliak pulo == * [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] [[Kategori:Padusi Malaysia manuruik pekerjaan|Permaisuri]] [[Kategori:Gelar bangsawan]] [[Kategori:Monarki Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Raja Permaisuri Agong|*]] 267mn8trfwiae0q46uyrs6dqaen88s3 0 475933 3346763 3169809 2026-05-18T02:16:51Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346763 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:My city kigali.jpg|thumb|Panorama kota]] '''Kigali''' adolah ibu kota jo kota tagadang nagara [[Rwanda]] nan talatak di dakek pusek geografis nagara tu di wilayah babukik, jo sarangkaian lambah sarato pungguang bukik nan dihubuangan dek lereang nan curam. Iko marupokan pusek ekonomi, budaya, jo transportasi nagara sajak didirian. Pado hasial sensus tahun 2022, panduduaknyo dipakiroan bajumlah 1.518.632 jiwa.<ref name=citypopulation>{{cite web|title=Population of Rwanda according to the population and housing censuses|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/admin/|date=2022-08-01|access-date=2023-03-05|website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> Panduduak paliang awal dari apo nan disabuik Rwanda iolah [[Twa Danau Gadang|Twa]], sakalompok pamburu-pangumpua [[pigmi]] aborigin nan manatap di daerah tu antaro 8000 jo 3000 SM jo tetap tingga di daerah tu hinggo kini.{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=44}}{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=61}} Kamudian baru pado 700 SM jo 1500 M datang sajumlah kalompok [[Suku-suku Bantu|Bantu]], tamasuak [[urang Hutu]] jo [[Urang Tutsi|Tutsi]], nan mulai manabang hutan untuak patanian.{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=61}}{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=58}} Manuruik sijarah lisan, [[Karajaan Rwanda]] didirian pado abaik ka-14 di tapi [[Danau Muhazi]], sakitar 40 kilometer di timur Kigali moderen.{{sfn|Dorsey|1994|p=37}}{{sfn|Munyakazi|Ntagaramba|2005|p=18}}{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=18}}<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Rwanda Development Board]] |url=http://www.rwandatourism.com/destinations/muhazi |via=RwandaTourism.com |title=Muhazi |access-date=6 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325004516/http://www.rwandatourism.com/destinations/muhazi |archive-date=25 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sacaro umum, Kigali dipakiroan badiri pado tahun 1907, katiko panjalajah [[Jerman]] [[Richard Kandt]] diangkek sabagai panduduak patamo Rwanda, jo manjadian kota tu sabagai kantua puseknyo.<ref name="48HoursInKigali">{{cite news |title=Kigali city guide: where to eat, drink, shop and stay in Rwanda's charming capital |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/48-hours-in/kigali-city-guide-things-to-do-best-hotels-restaurants-rwanda-a8819566.html |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Heather |last=Richardson |date=13 March 2019 |access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Centenary">{{cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/87691 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |title=Mainstory: Kigali City through history |date=24 November 2007 |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == * {{cite book |last=Adekunle |first=Julius |year=2007 |title=Culture and customs of Rwanda |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33177-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0FC40EQujwC}} * {{cite book |author1=[[African Development Bank]] |author2=[[OECD]] |publisher=OECD Publishing |year=2006 |title=African Economic Outlook |edition=5th |isbn=978-92-64-02243-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpEFOR6WmfYC}} * {{cite book |last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |last2=Gates |first2=Henry Louis |year=2010 |title=Encyclopedia of Africa |volume=1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533770-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC }} * {{cite book |last1=Briggs |first1=Philip |last2=Booth |first2=Janice |year=2006 |title=Rwanda – The Bradt Travel Guide |edition=3rd |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-841621-80-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2Sq4S3P5fQC}} * {{cite journal |last1=Cassimon |first1=Danny |last2=Engelen |first2=Peter-Jan |last3=Reyntjens |first3=Filip |title=Rwanda's involvement in Eastern DRC: A criminal real options approach |journal=Crime, Law and Social Change |date=2013 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=39–62 |doi=10.1007/s10611-012-9397-7 |s2cid=145263108 |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/46993/1/MPRA_paper_46993.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Cassimon et al.|2013}}}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDOZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |title=Rwanda |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-78477-096-9 |first1=Phillip |last1=Briggs |first2=Sean |last2=Connolly}} * {{cite web |ssrn=2682850 |first1=Tom |last1=Bundervoet |first2=Laban |last2=Maiyo |first3=Apurva |last3=Sanghi 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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgXoAAAAIAAJ |isbn=978-0-7190-0671-5 }} * {{cite book |last=Louis |first=William Roger |year=1963 |title=Ruanda-Urundi, 1884–1919 |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYKRAAAAIAAJ |isbn=978-0-19-821621-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |author-link=Mahmood Mamdani |year=2002 |title=When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-10280-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC }} * {{cite web |title=Understanding Dropout and Repetition in Rwanda: Full Report |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (Rwanda)|Ministry of Education, Republic of Rwanda]] (MINEDUC) and [[UNICEF]] |date=20 September 2017 |access-date=20 May 2020 |url=http://www.rencp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/DROPOUT-STUDY-FULL-REPORT.pdf |ref={{sfnRef|MINEDUC|UNICEF|2017|p=xvi}}}} * {{cite web |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (Rwanda)|Ministry of Education, Republic of Rwanda]] (MINEDUC) |date=December 2018 |title=2018 Education Statistics |url=http://statistics.gov.rw/file/7889/download?token=2YQpU2XL |access-date=11 May 2020 |ref={{sfnRef|MINEDUC|2018}} |format=PDF }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book |last1=Munyakazi |first1=Augustine |last2=Ntagaramba |first2=Johnson Funga |year=2005 |title=Atlas of Rwanda |language=fr |publisher=Macmillan Education |isbn=978-0-333-95451-5}} * {{cite web |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] (NISR) |year=2012a |title=Population size, structure and distribution |url=http://statistics.gov.rw/file/2907/download?token=i09m0Bly |access-date=1 June 2018 |ref={{sfnref|NISR|2012a}} |format=PDF |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119112823/http://statistics.gov.rw/file/2907/download?token=i09m0Bly |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite web |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] (NISR) |year=2012b |title=Final Results: Main indicators report |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/file/2868/download?token=xjcIMAtB |access-date=18 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|NISR|2012b}} |format=PDF}} * {{cite report |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/rphc4-thematic-report-socio-cultural-characteristics-population |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] (NISR) |title=Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2012: Socio-cultural characteristics of the population |date=January 2014 |access-date=5 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|NISR|2014}}}} * {{cite book |last=Prunier |first=Gérard |author-link=Gérard Prunier |year=1999 |title=The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide |edition=2nd |publisher=Fountain Publishers Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3aNPwAACAAJ |isbn=978-9970-02-089-8 }} * {{Cite web |title=Performance audit report on procurement and management of drugs and medical supplies and its impact on health care at University Teaching Hospital-Kigali |publisher=Office of the Auditor General, Rwanda (OAG) |date=April 2016 |access-date=20 February 2021 |url=https://oag.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Performance_Reports/PROCUREMENT_AND_MANAGEMENT_OF_DRUGS_AND_MEDICAL_SUPPLIES_AND_ITS_IMPACT_ON_QUALITY_OF_HEALTH_CARE_AT_CHUK.pdf |ref={{sfnref|OAG|2016}} |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514173417/https://oag.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Performance_Reports/PROCUREMENT_AND_MANAGEMENT_OF_DRUGS_AND_MEDICAL_SUPPLIES_AND_ITS_IMPACT_ON_QUALITY_OF_HEALTH_CARE_AT_CHUK.pdf |dead-url=yes }} * {{Cite web |title=Youth development success amongst motorcycle taxi drivers in Kigali |first=Will |last=Rollason |publisher=[[Brunel University]] |year=2012 |access-date=19 February 2021 |url= https://www.brunel.ac.uk/research/Projects/pdf/Urban-development-success.pdf }} * {{cite web |publisher=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) |year=2013 |title=Kigali: State of Environment and Outlook Report 2013 |url=https://na.unep.net/siouxfalls/publications/Kigali_SOE.pdf |access-date=15 May 2018 |ref={{sfnref|REMA|2013}} |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212070018/https://na.unep.net/siouxfalls/publications/Kigali_SOE.pdf |dead-url=yes }} * {{Cite web |title=List of FM and TV stations operating in Rwanda and their approximate coverage |publisher=Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA) |date=30 July 2018 |access-date=18 February 2021 |via=Rwanda Governance Board |url=http://www.rgb.rw/fileadmin/Publications/Media/LIST_OF_FM_STATIONS_OPERATING_IN_RWANDA_AND_THEIR_APPROXIMATE_COVERAGE_01.pdf |ref={{sfnref|RURA|2018}} |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713193534/http://www.rgb.rw/fileadmin/Publications/Media/LIST_OF_FM_STATIONS_OPERATING_IN_RWANDA_AND_THEIR_APPROXIMATE_COVERAGE_01.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtDAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA164 |title=A Military History of Africa [3 volumes] |first=Timothy J. |last=Stapleton |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-313-39570-3}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYuNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |title=A History of Genocide in Africa |first=Timothy J. |last=Stapleton |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4408-3052-5}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rfjw_5JL0DsC&pg=PA22 |title=Rwanda in Pictures |first=Thomas |last=Streissguth |edition=illustrated |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8225-8570-1}} * {{cite book |last=Twagilimana |first=Aimable |year=2015 |title=Historical Dictionary of Rwanda |edition=2nd |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5591-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9E6xCgAAQBAJ }} * {{cite web |publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |author-link=United Nations Development Programme |year=2015 |title=Population projections |url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/rwanda/img/pubcovers/UNDP_RW_NHDR-final-March%2031.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |ref={{sfnref|UNDP|2015}} |archive-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516215305/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/rwanda/img/pubcovers/UNDP_RW_NHDR-final-March%2031.