Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara Jakarta 0 260 3347740 3343916 2026-06-11T15:07:08Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotak info provinsi | nama = Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta | settlement_type = ibu kota | singkatan = DKI Jakarta | nama lain = {{hlist|Sunda Kelapa|Jayakarta|Batavia}} | julukan = ''The Big Durian'', ''J-Town''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1/|title=A Day in J-Town|publisher=Jetstar Magazine|date=Ap2012|accessdate=2 January 2013|archive-date=2013-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801063908/http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | lambang = Coat of arms of Jakarta.svg | foto = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 2/2/2/1 |image1=Museum fatahillah.jpg |image2=Museum Nasional Indonesia.jpg |image3=Istana-Merdeka.jpg |image4=Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, Asia Cup 2007.jpg |image5=Stasiun Jakartakota 2018.jpg |image6= |image7=Jakarta Skyline Part 2.jpg }} | caption = Dari ateh, saarah jarum jam: [[Museum Fatahillah]], [[Museum Nasional Indonesia]], [[Stadion Gelora Bung Karno]], [[Monas]], Panorama Jakarta, [[Stasiun Jakarta Kota]], dan [[Istana Merdeka]]. | motto = "Jaya Raya"{{br}}<small>("Jayo jo Basa (Aguang)")</small> | peta = {{Infobox mapframe|zoom=7}} | tanggal = [[22 Juni]] [[1527]] (umur {{umur|1527|6|22|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}) | dasar hukum = UU Nomor 29 Tahun 2007 | ibukota = [[Kota Administrasi Jakarta Pusat|Jakarta Pusat]]{{efn|Secara ''[[de facto]]'', [[Kota Administrasi Jakarta Pusat|Jakarta Pusat]] menjadi pusat bagi banyak gedung [[Pemerintah|pemerintahan]]. Secara ''[[de jure]]'', DKI Jakarta tidak memiliki [[ibu kota]].}} | luas = 7659,02 | peringkat populasi = <!-- peringkat berdasarkan jumlah penduduk --> | tahun populasi = [[2020]] | populasi ref = <ref name="DKI">{{cite document|url= https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/bb7fa6dd5e90b534e3fa6984/provinsi-dki-jakarta-dalam-angka-2021.html|title=Provinsi DKI Jakarta Dalam Angka 2021|publisher=[[Badan Pusat Statistik]] Provinsi DKI Jakarta|accessdate=11 April 2021|pages=74|format=pdf}}</ref> | penduduk = 10562088 | kepadatan = 14555 | nama gubernur = [[Pramono Anung]] | nama wakil gubernur = [[Rano Karno]] | nama ketua DPRD = [[Prasetyo Edi Marsudi]] | nama sekretaris daerah = [[Marullah Matali]] | kabupaten = 1 | kota = 5 | kecamatan = 44 | kelurahan = 267 | total APBD = Rp 89.088.351.842.504,-<ref name="APBD">[http://apbd.jakarta.go.id/main/pub/2019/6/1 jakarta.go.id: APBD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920093338/http://apbd.jakarta.go.id/main/pub/2019/6/1 |date=2020-09-20 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | tahun APBD = 2019 | PAD = Rp 50.624.330.153.998,-<ref name="APBD"/> | DAU = | IPM = {{increase}} 81,11 ([[2021]])<br> {{fontcolor|DarkGreen|Sangat Tinggi}}<ref name="IPM">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/494/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-provinsi.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Menurut Provinsi 2019-2021|website=www.bps.go.id|accessdate=26 November 2021}}</ref> | agama = [[Islam]] (83,68%)<br> [[Kristen]] (12,53%)<br>—[[Protestan]] (8,60%)<br>—[[Katolik]] (3,93%)<br> [[Agamo Buddha|Buddha]] (3,59%)<br> [[Hindu]] (0,18%)<br> [[Agamo Konghucu|Konghucu]] (0,02%)<ref name="AGAMA">{{cite web|url=https://jakarta.bps.go.id/indicator/108/844/1/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama-dan-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-dki-jakarta.html|title=Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama dan Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2020|webiste=jakarta.bps.go.id|accessdate=15 Oktober 2021}}</ref> | bahasa = {{collapsible list|[[Bahaso Indonesia|Indonesia]] (resmi)<br>[[bahaso Betawi|Betawi]] (utama)<br> [[bahaso Jawa|Jawa]]<br> [[bahaso Sunda|Sunda]]<br> [[bahaso Tionghoa|Tionghoa]]<br> [[bahaso Batak|Batak]]<br> [[bahaso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]<br> [[bahaso Madura|Madura]]<br> [[bahaso Malayu|Malayu]]<br> [[bahaso Banjar|Banjar]]<br> [[bahaso Inggirih|Inggirih]]<br> [[bahaso Aceh|Aceh]]<br> [[Bahaso Bugih|Bugih]]<br> [[Bahaso Bali|Bali]]<br> [[bahaso Arab|Arab]]<br> [[bahaso Tamil|Tamil]]<br> [[Bahaso Ambon|Ambon]]<br> [[Bahaso Pecok|Pecok]]<br> [[Bahaso Ulando|Ulando]]<br> [[Bahaso Portugih|Portugih]]}} | lagu = [[Kicir-Kicir]]<br>[[Jali-Jali]] | rumah = [[Rumah kebaya|Rumah Kebaya]] | senjata = [[Golok]] | catatan = <ref name="DKI 2017">{{cite web|url=https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2018/01/05/44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0/statistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html|title=Statistik Daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2017|last=|first=|publisher=BPS DKI Jakarta|accessdate=11 Agustus 2018}}</ref><ref name="kependudukan DKI 2013">BPS: Jakarta Dalam Angka [http://jakarta.bps.go.id/backend/pdf_publikasi/Jakarta-Dalam-Angka-2014.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107153540/https://jakarta.bps.go.id/backend/pdf_publikasi/Jakarta-Dalam-Angka-2014.pdf |date=2022-01-07 }}, diakses pada 12 Agustus 2015</ref> | ref luas = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/v2/news/category/geografis-jakarta|title=GEOGRAFIS JAKARTA|publisher=jakarta.go.id|date=1 Januari 2008|accessdate=12 April 2016|archive-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419041245/http://www.jakarta.go.id/v2/news/category/geografis-jakarta|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | TNKB = B | ISO = ID-JK | kode pos = 10''xxx''-14''xxx'' | kode area = 021 | flora = [[Salak|Salak condet]] | fauna = [[Alang bondo]] | utc = +07:00 | zona waktu = [[Wakatu Indonesia Barat|WIB]] | bendera = Flag of Jakarta (vectorised).svg | catatankaki = {{notelist}} | web = {{url|jakarta.go.id/}} | luas perairan = 6997,50 | luas daratan = 664,01 | slogan = +Jakarta Kota Kolaborasi<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-17|title=Anies: Branding Kota Jakarta Sekarang Kota Kolaborasi|url=https://republika.co.id/share/qlhb6u428|website=Republika Online|language=id|access-date=2022-01-07}}</ref> }} '''Jakarta''' {{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|k|ɑr|t|ə}},<ref group="note">Palafalan dalam [[bahaso Batawi]]: {{IPA-id|dʒaˈkarte}}.</ref> sacaro rasmi banamo '''Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta''', adolah ibukota dan kota nan paliang gadang di [[Indonesia]]. Talatak di bagia pasisia barat lauik [[Pulau Jawa]], Jakarta adolah ibu kota parekonomian, kabudayoan dan politik, dan tampek tingga dari 10,187,595 juta urang pado November 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kependudukancapil.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=63 |title=''Jumlah Penduduk Provinsi DKI Jakarta'' |work=Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil |accessdate=19 April 2012 |archive-date=8 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408101949/http://www.kependudukancapil.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=63 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> kota ko adolah [[Daftar daerah urban manuruik populasi|kota bapanduduak paliang banyak]] di Indonesia dan [[Asia Tenggara]], dan marupoan [[Daftar kota manuruik populasi|kota katigobaleh paliang banyak panduduaknyo]] di dunia. Daerah metropolitan rasmi, nan acok disabuik [[Jabodetabek]] (panyingkekan dari Jakarta, [[Bogor]], [[Depok]], [[Tangerang]] jo [[Bekasi]]), adolah [[Daftar daerah urban manuruik populasi|nan kaduo paliang gadang]] di dunia. Jakarta manjadi [[kota global]] manuruik panalitian Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) pado taun 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2008|work=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC)|publisher=[[Loughborough University]]|accessdate=7 December 2009|archive-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811203314/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan mamiliaki wilayah darek sagadang {{convert|661|km2}}. Area ko manjadi tampek tingga labiah dari 28 juta urang.<ref name="bps">[http://www.bps.go.id/aboutus.php?hasilSP2010=1 ''Sensus Penduduk 2010''. Biro Pusat Statistik]</ref> Pado 2011, Jakarta diuruikkan di paringkek katujuahbaleh di daftar 200 kota nan paliang gadang di dunia. Jakarta alah bakambang jauah labiah maju dibandiangkan kota-kota saroman [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Beijing]] atau [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waspada.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=243533:foke-lebih-yakin-lembaga-survei-asing&catid=17:politik&Itemid=30 |title=Foke lebih yakin lembaga survei asing |date=24 April 2012 |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831024245/http://www.waspada.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=243533:foke-lebih-yakin-lembaga-survei-asing&catid=17:politik&Itemid=30 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Didirikan pado abaik kaampek, kota ko manjadi palabuahan padagangan nan pantiang untuak [[Karajaan Sunda]]. Jakarta kamuadian manjadi ibu kota de facto [[Hindia Balando]] (namonyo kutiko itu masih ''Batavia''), dan sampai kini masih manjadi ibu kota Indonesia sajak diproklamasikannyo kamardekaan nagara tu pado 1945. Kota ko marupoan markas dari Sekretariat [[ASEAN]]. Kota ko dilayani dek [[Palabuahan Kapa Tabang Internasional Soekarno-Hatta]], [[Palabuahan Kapa Tabang Halim Perdanakusuma]] dan [[Palabuahan Tanjung Priok]]; dan juo dilayani dek sambuangan [[kureta api]] dan [[kureta komuter]], sarato babarapo jalur [[TransJakarta|bus kota]]. == Panamoan == Daerah nan kini dinamokan Jakarta juo mamiliaki babarapo namo lamo nan digunoan dek entitas-entitas politik nan mamarintah kota ko sabalunnyo: [[Sunda Kelapa]] (397–1527), Jayakarta (1527–1619), Batavia (1619–1949), dan Djakarta (1949–1972). Namonyo nan kini barasa dari kato "Jayakarta". Aka kato ko barasa dari [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]] dan [[bahaso Sanskerta|Sanskerta]]. "Jayakarta" baarati "kamanangan", "kasamparonoan" atau "kamanangan nan samparono". Jakarta dijualaki ''[[Durian]] Gadang'', sajinih buah lokal Indonesia nan baduri dan babaun khas.<ref name="Jakartapost"/> Alasan juluakan ko antaro lain karano Jakarta dipandang sabagai padanan Indonesia untuak ''[[New York City|the Big Apple]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/1532 |title=Sojourn In The Big Durian |publisher=ThingsAsian |accessdate=14 March 2011 |archive-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016175716/http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/1532 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==Sajarah== {{Main|Sajarah Jakarta}} [[File:Prasasti tugu.jpg|thumb|160px|left|[[Batu basurek Tugu]] dari abaik kalimo nan ditamuan di daerah Tugu, Jakarta Utara.]] ===Maso pra-kolonial=== Daerah nan kini disabuik Jakarta adolah bagian dari [[Karajaan Tarumanagara]], sabuah karajaan [[Sunda]], nan marupoan salah satu karajaan Hindu nan paliang tuo di Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta|title=Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon|year=2005}}</ref> Satalah kajatuahan Tarumanagara, wilayah-wilayahnyo, tamasuak daerah Jakarta, manjadi bagian dari [[Karajaan Sunda]]. Dari abaik katujuah inggo awal abaik katigobaleh, daerah ko manjadi palabuahan nan pantiang untuak karajaan dan banyak dipangaruahi dek [[Karajaan Sriwijaya]]. Manuruik catatan Cino, ''Chu-fan-chi'', nan ditulih kiro-kiro pado taun 1200, [[Chou Ju-kua]] malaporan baso pado awal abaik katigobaleh, Sriwijaya masih mamarintah Sumatra, [[Samananjuang Malayu]] dan bagian barat Jawa. Catatan ko juo malaporan baso palabuahan Sunda sabagai palabuahan nan "strategis dan bakambang pesat", manjadi pusek padagangan [[lado itam]] dari Sunda nan tanamo dek mutunyo. Panduduak daerah ko bakarajo di bidang agrikultur dan rumah-rumahnyo dibangun dari kayu.<ref>{{cite book | author=Drs. R. Soekmono,| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed. | publisher=Penerbit Kanisius | date= 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 | location =Yogyakarta| page =page 60 }}</ref> Palabuahan ko disabuik [[Sunda Kelapa]], dan pado abaik kaampekbaleh, palabuahan ko alah manjadi pusek padagangan utamo dari karajaan Sunda. Ampek kapa [[Portugis]] dari [[Malaka]] tibo di Sunda Kelapa pado 1513, kutiko Portugis sadang mancari jalur manuju pulau-pulau pangasia lado itam.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Cipta Loka Caraka|title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16|year=1999}}</ref> Karajaan Sunda mambuek sabuah [[Luso Sundanese padrão|pajanjian basakutu]] jo urang-orang Portugis dan mambuliahan mareka mambangun sabuah palabuahan pado 1522, dalam rangko batahan dari ancaman [[Kasultanan Demak]] dari Jawa Tangah.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp |title=History of Jakarta |work=BeritaJakarta}}</ref> Pado 1527, [[Fatahillah]], saurang palimo parang Demak manyarang dan manakluakkan Sunda Kelapa, dan mangusia urang-urang Portugis. Sunda Kelapa diganti namonyo manjadi Jayakarta,<ref name="autogenerated2" /> dan manjadi wilayah kakuasoan [[Kasultanan Banten]]. Malalui hubuangan jo Pangeran Jayawikarta dari Kasultanan Banten, kapa-kapa Balando tibo di Jayakarta pado taun 1596. Pado 1602, [[Parusaoan India Timua Inggirih]] mangirim rombongan nan dipimpin [[Sir James Lancaster]], mambuang sauah di [[Aceh]] dan balaia ka Banten, dimano mareka diagiah izin untuak mambangun sabuah kantua dagang. Wilayah ko kamudian manjadi pusek padagangan Inggirih di Indonesia inggo 1682.<ref name="RICKLEFSp29">{{Cite book|last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 |edition=2nd |publisher=MacMillan |year=1993 |location=London |page=29 |isbn=0-333-57689-6}}</ref> Jayawikarta diduga mampunyoi hubuangan dagang jo padagang-padagang Inggirih nan manjadi rival Balando, jo caro maagiah izin pambangunan rumah-rumah di muko bangunan-bangunan Balando pado 1615.<ref name='1596to1619'>{{Cite book|last=Heuken |first=Adolf|title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta Jilid II: Dokumen-dokumen Sejarah Jakarta dari kedatangan kapal pertama Belanda (1596) sampai dengan tahun 1619 (Authentic sources of History of Jakarta part II: Documents of history of Jakarta from the first arrival of Dutch ship (1596) to year 1619) |publisher=Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka |year=2000 |location=Jakarta }}</ref> ===Era kolonial=== [[File:Stadhuis Batavia, Jakarta.jpg|thumb|''Stadhuis Batavia'', kantua Gubernur Jenderal [[Parusaoan Hindia Timua Balando|VOC]] di daerah [[Kota Tua Jakarta]]. Bangunan ko kini manjadi [[Museum Sajarah Jakarta]]]] [[File:Andries Beeckman - The Castle of Batavia.jpg|thumb|left|Batavia dibangun di ateh lahan nan kini manjadi Jakarta. Karya [[Andries Beeckman]] c. 1656]] Kutiko ubuangan antaro Pangeran Jayawikarta dan urang-urang Balando mamburuak, parajurik Jayawikarta manyarang benteng Balando. Pasukan Jayawikarta nan dibantu Inggirih dikalahkan dek Balando, sabagian karano tibonyo [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]] (J.P. Coen). Balado mambaka benteng Inggirih dan mamaso Inggirih untuak mundur ka kapa-kapanyo. Kamanangan ko mampakuek kakuasaan Balando ateh kota ko dan pado taun 1619, Balando mangganti namo Jayakarta manjadi ''Batavia''. Paluang-paluang padagangan di kota ko mambuek banyak imigran tatarik datang, kusuihnyo padagang-padagang Cino. Panambahan jumlah panduduak nan tibo-tibo mambuek barek baban pamarintah kota. Katagangan mamuncak kutiko pamarentah mancubo mambatehi migrasi urang-urang Cino jo caro deportasi. Palawanan pacah dan 5,000 urang Cino [[Pambantaian Batavia 1740|dibantai]] dek pamarentah Balando dan panduduak pribumi pado 9 Oktober 1740, dan taun salanjuiknyo, banyak urang Cino mamiliah pindah ka [[Glodok]] nan talatak di lua tembok kota.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139">{{Cite book|last=Witton |first=Patrick |title=Indonesia |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2003 |location=Melbourne |pages=138–139|isbn=1-74059-154-2}}</ref> Kota ko mulai bakambang ka arah selatan sasudah wabah panyakik taun 1835 dan 1870, mamaso banyak urang untuak pindah labiah ka arah selatan dari palabuahan. Koningsplein, kini banamo [[Medan Merdeka]] salasai dibangun pado 1818, taman parumahan [[Menteng]] mulai dibangun pado 1913,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090220150339/http://www.bapekojakartapusat.go.id/node/42 Menteng : Pelopor Kota Taman], 3 November 2007</ref> dan [[Kebayoran Baru]] adolah kawasan parumahan taakhia nan dibangun Balando.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/> Pado 1930, Batavia alah punyo labiah dari satangah juta panduduak,<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/13.htm Colonial Economy and Society, 1870–1940]. Source: ''U.S. Library of Congress.''</ref> tamasuak 37,067 urang Eropa.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4T4HJKW-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=949420039&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a406b85e0a44bef9ed9ad2d055bcd62b Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households]. ScienceDirect.</ref> ===Era kamardekaan=== Sasudah parang, kaum republikan Indonesia mamutuihan untuak maninggakan Jakarta nan dikuasai [[Sakutu pado Parang Dunia Kaduo|pasukan Sakutu]] dan manjadikan [[Yogyakarta]] sabagai ibu kota nagara nan baru. Pado 1950, satalah kamardekaan sapanuahnyo dirabuik, ibu kota nagara dibaliakkan ka kota ko.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/> Presiden partamo Indonesia, [[Soekarno]], bacito-cito untuak manjadian Jakarta sabuah kota internasional gadang dan mamarintahkan proyek-proyek pambangunan nan dibiayai dek pamarentah untuak mamasuakkan unsur-unsur nasionalis dan [[arsitektur modern]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kusno |first=Abidin |year=2000 |title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures |location=New York City |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-23615-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=P. |last=Schoppert |coauthor=Damais, S. |title=Java Style |year=1997 |publisher=Didier Millet |location=Paris |isbn= 962-593-232-1}}</ref> Proyek-proyeknyo tamasuak jalan layang, bundaran gadang di Jalan MH Thamrin-Sudirman, [[Monumen Nasional]], [[Hotel Indonesia]], pusek balanjo dan gedung parlemen nan baru. Pado Oktober 1965, Jakarta manjadi saksi [[Pagarakan 30 September|sabuah usao kudeta]] nan mambunuah anam urang jenderal tinggi militer, mamicu [[Pambantaian massal Indonesia 1965-66|pambarasiahan massal urang-urang kuminih]], tamasuak banyak urang Cino,<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm Why ethnic Chinese are afraid]". BBC News. 12 February 1998.</ref> dan bamulonyo [[Paraliahan ka Orde Baru|era Orde Baru di bawah Soeharto]]. Sabuah monumen dibangun di [[Lubang Buaya|tampek mayik jenderal-jenderal tu dibuang]]. Pado 1966, Jakarta dinyatoan sabagai "daerah kusuih ibukota" (''daerah khusus ibukota''), dan mandapek status satingkek provinsi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta |work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta#13148.toc |accessdate=17 September 2007 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc}}</ref> Letnan Jenderal [[Ali Sadikin]] manjadi gubernur dari patangahan 60-an inggo 1977; inyo mamaloki sajumlah jalan jo jambatan, mandukuang pakambangan seni jo budayo, mambangun rumah-rumah sakik jo sakolah-sakolah. Inyo juo manertibkan area-area kumuah untuak proyek-proyek pambangunan modern,<ref>{{Cite journal|first=M. |last=Douglas |year=1989 |title=The Environmental Sustainability of Development. Coordination, Incentives and Political Will in Land Use Planning for the Jakarta Metropolis |journal=Third World Planning Review |volume=11 |issue=2 pages=pp. 211–238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/095624789200400203 |first=M. |last=Douglas |year=1992 |title=The Political Economy of Urban Poverty and Environmental Management in Asia: Access, Empowerment and Community-based Alternatives |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=9–32}}</ref> dan barusao mangapuihan [[becak]] dan malarang padagang kaki limo. Sadikin juo barusao untuak mangandalikan jumlah papindahan dari lua Jakarta untuak mancagah kalabiahan jumlah panduduak dan paningkekan jumlah urang miskin.<ref> {{Cite book | last = Turner | first = Peter | title = Java (1st edition) | publisher=Lonely Planet | year=1997 | location=Melbourne | page=315 | isbn=0-86442-314-4 }}</ref> Investasi dari lua nagari alah mangubah wajah kota ko salamo maso pamarintahan Sadikin dan pangganti-panggantinyo.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Edsel E. |last=Sajor |year=2003 |url=http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00325 |title=Globalization and the Urban Property Boom in Metro Cebu, Philippines |journal=Development and Change |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=713–742 |doi=10.1111/1467-7660.00325}}</ref> Ladakan ekonomi ko baakhia pado maso [[Krisis ekonomi Asia 1997|krisis 1997]], mambuek Jakarta sabagai pusek pagarakan anti-pamarentah. Sasudah 32 bakuaso, dukuangan pado presiden Soeharto mulai manurun. Katagangan mamuncak kutiko ampek mahasiswa [[Universitas Trisakti]] di[[Panembakan Trisakti|tembak mati]] dek aparat kaamanan; [[Karusuahan Mai 1998|karusuahan ampek hari di Jakarta]] mambunuah labiah dari 1,200 urang dan marusak 6,000 bangunan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6 |page=329}}</ref> Banyak parusuah mangincar urang [[Cino Indonesia]].<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm Wages of Hatred]. Michael Shari. Business Week.</ref> Soeharto akhianyo mundur dari jabatan presiden, dan Jakarta batahan sabagai pusek krusial dari pagarakan demokrasi di Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Friend |first=T. |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6}}</ref> Bom dan sarangan teroris tajadi hampia tiok taun di kota ko antaro 2000 inggo 2005,<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/> dan ciek bom lai pado [[bom Jakarta 2009|taun 2009]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Minggu, 19 Juli 2009 – 13:16 WIB |url=http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-di-jakarta |title=Daftar Serangan Bom di Jakarta |publisher=Poskota |accessdate=27 April 2010 |archive-date=12 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812063627/http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-di-jakarta |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==Pamarentahan== ===Kotamadya jo kabupaten di Jakarta=== <center>[[File:Jakarta subdistrict.png|thumb|left|500px|Peta [[kotamadya]] di Jakarta. Tiok kotamadya tadiri ateh babarapo [[kecamatan]].]]</center> Sacaro rasmi, Jakarta bukanlah sabuah kota, tapi [[Provinsi Indonesia|sabuah provinsi]] nan bastatus istimewa sabagai ibu kota nagara. Provinsi ko dipimpin dek surang gubernur, bukannyo walikota, dan dibagi manjadi babarapo kotamadya dan kabupaten. Sabagai provinsi, namo rasmi Jakarta adolah ''Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta'' ("Daerah Kusuih Ibukota Jakarta"), disingkek DKI Jakarta. Jakarta dibagi manjadi limo kota atau kotamadya, nan dipimpin dek surang wali kota dan ciek [[kabupaten]], nan dipimpin dek [[bupati]]. Pado Agustus 2007, provinsi ko manyalanggarokan pamiliahan umum partamo untuak mamiliah gubernur, karano sabalunnyo gubernur dipiliah dek Dewan Pawakilan Rakyaik Daerah. Pamiliahan ko marupokan bagian dari program desentralisasi kakuasaan nan maagiah jalan bagi pamiliahan kapalo daerah langsuang di sadoalah kabupaten jo kota di Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6936276.stm |title=Jakarta holds historic election |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=8 August 2007}}</ref> Kota-kota di Jakarta adolah: * [[Kota Jakarta Pusat|Jakarta Pusat]] adolah kota nan paliang ketek dan tampek duduak bagi banyak fasilitas pamarentahan provinsi. Kota ko didominasi dek taman-taman gadang dan bangunan paninggalan kolonial Balando. Tando tanahnyo antaro lain [[Monumen Nasional]], [[Musajik Istiqlal]], [[Katedral Jakarta]] dan museum-museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakpus/default.asp|title=Central Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|accessdate=19 December 2009|archive-date=11 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911220356/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakpus/default.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * [[Kota Jakarta Barat|Jakarta Barat]] didominasi dek industri skala ketek nan taseba di saluruah panjuru kota. Tando tanahnyo antaro lain kawasan Pecinan Jakarta bangunan-bangunan tuo paninggalan Balando. Jakarta Barat juo maliputi sabagian [[Kota Tuo Jakarta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakbar/default.asp|title=West Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|accessdate=24 February 2010|archive-date=11 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911220346/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakbar/default.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * [[Kota Jakarta Selatan|Jakarta Selatan]], aslinyo dirancang sabagai sabuah kota satelit nan tapisah, tapi kini alah manjadi tampek bagi pusek-pusek balanjo modern dan kompleks parumahan elit. Daerah ko bafungsi sabagai panyangga aia untuak Jakarta,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaksel/|title=South Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|accessdate=19 December 2009|archive-date=5 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705203755/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaksel/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> tapi kini daerah hijau alah mulai diancam dek proyek pambangunan baru. Sabagian gadang distrik bisnis Jakarta talatak di kota ko, iyolah di Setia Budi nan babateh jo daerah Tanah Abang/Sudirman di Jakarta Pusat. * [[Kota Jakarta Timur|Jakarta Timur]] didominasi dek kawasan industri dan pabrik.<ref name="Jaktim go id">{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaktim/default.asp|title=East Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|accessdate=19 December 2009|archive-date=14 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014184630/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaktim/default.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Di kota ko talatak [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]] dan [[Palabuahan Kapa Tabang Halim Perdanakusuma]]. * [[Kota Jakarta Utara|Jakarta Utara]] adolah satu-satunyo kota di Jakarta nan mamiliaki area lauik, babateh jo [[Lauik Jawa]]. Kota ko mamiliaki [[Palabuahan Tanjug Priok]]. Industri skala gadang dan manangah dikonsentrasikan di kota ko, tapi juo punyoi sabagian daerah Kota Tuo Jakarta. Di kota ko juo talatak [[Taman Impian Jaya Ancol]], kini kompleks hiburan tapadu paliang gadang di Asia Tenggara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakut/default.asp|title=North Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|accessdate=19 December 2009|archive-date=13 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913084331/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakut/default.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Satu-satunyo kabupaten di Jakarta adolah: * [[Kabupaten Kepulauan Seribu|Kepulauan Seribu]], dulunyo marupokan bagian dari Jakarta Utara, adolah himpunan dari 105 pulau ketek di Lauik Jawa. Kabupaten ko banyak dikunjuangi untuak pariwisata maritim saroman mandayuang, baranang dan lain-lain. Moda transportasi utamo di kabupaten ko adolah kapa bot atau feri ketek.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/kepseribu|title="Thousand Island" Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|accessdate=19 December 2009|archive-date=16 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616124511/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/kepseribu/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Kapalo pamarentahan === {{See also|Daftar Gubernur DKI Jakarta}} Pado Septemmber 1945, bantuak pamarentahan kota Jakarta diubah dari pamarentahan ''Djakarta Toku-Betsu Shi'' nan dibantuak Japang manjadi model Indonesia. Pamarentahan partamo dikatuai dek surang wali kota inggo 1960, kutiko jabatan wali kota diganti manjadi gubernur. Wali kota taakhia Jakarta adolah [[Sudiro]], nan diganti dek Dr [[Sumarno]] sabagai Gubernur Jakarta nan partamo.<ref name="Statistics">{{Cite book|publisher=Statistics DKI Jakarta Provincial Office, Jakarta|title=Jakarta in Figures |year=2008}}</ref> ==Geografi dan iklim== ===Geografi=== Jakarta talatak di pasisia barat lauik [[Pulau Jawa]], di muaro [[Sungai Ciliwung]] di [[Teluk Jakarta]], nan marupoan taluak ketek dari [[Lauik Jawa]]. Sacaro rasmi, laweh daerah Daerah Kusuih Ibu Kota Jakarta adolah {{convert|662|km2|0|abbr=on}} bagian darek dan {{convert|6,977|km2|0|abbr=on}} kawasan lauik.<ref>Based on Governor Decree in 2007, No. 171. taken from Statistics DKI Jakarta Provincial Office, ''Jakarta in Figures'', 2008, BPS, Province of DKI Jakarta</ref> [[Kabupaten Kepulauan Seribu|Kepulauan Seribu]], nan sacaro rasmi marupokan bagian dari Jakarta, talatak di Teluk Jakarta, bagian utara dari daratan utamo. Jakarta talatak pado dataran randah dan data, bakisa dari {{convert|-2|m|0}} inggo {{convert|50|m|0}} dan tinggi rato-ratonyo {{convert|8|m|0}} [[di ateh pamukaan lauik]]; 40% bagian darek Jakarta, utamonyo di bagian utara, talatak di bawah pamukaan lauik,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thejakartaglobe.com/waterworries/the-tides-efforts-never-end-to-repel-an-invading-sea/320034 |title=The Tides: Efforts Never End to Repel an Invading Sea |work=Jakarta Globe |accessdate=14 March 2011 |archive-date=20 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220130644/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/waterworries/the-tides-efforts-never-end-to-repel-an-invading-sea/320034 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> samantaro bagian salatannyo babukik-bukik. Sungai mangalia dari tanah tinggi [[Puncak]] ka bagian selatan kota, malintehi kota ka arah utara manuju Lauik Jawa; salah satu sungai nan paliang gadang adolah [[Sungai Ciliwung]] nan mambalah Jakarta Barat jo Jakarta Timur. Sungai-sungai lain antaro lain Sungai Pesanggarahan jo Sungai Sunter. Sadoalah sungai ko, disatukan jo musim hujan dan sistem drainase nan buruak dan acok tasumbek, mambuek Jakarta rawan dilando banjia. Jakarta tabanam sakitar 5 inggo 10 sentimeter tiok taun, bahkan labiah dari 20 sentimeter di daerah utara. Untuak mambantu mancagah bancano banjia nan tibo ampia tiok taun, Balando maagiah sakitar $4&nbsp;juta untuak studi kalayakan pambangunan tanggul di Teluk Jakarta. Cincin tanggul akan dilengkapi jo sistem pompa dan daerah retensi untuak manahan amuakan aia lauik. Proyek ko akan dibangun pado 2025.