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Vansina |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Vansina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgT-lyk40agC |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-2992-0123-4 |title=Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom}} * {{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=Graeme |last2=Renzi |first2=Barbara Gabriella |last3=Viggiani |first3=Elisabetta |year=2010 |title=Friends and Foes Volume II: Friendship and Conflict from Social and Political Perspectives |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-1993-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=L0MaBwAAQBAJ}}}} * {{cite web |title=Primary Health Care Systems: Case study from Rwanda |version=abridged |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |year=2017 |access-date=16 February 2021 |url= https://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/projects/AHPSR-PRIMASYS-Rwanda-Abridged.pdf?ua=1 |ref={{sfnref|WHO|2017}}}} * {{cite book |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=2004 |title=Education in Rwanda: Rebalancing Resources to Accelerate Post-conflict Development and Poverty Reduction |series=Country Studies |doi=10.1596/0-8213-5610-0 |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/0-8213-5610-0 |isbn=978-0-8213-5610-4 |ref={{sfnref|World Bank|2004}} }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite web |title=Rwanda Economic Update |access-date=24 January 2021 |date=February 2016 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/126991468197359041/pdf/103618-WP-P156677-PUBLIC-Rwanda-Economic-Update-Feb-25-2016.pdf |ref={{sfnref|World Bank|2016}}}} * {{cite web |author=World Resources Report |year=2011 |title=Maintenance of Hydropower Potential in Rwanda Through Ecosystem Restoration |url=http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153346/http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=10 February 2020 }} [[Kategori:Kigali]] [[Kategori:Kota di Rwanda]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota nagara di Afrika]] qjwidy5h5jiqc9s97h4v83m19wpaz4h 0 476052 3346784 3168981 2026-05-18T11:46:31Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taman Nasional Kelimutu''' adolah sabuah [[taman nasional]] nan talatak di [[Kabupaten Ende]], Provinsi [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]], Indonesia. Taman nasional iko mampunyoi laweh sakitar 5.356,5 hektar jo ditatapkan sabagai kawasan taman nasional pado tahun 1992 jo perluehan pado tahun 1997 badasarkan keputuihan malalui menteri kahutanan. Pado Surat Kaputusan No. 675/Kpts-II/97, lawehnyo manjadi 5.356,5 hektar. Garih bateh total ditatapkan sapanjang 48.423,44 meter jo jumlah pal bateh sabanyak 241 pal bateh. Bateh iko mamisahkan antaro kawasan hutan jo 24 desa dalam 5 wilayah kecamatan di Kabupaten Ende.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kelimutu.id/profil/umum|title=Website & Situation Room Balai Taman Nasional Kelimutu|last=Solusindo|first=Gamma Media|website=kelimutu.id|access-date=2025-05-14|archive-date=2022-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202195323/https://kelimutu.id/profil/umum|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:Taman Nasional di Indonesia]] 8s9kad0x8ka9yjm0p14wx513xafgvjc 0 476094 3346760 3169151 2026-05-18T00:35:23Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang}} '''José Alberto "Pepe" Mujica Cordano''' ({{lahirmati||20|5|1935||13|5|2025}}) adolah surang politikus, revolusioner, jo patani [[Uruguay]] nan manjabat sabagai [[Presiden Uruguay|presiden]] ka-40 dari tahun 2010 hinggo 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=⇨ José Pepe Mujica: Biography of the Former President|url=https://pepemujica.com/en/|access-date=11 April 2021|website=José Pepe Mujica|date=9 April 2021|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pamarentahan Mujica manerapan babagai kabijakan progresif, tamasuak dekriminalisasi [[aborsi]], malegalan konsumsi [[ganjo]], sarato mambuliahan [[panikahan sasamo janih]]. Langkah-langkah tambahan mampakuaik sarikaik pakarajo nagara tu jo sacaro signifikan maningkekan upah minimum.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Caistor |first1=Nick |author1-link=Nick Caistor |title=José 'Pepe' Mujica obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/14/jose-pepe-mujica-obituary |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=14 May 2025}}</ref> Salamo maso jabatannyo, Mujica digambarkan sabagai “presiden tamiskin di dunia” karano gaya hiduiknyo nan sederhana jo suko manyumbangan sakitar 90% dari gajinyo sagadang US$12.000 untuak badan amal nan mandukuang urang miskin jo pangusaho ketek.<ref name="vlad">{{cite news |last = Hernandez |first = Vladimir |title = Jose Mujica: The World's 'Poorest' President |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20243493 |newspaper = BBC News Magazine |date = 14 November 2012 |archive-date = 24 July 2018 |access-date = 22 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180724231629/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20243493 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>Jonathan Watts (13 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/13/uruguay-president-jose-mujica?CMP=fb_gu Uruguay's president José Mujica: no palace, no motorcade, no frills] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123425/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/13/uruguay-president-jose-mujica?CMP=fb_gu|date=9 July 2018}}. ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 15 December 2013.</ref> Inyo marupokan surang pangkritik [[kapitalisme]] nan manimbun harato bando nan indak bamanfaat bagi kabanyakan urang.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 April 2015|title=Interview: the "philosopher president" of Uruguay|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/interview-the-philosopher-president-of-uruguay/2019472.article|access-date=17 February 2022|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217170031/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/interview-the-philosopher-president-of-uruguay/2019472.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bourcier |first1=Nicolas |last2=Legrand |first2=Christine |date=27 May 2014 |title=Uruguay's José Mujica: the 'humble' leader with grand ideas |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/27/jose-mujica-uruguay-maverick-president |access-date=5 December 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Politikus Uruguay]] [[Kategori:Presiden Uruguay]] 4xct48xun4j995x68rfpi7dopg80fzo 0 476109 3346771 3169207 2026-05-18T06:01:04Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346771 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nuku'alofa Skyline.JPG|thumb|Panorama kota]] '''Nukuʻalofa''' adolah ibu kota jo kota tagadang nagara [[Tonga]] nan talatak di pantai utara pulau [[Tongatapu]], di gugusan pulau paliang selatan nagara tu. Hampia kasadoan kagiatan ekonomi, pamarentahan jo pariwisata dilakuan di kota ko, nan didukuang dek palabuahan nan dalam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/Nukualofa/346230|title=Nuku‘alofa|website=Britannica Kids|language=en-US|access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref> Pado tahun 2025, panduduaknyo dipakiroan sabanyak 21.511 jiwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/tonga/nuku'alofa?utm_source=chatgpt.com|title=Nuku'alofa Population 2025|website=worldpopulationreview.com|language=en|access-date=2025-05-18}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pado tanggal 10 Juni 1777, panjalajah [[Inggirih]], [[James Cook]], tibo di Nukuʻalofa jo kamudian mametaan taluaknyo.<ref>Cook, 1784, p. 277</ref> Catatan tatulih patamo tantang Nukuʻalofa tadapek dalam buku khusus patamo untuak Tonga karya surang misionaris Inggirih, George Vason, nan ditabikan pado tahun 1810. Inyo sandiri tibo di Tonga pado tahun 1797.<ref>Vason, 1810, p. 68</ref> Pado tahun 1875, wilayah ko manjadi ibu kota Karajaan Tonga nan dinyatoan dek Rajo George Taufaʻahau Tupou I disaratoi [[Konstitusi Tonga|Deklarasi Konstitusi]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The city trip guide for Nuku'alofa (Tonga)|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=s_QvEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&dq=history+of+Nuku%CA%BBalofa&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhzJzLs62NAxUrnmMGHXQbPK0Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20Nuku%CA%BBalofa&f=false|publisher=YouGuide Ltd|isbn=978-1-83706-278-2|language=Inggirih|first=YouGuide|last=Ltd}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == * {{cite book|last=Cook|first=James|title=A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean: Undertaken by the Command of His Majesty, for Making Discoveries in the Northern Hemisphere, to Determine the Position and Extent of the West Side of North America; Its Distance from Asia; and the Practicability of a Northern Passage to Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WXkUFIYoCMC|year=1784|publisher=H. Chamberlaine|location=Dublin|oclc=14230651}} * Vason G, ''An authentic of narrative of four years residence at one of the Friendly Islands'', 1810 [[Kategori:Nukuʻalofa]] [[Kategori:Kota di Tonga]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota nagara di Oseania]] s5xtqvrzj2n90lu75kemvaf5z7o6afk 0 476668 3346778 3341274 2026-05-18T09:59:47Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346778 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Rumah Gadang 18 Ruang 01.jpg|jmpl|Rumah Gadang 18 Ruang nan ado di Nagari Abai, Kabupaten Solok Selatan]] {{commonscat|Rumah Gadang 18 Ruang}} '''Rumah Gadang 18 Ruang''' marupoan [[Rumah Gadang|rumah adat Minangkabau]] nan talatak di Nagari [[Nagari Abai|Abai]], Kecamatan [[Sangir Batang Hari, Solok Selatan|Sangir Batang Hari]], Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Solok Selatan|Solok Selatan]], Provinsi [[Sumatera Barat]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maheff.com/daftar-cb-odcb-sumbar/|title=Daftar CB ODCB Sumbar|website=Maheff|language=id|access-date=2025-09-27}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rumah Gadang ko [[Cagar budaya|marupokan cagar budayo]] di Kabupaten Solok Selatan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rangkiangbudaya.wordpress.com/sumatera-barat/kabupaten-solok-selatan/|title=Kabupaten Solok Selatan|date=2013-01-20|website=Rangkiang Budaya (Raya)|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref> Rumah Gadang ko barado indak jauah dari [[Rumah Gadang 21 Ruang]]. Bangunan Rumah Gadang ko punyo kaum Datuak Rajo Tuo dari suku [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|Malayu]] Gadiang di Nagari Abai. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://tourism.solselkab.go.id/details/detil_wisata/60|title=Rumah Gadang 18 Ruang|last=Solok Selatan Tourism|access-date=2025-09-27|archive-date=2024-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425011409/https://tourism.solselkab.go.id/details/detil_wisata/60|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kini ko, Rumah Gadang mamiliki 18 ruang nan dibangun manuruik pakambangan suku. Salain itu digunoan untuak acara adaik, musyawarah, malewakan jo batagak gala datuak, alek panikahan, dakwah jo jikok ado anggota kaluarga nan maningga, mareka disamayamkan di tampek iko.<ref name=":0" /> == Bantuak bangunan == Rumah gadang ko punyo 18 ruang nan bafungsi sabagai kamar. Satiok kamar dulu punyo pintu untuak manuju dapua. Kini pintu dapua indak ado lai. Rumah gadang punyo konstruksi sarupo rumah panggung, atap seng bagalombang, jo jumlah gonjong 12 (6 di kida, 6 di suok). Salain itu, di Bagian sarambi ado pulo ciek gonjong, tapi indak dihituang dalam jumlah gonjong di rumah gadang. Rumah gadang ko dulu punyo atok ijuiak. Atok ijuak diganti jo seng pado taun 1942 salanjuiknyo bahan kayu nan diambiak dari hutan. Caro untuak maambiaknyo adolah jo mangerahkan anak Nagari Abai jo [[Batombe]] (babaleh pantun).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://bpkwil3.kemdikbud.go.id/detail.cagarbudaya/306|title=BPKWIL3|website=bpkwil3.kemdikbud.go.id|access-date=2025-09-27}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dindiang bangunan tabuek dari sasak nan ditutuik jo simin. Parubahan iko tajadi sakitar taun 1970. Bangunan ko maadok ka arah barat, dan saluruahnyo tabuek dari kayu. Hanyo dindiang jo bagian bawah bangunan (kolong) ado tadapek anjuang nan talatak di sabalah kida jo kida bangunan. Lantainyo dari papan, dan langik-langiknyo dari papan lambresering. Bangunan ko punyo ciek pintu di bagian muko. Jendelanyo panel jo jalusi. Dimuko bangunan rumah gadang ado duo rangkiang.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Galeri poto == <gallery> Berkas:Rumah_Gadang_18_Ruang_02.jpg|Bagian muko Berkas:Rumah_Gadang_18_Ruang_04.jpg|Bagian sampiang Berkas:Rumah_Gadang_18_Ruang_08.jpg|Tonggak Berkas:Rumah_Gadang_18_Ruang_07.jpg|Jendela Berkas:Rumah_Gadang_18_Ruang_05.jpg|Barando muko jo janjang naiak </gallery> == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiRantau]] [[Kategori:Rumah Gadang]] 4tf5ksmqf5funvl6obr28ggka1999si 0 476669 3346779 3186733 2026-05-18T10:07:16Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346779 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Rumah PDRI Bidar Alam 01.jpg|jmpl|Rumah PDRI Bidar Alam di Nagari Bidar Alam]] {{commonscat|Rumah PDRI Bidar Alam}} '''Rumah Bidar Alam PDRI''', nan labiah dikenal sabagai Rumah Jama, marupoan situs basijarah nan tamasuak kadalam cagar budayo talatak di Jorong Bulian, Nagari Nagari [[Bidar Alam]], Kecamatan [[Sangir Jujuan, Solok Salatan|Sangir Jujuan]][[Kabupaten Solok Selatan|, Kabupaten Solok Selatan,]] Provinsi [[Sumatera Barat]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maheff.com/daftar-cb-odcb-sumbar/|title=Daftar CB ODCB Sumbar|website=Maheff|language=id|access-date=2025-09-27}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://bpkwil3.kemdikbud.go.id/detail.cagarbudaya/223|title=BPKWIL3|website=bpkwil3.kemdikbud.go.id|access-date=2025-09-27}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bangunan iko sangaik pantiang pado maso [[Pamarintahan Darurat Republik Indonesia]] (PDRI) pado taun 1948 inggo 1949.