<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/27/dutch-study-new-dike-jakarta-bay.html Dutch to study new dike for Jakarta Bay | The Jakarta Post<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {{wide image|View of Jakarta from Monas.jpg|1800px|Pamandangan Jakarta Pusat dari manaro pamantau di Monas}} === Iklim === Jakarta mamiliaki [[iklim musim tropis]] (''Am'')<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|title=Climate: Jakarta - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/714756/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|accessdate=20 September 2013}}</ref> manuruik [[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]]. Walaupun talatak realtif dakek dari khatulistiwa, kota ko punyo [[musim hujan]] dan [[musim kariang]] nan lain bana. Musim hujan di Jakarta malando sabagian gadang wakatu sapanjang tahun, balansuang sapanjang November inggo Juni. Ampek bulan sisonyo adolah musim kariang. Talatak di bagian barat pulau Jawa, musim hujan di Jakarta mancapai puncaknyo pado bulan Januari jo ratoan curah hujan {{convert|389|mm}}, dan titiak tarandah musim kariang adolah pado September, jo ratoan {{convert|30|mm|abbr=on}}. {{Weather box |location = Jakarta |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 29.9 |Feb high C = 30.3 |Mar high C = 31.5 |Apr high C = 32.5 |May high C = 32.5 |Jun high C = 31.4 |Jul high C = 32.3 |Aug high C = 32.0 |Sep high C = 33.0 |Oct high C = 32.7 |Nov high C = 31.3 |Dec high C = 32.0 |year high C = 31.8 |Jan low C = 24.2 |Feb low C = 24.3 |Mar low C = 25.2 |Apr low C = 25.1 |May low C = 25.4 |Jun low C = 24.8 |Jul low C = 25.1 |Aug low C = 24.9 |Sep low C = 25.5 |Oct low C = 25.5 |Nov low C = 24.9 |Dec low C = 24.9 |year low C = 25.0 |Jan precipitation mm = 384.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 309.8 |Mar precipitation mm = 100.3 |Apr precipitation mm = 257.8 |May precipitation mm = 133.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 83.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 30.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 34.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 29.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 33.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 175.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 84.0 |year precipitation mm = 1655.2 |Jan rain days = 26 |Feb rain days = 20 |Mar rain days = 15 |Apr rain days = 18 |May rain days = 13 |Jun rain days = 17 |Jul rain days = 5 |Aug rain days = 24 |Sep rain days = 6 |Oct rain days = 9 |Nov rain days = 22 |Dec rain days = 12 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]] <ref>{{Cite web | url =http://worldweather.wmo.int/043/c00310.htm | title =World Weather Information Service - Jakarta | access-date =2013-10-09 | archive-date =2022-12-19 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175850/https://worldweather.wmo.int/043/c00310.htm | dead-url =yes }}</ref> |date=August 2010 }} == Budayo == [[File:Keong Emas.jpg|left|thumb|''Keong Emas'', dibuek pado 1970 dek pamarentahan Orde Baru, adolah sabuah teater IMAX nan talatak di [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], Jakarta Timur.]] Sabagai ibu kota ekonomi jo politik Indonesia, Jakarta alah manarik banyak imigran domestik nan mambao masuak bahaso, dialek, makanan jo adaik nan balain-lain pulo. [[Urang Betawi]] (''Orang Betawi'', atau "warga Batavia") adoah katurunan urang-urang nan tingga di dalam dan sakita Batavia lamo dan diakui sabagai sabuah suku banso nan barasa dari abaik ka-18 inggo ka-19. Urang Betawi kabanyakannyo adolah katurunan dari suku-suku banso Asia Tenggara nan tibo di Batavia untuak mamanuahi kaparaluan buruah kasa, tamasuak urang-urang dari palosok Indonesia.<ref name="Knorr"/> [[Bahaso Betawi|Bahaso]] jo budayo Betawi hampia samo jo bahaso nan dipakai dek [[urang Sunda]] atau [[urang Jawa]]. Bahaso ko kabanyakan badasa pado [[bahaso Malayu Kuno]] dialek timur dan dipakayo dek kato-kato pinjaman dari bahaso Balando, Portugih, Sunda, Jawa, Cino jo Arab. Kini, dialek Jakarta (''bahasa Jakarta''), dipakai sacarao laweh dek urang-urang Jakarta, dan kabanyakannyo badasa pado bahaso Betawi nan dimodernkan. Kasanian Betawi indak talalu populer di Jakarta, karano banyak urang Betawi alah bapindah ka pinggiran kota, digantian dek imigran-imigran. Kini di Jakarta labiah mudah untuak manamuan upacaro baralek baadaik Jawa atau Minang dibandiang baralek baadaik Betawi di Jakarta. Labiah mudah untuak manamuan [[gamelan]] asa Jawa dibandiang ''[[gambang kromong]]'', sajinih musik nan mancampua budayo Betawi jo Cino, atau ''[[tanjidor]]'', campuran musik Betawi jo Portugih, atau juo ''[[marawis]]'', campuran musik Betawi jo Arab. Walau baitu, babarapo festival saroman Festival Jalan Jaksa atau Festival Kemang kini alah bausao untuak manampilan dan malestarikan budayo-budayo Betawi, jo caro mangundang artis-artis tradisional untuak tampil.<ref name="Knorr">{{Cite book|last=Knörr |first=Jacqueline |title=Kreolität und postkoloniale Gesellschaft. Integration und Differenzierung in Jakarta |publisher=Campus Verlag |location=Frankfurt |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-593-38344-6}}</ref> [[File:Festival beach Ancol Jakarta.jpg|right|thumb|Pantai Festival di [[Taman Impian Jaya Ancol]], Jakarta Utara.]] Sajak baabaik-abaik nan lampau, alah ado komunitas [[Cino Indonesia]] di Jakarta. Urang Cino di Indonesia sacaro tradisional tingga di sakita daerah parumahan lamo, sarupo [[Pinangsia]], [[Pluit]] atau [[Glodok]]. Komunitas ko juo dapek ditamui di area [[Chinatown]] di [[Senen]] jo [[Jatinegara]]. Ado kurang labiah 6% urang Cino di Jakarta.<ref name='BBC'>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4312805.stm |title=Chinese diaspora: Indonesia |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |author=Johnston, Tim |date=3 March 2005}}</ref> Budayo Cino alah juo mampangaruahi budayo Betawi, saroman tanamonyo kue jo manisan Cino, [[kambang api]], inggo baralek baadaik Betawi nan manampilan pangaruah budayo Cino jo Arab. Jakarta punyo banyak pusek kasanian, sarupo tampek konser klasik Aula Simfonia Jakarta di Kemayoran, [[Taman Ismail Marzuki]] (TIM) di Cikini, [[Gedung Kesenian Jakarta]] dakek Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini di daerah Plaza Semanggi, [[Bentara Budaya Jakarta]] di Palmerah, ''Pasar Seni'' di [[Ancol]], jo panampilan kasanian tradisional Indonesia di paviliun-paviliun sajumlah provinsi nan talatak di daerah [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]]. Musik tradisional dapek ditamuan di hotel-hotal bintang limo, tamasuak pasambahan [[wayang]] jo gamelan. Pasambahan [[wayang orang]] dari Jawa dapek ditonton di teater Wayang Urang Bharata dakek terminal bus Senen. Sabagai ibu kota dan kota tagadang, Jakarta alah mangasiakan banyak talenta musik nasional. Jakarta adolah tuan rumah dari babarapo festival atau pameranbudayo jo kasanian nan prestisius, sarupo [[Jakarta International Film Festival]] (JiFFest), [[Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival]], [[Jakarta Fashion Week]], Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (JFFF), Jakarta Fair,jo Indonesia Creative Products. Jakarta Arts and Crafts Flona Jakarta adolah pameran flora jo fauna nan diadoan sakali sataun di taman [[Lapangan Banteng]], mamamerkan bungo-bungoan, tumbuah-tumbuahan, caro parawatan tanaman jo hewan paliaroan. [[Jakarta Fair]] diadoan sakali sataun dari patangahan Juni inggo patangahan Juli untuak marayoan ulang taun provinsi ko dan sabagian gadang tapusek untuak kagiatan padagangan. Walau baitu, pameran ko juo manampilan hiburan jo kasanian, tamasuak patunjuakan budayo dan lagu-lagu nan dibaokan dek grup musik lokal. === Musium === [[File:Museum Nasional Indonesia.jpg|thumb|[[Musium Nasional Indonesia]] di Jakarta Pusat]] Musium-musium di Jakarta kabanyakan tadapek di sakuliliang area Medan Merdeka di Jakarta Pusat, [[Kota Tua Jakarta]] jo [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]]. Ado banyak gaduang-gaduang bakeh pamarintahan kolonial Balando di area Kota Tuo. Babarapo diantaronyo kini manjadi musium, saroman [[Musium Sajarah Jakarta]] (sabalunnyo balai kota Batavia), [[Musium Wayang]] (sabalunnyo Garejo Batavia), Musium Kasanian jo Karamik (sabalunnyo pangadilan tinggi Batavia), [[Musium Maritim (Indonesia)|Musium Maritim]] (sabalunnyo gudang palabuahan Sunda Kelapa), Musium Bank Indonesia (sabalunnyo gaduang De Javasche Bank), jo Musium Bank Mandiri (sabalunnyo gaduang ''Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij''). Babarapo musium talatak di daerah Medan Merdeka, Jakarta Pusat, antaro lain: [[Musium Nasional Indonesia]] (juo tanamo jo sebutan ''Gedung Gajah''), [[Monumen Nasional (Indonesia)|Monas]], Musium Islam Istiqlal di [[Musajik Istiqlal]] (1978) jo Musium [[Katedral Jakarta]] (1901) nan talatak di lantai duo katedral tu. Musium lain tamasuaklah [[Musium Taman Prasasti]] jo [[Musium Tekstil (Jakarta)|Musium Tekstil]] di daerah Tanah Abang.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indonesia West|first=|publisher=Nelles Guides|year=1990|location=Amerika Serikat|pages=78|last=Robertson McCarta & Nelles Verlag}}</ref> Daerah rekreasi kaluargo [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]] di Jakarta Timur juo mamiliaki ampek baleh musium, tamasuak [[Musium Indonesia]], [[Musium Purna Bhakti Pertiwi]], [[Musium Asmat]], Musium Islam Bayt al-Qur'an, Musium Pusaka jo babarapo musium batema sains saroman Pusek Informasi Teknologi jo Panalitian, Musium Fauna Indonesia Komodo, Musium Saranggo, Musium Minyak jo Gas, sarato Musium Transportasi. Musium lain nan tadapek di provinsi ko antaro lain [[Musium Militer Satria Mandala]], Musium Sumpah Pemuda, jo [[Lubang Buaya]]. === Kuliner === [[File:Gado-gado in Jakarta.JPG|thumb|left|[[Gado-gado]] adolah makanan nan tanamo di Jakarta.]] Jakarta mamiliaki baragam makanan dan minuman nan tasadio di ratusan pusek makan di provinsi ko, mulai dari lapak kaki limo di jalanan inggo restoran maha babintang limo. Salah satu masakan nan paliang populer antaro lain [[soto Betawi]], nan manganduangi santan jo dagiang sapi. Namun baito, karano Jakarta dianggap sabagai tampek bacampuanyo suku-suku di Indonesia, banyak masakan tradisional dari suku lain nan mudah ditamui di Jakarta. Contohnyo, [[masakan Padang]] dari Minangkabau jo [[masakan Jawa]] nan murah di ''warung tegal'' (''warteg'') di pinggia jalan. Kuliner lain nan tasadio antaro lain [[masakan Cino]], [[masakan Japang|Japang]], [[masakan Korea|Korea]], [[masakan Thai|Thai]], [[masakan India|India]], [[masakan Amerika|Amerika]], [[masakan Parancih|Parancih]] inggo [[masakan Timua Tangah|Timua Tangah]].<ref>{{cite web |author=By A Yahoo! Contributor, 17 May 2009 |url=http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-2881278-haveli_indian_cuisine_bar_jakarta-i |title=Haveli Indian Cuisine & Bar, Jakarta, Indonesia – Yahoo! Travel |publisher=Travel.yahoo.com |accessdate=27 April 2010 |archive-date=16 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216030417/http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-2881278-haveli_indian_cuisine_bar_jakarta-i |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Masakan nan populer lainnyo antaro lain [[kerak telor]], [[gado-gado]], [[sate]], [[nasi goreng]] jo kue cucur. ==Ekonomi, pamarintahan jo infrastruktur== ===Ekonomi=== [[File:Kuningan-rasuna-hariadhi.jpg|right|thumb|Daerah bisnis Rasuna Said di Kuningan]] Parekonomian Jakarta sangek bagantuang pado sektor kauangan, padagangan jo manufaktur. Industri di Jakarta tamasuaklah elektronik, otomotif, pamasinan jo manufaktur sains biomedik. Patumbuahan ekonomi Jakarta pado taun 2007 adolah 6.44%, labiah banyak dari 5.95% pado taun sabalunnyo. Pakambangan nan paliang signifikan tamasuaklah di bidang paubuangan jo angkutan (15.25%), konstruksi (7.81%) jo padagangan, sarato hotel jo restoran (6.88%).<ref name="Statistics" /> Pado 2007, GRP (''Gross Regional Domestic Product'') mancapai Rp. 566&nbsp;triliun (labiah kurang $US 56&nbsp;milya). Panyumbang nan paliang gadang untuak GDRP ko adolah sektor kauangan, kapamalikian jo bisnis (29%); padagangan, hotel jo restoran (20%), jo sektor industri manufaktur (16%).<ref name="Statistics" /> Pado 2007, kanaikan GRDP pakapita di DKI Jakarta adolah sagadang 11.6%.<ref name="Statistics" /> === Pamarintahan === Paraturan taun 2007 malarang untuak maagiah sumbangan pado pangamih, pangamen jo padagang jalanan, malarang pamukiman indak sah di pinggia sungai atau jalan tol, sarato malarang maludah atau maisok rokok di transportasi umum. Urang-urang nan mambarasiahan kaco oto tanpa pamintaan/izin atau mamintak pitih dari maarahan aruih lalu-linteh juo akan dikanaian dando. Salah satu kritik nan padeh tahadok paraturan ko baalasan baso paraturan ko sulik ditarapkan jo labiah candaruang pado manulak kanyatoan adonyo kamiskinan di antaro panduduak.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6989211.stm "Jakarta bans beggars and buskers"] ''[[BBC]]'', 11 September 2007. Diakses 5 November 2013</ref> Maniru gagasan nan ditarapkan di [[Orchard Road]], [[Singapura]], pado 2011, pamarintah provinsi mambatehi parkir di Jalan Hayam Wuruk jo Jalan Gajah Mada di Jakarta Pusat. Pamarintah juo manyatoan akan manggusur padagang indak sah jo pangamih di kaduo jalan tu.<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/14/jakartas-hayam-wuruk-gajah-mada-follow-orchard-road-model.html Jakarta's Hayam Wuruk, Gajah Mada to follow Orchard Road model | The Jakarta Post<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Dalam palaksanaannyo, larangan-larangan ko hampia indak pernah barasia. ==== Daftar Gubernur ==== <onlyinclude>Berikuik iko marupoan daftar [[Gubernur]] [[Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://interaktif.kompas.id/baca/gubernur-jakarta/|title=Jakarta, 1945–kini|access-date=7 Januari 2022|work=[[Kompas (surat kabar)|Kompas.id]]|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919182736/https://interaktif.kompas.id/baca/gubernur-jakarta/|dead-url=no}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="background:#ffffef; float:center; text-align:center" ! {{Abbr|No.|Nomor}} ! colspan="2"| Gubernur<br/>(lahia–maningga) ! Potret ! Mulai manjabat ! Akhia manjabat ! Partai ! colspan="2"| [[Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta|Wakia Gubernur]] ! Periode ! Ref. |- | colspan="11"| Pemimpin Pemerintahan Kota Jakarta |- ! 1 ! style="background:#660000"| | [[Suwiryo|Soewirjo]]<br>(1903–1967) | [[Berkas:Suwirjo, Republik Indonesia, Kotapradja Djakarta-Raja, p187 (cropped).jpg|90px]] | 7 September 1945 | 23 September 1945 | [[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | [[Bagindo Dahlan Abdullah]] | 1 | |- | colspan="11"| Wali Kota Jakarta |- ! (1) ! style="background:#660000"| | colspan="2" |[[Suwiryo|Soewirjo]] | 23 September 1945 | 21 Juli 1947 | [[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | N/A | (1) | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://jakarta.go.id/web/encyclopedia/detail/3047/Suwiryo|title=Eksiklopedia: Suwiryo|website=Portal Resmi Provinsi DKI Jakarta|publisher=Dinas Komunikasi DKI Jakarta|access-date=18 Maret 2017|archive-date=2017-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816092200/http://www.jakarta.go.id/web/encyclopedia/detail/3047/Suwiryo|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | colspan="11"| ''[[Daftar Kepala Daerah Batavia (1947-1950)|Pendudukan Belanda (1947–1948)<br>Bagian dari Negara Pasundan (1948–1950)]]'' |- ! (1) ! style="background:#660000"| | colspan="2" |[[Suwiryo|Soewirjo]] | 30 Maret 1950 | 2 Mei 1951 | [[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | N/A | 2 | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.okezone.com/read/2012/06/28/507/655216/raden-suwiryo-walikota-pertama-jakarta|title=Raden Suwiryo, Walikota Pertama Jakarta|date=28 Juni 2012|access-date=17 Oktober 2012|publisher=Okezone|work=[[Okezone.com]]|last=Suryana|first=Dede|archive-date=2017-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614030005/http://news.okezone.com/read/2012/06/28/507/655216/raden-suwiryo-walikota-pertama-jakarta|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- ! 2 ! style="background:#003200"| | [[Sjamsuridjal]]<br>(1903–1964) | [[Berkas:Sjamsuridjal, Republik Indonesia, Kotapradja Djakarta-Raja, p187 (cropped).jpg|90px]] | 17 Juli 1951{{efn|Sjamsuridjal melakukan serah terima jabatan pada 29 Juni 1951 dan secara resmi dilantik di Dewan Perwakilan Kota Sementara Jakarta Raya pada 17 Juli 1951 melalui suatu sidang.}} | 9 November 1953 | [[Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | N/A | 3 | <ref>{{cite book |last1=Sedyawati |first1=Edi |last2=Rahardjo |first2=Supratnikno |last3=Johan |first3=Irmawati Marwoto |last4=Ohorella |first4=G. A. Manilet- |title=Sejarah Kota Jakarta 1950-1980 |date=1986 |publisher=Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan |page=139 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?redir_esc=y&id=do2KCgAAQBAJ |language=id |quote=Kekosongan tersebut kemudian diisi oleh Syamsurizal yang menjabat walikota mulai tanggal 29 Juni 1951 |access-date=2019-02-14 |archive-date=2023-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319062701/https://books.google.co.uk/books?redir_esc=y&id=do2KCgAAQBAJ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Jakarta Batavia: Socio-Cultural Essays">{{cite book|last=Golden|first=Daan Van|date=Januari 2001|title=Jakarta Batavia: Socio-Cultural Essays (Verhandelingen Van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde)|trans-title=|url=|language=|location=Leiden|publisher=Koninklijk Institute of Linguistic vor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|isbn=9789067181396}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=M.|first=Zaenuddin H.|date=2013|title=Banjir Jakarta: dari zaman Jenderal J.P. Coen (1621) sampai Gubernur Jokowi (2013)|trans-title=|url=|language=|location=Jakarta|publisher=Change Publisher|isbn=6021781511}}</ref><br><ref name="Sejarah Jakarta">{{cite book|last1= Sedyawati|first2=Supratnikno|last2= Rahardjo|first3=Irmawati Marwoto|last3= Johan|first4= G.A.|last4=Manilet|first=Edi|date=1987|title=Sejarah Kota Jakarta 1950-1980|trans-title=|url=|language=|location=Jakarta|publisher=Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia|isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Soetanto|first=Himawan|date=2006|title= Yogyakarta: Jendral Spoor (Operatie Kraai) versus Jendral Sudirman (Perintah Siasat no. 1)|trans-title=|url=|language=|location=|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|isbn=9792221786|page=150}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2"| 3 ! style="background:#660000" rowspan="2"| | rowspan="2"| [[Sudiro]]<br>(1911–1992) | rowspan="2"| [[Berkas:Sudiro, Kami Perkenalkan (1954), p54.jpg|90px]] | 9 November 1953 | 25 Februari 1958 | rowspan="2"| [[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | N/A | 4 | rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://jakarta.go.id/web/encyclopedia/detail/3016/Sudiro-Raden|title=Ensiklopedia: Sudiro, Raden|access-date=18 Maret 2017|website=Portal Resmi Provinsi DKI Jakarta|publisher=Dinas Komunikasi DKI Jakarta|archive-date=2017-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122071127/http://www.jakarta.go.id/web/encyclopedia/detail/3016/Sudiro-Raden|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kementerian Penerangan Indonesia|title=Kami Perkenalkan|date=1954|publisher=Archipel|page=54|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kami_Perkenalkan_(1954).pdf|language=id|quote=Anggota partai : Partai Nasional Indonesia (P.N.I.)|access-date=2019-09-24|archive-date=2022-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609075411/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kami_Perkenalkan_(1954).pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- | 25 Februari 1958 | 29 Januari 1960 | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | N/A | 5 |- | colspan="11"| Gubernur Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta |- ! 4 ! style="background:#7b8738"| | [[Soemarno Sosroatmodjo]]<br>(1911–1991) | [[Berkas:Soemarno Sosroatmodjo as Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 8 Februari 1960 | 26 Agustus 1964 | [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | [[Henk Ngantung]] | rowspan="2"| 6 | <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.okezone.com/read/2012/04/17/507/613050/soemarno-sosroatmodjo-gubernur-yang-merangkap-mendagri |title=Soemarno Sosroatmodjo, Gubernur yang Merangkap Mendagri |date=17 April 2012 |access-date=19 Maret 2017 |work=[[Okezone.com]] |first=Stella |last=Chrisfanni |editor-first= |editor-last=DED |archive-date=2017-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607065330/http://news.okezone.com/read/2012/04/17/507/613050/soemarno-sosroatmodjo-gubernur-yang-merangkap-mendagri |dead-url=no }}</ref> |- ! 5 ! style="background:#d3d3d3"| | [[Henk Ngantung]]<br>(1927–1991) | [[Berkas:Governor Jakarta Henk Ngantung (cropped).png|90px]] | 26 Agustus 1964 | 15 Juli 1965 | Non Partai | colspan="2"|1964–1966: [[Soewondo]] [[Satoto Hoepoedio]] | <ref>Tempo Interaktif: [http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/narasi/2004/04/01/nrs,20040401-01,id.html Biografi singkat Henk Ngantung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518145734/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/narasi/2004/04/01/nrs,20040401-01,id.html |date=2009-05-18 }}, diakses 8 Juni 2017</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/13257/Keppres2171964.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2017-11-04 |archive-date=2017-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023541/http://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/13257/Keppres2171964.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- ! 6 ! style="background:#7b8738"| | colspan="2" |[[Soemarno Sosroatmodjo]] | 15 Juli 1965 | 18 Maret 1966 | [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2"|1966: [[Soewondo]] [[Sapi’ie]] [[Prajogo]] | 7 | {{refn|group=ket.|Soemarno Sosroatmodjo kembali menjabat sebagai gubernur dan merangkap jabatan [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia]].}} |- ! rowspan="2"| 7 ! style="background:#7b8738" rowspan="2"| | rowspan="2"| [[Ali Sadikin]]<br>(1927–2008)<br/> | rowspan="2"| [[Berkas:Official Portrait of Ali Sadikin as the Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 28 April 1966 | 14 Februari 1972 | rowspan="2"| [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Pemerintahan''': [[Wiriadinata]] '''Kesejahteraan rakyat''': [[Soewondo]] & [[Urip Widodo]] '''Ekonomi''': [[Sapi'ie]] '''Pembangunan''': [[Prajogo]] & [[Padmowihardjo]] | 8 | rowspan="2"| <ref>Tokoh Indonesia: [http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/a/ali-sadikin/index.shtml Ali Sadikin] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20061121104956/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/a/ali-sadikin/index.shtml |date=2006-11-21 }}, diakses 8 Juni 2017</ref> |- | 14 Februari 1972 | 11 Juli 1977 | 9 |- ! 8 ! style="background:#7b8738"| | [[Tjokropranolo]]<br>(1924–1998)<br />[[Berkas:Signature of Tjokropranolo.svg|90px]] | [[Berkas:Tjokropranolo as Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 29 September 1977 | 29 September 1982 | [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2"|'''Pemerintahan''': Wiriadinata & Abdul Chourmain '''Kesejahteraan rakyat''': Urip Widodo & Sardjono Soeprapto '''Ekonomi''': Sapi'ie & Asmawi Manaf '''Pembangunan''': Prajogo, Padmowihardjo & Piek Mulyadi | 10 | <ref>[http://soeharto.co/petunjuk-presiden-dlm-membangun-jakarta-utamakan-kepentingan-rakyat-banyak/ Petunjuk Presiden Dalam Membangun Jakarta:Utamakan Kepentingan Rakyat Banyak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612064640/http://soeharto.co/petunjuk-presiden-dlm-membangun-jakarta-utamakan-kepentingan-rakyat-banyak/ |date=2020-06-12 }} Soeharto, 1979. Diakses tanggal 30 Mei 2020</ref><ref>Tjokropranolo. 1992. Panglima Besar TNI Jenderal Soedirman pemimpin pendobrak terakhir penjajahan di Indonesia. PT Surya Persindo. ISBN 979-8329-00-7</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://soeharto.co/petunjuk-presiden-dlm-membangun-jakarta-utamakan-kepentingan-rakyat-banyak |title=Petunjuk Presiden Dalam Membangun Jakarta: Utamakan Kepentingan Rakyat Banyak |date=30 Januari 1979 |access-date=4 November 2017 |newspaper=Suara Karya |first= |last= |editor-first= |editor-last= |archive-date=2017-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021801/http://soeharto.co/petunjuk-presiden-dlm-membangun-jakarta-utamakan-kepentingan-rakyat-banyak |dead-url=yes }}</ref><br><ref>Restu Gunawan, Gagalnya Sistem Kanal: Pengendalian Banjir Jakarta dari Masa ke Masa, 2010:106</ref><ref>[https://soeharto.co/1979-01-29-menerima-gubernur-dki-presiden-soeharto-perhatikan-aspek-spiritual-disamping-kejar-pertumbuhan/ Menerima Gubernur DKI, Presiden Soeharto: Perhatikan Aspek Spiritual Disamping Kejar Pertumbuhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623132701/https://soeharto.co/1979-01-29-menerima-gubernur-dki-presiden-soeharto-perhatikan-aspek-spiritual-disamping-kejar-pertumbuhan/ |date=2020-06-23 }} Soeharto (29/1/1979). Diakses tanggal 22 Juni 2020</ref> |- ! 9 ! style="background:#7b8738"| | [[R. Soeprapto (gubernur)|Soeprapto]]<br>(1924–2009)<br/><small>[[Berkas:Signature of Soeprapto (governor).svg|90px]]</small> | [[Berkas:Soeprapto as Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 29 September 1982 | 6 Oktober 1987 | [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2"|'''Pemerintahan''': Abdul Chourmain & Eddie Marzuki Nalapraya '''Kesejahteraan rakyat''': Sardjono Soeprapto & Anwar Ilmar '''Ekonomi''': Asmawi Manaf '''Pembangunan''': Piek Mulyadi '''Ekonomi dan Pembangunan''': Bunyamin Ramto | 11<br/><small>(1982)</small> | <ref>[https://majalah.tempo.co/read/pokok-dan-tokoh/42647/pelantikan Pelantikan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828015307/https://majalah.tempo.co/read/pokok-dan-tokoh/42647/pelantikan |date=2020-08-28 }} Tempo.co (14/4/1984). Diakses tanggal 30 Mei 2020</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perpusnas.go.id/collections-detail.php?lang=id&id=Bahan%20Campuran&link=1114466|title=Tanggal 29 Sept 1982 [gambar] : upacara serah terima jabatan Gubernur DKI dari Tjoropranolo kepada pengganti R. Soeprapto disaksikan Menteri dalam Negeri Amir Machmud di balai Sidang DKI|author=Yayasan Idayu|date=29 September 1982|website=[[Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia]]|access-date=15 Desember 2019|archive-date=2020-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226021602/https://www.perpusnas.go.id/collections-detail.php?lang=id&id=Bahan%20Campuran&link=1114466|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>Tempo Interaktif: [http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/jakarta/2009/09/26/brk,20090926-199435,id.html Mantan Gubernur Jakarta R Soeprapto Meninggal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130161546/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/jakarta/2009/09/26/brk,20090926-199435,id.html |date=2009-11-30 }}, diakses 8 Juni 2017</ref> |- ! 10 ! style="background:#7b8738"| | [[Wiyogo Atmodarminto]]<br>(1922–2012)<br/><small>[[Berkas:Signature of Wiyogo Atmodarminto.svg|90px]]</small> | [[Berkas:Wiyogo Atmodarminto as Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 6 Oktober 1987 | 6 Oktober 1992 | [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2"|'''Pemerintahan''': Eddie Marzuki, Nalapraya & Basofi Sudirman '''Kesejahteraan rakyat''': Anwar Ilmar & Susilo Museno '''Ekonomi dan Pembangunan''': Bunyamin Ramto & Herbowo | 12<br/><small>(1987)</small> | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=493447|title=Mendagri Soepardjo Roestam hari selasa (6 Oktober 1987) di ruang sidang DPRD DKI Jaya melantik Wiyogo Atmodarminto menjadi Gubernur DKI Jaya periode 1987-1992 menggantikan R. Soeprapto, tampak Wiyogo ketika menandatangani naskah pelantikan disaksikan Mendagri|author=Yayasan Idayu|date=6 Oktober 1987|website=Perpusnas|access-date=15 Desember 2019|archive-date=2020-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128023702/https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=493447|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>Tokoh Indonesia: [http://www.tokohindonesia.com/tokoh/article/283-direktori/1863-wiyogo-atmodarminto Profil: Wiyogo Atmodarminto – Gubernur DKI Jakarta 1987–1982] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011190151/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/tokoh/article/283-direktori/1863-wiyogo-atmodarminto |date=2015-10-11 }}, Diakses tanggal 31 Januari 2016</ref> |- ! 11 ! style="background:#7b8738"| | [[Soerjadi Soedirdja]]<br>(1939–2021) | [[Berkas:Soerjadi Soedirdja as Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 6 Oktober 1992 | 6 Oktober 1997 | [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2"|'''Pemerintahan''': Basofi Sudirman & M. Idroes '''Kesejahteraan rakyat''': Susilo Museno '''Ekonomi dan Pembangunan:''' Herbowo & Muhammad Rais | 13<br/><small>(1992)</small> | <ref>{{Cite news|last=Februana|first=Ngarto|date=1 April 2004|title=Profil Gubernur DKI Jakarta|url=http://tempo.co.id/hg/narasi/2004/04/01/nrs,20040401-01,id.html|work=[[Tempo.co]]|location=Jakarta|access-date=31 Januari 2016|language=id|archive-date=2015-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221145437/http://tempo.co.id/hg/narasi/2004/04/01/nrs,20040401-01,id.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2"| 12 ! style="background:#7b8738" rowspan="2"| | rowspan="2"| [[Sutiyoso]]<br>({{Abbr|l.