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvrinews.com/berita/tmg6fpw-rumah-jama-saksi-perjuangan-pdri-di-solok-selatan|title=Rumah Jama Saksi Perjuangan PDRI di Solok Selatan|last=News|first=TVRI|website=TVRI News|language=id|access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nusantara62.com/nasional/37114186897/cagar-budaya-di-sumatera-barat-rumah-pdri-bidar-alam-digunakan-pejuang-melawan-belanda|title=Cagar Budaya di Sumatera Barat, Rumah PDRI Bidar Alam, Digunakan Pejuang Melawan Belanda - Nusantara 62|last=Nusantara62 01|first=Tim|website=Cagar Budaya di Sumatera Barat, Rumah PDRI Bidar Alam, Digunakan Pejuang Melawan Belanda - Nusantara 62|language=id|access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref> == Peran dalam Sijarah PDRI == Rumah ko bafungsi sabagai pusek kontrol pamarintah dan juo bafungsi sabagai tampek rapek kabinet di bawah kapamimpinan [[Sjafruddin Prawiranegara|Syafruddin Prawiranegara]]. Disikolah pamarintahan darurat dilatakkan satalah pamimpin-pamimpin Republik Indonesia, [[Soekarno]] jo [[Mohammad Hatta]], ditangkok jo diasiangkan dek [[Balando]] ka [[Kepulauan Bangka Belitung|Bangka]]. Syafruddin Prawiranegara manjabat sabagai pimpinan PDRI (Republik Demokratik Indonesia) di rumah gadang iko salamo labiah kurang tigo satangah bulan.<ref name=":0" /> Rumah gadang ko manyimpan sajuta makna jo kenangan bagi bangsa Indonesia. Sabagai markas, rumah iko juo bafungsi sabagai lokasi pancetakan Rupiah darurat jo bafungsi sabagai Istano Nagara pado taun 1949, katiko Bidar Alam manjadi ibu kota darurat Indonesia.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Bantuak bangunan == Rumah ko babantuak [[Rumah Gadang|Rumah Gadang Minangkabau]] nan bangonjong limo sarato punyo ruangan/biliak muko sarato dilengkapi jo dapua. Rumah Gadang mamiliki lantai pangguang sakitar 1 m jo panjang 10 m sarato leba 7 m. Rumah Gadang ko tabagi manjadi babarapo ruangan, yoitu ruang muko nan baukuran 3,2 m x 3,2 m jo janjang di sabalah kanan atau sabalah selatan ruang muko. Ruangan muko mampunyoi 8 jendela kaco di sisi kanan, kiri, jo muko. Ruang utamo adolah bagian nan paliang gadang jo paliang laweh jo panjang 10 m jo leba 7 m. Ruangan tu tabantang utara-selatan jo tigo biliak nan baturuik-turuik. Ruangan utamo ditopang dek 16 tiang utamo jo diameter 50 cm. Atok rumah ko tabuek dari seng jo 5 gonjong, 4 di antaronyo bajalan utara-selatan, sadangkan ciek barado di ruangan muko nan maadok ka jalan.<ref name=":1" /> == Galeri poto == <gallery> Berkas:Rumah PDRI Bidar Alam 02.jpg|Bagian muko Berkas:Rumah PDRI Bidar Alam 03.jpg|Bagian sampiang Berkas:Rumah PDRI Bidar Alam 04.jpg|Papan namo Berkas:Rumah PDRI Bidar Alam 07.jpg|Jendela Berkas:Rumah PDRI Bidar Alam 05.jpg|Barando muko jo tanggo naik </gallery> == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiRantau]] nvxfld9xzs4s0jj0tea2wn36dkwi5nq 0 476862 3346772 3341417 2026-05-18T07:23:56Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|Pantai Teluk Tapang}} [[Berkas:Gelanggang Dewa Pantai Teluk Tapang 09.jpg|jmpl|Pamandangan di Gelanggang Dewa, Pantai Taluak Tapang, Kabupaten Pasaman Barat]] '''Pantai Taluak Tapang''' adolah destinasi wisata pantai nan ado di nagari [[Air Bangih|Aia Bangih]], Kecamatan [[Sungai Beremas, Pasaman Baraik|Sungai Beremas]], Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Pasaman Barat|Pasaman Barat]].<ref>https://respasamanbarat.sumbar.polri.go.id/2025/04/05/pantai-teluk-tapang-kecamatan-sungai-beremas-kabupaten-pasaman-barat-dipadati-pengunjung#0{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pantai Taluak Tapang barado dakek kawasan Pelabuhan Teluk Tapang nan marupokan kawasan maritim nan sangaik pantiang di Pantai Barat Sumatera dan masuak kadalam sambilan taluak nan ado di nagari Aia Bangih.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.topsumbar.co.id/berita/38709/pelabuhan-teluk-tapang-destinasi-wisata-yang-jadi-kunci-penting-dalam-sejarah-maritim-di-sumbar|title=Pelabuhan Teluk Tapang, Destinasi Wisata yang Jadi Kunci Penting dalam Sejarah Maritim di Sumbar|last=Tanjung|first=Hanny|date=2024-06-10|website=TopSumbar.co.id|language=id|access-date=2025-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airbangis.com/air-bangis-dan-keistimewaannya/|title=Air Bangis dan Keistimewaannya|last=Editor|date=2019-04-30|website=Airbangis.com|language=en-US|access-date=2025-11-08}}</ref> == Jalan kasitu == Pantai Taluak Tapang barado di Nagari Aia Bangih nan bajarak sakitar 100 Km dari Ibukota Kabupaten Pasaman Barat dan bajarak sakitar 280 Km dari Ibukota Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Kini ko akses jalan manuju teluk tapang alah mulai rancak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/623179/akses-jalan-ke-pelabuhan-teluk-tapang-rampung-1787-km|title=Akses jalan ke Pelabuhan Teluk Tapang rampung 17,87 km|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|date=2024-08-03|website=Antara News Sumbar|access-date=2025-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biroumum.sumbarprov.go.id/home/read/146-gubernur-sumatera-barat-tinjau-akses-jalan-ke-pelabuhan-teluk-tapang.html|title=Biro Umum Sumatera Barat|website=biroumum.sumbarprov.go.id|access-date=2025-11-08|archive-date=2025-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811105711/https://biroumum.sumbarprov.go.id/home/read/146-gubernur-sumatera-barat-tinjau-akses-jalan-ke-pelabuhan-teluk-tapang.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Sijarah == [[Berkas:Gelanggang Dewa Pantai Teluk Tapang 10.jpg|jmpl|Pondok-pondok wisata di lokasi Pantai Taluak Tapang.]]Palabuhan Taluak Tapang mulai ditata pado maso pamarintahan Hindia Belando pado taun 1842.Tahap partamo pambangunannyo dimulai jo mamindahkan pusek pardagangan jo palayaran dari Pulau Panjang ka daratan nan labiah laweh di Aia Bangih. Katiko Aia Bangih manjadi ibukota Karesidenan Tapanuli, palabuhan nan ado disitu dipelokan jo pambangunan dermaga kayu jo gudang semi permanen. Kini ko dermaga hanyo manjadi kampuang nelayan tanpa ado siso-siso fasilitas lainnyo.<ref name=":0" /> Sairiang jo pakambangan zaman, Pantai Taluak Tapang kini manjadi destinasi wisata nan populer apolagi katiko maso barayo sasudah puaso, tampek iko manjadi pilihan masyarakaik untuak bawisata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padek.jawapos.com/pasaman-barat/2365850408/pantai-teluk-tapang-diserbu-wisatawan-saat-libur-lebaran|title=Pantai Teluk Tapang Diserbu Wisatawan saat Libur Lebaran - Padek Jawapos|last=Padek|first=Rohimuddin|website=Pantai Teluk Tapang Diserbu Wisatawan saat Libur Lebaran - Padek Jawapos|language=id|access-date=2025-11-08}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:Pasaman Barat]] [[Kategori:Sungai Beremas, Pasaman Baraik]] [[Kategori:WikiJalajah]] [[Kategori:Kopdar WikiJalajah]] 7si5ubzplavo44tf750mpqpzbdpf4m9 0 477210 3346776 3344746 2026-05-18T09:10:52Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands|name=Pulau Reusam|image name=|image caption=|locator_map=|native name=|native name_link=|location=[[Aceh]]|coordinates=4.645278142370148, 95.556494964666|archipelago=|total islands=|major islands=|area km2=|rank=|highest mount=|elevation m=|country=[[Indonesia]]|country admin divisions title=|country admin divisions=|country largest city=|country largest city population=|population=10.116|population as of=|density km2=|ethnic groups=|demonym=}}'''Pulau Reusam''' adolah sabuah pulau ketek nan talatak di [[Setia Bakti, Aceh Jaya|Kecamatan Setia Bakti]], [[Kabupaten Aceh Jaya]], [[Aceh]] . Iko marupoan objek wisata alami, khususnyo untuak [[Selam|manyalam]] jo [[Selam permukaan|manyalam pamukoan]] . == Daerah pamarintahan == Pulau Reusam terletak di [[Setia Bakti, Aceh Jaya|Kecamatan Setia Bakti]], [[Kabupaten Aceh Jaya]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Izwar|date=Maret 2017|title=Persepsi Pengunjung Ekowisata Pulau Reusam Terhadap Masyarakat Pengelola Kawasan Ekowisata dalam Rangka Pengembangan Kawasan Ekowisata Secara Berkelanjutan|url=https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/318989-persepsi-pengunjung-ekowisata-pulau-reus-813850ba.pdf|journal=Jurnal Bionatural|volume=4|issue=1|pages=6|issn=2355-3790}}</ref> Pulau Reusam talatak di pasisia barat [[Sumatera]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Surur|first=Fadhil|date=2020|url=https://repositori.uin-alauddin.ac.id/17881/1/Fadhil%20Surur%20Ok.pdf|title=Wisata Halal: Konsep dan Aplikasi|location=Gowa|publisher=Alauddin University Press|isbn=978-602-328-358-3|pages=193|access-date=2026-02-12|archive-date=2021-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525202859/http://repositori.uin-alauddin.ac.id/17881/1/Fadhil%20Surur%20Ok.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dari segi ukuran, Pulau Reusam adolah sabuah pulau nan sangaik ketek. Lawehnyo hanyo sakitar 22 hektar. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Izwar, dkk.|date=Oktober 2019|title=Carrying Capacity of Reusam Aceh Jaya Island Becomes an Ecotourism Area|url=https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.24-10-2019.2290615|journal=Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences and Interdisciplinary Studies|at=Halaman ke-5|doi=10.4108/eai.24-10-2019.2290615}}</ref> Pulau Reusam hanyo bajarak 8 km dari pusek kota.&nbsp;bajarak 10 km dari pusek pamarintahan jo ibu kota Kabupaten Aceh Jaya yaitu [[Calang, Aceh Jaya|Kecamatan Calang]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Izwar, dkk.|date=Oktober 2019|title=Suitability of the Natural Resources of Reusam Aceh Jaya Island to Become an Ecotourism Area|url=https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.24-10-2019.2290603|journal=Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences and Interdisciplinary Studies|at=Halaman ke-6|doi=10.4108/eai.24-10-2019.2290603}}</ref> == Paruntuakan == Pulau Reusam alah manjadi objek wisata alam di Kecamatan Setia Bakti. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Bupati Aceh Jaya|date=1 Desember 2014|title=Qanun Kabupaten Aceh Jaya Nomor 9 Tahun 2014 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten Aceh Jaya Tahun 2014-2034|url=https://jdihn.go.id/files/378/QANUN_RTRW_Kab__Aceh_Jaya_No_9_Tahun_2014_3022015ok_UTK_DIEDARKAN.pdf|work=Jaringan Dokumentasi dan Informasi Hukum Nasional|pages=75-76|access-date=2026-02-12|archive-date=2023-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111025551/https://jdihn.go.id/files/378/QANUN_RTRW_Kab__Aceh_Jaya_No_9_Tahun_2014_3022015ok_UTK_DIEDARKAN.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Lokasi iko digunoan sabagai tampek [[Selam|manyalam]] jo [[Selam permukaan|manyalam pamukoan]] untuak wisatawan. <ref>{{Cite book|date=2020|url=https://bappeda.acehjayakab.go.id/media/2020.03/GABUNGAN_RKPK_2020_24032020.pdf|title=Rencana Kerja Pemerintah Kabupaten (RKPK) Tahun 2020|publisher=Pemerintah Kabupaten Aceh Jaya|pages=84}}</ref> == Referensi == ngxctqccpt9eup3wy7pmfimztxxyhzr 0 477641 3346780 3345776 2026-05-18T10:48:05Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3346780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sonita Lontoh''' adolah saurang [[teknokrat]] [[Amerika Sarikaik|,]] [[Ekonom|ahli ekonomi]], [[Energi ramah lingkungan|jo]] [[profesional]] [[Indonesia]] nan dipicayo untuak mamacik jabatan [[eksekutif]] di ''[[Silicon Valley|Trilliant]]'' ''Inc.'' <ref name="swa.co.id">[http://swa.co.id/headline/sonita-lontoh-srikandi-indonesia-di-lembah-silicon-2 "Sonita Lontoh: Srikandi Indonesia di Lembah Silicon"] ''[[SWA]]'', [[11 Januari]] 2013. Diakses [[19 November]] 2015.</ref> Inyo dikenal [[Internasional|sacaro internasional]] sabagai [[Manusia|tokoh]] ''[[Teknologi bersih|teknologi hijau]]'' . == Karir jo Kegiatan == Padusi ko, nan alah bakarier labiah dari 15 taun di ''Lambah'' ''Silicon'' jo manjabat sabagai ''Kapalo Pamasaran Global jo Strategi Perusahaan di'' [[Organisasi nirlaba|Trilliant]] [[Lembaga|Inc.]] <ref name="cnnindonesia.com">[http://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20150420103245-92-47818/lembaga-ini-ingin-bawa-wirausaha-indonesia-ke-lembah-silikon/ "Lembaga Ini Ingin Bawa Wirausaha Indonesia ke Lembah Silikon"] ''[[CNN Indonesia]]'', [[20 April]] 2015. Diakses 19 November 2015.</ref> Karano masih saketek padusi nan talibaik, dalam program ''TechWomen'', sabuah gagasan dari [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] katiko inyo manjadi [[Menteri Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat|Mantari Nagari Amerika Serikat]], Sonita sabagai [[mentor]] talibaik aktif dalam [[Motivasi|mamotivasi]] padusi untuak ikuik dalam sektor [[teknologi]] . <ref name="tabloidnova.com">[http://tabloidnova.com/Profil/Sonita-Lontoh-Ahli-Energi-Dari-Silicon-Valley "Sonita Lontoh, Ahli Energi dari Silicon Valley"] {{Webarchive}} ''[[Tabloid Nova|Nova]]'', [[27 Mei]] 2014. Diakses 19 November 2015.</ref> Sonita juo baparan dalam urusan [[Diaspora|parantau]], jo diangkek sabagai Katua Dewan Parantau Indonesia untuak mambarikan kakuatan pado sakitar 8 juta [[Diaspora Indonesia|panduduak Indonesia nan tingga di lua nagari]] nan taseba di babagai nagara di saluruah dunia. <ref name="tabloidnova.com2">[http://tabloidnova.com/Profil/Sonita-Lontoh-Ahli-Energi-Dari-Silicon-Valley "Sonita Lontoh, Ahli Energi dari Silicon Valley"] {{Webarchive}} ''[[Tabloid Nova|Nova]]'', [[27 Mei]] 2014. Diakses 19 November 2015.</ref> Sonita pernah mandapekan panghargaan ''Kewirausahaan dan Keunggulan Perusahaan'', panghargaan untuak [[individu]] [[Diaspora|dari parantau]] nan dianggap luar biaso dari [[Pamarentah Indonesia|pamarintah Indonesia]] . <ref name="tabloidnova.com3">[http://tabloidnova.com/Profil/Sonita-Lontoh-Ahli-Energi-Dari-Silicon-Valley "Sonita Lontoh, Ahli Energi dari Silicon Valley"] {{Webarchive}} ''[[Tabloid Nova|Nova]]'', [[27 Mei]] 2014. Diakses 19 November 2015.</ref> == Pendidikan == * ''Sarjana Teknik'' dari [[Institut Teknologi Massachusetts]] (MIT) * [[MBA]] dari Sakolah Manajemen Kellogg, [[:id:Universitas_Northwestern|Universitas Northwestern]] * [[Sarjana|Sarjana Teknik Industri jo Operasi]] dari [[:id:Universitas_California,_Berkeley|Universitas California, Berkeley]] == Kahidupan pribadi == Sonita Lontoh lahia dari ayah [[Urang Minahasa|minahasan]] sarato ibu [[Bangso Minangkabau|minangkabau]] . <ref name="swa.co.id2">[http://swa.co.id/headline/sonita-lontoh-srikandi-indonesia-di-lembah-silicon-2 "Sonita Lontoh: Srikandi Indonesia di Lembah Silicon"] ''[[SWA]]'', [[11_Januari]] 2013. Diakses [[19_November]] 2015.</ref> Inyo manikah jo surang laki-laki Amerika, Adam Skargard, pado taun 2001. <ref name="cnn.com">[http://money.cnn.com/gallery/news/2013/07/18/marriage-money/5.html "Avoided money talks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128092714/https://money.cnn.com/gallery/news/2013/07/18/marriage-money/5.html |date=2020-11-28 }} ''[[CNN]]'', [[18 Juli]] 2013. Diakses [[20 November]] 2015.</ref> == Panghargaan == * ''Kewirausahaan dan Keunggulan Perusahaan'' dari pemerintah Indonesia. * ''Pamimpin Muncua Global di bawah 40'' dari ''Asosiasi Nasional MBA'' * ''Pangharagoan untuak Kaunggulan dalam Mamimpin'' * ''Manganjurkan jo Mangambangkan Pamimpin Dunia'' <ref name="tabloidnova.com4">[http://tabloidnova.com/Profil/Sonita-Lontoh-Ahli-Energi-Dari-Silicon-Valley "Sonita Lontoh, Ahli Energi dari Silicon Valley"] {{Webarchive}} ''[[Tabloid Nova|Nova]]'', [[27 Mei]] 2014. Diakses 19 November 2015.</ref> == Rujuakan == qi8gk2qj9rp03bfbqzta0w9hygsgb9h 0 477798 3346736 3346735 2026-05-17T11:59:55Z Ariefcomputer 8308 3346736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dusun |nama = Lubuk Benteng |provinsi = Jambi |nama dati2 = Bungo |dati2 = Kabupaten |kecamatan = Bathin III |kode pos = 37211 |peta = <mapframe latitude="-1.428246" longitude="102.039986" zoom="6" width="200" height="100" /> |luas = ... km² |penduduk = ... jiwa |kepadatan = ... jiwa/km² |kampung = 2 kampung |rio = Hairul}} '''Lubuk Benteng''' yaitu daerah tingkek Desa/[[Dusun (Bungo)|Dusun]] di kecamatan [[Bathin III, Bungo|Bathin III]], Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Bungo|Bungo]], Provinsi [[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]]. == '''Sijarah''' == === Sijarah [[Dusun]] Lubuk Benteng === Kisah Nagari Lubuk Benteng diawali dari sakalompok sambilan keturunan kapalo keluarga asalnyo dari Desa [[Empelu]], H. Kuris, Ismael, H. Thalib, Hasan Bilal Mpul, H. Junit, H. Karem, Mat Dinai dan Petok, dipimpin oleh seorang Penghulu. banamo Haji Karamo Jayo, bagala Rajo Pengulu. Inyo barangkek dari kampuang asanyo untuak mancari tanah nan dipiliah, ka untuak dijadikan dusun atau nageri. Tibo di tampek nan banamo [[Dusun]] [[Teluk Panjang, Bathin III, Bungo|Teluk Panjang]] pado maso itu dipimpin dek surang [[Kepala desa|Rio]] banamo [[Kepala desa|Rio]] Sari. Kapalo rombongan datang ka Datuk Rio Sari nak batanyo sasuatu; "nan indak lapuak dek hujan, indak lapuak dek galodo, tampek bamukim, tampek manumbuak sawah". Mako Datuak Rio Sari manyuruah manantukan sabidang tanah di sapanjang tapi Sungai Batang Tebo mulai dari Lebak Benteng sampai ka Lubuk Kapa Gedang. Di sinanlah salapan kaluarga mambukak sawah jo mambuek rumah. Babarapo taun kamudian, tigo kaluarga lai manuruik: Tuo Yet, Mat Baro, jo Kadi. Sajak taun 1935, daerah iko dikana jo namo Empelu Baru. Pado maso pandudukan Japang inggo taun 1957, kalompok iko mangalami krisis nan bakapanjangan, kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo dalam kacau balau, di antaro salapan kaluarga ado nan salamat dan ado pulo nan babaliak ka tampek asanyo, yaitu Kampuang Empelu. Pado maso krisis ko, namo Empelu Baru diubah manjadi Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru, dipimpin dek surang kapalo kampuang nan banamo Rang Tuo Yet. Walaupun baitu, di bawah kuaso Rio Teluk Panjang. Pado maso kapamimpinan Rang Tuo Yet, Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru bakambang manjadi kampuang nan kokoh. Jo diberlakukannyo [https://bphn.go.id/data/documents/79uu005.pdf UU Nomor 5 tahun 1979], status Nagari dibawah kuaso Rio manjadi Nagari langsuang di bawah koordinasi Kapalo Camat Muara Bungo, dengan namo Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru dan Kapalo Nagari partamo adolah Adnan Bin H. Karamo Jayo Rajo Pengulu. Kudian pado tahun 2004 sasudah diberlakukannyo [https://dkpp.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/uu_32_2004_pemerintahandaerah.pdf UU Nomor 32 tahun 2004], dalam konteks sosialisasi perluasan kecamatan dalam Kabupaten Bungo manuruik anjuran dari sumber sosialisasi bahaso namo-namo Nagari, Kecamatan, Kabupaten dan Kota harus punyo sekitar daerah nan bersejarah. Ateh dasar itu, Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru diubah manjadi Nagari Lubuk Benteng nan tamasuak dalam Kecamatan Bathin III Kabupaten Bungo. === Latar belakang Desa Lubuk Benteng === Kabanyo saisuak di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Lebak Benteng menurut legenda merupakan benteng pertahanan pada masa perang Raja Mataram yang berkedudukan di Tanah Periuk, melawan tentara Komring yang datang dari Palembang, jika dikaitkan dengan sejarah nasional, mungkin tentara Komring adalah tentara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun diterima atau tidaknya cerita ini, faktanya cerita tersebut ada di tengah masyarakat. Konon, sajak dulu di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Lebak Benteng, manuruik tambo, adolah benteng pertahanan wakatu parang antaro Rajo Mataram nan bapangkalan di Tanah Periuk, malawan tantara Komring nan datang dari Palembang. Kalau dikaikkan jo sijarah nasional, barangkali tantara Komring adolah tantara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun, antah carito ko ditarimo atau indak, kanyataannyo carito tu ado di kalangan urang banyak. Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Jadi manuruik seloko adaik: "Adaiknyo mangaji di alam lapang." Jadi memang tapeknyo kato lubuk digunokan untuak namo kampuang, sasuai jo kato urang alim "Sebuah namo adalah doa". === [[Agama|Agamo]], [[Suku|Suku,]] [[Bahasa|Bahaso]] jo Budayo === Masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng baagamo Islam 100%, sasuai jo hukum adaik nan manyatoan: ''"Adat bersendi syarak, syarak Bersendi kitabbullah"''. Suku Malayu Jambi adolah suku panduduak Lubuk Benteng, mareka tingga di sapanjang sungai Batang Tebo. Salain dari pado itu, di Lubuk Benteng ado pulo suku-suku pandatang sarupo [[Minangkabau]], [[Jawa]], [[Batak]], dll. Karano mayoritas panduduaknyo adolah bahaso Malayu Jambi, untuak komunikasi sahari-hari masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng mamakai bahaso Malayu Jambi atau bahaso Melayu satampek jo bahaso Indonesia. === Adaik basendi syarak, syarak Basendi kitabbullah, alam tabantang jadikan guru === Sabalun mamaluak agamo Islam, manusia manggunoan alam sabagai sumber hukum untuak maatur kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo. Mareka mandapek bimbingan dalam kagiatan sahari-hari, basosialisasi, jo barundiang; inyo maikuik-i hukum alam untuak maatur kahidupannyo. Hukum alam nan nyato, indak bisa disangkal, suci, dan indak barubah. Hukum-hukum iko dinyatokan dalam pepatah-pepatah, dalam pepatah kuno jo pepatah baru. Seluko ​​dalam pantun, Seluko ​​dalam gurindam, jo ​​Seluko ​​dalam puisi adolah bait-bait hukum alam. Ikolah nan dinyatokan dalam falsafahnyo: "Alam tebentang jadikan guru" (Alam diturunkan sebagai guru) dalam hukum adaik. Sajak datangnyo agamo Islam, agamo nan direstui Allah untuak manusia, nan diturunkan malalui Rasul-Nyo, Nabi Muhammad SAW, jo kitabnyo Al Qur'anulkarim. Alam, nan marupokan ciptaan Allah SWT, adolah sumber hukum adat nan sabananyo, karano itu indak ado hukum adat nan batantangan jo Hukum Allah. Bacolah apo nan ado di sekitar awak, kalau indak bisa mambaconyo mako caliaklah ka Al Qur'an nan dijalehkan melalui Hadis Nabi Muhammad SAW. Sasudah Parang Padri, konflik antaro adaik jo syarak nan diperdebatkan dek Balando pado abaik ka-19 di Minang Kabau barakhia jo kasapakatan antaro adaik jo syarak nan dikenal sabagai Piagam Bukik Marapalam. Isi Piagam tu adolah: “Adat bapaneh syarak balindung, syarak mangato adat mamakai” Aratinyo adat bapaneh adolah adaik bak tubuah, syarak balindung adolah batin tubuah/jiwa, aratinyo tubuah jo roh indak bisa dipisahkan, syarak mangato aratinyo syarak mambari hukum jo syarak, adat mamakai aratinyo adaik mangamalkan apo sajo nan ditantukan dek syarak. Kasimpulan dari Piagam ko biaso disabuik jo "Adat jo Syarak sanda manyanda", mako labiah umum dikatokan "Adat basendi Syarak, Syarak basendi Kitabullah; Panakik pisau siraut, panungkek batang simantung, siludang ambik kaniru; Satitiak jadikan lauik, sakepal jadikan gunuang, Alam tabantang jadikan guru''.{{Bathin III, Bungo}} [[Kategori:Bathin III, Bungo]] f57o5o30rlurbm247865zl2z43w92wl 3346737 3346736 2026-05-17T12:00:50Z Ariefcomputer 8308 3346737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dusun |nama = Lubuk Benteng |provinsi = Jambi |nama dati2 = Bungo |dati2 = Kabupaten |kecamatan = Bathin III |kode pos = 37211 |luas = ... km² |penduduk = ... jiwa |kepadatan = ... jiwa/km² |kampung = 2 kampung |rio = Hairul}} |peta = <mapframe latitude="-1.428246" longitude="102.039986" zoom="6" width="200" height="100" /> '''Lubuk Benteng''' yaitu daerah tingkek Desa/[[Dusun (Bungo)|Dusun]] di kecamatan [[Bathin III, Bungo|Bathin III]], Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Bungo|Bungo]], Provinsi [[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]]. == '''Sijarah''' == === Sijarah [[Dusun]] Lubuk Benteng === Kisah Nagari Lubuk Benteng diawali dari sakalompok sambilan keturunan kapalo keluarga asalnyo dari Desa [[Empelu]], H. Kuris, Ismael, H. Thalib, Hasan Bilal Mpul, H. Junit, H. Karem, Mat Dinai dan Petok, dipimpin oleh seorang Penghulu. banamo Haji Karamo Jayo, bagala Rajo Pengulu. Inyo barangkek dari kampuang asanyo untuak mancari tanah nan dipiliah, ka untuak dijadikan dusun atau nageri. Tibo di tampek nan banamo [[Dusun]] [[Teluk Panjang, Bathin III, Bungo|Teluk Panjang]] pado maso itu dipimpin dek surang [[Kepala desa|Rio]] banamo [[Kepala desa|Rio]] Sari. Kapalo rombongan datang ka Datuk Rio Sari nak batanyo sasuatu; "nan indak lapuak dek hujan, indak lapuak dek galodo, tampek bamukim, tampek manumbuak sawah". Mako Datuak Rio Sari manyuruah manantukan sabidang tanah di sapanjang tapi Sungai Batang Tebo mulai dari Lebak Benteng sampai ka Lubuk Kapa Gedang. Di sinanlah salapan kaluarga mambukak sawah jo mambuek rumah. Babarapo taun kamudian, tigo kaluarga lai manuruik: Tuo Yet, Mat Baro, jo Kadi. Sajak taun 1935, daerah iko dikana jo namo Empelu Baru. Pado maso pandudukan Japang inggo taun 1957, kalompok iko mangalami krisis nan bakapanjangan, kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo dalam kacau balau, di antaro salapan kaluarga ado nan salamat dan ado pulo nan babaliak ka tampek asanyo, yaitu Kampuang Empelu. Pado maso krisis ko, namo Empelu Baru diubah manjadi Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru, dipimpin dek surang kapalo kampuang nan banamo Rang Tuo Yet. Walaupun baitu, di bawah kuaso Rio Teluk Panjang. Pado maso kapamimpinan Rang Tuo Yet, Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru bakambang manjadi kampuang nan kokoh. Jo diberlakukannyo [https://bphn.go.id/data/documents/79uu005.pdf UU Nomor 5 tahun 1979], status Nagari dibawah kuaso Rio manjadi Nagari langsuang di bawah koordinasi Kapalo Camat Muara Bungo, dengan namo Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru dan Kapalo Nagari partamo adolah Adnan Bin H. Karamo Jayo Rajo Pengulu. Kudian pado tahun 2004 sasudah diberlakukannyo [https://dkpp.