|Lahir}} 1944)<br/> | rowspan="2"| [[Berkas:Sutiyoso as Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 6 Oktober 1997 | 7 Oktober 2002 | rowspan="2"| [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2"|'''Pemerintahan''': Abdul Kahfi '''Kesejahteraan rakyat''': Djailani '''Ekonomi''': Harun Al Rasyid, Budiharjo Sukmadi & Fauzi Alvie Yasin '''Pembangunan''': Muhammad Rais & Budiharjo Sukmadi | 14<br/><small>(1997)</small> | <ref>[https://metro.tempo.co/read/13632/tidak-ada-rivalitas-sutiyoso-dengan-para-wakilnya Tidak Ada Rivalitas Sutiyoso dengan Para Wakilnya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908132829/https://metro.tempo.co/read/13632/tidak-ada-rivalitas-sutiyoso-dengan-para-wakilnya |date=2020-09-08 }} Tempo.co, Rabu (27/8/2003) Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020</ref><ref>[https://m.merdeka.com/jakarta/alasan-sutiyoso-pilih-didampingi-4-wagub-saat-pimpin-dki.html Alasan Sutiyoso Pilih Didampingi 4 Wagub Saat Pimpin DKI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812162421/https://m.merdeka.com/jakarta/alasan-sutiyoso-pilih-didampingi-4-wagub-saat-pimpin-dki.html |date=2020-08-12 }} Merdeka, Selasa (19/9/2019) Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020</ref><ref>[https://amp.kompas.com/megapolitan/read/2020/02/04/10504781/ini-cerita-sutiyoso-pindah-haluan-dari-tentara-menjadi-gubernur Ini Cerita Sutiyoso Pindah Haluan Dari Tentara Menjadi Gubernur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422165705/https://amp.kompas.com/megapolitan/read/2020/02/04/10504781/ini-cerita-sutiyoso-pindah-haluan-dari-tentara-menjadi-gubernur |date=2020-04-22 }} Kompas, Selasa (4/2/2020) Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020</ref> |- | 7 Oktober 2002 | 7 Oktober 2007 | bgcolor="#ffff00"| | [[Fauzi Bowo]] | 15<br/><small>([[Pemilihan Gubernur DKI Jakarta 2002|2002]])</small> | <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2002/09/11/05728962/sutiyoso-kembali-terpilih-sebagai-gubernur-dki-jakarta |title=Sutiyoso Kembali Terpilih Sebagai Gubernur DKI Jakarta |date=11 September 2002 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Tempo.co]] |first=FX Dimas |last=Adityo |editor-first= |editor-last= |language=id |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112628/https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2002/09/11/05728962/sutiyoso-kembali-terpilih-sebagai-gubernur-dki-jakarta |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.liputan6.com/read/41264/sutiyoso-kembali-menjabat-gubernur-dki |title=Sutiyoso Kembali Menjabat Gubernur DKI |date=12 September 2002 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Liputan6.com]] |first= |last=PIN |editor-first= |editor-last= |language=id |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319195752/http://news.liputan6.com/read/41264/sutiyoso-kembali-menjabat-gubernur-dki |dead-url=no }}</ref><br><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.liputan6.com/read/42777/pelantikan-sutiyoso-berjalan-lancar |title=Pelantikan Sutiyoso Berjalan Lancar |date=8 Oktober 2002 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Liputan6.com]] |first= |last=ANS |editor-first= |editor-last= |language=id |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112611/http://news.liputan6.com/read/42777/pelantikan-sutiyoso-berjalan-lancar |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2002/10/07/05729219/sutiyoso-wewenang-dan-tugas-deputi-gubernur-harus-jelas |title=Sutiyoso: Wewenang dan Tugas Deputi Gubernur Harus Jelas |date=7 Oktober 2002 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Tempo.co]] |first=Dimas |last=Adityo |editor-first= |editor-last= |language=id |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112623/https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2002/10/07/05729219/sutiyoso-wewenang-dan-tugas-deputi-gubernur-harus-jelas |dead-url=no }}</ref> |- ! 13 ! style="background:#00004c"| | [[Fauzi Bowo]]<br>({{Abbr|l.|Lahir}} 1948)<br/> | [[Berkas:Fauzi Bowo.jpg|90px]] | 7 Oktober 2007 | 7 Oktober 2012 | [[Partai Demokrat (Indonesia)|Partai Demokrat]] | bgcolor="#bd2016"| | [[Prijanto]] | 16<br/><small>([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur DKI Jakarta 2007|2007]])</small> | <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.antaranews.com/berita/74054/kpu-tetapkan-fauzi-bowo-prianto-pemenang-pilkada-dki-2007 |title=KPU Tetapkan Fauzi Bowo-Prianto Pemenang Pilkada DKI 2007 |date=16 Agustus 2007 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara|ANTARA News]] |first= |last= |editor-first=Heru |editor-last=Purwanto |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112736/http://www.antaranews.com/berita/74054/kpu-tetapkan-fauzi-bowo-prianto-pemenang-pilkada-dki-2007 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.detik.com/berita/838937/fauzi-bowo-resmi-jadi-gubernur-dki-jakarta |title=Fauzi Bowo Resmi Jadi Gubernur DKI Jakarta |date=7 Oktober 2007 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]] |last=BAL |last2=FAY |editor-first= |editor-last= |archive-date=2020-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217133834/http://news.detik.com/berita/838937/fauzi-bowo-resmi-jadi-gubernur-dki-jakarta |dead-url=no }}</ref> |- ! 14 ! style="background:#bd2016"| | [[Joko Widodo]]<br>({{Abbr|l.|Lahir}} 1961)<br/><small>[[Berkas:Signature of Joko Widodo.svg|90px]]</small> | [[Berkas:Gubernur DKI Joko Widodo.jpg|90px]] | 15 Oktober 2012 | 16 Oktober 2014 | [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]] | rowspan="3" | 17<br/><small>([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur DKI Jakarta 2012|2012]])</small> | {{refn|group=ket.|Pada 1 Juni 2014, Joko Widodo mengajukan cuti setelah berpartisipasi dalam [[pemilihan umum Presiden Indonesia 2014]], kemudian mengajukan pengunduran diri seusai terpilih sebagai [[Presiden Indonesia]]. Dengan demikian, ia menjadi gubernur pertama di Indonesia yang menjadi presiden.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.beritasatu.com/megapolitan/217773-hari-ini-jokowi-sudah-bukan-gubernur-dki-jakarta-lagi.html|title=Hari ini Jokowi Sudah bukan Gubernur DKI Jakarta Lagi|newspaper=Suara Pembaruan|publisher=Beritasatu.com|date=16 Oktober 2014|access-date=16 Oktober 2014|first=Deti Mega|last=Purnamasari|editor-last=PAB|archive-date=2020-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116045321/https://www.beritasatu.com/megapolitan/217773-hari-ini-jokowi-sudah-bukan-gubernur-dki-jakarta-lagi.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.npr.org/2012/12/26/167707764/jakartas-new-governor-seen-as-a-rising-star |title=Jakarta's New Governor Seen As A Rising Star |date=24 Desember 2012 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |newspaper=National Public Radio |first=Anthony |last=Kuhn |editor-first= |editor-last= |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319111919/http://www.npr.org/2012/12/26/167707764/jakartas-new-governor-seen-as-a-rising-star |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.voaindonesia.com/a/usai-pelantikan-jokowi-basuki-dijadwalkan-langsung-kunjungi-warga-dki/1526285.html |title=Seusai Pelantikan, Jokowi-Basuki Dijadwalkan Langsung Temui Warga DKI |date=14 Oktober 2012 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |newspaper=VOA Indonesia |first=Yudha |last=Satriawan |editor-first= |editor-last= |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112235/http://www.voaindonesia.com/a/usai-pelantikan-jokowi-basuki-dijadwalkan-langsung-kunjungi-warga-dki/1526285.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> |- ! 15 ! style="background:#d3d3d3"| | [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]<br>({{Abbr|l.|Lahir}} 1966)<br/><small>[[Berkas:Signature of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama.svg|70px]]</small> | [[Berkas:Gubernur DKI Basuki TP 鐘萬學.jpg|90px]] | 19 November 2014 | 9 Mei 2017 | Non Partai | bgcolor="#BD2016"| | [[Djarot Saiful Hidayat]] | {{refn|group=ket.|Basuki Tjahaja Purnama diberhentikan dari jabatannya sebagai Gubernur Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta setelah ditetapkan sebagai terdakwa terkait kasus [[Kontroversi yang melibatkan Basuki Tjahaja Purnama|penistaan agama]].<ref name="Media">{{Cite news|url=http://tv.kompas.com/read/2017/05/09/774c14943026498db9c119/Ahok.Divonis.2.Tahun.Penjara|title=Ahok Divonis 2 Tahun Penjara|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=en|access-date=2017-05-09|archive-date=2017-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513000802/http://tv.kompas.com/read/2017/05/09/774c14943026498db9c119/Ahok.Divonis.2.Tahun.Penjara|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2014/11/141119_basuki_gubernur|title=Ahok Sah Menjadi Gubernur DKI Jakarta|newspaper=BBC Indonesia|date=19 November 2014|access-date=12 Mei 2017|archive-date=2020-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104141458/https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2014/11/141119_basuki_gubernur|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2017/02/11/16394731/ahok.resmi.aktif.kembali.jadi.gubernur.dki |title=Ahok Resmi Aktif Kembali Jadi Gubernur DKI |date=11 Februari 2017 |access-date=13 Februari 2017 |work=[[Kompas.com]] |first=Alsadad |last=Rudi |editor-first=Caroline |editor-last=Damanik |10= |editor-last2=Damanik |archive-date=2017-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213140127/http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2017/02/11/16394731/ahok.resmi.aktif.kembali.jadi.gubernur.dki |dead-url=no }}</ref> |- ! 16 ! style="background:#bd2016"| | [[Djarot Saiful Hidayat]]<br>({{Abbr|l.|Lahir}} 1962) | [[Berkas:Governour DKI Jakarta Djarot Saiful Hidayat.jpg|nirbing|90px]] | 15 Juni 2017 | 15 Oktober 2017 | [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan]] | colspan="2" |Indak ado | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3531231/sah-djarot-gantikan-ahok-sebagai-gubernur-dki-jakarta |title=Sah Djarot Gantikan Ahok Sebagai Gubernur DKI Jakarta |access-date=2017-06-15 |archive-date=2017-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618171956/http://news.detik.com/berita/d-3531231/sah-djarot-gantikan-ahok-sebagai-gubernur-dki-jakarta |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>[https://amp.kompas.com/nasional/read/2019/08/10/13483521/senasib-dengan-anies-djarot-ceritakan-sulitnya-jabat-gubernur-tanpa-wagub Senasib dengan Anies, Djarot Ceritakan Sulitnya Jabat Gubernur Tanpa Wagub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623135204/https://amp.kompas.com/nasional/read/2019/08/10/13483521/senasib-dengan-anies-djarot-ceritakan-sulitnya-jabat-gubernur-tanpa-wagub |date=2020-06-23 }} Kompas (10/08/2019). Diakses tanggal 22 Juni 2020</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" |17 ! style="background:#d3d3d3" rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |[[Anies Baswedan]]<br>({{Abbr|l.|Lahir}} 1969)<br/><small>[[Berkas:Signature of Anies Baswedan.svg|90px]]</small> | rowspan="2" |[[Berkas:Gubernur Anies.jpg|nirbing|90px]] | rowspan="2" |16 Oktober 2017 | rowspan="2" |16 Oktober 2022 | rowspan="2" |Non Partai | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#B79164" | | [[Sandiaga Uno]]<br /><small>{{small|(2017–2018)}}</small> | rowspan="2" |18<br /><small>([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur DKI Jakarta 2017|2017]])</small> | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2017/05/05/kpu-dki-resmi-tetapkan-anies-sandi-gubernur-dan-wakil-gubernur-terpilih|title=KPU DKI Resmi Tetapkan Anies-Sandi Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur Terpilih|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|date=16 Oktober 2014|access-date=16 Oktober 2014|editor-last=Andy Pribadi|language=id|last=Pribadi|first=Andy|archive-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011104023/http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2017/05/05/kpu-dki-resmi-tetapkan-anies-sandi-gubernur-dan-wakil-gubernur-terpilih|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20180918/15/839406/dirjen-otonomi-daerah-disetujui-presiden-jokowi-sandiaga-uno-resmi-tak-jabat-wagub-dki-|title=Dirjen Otonomi Daerah: Disetujui Presiden Jokowi, Sandiaga Uno Resmi Tak Jabat Wagub DKI|work=[[Bisnis Indonesia|Bisnis.com]]|date=18 September 2018|access-date=6 Januari 2022|editor-first=Feni Freycinetia|editor-last=Fitriani|last=Setiaji|first=Stefanus Arief|archive-date=2019-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926031950/https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20180918/15/839406/dirjen-otonomi-daerah-disetujui-presiden-jokowi-sandiaga-uno-resmi-tak-jabat-wagub-dki-|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4977846/dihadiri-anies-prabowo-begini-momen-pelantikan-riza-patria-pakai-protap-corona|title=Dihadiri Anies-Prabowo, Begini Momen Pelantikan Riza Patria Pakai Protap Corona|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|date=15 April 2020|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=2020-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520090649/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4977846/dihadiri-anies-prabowo-begini-momen-pelantikan-riza-patria-pakai-protap-corona|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- | [[Ahmad Riza Patria]]<br/><small>{{small|(2020–2022)}}</small> |} ;Legenda <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3; text-align:left; padding:0.2em;"> {{legend|#d3d3d3|[[Independen (politikus)|Non Partai / Penugasan Pemerintah]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#660000|[[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] (PNI)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#003200|[[Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia]] (Masyumi)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#7b8738|[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#ffff00|[[Partai Golongan Karya]] (Golkar)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#00004c|[[Partai Demokrat]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#bd2016|[[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan]] (PDI-P)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#b79164|[[Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya]] (Gerindra)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} </div></onlyinclude> === Pangganti samantaro Gubernur === Dalam tampuak pamarintahan, saurang kapalo daerah nan mangajukan diri untuak cuti atau baranti samataro dari jabatannyo kapado pamarintah pusat, makonyo [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia|Menteri Dalam Negeri]] manyiapkan panggantinyo nan marupoan birokrat di pamarintah daerah atau bahkan [[Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta|wakia gubernur]], tamasuak katiko posisi gubernur barado dalam maso transisi. Barikuik marupoan daftar pangganti samantaro untuak jabatan Gubernur Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta: {| class="wikitable" style="background:#ffffef; float:center; text-align:center" |- ! colspan="2"| Potret ! Pajabat ! colspan="2"| Maso jabatan ! Gubernur definitif ! Periode ! Katarangan |- | bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | [[Berkas:Soewahjo, Republik Indonesia, Kotapradja Djakarta-Raja, p190 (cropped).jpg|70px]] | Soewahjo Soemodilogo<br/><small>{{small|(Pamangku Jabatan)}}</small> | 2 Mei 1951 | 29 Juni 1951 | rowspan="3" | ''Transisi'' | 2 | |- |bgcolor=#7b8738| |[[Berkas:Basuki Rahmat, Departemen Dalam Negeri dari Masa ke Masa, p121.jpg|98x98px]] |[[Basuki Rahmat]]<br /><small>{{small|(penjabat)}}</small> |18 Maret 1966 |28 April 1966 |– |<ref>{{Cite book|last=Notosusanto|first=Nugroho|last2=Poesponegoro|first2=Marwati Djoened|date=1984|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=P05IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA414|title=Sejarah Nasional Indonesia|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional|volume=VI|pages=414-415|language=id|url-status=live|access-date=2023-01-20|archive-date=2023-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120064335/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=P05IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA414|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- | bgcolor=#7b8738| | [[Berkas:Tjokropranolo portrait.jpg|70px]] | [[Tjokropranolo]]<br/><small>{{small|(penjabat)}}</small> | 11 Juli 1977 | 29 September 1977 | – | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=447374|title=Serah terima Jabatan [gambar] : upacara serah terima jabatan Gubernur DKI Jaya Letjend Marinir H. Ali Sadikin kepada Letjend Nolly Tjokropranolo tanggal 11 Juli 1977 di gedung DPRD DKI Jakarta|author=Yayasan Idayu|date=11 Juli 1977|website=[[Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia]]|access-date=15 Desember 2019|archive-date=2020-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212110731/https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=447374|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- | bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | [[Berkas:Missing photo.svg|70px]] | ''Tidak diketahui''<br/><small>{{small|(pelaksana tugas)}}</small> | | 4 Oktober 2002 | [[Sutiyoso]] | 13<br><small>(1997) | <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://metro.tempo.co/read/28914/meski-cuti-sutiyoso-pimpin-rapat-muspida|title=Meski Cuti, Sutiyoso Pimpin Rapat Muspida|author=|date=10 November 2003|work=[[Tempo.co]]|access-date=30 Mei 2020|language=id|archive-date=2020-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009131554/https://metro.tempo.co/read/28914/meski-cuti-sutiyoso-pimpin-rapat-muspida|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- | bgcolor=#bd2016 rowspan="5"| | rowspan="5"|[[Berkas:Prijanto.jpg|70px]] | rowspan="5"| [[Prijanto]]<br/><small>{{small|(pelaksana tugas)}}</small> | colspan="2"| 24 Juni 2012 | rowspan="5"| [[Fauzi Bowo]] | rowspan="5"| 15<br><small>(2007)</small> | rowspan="4"| <ref>[https://republika.co.id/berita/m5t7wl/foke-cuti-empat-hari-alex-cuti-dua-pekan Foke Cuti Empat Hari, Alex Cuti Dua Pekan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416140216/https://republika.co.id/berita/m5t7wl/foke-cuti-empat-hari-alex-cuti-dua-pekan |date=2020-04-16 }} Republika.co.id (18/6/2012). Diakses tanggal 30 Mei 2020</ref> |- | colspan="2"| 30 Juni 2012 |- | colspan="2"| 3 Juli 2012 |- | colspan="2"| 6 Juli 2012 |- | 14 September 2012 | 16 September 2012 | <ref>[https://m.detik.com/news/berita/d-2011417/foke-cuti-kampanye-14-16-september-prijanto-jadi-gubernur Foke Cuti Kampanye 14-16 September, Prijanto Jadi Gubernur]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Detik.com (7/9/2012). Diakses tanggal 23 Juni 2020</ref> |- | bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | [[Berkas:Fadjar Panjaitan as the Administrative Mayor of West Jakarta.jpg|70px]] | [[Fadjar Panjaitan]]<br/><small>{{small|(pelaksana tugas)}}</small> | 8 Oktober 2012 | 15 Oktober 2012 | ''Transisi'' | – | {{refn|group=ket.|Fadjar Panjaitan menjabat sebagai Pelaksana Tugas Gubernur selama tujuh hari sebelum gubernur dan wakil gubernur terpilih dilantik. Ia menggantikan Fauzi Bowo yang telah menyelesaikan masa jabatannya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.merdeka.com/jakarta/pelantikan-jokowi-diundur-mendagri-tunjuk-sekda-dki|title=Pelantikan Jokowi diundur, Menteri Dalam Negeri Tunjuk Sekretaris Daerah DKI Jakarta|work=[[Merdeka.com]]|date=8 Oktober 2014|access-date=8 Oktober 2014|language=id}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2012/10/07/15200435/Pelantikan.Jokowi-Basuki.15.Oktober |title=Pelantikan Jokowi-Basuki 15 Oktober |date=7 Oktober 2012 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Kompas.com]] |first=Nina |last=Susilo |editor-first=Robert Adhi |editor-last=Ksp |archive-date=2017-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903170827/http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2012/10/07/15200435/Pelantikan.Jokowi-Basuki.15.Oktober |dead-url=no }}</ref>}} |- | bgcolor=#b79164 rowspan="2"| | rowspan="3"| [[Berkas:Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta Basuki TP.jpg|70px]] | rowspan="3"| [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]<br/><small>{{small|(pelaksana tugas)}}</small> | 31 Mei 2014 | 1 Juni 2014 | rowspan="2"| [[Joko Widodo]] | rowspan="6"| 12<br><small>(2012)</small> | <ref>[http://m.beritajakarta.id/read/2284/basuki-jokowi-masih-sah-gubernur-dki Basuki:Jokowi Masih Sah Gubernur DKI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625192454/http://m.beritajakarta.id/read/2284/basuki-jokowi-masih-sah-gubernur-dki |date=2020-06-25 }} BeritaJakarta.id (19/5/2014). Diakses tanggal 23 Juni 2020</ref> |- | 1 Juni 2014 | 22 Juli 2014 | {{refn|group=ket.|Basuki Tjahaja Purnama menjabat sebagai Pelaksana Tugas Gubernur selama gubernur definitif, Joko Widodo berpartisipasi dalam [[pemilihan umum Presiden Indonesia 2014]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.detik.com/read/2014/06/02/062256/2596684/10/?nd772204topnews|title=Mulai Hari Ini, Ahok Resmi Jalankan Tugas Plt Gubernur DKI|date=1 Juni 2014|publisher=Detik News|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|access-date=2014-11-20|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033725/http://news.detik.com/read/2014/06/02/062256/2596684/10/?nd772204topnews|dead-url=no}}</ref>}} |- | bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | 16 Oktober 2014 | 19 November 2014 | ''Transisi'' | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.okezone.com/read/2014/10/17/338/1053437/sby-keluarkan-keppres-ahok-resmi-plt-gubernur-dki|title=SBY Keluarkan Keppres, Ahok Resmi Plt Gubernur DKI|work=[[Okezone.com]]|date=16 Oktober 2014|access-date=16 Oktober 2014|first=Angkasa|last=Yudhistira|editor-last=PUT|archive-date=2014-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019151349/http://news.okezone.com/read/2014/10/17/338/1053437/sby-keluarkan-keppres-ahok-resmi-plt-gubernur-dki|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | rowspan="2"| [[Berkas:Pj. Gubernur Sulsel Sumarsono.jpg|70px]] | rowspan="2"| [[Soni Sumarsono]]<br><small>{{small|(pelaksana tugas)}}</small> | 28 Oktober 2016 | 11 Februari 2017 | rowspan="3"|[[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]] | rowspan="2"| {{refn|group=ket.|Soni Sumarsono menjabat sebagai Pelaksana Tugas Gubernur selama gubernur definitif, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama berpartisipasi dalam [[pemilihan umum Gubernur DKI Jakarta 2017]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://otda.kemendagri.go.id/index.php/berita-210/2541-soni-sumarsono-resmi-jabat-plt-gubernur-dki|title=Soni Sumarsono Resmi Jabat PLT Gubernur DKI Jakarta|publisher=Kemendagri|date=26 Oktober 2016|access-date=2023-03-24|archive-date=2016-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103164320/http://www.otda.kemendagri.go.id/index.php/berita-210/2541-soni-sumarsono-resmi-jabat-plt-gubernur-dki|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} |- | 7 Maret 2017 | 15 April 2017 |- | bgcolor=#bd2016| | [[Berkas:Wagub DKI Jakarta Djarot Saiful Hidayat.jpg|70px]] | [[Djarot Saiful Hidayat]]<br/><small>{{small|(pelaksana tugas)}}</small> | 9 Mei 2017 | 15 Juni 2017 | |- | bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | [[Berkas:Saefullah as the Administrative Mayor of Central Jakarta.jpg|70px]] | [[Saefullah]]<br/><small>{{small|(pelaksana harian)}}</small> | 15 Oktober 2017 | 16 Oktober 2017 | rowspan="2"| ''Transisi'' | – | {{refn|group=ket.|Saefullah menjabat sebagai Pelaksana Harian Gubernur selama 40 jam sebelum gubernur dan wakil gubernur terpilih dilantik. Ia menggantikan Djarot Saiful Hidayat yang telah menyelesaikan masa jabatannya.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2017/10/15/15381131/saefullah-pesan-pak-djarot-saya-titip-jakarta |title=Saefullah: Pesan Pak Djarot, "Saya Titip Jakarta" |date=15 Oktober 2017 |access-date=28 Oktober 2017 |work=[[Kompas.com]] |first=Jessi |last=Carina |editor-first=Ana Shofiana |editor-last=Syatiri |archive-date=2017-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028101838/http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2017/10/15/15381131/saefullah-pesan-pak-djarot-saya-titip-jakarta |dead-url=no }}</ref>}} |- | bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | [[Berkas:Heru Budi Hartono.jpg|70px]] | [[Heru Budi Hartono]]<br/><small>{{small|(penjabat)}}</small> | 17 Oktober 2022 | [[Daftar gubernur dan wakil gubernur petahana di Indonesia|Petahana]] | – | {{refn|group=ket.|Heru Budi Hartono menjabat sebagai Penjabat Gubernur hingga gubernur dan wakil gubernur terpilih dilantik berdasarkan hasil [[pemilihan umum Gubernur DKI Jakarta 2024]]. Ia menggantikan Anies Baswedan yang telah menyelesaikan masa jabatannya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2022/10/07/17295981/heru-budi-hartono-ditetapkan-menjadi-pj-gubernur-dki-jakarta|title=Heru Budi Hartono Ditetapkan Menjadi Pj Gubernur DKI Jakarta|date=7 Oktober 2022|access-date=7 Oktober 2022|work=[[Kompas.com]]|first=|last=|editor-first=Larissa|editor-last=Huda|archive-date=2022-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007132008/https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2022/10/07/17295981/heru-budi-hartono-ditetapkan-menjadi-pj-gubernur-dki-jakarta|dead-url=no}}</ref>}} |} ==Demografi== {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; width:420px; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1ex;" |- | valign="top" | {| |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Taun ! style="background:#efefef;" | Populasi |- | 1870 || style="text-align:right;"| 65,000 |- | 1875 || style="text-align:right;"| 99,100 |- | 1880 || style="text-align:right;"| 102,900 |- | 1883 || style="text-align:right;"| 97,000 |- | 1886 || style="text-align:right;"| 100,500 |- | 1890 || style="text-align:right;"| 105,100 |- | 1895 || style="text-align:right;"| 114,600 |- | 1901 || style="text-align:right;"| 115,900 |- | 1905 || style="text-align:right;"| 138,600 |- | 1918 || style="text-align:right;"| 234,700 |} | valign="top" | {| |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Taun ! style="background:#efefef;" | Populasi |- | 1920 || style="text-align:right;"| 253,800 |- | 1925 || style="text-align:right;"| 290,400 |- | 1928 || style="text-align:right;"| 311,000 |- | 1930 || style="text-align:right;"| 435,184 |- | 1940 || style="text-align:right;"| 533,000 |- | 1945 || style="text-align:right;"| 600,000 |- | 1950 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,733,600 |- | 1959 || style="text-align:right;"| 2,814,000 |- | 1961 || style="text-align:right;"| 2,906,533 |- | 1971 || style="text-align:right;"| 4,546,492 |} | valign="top" | {| |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Taun/tanggal ! style="background:#efefef;" | Populasi |- | 31 Oktober 1980 || style="text-align:right;"| 6,503,449 |- | 31 Oktober 1990 || style="text-align:right;"| 8,259,639 |- | 30 Juni 2000 || style="text-align:right;"| 8,384,853 |- | 1 Januari 2005 || style="text-align:right;"| 8,540,306 |- | 1 Januari 2006 || style="text-align:right;"| 7,512,323 |- | Juni 2007 || style="text-align:right;"| 7,552,444 |- | 2010 || style="text-align:right;"| 9,588,198 |} |} {{Bar box |title=Kabaragaman etnik di Jakarta manuruik sensus 2000<ref>Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2003. ISBN 9812302123</ref> |titlebar= |left1=etnik |right1=paratuih |float=right |bars= {{Bar percent|[[Suku Jawa|Jawa]]|#89CFF0|35.16}} {{Bar percent|[[Suku Betawi|Betawi]]|#FFA07A|27.65}} {{Bar percent|[[Suku Sunda|Sunda]]|#FFCBA4|15.27}} {{Bar percent|[[Cino Indonesia|Cino]]|DarkGray|5.53}} {{Bar percent|[[Suku Batak|Batak]]|Black|3.61}} {{Bar percent|[[Urang Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]|Magenta|3.18}} {{Bar percent|[[Urang Malayu|Malayu]]|DarkViolet|1.62}} }} {{bar box |title=Agamo di Jakarta manuruik sensus 2010<ref name="bps" /> |titlebar= |left1=agamo |right1=paratuih |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|LimeGreen|85.36}} {{bar percent|[[Protestan]]|OrangeRed|7.54}} {{bar percent|[[Katolik]]|DarkViolet|3.15}} {{bar percent|[[Buddha]]|Magenta|3.13}} {{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|DodgerBlue|0.21}} {{bar percent|[[Konfusianisme]]|Gray|0.06}} }} Sensus 2010 maituang panduduak Jakarta 9.58&nbsp;juta urang, jauah di ateh pakiroan pamarintah .<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/28/after-census-city-plans-95-million.html "After census city plans for 9.5 million"]. ''[[The Jakarta Post]]''</ref> Laweh wilayah Jakarta adolah 662.33&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, mangasiakan kapadekan populasi 14,464 urang/km<sup>2</sup> dan manjadikan provinsi ko sabagai wilayah urban tapadek kasambilan di dunia.<ref>[http://sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org/mod2/se3/005_5.html BRT – CASE STUDY 5 – Annex 5 Case Studies and Lessons – Module 2: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): Toolkit for Feasibility Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828022705/http://sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org/mod2/se3/005_5.html |date=2011-08-28 }}. Sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</ref> Galombang hijrah urang-urang dari palosok nagara manjadikan program [[Keluarga Berencana]] indak efekif.<ref name="Statistics" /> Populasi wilayah [[Jabodetabek]] adolah 28,019,545 urang.<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.bps.go.id/aboutus.php?hasilSP2010=1 |title=Publikasi Provinsi dan Kabupaten Hasil Sementara SP2010 |publisher=Bps.go.id |accessdate=14 March 2011}}</ref> == Monumen jo bangunan tanamo == Sabagian gadang dari monumen jo bangunan-bangunan tanamo di Jakarta dibangun pado maso pamarentahan [[Soekarno]] taun 1960an dan disalasaian dek pamarintahan [[Soeharto]], samantaro nan lain ado nan marupoan warisan dari pamarentahan Hindia Balando. Di dakek [[Monumen Nasional]] tadapek sabuah patuang [[Arjuna Wijaya]] dari [[Mahabharata]] jo aia pancuanyo. Labiah jauah ka selatan ado [[Monumen Selamat Datang]] nan tagak di tangah aia pancua [[Bundaran Hotel Indonesia]]. Monumen lainnyo adolah [[Musajik Istiqlal]], [[Katedral Jakarta]] jo [[Garejo Imanuel]]. [[Museum Sejarah Jakarta|Batavia Stadhuis]] di Kota Tuo juo marupoan salah satu bangunan nan tanamo. Bangunan [[Wisma 46]] di Jakarta Pusek kini ko adolah bangunan nan paliang tinggi di Jakarta dan Indonesia. Babarapo patuang jo monumen di Jakarta batema nasionalistik, saroman [[Monumen Pembebasan Irian Barat]]. Babarapo [[Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia|pahlawan]] punyo patuang di Jakarta, sarupo patuang [[Diponegoro]] jo [[Kartini]] di Medan Merdeka, patuang [[Sudirman]] jo [[Mohammad Husni Thamrin|Thamrin]] di bundaran-bundaran kota, dan juo patuang [[Sukarno]] jo [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]] di Monumen Proklamasi, sarato di pintu masuak [[Palabuahan Kapa Tabang Internasional Soekarno-Hatta]] di Cengkareng. == Palancongan == Kabanyakan pangunjuang nan ka Jakarta adolah palancong domestik dari saluruah panjuru Indonesia. Jakarta baparan subagai tampek transit untuak palancong asiang dalam pajalanan manuju destinasi pariwisata unggulan di Indonesia saroman [[Bali]] jo [[Yogyakarta]]. Salain monumen-monumen, gaba-gaba tanah jo museum sakita Medan Merdeka jo Kota Tua, tampek palancongan di Jakarta tamasuaklah [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Kabun Binatang Ragunan]], [[Sunda Kelapa]] jo [[Taman Impian Jaya Ancol]] di Teluk Jakarta, tamasuak Dunia Fantasi, Sea World, Atlantis Water Adventure, jo Gelanggang Samudra. Palancongan manyumbang pandapatan nan indak saketek utuak provinsi ko. Pado taun 2012, sektor palancongan manyumbang sakitar Rp. 2,6 triliun (US$268.5 juta) pado pandapatan asli daerah sajumlah Rp 17,83 triliun, paningkatan sakitar 17,9 paratuih babandiang taun 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta builds for the future|url=http://www.ttgmice.com/article/jakarta-builds-for-the-future/|publisher=TTGmice|accessdate=15 April 2013|archive-date=5 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605150715/http://www.ttgmice.com/article/jakarta-builds-for-the-future/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Pabalanjoan == Jakarta adolah salah satu pusek pabalanjoan di Indonesia dan salah satu tampek nan paliang rancak di Asia Tenggara. Provinsi ko mampunyoi babarapo [[Daftar mall di Indonesia|mal pabalanjoan]] jo pasa tradisional. "Jakarta Great Sale" diadoan tiok taun pado bulan Juni jo Juli untuak marayoan ulang taun provinsi ko, diikuti dek 73 pusek pabalanjoan pado 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/15/jakarta-great-sale-declared-roaring-success.html |title=Jakarta Great Sale declared roaring success |author= |date=15 July 2012 |work= |publisher=The Jakarta Post |accessdate=21 July 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717000341/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/15/jakarta-great-sale-declared-roaring-success.