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/uu_32_2004_pemerintahandaerah.pdf UU Nomor 32 tahun 2004], dalam konteks sosialisasi perluasan kecamatan dalam Kabupaten Bungo manuruik anjuran dari sumber sosialisasi bahaso namo-namo Nagari, Kecamatan, Kabupaten dan Kota harus punyo sekitar daerah nan bersejarah. Ateh dasar itu, Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru diubah manjadi Nagari Lubuk Benteng nan tamasuak dalam Kecamatan Bathin III Kabupaten Bungo. === Latar belakang Desa Lubuk Benteng === Kabanyo saisuak di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Lebak Benteng menurut legenda merupakan benteng pertahanan pada masa perang Raja Mataram yang berkedudukan di Tanah Periuk, melawan tentara Komring yang datang dari Palembang, jika dikaitkan dengan sejarah nasional, mungkin tentara Komring adalah tentara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun diterima atau tidaknya cerita ini, faktanya cerita tersebut ada di tengah masyarakat. Konon, sajak dulu di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Lebak Benteng, manuruik tambo, adolah benteng pertahanan wakatu parang antaro Rajo Mataram nan bapangkalan di Tanah Periuk, malawan tantara Komring nan datang dari Palembang. Kalau dikaikkan jo sijarah nasional, barangkali tantara Komring adolah tantara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun, antah carito ko ditarimo atau indak, kanyataannyo carito tu ado di kalangan urang banyak. Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Jadi manuruik seloko adaik: "Adaiknyo mangaji di alam lapang." Jadi memang tapeknyo kato lubuk digunokan untuak namo kampuang, sasuai jo kato urang alim "Sebuah namo adalah doa". === [[Agama|Agamo]], [[Suku|Suku,]] [[Bahasa|Bahaso]] jo Budayo === Masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng baagamo Islam 100%, sasuai jo hukum adaik nan manyatoan: ''"Adat bersendi syarak, syarak Bersendi kitabbullah"''. Suku Malayu Jambi adolah suku panduduak Lubuk Benteng, mareka tingga di sapanjang sungai Batang Tebo. Salain dari pado itu, di Lubuk Benteng ado pulo suku-suku pandatang sarupo [[Minangkabau]], [[Jawa]], [[Batak]], dll. Karano mayoritas panduduaknyo adolah bahaso Malayu Jambi, untuak komunikasi sahari-hari masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng mamakai bahaso Malayu Jambi atau bahaso Melayu satampek jo bahaso Indonesia. === Adaik basendi syarak, syarak Basendi kitabbullah, alam tabantang jadikan guru === Sabalun mamaluak agamo Islam, manusia manggunoan alam sabagai sumber hukum untuak maatur kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo. Mareka mandapek bimbingan dalam kagiatan sahari-hari, basosialisasi, jo barundiang; inyo maikuik-i hukum alam untuak maatur kahidupannyo. Hukum alam nan nyato, indak bisa disangkal, suci, dan indak barubah. Hukum-hukum iko dinyatokan dalam pepatah-pepatah, dalam pepatah kuno jo pepatah baru. Seluko ​​dalam pantun, Seluko ​​dalam gurindam, jo ​​Seluko ​​dalam puisi adolah bait-bait hukum alam. Ikolah nan dinyatokan dalam falsafahnyo: "Alam tebentang jadikan guru" (Alam diturunkan sebagai guru) dalam hukum adaik. Sajak datangnyo agamo Islam, agamo nan direstui Allah untuak manusia, nan diturunkan malalui Rasul-Nyo, Nabi Muhammad SAW, jo kitabnyo Al Qur'anulkarim. Alam, nan marupokan ciptaan Allah SWT, adolah sumber hukum adat nan sabananyo, karano itu indak ado hukum adat nan batantangan jo Hukum Allah. Bacolah apo nan ado di sekitar awak, kalau indak bisa mambaconyo mako caliaklah ka Al Qur'an nan dijalehkan melalui Hadis Nabi Muhammad SAW. Sasudah Parang Padri, konflik antaro adaik jo syarak nan diperdebatkan dek Balando pado abaik ka-19 di Minang Kabau barakhia jo kasapakatan antaro adaik jo syarak nan dikenal sabagai Piagam Bukik Marapalam. Isi Piagam tu adolah: “Adat bapaneh syarak balindung, syarak mangato adat mamakai” Aratinyo adat bapaneh adolah adaik bak tubuah, syarak balindung adolah batin tubuah/jiwa, aratinyo tubuah jo roh indak bisa dipisahkan, syarak mangato aratinyo syarak mambari hukum jo syarak, adat mamakai aratinyo adaik mangamalkan apo sajo nan ditantukan dek syarak. Kasimpulan dari Piagam ko biaso disabuik jo "Adat jo Syarak sanda manyanda", mako labiah umum dikatokan "Adat basendi Syarak, Syarak basendi Kitabullah; Panakik pisau siraut, panungkek batang simantung, siludang ambik kaniru; Satitiak jadikan lauik, sakepal jadikan gunuang, Alam tabantang jadikan guru''.{{Bathin III, Bungo}} [[Kategori:Bathin III, Bungo]] 6r6uaoup4iktcr1w61tzvdku41u32em 3346738 3346737 2026-05-17T12:01:52Z Ariefcomputer 8308 3346738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dusun |nama = Lubuk Benteng |provinsi = Jambi |nama dati2 = Bungo |dati2 = Kabupaten |kecamatan = Bathin III |kode pos = 37211 |luas = ... km² |penduduk = ... jiwa |kepadatan = ... jiwa/km² |kampung = 2 kampung |rio = Hairul}} |peta = <mapframe latitude="-1.427646" longitude="102.039557" zoom="13" width="200" height="100" /> '''Lubuk Benteng''' yaitu daerah tingkek Desa/[[Dusun (Bungo)|Dusun]] di kecamatan [[Bathin III, Bungo|Bathin III]], Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Bungo|Bungo]], Provinsi [[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]]. == '''Sijarah''' == === Sijarah [[Dusun]] Lubuk Benteng === Kisah Nagari Lubuk Benteng diawali dari sakalompok sambilan keturunan kapalo keluarga asalnyo dari Desa [[Empelu]], H. Kuris, Ismael, H. Thalib, Hasan Bilal Mpul, H. Junit, H. Karem, Mat Dinai dan Petok, dipimpin oleh seorang Penghulu. banamo Haji Karamo Jayo, bagala Rajo Pengulu. Inyo barangkek dari kampuang asanyo untuak mancari tanah nan dipiliah, ka untuak dijadikan dusun atau nageri. Tibo di tampek nan banamo [[Dusun]] [[Teluk Panjang, Bathin III, Bungo|Teluk Panjang]] pado maso itu dipimpin dek surang [[Kepala desa|Rio]] banamo [[Kepala desa|Rio]] Sari. Kapalo rombongan datang ka Datuk Rio Sari nak batanyo sasuatu; "nan indak lapuak dek hujan, indak lapuak dek galodo, tampek bamukim, tampek manumbuak sawah". Mako Datuak Rio Sari manyuruah manantukan sabidang tanah di sapanjang tapi Sungai Batang Tebo mulai dari Lebak Benteng sampai ka Lubuk Kapa Gedang. Di sinanlah salapan kaluarga mambukak sawah jo mambuek rumah. Babarapo taun kamudian, tigo kaluarga lai manuruik: Tuo Yet, Mat Baro, jo Kadi. Sajak taun 1935, daerah iko dikana jo namo Empelu Baru. Pado maso pandudukan Japang inggo taun 1957, kalompok iko mangalami krisis nan bakapanjangan, kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo dalam kacau balau, di antaro salapan kaluarga ado nan salamat dan ado pulo nan babaliak ka tampek asanyo, yaitu Kampuang Empelu. Pado maso krisis ko, namo Empelu Baru diubah manjadi Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru, dipimpin dek surang kapalo kampuang nan banamo Rang Tuo Yet. Walaupun baitu, di bawah kuaso Rio Teluk Panjang. Pado maso kapamimpinan Rang Tuo Yet, Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru bakambang manjadi kampuang nan kokoh. Jo diberlakukannyo [https://bphn.go.id/data/documents/79uu005.pdf UU Nomor 5 tahun 1979], status Nagari dibawah kuaso Rio manjadi Nagari langsuang di bawah koordinasi Kapalo Camat Muara Bungo, dengan namo Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru dan Kapalo Nagari partamo adolah Adnan Bin H. Karamo Jayo Rajo Pengulu. Kudian pado tahun 2004 sasudah diberlakukannyo [https://dkpp.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/uu_32_2004_pemerintahandaerah.pdf UU Nomor 32 tahun 2004], dalam konteks sosialisasi perluasan kecamatan dalam Kabupaten Bungo manuruik anjuran dari sumber sosialisasi bahaso namo-namo Nagari, Kecamatan, Kabupaten dan Kota harus punyo sekitar daerah nan bersejarah. Ateh dasar itu, Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru diubah manjadi Nagari Lubuk Benteng nan tamasuak dalam Kecamatan Bathin III Kabupaten Bungo. === Latar belakang Desa Lubuk Benteng === Kabanyo saisuak di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Lebak Benteng menurut legenda merupakan benteng pertahanan pada masa perang Raja Mataram yang berkedudukan di Tanah Periuk, melawan tentara Komring yang datang dari Palembang, jika dikaitkan dengan sejarah nasional, mungkin tentara Komring adalah tentara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun diterima atau tidaknya cerita ini, faktanya cerita tersebut ada di tengah masyarakat. Konon, sajak dulu di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Lebak Benteng, manuruik tambo, adolah benteng pertahanan wakatu parang antaro Rajo Mataram nan bapangkalan di Tanah Periuk, malawan tantara Komring nan datang dari Palembang. Kalau dikaikkan jo sijarah nasional, barangkali tantara Komring adolah tantara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun, antah carito ko ditarimo atau indak, kanyataannyo carito tu ado di kalangan urang banyak. Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Jadi manuruik seloko adaik: "Adaiknyo mangaji di alam lapang." Jadi memang tapeknyo kato lubuk digunokan untuak namo kampuang, sasuai jo kato urang alim "Sebuah namo adalah doa". === [[Agama|Agamo]], [[Suku|Suku,]] [[Bahasa|Bahaso]] jo Budayo === Masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng baagamo Islam 100%, sasuai jo hukum adaik nan manyatoan: ''"Adat bersendi syarak, syarak Bersendi kitabbullah"''. Suku Malayu Jambi adolah suku panduduak Lubuk Benteng, mareka tingga di sapanjang sungai Batang Tebo. Salain dari pado itu, di Lubuk Benteng ado pulo suku-suku pandatang sarupo [[Minangkabau]], [[Jawa]], [[Batak]], dll. Karano mayoritas panduduaknyo adolah bahaso Malayu Jambi, untuak komunikasi sahari-hari masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng mamakai bahaso Malayu Jambi atau bahaso Melayu satampek jo bahaso Indonesia. === Adaik basendi syarak, syarak Basendi kitabbullah, alam tabantang jadikan guru === Sabalun mamaluak agamo Islam, manusia manggunoan alam sabagai sumber hukum untuak maatur kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo. Mareka mandapek bimbingan dalam kagiatan sahari-hari, basosialisasi, jo barundiang; inyo maikuik-i hukum alam untuak maatur kahidupannyo. Hukum alam nan nyato, indak bisa disangkal, suci, dan indak barubah. Hukum-hukum iko dinyatokan dalam pepatah-pepatah, dalam pepatah kuno jo pepatah baru. Seluko ​​dalam pantun, Seluko ​​dalam gurindam, jo ​​Seluko ​​dalam puisi adolah bait-bait hukum alam. Ikolah nan dinyatokan dalam falsafahnyo: "Alam tebentang jadikan guru" (Alam diturunkan sebagai guru) dalam hukum adaik. Sajak datangnyo agamo Islam, agamo nan direstui Allah untuak manusia, nan diturunkan malalui Rasul-Nyo, Nabi Muhammad SAW, jo kitabnyo Al Qur'anulkarim. Alam, nan marupokan ciptaan Allah SWT, adolah sumber hukum adat nan sabananyo, karano itu indak ado hukum adat nan batantangan jo Hukum Allah. Bacolah apo nan ado di sekitar awak, kalau indak bisa mambaconyo mako caliaklah ka Al Qur'an nan dijalehkan melalui Hadis Nabi Muhammad SAW. Sasudah Parang Padri, konflik antaro adaik jo syarak nan diperdebatkan dek Balando pado abaik ka-19 di Minang Kabau barakhia jo kasapakatan antaro adaik jo syarak nan dikenal sabagai Piagam Bukik Marapalam. Isi Piagam tu adolah: “Adat bapaneh syarak balindung, syarak mangato adat mamakai” Aratinyo adat bapaneh adolah adaik bak tubuah, syarak balindung adolah batin tubuah/jiwa, aratinyo tubuah jo roh indak bisa dipisahkan, syarak mangato aratinyo syarak mambari hukum jo syarak, adat mamakai aratinyo adaik mangamalkan apo sajo nan ditantukan dek syarak. Kasimpulan dari Piagam ko biaso disabuik jo "Adat jo Syarak sanda manyanda", mako labiah umum dikatokan "Adat basendi Syarak, Syarak basendi Kitabullah; Panakik pisau siraut, panungkek batang simantung, siludang ambik kaniru; Satitiak jadikan lauik, sakepal jadikan gunuang, Alam tabantang jadikan guru''.{{Bathin III, Bungo}} [[Kategori:Bathin III, Bungo]] kksudpu9p4lo0pq0xjmg5h8m2tx1r3l 3346739 3346738 2026-05-17T12:03:00Z Ariefcomputer 8308 3346739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dusun |nama = Lubuk Benteng |provinsi = Jambi |nama dati2 = Bungo |dati2 = Kabupaten |kecamatan = Bathin III |kode pos = 37211 |luas = ... km² |penduduk = ... jiwa |kepadatan = ... jiwa/km² |kampung = 2 kampung |rio = Hairul |peta = <mapframe latitude="-1.427646" longitude="102.039557" zoom="13" width="200" height="100" /> }} '''Lubuk Benteng''' yaitu daerah tingkek Desa/[[Dusun (Bungo)|Dusun]] di kecamatan [[Bathin III, Bungo|Bathin III]], Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Bungo|Bungo]], Provinsi [[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]]. == '''Sijarah''' == === Sijarah [[Dusun]] Lubuk Benteng === Kisah Nagari Lubuk Benteng diawali dari sakalompok sambilan keturunan kapalo keluarga asalnyo dari Desa [[Empelu]], H. Kuris, Ismael, H. Thalib, Hasan Bilal Mpul, H. Junit, H. Karem, Mat Dinai dan Petok, dipimpin oleh seorang Penghulu. banamo Haji Karamo Jayo, bagala Rajo Pengulu. Inyo barangkek dari kampuang asanyo untuak mancari tanah nan dipiliah, ka untuak dijadikan dusun atau nageri. Tibo di tampek nan banamo [[Dusun]] [[Teluk Panjang, Bathin III, Bungo|Teluk Panjang]] pado maso itu dipimpin dek surang [[Kepala desa|Rio]] banamo [[Kepala desa|Rio]] Sari. Kapalo rombongan datang ka Datuk Rio Sari nak batanyo sasuatu; "nan indak lapuak dek hujan, indak lapuak dek galodo, tampek bamukim, tampek manumbuak sawah". Mako Datuak Rio Sari manyuruah manantukan sabidang tanah di sapanjang tapi Sungai Batang Tebo mulai dari Lebak Benteng sampai ka Lubuk Kapa Gedang. Di sinanlah salapan kaluarga mambukak sawah jo mambuek rumah. Babarapo taun kamudian, tigo kaluarga lai manuruik: Tuo Yet, Mat Baro, jo Kadi. Sajak taun 1935, daerah iko dikana jo namo Empelu Baru. Pado maso pandudukan Japang inggo taun 1957, kalompok iko mangalami krisis nan bakapanjangan, kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo dalam kacau balau, di antaro salapan kaluarga ado nan salamat dan ado pulo nan babaliak ka tampek asanyo, yaitu Kampuang Empelu. Pado maso krisis ko, namo Empelu Baru diubah manjadi Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru, dipimpin dek surang kapalo kampuang nan banamo Rang Tuo Yet. Walaupun baitu, di bawah kuaso Rio Teluk Panjang. Pado maso kapamimpinan Rang Tuo Yet, Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru bakambang manjadi kampuang nan kokoh. Jo diberlakukannyo [https://bphn.go.id/data/documents/79uu005.pdf UU Nomor 5 tahun 1979], status Nagari dibawah kuaso Rio manjadi Nagari langsuang di bawah koordinasi Kapalo Camat Muara Bungo, dengan namo Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru dan Kapalo Nagari partamo adolah Adnan Bin H. Karamo Jayo Rajo Pengulu. Kudian pado tahun 2004 sasudah diberlakukannyo [https://dkpp.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/uu_32_2004_pemerintahandaerah.pdf UU Nomor 32 tahun 2004], dalam konteks sosialisasi perluasan kecamatan dalam Kabupaten Bungo manuruik anjuran dari sumber sosialisasi bahaso namo-namo Nagari, Kecamatan, Kabupaten dan Kota harus punyo sekitar daerah nan bersejarah. Ateh dasar itu, Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru diubah manjadi Nagari Lubuk Benteng nan tamasuak dalam Kecamatan Bathin III Kabupaten Bungo. === Latar belakang Desa Lubuk Benteng === Kabanyo saisuak di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Lebak Benteng menurut legenda merupakan benteng pertahanan pada masa perang Raja Mataram yang berkedudukan di Tanah Periuk, melawan tentara Komring yang datang dari Palembang, jika dikaitkan dengan sejarah nasional, mungkin tentara Komring adalah tentara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun diterima atau tidaknya cerita ini, faktanya cerita tersebut ada di tengah masyarakat. Konon, sajak dulu di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Lebak Benteng, manuruik tambo, adolah benteng pertahanan wakatu parang antaro Rajo Mataram nan bapangkalan di Tanah Periuk, malawan tantara Komring nan datang dari Palembang. Kalau dikaikkan jo sijarah nasional, barangkali tantara Komring adolah tantara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun, antah carito ko ditarimo atau indak, kanyataannyo carito tu ado di kalangan urang banyak. Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Jadi manuruik seloko adaik: "Adaiknyo mangaji di alam lapang." Jadi memang tapeknyo kato lubuk digunokan untuak namo kampuang, sasuai jo kato urang alim "Sebuah namo adalah doa". === [[Agama|Agamo]], [[Suku|Suku,]] [[Bahasa|Bahaso]] jo Budayo === Masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng baagamo Islam 100%, sasuai jo hukum adaik nan manyatoan: ''"Adat bersendi syarak, syarak Bersendi kitabbullah"''. Suku Malayu Jambi adolah suku panduduak Lubuk Benteng, mareka tingga di sapanjang sungai Batang Tebo. Salain dari pado itu, di Lubuk Benteng ado pulo suku-suku pandatang sarupo [[Minangkabau]], [[Jawa]], [[Batak]], dll. Karano mayoritas panduduaknyo adolah bahaso Malayu Jambi, untuak komunikasi sahari-hari masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng mamakai bahaso Malayu Jambi atau bahaso Melayu satampek jo bahaso Indonesia. === Adaik basendi syarak, syarak Basendi kitabbullah, alam tabantang jadikan guru === Sabalun mamaluak agamo Islam, manusia manggunoan alam sabagai sumber hukum untuak maatur kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo. Mareka mandapek bimbingan dalam kagiatan sahari-hari, basosialisasi, jo barundiang; inyo maikuik-i hukum alam untuak maatur kahidupannyo. Hukum alam nan nyato, indak bisa disangkal, suci, dan indak barubah. Hukum-hukum iko dinyatokan dalam pepatah-pepatah, dalam pepatah kuno jo pepatah baru. Seluko ​​dalam pantun, Seluko ​​dalam gurindam, jo ​​Seluko ​​dalam puisi adolah bait-bait hukum alam. Ikolah nan dinyatokan dalam falsafahnyo: "Alam tebentang jadikan guru" (Alam diturunkan sebagai guru) dalam hukum adaik. Sajak datangnyo agamo Islam, agamo nan direstui Allah untuak manusia, nan diturunkan malalui Rasul-Nyo, Nabi Muhammad SAW, jo kitabnyo Al Qur'anulkarim. Alam, nan marupokan ciptaan Allah SWT, adolah sumber hukum adat nan sabananyo, karano itu indak ado hukum adat nan batantangan jo Hukum Allah. Bacolah apo nan ado di sekitar awak, kalau indak bisa mambaconyo mako caliaklah ka Al Qur'an nan dijalehkan melalui Hadis Nabi Muhammad SAW. Sasudah Parang Padri, konflik antaro adaik jo syarak nan diperdebatkan dek Balando pado abaik ka-19 di Minang Kabau barakhia jo kasapakatan antaro adaik jo syarak nan dikenal sabagai Piagam Bukik Marapalam. Isi Piagam tu adolah: “Adat bapaneh syarak balindung, syarak mangato adat mamakai” Aratinyo adat bapaneh adolah adaik bak tubuah, syarak balindung adolah batin tubuah/jiwa, aratinyo tubuah jo roh indak bisa dipisahkan, syarak mangato aratinyo syarak mambari hukum jo syarak, adat mamakai aratinyo adaik mangamalkan apo sajo nan ditantukan dek syarak. Kasimpulan dari Piagam ko biaso disabuik jo "Adat jo Syarak sanda manyanda", mako labiah umum dikatokan "Adat basendi Syarak, Syarak basendi Kitabullah; Panakik pisau siraut, panungkek batang simantung, siludang ambik kaniru; Satitiak jadikan lauik, sakepal jadikan gunuang, Alam tabantang jadikan guru''.{{Bathin III, Bungo}} [[Kategori:Bathin III, Bungo]] hvc6ohzglkwthmvnkvdsky9lyz23d6e 3346740 3346739 2026-05-17T12:03:25Z Ariefcomputer 8308 3346740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dusun |nama = Lubuk Benteng |provinsi = Jambi |nama dati2 = Bungo |dati2 = Kabupaten |kecamatan = Bathin III |kode pos = 37211 |luas = ... km² |penduduk = ... jiwa |kepadatan = ... jiwa/km² |kampung = 2 kampung |rio = Hairul }} |peta = <mapframe latitude="-1.427646" longitude="102.039557" zoom="13" width="200" height="100" /> }} '''Lubuk Benteng''' yaitu daerah tingkek Desa/[[Dusun (Bungo)|Dusun]] di kecamatan [[Bathin III, Bungo|Bathin III]], Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Bungo|Bungo]], Provinsi [[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]]. == '''Sijarah''' == === Sijarah [[Dusun]] Lubuk Benteng === Kisah Nagari Lubuk Benteng diawali dari sakalompok sambilan keturunan kapalo keluarga asalnyo dari Desa [[Empelu]], H. Kuris, Ismael, H. Thalib, Hasan Bilal Mpul, H. Junit, H. Karem, Mat Dinai dan Petok, dipimpin oleh seorang Penghulu. banamo Haji Karamo Jayo, bagala Rajo Pengulu. Inyo barangkek dari kampuang asanyo untuak mancari tanah nan dipiliah, ka untuak dijadikan dusun atau nageri. Tibo di tampek nan banamo [[Dusun]] [[Teluk Panjang, Bathin III, Bungo|Teluk Panjang]] pado maso itu dipimpin dek surang [[Kepala desa|Rio]] banamo [[Kepala desa|Rio]] Sari. Kapalo rombongan datang ka Datuk Rio Sari nak batanyo sasuatu; "nan indak lapuak dek hujan, indak lapuak dek galodo, tampek bamukim, tampek manumbuak sawah". Mako Datuak Rio Sari manyuruah manantukan sabidang tanah di sapanjang tapi Sungai Batang Tebo mulai dari Lebak Benteng sampai ka Lubuk Kapa Gedang. Di sinanlah salapan kaluarga mambukak sawah jo mambuek rumah. Babarapo taun kamudian, tigo kaluarga lai manuruik: Tuo Yet, Mat Baro, jo Kadi. Sajak taun 1935, daerah iko dikana jo namo Empelu Baru. Pado maso pandudukan Japang inggo taun 1957, kalompok iko mangalami krisis nan bakapanjangan, kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo dalam kacau balau, di antaro salapan kaluarga ado nan salamat dan ado pulo nan babaliak ka tampek asanyo, yaitu Kampuang Empelu. Pado maso krisis ko, namo Empelu Baru diubah manjadi Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru, dipimpin dek surang kapalo kampuang nan banamo Rang Tuo Yet. Walaupun baitu, di bawah kuaso Rio Teluk Panjang. Pado maso kapamimpinan Rang Tuo Yet, Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru bakambang manjadi kampuang nan kokoh. Jo diberlakukannyo [https://bphn.go.id/data/documents/79uu005.pdf UU Nomor 5 tahun 1979], status Nagari dibawah kuaso Rio manjadi Nagari langsuang di bawah koordinasi Kapalo Camat Muara Bungo, dengan namo Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru dan Kapalo Nagari partamo adolah Adnan Bin H. Karamo Jayo Rajo Pengulu. Kudian pado tahun 2004 sasudah diberlakukannyo [https://dkpp.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/uu_32_2004_pemerintahandaerah.pdf UU Nomor 32 tahun 2004], dalam konteks sosialisasi perluasan kecamatan dalam Kabupaten Bungo manuruik anjuran dari sumber sosialisasi bahaso namo-namo Nagari, Kecamatan, Kabupaten dan Kota harus punyo sekitar daerah nan bersejarah. Ateh dasar itu, Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru diubah manjadi Nagari Lubuk Benteng nan tamasuak dalam Kecamatan Bathin III Kabupaten Bungo. === Latar belakang Desa Lubuk Benteng === Kabanyo saisuak di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Lebak Benteng menurut legenda merupakan benteng pertahanan pada masa perang Raja Mataram yang berkedudukan di Tanah Periuk, melawan tentara Komring yang datang dari Palembang, jika dikaitkan dengan sejarah nasional, mungkin tentara Komring adalah tentara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun diterima atau tidaknya cerita ini, faktanya cerita tersebut ada di tengah masyarakat. Konon, sajak dulu di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Lebak Benteng, manuruik tambo, adolah benteng pertahanan wakatu parang antaro Rajo Mataram nan bapangkalan di Tanah Periuk, malawan tantara Komring nan datang dari Palembang. Kalau dikaikkan jo sijarah nasional, barangkali tantara Komring adolah tantara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun, antah carito ko ditarimo atau indak, kanyataannyo carito tu ado di kalangan urang banyak. Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Jadi manuruik seloko adaik: "Adaiknyo mangaji di alam lapang." Jadi memang tapeknyo kato lubuk digunokan untuak namo kampuang, sasuai jo kato urang alim "Sebuah namo adalah doa". === [[Agama|Agamo]], [[Suku|Suku,]] [[Bahasa|Bahaso]] jo Budayo === Masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng baagamo Islam 100%, sasuai jo hukum adaik nan manyatoan: ''"Adat bersendi syarak, syarak Bersendi kitabbullah"''. Suku Malayu Jambi adolah suku panduduak Lubuk Benteng, mareka tingga di sapanjang sungai Batang Tebo. Salain dari pado itu, di Lubuk Benteng ado pulo suku-suku pandatang sarupo [[Minangkabau]], [[Jawa]], [[Batak]], dll. Karano mayoritas panduduaknyo adolah bahaso Malayu Jambi, untuak komunikasi sahari-hari masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng mamakai bahaso Malayu Jambi atau bahaso Melayu satampek jo bahaso Indonesia. === Adaik basendi syarak, syarak Basendi kitabbullah, alam tabantang jadikan guru === Sabalun mamaluak agamo Islam, manusia manggunoan alam sabagai sumber hukum untuak maatur kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo. Mareka mandapek bimbingan dalam kagiatan sahari-hari, basosialisasi, jo barundiang; inyo maikuik-i hukum alam untuak maatur kahidupannyo. Hukum alam nan nyato, indak bisa disangkal, suci, dan indak barubah. Hukum-hukum iko dinyatokan dalam pepatah-pepatah, dalam pepatah kuno jo pepatah baru. Seluko ​​dalam pantun, Seluko ​​dalam gurindam, jo ​​Seluko ​​dalam puisi adolah bait-bait hukum alam. Ikolah nan dinyatokan dalam falsafahnyo: "Alam tebentang jadikan guru" (Alam diturunkan sebagai guru) dalam hukum adaik. Sajak datangnyo agamo Islam, agamo nan direstui Allah untuak manusia, nan diturunkan malalui Rasul-Nyo, Nabi Muhammad SAW, jo kitabnyo Al Qur'anulkarim. Alam, nan marupokan ciptaan Allah SWT, adolah sumber hukum adat nan sabananyo, karano itu indak ado hukum adat nan batantangan jo Hukum Allah. Bacolah apo nan ado di sekitar awak, kalau indak bisa mambaconyo mako caliaklah ka Al Qur'an nan dijalehkan melalui Hadis Nabi Muhammad SAW. Sasudah Parang Padri, konflik antaro adaik jo syarak nan diperdebatkan dek Balando pado abaik ka-19 di Minang Kabau barakhia jo kasapakatan antaro adaik jo syarak nan dikenal sabagai Piagam Bukik Marapalam. Isi Piagam tu adolah: “Adat bapaneh syarak balindung, syarak mangato adat mamakai” Aratinyo adat bapaneh adolah adaik bak tubuah, syarak balindung adolah batin tubuah/jiwa, aratinyo tubuah jo roh indak bisa dipisahkan, syarak mangato aratinyo syarak mambari hukum jo syarak, adat mamakai aratinyo adaik mangamalkan apo sajo nan ditantukan dek syarak. Kasimpulan dari Piagam ko biaso disabuik jo "Adat jo Syarak sanda manyanda", mako labiah umum dikatokan "Adat basendi Syarak, Syarak basendi Kitabullah; Panakik pisau siraut, panungkek batang simantung, siludang ambik kaniru; Satitiak jadikan lauik, sakepal jadikan gunuang, Alam tabantang jadikan guru''.{{Bathin III, Bungo}} [[Kategori:Bathin III, Bungo]] eaj05k2r2r4jo5t5fnwbs6qys785vkl 3346741 3346740 2026-05-17T13:45:57Z Ariefcomputer 8308 3346741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dusun |nama = Lubuk Benteng |provinsi = Jambi |nama dati2 = Bungo |dati2 = Kabupaten |kecamatan = Bathin III |kode pos = 37211 |luas = ... km² |penduduk = ... jiwa |kepadatan = ... jiwa/km² |kampung = 2 kampung |rio = Hairul }} |peta = <mapframe latitude="-1.427646" longitude="102.039557" zoom="13" width="300" height="200" /> }} '''Lubuk Benteng''' yaitu daerah tingkek Desa/[[Dusun (Bungo)|Dusun]] di kecamatan [[Bathin III, Bungo|Bathin III]], Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Bungo|Bungo]], Provinsi [[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]]. == '''Sijarah''' == === Sijarah [[Dusun]] Lubuk Benteng === Kisah Nagari Lubuk Benteng diawali dari sakalompok sambilan keturunan kapalo keluarga asalnyo dari Desa [[Empelu]], H. Kuris, Ismael, H. Thalib, Hasan Bilal Mpul, H. Junit, H. Karem, Mat Dinai dan Petok, dipimpin oleh seorang Penghulu. banamo Haji Karamo Jayo, bagala Rajo Pengulu. Inyo barangkek dari kampuang asanyo untuak mancari tanah nan dipiliah, ka untuak dijadikan dusun atau nageri. Tibo di tampek nan banamo [[Dusun]] [[Teluk Panjang, Bathin III, Bungo|Teluk Panjang]] pado maso itu dipimpin dek surang [[Kepala desa|Rio]] banamo [[Kepala desa|Rio]] Sari. Kapalo rombongan datang ka Datuk Rio Sari nak batanyo sasuatu; "nan indak lapuak dek hujan, indak lapuak dek galodo, tampek bamukim, tampek manumbuak sawah". Mako Datuak Rio Sari manyuruah manantukan sabidang tanah di sapanjang tapi Sungai Batang Tebo mulai dari Lebak Benteng sampai ka Lubuk Kapa Gedang. Di sinanlah salapan kaluarga mambukak sawah jo mambuek rumah. Babarapo taun kamudian, tigo kaluarga lai manuruik: Tuo Yet, Mat Baro, jo Kadi. Sajak taun 1935, daerah iko dikana jo namo Empelu Baru. Pado maso pandudukan Japang inggo taun 1957, kalompok iko mangalami krisis nan bakapanjangan, kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo dalam kacau balau, di antaro salapan kaluarga ado nan salamat dan ado pulo nan babaliak ka tampek asanyo, yaitu Kampuang Empelu. Pado maso krisis ko, namo Empelu Baru diubah manjadi Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru, dipimpin dek surang kapalo kampuang nan banamo Rang Tuo Yet. Walaupun baitu, di bawah kuaso Rio Teluk Panjang. Pado maso kapamimpinan Rang Tuo Yet, Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru bakambang manjadi kampuang nan kokoh. Jo diberlakukannyo [https://bphn.go.id/data/documents/79uu005.pdf UU Nomor 5 tahun 1979], status Nagari dibawah kuaso Rio manjadi Nagari langsuang di bawah koordinasi Kapalo Camat Muara Bungo, dengan namo Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru dan Kapalo Nagari partamo adolah Adnan Bin H. Karamo Jayo Rajo Pengulu. Kudian pado tahun 2004 sasudah diberlakukannyo [https://dkpp.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/uu_32_2004_pemerintahandaerah.pdf UU Nomor 32 tahun 2004], dalam konteks sosialisasi perluasan kecamatan dalam Kabupaten Bungo manuruik anjuran dari sumber sosialisasi bahaso namo-namo Nagari, Kecamatan, Kabupaten dan Kota harus punyo sekitar daerah nan bersejarah. Ateh dasar itu, Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru diubah manjadi Nagari Lubuk Benteng nan tamasuak dalam Kecamatan Bathin III Kabupaten Bungo. === Latar belakang Desa Lubuk Benteng === Kabanyo saisuak di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Lebak Benteng menurut legenda merupakan benteng pertahanan pada masa perang Raja Mataram yang berkedudukan di Tanah Periuk, melawan tentara Komring yang datang dari Palembang, jika dikaitkan dengan sejarah nasional, mungkin tentara Komring adalah tentara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun diterima atau tidaknya cerita ini, faktanya cerita tersebut ada di tengah masyarakat. Konon, sajak dulu di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Lebak Benteng, manuruik tambo, adolah benteng pertahanan wakatu parang antaro Rajo Mataram nan bapangkalan di Tanah Periuk, malawan tantara Komring nan datang dari Palembang. Kalau dikaikkan jo sijarah nasional, barangkali tantara Komring adolah tantara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun, antah carito ko ditarimo atau indak, kanyataannyo carito tu ado di kalangan urang banyak. Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Jadi manuruik seloko adaik: "Adaiknyo mangaji di alam lapang." Jadi memang tapeknyo kato lubuk digunokan untuak namo kampuang, sasuai jo kato urang alim "Sebuah namo adalah doa". === [[Agama|Agamo]], [[Suku|Suku,]] [[Bahasa|Bahaso]] jo Budayo === Masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng baagamo Islam 100%, sasuai jo hukum adaik nan manyatoan: ''"Adat bersendi syarak, syarak Bersendi kitabbullah"''. Suku Malayu Jambi adolah suku panduduak Lubuk Benteng, mareka tingga di sapanjang sungai Batang Tebo. Salain dari pado itu, di Lubuk Benteng ado pulo suku-suku pandatang sarupo [[Minangkabau]], [[Jawa]], [[Batak]], dll. Karano mayoritas panduduaknyo adolah bahaso Malayu Jambi, untuak komunikasi sahari-hari masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng mamakai bahaso Malayu Jambi atau bahaso Melayu satampek jo bahaso Indonesia. === Adaik basendi syarak, syarak Basendi kitabbullah, alam tabantang jadikan guru === Sabalun mamaluak agamo Islam, manusia manggunoan alam sabagai sumber hukum untuak maatur kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo. Mareka mandapek bimbingan dalam kagiatan sahari-hari, basosialisasi, jo barundiang; inyo maikuik-i hukum alam untuak maatur kahidupannyo. Hukum alam nan nyato, indak bisa disangkal, suci, dan indak barubah. Hukum-hukum iko dinyatokan dalam pepatah-pepatah, dalam pepatah kuno jo pepatah baru. Seluko ​​dalam pantun, Seluko ​​dalam gurindam, jo ​​Seluko ​​dalam puisi adolah bait-bait hukum alam. Ikolah nan dinyatokan dalam falsafahnyo: "Alam tebentang jadikan guru" (Alam diturunkan sebagai guru) dalam hukum adaik. Sajak datangnyo agamo Islam, agamo nan direstui Allah untuak manusia, nan diturunkan malalui Rasul-Nyo, Nabi Muhammad SAW, jo kitabnyo Al Qur'anulkarim. Alam, nan marupokan ciptaan Allah SWT, adolah sumber hukum adat nan sabananyo, karano itu indak ado hukum adat nan batantangan jo Hukum Allah. Bacolah apo nan ado di sekitar awak, kalau indak bisa mambaconyo mako caliaklah ka Al Qur'an nan dijalehkan melalui Hadis Nabi Muhammad SAW. Sasudah Parang Padri, konflik antaro adaik jo syarak nan diperdebatkan dek Balando pado abaik ka-19 di Minang Kabau barakhia jo kasapakatan antaro adaik jo syarak nan dikenal sabagai Piagam Bukik Marapalam. Isi Piagam tu adolah: “Adat bapaneh syarak balindung, syarak mangato adat mamakai” Aratinyo adat bapaneh adolah adaik bak tubuah, syarak balindung adolah batin tubuah/jiwa, aratinyo tubuah jo roh indak bisa dipisahkan, syarak mangato aratinyo syarak mambari hukum jo syarak, adat mamakai aratinyo adaik mangamalkan apo sajo nan ditantukan dek syarak. Kasimpulan dari Piagam ko biaso disabuik jo "Adat jo Syarak sanda manyanda", mako labiah umum dikatokan "Adat basendi Syarak, Syarak basendi Kitabullah; Panakik pisau siraut, panungkek batang simantung, siludang ambik kaniru; Satitiak jadikan lauik, sakepal jadikan gunuang, Alam tabantang jadikan guru''.{{Bathin III, Bungo}} [[Kategori:Bathin III, Bungo]] aj0jmc7jvc0n3ow447gywp2q9xgmkft 3346742 3346741 2026-05-17T13:47:45Z Ariefcomputer 8308 3346742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dusun |nama = Lubuk Benteng |provinsi = Jambi |nama dati2 = Bungo |dati2 = Kabupaten |kecamatan = Bathin III |kode pos = 37211 |luas = ... km² |penduduk = ... jiwa |kepadatan = ... jiwa/km² |kampung = 2 kampung |rio = Hairul }} |peta = <mapframe latitude="-1.427646" longitude="102.039557" zoom="13" width="280" height="200" /> }} '''Lubuk Benteng''' yaitu daerah tingkek Desa/[[Dusun (Bungo)|Dusun]] di kecamatan [[Bathin III, Bungo|Bathin III]], Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Bungo|Bungo]], Provinsi [[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]]. == '''Sijarah''' == === Sijarah [[Dusun]] Lubuk Benteng === Kisah Nagari Lubuk Benteng diawali dari sakalompok sambilan keturunan kapalo keluarga asalnyo dari Desa [[Empelu]], H. Kuris, Ismael, H. Thalib, Hasan Bilal Mpul, H. Junit, H. Karem, Mat Dinai dan Petok, dipimpin oleh seorang Penghulu. banamo Haji Karamo Jayo, bagala Rajo Pengulu. Inyo barangkek dari kampuang asanyo untuak mancari tanah nan dipiliah, ka untuak dijadikan dusun atau nageri. Tibo di tampek nan banamo [[Dusun]] [[Teluk Panjang, Bathin III, Bungo|Teluk Panjang]] pado maso itu dipimpin dek surang [[Kepala desa|Rio]] banamo [[Kepala desa|Rio]] Sari. Kapalo rombongan datang ka Datuk Rio Sari nak batanyo sasuatu; "nan indak lapuak dek hujan, indak lapuak dek galodo, tampek bamukim, tampek manumbuak sawah". Mako Datuak Rio Sari manyuruah manantukan sabidang tanah di sapanjang tapi Sungai Batang Tebo mulai dari Lebak Benteng sampai ka Lubuk Kapa Gedang. Di sinanlah salapan kaluarga mambukak sawah jo mambuek rumah. Babarapo taun kamudian, tigo kaluarga lai manuruik: Tuo Yet, Mat Baro, jo Kadi. Sajak taun 1935, daerah iko dikana jo namo Empelu Baru. Pado maso pandudukan Japang inggo taun 1957, kalompok iko mangalami krisis nan bakapanjangan, kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo dalam kacau balau, di antaro salapan kaluarga ado nan salamat dan ado pulo nan babaliak ka tampek asanyo, yaitu Kampuang Empelu. Pado maso krisis ko, namo Empelu Baru diubah manjadi Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru, dipimpin dek surang kapalo kampuang nan banamo Rang Tuo Yet. Walaupun baitu, di bawah kuaso Rio Teluk Panjang. Pado maso kapamimpinan Rang Tuo Yet, Kampuang Teluk Panjang Baru bakambang manjadi kampuang nan kokoh. Jo diberlakukannyo [https://bphn.go.id/data/documents/79uu005.pdf UU Nomor 5 tahun 1979], status Nagari dibawah kuaso Rio manjadi Nagari langsuang di bawah koordinasi Kapalo Camat Muara Bungo, dengan namo Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru dan Kapalo Nagari partamo adolah Adnan Bin H. Karamo Jayo Rajo Pengulu. Kudian pado tahun 2004 sasudah diberlakukannyo [https://dkpp.