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Provinsi ko dipanuahi dek puluahan merek internasional jo arago nan murah. Mall saroman [[Plaza Indonesia]], [[Plaza Senayan]] jo [[Senayan City]] manyadioan merek-merek nan maha salangik aragonyo. [[Mall Taman Anggrek]], [[Pondok Indah Mall]], [[Mal Kelapa Gading]], jo [[Central Park Jakarta]] juo manyadioan merek-merek tanamo sarupo [[Topshop]] atau [[Zara]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expat.or.id/info/jakartamallsshoppingcenters.html |title=Jakarta Malls and Shopping Centers – luxury shopping in Jakarta, Indonesia |publisher=Expat.or.id |accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> Pasa swalayan nan tanamo dari Inggirih, [[Debenhams]], mampunyoi tigo cabang di provinsi ko, iyolah di [[Senayan City]], [[Supermall Karawaci]] jo [[Lippo Mall Kemang Village]]. Toko internasional [[Sogo]] dari Japang mambukak sakitar anam cabang di mall-mall provinsi ko. Toko [[Seibu Department Stores|Seibu]] talatak di [[Grand Indonesia|Grand Indonesia Shopping Town]], dan toko mewah baarago salangik dari Parancih, [[Galeries Lafayette]] nio mambukak toko partamonyo di Asia Tenggara, di [[Pacific Place Jakarta]]. Merek-merek tanamo nan mewah samaha patuih aragonyo sarupo [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Bulgari]], [[Chanel]], [[Gucci]], [[Christian Louboutin]], [[Balenciaga]], jo [[Giorgio Armani]] dapek ditamui sacaro mudah di pusek-pusek pabalanjoan barang mewah Jakarta. Koridor Satrio-Casablanca, jalanan supanjang 3,5&nbsp;km adolah pusek pabalanjoan jalanan (''shopping belt'') baru di Jakarta.<ref>[http://properti.kompas.com/read/2009/03/20/06102484/Jalan.Satrio.Dijadikan.Shopping.Belt.Jakarta "Jalan Satrio Dijadikan "Shopping Belt" Jakarta"]. ''[[Kompas.com]]'', 20 Maret 2009</ref> Pasa tradisional di Jakarta tamasuaklah [[Blok M]], [[Tanah Abang]], [[Senen]], Pasar Baru, [[Glodok]], [[Mangga Dua]], Cempaka Mas, jo [[Jatinegara]]. Di Jakarta ado juo pasa nan cumo manjua barang-barang koleksi kusuih nan tatantu, sarupo barang-barang antik di Jalan Surabaya atau batu paramato di Pasar Rawabening. ==Catatan== <references group="note"/> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist|2}} {{-}} {{Jakarta}} {{Provinsi di Indonesia}} {{ANT}} [[Kategori:Jakarta| ]] [[Kategori:Provinsi di Indonesia]] <references group="lower-alpha" /> nwv0sbd2rv9molr2d37pio59odiju4l Wikipedia:Artikel nan Tapiliah/Usulan 4 1591 3347787 3347249 2026-06-12T10:39:01Z Naval Scene 55 /* Juni */ 3347787 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2026 == === Januari-Mai === * [[Musajik Rayo Gantiang]] * [[Ramadan]] * [[Biluluak]] * [[Bahaso Minangkabau]] * [[Haji]] Limo artikel di ateh alah ditampilan baurutan sabalunnyo. [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 26 Mai 2026 14.45 (WIB) === Juni === Karano sudah lewat babarapo hari, ambo buek sajo [[Urangutan]] yo sanak. [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 3 Juni 2026 10.30 (WIB) :Satuju, mokasih Sanak [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]]. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 12 Juni 2026 17.39 (WIB) === Juli === === Agustus === === September === === Oktober === === Nopember === === Desember === == 2025 == === Januari === Salam, dunsanak ambo. Dek indak ado usulan jo lah masuak taun baru babarapo ari, ambo ijin puta baliak artikel [[Urang Mukomuko]] jadi artikel nan tapiliah tuak Januari 2025 yo. Wassalam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 19 Januari 2025 14.20 (WIB) === Pebruari === Salam dunsanak. Dek akhie bulan patang ado Taun Baru Imlek, ambo mausulan [[Urang Cino Padang]]—nan alah pernah manjadi ANT April 2020—untuak ANT bulan kini. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 7 Pebruari 2025 10.56 (WIB) :{{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 7 Pebruari 2025 16.05 (WIB) === Maret === Dek insyaAllah Maret batepatan bana jo masuaknyo bulan puaso, ambo usul [[Ramadan]]. Baa tanggapannyo sanak {{u|Naval Scene}}, {{u|Ardzun}}, {{u|Rahmatdenas}}, {{u|Rang Djambak}}? Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 7 Pebruari 2025 11.00 (WIB) :Ramadan alah panah diusulan manjadi Artikel nan Tapiliah pado Mei 2019. Buliah sajo diangkek baliak, asalai ado pangambangan artikelnyo. Atau opsi kaduo, artikel [[Paparangan Badar]] nan dijadian untuak ANT Maret 2025. Baa @[[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]]@[[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]]@[[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 17 Pebruari 2025 15.46 (WIB) ::Kalau baitu, ambo {{satuju}} [[Paparangan Badar]] sajo sanak @[[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 17 Pebruari 2025 19.31 (WIB) ::{{satuju}} juo, jo mintak izin ambo buek lo sakalian dek iko lah masuak juo ka bulannyo. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 5 Maret 2025 16.27 (WIB) === April === Ambo usul [[Paparangan Badar]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 7 Pebruari 2025 11.02 (WIB) :Izin ambo buek sajo baliak, soalnyo lah patangahan bulan. [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 13 April 2025 15.49 (WIB) === Mai === Ambo usul [[Kabangkitan nasional Indonesia]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 7 Pebruari 2025 11.09 (WIB) :{{Satuju}} [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 13 April 2025 15.53 (WIB) === Juni === Ambo usul [[Pamarintahan Revolusioner Republik Indonesia]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) :{{Satuju}} [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 13 April 2025 15.53 (WIB) === Juli === Ambo usul [[Gamawan Fauzi]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 7 Pebruari 2025 11.04 (WIB) :{{Satuju}} [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 13 April 2025 15.53 (WIB) :{{Satuju}} [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 1 Juni 2025 11.37 (WIB) === Agustus === Ambo usul [[Kadudukan Sumatera Barat dek Japang]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 7 Pebruari 2025 11.06 (WIB) :{{Satuju}} [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 13 April 2025 15.53 (WIB) === September === Ambo usul [[Rohana Muthalib]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 7 Pebruari 2025 11.09 (WIB) :{{Satuju}} [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 13 April 2025 15.53 (WIB) === Oktober === Ambo usul [[Gampo bumi Sumatera Barat 2009]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 7 Pebruari 2025 11.15 (WIB) :{{Satuju}} [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 13 April 2025 15.53 (WIB) === Nopember === Ambo usul [[Urang Pasisia]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 7 Pebruari 2025 11.15 (WIB) :{{Satuju}} [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 13 April 2025 15.53 (WIB) === Desember === Ambo usul [[Soedarpo Sastrosatomo]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 7 Pebruari 2025 11.15 (WIB) :{{Satuju}} [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 13 April 2025 15.53 (WIB) == 2024 == === Januari === <s>Ambo usul [[Stroke]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 1 Januari 2024 02.22 (WIB)</s> ::Karano indak ado tanggapan dan {{u|Otrismon}} langsuang manulih [[Muhammadiyah di Sumatera Barat]] sabagai ANT Januari 2024, ambo satujui sajolah kalau baitu. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 28 Januari 2024 02.09 (WIB) === Pebruari === Ambo usul [[Stroke]]. Baa tanggapannyo sanak {{u|Naval Scene}}, {{u|Ardzun}}, {{u|Rahmatdenas}}? Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 28 Januari 2024 02.09 (WIB) :Ambo indak bisa manjawek dek konflik kapantingan. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 29 Januari 2024 19.44 (WIB) :{{satuju}} Ijin wak pasang lansuang yo sanak, dek lah masuak bulannyo pulo. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 2 Pebruari 2024 11.25 (WIB) === Maret-April === Dek insyaAllah akan masuak bulan puaso, ambo usul [[Ramadan]]. Baa tanggapannyo sanak {{u|Naval Scene}}, {{u|Ardzun}}, {{u|Rahmatdenas}}? Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 28 Januari 2024 02.20 (WIB) :[[Ramadan]] alah panah manjadi artikel nan tapiliah, sarancaknyo jadi piliahan cadangan sajo kok indak ado artikel nan lain. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 29 Januari 2024 19.49 (WIB) :: Ba'a kok wak pasang ulama sarupo [[Daud Rasyidi|Syekh Haji Daud Rasyidi]] atau [[Adam B.B.|Syekh Adam Balai-Balai]] se? Masih batema agamo Islam, jo artikel lumayan cukuik panjang. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 2 Pebruari 2024 11.52 (WIB) :::Tarimo kasih sanak {{u|Ardzun}} jo sanak {{u|Naval Scene}} atas tanggapannyo. Ma'af awak lambek mambaco. ** Ambo {{satuju}} [[Daud Rasyidi|Syekh Haji Daud Rasyidi]] untuak bulan Maret. ** Ambo {{satuju}} [[Adam B.B.|Syekh Adam Balai-Balai]] untuak bulan April. Tarimo kasih sanak. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 6 Pebruari 2024 01.06 (WIB) *** {{satuju}} untuak kaduo saran di Maret jo April. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 6 Pebruari 2024 12.58 (WIB) === Mai === Ado tigo usulan ambo untuak bulan muko, silakan dipiliah salah satu dari tigo artikel ko sanak: * [[Singapua]] * [[Tuhan]] * [[Kalatiahan mental]]. Baa tanggapannyo sanak {{u|Naval Scene}}, {{u|Ardzun}}, {{u|Rahmatdenas}}? Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 17 April 2024 15.20 (WIB) :Saran awak kalatiahan mental, dek ado ubuangan jo dunia karajo nan identik jo Ari Buruah di tanggal 1 Mei. Mungkin paralu dirapian dulu. Maimbau panguruih ciek lai @[[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg]]. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 20 April 2024 12.41 (WIB) <s>::{{satuju}} Kalatiahan mental. </s>Tapi kok dapek nan sirah2 wak langkoki dulu, jo di kotak ado lo nan alun batajamah. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 22 April 2024 17.43 (WIB) :::Salapeh wak baco ulang katigo artikel ko, artikel [[Tuhan]] labiah rancak sacaro konten daripado kaduo artikel nan lain. Ulasan soal Tuhan cukuik tajalehan, daripado [[Kalatiahan mental]] nan alun sampai ka poin masalah. Manuruik Ambo, untuak artikel nan ado ubuangan jo medis sarancaknyo garih gadang panyakik/kondisi medis tagambarkan dari ulu ka ilia (terapi), sadangkan artikel Kalatiahan mental masih tafokus jo sijarah/definisi nan manuruik ambo malenceng dari tujuan artikel medis. Baa pak {{u|Naval Scene}}? [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 24 April 2024 18.13 (WIB) ::::{{satuju}} Buliah se da [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]]. Beko nan [[kalatiahan mental]] itu dapeklah wak peloki dulu. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 30 April 2024 02.21 (WIB) ::::: Ambo izin maeksekusi sanak {{u|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg}}, {{u|Ardzun}}, {{u|Naval Scene}}. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 6 Mai 2024 13.40 (WIB) === Juni === Ambo usul [[Tan Malaka]]. Baa tanggapannyo sanak {{u|Naval Scene}}, {{u|Ardzun}}, {{u|Rahmatdenas}}? Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 6 Mai 2024 14.10 (WIB) :Karano indak ado tanggapan, mako ambo anggap sajo satuju. Ambo izin mamasang di laman utamo. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 13 Juni 2024 23.37 (WIB) ::{{satuju}} Mintak maaf agak lambek manjawek. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 19 Juni 2024 17.10 (WIB) === Juli === Ambo usul [[Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah]]. Baa tanggapannyo sanak {{u|Naval Scene}}, {{u|Ardzun}}, {{u|Rahmatdenas}}? Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 6 Mai 2024 14.20 (WIB) :*{{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 22 Mai 2024 13.36 (WIB) :*{{satuju}} tapi kok buliah wak langkoki daulu nan sirah-sirah tu. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 19 Juni 2024 17.03 (WIB) :::Ambo izin maeksekusi sanak {{u|Rahmatdenas}}, {{u|Naval Scene}}. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 6 Juli 2024 09.43 (WIB) ::::Siap, mokasih Sanak {{u|Urang Kamang}} === Agustus === Ambo usul [[Mohammad Natsir]]. Baa tanggapannyo sanak {{u|Naval Scene}}, {{u|Ardzun}}, {{u|Rahmatdenas}}? Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 22 Juli 2024 17.58 (WIB) *{{satuju}}, Sanak [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]]. [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 23 Juli 2024 08.57 (WIB) :Ambo izin maeksekusi, sanak {{u|Naval Scene}}. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 1 Agustus 2024 07.56 (WIB) ::Siap, mokasih sanak. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 1 Agustus 2024 14.15 (WIB) === September === Samantaro Ambo malanjuikan ANT dari bulan kapatang sajo. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 6 September 2024 14.20 (WIB) === Oktober === === Nopember === Ambo usul [[Parang Paderi]], baa manuruik sanak {{u|Naval Scene}}, {{u|Ardzun}}, {{u|Rahmatdenas}}, {{u|Urang Kamang}}? Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 2 Nopember 2024 13.43 (WIB) :* {{satuju}} dengan catatan pranala sirah "dibiruan" supayo labiah rancak dipandang. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 2 Nopember 2024 13.46 (WIB) :* {{satuju}} sanak. Lah ambo buek lansuang dek alah masuak bulannyo. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 3 Nopember 2024 07.39 (WIB) :*:Tarimo kasih banyak sanak. [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 3 Nopember 2024 08.42 (WIB) === Desember === Ambo usul [[Tenggelamnya Kapal van der Wijck (film)|Tenggelamnya Kapal van der Wijck]], baa manuruik sanak {{u|Naval Scene}}, {{u|Ardzun}}, {{u|Rahmatdenas}}, {{u|Urang Kamang}}? Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 2 Nopember 2024 13.43 (WIB) :* {{satuju}} dengan catatan poster film dari id.wiki diupload ka siko. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 2 Nopember 2024 13.47 (WIB) :*:Dek ambo indak panguruih, jadi indak bisa mamuek berkas. Dek itu, mintak toloang panguruih untuak mamueknyo. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Rang Djambak|Rang Djambak]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rang Djambak|maota]]) 2 Nopember 2024 16.37 (WIB) :*::Alah Ambo muek naiak, buliah caliak di siko [[:Berkas:Poster film Tenggelamnya Kapal van der Wijck.jpg]] [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 4 Nopember 2024 16.30 (WIB) == 2023 == === Januari === Untuak bulan iko alun ado artikel nan tapiliah, ado usulan dari Sanak-Sanak Wiki sakalian artikel nan ma ancaknyo? Mohon tanggapannyo! [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 15 Januari 2023 18.23 (WIB) Ambo usul: [[Kota Sawahlunto]] untuak manjadi artikel nan tapiliah, alasannya karano artikelnyo cukuik panjang, kamudian salain itu Sawahlunto marupoan salah satu kota nan punyo banyak nilai sijarahnyo di Sumatra Barat. [[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 15 Januari 2023 18.42 (WIB) :* {{setuju}} untuak samantaro wak pakai artikel [[Kota Sawahlunto]] dulu. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 23 Januari 2023 11.19 (WIB) === Februari === Ambo usul: [[Kabupaten Sijunjung]] untuak manjadi artikel nan tapiliah, alasannya karano kabupaten tasampik kaduo di Sumatera Barat. , kamudian salain itu kabupaten Sijunjung marupokan salah satu kabupaten nan punyo banyak nilai sijarahnyo di Sumatra Barat. [[Pangguno:Alem|Alem]] ([[ Carito lamak:alem|maota ]]) 28 februari 2023 21.15 (WIB) :* {{indak satuju}} Alasannyo dek artikel [[Kabupaten Sijunjung]] masih sabantuak artikel rancangan/artikel kelas C, alun manjadi artikel nan dikatokan rancak dek alun ado banyak bahasan di dalamnyo. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 1 Maret 2023 14.09 (WIB) Ambo usul: [[Musajik Tuo Siguntua]] untuak manjadi artikel nan tapiliah, alasannyo karano bulan iko kito kan masuak ka bulan ramadhan jadi tema nan diangkek iolah tema nan islami. Salain tu artikel tasabuik alah mancapai sapuluah ribu bita, jadi alah cukuik rasonyo informasi nan disampaian. Itu dari ambo, kok ado piliahan nan lain dari dunsanak nan lain rancak bana. [[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Adhmi|maota]]) 3 Maret 2023 17.53 (WIB) === Maret === Dek alah labiah dari sapakan alun ado juo usulan nan alah tapasang, ambo mintak isin puta baliak artikel [[Kambiang utan sumatera]] (Artikel nan Tapiliah Maret 2017). Tarimo kasih, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 9 Maret 2023 16.42 (WIB) === April === Usulan sanak [[Pangguno:Adhmi|Adhmi]] di ateh alah ambo liek, lah rancak juo artikelnyo. Ambo suai juo karano bulan muko masiah batapatan jo bulan puaso, elok wak angkek tema Islami. Ambo usul: [[Musajik Tuo Siguntua]]. [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 9 Maret 2023 16.47 (WIB) :* {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 22 Maret 2023 15.31 (WIB) :* {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 22 Maret 2023 23.58 (WIB) === Mai === Ambo usul [[Muhammadiyah di Sumatera Barat]]. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 22 Maret 2023 15.29 (WIB) :* {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 22 Maret 2023 23.58 (WIB) === Juni === Ambo usul [[Hagia Sophia]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 28 Mai 2023 15.35 (WIB) :* {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 1 Juni 2023 18.47 (WIB) :* {{Satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 3 Juni 2023 13.48 (WIB) === Juli === Ambo usul [[WhatsApp]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 28 Mai 2023 15.38 (WIB) :* {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 13 Juli 2023 13.26 (WIB) :Halo. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 7 Juli 2023 11.07 (WIB) Ambo usul [[Al-Bajan (majalah)]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Lim Natee|林俊沃]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Lim Natee|maota]]) 10 Juli 2023 06.51 (WIB) === Agustus === Ambo usul [[Yurisprudensi]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 14 Juni 2023 08.05 (WIB) Ambo usul [[Bagindo Aziz Chan]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Lim Natee|林俊沃]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Lim Natee|maota]]) 10 Juli 2023 07.00 (WIB) Halo. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 12 Agustus 2023 23.37 (WIB) :* {{satuju}} untuak Yurisprudensi. Nan Bagindo Aziz Chan untuak bulan muko sajo yo. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 17 Agustus 2023 17.09 (WIB) === September === Usul [[Bagindo Aziz Chan]] di bulan ko, sasuai usulan Sanak [[Pangguno:Lim Natee|林俊沃]] di ateh. [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 25 Agustus 2023 10.41 (WIB) :* {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 1 September 2023 14.27 (WIB) === Oktober === Ambo usul [[Al-Bajan (majalah)]] di bulan ko, sasuai usulan Sanak [[Pangguno:Lim Natee|林俊沃]] bulan Juli di ateh. [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 29 Agustus 2023 18.47 (WIB) * {{Satuju}} [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 5 September 2023 17.51 (WIB) === Nopember === Bismillah. Ambo usul [[Pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 5 September 2023 17.58 (WIB) * {{Satuju}}, sanak! [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 10 Oktober 2023 17.25 (WIB) ::Ambo izin ma-eksekusi sanak, {{u|Naval Scene}}, {{u|Ardzun}}, {{u|Rahmatdenas}}. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 11 Nopember 2023 17.13 (WIB) :::Moh lah sanak {{ping|Urang Kamang}}, mokasih. 12 Nopember 2023 14.13 (WIB) [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 12 Nopember 2023 14.13 (WIB) === Desember === <s>Bismillah. Ambo usul [[Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 30 September 2023 09.36 (WIB)</s> : Artikel ko alah rancak, tapi rujuakannyo masih kurang agaknyo. Kok lah batambah lai saketek ambo raso labiah elok. [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 12 Nopember 2023 14.22 (WIB) ::Ambo ganti usulan manjadi [[Japang]]. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 17 Nopember 2023 23.00 (WIB) ::: Baa tanggapannyo sanak {{u|Naval Scene}}, {{u|Ardzun}}, {{u|Rahmatdenas}}? [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 3 Desember 2023 22.21 (WIB) :::*{{setuju}} untuak Japang. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 4 Desember 2023 12.22 (WIB) :::*{{satuju}} juo. [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 4 Desember 2023 18.02 (WIB) :::: Ambo izin ma-eksekusi sanak, {{u|Rahmatdenas}}, {{u|Naval Scene}}. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 12 Desember 2023 10.09 (WIB) == 2022 == === Januari === Dek indak ado usulan nan masuak, puta baliak [[Diabetes Mellitus]] === Pebruari === Usul: [[Mohammad Natsir]]. Alaman cukuik panjang jo rujuakannyo banyak. 31 Januari 2022 19.07 (WIB) : Dek alah masuak 2 Pebruari jo indak ado nan mambantah, artikel tasabuik ditampilkan di alaman muko. [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 2 Pebruari 2022 16.30 (WIB) === Maret === Ambo usul [[Musajik Rayo Gantiang]]. Ndak ado pranala merah, panjang artikel cukuik, ditambah poto sabagai ilustrasi. Meski alun dipabarui isinyo dari idwiki lai. Tarimo kasih. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 7 Pebruari 2022 22.27 (WIB) :{{setuju}} [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 11 Pebruari 2022 00.26 (WIB) :{{setuju}} [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 27 Pebruari 2022 13.51 (WIB) === April === Dek indak ado usulan nan masuak bulan ko, ijin ambo puta baliak artikel [[Islam]], [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 1 April 2022 13.51 (WIB) === Mei === Dek alun ado juo usulan baru, ijin ambo puta baliak artikel [[Nepenthes rajah]], sabauk artikel ko elok jo lah cukuik langkok isinyo. [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 28 April 2022 16.37 (WIB) === Juni === [[Sjafruddin Prawiranegara]] === Juli === Dek alun ado usulan artikel baru untuak Juli ko, izin ambo puta baliak artikel [[Urang Ocu]]. [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 2 Juli 2022 15.33 (WIB) === November === Dek alun ado usulan artikel baru untuk November ko, izin maangkek [[Parang Salib]] jadi artikel nan tapiliah bulan ko. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 2 Nopember 2022 20.31 (WIB) === Desember === Dek alun ado usulan artikel nan tapiliah nan baru untuak desember ko, izin malanjuikkan [[Parang Salib]] jadi artikel nan tapiliah bulan ko. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 5 Desember 2022 11.22 (WIB) == 2021 == === Januari === Bismillah. Supayo baragam, kito cubo artikel kesehatan nan masih paralu bana di maso pandemi ko. Ambo usul '''[[Panyakik koronavirus 2019]]''' sabagai ANT. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 5 Januari 2021 13.18 (WIB) *{{vote}} '''Sapakaik'''. [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwf²]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 5 Januari 2021 13.25 (WIB) === Pebruari === Usul [[Taman Nasional Komodo]]. [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwf²]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 31 Januari 2021 19.05 (WIB) * {{vote|y}} [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 3 Pebruari 2021 14.07 (WIB) === Mei === Usul [[Babako]]. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 16 Mai 2021 20.46 (WIB) *{{setuju}} [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwf²]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 16 Mai 2021 20.53 (WIB) === Juni === Usul [[Babako]] untuak bulan Juni dek di bulan Mai alah ado artikel [[Dian yang Tak Kunjung Padam]]. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 31 Mai 2021 16.30 (WIB) * {{vote|y}} Da Juna. Salam, [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 31 Mai 2021 16.37 (WIB) * {{setuju}} [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwf²]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 31 Mai 2021 23.40 (WIB) === Juli === Usul '''[[Tunggal panaluan]]'''. [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwf²]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 1 Juni 2021 14.27 (WIB) * {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 1 Juni 2021 16.20 (WIB) * {{vote|y}} [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 2 Juni 2021 02.49 (WIB) === Agustus === Usul '''[[Andani Eka Putra]]'''. [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwf²]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 1 Juni 2021 14.27 (WIB) * {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 1 Juni 2021 16.21 (WIB) * {{vote|y}} [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 2 Juni 2021 02.49 (WIB) === September === Usul '''[[Arbitrase]]'''. [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwf²]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 1 Juni 2021 14.27 (WIB) * {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 1 Juni 2021 16.21 (WIB) * {{vote|y}} [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 2 Juni 2021 02.49 (WIB) === Oktober === Ambo usul [[Sipak rago]]. [[Pangguno:SutanKart|SutanKart]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SutanKart|maota]]) 12 Juni 2021 14.00 (WIB) *{{vote|y}} [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 1 Agustus 2021 12.13 (WIB) *{{vote|y}} rancak bana ko! [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 8 Agustus 2021 13.30 (WIB) *{{vote|y}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 8 Agustus 2021 21.36 (WIB) === Nopember === Usul: [[Bakaua]]. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 26 Oktober 2021 21.45 (WIB) :{{setuju}} [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 28 Oktober 2021 09.00 (WIB) :{{setuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 2 Nopember 2021 19.09 (WIB) :{{setuju}} [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 8 Nopember 2021 07.39 (WIB) === Desember === Usul: [[Gambia (tanaman)]]. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 28 Oktober 2021 11.20 (WIB) :{{setuju}} [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 8 Nopember 2021 07.39 (WIB) :{{setuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 6 Desember 2021 10.30 (WIB) == 2020 == === Januari === :Ambo usuakan [[Teh talua]]. [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 28 Desember 2019 18.23 (WIB) :{{setuju}} '''Setuju'''. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 28 Desember 2019 19.20 (WIB) === April === Tajadi kakosongan slot AnT kini. Ambo usulkan '''[[Urang Cino Padang]]'''. Maimbau {{ping|Ardzun}}, {{ping|Muhraz}}, jo {{ping|Naval Scene}}. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 3 April 2020 18.05 (WIB) # {{satuju}}. Artikel iko alah rancak bana. [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 3 April 2020 18.14 (WIB) # {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 4 April 2020 14.26 (WIB) # Satuju [[Pangguno:Muhraz|Muhraz]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Muhraz|maota]]) 5 April 2020 13.29 (WIB) === Mei === Ambo usul '''[[Benteng Bukik Tak Jadi]]'''. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 3 April 2020 18.20 (WIB) {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 2 Mai 2020 08.38 (WIB) === Juni === Ambo usul '''[[Aligator Amerika]]'''. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 3 April 2020 18.27 (WIB) {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Harditaher|Harditaher]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Harditaher|maota]]) 4 Juni 2020 11.29 (WIB) === Juli === Ambo usul '''[[Taman Sejarah Nasional Chaco Culture]]'''. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 3 April 2020 18.27 (WIB) :{{Satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 1 Juli 2020 18.11 (WIB) :{{vote|y}} [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwf²]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|rundiang]]) 1 Juli 2020 18.54 (WIB) === Agustus === Ambo usul '''[[Karbamazepin]]'''. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 3 April 2020 18.27 (WIB) {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 8 Agustus 2020 11.00 (WIB) === September === Ambo usul '''[[Urang Mukomuko]]'''. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 3 April 2020 18.27 (WIB) * {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 30 Agustus 2020 09.21 (WIB) === Oktober === Ambo usul '''[[Pulau Sebuku (Sumatera)]]'''. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 3 April 2020 18.27 (WIB) * {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 19 Oktober 2020 14.10 (WIB) === November === Ambo usul '''[[Urang Lematang]]'''. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 3 April 2020 18.27 (WIB) * {{satuju}} [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 4 Nopember 2020 14.17 (WIB) * {{satuju}} Awak naiakan iko se yo. [[Pangguno:Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Naval Scene|maota]]) 4 Nopember 2020 16.40 (WIB) === Desember === Ambo usul '''[[Nepenthes rajah]]'''. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 3 April 2020 18.27 (WIB) # {{vote|y}} [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwf²]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|rundiang]]) 30 Nopember 2020 18.34 (WIB) # {{vote|y}} [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 1 Desember 2020 13.10 (WIB) == 2019 == === Mai === :Ambo usuakan [[Irwan Prayitno]] sabagai artikel biografi nan partamo tampil di Wikipedia baso Minang pado tahun 2019. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 9 Mai 2019 14.22 (WIB) :*Satuju sanak! Mancaliak kini alun banyak stok ANT wak. [[Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|Rahmatdenas]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Rahmatdenas|maota]]) 9 Mai 2019 21.02 (WIB) :{{setuju}} untuak bulan Juni 2019, dek lah ado untuak bulan ko [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 13 Mai 2019 00.06 (WIB) == 2018 == === Oktober === :Ambo usuakan [[Irwan Prayitno]] sabagai artikel biografi nan partamo tampil di Wikipedia baso Minang. [[Pangguno:Urang Kamang|Urang Kamang]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Urang Kamang|maota]]) 1 Oktober 2018 15.07 (WIB) == 2014 == === Januari === :<s>Saya calonkan [[Urang Melayu]]. [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 5 Nopember 2013 13.19 (WIB)</s> Saya usulkan [[Gampo bumi Sumatera Barat 2009]]. [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 1 Desember 2013 12.20 (WIB) ::{{satuju}}. [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 31 Desember 2013 17.50 (WIB) :::{{alah}} [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 1 Januari 2014 13.23 (WIB) === Pebruari === === Maret === Saya usulkan [[Sumatera]]. [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 15 Pebruari 2014 19.29 (WIB) === April === === Mai === === Juni === :Saya usulkan [[Jakarta]]. [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 5 Nopember 2013 13.49 (WIB) ::Mungkin maksud Anda [[Daerah Kusuih Ibukota Jakarta]]. Insya Allah dalam sebulan sudah selesai saya terjemahkan. [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 5 Nopember 2013 13.51 (WIB) :::Wah, Hebat! Saya mengusulkannya atas dasar bahwa ulang tahun kota ini jatuh pada 22 Juni. [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 5 Nopember 2013 13.59 (WIB) ::::{{alah}} [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 31 Mai 2014 20.31 (WIB) === Juli === Saya usulkan [[Islam]]. [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 1 Pebruari 2014 12.45 (WIB) :{{alah}} [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 1 Juli 2014 16.17 (WIB) === Agustus === :Saya usulkan [[Indonesia]], bertepatan dengan Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia. [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 5 Nopember 2013 13.49 (WIB) == 2013 == === Pebruari-Maret === Usul [[Urang Minang]]. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|bicara]]) 10 Pebruari 2013 13.13 (WIT) :{{done}} Dek sebab indak ado pandapek lain, artikel ko alah ditampilan di Laman Utamo. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 1 Maret 2013 21.59 (WIT) === April === Dek sebab [[Namo urang Minangkabau]] alun dapek disalasaian tarajamahannyo bulan ko, ambo mangusulannyo untuak bulan April. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 25 Maret 2013 18.39 (WIT) :{{done}} [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 1 Juni 2013 05.12 (WIT) === Mai === Usul [[Semen Padang FC]]. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 25 Maret 2013 18.39 (WIT) :{{done}} [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 1 Agustus 2013 11.30 (WIT) === Juni === Saya mengusulkan [[Plasmodium vivax]].----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 25 Maret 2013 18.57 (WIT) :Terlalu pendek. Macam mana kalau [[David Jacobs]]? [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 27 Maret 2013 09.48 (WIT) ::Boleh juga, ianya juga panjang.----'''<span style="font-family:اڤليکاسي">[[Pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#6666FF">Aplikasi</span>]] (<span style="font-size:80%">[[Pembicaraan pengguna:Aplikasi|<span style="color:#0087BD">Bicara</span>]]</span>)</span>''' 27 Maret 2013 09.54 (WIT) :::{{done}} [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 1 Juni 2013 05.12 (WIT) === Juli === [[Bahaso Minangkabau]]. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 28 Maret 2013 07.47 (WIT) :{{done}} [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 1 Agustus 2013 11.30 (WIT) === Agustus === [[Sumatera Barat]] nan alah dikambangan sanak Ardzun. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 20 April 2013 13.42 (WIT) :{{done}} [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 1 Agustus 2013 11.30 (WIT) === September === Saya usulkan [[Kota Kinabalu]], saya akan usahakannya, harap ado nan dapaik mambantu saya menerjemahkannya. [[Pengguna:Ranking Update|Ranking Update]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Ranking Update|maota]]) 8 Mai 2013 21.30 (WIT) :Baik, akan saya coba usahakan. [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 8 Mai 2013 21.52 (WIT) ::{{done}} [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 3 September 2013 19.44 (WIB) === Oktober === :Ba a kalau [[Kota Sawahlunto]] se nan ditampilkan, sabalun bulan Oktober, ambo usahoan manyalasaian artikel iko sanak''' [[Pengguna:Faishal Wafiq Zakiy|Faishal Wafiq Zakiy]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Faishal Wafiq Zakiy|maota]]) 28 Mai 2013 16.28(WIB) ::{{setuju}} [[Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 25 Juni 2013 08.35 (WIT) :::{{alah}} [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 3 Oktober 2013 11.49 (WIT) === Nopember === :Saya calonkan [[Kota Padang]]. [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 3 Oktober 2013 08.44 (WIT) ::{{alah}} [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 1 Nopember 2013 11.21 (WIB) === Desember === :Saya calonkan ''[[Zonsondergang bij Montmajour]]''. [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 1 Nopember 2013 14.29 (WIB) ::Saya pula lebih suka [[Urang Malayu]]. Lebih panjang dan lebih Minang. Bagaimana? [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 5 Nopember 2013 13.09 (WIB) :::Itu bisa diusulkan bulan depan. Artikel ini sudah layak diusulkan untuk ANT, karena semua bagiannya sudah ada rujukannya. Lagipula jarang ada ANT bertema seni. [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 5 Nopember 2013 13.19 (WIB) ::::Usulan anda tentang [[Urang Melayu]] telah saya usulkan di bulan Januari 2014. [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 5 Nopember 2013 13.19 (WIB) :::::Saya rasa artisan Zonsondergang itu masih terlalu pendek... [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 5 Nopember 2013 13.24 (WIB) ::::::Pendek namun ada rujukannya, daripada panjang namun rujukannya terlalu sedikit. Lagipula suatu ANT tidak dilihat dari panjang-pendeknya suatu artikel, namun kelengkapan suatu artikel. [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 5 Nopember 2013 13.46 (WIB) :::::::<s>{{alah}} </s>[[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 30 Nopember 2013 09.30 (WIB) ::::::::Tunggu dulu. Saya tetap tidak setuju dengan artikel ini. Terlalu pendek. Harap dipertimbangkan, jangan mengambil kesimpulan sendiri saja. [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 30 Nopember 2013 13.34 (WIB) :::::::::[[Urang Malayu]], boleh? [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 30 Nopember 2013 15.27 (WIB) ::::::::::Kalau itu saya setuju. Silakan. [[Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|SpartacksCompatriot]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:SpartacksCompatriot|maota]]) 30 Nopember 2013 20.53 (WIB) :::::::::::{{alah}} [[Pangguno:Hanamanteo|Hanamanteo]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Hanamanteo|maota]]) 30 Nopember 2013 21.37 (WIB) [[Kategori:Artikel nan Tapiliah]] 158r50ap2iw090k506n86bz53hgcucc Musajik Rayo Gantiang 0 8746 3347749 3161858 2026-06-11T20:02:42Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ANT}}{{Infobox religious building |image = Masjid Raya Ganting Juli 2021.jpg |native_name = Mujid Raya Gantiang<br>{{rtl-lang|ar|مسجد راي ڬنتيڠ}} |caption = Musajik Rayo Gantiang, 2021 |image_size = 270px |building_name = Musajik Rayo Gantiang |location = Jalan Ganting Nomor 10, [[Ganting Parak Gadang, Padang Timur, Padang|Kampung Ganting]], [[Padang Timur, Padang|Kecamatan Padang Timur]], [[Kota Padang]], [[Sumatra Barat]], [[Indonesia]] |religious_affiliation = |ownership = [[Wakaf]] |leadership = ''Panguruih'':<br/>Munandar Maska |website = |architect = |architecture_type = |coordinates = {{coord|-0.95455|100.36942}} |architecture_style = [[Arsitektur Neoklasik]]{{sfn|VIVAnews|25 Agustus 2009}} |facade_direction = [[Tenggara]] |groundbreaking = Abad ka-19 |year_completed = |construction_cost = |capacity = 1.500–2.000 orang |length = 42 meter |width = 39 meter |dome_quantity = |dome_height_outer = |dome_dia_outer = |minaret_quantity = 2 |minaret_height = }} '''Musajik Rayo Gantiang''' ([[Bahaso Indonesia|Indonesia]]: ''Masjid Raya Ganting'') adolah masjid nan talatak di Kelurahan [[Ganting Parak Gadang, Padang Timur, Padang|Ganting Parak Gadang]], Kecamatan [[Padang Timur, Padang|Padang Timur]], [[Kota Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Mulai dibangun pado taun 1805, masajik ko tacatat sabagai masajik tatuo di Padang jo salah satu nan tatuo di Indonesia sarato alah manjadi [[:id:Cagar_budaya|cagar budayo]].{{sfn|Gayo|2008|p=178}}{{sfn|Permenbudpar PM.54/PW.007/MKP/2010}}Masajik nan pambangunannyo malibatkan baragam bangsa ko manjadi pusat pagerakan reformasi [[:id:Islam|Islam]] di daerah ko pado abaik ka-19, jo presiden partamo Indonesia, [[:id:Soekarno|Soekarno]], pernah mangungsi ka masajik ko pado masa parjuangan kamerdekaan.{{sfn|Hanifah|2012}}{{sfn|Mandiri Donates}} Masajik ko tamasuak bangunan nan tatap utuh satalah galombang [[:id:Tsunami|tsunami]] manarjang kota Padang jo sakitarnyo akibaik [[:id:Gempa_bumi_Sumatra_1833|gampo bumi taun 1833]],{{sfn|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}} walaupun mangalami karusakan cukuik barek akibat gampo taun 2005 jo [[:id:Gempa_bumi_Sumatra_Barat_2009|2009]].{{sfn|Sisko|2008}}{{sfn|Sharpe|2010}} kini ko, salain digunokan sabagai aktivitas ibadah umaik [[:id:Islam|Islam]], masajik ciek lantai ko juo digunokan untuak sarana pandidikan agamo jo pesantren kilat bagi palajar sarato manjadi salah satu [[:id:Objek_wisata|daya tarik wisata]] di kota Padang.{{sfn|Akbar|2008}}{{sfn|Suriyanto|2010}} == Pambangunan == {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Masjid Ganting sekitar seabad yang silam.jpg|image2=COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Moskee TMnr 10016541.jpg|width1=272|width2=272|footer=Musajik Rayo Gantiang sabalun mamiliki [[fasad]] (ateh) jo satalah mamiliki fasad (bawah).}} Indak dikatahui pasti taun barapo masajik ko mulai badiri. Manuruik Abdul Baqir Zein dalam bukunyo nan bajudul ''Masjid-masjid Bersejarah di Indonesia'', masajik ko alah badiri sajak taun 1700 jo pado mulonyo talatak di kaki Gunuang Padang, kamudian dipindahkan ka tapi [[:id:Batang_Arau|Batang Arau]] dek karano Balando handak mambuek jalan ka [[:id:Pelabuhan_Teluk_Bayur|palabuhan Taluak Bayua]], sampai tarakhia dipindahkan ka lokasi kini.{{sfn|Zein|1999|pp=70}}<ref>https://www.delpher.nl/nl/tijdschriften/view?identifier=KBNA001:002618001:00068&query=ganting&coll=dts&page=5</ref> Namun, dalam dokumen nan ditabikkan dek [[:id:Kementerian_Agama_Indonesia|Departemen Agamo]], disabuikkan masajik ko dibangun pado taun 1790 dari bahan [[:id:Kayu|kayu]] jo atok babahan [[:id:Rumbia|rumbio]] jo masajik nan labiah elok lai dibuek pado taun 1805.{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=1}} Lain pulo manuruik Dinas Kabudayoan jo Pariwisata Kota Padang, nan manyabuikkan masajik ko mulai dibangun pado taun 1805 jo awalnyo dikenal sabagai "Masajik Kampuang Gantiang" jo bangunan barupo surau balantaikan batu jo dindiang baplester tanah jo atok barundak-undak.{{sfn|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}} Talapeh dari pabedaan-pabedaan mangenai taun mulai badirinyo masajik ko, dari sajumlah catatan dikatahui bahwa pambangunan masajik di pusat Minangkabau di Padang abaik ka-18 jo ka-19{{sfn|Evers|1993|p=85}} iko diprakarsai dek tigo tokoh masyarakaik satampek, yaitu Angku Gapuak (saudagar, namo asli Sjech Abdul Halim, saudara ayah [[:id:Abdullah_Ahmad|Abdullah Ahmad]]), Angku Syekh Haji Uma (kapalo kampuang Gantiang), jo Angku Syekh Kapalo Koto (ulama), samantaro biayanyo banyak didapek dari para saudagar jo ulama Minangkabau di sajumlah tampek di [[:id:Sumatra|Sumatra]].{{sfn|Zein|1999|pp=70}}{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=1}}{{sfn|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}} Masajik ko juo tacatat sabagai salah satu bangunan nan tatap utuh dari tajangan galombang tsunami nan marambah sabagian gadang Padang akibaik [[:id:Gempa_bumi_Sumatra_1833|gampo bumi Sumatra pada tahun 1833]], hanyo sajo lantai batunyo kamudian diganti jo lantai campuran kapua kulit [[:id:Kerang|kerang]] jo [[:id:Batu_apung|batu apuang]].{{sfn|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}} [[Berkas:Prasasti Tanda Wakaf Masjid Raya Ganting.jpg|jmpl|200px|Prasasti dalam [[abjad Jawi]] di Musajik Rayo Gantiang.|al=|kanan]] Pado taun 1910, Balando mandirikan [[:id:Semen_Padang_(perusahaan)|pabrik simin]] di [[:id:Indarung,_Lubuk_Kilangan,_Padang|Indaruang, Padang]]. Untuak mentranspor simin ka [[:id:Pelabuhan_Teluk_Bayur|Palabuhan Taluak Bayua]], Balando mambukak jalan batu malewati tanah Masajik Raya Gantiang. Hampia sapatigo dari luweh tanah wakaf untuak masajik ko digunokan untuak jalan.{{sfn|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}} Sabagai ganti rugi ateh tanah tu, Balando mambantu mangembangkan masajik ko malalui Komandan Korps Genie wilayah [[:id:Pesisir_Barat_Sumatra|Pesisia Barat Sumatra]] (wilayah nan maliputi Sumatra Barat jo [[:id:Tapanuli|Tapanuli]] kini).{{sfn|Akbar|2008}} Pangambangan nan dilakuan tamasuak papanjangan biliak muko sapanjang 20 meter jo pambuatan bagian muko ([[:id:Fasad|fasad]]) masajik bagaya [[:id:Portugis|Portugis]].{{sfn|Risman|Kusnadi|2005}} Salain itu, lantai masajik diganti jo [[:id:Semen|simin]] nan didatangkan dari [[:id:Jerman|Jerman]].{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=1}} Pado taun 1900, dimulailah pamasangan tegel dari [[:id:Belanda|Balando]] nan dipesan malalui [[:id:Naamloze_Vennootschap|NV]] Jacobson van den Berg.{{sfn|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}} Pamasangan tegel tu ditangani dek tukang nan ditunjuak langsuang dek pabrik jo salasai pado taun 1910.{{sfn|Naldi|2009}} Samantaro itu, [[:id:Tionghoa-Indonesia|etnis Tionghoa]] di bawah komando Kapten Lau Ch’uan-ko ikuik mangerahkan tukang-tukang Tionghoa untuak mangarajokan kubah nan dibuek persegi delapan mirip atok [[:id:Vihara|vihara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/134295/perpaduan-arsitektur-dari-beberapa-negara|title=Perpaduan Arsitektur dari Beberapa Negara|last=Nasional|last2=Polhukam|website=Antara News Sumbar|access-date=2019-07-28|last3=Olahraga|last4=Bisnis|first4=Ekonomi|last5=Otomotif|last6=Ragam|last7=Pendidikan|last8=Sosial|last9=Pariwisata}}</ref> Baitu juo, pado [[:id:Mihrab|mihrab]] tampek imam mamimpin salat jo manyampaikan khotbah dibuek ukiran kayu mirip ukiran Tiongkok. Di bagian tangah masajik juo dibangun sabuah muzawir barukuran 4 × 4 m² babantuak pangguang dari kayu jo diagia ukiran Tiongkok. Muzawir bafungsi sabagai tampek mangumandangkan [[:id:Adzan|adzan]] jo panyambuang suaro [[:id:Imam|imam]] sahinggo [[:id:Makmum|makmum]] dapek mangikuti garakan imam. Satalah ado [[:id:Pengeras_suara|pangareh suaro]], muzawir indak digunokan lai, sahinggo panguruih masajik mambongka bangunan tasabuik pado taun 1974{{sfn|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}} (atau 1978).{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=2}} Satalah itu, pambangunan masajik dilanjuikkan pado taun 1960 jo pamasangan [[:id:Keramik|karamik]] pado 25 tiang ruang utamo nan aslinyo tabuek dari [[:id:Batu_bata|batu bata]].{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=1}} Kamudian, [[:id:Menara|manara]] pado bagian kiri jo kanan masajik salasai dibangun pado taun 1967.{{sfn|Sisko|2008}} Pado taun 1995, dilakuan pamasangan karamik pado dindiang ruang utamo.{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=1}} == Garih wakatu == Masajik Rayo Gantiang turuik baperan dalam pajalanan [[:id:Sejarah_Kota_Padang|sajarah Kota Padang]].{{sfn|Sisko|2008}} Salain sabagai lokasi pangambangan [[:id:Islam|Islam]] di [[:id:Pulau_Sumatra|pulau Sumatra]], masajik ko juo baperan dalam pagerakan pajuangan kamardekaan di Padang.{{sfn|Masjid Ganting Tertua di Padang}} Samanjak awal badirinyo, masajik ko dimanfaatkan sabagai tampek bimbingan manasik calon [[:id:Haji|haji]].{{sfn|Zein|1999|pp=71}} Masajik ko juo manjadi tampek embarkasi haji patamo di [[:id:Sumatra_Tengah|Sumatra Tengah]] malalui [[:id:Pelabuhan_Teluk_Bayur|Palabuhan Taluak Bayua]] nan dibukak pado taun 1895.{{sfn|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}}{{sfn|Ariefyanto|2012}} Urang partamo nan mambarikan bimbingan manasik haji di Masajik Rayo Gantiang adolah Syekh Abdul Hadi, dari Arab Saudi. Konon, Syekh Abdul Hadi sempat bamukim di Padang dalam wakatu lamo jo manikah jo gadih Minang.<ref>https://padangkita.com/awal-siar-islam-di-ranah-minang-diperkirakan-dari-tempat-ini/</ref> Pado taun [[:id:1918|1918]], para [[:id:Ulama_Minangkabau|ulamo di Minangkabau]] pernah manjadikan Masajik Rayo Gantiang sabagai tampek musyawarah partamo untuak mangambangkan agamo Islam.{{sfn|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}} Syekh Abdul Hadi mambarikan khotbah Jumat dalam bahaso Malayu di masajik, dicaliakkan dek polisi Hindia-Belanda, nan barisi ajakan untuak indak ikuik dalam garakan komunis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://historia.id/agama/articles/bahasa-khotbah-jumat-vQNnL |title=archive copy |access-date=2020-03-12 |archive-date=2020-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815070414/https://historia.id/agama/articles/bahasa-khotbah-jumat-vQNnL |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pado taun 1920-an, badiri sakolah [[:id:Sumatra_Thawalib|Thawalib]] di dalam pakarangan masajik sabagai sarana pandidikan agamo bagi masyarakaik [[:id:Kota_Padang|kota Padang]] saat itu,<ref>https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKITLV3:002210024:pdf</ref><ref>https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKITLV3:002207017:pdf</ref> tapi dilaporkan pado 1929 sakolah tasabuik tutuik karano kakurangan siswa.<ref>https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKITLV3:002221014:pdf</ref> Masajik ko juo dijadikan tampek jambore nasional partamo garakan [[:id:Kepanduan|kapanduan]] [[:id:Muhammadiyah|Muhammadiyah]] [[:id:Hizbul_Wathan|Hizbul Wathan]] pado taun 1932.{{sfn|Zein|1999|pp=71}}{{sfn|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}}<!--https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKITLV3:002220014:pdf, https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKITLV3:002220012:pdf-->Katiko Japang mulai manduduki [[:id:Indonesia|Indonesia]] pado taun 1942, [[:id:Soekarno|Soekarno]] nan ditahan Balando di [[:id:Bengkulu|Bengkulu]] diungsikan ka [[:id:Kutacane|Kutacane]]. Namun, sasampainyo di [[:id:Painan|Painan]], tantara Japang alah labiah dahulu manduduki [[:id:Bukittinggi|Bukittinggi]] sahinggo Balando mangubah rancana samulo jo mangungsi ka [[:id:Barus,_Tapanuli_Tengah|Barus]] jo maninggakan Soekarno di Painan. Salanjuiknyo, [[:id:Hizbul_Wathan|Hizbul Wathan]], nan saat ko bamarkas di Masajik Rayo Gantiang, manjampuik Soekarno untuak dibaok ka [[:id:Padang|Padang]] jo manggunokan [[:id:Pedati|padati]]. Babarapo hari kamudian, Soekarno nan alah tibo di Padang manginap samantaro wakatu di salah satu rumah panguruih Masajik Rayo Gantiang jo sempat mambarikan [[:id:Pidato|pidato]] di masajik ko.{{sfn|Soekarno|1990}}{{sfn|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}} [[Berkas:Destroyed_section_of_Masjid_Raya_Ganting_Padang.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Destroyed_section_of_Masjid_Raya_Ganting_Padang.jpg|jmpl|225x225px|Sabagian karusakan nan dialami Masajik Rayo Gantiang sasud [[:id:Gempa_bumi_Sumatra_Barat_2009|gampo bumi taun 2009]]]] Salamo [[:id:Pendudukan_Jepang_di_Indonesia|pandudukan tantara Japang di Indonesia]], masajik ko dijadikan sabagai markas gadang wilayah Sumatra Barat jo Tangah sakaligus tampek pambinaan prajurit Gyugun jo [[:id:Heiho|Heiho]], nan marupokan kasatuan tantara pribumi nan dibantuak dek Japang. Anggota parwira militer Gyugun tadiri ateh para [[:id:Ulama|ulamo]], sadangkan prajurit Heiho diambiak dari para [[:id:Santri|santri]].{{sfn|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}}{{sfn|Zein|1999|pp=72}} Satalah tantara [[:id:Sekutu|Sakutu]] mandaraik di Sumatra, banyak tantara [[:id:Inggris|Inggris]] dari kasatuan tantara Muslim [[:id:India|India]] mambelok jo bagabuang jo tantara rakyat satampek. Inyo mangatur strategi panyarangan dari masajik ko, tamasuak panyarangan ka salah satu tangsi militer Inggris dari kasatuan [[:id:Gurkha|Gurkha]].{{sfn|Zein|1999|pp=72}} Katiko saurang prajurit Muslim ko tewas dalam pakelahian di markas militer nan hanyo bajarak 200 meter dari masajik, janazahnyo dikubuan di Masajik Gantiang.{{sfn|Ariefyanto|2012}}{{sfn|Akbar|2008}} Samanjak taun 1950, Masajik Rayo Gantiang mulai banyak dikunjungi dek pajabat negara baik dari dalam negeri maupun lua negeri. Sajumlah pejabat negara nan pernah bakunjuang ka masajik ko, antaro lain, adolah [[:id:Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia|Wakil Presiden]] [[:id:Mohammad_Hatta|Mohammad Hatta]], [[:id:Daftar_Menteri_Pertahanan_Indonesia|Menteri Patahanan]] [[:id:Hamengkubuwana_IX|Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX]], Wakil Ketua DPR-GR Achmad Syaichu, jo [[:id:Daftar_Ketua_Majelis_Permusyawaratan_Rakyat|Ketua MPRS]] [[:id:Abdul_Haris_Nasution|Abdul Haris Nasution]]. Samantaro itu, tokoh lua negeri nan pernah mangunjungi masajik ko, antaro lain, adolah Sekretaris Negara [[:id:Malaysia|Malaysia]] sarato pajabat dari [[:id:Arab_Saudi|Arab Saudi]] jo [[:id:Mesir|Mesir]].{{sfn|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}}{{sfn|Zein|1999|pp=72}} Pado 10 April 2005, tajadi gampo bumi di pantai barat Sumatra jo kakuatan 6,7 [[:id:Skala_Richter|skala Richter]] satalah tajadinyo [[:id:Gempa_bumi_Sumatra_2005|gampo bumi labiah gadang]] di sakitar [[:id:Pulau_Nias|Pulau Nieh]] duo minggu sabalumnyo. Sajumlah tiang panyangga utamo kudo-kudo atok Masajik Rayo Gantiang ratak jo patah akibaik gampo ko.{{sfn|Sisko|2008}}{{sfn|Slamet|2008}}{{sfn|Risman|Kusnadi|2005}} Salanjuiknyo, masajik ko marupokan salah satu dari 608 unit [[:id:Tempat_ibadah|tampek ibadah]] di [[:id:Sumatra_Barat|Sumatra Barat]] nan rusak barek akibaik [[:id:Gempa_bumi_Sumatra_Barat_2009|gampo bumi]] [[:id:30_September|30 September]] [[:id:2009|2009]].{{sfn|608 Unit}}{{sfn|Sharpe|2010}} Salain maruntuhkan sabagian [[:id:Fasad|fasad]] masajik, gampo ko juo maratakkan tiang-tiang ruang utamo sahinggo bangunan ko dikhawatirkan roboh.{{sfn|Patrizki|2009}}{{sfn|Sharpe|2009}} Sabalum dilakuan renovasi pado taun 2010, karusakan nan dialami masajik ko manyebabkan aktivitas ibadah taganggu sahinggo, salamo samantaro wakatu, aktivitas ibadah harus dilakuan di halaman masajik.{{sfn|Rp1,3 Miliar}}{{sfn|Susanto|2009}} Pado taun 2011, masajik ko dimasukkan dalam daftar masajik tearancak di Indonesia nan ditabikkan dalam buku ''100 Masjid Terindah Indonesia'' dek PT Andalan Media. Salain Masajik Rayo Gantiang, masajik lain dari Sumatra Barat nan dimuek dalam buku tasabuik iolah [[:id:Masjid_Raya_Bayur|Masajik Rayo Bayua]].{{sfn|Sidik|2011}} <br /> == Arsitektur == [[Berkas:Masjid Raya Ganting 2020 02.jpg|al=|kanan|jmpl|272x272px|Fasad bagian muko Masjid Raya Ganting maliputi mimbar lua, palangkuang, friz, jo parapet.]] Masajik ko badiri di ateh tanah salueh 102 × 95,6 meter parsegi jo bangunan babantuak [[:id:Persegi_panjang|parsegi panjang]] barukuran 42 × 39 meter parsegi.{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=1}} Bangunan tadiri dari sarambi muko, sarambi sampiang (kiri jo kanan), [[:id:Mihrab|mihrab]], jo ruang utamo. Lueh bangunan nan kurang dari saparlimo lueh lahan manyisokan halaman nan luaeh nan dapek manampuang banyaknyo jamaah pado saat palaksanaan [[:id:Salat_Ied|salat Ied]] pado hari [[:id:Idul_Fitri|Idul Fitri]] jo [[:id:Idul_Adha|Idul Adha]]. Halaman tasabuik dipagari basi jo babatasan langsuang jo [[:id:Jalan_raya|jalan rayo]] di sabalah [[:id:Timur|timur]] jo [[:id:Utara|utara]].{{sfn|Ariefyanto|2012}} Di sabalah selatan jo balakang masajik tadapek babarapo [[:id:Makam|makam]], salah satunyo adolah makam Angku Syekh Haji Uma, ciek dari tigo urang pamrakarsa pambangunan masajik ko.{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=2}} Papaduan [[:id:Arsitektur|arsitektur]] dari babagai corak talihek jaleh pado bangunan masajik ko karano pangarajoannyo malibaikkan baragam bangsa sarupo [[:id:Eropa|Eropa]], [[:id:Timur_Tengah|Timur Tengah]], [[:id:Tiongkok|Tiongkok]], jo [[:id:Minangkabau|Minangkabau]].{{sfn|Hanifah|2012}}{{sfn|Sisko|2008}} Masajik ko mampunyoi susunan [[:id:Atap|atok]] barupo atok susun barundak-undak sabanyak limo tingkek jo puncak bakubah bahiaskan mustaka.{{sfn|Naldi|2009}} Ado celah di tiok bagian atok untuak pancahayoan. Tingkek patamo babantuak parsegi, sadangkan tingkek duo sampai ampek babantuak [[:id:Segidelapan|sagilapan]]. === Sarambi atau biliak === [[Berkas:Serambi_muka_Masjid_Raya_Ganting.JPG|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Serambi_muka_Masjid_Raya_Ganting.JPG|ka|jmpl|252x252px|Tiang gando babantuak silinder nan bajejer tujuah di sarambi muko]] Bangunan masajik ko mamiliki duo sarambi utamo, yaitu sarambi sampiang jo sarambi muko. Kaduo sarambi sampiang masing-masing barukuran 30 × 4,5 meter parsegi jo mamiliki duo [[:id:Pintu|pintu]] masuak, nan salah satu pintunyo manuju ka tampek [[:id:Wudu|wuduak]] nan tadapek di sisi [[:id:Utara|utara]] jo [[:id:Selatan|selatan]].{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=2}} Pado bagian [[:id:Barat|barat]] tadapek sekatan nan mambantuak kamar atau ''ribath'' (tampek tingga pangurus masajik) barukuran 4,5 × 3 m². ''Ribath'' ko mamiliki pintu dari arah timur barukuran 225&nbsp;cm × 90&nbsp;cm jo [[:id:Jendela|jandela]] barukuran 90&nbsp;cm × 90&nbsp;cm. Sarambi muko babantuak [[:id:Persegi_panjang|parsegi panjang]] barukuran 12 × 39 m² sarato mamiliki anam pintu dari arah [[:id:Timur|timur]] jo duo pintu dari arah utara jo selatan, nan masiang-masiang badaun pintu dari jaruji basi. Tadapek hiasan tiang gando semu pado anam pintu dari arah timur, kacuali pado bagian tangah nan marupokan bangunan [[:id:Mimbar|mimbar]] nan manjorok ka muko jo daun pintu dari jaruji pulo. Mimbar barukuran 220&nbsp;cm × 120&nbsp;cm × 275&nbsp;cm tasabuik hanyo digunokan pado palaksanaan [[:id:Salat_Ied|salat Ied]]. Salain pintu, juo tadapek masiang-masiang ciek jendela jo taroli [[:id:Besi|basi]] di sisi utara jo selatan.{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=2}} Di dindiang timur sarambi muko, tadapek hiasan ukiran [[:id:Geometri|geometri]] barupo panil-panil nan babantuak [[:id:Persegi_panjang|parsegi panjang]] jo [[:id:Bujur_sangkar|bujua sangka]].{{sfn|Naldi|2009}} Tadapek pulo hiasan langkuang nan ditutupi tembok jo motif cincin jo mato kapak. Taba dindiang sakitar 34&nbsp;cm jo tinggi 320&nbsp;cm. Di dalam ruangan tadapek tujuah tiang gando babantuak [[:id:Silinder|silinder]] dari [[:id:Beton|beton]] jo [[:id:Diameter|garih tangah]] 45&nbsp;cm. Tiang-tiang tasabuik badiri di ateh umpak beton jo lebar 113&nbsp;cm, tinggi 70&nbsp;cm, jo taba 67&nbsp;cm. Salain itu, tadapek pulo duo tiang babantuak [[:id:Segi_empat|sagi ampek]] nan talatak di sisi utara jo selatan, dakek jo ruangan babantuak sagi lapan nan mamiliki ciek pintu dari arah timur jo ciek jendela.{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=2}} === Ruang utamo === [[Berkas:Ruang_salat_Masjid_Raya_Ganting.JPG|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Ruang_salat_Masjid_Raya_Ganting.JPG|kiri|jmpl|250x250px|Langik-langik masajik di ruang utamo disangga dek 25 tiang, samo sarupo jumlah [[:id:Nabi_Islam|nabi jo rasul]].]] Ruang utamo masajik babantuak parsegi barukuran 30 × 30 meter parsegi jo ampek [[:id:Pintu|pintu]] masuak di sisi [[:id:Timur|timur]] jo masiang-masiang duo pintu di sisi [[:id:Utara|utara]] jo [[:id:Selatan|selatan]]. Pintu barukuran 160&nbsp;cm × 264&nbsp;cm tasabuik mamiliki duo daun pintu dari [[:id:Kayu|kayu]] jo hiasan langkuang kipeh pado ambang ateh. Tadapek pulo duo [[:id:Jendela|jandela]] nan tabuek dari kayu di sisi timur mangapik pintu masuak, jo masiang-masiang tigo jandela di sisi utara jo selatan, sarato anam jandela di sisi [[:id:Barat|barat]]. Jandela-jandela tu mamiliki panjang 160&nbsp;cm jo tinggi 2 m. Sarupo pado pintu, bagian ambang ateh jandela juo babantuak langkuang kipeh. Dindiang pado ruang utamo tabuek dari [[:id:Beton|beton]] balapih [[:id:Keramik|karamik]], sadangkan lantainyo dari tegel putiah bahiasan bungo.{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=1}} Di ruang utamo juo, tadapek ''soko guru'' atau tiang utamo bajumlah 25 nan babantuak [[:id:Segi_enam|sagi anam]] jo [[:id:Diameter|diameter]] 40 sampai 50&nbsp;cm jo tinggi mancapai 420&nbsp;cm.{{sfn|Naldi|2009}} Tiang-tiang nan tabuek dari bata merah jo bahan parakek kapua dicampua putiah talua ko samo sakali indak manggunokan tulang basi.{{sfn|Sisko|2008}} Jumlah 25 tiang bajajar 5 malambangkan [[:id:Nabi_Islam|25 nabi]], jo masiang-masinag tiang dilapisi marmer putiah bahiaskan [[:id:Kaligrafi|kaligrafi]] nan mamuek namo 25 nabi mulai dari [[:id:Adam|Adam]] sampai [[:id:Muhammad|Muhammad]].{{sfn|Zein|1999|pp=71}} Tiang-tiang tasabuik bafungsi sabagai panopang utamo konstruksi atok masajik nan babantuak sagi lapan.{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=2}} Pado sisi barat ruang utamo tadapek [[:id:Mihrab|mihrab]] nan diapik dek duo kamar di sisi utara jo selatan. Mihrab tasabuik barukuran 2 m × 1,5 m jo tinggi pado sisi timur 320&nbsp;cm jo sisi barat 210&nbsp;cm.{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=2}} == Bangunan lain == Masajik ko mamiliki tampek [[:id:Wudu|wuduak]] barukuran 10 m × 3 m nan talatak di sebelah utara jo selatan sarambi sampiang. Tampek wuduak ko dibangun pado taun 1967 sarato dibuek parmanen jo tatutuik. Salain itu, [[:id:Perpustakaan|parpustakaan]] masajik manampati sabuah ruangan di sisi utara masajik jo masih manyatu jo bangunan masajik.{{sfn|Kementerian Agama|pp=2}} Di sakitar masajik juo tadapek tigo gedung tampek bimbingan teori manasik calon [[:id:Haji|haji]]. Salah satu dari tigo gedung tasabuik dulunyo ditampati sakolah [[:id:Sumatra_Thawalib|Thawalib]].{{sfn|Zein|1999|pp=71}} == Caliak Pulo == {{commonscat|Ganting Grand Mosque}} * [[:id:Islam_di_Sumatra_Barat|Islam di Sumatra Barat]] == Rujuakan == === Catatan kaki === {{reflist}} === Daftar pustaka === {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.antarasumbar.com/berita/provinsi/d/1/50259/608-unit-tempat-ibadah-rusak-berat-dihoyak-gempa.html|title=608 Unit Tempat Ibadah Rusak Berat Dihoyak Gempa|date=2009-10-06|work=[[Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara|ANTARA]]|accessdate=2012-06-07|ref={{sfnRef|608 Unit}}}} * {{cite web|url=http://ramadan.okezone.com/read/2008/09/04/67/142884/masjid-raya-ganting-bertonggak-25-nabi|title=Masjid Raya Ganting Bertonggak 25 Nabi|date=4 September 2008|work=[[Okezone.com]]|accessdate=2012-05-30|ref={{sfnRef|Akbar|2008}}|author=Akbar, R.|archive-date=2013-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103132853/http://ramadan.okezone.com/read/2008/09/04/67/142884/masjid-raya-ganting-bertonggak-25-nabi|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/dunia-islam/islam-nusantara/12/03/14/m0vmxp-masjid-raya-ganting-simbol-agung-di-kota-modern|title=Masjid Raya Ganting, Simbol Agung di Kota Modern|date=15 Maret 2012|work=[[Republika (surat kabar)|Republika]]|accessdate=2012-05-30|ref={{sfnRef|Ariefyanto|2012}}|author=Ariefyanto, M.I.}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=59|title=Masjid Raya Gantiang|accessdate=2012-05-30|ref={{sfnRef|Dinbudpar Kota Padang|2012}}|author=Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Padang|archive-date=2013-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104150200/http://www.padangtourism.info/index.php?tourism=destinations&id=59|dead-url=yes}} * {{citation|chapter=Images of a Sumatran Town: Padang and the Rise of Urban Symbolism in Indonesia|title=[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=R7-xvYmg3HcC Urban Symbolism]|last=Evers|first=H.-D.|editor-last=Nas|editor-first=P.J.M.|series=Studies in Human Society|volume=8|year=1993|publisher=E.J. Brill|place=Leiden|language=Inggris|ref={{sfnRef|Evers|1993}}}} * {{cite book|contribution=Masjid Bersejarah di Indonesia|title=[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=DoBWstCmOqEC Buku Pintar Seri Senior]|editor-last=Gayo|editor-first=H.M.I.|year=2008|publisher=Grasindo|place=Jakarta|ref={{sfnRef|Gayo|2008}}}} * {{cite web|url=http://travel.okezone.com/read/2012/05/16/408/630444/legenda-unik-jadi-objek-wisata-bumi-minangkabau-ii-habis|title=Legenda Unik Jadi Objek Wisata Bumi Minangkabau (II-Habis)|date=16 Mei 2012|work=[[Okezone.com]]|accessdate=2012-05-30|ref={{sfnRef|Hanifah|2012}}|author=Hanifah, M.}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.kemenag.go.id/file/dokumen/Ganting.pdf|title=Mesjid Raya Ganting|format=PDF|accessdate=2012-05-30|ref={{sfnRef|Kementerian Agama}}|author=[[Kementerian Agama Indonesia]]|archive-date=2011-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014172034/http://kemenag.go.id/file/dokumen/Ganting.pdf|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/02/22/mandiri-donates-rp-85-billion-rehabilitate-padang.html|title=Mandiri Donates Rp 8.5 Billion to Rehabilitate Padang|date=22 February 2010|work=[[The Jakarta Post]]|language=Inggris|accessdate=8 April 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Mandiri Donates}}}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite web|url=http://www.indosiar.com/fokus/25964/masjid-ganting-tertua-di-padang|title=Masjid Ganting Tertua di Padang|work=[[Indosiar]]|accessdate=2012-05-30|ref={{sfnRef|Masjid Ganting Tertua di Padang}}|archive-date=2011-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824040624/http://www.indosiar.com/fokus/25964/masjid-ganting-tertua-di-padang|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite web|url=http://cangkang.vivanews.com/ramadan/news/read/85206-mengintip_masjid_tua___bersejarah_di_padang|title=Mengintip Masjid Tua & Bersejarah di Padang|date=25 Agustus 2009|work=[[VIVAnews|Viva News]]|accessdate=2012-05-30|ref={{sfnRef|Naldi|2009}}|author=Naldi, E.}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite web|url=http://www.antarafoto.com/peristiwa/v1254492861/gempa-sumbar|title=Gempa Sumbar|last=Patrizki|first=I.|date=2 Oktober 2009|work=[[Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara|ANTARAFOTO]]|accessdate=2012-06-13|ref={{sfnRef|Patrizki|2009}}}} * {{citation|contribution=Peraturan Menteri Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Nomor PM.54/PW.007/MKP/2010 Tahun 2010 tentang Penetapan Menhir Bukit Domo II, Menhir Ronah II, Menhir Ronah I, Rumah Adat Padang (Ranah Binuang), Museum Bank Indonesia Padang, Gudang PT Pantja Niaga (Geo Wehry), Eks Beutiks Hotel, Balai Kota Padang, Masjid Raya Ganting, Rumah Gadang Engku Lareh Paninjauan, Masjid Pincuran Gadang, Bungker Jepang Taluk, Masjid Kubang Putih, Masjid Bangkudu, Menhir Balai Adat Guguk, Menhir Balubus, Batu Talempong, Menhir Bawah Parit, Menhir Balai-Balai Batu, Menhir Bukit Domo III, yang Berlokasi di Wilayah Provinsi Sumatra Barat sebagai Benda Cagar Budaya, Situs, dan/atau Kawasan Cagar Budaya yang Dilindungi Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1992 tentang Benda Cagar Budaya|date=2010-06-22|ref={{sfnRef|Permenbudpar PM.54/PW.007/MKP/2010}}}} * {{cite web|url=http://berita.liputan6.com/read/111917/syiar_islam_dari_masjid_raya_ganting|title=Syiar Islam dari Masjid Raya Ganting|last1=Risman|first1=D.|last2=Kusnadi|first2=A.|date=2005-11-04|work=[[Liputan6.com|Liputan 6]]|accessdate=2012-05-31|ref={{sfnRef|Risman|Kusnadi|2005}}}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.antarasumbar.com/berita/padang/d/2/81722/rp13-milar-untuk-renovasi-masjid-raya-ganting.html|title=Rp1,3 Miliar untuk Renovasi Masjid Raya Ganting|date=2010-02-17|work=[[Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara|ANTARA]]|accessdate=2012-06-07|ref={{sfnRef|Rp1,3 Miliar}}}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/First-reports-from-Sumatra-earthquake/19645|title=First Reports from Sumatra Earthquake|last=Sharpe|first=E.|date=3 November 2009|work=The Art Newspaper|language=Inggris|accessdate=30 Mei 2012|}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Six-months-on-rebuilding-West-Sumatras-capital/20643|title=Six Months on: Rebuilding West Sumatra’s Capital|last=Sharpe|first=E.|date=14 April 2010|work=The Art Newspaper|language=Inggris|accessdate=8 April 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Sharpe|2010}}}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.antaranews.com/berita/255333/masjid-ganting-masuk-100-masjid-terindah|title=Masjid Ganting Masuk 100 Masjid Terindah|date=22 April 2011|work=[[Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara|ANTARA]]|accessdate=2012-05-30|ref={{sfnRef|Sidik|2011}}|author=Sidik, J.M.}} * {{cite web|url=http://news.detik.com/read/2008/09/17/074757/1007502/627/aneka-budaya-di-wajah-masjid-raya-ganting|title=Aneka Budaya di Wajah Masjid Raya Ganting|date=17 September 2008|work=[[DetikCom|Detik.com]]|accessdate=2012-05-30|ref={{sfnRef|Sisko|2008}}|author=Sisko, Y.|archive-date=2013-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103233256/http://news.detik.com/read/2008/09/17/074757/1007502/627/aneka-budaya-di-wajah-masjid-raya-ganting|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.taspen.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1236&Itemid=1231|title=Taspen Padang Serahkan Hibah ke Masjid Raya Ganting|date=2008|publisher=PT Taspen (Persero)|accessdate=2012-06-11|ref={{sfnRef|Slamet|2008}}|author=Slamet}} * {{cite book|title=Bung Karno dan Islam: Kumpulan Pidato Tentang Islam, 1953–1966|author=Soekarno|authorlink=Soekarno|year=1990|publisher=Haji Masagung|place=Jakarta|id=ISBN 979-412-167-3|ref={{sfnRef|Soekarno|1990}}}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1293231348/padang-aims-to-lure-25-mln-tourists-next-year|title=Padang Aims to Lure 2.5 Mln Tourists Next Year|date=25 Desember 2010|work=[[Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara|ANTARA]]|accessdate=2012-06-07|ref={{sfnRef|Suriyanto|2010}}|author=Suriyanto}} * {{cite web|url=http://images.kompas.com/photos/view/9767#photos/view/9767|title=Masjid Rusak Akibat Gempa|last=Susanto|first=A.|date=9 Oktober 2009|work=[[Kompas (surat kabar)|Kompas]]|accessdate=2012-06-13|ref={{sfnRef|Susanto|2009}}|archive-date=2013-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103191902/http://images.kompas.com/photos/view/9767#photos/view/9767|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|title=Masjid-masjid Bersejarah di Indonesia|last=Zein|first=A.B.|year=1999|publisher=Gema Insani|place=Jakarta|id=ISBN 979-561-567-X|ref={{sfnRef|Zein|1999}}|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=-NnF9Ryal0IC}} * http://epnri.indonesiaheritage.org/uploads/ebook/075/#/78/zoomed {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805163304/http://epnri.indonesiaheritage.org/uploads/ebook/075/#/78/zoomed |date=2020-08-05 }} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Musajik di Sumatra Barat]] [[Kategori:Kota Padang]] [[Kategori:Musajik di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Entri mamakai foto WikiSurau]] gqselu84k21ad893e4599w99xpr9pth Twitter 0 11076 3347780 3346787 2026-06-12T03:49:25Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347780 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Twitter logo.svg|200px|thumb|Logo pertama Twitter (15 Juli 2006-14 September 2010).]] {{Infobox website | name = Twitter, Inc. | logo = X logo 2023.svg | logo size = 100px | screenshot = Page Twitter de Wikipedia (Avril 2022).png | caption = Halaman nan diliek pangguno kutiko maliek profil Wikipedia di Twitter | collapsible = no | company_type = [[Parusahaan tabukak|Tabukak]] | website_type = [[Kaba]] jo [[layanan jejariang sosial]] | language = [[Multilingualisme|Multibahaso]] | traded_as = {{ubl|class=nowrap|{{NYSE|TWTR}}|[[S&P 500|S&P 500 Component]]}} | foundation = {{Start date and age|2006|03|21}} | location = [[San Francisco]], [[California]], Amerika Serikat | coordinates = {{coord|37.7768|-122.4166|display=inline,title}} | area_served = Saluruah dunia | founder = {{ubl|class=nowrap|[[Jack Dorsey]]|[[Noah Glass (Twitter)|Noah Glass]]|[[Biz Stone]]|[[Evan Williams (wiraswasta)|Evan Williams]]}} | key_people = {{plainlist| * [[Patrick Pichette]] ([[Chairman|Chair]])<ref>https://investor.twitterinc.com/corporate-governance/board-of-directors/default.aspx</ref> * [[Elon Musk]] ([[President]]) * [[Parag Agrawal]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) * Ned Segal ([[Chief financial officer|CFO]]) }} | industry = [[Internet]] | revenue = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$3,04 miliar {{small|(2018)}}}} | net_income = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$1,2 miliar {{small|(2018)}}}} | operating_income = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$453 juta {{small|(2018)}}}} | assets = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$10,16 miliar {{small|(2018)}}}} | equity = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$6,8 miliar {{small|(2018)}}}} | num_employees = {{nowrap|3.900 {{small|(2018)}}}} | subsid = {{ubl|class=nowrap|[[Vine (layanan)|Vine]]|[[Periscope (aplikasi)|Periscope]]|MoPub}} | url = {{Official URL}} | alexa = {{steady}} 11 {{small|{{nowrap|(Global, {{as of|2019|02|04|alt=Februari 2019}})}}}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Twitter.com Traffic, Demographics and Competitors|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com|website=www.alexa.com|accessdate=February 4, 2019|archive-date=2019-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104080228/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | registration = Wajib jikok ingin mangepos, mangikuik, atau diikuik | num_users = {{ubl|class=nowrap|321 juta pengguna aktif|{{small|(Februari 2019)}}}} | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2006|07|15}} | current_status = Aktif | programming_language = {{ubl|class=nowrap|[[Java (bahasa pemrograman)|Java]]|[[Ruby (bahasa pemrograman)|Ruby]]|[[Scala (bahasa pemrograman)|Scala]]|[[JavaScript]]}} | footnotes = <ref name=Dorsey2006/><ref name=10K2017>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000156459018003046/twtr-10k_20171231.htm|title=US SEC: Form 10-K Twitter, Inc.|publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]|accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter.com Traffic, Demographics and Competitors |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com |website=www.alexa.com |accessdate=December 2, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=2019-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104080228/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://about.twitter.com/company|title=About Twitter, Inc.|access-date=2015-11-28|archive-date=2015-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028165550/https://about.twitter.com/company|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=April|first=Reuters|url=http://fortune.com/2017/04/28/twitter-ceo-dorsey-million-company-stock/|title=Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey Recently Bought $9.5 million in Company Stock|publisher=Fortune|date=April 28, 2017|accessdate=February 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mopub.com/legal/tos/ | title=MoPub Terms of Service}}</ref><ref name="Twitter coding"/><ref name="infoq-jvm">{{cite web|first=Charles|last=Humble|title=Twitter Shifting More Code to JVM, Citing Performance and Encapsulation As Primary Drivers|date=July 4, 2011|work=InfoQ|access-date=January 15, 2013|url=http://www.infoq.com/articles/twitter-java-use}}</ref><ref name="Twitter">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/10/26/twitter-overcounted-active-users-since-2014-shares-surge/801968001/|title=Twitter overcounted active users since 2014, shares surge on profit hopes|publisher=USA Today}}</ref><ref name=launch/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shaban |first1=Hamza |title=Twitter's stock plunges 19% after it reports a decline in users |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-twitter-users-fake-accounts-stock-20180727-story.html |website=www.LATimes.com |publisher=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=July 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Twitter.com Traffic, Demographics and Competitors|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com|website=www.alexa.com|access-date=2019-05-12|archive-date=2019-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104080228/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com|dead-url=yes}}</ref> }} [[Berkas:Twitter Home Page (Moments version, US & Canada).png|jmpl|upright=1.35|Halaman '''Moments''' di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada, 22 Desember 2017.]] '''Twitter''' adolah sabuah laman web nan dipunyo jo dioperasikan dek Twitter, Inc., nan maangokan jajariang sosial barupo mikroblog sahinggo mamungkinkan panggunanyo untuak mangirim jo mambaco pasan nan disabuik kicauan (tweets). Kicauan adolah teks tulisan hinggo 140 karakter nan ditampilkan pado halaman profil pangguno. Kicauan dapek dicaliak sacaro lua, namun pangirim dapek mambatasi pangiriman pasan ka daftar kawan-kawan inyo sajo. Pangguno dapek mancaliak kicauan panulih lain nan dikatahui jo sabuik an pangikuik ("follower"). Twitter dibuek pado bulan Maret 2006 dek [[Jack Dorsey]], jo situs jajariang sosialnyo diluncua'an pado bulan Juli. Sajak diluncuan, Twitter alah manjadi salah ciek dari sapuluah situs nan paliang acok dikunjuangi di [[Internet]], sahinggo digala sabagai "[[pasan singkek]] dari Internet."<ref>[http://www.alexa.com/topsites "Top Sites"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226070416/https://www.alexa.com/topsites%20 |date=2018-12-26 }}. [[:id:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]]. Diakses tanggal 2013-05-13.</ref><ref>D'Monte, Leslie (April 29, 2009). [http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/swine-flu%5Cs-tweet-tweet-causes-online-flutter/356604/ "Swine Flu's Tweet Tweet Causes Online Flutter"]. ''Business Standard''. Diakses tanggal February 4, 2011. "Also known as the 'SMS of the internet', Twitter is a free social networking and micro-blogging service"</ref> Di Twitter, pangguno yang indak tadaftar hanyo bisa mambaco kicauan, sadangkan pangguno tadaftar bisa manulih kicauan malalui [[antarmuko]] situs web, pasan singkek (SMS), atau malalui babagai [[aplikasi]] untuak ponsel.<ref>[http://support.twitter.com/groups/34-apps-sms-and-mobile/topics/153-twitter-via-sms/articles/14014-twitter-via-sms-faq# Twitter via SMS FAQ] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120406101819/http://support.twitter.com/groups/34-apps-sms-and-mobile/topics/153-twitter-via-sms/articles/14014-twitter-via-sms-faq Diarsipkan] 2012-04-06 di ''Wayback Machine''. Retrieved April 13, 2012.</ref> Twitter mangalami patumbuahan nan sangaik capek jo mandapek popularitas di panjuru dunia. Hinggo bulan Januari 2013, tadapek labiah dari 500 juta pangguno tadaftar di Twitter, 200 juta diantaronyo iolah pangguno aktif.<ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2013/03/celebrating-twitter7.html "Celebrating #Twitter7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324040041/http://blog.twitter.com/2013/03/celebrating-twitter7.html |date=2013-03-24 }}". ''Twitter''. 2013-03-21. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-21.</ref> Loncekan panggunoan Twitter umumnyo balangsuang katiko tajadi paristiwa-paristiwa populer. Pado awal 2013, pangguno Twitter mangiriman labiah dari 500 juta kicauan per hari, jo Twitter manangani labiah dari 1,6 miliar pamintaan pancarian par hari.<ref>[http://techcrunch.com/2012/07/30/analyst-twitter-passed-500m-users-in-june-2012-140m-of-them-in-us-jakarta-biggest-tweeting-city/ "Twitter Passed 500M Users In June 2012, 140M Of Them In US; Jakarta 'Biggest Tweeting' City"]. ''TechCrunch''. July 30, 2012.</ref><ref>Twitter Search Team (May 31, 2011). [http://engineering.twitter.com/2011/05/engineering-behind-twitters-new-search.html "The Engineering Behind Twitter's New Search Experience"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612095629/http://engineering.twitter.com/2011/05/engineering-behind-twitters-new-search.html |date=2011-06-12 }}. ''Twitter Engineering Blog''. Twitter. Diakses tanggal June 10, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2012/03/twitter-turns-six.html Twitter turns six Twitter.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325140010/http://blog.twitter.com/2012/03/twitter-turns-six.html |date=2013-03-25 }}, March 21, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.</ref> Hal iko manyababkan posisi Twitter naiak ka paringkek kaduo sabagai situs jejariang sosial nan paliang acok dikunjuangi di dunia, dari nan sabalumnyo manampekan paringkek duo puluah duo.<ref>Kazeniac, Andy (February 9, 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721111825/http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/ "Social Networks: Facebook Takes Over Top Spot, Twitter Climbs"]. ''Compete Pulse'' (blog of compete.com). Diarsipkan dari [http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/ versi asli] tanggal 2011-07-21. Diakses tanggal February 7, 2011.</ref> Tingginyo popularitas Twitter manyababkan layanannyo alah dimanfaaikan untuak babagai kaparluan dalam babagai aspek, misalnyo sabagai sarana protes, [[kampanye politik]], sarana pambalajaran, jo sabagai [[media komunikasi darurat]]. Twitter juo dihadokan pado babagai masalah jo kontroversi sarupo masalah ka'amanan jo privasi pangguno, gugaikan hukum, jo panyensoran.<ref name=":0">Thompson, Clive (September 5, 2009). [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/magazine/07awareness-t.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all "I'm So Totally, Digitally Close to You".] ''The New York Times Magazine''. Diakses tanggal August 22, 2009.</ref> Twitter dipunyoi jo dioperasian dek Twitter, Inc., nan babasis di [[San Francisco]], dengan kantua tambahan tadapek di [[New York City]], [[Boston]], dan [[San Antonio]]. Hinggo Mei 2015, Twitter alah mampunyoi labiah dari 500 juta pangguno, 302 juta diantaronyo adolah pangguno aktif.<ref>"Top Sites". Alexa Internet. Diakses tanggal May 13, 2013.</ref><ref>D'Monte, Leslie (April 29, 2009). [http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/swine-flu%5Cs-tweet-tweet-causes-online-flutter/356604/ "Swine Flu's Tweet Tweet Causes Online Flutter"]. ''Business Standard''. Diakses tanggal February 4, 2011. "Also known as the 'SMS of the internet', Twitter is a free social networking service"</ref> == Sijarah == === Pandirian jo reaksi awal === Asa mulo Twitter barawal dari acara diskusi nan disalangaroan dek sabuah parusahaan [[podcast]] banamo [[Odeo]]. Jack Dorsey, saurang mahasiswa sarjana di Universitas New York, mangamukokan gagasannyo manganai panggunoan layanan pasan singkek untuak bakomunikasi jo sabuah kalompok ketek.<ref>Miller, Claire Cain (October 30, 2010). [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html "Why Twitter's C.E.O. Demoted Himself"]. ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal October 31, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.ksdk.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=185395&catid=3 "Co-founder of Twitter receives key to St. Louis with 140 character proclamation"]. ''ksdk.com''. KSDK. September 19, bjhdfghjj2009. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2009. "After high school in St. Louis and some time at the University of Missouri-Rolla, Jack headed east to New York University."</ref> [[Namo kode proyek]] asli untuak layanan iko adolah '''twttr,''' gagasan nan kamudian diungkok dek Evan Williams dikamukoan dek Noah Glass<ref>Williams, Evan (April 13, 2011). "I[https://twitter.com/#!/ev/status/58275072011542529 t's true..."] Twitter. Diakses tanggal April 26, 2011.</ref> tainspirasi dek [[Flickr]] jo [[kode singkek]] SMS Amerika nan jumlahnyo limo digit. Para pangambang awalnyo mamutuihan angko "10958" sabagai kode singkek untuak layanan iko, tapi kamudian diubah manjadi "40404" untuak kamudahan "panggunoan diubah manjadi "40404" untuak kamudahan "panggunoan jo pangingekan."<ref>Sagolla, Dom (January 30, 2009). [http://www.140characters.com/2009/01/30/how-twitter-was-born/ "How Twitter Was Born".] ''140 Characters – A Style Guide for the Short Form. 140 Characters.'' Diakses tanggal February 4, 2011.</ref> Pangarajoan proyek iko dimulai pado tanggal 21 Maret 2006, katiko Dorsey mampublikasian pasan Twitter patamo kalinyo pado pukul 9:50 PM [[PST]]. Pasan tasabuik babunyi: "just setting up my twttr".<ref>Dorsey, Jack (March 21, 2006). [https://twitter.com/jack/status/20 "just setting up my twttr"]. ''Twitter.'' Diakses tanggal February 4, 2011.</ref><blockquote>"...kami mamilih kato 'twitter', jo itu samparono bana. Definisinyo adolah 'latuihan singkek informasi indak pantiang', jo 'calotehan buruang'. Dan sarupo itulah tapeknyo produk iko. – [[Jack Dorsey]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/02/twitter-creator.html|title=Twitter Creator Jack Dorsey Illuminates the Site's Founding Document|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=February 18, 2009|first=David|last=Sano|accessdate=June 18, 2009}}</ref></blockquote>Twitter partamo kali digunoan sabagai layanan internal untuak karyawan Odeo, jo versi langkoknyo dipakenalan kapado umum pado tanggal 15 Juli 2006.<ref>Arrington, Michael (July 15, 2006). [http://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/ "Odeo Releases Twttr"]. ''TechCrunch. AOL''. Diakses tanggal September 18, 2010.</ref> Pado bulan Oktober 2006, [[Biz Stone]], [[Evan Williams,]] Dorsey, jo staf Odeo lainnyo mambantuak parusahaan baru, ma'akuisisi Odeo jo sado asetnyo - tamasuak Odeo.com jo Twitter.com - dari [[investor]] jo pamacik [[saham]].<ref>Malik, Om (October 25, 2006). [http://gigaom.com/2006/10/25/odeo-rip-hello-obvious-corp/ "Odeo RIP, Hello Obvious Corp".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502183300/https://gigaom.com/2006/10/25/odeo-rip-hello-obvious-corp/ |date=2019-05-02 }} ''GigaOM.'' Diakses tanggal June 20, 2009.</ref> Salanjuiknyo, Twitter sacaro resmi dipakenalan di San Fransisco pado tanggal 19 April 2007 jo misi untuak ma'agiah kasempatan ka satiok urang untuak dapek saliang mancipta'an jo babagi informasi sacaro langsuang dan tanpa hambatan.<ref>Azehary dan Octavia Kusuma, Suzy (2014). "Analisis Penggunaan Twitter sebagai Media Media Komunikasi Selebritis di Jakarta". Komunikasi Universitas Tarumanegara. VI: 90.</ref> Williams lalu mamecat Glass, yang indak mangungkokan parannyo dalam pandirian Twitter hinggo taun 2011.<ref>Madrigal, Alexis (April 14, 2011). [http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/twitters-fifth-beatle-tells-his-side-of-the-story/237326/ "Twitter's Fifth Beatle Tells His Side of the Story".] ''The Atlantic''. Diakses tanggal April 26, 2011.</ref> Twitter badiri sabagai parusahaan mandiri pado bulan April 2007.<ref>Lennon, Andrew. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090727073104/http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ "A Conversation with Twitter Co-Founder Jack Dorsey".] ''The Daily Anchor.'' Diarsipkan dari [http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ versi asli] tanggal 2009-07-27. Diakses tanggal February 12, 2009.</ref> Titiak puncak popularitas Twitter tajadi saat panyelanggaroan konfrensi South by Southwest Interactive (SXSWi) pado taun 2007. Salamo acara tasabuik, panggunoan Twitter maningkek dari 20.000 kicauan manjadi 60.000 kicauan par hari.<ref>Douglas, Nick (March 12, 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20101113121309/http://gawker.com//tech//next-big-thing//twitter-blows-up-at-sxsw-conference-243634.php "Twitter Blows Up at SXSW Conference".] ''Gawker.'' Diarsipkan dari [http://gawker.com/tech/next-big-thing/twitter-blows-up-at-sxsw-conference-243634.php versi asli] tanggal 2010-11-13. Diakses tanggal February 21, 2011.</ref> Manuruik [[Steven Levy]] dari [[Newsweek]], "urang-urang Twitter sacaro cadiak manampekan layar plasma 60 inci di aula konfrensi, nan sacaro ekslusif manayangkan pasan Twitter. Para panelis jo pambicaro mangecekan layanan tasabuik, dan para blogger nan hadir mamujinyo."<ref>Levy, Steven (April 30, 2007). [http://www.newsweek.com/id/35289 "Twitter: Is Brevity The Next Big Thing?".] ''Newsweek''. Diakses tanggal February 4, 2011.</ref> Reaksi publik pado konfrensi tasabuik sangek positif. Blogger Scott Beale bakato bahwa Twitter "sabana marajoi" SXSWi. Pakar [[Media sosial|media sosial,]] Danah Boyd, mangatoan bahwasanyo Twitter "manguasai" konfrensi.<ref>Terdiman, Daniel (March 10, 2007). [http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9696264-2.html "To Twitter or Dodgeball at SXSW?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203224143/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9696264-2.html |date=2013-12-03 }}. ''CNET. CBS Interactive''. Diakses tanggal February 4, 2011.</ref> Staf Twitter manarimo panghargaan Web Award, jo manyatoan: "kami ingin maagiah ucapan tarimo kasih dalam 140 karakter atau kurang, dan kami baru sajo malakuannyo!".<ref>Stone, Biz (February 4, 2011). [http://blog.twitter.com/2007/03/we-won.html "We Won!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224170623/http://blog.twitter.com/2007/03/we-won.html |date=2008-02-24 }}. ''Twitter Blog. Twitter''. Diakses tanggal May 7, 2008.</ref> Pasan Twitter patamo nan dikiriman dari lua bumi diposting dari [[Stasiun Lua Angkasa Internasional]] dek astronot [[NASA]] banamo T.J Creamer pado tanggal 22 Januari 2010.<ref>Rilis pers (January 22, 2010). [http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/jan/HQ_M10-011_Hawaii221169.html "Media Advisory M10-012 – NASA Extends the World Wide Web Out into Space"]. ''NASA.'' Retrieved February 5, 2011.</ref> Pado akhir November 2010, rato-rato salusin kicauan per hari diposting dari akun @NASA_Astronauts. Nasa juo alah manggelar labiah dari 25 "tweetups", yaitu ajang nan manawaran akses VIP ka fasilitas NASA ka para paserta di jejariang sosial untuak maningkekan tujuan panjangkauan NASA.<ref>Arrington, Michael (August 23, 2010). [http://techcrunch.com/2010/08/23/twitter-hires-adam-bain-away-from-news-corp-as-president-of-revenue/ "Twitter Hires Adam Bain Away from News Corp. as President of Revenue".] ''TechCrunch. AOL''. Diakses tanggal February 5, 2011.</ref> === Patumbuahan === Twitter mangalami patumbuahan nan capek. Tadapek 400.000 kicauan nan diposting per kuartal pado taun 2007. Jumlah iko maningkek manjadi 100 juta kicauan per kuartal pado 2008. Pado Februari 2010, pangguno Twitter mangiriman 50 juta kicauan per hari.<ref>Beaumont, Claudine (February 23, 2010). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/7297541/Twitter-users-send-50-million-tweets-per-day.html "Twitter Users Send 50 Million Tweets Per Day – Almost 600 Tweets Are Sent Every Second Through the Microblogging Site, According to Its Own Metrics".] ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. Diakses tanggal February 7, 2011.</ref> Pado Maret 2010, parusahaan mancatat tadapek labiah dari 70.000 aplikasi Twitter tadaftar.<ref>Staff writer (March 4, 2010). [http://www.newstatesman.com/digital/2010/03/twitter-registered-created "Twitter Registers 1,500 Per Cent Growth in Users".] ''New Statesman''. Diakses tanggal February 7, 2011.</ref> == Kapamimpinan == Pado awal pandiriannyo, CEO Twitter, Inc. dijabek dek Jack Dorsey.<ref>Miller, Claire Cain; Goel, Vindu (October 16, 2008). [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/ttwitter-sidelines-one-founder-and-promotes-another/#more-1642 "Twitter Sidelines One Founder and Promotes Another".] ''Bits (blog of The New York Times)''. Diakses tanggal February 5, 2011.</ref> Pado Tanggal 16 Oktober 2008,<ref>Miller, Claire Cain (October 20, 2008). [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/technology/start-ups/21twitter.html "Popularity or Income? Two Sites Fight It Out".] ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal November 5, 2008.</ref> [[Evan Williams]] ma'ambiak aliah posisi [[CEO]], sadangkan Dorsey manjadi pimpinan eksekutif.<ref>McCarthy, Caroline (October 16, 2008). [http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10068368-36.html "Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey Steps Down".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729120453/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10068368-36.html |date=2009-07-29 }} ''CNET. CBS Interactive''. Diakses tanggal November 5, 2008.</ref> Pado 4 Oktober 2010, Williams mangumuman bahwa inyo magunduran diri sabagai CEO. [[Dick Costolo]], nan sabalumnyo manjabek sabagai COO, manjadi CEO baru Twitter, Inc. Manuruik blog Twitter pado tanggal 4 Oktober 2010, Williams tetap bakarajo di parusahaan dan "bafokus pado strategi produk."<ref>Staff writer (October 4, 2010). [http://blog.twitter.com/2010/10/newtwitterceo.html "#newtwitterceo".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322005413/http://blog.twitter.com/2010/10/newtwitterceo.html |date=2012-03-22 }} ''Blog of Twitter.'' Diakses tanggal February 5, 2011.</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' malaporan bahwa "Mr. Dorsey jo Mr. Costolo manjalin hubuangan nan arek sapaninga Williams."<ref>Miller, Claire Cain (March 28, 2011). [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/twitter-founders-trade-places/ "Two Twitter Founders Trade Places".] ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal March 28, 2011.</ref> Manuruik [[PC Megazine,|''PC Megazine'',]] Williams "indak lai talibek dalam kajadian sahari-hari di parusahaan". inyo bafokus ajo untuak mangambangan produk baru, tapi tetap manjadi anggota dewan direksi Twitter, dan bajanji untuak "mambantu dengan caro apopun nan inyo bisa". Stone masih tetap bakarajo di Twitter, namun inyo juo bakarajo sabagai panasihat di AOL.<ref>Albanesius, Chloe (March 29, 2011). [http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2382782,00.asp "Twitter's Evan Williams Confirms Departure".] ''PC Magazine.'' Ziff Davis. Diakses tanggal March 29, 2011.</ref> Dorsey bagabuang baliak jo Twitter pado bulan Maret 2011 sabagai pimpinan eksekutif nan bafokus pado pangambangan produk. Dorsey juo manjabek sabagai CEO di [[Square,]] nan jarak kantuanyo indak jauah dari kantua Twitter di San Fransisco.<ref>Miller, Claire Cain (March 28, 2011). [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/twitter-founders-trade-places/ "Two Twitter Founders Trade Places".] ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal March 28, 2011.</ref> Pado September 2011, anggota direksi jo investor, Fred Wilson jo Bijan Sabet magunduran diri dari keanggotaan Dewan Direksi Twitter.<ref>[http://allthingsd.com/20110916/twitter-shakes-things-up-again-fred-wilson-bijan-sabet-leaving-board/ "Twitter Shakes Things Up Again: Fred Wilson, Bijan Sabet Leaving Board - Peter Kafka - Social".] ''AllThingsD''. 2011-09-16. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-14.</ref> Pado bulan Oktober 2012, Twitter mangumuman alah mampakarajoan mantan eksekutif [[Google]], Matt Derella, sabagai direktur pangambangan bisnis.<ref>Olanoff, Drew. [http://techcrunch.com/2012/10/22/twitter-poaches-former-google-exec-matt-derella-as-new-director-of-agency-business-development/ "Twitter Poaches Former Google Exec Matt Derella As New Director Of Agency Business Development."] October 23, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.</ref> == Logo == Sacaro Internasional, Twitter dikenal jo logo buruang birunyo nan banamo "Larry The Bird". Logo asli digunoan sajak paluncuran Twitter pado 2006 hinggo bulan September 2010. Versi modifikasi logo Twitter diluncua'an katiko Twitter mandisain ulang situsnyo untuak patamo kali. Pado 27 Februari 2012, saurang karyawan Twitter nan manangani platform jo [[API]] parusahaan bakicau mangonai evolusi logo "Larry The Bird", mangunkokan bahwa logo tasabuik dinamoi badasaran [[Larry Bird]], pamain [[NBA]] dari [[Boston Celtics.]]<ref>Freeman, Eric (August 2011). [http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/twitter-logo-named-larry-bird-005145351.html "Twitter's Logo Is Named After Larry Bird".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206121433/https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/twitter-logo-named-larry-bird-005145351.html |date=2017-02-06 }} ''Yahoo!Sports''. Diakses tanggal March 1, 2012.</ref> Pado 5 Juni 2012, Twitter maluncua'an logo katigo nan didisain ulang, manggantian "Larry the Bird" jo logo baru nan dinamoan "Twitter Bird." Pado revisi logo iko, kato "Twitter", jo huruf "t" ketek, indak lai digunoan, jo buruang manjadi ciek-cieknyo simbol nan digunoan sabagai logo parusahaan.<ref>Griggs, Brandon (June 7, 2012). [http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/06/tech/social-media/twitter-bird-logo/ "Twitter's bird logo gets a makeover".] CNN. Diakses tanggal June 7, 2012.</ref> Manuruik Douglas Bowman, disainer grafis Twitter, logo baru iko tainspirasi dari Gunuang Bluebird.<ref>Bowman, Douglas (June 6, 2012). Quora <nowiki>http://www.quora.com/Birds/What-is-the-new-Twitter-bird-logos-species</nowiki>. Diakses tanggal August 26, 2012.</ref> == Fitur == === Kicauan === Pangguno dapek "bakicau" malalui situs Twitter, aplikasi eksternal nan kompatibel (sarupo talepong cadiak), atau juo malalui SMS nan tasadio di nagari-nagari tatantu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100315200218/http://help.twitter.com/entries/14226-how-to-find-your-twitter-short-long-code "Using Twitter with Your Phone"]. ''Twitter Support''. Diarsipkan dari [http://help.twitter.com/entries/14226-how-to-find-your-twitter-short-long-code versi asli] tanggal 2010-03-15. Diakses tanggal June 1, 2010. "We currently support 2-way (sending and receiving) Twitter SMS via short codes and one-way (sending only) via long codes."</ref> Layanannyo basifek gratis, kacuali layanan SMS, dikanaian biaya dek panyadio layanan seluler. Pangguno dapek balangganan kicauan pangguno lain jo caro maikuik (''follow'') pangguno nan basangkuikan, dan pangguno nan mangikuik tasabuik akan manjadi pangikuik (''followers'') untuak pangguno nan diikuikannyo. Sabuik'an-nyo adolah ''tweeps'', singkekan dari Twitter jo ''peeps''.<ref>Stone, Biz (October 30, 2009). "There's a List for That". blog.twitter.com. Diakses tanggal February 1, 2010.</ref><ref>Brown, Amanda (March 2, 2011). [http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2011/0302/1224291133449.html "The tricky business of business tweeting".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023164837/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2011/0302/1224291133449.html |date=2012-10-23 }} ''The Irish Times''. Diakses tanggal April 28, 2011.</ref> Pangguno dapek mamariso urang-urang nan mambatalan patemanan (''unfollowing'') malalui layanan pihak katigo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131204001630/http://en.shawntimes.com/314/who-unfollowed-me/profile/ "Who Unfollowed Me : ShawnTimes Profile | The Free Social Media Directory"]. ''En.shawntimes.com''. Diarsipkan dari [http://en.shawntimes.com/314/who-unfollowed-me/profile/ versi asli] tanggal 2013-12-04. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-14.</ref> Jo dapek mamblokir pangguno lain nan alah mangikuikan inyo. Pangguno dapek bakicau malalui ponsel, layanan pasan singkek, atau aplikasi nan dirilih untuak tablet jo talepon cadiak tatantu.<ref>[https://twitter.com/#!/download "Mobile Apps".]</ref> Pado taun 2008, dalam sabuah esai di majalah ''[[Time]]'', panulih teknologi Steven Johnsnon manyatoan bahwa mekanisme dasar Twitter "sangaiklah saderhana". inyo manulih: {{Quote|"Sebagai jejaring sosial, Twitter mengutamakan prinsip pengikut. Jika Anda memilih untuk mengikuti pengguna lain di Twitter, kicauan pengguna akan muncul secara kronologis-terbalik di halaman utama Anda. Jika Anda mengikuti 20 orang, Anda akan melihat berbagai kicauan yang bergulir ke bawah halaman: kicauan sarapan sereal, tautan baru yang menarik, rekomendasi musik, bahkan renungan tentang masa depan pendidikan."<ref name="twitterchangesthewaywelive">{{Cite news|author=Johnson, Steven|title=How Twitter Will Change the Way We Live|date=June 5, 2009|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1902604,00.html|work=[[TIME|Time]]|accessdate=February 13, 2011|authorlink=Steven Berlin Johnson|archive-date=October 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016165348/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1902604,00.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} ==== Konten ==== Parusahaan riset Pear Analytics manganalisis 2.000 kicauan pangguno Twitter di Amerika Serikat salamo duo minggu pado bulan Agustus 2009, dari pukul 11:00 am hinggo 5:00 pm (CST), dan mambaginyo kadalam anam kategori:[] * Calotehan indak bararti - 40% * Mangecek - 38% * Pasan barulang/retweet - 9% * Promosi diri - 6% * Spam - 4% * Barita - 4% ==== Format ==== Pangguno dapek mangalompokan kicauan manuruik topik atau jinih jo mangunoan tagar (''hashtag'') - kato atau frasa nan diawali jo tando #. Sadangkan tando @, nan diikuikan jo namo pangguno, digunoan untuak mangirim atau mambaleh kicauan pado pangguno lainnyo.<ref>Strachan, Donald (February 19, 2009). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/4698589/Twitter-how-to-set-up-your-account.html "Twitter: How To Set Up Your Account"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. Diakses tanggal February 13, 2011.</ref> untuak mamposting kicauan pangguno lain jo mambaginyo pado pangikuik surang, tadapek fitur retweet, nan dilambangan jo "RT".<ref>Staff writer (undated). "Twitter Lists!". Support forum at help.twitter.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-12-22. Diakses tanggal February 13, 2011.</ref> Kapasiteh kicauan nan dibatasi hanyo 140 karakter untuak alasan kompabilitas jo pasan SMS, mampakenalan notasi singkek jo [[bahaso slang]] nan umum digunoan dalam SMS. Bateh 140 karakter iko alah maningkekan panggunoan layanan [[panyingkek URL]] sarupo [[bit.ly]], [[goo.gl]], jo [[tr.im]], sarato layanan panampuang konten sarupo Twitpic, memozu.com, jo NotePub, untuak ma'akomodasi konten multimedia jo teks nan panjangnyo labiah dari 140 karakter. Sajak Juni 2011, Twitter alah manggunoan domain surang, yakni t.co, untuak manyingkek otomatih sado URL nan diposting di situsnyo.<ref>Staff writer (undated). "About Twitter's Link Service <<nowiki>http://t.co</nowiki>>". Twitter Help Center (module of Twitter). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-02-25. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref><ref>Penner, Carolyn (2011-06-07). [http://blog.twitter.com/2011/06/link-sharing-made-simple.html "Link Sharing Made Simple"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610010533/http://blog.twitter.com/2011/06/link-sharing-made-simple.html |date=2011-06-10 }}. ''Twitter Blog (blog of Twitter)''. Diakses tanggal 2011-06-09.</ref> ==== Topik hangek ==== Sabuah kato, frasa, atau topik nan labiah banyak dibicaroan daripado topik lainnyo disabuik topik hangek/tren (''trending topics'')<ref>Situs Twitter dalam bahasa Indonesia menggunakan kata tren</ref>. Suatu topik dapek manjadi tren karano adonyo upayo tapadu dek pangguno, atau karano adonyo suatu paristiwa nan mandorong urang untuak mambicaroan ciek topik tatantu.<ref>[http://www.journalism.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3103&Itemid=37 "Bloggers back media against youth league"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718104406/http://www.journalism.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3103&Itemid=37 |date=2011-07-18 }}. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-03.</ref> Topik iko mambantu Twitter jo panggunonyo untuak mamahami apo nan sadang tajadi di dunia.<ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2009/12/top-twitter-trends-of-2009.html "Top Twitter Trends of 2009"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429143913/http://blog.twitter.com/2009/12/top-twitter-trends-of-2009.html |date=2013-04-29 }}. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-03.</ref> Twitter alah mangubah algoritma topik hangek tadahulu untuak mancagah manipulasi tren.<ref>By:  Vicky Woollaston. [http://www.webuser.co.uk/news/top-stories/492646/justin-bieber-fans-beat-twitter-block "Justin Bieber fans beat Twitter 'block' | Web User magazine".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122152133/http://www.webuser.co.uk/news/top-stories/492646/justin-bieber-fans-beat-twitter-block |date=2012-11-22 }} ''Webuser.co.uk.'' Diakses tanggal 2012-01-20.</ref> Timbua pulo kontroversi saputaran topik hangek di Twitter. Twitter alah manyensor tagar nan manyingguang pangguno atau kalompok tatantu. Twitter pernah manyensor tagar #Thatsafrican<ref>Weiner, David (June 21, 2009). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-weiner/thatsafrican----when-twit_b_218673.html "#Thatsafrican -- When Twitter Went Racist?"]. ''Huffington Post.'' Diakses tanggal 2010-04-03.</ref> jo #thingsdarkiessay<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/news/thingsdarkiessay-causes-a-twitter-storm-1.909053 "Thingsdarkiessay causes a Twitter storm"]. South Africa: Independent Online. 2009-11-05. Diakses tanggal 2012-01-11.</ref> sasudah pangguno mangaluah tagar iko basifek ofensif. Ado dugaan Twitter mahapus tagar #NaMOinHyd dari daftar tren jo manambahan tagar nan disponsori Kongres Nasional India.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130816010049/http://www.niticentral.com/2013/08/13/role-of-twitter-in-trending-wars-118256.html "Role of Twitter in trending wars"]. ''NITI Central''. August 13, 2013. Diarsipkan dari [http://www.niticentral.com/2013/08/13/role-of-twitter-in-trending-wars-118256.html versi asli] tanggal 2013-08-16. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-14.</ref> === Aplikasi jo seluler === Ado banyak layanan jo aplikasi Twitter nan dapek digunoan untuak manambahan jo mamantau konten, diantaronyo iolah Telly (layanan babagi vidio, dulunyo banamo Twitvid),[] Tweetdeck, Salesforce.com, HootSuite, jo Twitterfeed. Pado taun 2009, hampia satangah kicauan diposting jo mangunoan pangguno web, jo sabagian gadangnyo mangunoan aplikasi pihak katigo.[] === Verifikasi akun === Juni 2008, Twitter maluncua'an program verifikasi nan mamungkinan selebriti jo figur publik tanamo untuak mamverifikasi akun inyo.[] Program iko awalnyo ditujuan untuak manolongan pangguno mangenali akun selebritas nan iyo bana-bana dimiliki dek salebritas tasabuik, bukannyo akun palsu. Sajak itu, program iko alah digunoan untuak mamverifikasi akun para pangusaha jo figur publik nan mungkin indak aktif bakicau, tapi masih ingin mampatahanan kontrol ateh akun nan manyandang namo inyo. == Kauangan == === Pandanaan === Twitter dipakiroan alah mandapek piti labiah dari US$57 juta dari pandanaan pamodal gabuangan. Pandanaan awal Twitter indak dikatahui baraa pastinyo, namun dikaba'an diangko US$1 hinggo US$5 juta.<ref name=":1">Staff writer (February 16, 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110807085404/http://www.marketingvox.com/twitter-raises-over-35m-in-series-c-043192// "Twitter Raises over $35M in Series C"]. ''MarketingVOX''. [http://www.marketingvox.com/twitter-raises-over-35m-in-series-c-043192// Diarsipkan] dari versi asli tanggal 2011-08-07. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> Pandanaan putaran kaduo pado taun 2008 dipakiroan US$22 juta,<ref>Womack, Brian (November 12, 2008). [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=afu06n0L7LZ4 "Twitter Shuns Venture-Capital Money as Startup Values Plunge"]. ''Bloomberg''. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> jo pandanaan putaran katigo pado 2009 iolah US$35 juta, nan barasa dari Institutional Venture Partners jo [[Benchmark Capital]], tamasuak dari babarapo investor lain sarupo [[Union Square Ventures]], [[Spark Capital]], jo [[Insight Venture Partners]].<ref name=":1"/> Pandanaan Twitter disokong dek Union Square Ventures, Digital Garage, Spark Capital, jo Bezos Expeditions.<ref>Miller, Claire Cain (October 16, 2008). [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/ttwitter-sidelines-one-founder-and-promotes-another/#more-1642 "Twitter Sidelines One Founder and Promotes Another"]. ''Bits (blog of The New York Times)''. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> Mei 2008, ''[[The Industry Standard]]'' malaporan kabalangsuangan jangka panjang Twitter tahambek dek kurangnyo panarimoan.<ref>Snyder, Bill (March 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100316075825/http://www.thestandard.com/news/2008/03/28/twitter-fanatical-users-help-build-brand-not-revenue "Twitter: Fanatical Users Help Build the Brand, But Not Revenue]". ''The Industry Standard (via Infoworld)''. Diarsipkan dari [http://www.thestandard.com/news/2008/03/28/twitter-fanatical-users-help-build-brand-not-revenue versi asli] tanggal 2010-03-16. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> Anggota dewan direksi Twitter, Todd Chaffee, mampakiroan parusahaan bisa mandapekan kauntuangan dari [[padaganggan elektronik]] (''e-commerce'') karano pangguno mungkin sajo tatarik untuak mambali barang nan dipromosian dek Twitter.<ref>Miller, Claire Cain (June 19, 2009). [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/twitter-plans-to-offer-shopping-advice-and-easy-purchasing/ "Twitter Plans To Offer Shopping Advice and Easy Purchasing"]. ''Bits (blog of The New York Times)''. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> Twitter manarimo US$200 juta dari para pamodal pado bulan Desember 2010, jo nilai jua parusahaan sakitar US$34,50 per lembar, sahinggo nilai juanyo sakitaran US$7,8 miliar.<ref>Ante, Spencer E.; Efrati, Amir; Das, Anupretta (February 10, 2011). [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703716904576134543029279426.html?KEYWORDS=twitter "Twitter as Tech Bubble Barometer".] ''The Wall Street Journal.'' Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011</ref><ref>Carlson, Nicholas (March 4, 2011). [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2011/03/04/businessinsider-twitter-valued-at-78-billion-in-private-market-auction-2011-3.DTL "Twitter Valued At $7.8 Billion In Private Market Auction".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126160058/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fg%2Fa%2F2011%2F03%2F04%2Fbusinessinsider-twitter-valued-at-78-billion-in-private-market-auction-2011-3.DTL |date=2011-11-26 }} ''Business Insider via San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst''. Diakses tanggal March 26, 2011.</ref> Desember 2011, pangeran Arab Saudi, Alwaleed bin Talal, mainvestasian $300 juta di Twitter. Pado saat tu, nilai jua parusahaan adolah $US8,4 miliar.<ref>Scott, Mark (December 19, 2011). [http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/12/19/saudi-prince-invests-300-million-in-twitter/ "Saudi Prince Invests $300 Million in Twitter"]. ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal December 19, 2011.</ref> Twitter juo dianggap sabagai kandidat potensial untuak panawaran umum pardana pado taun 2013.<ref>Althucher, James (December 10, 2010). [http://www.businessinsider.com/google-groupon-deal "6 Reasons Groupon's Rejection of Google Is Great for the Universe"]. ''The Altucher Confidential (blog of James Altucher via Business Insider)''. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> === Sumber pandapekan === Pado bulan Juli 2009, dokumen nan mamuek patumbuhan jo pandapekan Twitter dipublikasian dek ''[[TechCrunch]]'' sasudah didapek sacaro ilegal dek [[Hacker Croll]]. Dokumen tasabuik manggambaran pado kuartal katigo 2009, pandapekan Twitter adolah sagadang US$400.000, jo US$4 juta pado kuartal kaampek, jo jumlah panggunonyo 25 juta pado akhir taun. Proyeksi pandapekan Twitter pado akhir 2013 adolah US$1,54 miliar, US$111 juta labo barasiah, jo 1 miliar pangguno.<ref>Staff writer (July 15, 2009). [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/15/hacker-exposes-private-twitter-documents/?hpw. "Hacker Exposes Private Twitter Documents"]. ''Bits (blog of The New York Times)''. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> Indak ado informasi upayo Twitter untuak mawujuikan angko-angko tasabuik. Sabagai tanggapan salah saurang pandiri Twitter, Biz Stone, manabikan sabuah posting blog nan barancana untuak malayangkan tindakan hukum ka si paretas.<ref>Stone, Biz (July 15, 2007). [http://blog.twitter.com/2009/07/twitter-even-more-open-than-we-wanted.html "Twitter, Even More Open Than We Wanted".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717021441/http://blog.twitter.com/2009/07/twitter-even-more-open-than-we-wanted.html |date=2009-07-17 }} ''Twitter Blog (blog of Twitter).'' Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> Pado 13 April 2010, Twitter mangumuman rencananyo untuak manawaran iklan ka parusahaan nan mampu mambali "kicauan promosi". Kicauan tasabuik akan muncua dalam hasil pancarian di situs Twitter, sarupo jo model iklan di Google Adwords. Pado 13 April, Twitter manyatoan alah mandapekan babarapo parusahaan nan ingin baiklan, tamasuak [[Sony Pictures]], [[Red Bull]], [[Best Buy]], jo [[Starbuck]]<nowiki/>s.<ref>Arthur, Charles (April 13, 2010). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/apr/13/twitter-advertising-google "Twitter Unveils 'Promoted Tweets' Ad Plan – Twitter To Let Advertisers Pay for Tweets To Appear in Search Results"]. ''The Guardian''. London. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref><ref>Kimberley, Sara (April 13, 2010). [http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/996226/Twitter-debuts-Promoted-Tweets-ad-platform/ "Twitter Debuts 'Promoted Tweets' Ad Platform".] ''MediaWeek (U.K. edition)''. Diakses tanggal February 5, 2011</ref> Untuak malanjuikan kampanye iklannyo, Twitter mangumuman pado tanggal 20 Maret 2012 bahwa iklan juo akan disertakan dalam Twitter versi seluler. Twitter mandapekan US$139,5 juta dari pariklanan pado taun 2011, jo mangharokan angko iko naiak manjadi US$259,9 juta pado taun 2012.<ref>[http://mashable.com/2012/03/20/twitter-promoted-tweets-mobile/ mashable.com;] Wasserman, Todd. March 20th, 2012. "Twitter Rolls Out Promoted Tweets for Mobile."</ref> Twitter marugi pado taun 2010. pandapekan nan sabalumnyo dipakiroan akan mancapai US$100 hinggo US$110 juta hanyo mampu manghasilkan US$45 juta.<ref>Ante, Spencer E.; Efrati, Amir; Das, Anupretta (February 10, 2011). [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703716904576134543029279426.html?KEYWORDS=twitter "Twitter as Tech Bubble Barometer".] ''The Wall Street Journal. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.''</ref> Foto-foto pangguno nan bebas royalti juo bisa manjadi sumber uang bagi Twitter; kesepakatan jo [[WENN]] diumuman pado bulan Mei 2011.<ref>Laurent, Olivier (2011-05-11). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110803071054/http://www.bjp-online.com/british-journal-of-photography/news/2070167/twitpic-signs-controversial-deal-celebrity-photo-agency#update "Photo agency's CEO addresses TwitPic controversy"]. ''British Journal of Photography''. London. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-08-03. Diakses tanggal August 17, 2011. "The deal will give WENN exclusive rights to sell images posted on the TwitPic service."</ref> Pado Juni 2011, Twitter mangumuman akan maluncua'an sistem pariklanan nan baru.<ref>Todd Wasserman (2011-06-09). [http://mashable.com/2011/06/09/twitter-ad-buying/ "Twitter Will Automate Ad-Buying by the End of the Year".] ''Mashable.com.'' Diakses tanggal 2011-11-14.</ref> Pado April 2013, iklan tasabuik alah tasadio untuak sadoalah pangguno di Amerika Serikat.<ref>[http://www.adbalance.com/twitter-ads-are-open-for-business/ "Twitter Ads Are Open for Business".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801043643/http://www.adbalance.com/twitter-ads-are-open-for-business/ |date=2021-08-01 }} AdBalance.com. 2013-04-30. Diakses tanggal 2013-04-30.</ref> == Panggunoan jo dampak sosial == Twitter marupokan jejariang sosial kaduo nan banyak digunoan dek anak mudo-mudo sasudah [[Facebook]].<ref>Basri, Hasan (2017). [https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/119656-ID-peranmedia-sosial-twitter-dalam-interaks.pdf "Peran Sosial Media Twitter dalam Interaksi Sosial Pelajar Sekolah Menengah Pertama Di Pekan Baru"] (PDF). JOM FISIP. 4 (2): 4.</ref> Twitter alah dimanfaaikan untuak babagai kaparaluan jo babagai aspek. Twitter dimanfaaikan sabagai sarana protes, dek tuh disabuik jo "Revolusi Twitter", tamasuak didalamnyo [[revolusi Mesir 2011, protes Tunisia 2010-2011]], [[protes pamiliahan umum Iran 2009-2010]], jo [[karusuahan sipil Moldova 2009]].<ref>[[:id:The_Atlantic|"Could Tunisia Be the Next Twitter Revolution?"]]. ''The Atlantic''. January 13, 2011. Diakses tanggal January 15, 2011.</ref> Pamarentah Mesir jo Iran mamblokir Twitter di nagorinyo sabagai bantuak pambalehan.<ref>Rebecca Santana (15 June 2009). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/06/15/iran-election-uprising-tr_n_215914.html "Iran Election, Uprising Tracked On Twitter As Government Censors Media"]. ''Huffington'' Post. Diakses tanggal 29 June 2011.</ref> <ref>Fahim, Kareem (January 26, 2011). [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/27/world/middleeast/27egypt.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&hp "Protesters in Egypt Defy Ban as Government Cracks Down".] ''The New York Times''.</ref>Surek kaba ''The Hill'' manggambaran Twitter jo media sosial lainnyo sabagai "sanjato strategis nan punyo kamampuan untuak manyalarehan tatanan sosial sacaro nyato".<ref>[http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/146397-social-media-as-a-strategic-weapon/ "Social media as a strategic weapon by Paul JJ Payack and Edward ML Peters"]. ''The Hill'' (surek kaba). 28 February 2011. Diakses tanggal 8 June 2012.</ref> Twitter juo dimanfaaikan sabagai sarana pambangkangan sipil, contohnyo pangguno di Inggris tobik rabo ka [[Twiiter Joke Trial]] jo caro manciptakan lelucon manganai [[terorisme]].<ref>Siddique, Haroon (2010-11-12). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/nov/12/iamspartacus-campaign-twitter-airport "#IAmSpartacus campaign explodes on Twitter in support of airport joker".] ''The Guardian''. London. Diakses tanggal 12 November 2010.</ref> Selain itu, Twitter juo dimanfaaikan sabagai sistem komunikasi darurat dalam babagai paristiwa.<ref>Mills, Alexander (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170206120212/http://denman-mills.net/web_documents/jips_mills.etal._2009.07.22_finalsubmission.pdf "WEB 2.0 EMERGENCY APPLICATIONS: HOW USEFUL CAN TWITTER BE FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE?"] (PDF). ''Twitter for Emergency Management and Mitigation'': 3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-02-06. Diakses tanggal 18 April 2012.</ref> Contohnyo Kepolisian Boston mambarita'an manganai panangkokan tasangko Pemboman Marathon Boston 2013 malalui Twitter.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/19/us/boston-area-violence/index.html "Boston police: Marathon bombings suspect 'in custody'"]. ''CNN.com''. Diakses tanggal May 9, 2013.</ref> Panggunoan praktis Twitter lainyo nan sadang ditaliti iolah kamampuan untuak malacak wabah jo [[panyebarannyo]].<ref>Brooke Jarvis, ''The Washington Post''. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/twitter-becomes-a-tool-for-tracking-flu-epidemics-and-other-public-health-issues/2013/03/04/9d4315c2-6eef-11e2-aa58-243de81040ba_story.html "Twitter becomes a tool for tracking flu epidemics and other public health issues."] Mar 4, 2013. Retrieved Mar 4, 2013</ref> Twitter juo alah diadopsi sabagai alaik komunikasi jo pambalajaran di lingkuangan pendidikan, tautamo di paguruan tinggi jo universitas.<ref>Rankin, M. (2010). [http://www.utdallas.edu/~mrankin/usweb/twitterconclusions.htm Some general comments on the “Twitter Experiment”]</ref><ref>Grosseck & Holotescu (2008). [http://www.cblt.soton.ac.uk/multimedia/PDFsMM09/Can%20we%20use%20twitter%20for%20educational%20activities.pdf Can we use Twitter for educational activities?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518012255/http://www.cblt.soton.ac.uk/multimedia/PDFsMM09/Can%20we%20use%20twitter%20for%20educational%20activities.pdf |date=2012-05-18 }} ''Proceedings of the 4th International Scientific Conference: eLearning and Software forEducation'', Bucharest, Romania.</ref> Studi manamuan bahwasanyo pamanfaaikan Twitter dalam pakuliahan bisa mambantu siswa dalam bakomunikasi, mampromosian pambalajaran informal, jo maningkekan partisipasi mahasiswa nan pamalu.<ref>Junco, R., Heiberger, G., & Loken, E. (2011). [http://blog.reyjunco.com/pdf/JuncoHeibergerLokenTwitterEngagementGrades.pdf The effect of Twitter on college student engagement and grades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508093835/http://blog.reyjunco.com/pdf/JuncoHeibergerLokenTwitterEngagementGrades.pdf |date=2012-05-08 }}. ''Journal of Computer Assisted Learning'', 27(2), 119-132.</ref><ref>Junco, R., Elavsky, C. M., Heiberger, G. (2012). [http://reyjunco.com/wordpress/pdf/JuncoElavskyHeibergerTwitterCollaboration.pdf Putting Twitter to the test: assessing outcomes for student collaboration, engagement, and success.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120114952/http://reyjunco.com/wordpress/pdf/JuncoElavskyHeibergerTwitterCollaboration.pdf |date=2013-01-20 }} ''British Journal of Educational Technology.''</ref><ref>Ebner, Lienhardt, Rohs, & Meyer (2010). ''Microblogs in Higher Education'' – [http://www.cblt.soton.ac.uk/multimedia/PDFs10/micriblogs%20in%20higher%20education%20process%20orientated%20learning.pdf A chance to facilitate informal and process-oriented learning?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626175108/http://www.cblt.soton.ac.uk/multimedia/PDFs10/micriblogs%20in%20higher%20education%20process%20orientated%20learning.pdf |date=2011-06-26 }} Diarsipkan 2011-06-26 di Wayback Machine. Computers & Education, 55, 92-100.</ref> Panguno mangecekan Twitter adolah sarana nan rancak untuak tetap bahubuangan jo kawan nan sibuk. Namun babarapo pangguno ado nan mulai maraso 'talampau' tahubuang; inyo harus mancaliak pasan "chek-in" pado wakatu nan indak pantas, piti bayia ponsel nan labiah tinggi, jo dorongan untuak ma'agiah tau kawan untuak baranti mangumuman apo nan inyo makan untuak makan malam."<ref>Lavallee, Andrew (March 16, 2007). [http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117373145818634482-ZwdoPQ0PqPrcFMDHDZLz_P6osnI_20080315.html "Friends Swap Twitters, and Frustration – New Real-Time Messaging Services Overwhelm Some Users with Mundane Updates from Friends"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512025116/http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117373145818634482-ZwdoPQ0PqPrcFMDHDZLz_P6osnI_20080315.html |date=2008-05-12 }}. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Diakses tanggal February 22, 2011.</ref> Pado taun 2007, panulih teknologi [[Bruce Sterling]] bapandapek kalau manggunoan Twitter untuak bakomunikasi sacaro harfiah sarupo "manembakan" [[radio CB]] jo mandanga babarapo urang mambaco [[Lliad|''lliad'']]".<ref>Pontin, Jason (April 22, 2007). [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/business/yourmoney/22stream.html "From Many Tweets, One Loud Voice on the Internet"]. ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal June 21, 2009.</ref> Pado September 2008, dalam editorial ''The New York Times Magazine'', jurnalis Clive Thompson manyatoan panggunoan Twitter alah mangubah narsisme manjadi sasuatu nan "baru, supermetabolis - ekspresi balabiahan dari ganarasi selebriti - , remaja nan pacayo akan satiok ucapan inyo nan manarik harus dibagian kapado dunia".<ref name=":0" /> Sadangkan Jonathan Zittrain, profesor hukum internet di Harvard Law School, bapandapek bahwa "hal-hal nan mambuek Twitter nampak konyol jo indak bakualitas justru nan manjadi kakuatannyo."<ref>Cohen, Noam (June 20, 2009). [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/weekinreview/21cohenweb.html?_r=1&hp "Twitter on the Barricades: Six Lessons Learned".] ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal June 21, 2009.</ref> [[Nielsen Online]] di taun 2009 malaporan Twitter mampunyoi tingkek retensi pangguno ampek puluah persen. Kabanyakan urang baranti mangunoan layanan iko sasudah ciek bulan, dek tuh Twitter kamungkinan hanyo mampu mandapek sakitaran sapuluah persen pangguno internet.<ref>Goldsmith, Belinda (April 29, 2009). [http://www.reuters.com/article/deborahCohen/idUSTRE53S1A720090429 "Many Twitters Are Quick Quitters: Study"]. ''Reuters''. Diakses tanggal February 22, 2011.</ref> Pado tanggal 29 November 2009, Twitter dinobatkan sabagai "Word of the Year" dek Global Language Monitor, jo manggambaran Twitter sabagai "bantuak baru interaksi sosial".<ref>[[Top Word of 2009: Twitter]]</ref> Majalah ''Time'' marilih daftar [[Time 100]] 2010 badasa'an pangaruahnyo, tamasuak pangaruah di situs jejariang sosial populer sarupo Facebook jo Twitter. Daftar iko bakisaran dari [[Barrack Obama]] jo [[Oprah Winfrey]], hinggo [[Lady Gaga]] jo [[Ashton Kutcher]].<ref>Vidyarthi, Neil (April 30, 2010). [http://www.socialtimes.com/2010/04/time-magazines-social-influence-index-led-by-obama-gaga-kutcher/ "Time Magazine's Social Influence Index Led by Obama, Gaga, Kutcher".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326144228/http://www.socialtimes.com/2010/04/time-magazines-social-influence-index-led-by-obama-gaga-kutcher/ |date=2011-03-26 }} ''socialtimes.com''. Diakses tanggal February 22, 2011.</ref><ref>[[The Hill]] on February 28, 2011 described Twitter and other social media as a "strategic weapon ... which have the apparent ability to re-align the social order in real time, with little or no advanced warning."</ref> Dalam upacara pambukakan [[Olimpiade Musim Paneh 2012]], batampek di [[Stadion Olimpiade]],<ref>Friar, Karen (28 July 2012). [https://www.zdnet.com/uk/sir-tim-berners-lee-stars-in-olympics-opening-ceremony-7000001744/ "Sir Tim Berners-Lee stars in Olympics opening ceremony"]. ''ZDNet.'' Diakses tanggal 28 July 2012.