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/uu_32_2004_pemerintahandaerah.pdf UU Nomor 32 tahun 2004], dalam konteks sosialisasi perluasan kecamatan dalam Kabupaten Bungo manuruik anjuran dari sumber sosialisasi bahaso namo-namo Nagari, Kecamatan, Kabupaten dan Kota harus punyo sekitar daerah nan bersejarah. Ateh dasar itu, Nagari Teluk Panjang Baru diubah manjadi Nagari Lubuk Benteng nan tamasuak dalam Kecamatan Bathin III Kabupaten Bungo. === Latar belakang Desa Lubuk Benteng === Kabanyo saisuak di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Lebak Benteng menurut legenda merupakan benteng pertahanan pada masa perang Raja Mataram yang berkedudukan di Tanah Periuk, melawan tentara Komring yang datang dari Palembang, jika dikaitkan dengan sejarah nasional, mungkin tentara Komring adalah tentara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun diterima atau tidaknya cerita ini, faktanya cerita tersebut ada di tengah masyarakat. Konon, sajak dulu di balakang Nagari Lubuk Benteng, kini di tapi Lebak Benteng, manuruik tambo, adolah benteng pertahanan wakatu parang antaro Rajo Mataram nan bapangkalan di Tanah Periuk, malawan tantara Komring nan datang dari Palembang. Kalau dikaikkan jo sijarah nasional, barangkali tantara Komring adolah tantara Komring Kerajaan Sri Wijaya. Namun, antah carito ko ditarimo atau indak, kanyataannyo carito tu ado di kalangan urang banyak. Sungai Batang Tebo, ado lambah nan banamo Lebak Benteng. Jadi manuruik seloko adaik: "Adaiknyo mangaji di alam lapang." Jadi memang tapeknyo kato lubuk digunokan untuak namo kampuang, sasuai jo kato urang alim "Sebuah namo adalah doa". === [[Agama|Agamo]], [[Suku|Suku,]] [[Bahasa|Bahaso]] jo Budayo === Masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng baagamo Islam 100%, sasuai jo hukum adaik nan manyatoan: ''"Adat bersendi syarak, syarak Bersendi kitabbullah"''. Suku Malayu Jambi adolah suku panduduak Lubuk Benteng, mareka tingga di sapanjang sungai Batang Tebo. Salain dari pado itu, di Lubuk Benteng ado pulo suku-suku pandatang sarupo [[Minangkabau]], [[Jawa]], [[Batak]], dll. Karano mayoritas panduduaknyo adolah bahaso Malayu Jambi, untuak komunikasi sahari-hari masyarakaik Lubuk Benteng mamakai bahaso Malayu Jambi atau bahaso Melayu satampek jo bahaso Indonesia. === Adaik basendi syarak, syarak Basendi kitabbullah, alam tabantang jadikan guru === Sabalun mamaluak agamo Islam, manusia manggunoan alam sabagai sumber hukum untuak maatur kahidupan jo mato pancahariannyo. Mareka mandapek bimbingan dalam kagiatan sahari-hari, basosialisasi, jo barundiang; inyo maikuik-i hukum alam untuak maatur kahidupannyo. Hukum alam nan nyato, indak bisa disangkal, suci, dan indak barubah. Hukum-hukum iko dinyatokan dalam pepatah-pepatah, dalam pepatah kuno jo pepatah baru. Seluko ​​dalam pantun, Seluko ​​dalam gurindam, jo ​​Seluko ​​dalam puisi adolah bait-bait hukum alam. Ikolah nan dinyatokan dalam falsafahnyo: "Alam tebentang jadikan guru" (Alam diturunkan sebagai guru) dalam hukum adaik. Sajak datangnyo agamo Islam, agamo nan direstui Allah untuak manusia, nan diturunkan malalui Rasul-Nyo, Nabi Muhammad SAW, jo kitabnyo Al Qur'anulkarim. Alam, nan marupokan ciptaan Allah SWT, adolah sumber hukum adat nan sabananyo, karano itu indak ado hukum adat nan batantangan jo Hukum Allah. Bacolah apo nan ado di sekitar awak, kalau indak bisa mambaconyo mako caliaklah ka Al Qur'an nan dijalehkan melalui Hadis Nabi Muhammad SAW. Sasudah Parang Padri, konflik antaro adaik jo syarak nan diperdebatkan dek Balando pado abaik ka-19 di Minang Kabau barakhia jo kasapakatan antaro adaik jo syarak nan dikenal sabagai Piagam Bukik Marapalam. Isi Piagam tu adolah: “Adat bapaneh syarak balindung, syarak mangato adat mamakai” Aratinyo adat bapaneh adolah adaik bak tubuah, syarak balindung adolah batin tubuah/jiwa, aratinyo tubuah jo roh indak bisa dipisahkan, syarak mangato aratinyo syarak mambari hukum jo syarak, adat mamakai aratinyo adaik mangamalkan apo sajo nan ditantukan dek syarak. Kasimpulan dari Piagam ko biaso disabuik jo "Adat jo Syarak sanda manyanda", mako labiah umum dikatokan "Adat basendi Syarak, Syarak basendi Kitabullah; Panakik pisau siraut, panungkek batang simantung, siludang ambik kaniru; Satitiak jadikan lauik, sakepal jadikan gunuang, Alam tabantang jadikan guru''.{{Bathin III, Bungo}} [[Kategori:Bathin III, Bungo]] 2k6igbi3qrm4l251blbuenjqrqpulkl 0 477801 3346761 3346671 2026-05-18T01:42:20Z JumadilM 13109 ditebalkan judulnyo 3346761 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sidi Mara''' adolah saurang padagang lauik, palauik, jo tokoh parlawanan di pantai baraik Sumatra pado abad ka-19 nan baubungan jo jaringan [[Kaum Paderi]] pado maso akhir [[Parang Paderi|Perang Paderi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Hikayat Sidi Mara: bajak laut dari Pantai Barat Sumatra|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Hikayat_Sidi_Mara.html?id=FeUSygEACAAJ&redir_esc=y|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa|date=2018|isbn=978-602-437-246-0|language=id|first=Pinto|last=Anugrah}}</ref> Dalam arsip kolonial [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]], inyo acok disabuik sabagai parompak atau [[bajak lauik]] nan baroperasi di wilayiah pasisia baraik Sumatra.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Asnan, Gusti (2019). ''Dunia Maritim Pantai Barat Sumatra.'' Yogyakarta: Ombak. hlm.49. ISBN 9789793472737</ref> Tapi, dalam tradisi lisan urang [[Minangkabau]], Sidi Mara dipandang sabagai tokoh parlawanan taradok kakuaasaan kolonial Balando.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historia.id/article/hikayat-sidi-mara-bajak-laut-pantai-barat-sumatra-vxgw5|title=Hikayat Sidi Mara, Bajak Laut Pantai Barat Sumatra|last=Hendra|first=Jose|date=2016-02-01|website=Historia.ID|language=id|access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref> Nama Sidi Mara tarutamo dikenal malalui laporan militer jo administrasi kolonial Balando tantang kaamanan palayaran di [[Lautan Hindia|Samudra Hindia]] bagian timuah pado patangahan abad ka-19.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=200 tahun Perang Padri: historiografi dan re-rekonstruksi lanskap baru sejarah Minangkabau|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/200_tahun_Perang_Padri.html?id=uZsm0AEACAAJ&redir_esc=y|publisher=Tanda Baca|date=2023|isbn=978-623-5869-17-9|language=id|first=Gusti|last=Asnan}}</ref> Di sisi lain, carito rakyat di wilayiah pasisia Sumatra Baraik manggambarkan inyo sabagai padagang nan barubah manjadi pajuang sasudah mangalami konflik jo pamarintah kolonial.<ref name=":2" /><ref>https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/42029/9/ANALISIS%20NILAI%20BUDAYA.pdf</ref> == Lata Balakang == Informasi tantang kahidupan awal Sidi Mara sangat tabateh jo sabagian gadang indak tadokumentasi sacaro lengkap dalam sumber taturi. Indak dikatahui sacaro pasti tanggal lahia, tampaik lahia, maupun silsilah keluargonyo. Sajumlah panaliti jo panulih sajarah lokal mamparkirokan bahwo inyo berasal dari wilayiah [[Pariaman]] atau kawasan pasisia Minangkabau lainnyo di pantai baraik Sumatra. Gala “Sidi” marupokan gala kaagamaan jo sosial nan umum dipakai di daerah Pariaman jo wilayiah pasisia Minangkabau.<ref>{{Cite book|title=FAKTA DAN KHAYAL TUANKU RAO|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=dIXgDwAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Republika Penerbit|date=2017-07-19|isbn=978-602-0822-71-6|language=id|first=Prof Dr|last=Hamka}}</ref> Istilah tu barasal dari kato Arab ''sayyidi'' nan bararti “tuanku” atau “tuan kami”, jo biaso dipakai dek kelompok masyarakat nan punyo hubungan jo tradisi kaagamaan Islam.<ref>https://scholar.uinib.ac.id/id/eprint/255/1/SYEKH%20BURHANUDDIN%20DAN%20ISLAMISASI%20MINANGKABAU%20(SYARAK%20MANDAKI%20ADAT%20MANURUN).pdf</ref> Manuruik [[Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah|Hamka]], gala [[Sidi]] ko marupokan katurunan Nabi Muhammad nan menetap di Pariaman jo manyabakan agama Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harianhaluan.com/pendidikan/109806490/jejak-sejarah-dan-makna-gelar-sidi-dalam-budaya-pariaman-keturunan-nabi-muhammad-saw?page=3|title=Jejak Sejarah dan Makna Gelar Sidi dalam Budaya Pariaman, Keturunan Nabi Muhammad SAW - Harian Haluan - Halaman 3|last=Saputra|first=Iqbal Ajie|website=Jejak Sejarah dan Makna Gelar Sidi dalam Budaya Pariaman, Keturunan Nabi Muhammad SAW - Harian Haluan - Halaman 3|language=id|access-date=2026-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ayahku|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Ayahku.html?hl=id&id=LFzhDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y|publisher=Gema Insani|date=2020-04-24|isbn=978-602-250-701-7|language=id|last=Hamka}}</ref> Sabalun dikenal sabagai tokoh parlawanan, Sidi Mara disabuik aktif sabagai padagang lauik nan baroperasi di jalur padagangan pantai baraik Sumatra. Inyo didugo punyo hubungan dagang jo [[Aceh]] sarato sajumlah bandar di pasisia baraik Sumatra.<ref name=":1" /> Aktivitas padagangan tu mancakuik pangangkutan bahan kabutuhan sahari-hari jo komoditas penting malalui jalur lauik. == Hubungan jo Kaum Paderi == Pado maso barlangsungnyo Perang Paderi antaro Kaum Paderi jo pamarintah kolonial Balando, Sidi Mara didugo talibaik dalam jaringan logistik jo padagangan nan mandukuang kelompok Paderi. Jalur lauik di pasisia baraik Sumatra pado maso tu mamainan peranan penting dalam distribusi sanjato, bahan makanan, garam, pakaian, jo kabutuhan perang lainnyo.<ref name=":2" /> Manuruik sajumlah catatan kolonial jo kajian sajarah modern, Sidi Mara manjadi salah satu parantaro padagangan nan mambantu masuok kebutuhan kelompok Paderi dari Aceh manuju wilayiah padalaman Minangkabau. Hubungan tu mambuek aktivitas palayarannyo diawasi dek pamarintah kolonial Balando.<ref name=":2" /> Dalam panyakambangan salanjuiknyo, pamarintah kolonial mulai mampakateh pangawasan taradok palayaran jo padagangan di kawasan pantai baraik Sumatra. Gudang dagang milik Sidi Mara di wilayiah Katiagan dilaporkan pernah dibaka dek pasukan Balando. Paristiwa tu disabuik-sabuik manjadi salah satu panyabab barubahnyo hubungan antaro Sidi Mara jo pamarintah kolonial manjadi konflik tabukak.<ref name=":2" /> == Aktivitas di pantai baraik Sumatra == Sasudah konflik jo pamarintah kolonial makin maningkat, Sidi Mara dilaporkan mulai malakuan panarangan taradok kapal-kapal jo wilayiah nan dianggap bakarajo samo jo Balando. Sarangan-sarangan tu tarutamo tajadi di kawasan pasisia baraik Sumatra jo jalur padagangan lauik di Samudra Hindia.<ref name=":2" /> Arsip kolonial Hindia Balando manggambarkan aktivitas Sidi Mara sabagai tindakan pambajakan jo parompakan lauik nan manggangu kaamanan padagangan.<ref>"Atjehkroniek". ''De niuewe courant.'' 1917-01-22</ref> Pamarintah kolonial manampatkannyo sabagai salah satu tokoh nan dianggap mangancam stabilitas palayaran di wilayiah tu.<ref>https://sejarahsumatra.com/category/sejarah-maritim/</ref> Sabaliknyo, dalam sajumlah tradisi lisan masyarakat Minangkabau, tindakan Sidi Mara dipandang sabagai bentuk parlawanan taradok kolonialisme Balando. Narasi lokal manggambarkan dirinyo bukannyo samato-mato sabagai parompak, malainkan sabagai tokoh nan manyarang kapantiangan kolonial jo pihak-pihak nan bakarajo samo jo pamarintah Balando. Parbedaan panafsiran tu mancaminan suduik pandang nan babeda antaro arsip kolonial jo memori kolektif masyarakat lokal. Dalam historiografi modern Indonesia, figur Sidi Mara acok ditampatkan di antaro duo kategori tu: sabagai palauik nan malakuan aksi parompakan sakaligus tokoh anti-kolonial.<ref>https://ejournal.uinib.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/tarikhuna/article/download/5656/3075?__cf_chl_tk=gXa.vborVgV6dTWhXR0EpQvUfDU7Ni2RJ99IEuV2jYY-1778719669-1.0.1.1-hStlCGLxfxDCSAuR7GK1GBX0eb49bbmg_5kNeOoM01o </ref> == Dalam historiografi == Kisah tantang Sidi Mara relatif jarang dibahas dalam historiografi aruih utama Indonesia dibandingkan jo tokoh-tokoh lain pado maso Perang Paderi, sarupo Tuanku Imam Bonjol. Sabagian gadang informasi tantang dirinyo barasal dari laporan pamarintah kolonial Balando, catatan palayaran, jo tradisi lisan masyarakat pasisia Sumatra Baraik. Filolog jo akademikus Indonesia nan mangaja di [[Universitas Leiden]], [[Surya Suryadi|Suryadi]], manyabuik bahwo figur Sidi Mara mampaliakkan baa istilah “bajak lauik” dalam konteks kolonial acok dipakai untuak manyabuik kelompok atau individu nan manantang kakuaasaan pamarintah kolonial di jalur padagangan lauik.[butuh rujukan] Manuruiknyo, batas antaro “parompak” jo “pajuang” dalam sajarah maritim Nusantara kerap ditantuan dek suduik pandang politik jo kakuaasaan.{{Citation needed}} Sajumlah panulih sajarah lokal juo manampatkan Sidi Mara sabagai bagian dari tradisi parlawanan maritim masyarakat pasisia Sumatra taradok dominasi kolonial Balando pado abad ka-19.{{Citation needed}} == Dalam budayo populer == Kisah Sidi Mara pernah diangkek dalam buku bacaan sajarah anak bajudul Hikayat Sidi Mara: Bajak Laut dari Pantai Barat Sumatra nan diterbitkan dek Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. Buku tu mampakinalkan kisah Sidi Mara kapado pambaco mudo sabagai bagian dari sajarah lokal jo tradisi maritim Nusantara.<ref name=":0" /> Salain tu, namo Sidi Mara juo muncul dalam sajumlah tulisan populer tantang sajarah maritim Sumatra Baraik jo tradisi lisan masyarakat pasisia Minangkabau. = Rujuak'an = q30liul8jlbrf0tf1ec3ixs1q0k02fn