</ref> Sir [[Tim Berners-Lee]], panamu [[World Wide Web]], mamposting kicauan: "This is for everyone".<ref>Berners-Lee, Tim (27 July 2012). [https://twitter.com/timberners_lee/status/228960085672599552 "This is for everyone"]. ''Twitter.'' Diakses tanggal 28 July 2012.</ref> Manuruik analisis akun, 125 kapalo nagori jo 139 politisi takamuko di ddunia punyo akun Twitter nan jikok digabuangan mampunyoi kicauan labiah dari 350.000 jo hampia 52 juta pangikuik. Namun, hanyo 30 akun nan manulih kicauan inyo surang, labiah dari 80 akun indak mangikuik politisi lainnyo jo sabagian gadang bahkan indak mangikuik ka siapopun.<ref>John Heilprin, "Leaders all a twitter but few do own tweets". ''The Advertiser'' July 28, 2012. hal 64</ref> Media mandugo tagar [[#wikileaks]] jo [[#occupywallstreet]] disensor dek Twitter karano topik iko indak muncua ka daftar tren. Twitter mangatoan bahwa "kami indak manyensor tagar kacuali manganduang kato-kato kasa."<ref>Arthur, Charles (December 9, 2010). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/dec/09/anonymous-twitter-facebook-disabled "Wikileaks: Twitter explains why it's not trending, as hackers play cat and mouse"]. London: ''The Guardian''. Diakses tanggal November 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/#!/cpen/status/118393858659860480 Reply to question from journalist about alleged censorship of #occupywallstreet] ''Twitter,'' September 26, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.</ref><ref>Larson, Dave (August 1, 2011). [http://blog.tweetsmarter.com/twitter-rules/twitter-admits-editing-offensive-trending-topics-plans-more/ "Twitter admits editing offensive Trending Topics, plans more"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211101026/http://blog.tweetsmarter.com/twitter-rules/twitter-admits-editing-offensive-trending-topics-plans-more |date=2011-12-11 }}. Diakses tanggal November 29, 2011.</ref> Labiah dari duo puluah kardinal Katolik Roma mampunyoi akun Twitter nan aktif,[] Twitter juo manyabab'kan pangunoan TV manjadi labiah interaktif.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110411012358/http://www.tvgenius.net/blog/2011/03/31/shows-viewers-tweeting-operators/ "What Shows Are Viewers Tweeting About and What Does this Mean for Operators?"]. ''Tvgenius.net''. 2011-03-31. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-11. Diakses tanggal 2011-05-22.</ref> Efek iko takadang disabuik jo "pandingin aia virtual" atau "[[televisi sosial]]".<ref>[http://news.sky.com/home/technology/article/16189017 Social Web Makes TV Viewers 'Chatterboxers'], ''Sky News'', 15 March 2012</ref> Twitter barasil mandorong urang-urang untuak mancaliak acara siaran langsuang televisi, sarupo [[Oscars]], [[Super Bowl]],<ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2010/02/super-data.html "Twitter Blog: Super Data"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429155217/http://blog.twitter.com/2010/02/super-data.html |date=2013-04-29 }}. ''Blog.twitter.com.'' 2010-02-10. Diakses tanggal 2011-05-22.</ref> jo MTV Video Music Awards; tapi strategi iko kurang efektif pado acara-acara TV tajadwal.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111101040214/http://www.tvgenius.net/blog/2011/05/25/twitter-drive-tv-live-ratings/ "Does Twitter Drive TV Ratings?]". ''Tvgenius.net''. Diarsipkan dari [http://www.tvgenius.net/blog/2011/05/25/twitter-drive-tv-live-ratings/ versi asli] tanggal 2011-11-01. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-14.</ref> Pado April 2013, akun ''Associated Press'' dihek, malaporan bahwa presiden AS Barack Obama taluko dalam serangan di [[Gedung Putih]]. Saham parusahaan iko maraosot sakatiko $134 juta, jo nilainyo baliak ka samulo sasudah dikatahui bahwa laporan tasabuik palsu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131017041139/http://www.3news.co.nz/How-a-false-tweet-sank-stocks/tabid/421/articleID/295530/Default.aspx "How a false tweet sank stocks"]. ''3 News NZ''. April 25, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-17. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-29.</ref> == Pranala luar == * [http://twitter.com/ Twitter] == Catatan kaki == {{reflist}} {{Twitter navbox}} {{Mikroblog}} [[Kategori:Layanan jejaring sosial]] [[Kategori:Web 2.0]] or8wgaw9oui7ms3de0hek3zst8axp3y Joko Widodo 0 228560 3347743 3162593 2026-06-11T15:25:43Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} {{Infobox urang}} [[Insinyur|Ir.]] [[Haji|H.]] '''Joko Widodo''' atau '''Jokowi''' ({{lahirmati|[[Kota Surakarta|Surakarta]], [[Jawa Tengah]]|21|6|1961}}) adolah [[Daftar Presiden Indonesia|Presiden ka-7 Indonesia]] nan mulai manjabat sajak 20 Oktober 2014. Inyo tapiliah basamo [[Wakia Presiden Indonesia|Wakia Presiden]] [[Muhammad Jusuf Kalla]] dan kembali tapiliah basamo Wakia Presiden [[Ma'ruf Amin]] dalam [[Pamiliahan umum Presiden Indonesia 2019|Pemilu Presiden 2019]]. Jokowi pernah manjabat [[Gubernur DKI Jakarta]] sajak 15 Oktober 2012 sampai 16 Oktober 2014 didampiangi [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]] sabagai wakia gubernur. Sabalunnyo, inyo adolah Wali Kota [[Kota Surakarta|Surakarta]] ([[Solo]]), sajak 28 Juli 2005 sampai 1 Oktober 2012 didampiangi [[F.X. Hadi Rudyatmo]] sabagai wakia wali kota.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diingatkan, Joko Widodo Urung Tampil - KPUD Diminta Fair|date=13 Mai 2005|url=http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0505/13/slo06.htm|publisher=[[Suara Pembaruan]]|language=id|access-date=1 Oktober 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903165857/http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0505/13/slo06.htm|url-dead=yes|archive-date=3 September 2017}}</ref> Duo taun manjalani pariode kaduonyo manjadi Wali Kota Solo, Jokowi ditunjuak dek partainyo, [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan]] (PDI-P), untuak bataruang dalam pamiliahan Gubernur DKI Jakarta bapasangan jo [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]] (Ahok).<ref name="pemiludki">{{cite web|title=Naik Kopaja, Jokowi - Ahok Daftar Jadi Cagub DKI|date=19 Maret 2012|url=https://www.tempo.co/amp/391263/naik-kopaja-jokowi-ahok-daftar-jadi-cagub-dki|publisher=[[Tempo (majalah)|Tempo]]|language=id|access-date=1 Oktober 2020}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Joko Widodo barasa dari keluarga sadarhano, bahkan, rumahnyo pernah digusur sabanyak tigo kali, katiko baliau masih ketek,<ref name="digusur">{{cite web|title=Jokowi Anak Tergusur Mau Jadi Gubernur|date=11 April 2012|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/amp/beritasatu/hiburan/41934/jokowi-anak-tergusur-mau-jadi-gubernur|publisher=Beritasatu.com|language=id|accessdate=1 Oktober 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> tatapi baliau mampu manyalasaian pendidikannyo di Fakultas Kahutanan [[Universitas Gajah Mada]]. Sasudah lulus, baliau manakuni profesinyo sabagai pangusaho [[mebel]].<ref name="digusur"/> Karier politiknyo dimulai manjadi Wali Kota Surakarta pado taun 2005.<ref name="pilkadasolo1">{{cite news|title=Hasil Akhir, Jago PDI-P Unggul Pilkada di Solo dan Sukoharjo|date=28 Juni 2005|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-391254/hasil-akhir-jago-pdip-unggul-pilkada-di-solo-dan-sukoharjo|publisher=detik.com|language=id|access-date=1 Oktober 2020|archive-date=2020-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205192020/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-391254/hasil-akhir-jago-pdip-unggul-pilkada-di-solo-dan-sukoharjo|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Namonyo mulai dikenal sasudah dianggap bisa maubah wajah Kota [[Surakarta]] manjadi kota pariwisata, kota budayo, jo kota batik.<ref name="princeton">{{cite web|title=Defusing a Volatile City, Igniting Reforms: Joko Widodo and Surakarta, Indonesia|url=https://www.princeton.edu/successfulsocieties/content/data/policy_note/PN_id199/Policy_Note_ID199.pdf|last=Majeed|first=Rushda|work=Innovations for Successful Societies|publisher=[[Princeton University]]|language=en|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142929/https://www.princeton.edu/successfulsocieties/content/data/policy_note/PN_id199/Policy_Note_ID199.pdf|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> Pado tanggal 20 September 2012, Jokowi manang di [[Pamiliahan umum Gubernur DKI Jakarta 2012|Pilkada Jakarta 2012]]. Kamanangannyo dianggap mancaminan dukuangan populer untuak saurang pamimpin nan "mudo" jo "barasiah", walaupun umuanyo alah labiah dari limo puluah taun.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sudirman|last=Nasir|title=The thirst for positive 'deviant' leaders|date=18 Juli 2012|work=[[The Jakarta Post]]}}</ref> Samanjak tapiliah sabagai gubernur, popularitasnyo taruih malambuang & manjadi sorotan media.<ref name="popularitasmelejit">{{cite web|last=Lamb|first=Kate|title=Jokowi enters Indonesia's political race|date=14 Maret 2014|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/jokowi-enters-indonesia-s-political-race|publisher=Special Broadcasting Service|language=en|access-date=1 Oktober 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Purengage: Ini Sebabnya Jokowi Berhasil Jadi "Media Darling"|date=8 September 2013|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2013/09/08/0853309/Purengage.Ini.Sebabnya.Jokowi.Berhasil.Jadi.Media.Darling.|publisher=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=1 Oktober 2020}}</ref> Akibatnyo, muncul wacana untuak manjadikannyo calon presiden untuak [[pamiliahan umum presiden Indonesia 2014]].<ref name="wacanacapres">{{cite web|last=Hasits|first=Muhammad|title=Muncul gerakan di Facebook memaksa Jokowi nyapres 2014|date=6 Februari 2014|url=https://www.merdeka.com/politik/muncul-gerakan-di-facebook-memaksa-jokowi-nyapres-2014.html|publisher=Merdeka.com|language=id|access-date=1 Oktober 2020}}</ref> Ditambah lai, hasil survei manunjuakan, namo Jokowi taruih unggul.<ref name="hasilsurveijokowi">{{cite web|last=Waskita|first=Ferdinand|title=Jokowi Masih Merajai Survei Calon Presiden|date=31 Oktober 2013|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2013/10/31/jokowi-masih-merajai-survei-calon-presiden|publisher=Tribun News|language=id|access-date=1 Oktober 2020}}</ref> Pado awalnyo, Ketua Umum [[PDI-P]], [[Megawati Soekarnoputri]] manyatokan baso inyo indak ka maumuman calon presiden dari [[PDI Perjuangan]] sampai sasudah [[pamiliahan umum legislatif Indonesia 2014|pamiliahan umum legislatif]] 9 April 2014.<ref name="megawati">{{cite web|last=Harahap|first=Riza|title= PDI-P umumkan capres setelah Pemilu Legislatif|date=10 Januari 2014|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/413438/pdip-umumkan-capres-setelah-pemilu-legislatif|work=Antara|language=id|access-date=1 Oktober 2020}}</ref> Namun, pado tanggal 14 Maret 2014, Jokowi manarimo mandat dari [[Megawati]] untuak maju sabagai calon presiden, tigo minggu sabalun pamiliahan umum legislatif jo duo hari sabalun kampanye.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/15/world/asia/jakarta-governor-joko-widodo.html|title=Governor of Jakarta Receives His Party’s Nod for President|last=Cochrane|first=Joe|date=14 Maret 2014|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|language=en|access-date=1 Oktober 2020}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{commonscat|Joko Widodo}} {{sisterlinks|wikt=no|news=no}} * {{id}} [http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0506/28/slo02.htm Wawancara Joko Widodo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420144541/http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0506/28/slo02.htm |date=2013-04-20 }} pado Suara Merdeka * {{en}} [http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/11/01/joko-widodo-solo%E2%80%99s-mayor-keeps-his-promises.html The Jakarta Post: Solo’s Mayor keeps his promises] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225114550/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/11/01/joko-widodo-solo%E2%80%99s-mayor-keeps-his-promises.html |date=2014-02-25 }} * {{en}} [http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/10/26/interview-yogyakarta-and-surakarta-mayors-prove-good-governance-sells.html Interview: Yogyakarta and Surakarta mayors prove good governance sells] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730215107/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/10/26/interview-yogyakarta-and-surakarta-mayors-prove-good-governance-sells.html |date=2014-07-30 }} * {{twitter|jokowi_do2}} * {{id}} [http://www.pemilu.com/profil/jokowi/ Joko Widodo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704100403/http://www.pemilu.com/profil/jokowi/ |date=2014-07-04 }} di Pemilu.com * {{id}} [http://presiden2014.com/news/index.php/category/presiden/jokowi/ Berita tentang calon presiden Jokowi di pemilu 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514213042/http://presiden2014.com/news/index.php/category/presiden/jokowi/ |date=2014-05-14 }} * {{id}} [http://jokowinews.com/ Informasi Terbaru Jokowi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722042038/http://jokowinews.com/ |date=2014-07-22 }} {{Presiden Indonesia}} {{lifetime|1961||}} {{Interproyek|kat=0| * [[:q:{{PAGENAME}}|Wikiquote]] * [[:s:{{PAGENAME}}|Wikisource]] }} [[Kategori:Presiden Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Politikus Indonesia]] {{indonesia-bio-stub}} fvw9myhhza5i2o4vhpza7b5pgym62hm Templat:Taxonomy/Aves 10 317295 3347785 1373326 2026-06-12T07:48:04Z Rang Djambak 14874 /* */ 3347785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}|{{{1}}} |rank=classis |link=Buruang|Aves |parent=Avialae/skip }} sxk34pgmeovxxmgyl1eji7mlmyse5n1 3347786 3347785 2026-06-12T07:50:52Z Rang Djambak 14874 /* */ 3347786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=classis |link=Buruang|Aves |parent=Avialae/skip }} 0fc93avbbzk0wdhbzaozbe4vilqh261 Nan Achnas 0 318142 3347751 2055313 2026-06-11T20:27:01Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ANT}} {{Infobox artis indonesia |name = {{PAGENAME}} |image = Nan Triveni Achnas.jpg |imagesize = |caption = Nan Achnas (2008) |birthname = Nan Triveni Achnas |birthplace = Singapura |deathdate = |deathplace = |restingplace = |restingplacecoordinates = |othername = |occupation = |yearsactive = |spouse = |domesticpartner = |children = |parents= |influences = |influenced = |website = |awards = Nominasi Sutradara Terbaik FFI 2004 '''Pasir Berbisik''' Nominasi Sutradara Terbaik FFI 2007 '''The Photograph''' }} '''Nan Triveni Achnas''' labiah dikenal dangan '''Nan Achnas''', adolah sutradara jo produser padusi asal [[Indonesia]]. Karya filmnyo banyak mandapekkan panghargoan di babagai festival film international. == Latar balakang == Nan Achnas, dilahiekan di Singapura kamudian tumbuah gadang di [[Kuala Lumpur]]. Ayahnyo banamo Nas Achnas, urang [[Urang Minang|Minangkabau]] asa [[Kota Padang Panjang|Padangpanjang]] nan bakarajo sabagai sutradara film di [[Singapura]] jo [[Malaysia]].<ref>http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/10/26/nan-achnas-a-life-immersed-cinema.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623232217/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/10/26/nan-achnas-a-life-immersed-cinema.html |date=2022-06-23 }} Nan Achnas: A life immersed in cinema</ref> Sadangkan ibunyo Ida Lochfiah, barasa dari etnis [[Urang Mandailing|Mandailing]]. == Karier == Basamo dangan Riri Riza, Mira Lesmana, jo Rizal Mantovani mambuek sabuah film nan bajudua ''Kuldesak'' pado taun [[1998]]. Taun [[2001]], mambuek film ''Pasir Berbisik'' nan mandapekkan salapan panghargoan dari babagai Festival Film International, antaro lain Rotterdam International Film Festival, Pusan International Film Festival, Seatle International Film festival, Deauville International Film festival - Perancis, Asian Pasific International Film Festival, dll. Salanjuiknyo pado taun [[2003]], inyo mambuek film Bendera nan mandapekkan panghargoan di Tokyo International Film Festival. Film terbarunyo dangan judul The Photograph di rilis taun [[2007]], skenarionyo mandapekkan ampek ''grant'' dari Fond Sud-Pemerintah [[Parancih|Perancis]], Goteborg International Film festival, Prince Claus Award-Balando, jo Locarno International Film Festival. == Kagiatan lain == Inyo pulo masih maajar di Fakultas Film dan Televisi Institut Kesenian Jakarta. == Filmografi == === Sutradara === * Kuldesak (1998) * Pasir Berbisik (2001) * Bendera (2003) * The Photograph (2007) === Produser === * 3 Doa 3 Cinta (2008 == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] ew3h0kblrr2fls5tj3dcg09ez0ew4ar Pajanjian Versailles 0 323554 3347756 2464626 2026-06-11T21:34:05Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Treaty |name = Perjanjian Versailles |long_name = Perjanjian Perdamaian antara Negara-negara Sekutu dan Jerman<ref name=tovpre>[[s: Treaty of Versailles/Preamble|Treaty of Versailles Preamble]]</ref> |image = Treaty of Versailles, English version.jpg |image_width = 300px |caption = Sampul versi bahasa Inggris |type = |date_drafted = |date_signed = 28 Juni 1919<ref name=Slavicek114>Slavicek, p. 114</ref> |location_signed = [[Ruang Cermin]] di [[Istana Versailles]], [[Paris]], [[Prancis]]<ref>Slavicek, p. 107</ref> |date_sealed = |date_effective = 10 Januari 1920<ref>Boyer, p. 153</ref> |condition_effective = [[Ratifikasi]] oleh Jerman dan tiga negara Sekutu utama.<ref name=tovpre/> |date_expiration = |signatories = Blok Tengah<br /> <!-- While the German Reich is the correct name for the period and historians refer to the German Government of this period as the Weimar Republic, the treaty refers to the nation as Germany and thus so does the article here. --> {{flag|Republik Weimar|name=Jerman}}<ref name=tovpre/> ---- Blok Sekutu<br /> <!-- The following are in the order as presented in the preamble of the treaty, and are named as such too. Any reordering or rewording, without consensus, will be reverted. --> {{flag|Amerika Serikat|1912}}<ref name=tovpre/><br /> {{flag|Imperium Britania}}<ref name=tovpre/><br /> {{flagcountry|Republik Prancis Ketiga}}<ref name=tovpre/><br /> {{flagcountry|Kerajaan Italia}}<ref name=tovpre/><br /> {{flagcountry|Kekaisaran Jepang}}<ref name=tovpre/><br /> {{Collapsible list | title = Lainnya |{{flag|Belgia}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flag|Bolivia}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flagcountry|Republik Brasil Pertama}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flagcountry|Republik Tiongkok (1912–1949)|1912}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flagcountry|Republik Kuba (1902–1959)}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flag|Ekuador}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flagcountry|Kerajaan Yunani}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flag|Guatemala}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flag|Republik Haiti (1859–1957)|civil|name=Haiti}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flagcountry|Kerajaan Hijaz|1917|name=Hijaz}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flag|Honduras}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flag|Liberia}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flag|Nikaragua}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flag|Panama}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flag|Peru|1825}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flagcountry|Republik Polandia Kedua|1919}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flagcountry|Republik Portugal Pertama}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flagcountry|Kerajaan Rumania}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flagcountry|Kerajaan Yugoslavia|name=Negara Serbia-Kroasia-Slovenia}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flag|Thailand|name=Siam}} |{{flagcountry|Republik Cekoslowakia Pertama}}<ref name=tovpre/> |{{flag|Uruguay}}<ref name=tovpre/>}} ---- |parties = |depositor = Pemerintah Prancis<ref name=TovProtocol>[[s: Treaty of Versailles/Protocol|Treaty of Versailles Signatures and Protocol]]</ref> |languages = [[bahasa Prancis|Prancis]] dan [[bahasa Inggris|Inggris]]<ref name=TovProtocol/> |website = |wikisource = Treaty of Versailles}} [[Berkas:The signing of the peace treaty of Versailles.webm|jmpl|thumbtime=5|''The Signing of the Peace Treaty of Versailles'']] '''Pajanjian Versailles''' (1919) adolah suatu pajanjian damai nan sacaro rasmi mangakhiri Perang Dunia I antaro Sekutu jo Kekaisaran Jerman. Salapeh anam bulan negosiasi malalui Konferensi Perdamaian Paris, perjanjian iko akhirnyo ditandotangani sabagai tindak lanjuik dari perlucutan sanjato nan ditandotangani pado bulan November 1918 di Compiègne Forest, nan mangakhiri perseteruan sasungguahnyo. Salah satu hal tapantiang nan dihasilan dek perjanjian iko adolah bahwa Jerman manarimo tangguang jawek panuah sabagai panyabab paparangan dan malalui aturan dari pasal 231-247, harus malakuan parbaikan-parbaikan pado nagaro-nagaro tatentu nan tagabuang dalam Sekutu. Negosiasi di antaro nagaro-nagaro sekutu dimulai pado [[7 Mei]] 1919, pado paringatan tanggalamnyo [[RMS Lusitania]]. Aturan nan diterapan tahadok Jerman pado perjanjian tasabuik antaro lain adolah panyerahan sabagian wilayah Jerman kapado babarapo nagaro tetangganyo, palapehan koloni subarang lautan dan [[Afrika]] milik Jerman, sarato pambatasan pasukan militer Jerman nan diharokan dapek maambek Jerman untuak mamulai parang baliak. Karano Jerman indak diizinan untuak maambiak bagian dalam negosiasi, pamarintah Jerman mangiriman protes tahadok hal nan dianggoknyo sabagai sesuatu nan indak adil, dan salanjuiknyo maelo diri dari parundingan. Belakangan, [[menteri luar negeri]] baru Jerman, [[Hermann Müller]], satuju untuak manandotangani perjanjian pado [[28 Juni]] [[1919]]. Perjanjian iko surang [[ratifikasi|diratifikasi]] dek [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]] pado tanggal [[10 Januari]] [[1920]]. Di Jerman, perjanjian ko mambuek takajuik jo raso malu nan baperan tahadok runtuahnyo [[Republik Weimar]] pado [[1933]], tarutamo kareno banyak urang Jerman indak pacayo bahwa urang tu harus manarimo tangguang jawek panuh sabagai pamicu parang. "Ampek Gadang" (Big Four) nan malakukan negosiasi perjanjian iko adolah Perdana Menteri [[David Lloyd George]] dari [[Britania Raya]], Perdana Menteri [[Georges Clemenceau]] dari [[Prancis]], [[Vittorio Orlando]] dari [[Italia]], jo Presiden [[Woodrow Wilson]] dari [[Amerika Serikat]]. Jerman indak diundang ka Parancih untuak mandiskusian perjanjian. Di [[Versailles]] wakatu itu, sulik untuak mancapai kasapakatan basamo karano tujuan urang tu saliang konflik sasamo inyo. Hasil parundingan disabuik-sabuik sabagai suatu kompromi nan indak disukoi dek pihak mano sajo. == Syarat-syarat == Perjanjian iko manciptaan kaadaan kondusif didirikannyo [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]], sabuah tujuan utamo Presiden A.S. [[Woodrow Wilson]]. Liga Bangsa-Bangsa dimukasuikan untuak manangahi konflik-konflik internasional sarato jo iko mancegah parang pado maso depan. Hanyo ampek dari “ampek baleh butia” (''[[Fourteen Points]]'') Wilson diwujudan, karano inyo harus bakompromi jo [[Georges Clemenceau|Clemenceau]], [[Lloyd George]] dan [[Vittorio Orlando|Orlando]] pado babarapo butia dan sabagai gantinyo dapek mampatahanan butianyo nan “kaampekbaleh” Liga Bangsa-Bangsa. Pandangan umum iolah bahwa Clemenceau dari Parancih adolah nan paliang basumangaik dalam mamabaleh dandam Jerman, Front Barat parang tarutamo barado di wilayah Parancih. Perjanjian ikoini dianggok indak adil wakatu itu karano marupoan padamaian nan didikte dek para pemenang dan sacaro kaseluruahan manyalahan parang ka Jerman. Hal iko sungguah manyederhanaan situasi. Babarapo sejarawan modern bapandapekt bahwa perjanjian iko cukuik adil karano merefleksikan syarat-syarat barek nan didiktean ka Rusia dek Jerman jo [[Perjanjian Brest-Litovsk]]. === Daerah nan Diserahan === * [[Alsace-Lorraine]], daerah-daerah nan diserahan ka Jerman manuruik mukadimah perdamaian nan ditandotangani di [[Versailles]] pado [[26 Februari]] [[1871]], dan [[Perjanjian Frankfurt]] pado 10 Mei 1871, dibaliakan ka Parancih tanpa [[jajak pendapat|jajak pandapek]] mulai tanggal gencatan sanjato 11 November 1918. (area 14&nbsp;522&nbsp;km², panduduak 1.815.000 jiwa (1905)), * [[Schleswig Utara]] tamasuak kota-kota nan mayoritas panduduaknyo adolah Jerman iyolah [[Tønder|Tondern]] ([[Tønder]]), [[Apenrade]], [[Sonderburg]], [[Hadersleben]], dan Lügum di [[Schleswig-Holstein]], sasudah [[Jajak Pendapat Schleswig]], ka [[Denmark]] (area 3&nbsp;984&nbsp;km², panduduak 163.600 jiwa (1920)), * Provinsi Prusia Posen dan [[Prusia Barat]], nan dicaplok dek [[Prusia]] pado [[Pembagian Polandia]] (1772-1795), dibaliakan ka [[Polandia]] nan alah laia baliak. Wilayah ko alah dibebeasan dek panduduak Polandia lokal pado [[Pemberontakan Wielkopolska]] antaro taun 1918-1919 (area 53&nbsp;800&nbsp;km², panduduak 4.224.000 jiwa (1931)). * Prusia Barat diagiahan ka Polandia supayo Nagaro ko punyo akses bebas ka lauik, tamasuak minoritas Jerman nan cukuik gadang dan jo iko manciptaan [[Koridor Polandia]]. * Wilayah Hlučínsko [[Hultschin|Hulczyn]] di [[Silesia Hulu]] diagiahan ka [[Cekoslovakia]] (area 316 atau 333&nbsp;km², jo panduduak 49.000 jiwa), * Bagian timur [[Silesia Hulu]], ka [[Polandia]] (area 3&nbsp;214&nbsp;km², jo pANDUDUAK 965.000 jiwa), meski 60% padO jajak pandapek mamiliah untuak tatok bagabuang jo Jerman * Kota-kota Jerman [[Eupen]] dan [[Malmedy]] ka [[Belgia]] * Wilayah [[Dzialdowo|Soldau]] di [[Prusia Timur]] (stasiun kareta api rute [[Warsawa]]-[[Gdańsk]]) ka [[Polandia]] (area 492&nbsp;km²), * bagian utara Prusia sAbagai ''[[Memelland]]'' di bawah pangawasan [[Prancis|Parancih]], kamudian diserahan ka [[Lithuania]] tanpa jajak pandapek. * Dari bagian timur Prusia Barat jo bagian selatan Prusia Timur ([[Warmia]] dan [[Masuria]]), sabuah daerah ketek ka Polandia, * Provinsi [[Saarland]] diawasi Liga Bangsa-Bangsa salamo 15 tahun. Lalu sasudah periode kp diadoan jajak pandapek apokah panduduak nio bagabuang jo Parancih atau Jerman. Pado masaiko, produk batubara diagiahan ka Parancih. * Palabuhan [[Gdańsk|Danzig]] (sekarang [[Gdańsk]], [[Polandia]]) jo wilayah muaro batang Wisla pado [[Laut Baltik]] dijadian ''[[Freie Stadt Danzig]]'' (Kota Bebas Danzig) di bawah pangawasan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa. (wilayah 1&nbsp;893&nbsp;km², jo panduduak 408.000 jiwa (1929)). Dalam Pasal 156 Jerman menyerahan konsesi-konsesi Jerman di [[Shandong]], [[Tiongkok]] ka Japang dan indak menyerahannyo baliak kaTiongkok. Kemarahan warga Tiongkok mangenai kaputusan iko mambuek demonstrasi dan gerakan kabudayaan nan disabuik jo istilah [[Gerakan Empat Mei]] dan mambueki Nagaro iko untuak indak menandotangani perjanjian. Tiongkok manyatoan salasai parang jo Jerman pado September 1919 dan menandotangani perjanjian tapisah jo Jerman pado taun 1921. === Syarat-Syarat Militer === ==== Bateh-bateh Militer ==== Salain manyerahan daerah, ado babarapo batehan untuak Jerman di bidang militer, antaro lain: * Jumlah tentara Jerman maksimal nan dimiliki [[Jerman]] adolah 100.000 urang sajo, dan wajib militer diapuihan * Jumlah tentara Angkatan Lauik Jerman maksimal 15.000 urang * Jumlah kapa parang basanjatoa (''Battleship'') Jerman maksimal 6 (Dengan katantuan bobot maksimal 10.000 Ton) * Jumlah kapa parang gerak capek (''Cruiser'') Jerman maksimal 6 (Dengan katentuan bobot maksimal 6.000 Ton) * Jumlah kapa parusak (''Destroyer'') Jerman maksimal 12 (Dengan katentuan bobot maksimal 800 ton) * Jumlah kapa torpedo (''PT Boat'') Jerman maksimal 12 (Dengan katentuan bobot maksimal 200 ton) * Batehan dalam produksi sanjato (Contoh: Sanapan Masin Maxim dan Rifle Gewehr 98) [[Berkas:Mauser m98.jpg|jmpl|Gewehr 98, senjata nan dibatasi produksinya setelah perjanjian Versailles]] ==== Larangan Militer ==== Ado pulo babarapo hal nan dilarang dalam bidang Militer, antaro lain * Jerman dilarang punyo kapa salam * Jerman dilarang malakuan padagangan sanjato antarnegara (Impor-Ekspor sanjato) * Jerman dilarang punyo gas baracun * Jerman dilarang punyo pesawat tempur * Jerman dilarang punyo tank jo oto basanjato (Artileri Darat) * Jerman dilarang malakuan blokade ahadok kapa lain == Referensi == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [http://www.exulanten.com/cr2.html Preceding: Text of Protest by Germany and Acceptance of Fair Peace Treaty] * [http://www.trianonmuzeum.hu Trianon Museum] * [http://history.acusd.edu/gen/text/versaillestreaty/vercontents.html Contents of the Treaty of Versailles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050819151524/http://history.acusd.edu/gen/text/versaillestreaty/vercontents.html |date=2005-08-19 }} * [http://history.acusd.edu/gen/text/versaillestreaty/all440.html The Full Text of the Treaty of Versailles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902083956/http://history.acusd.edu/gen/text/versaillestreaty/all440.html |date=2006-09-02 }} * [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/menu.htm Full text of Treaty of Versailles as part of The Avalon Project at Yale Law School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503220755/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/menu.htm |date=2006-05-03 }} * [http://www.wzaponline.com/Page2.html The Treaty of Versailles and the Impact on Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017040242/http://www.wzaponline.com/Page2.html |date=2006-10-17 }} * [http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versailles.htm Peace Treaty?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525034231/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versailles.htm |date=2015-05-25 }} [[Kategori:Perang Dunia I]] [[Kategori:Perjanjian damai|Versailles]] [[Kategori:Sejarah Jerman]] {{sejarah-stub}} hme3rmf5nr1sgv0x1plgekdwieajz3c Palabuahan Taluak Bayua 0 323612 3347758 3153467 2026-06-11T21:43:28Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Teluk Bayur}} {{Infobox port | name = Palabuhan Taluak Bayur<br><small>Pelabuhan Teluk Bayur<br>Emmahaven</small> | image = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gezicht over de Emmahaven TMnr 60004074.jpg | imagesize = 250px | caption = | country = {{nagara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] | location =[[Kota Padang]], [[Sumatra Barat]] | coordinates = {{coord|0|59|51.43|S|100|22|19.79|E|scale:50000}} | opened = 1888 | operated = Pelabuhan Indonesia II | owner = | type = Palabuahan [[kapa]] panompang | sizewater = 30,89 Ha | sizeland = 434 Ha | size = 544 Ha | berths = | wharfs = | piers = | employees = | leadershiptitle = | leader = | blankdetailstitle1 = Otoritas pelabuhan | blankdetails1 =KSOP kelas II Teluk Bayur | blankdetailstitle2 = | blankdetails2 = | blankdetailstitle3 = | blankdetails3 = | arrivals = | cargotonnage = | containervolume = | cargovalue = | passengertraffic = | revenue = | profit = | blankstatstitle1 = | blankstats1 = | blankstatstitle2 = | blankstats2 = | blankstatstitle3 = | blankstats3 = | website =[http://indonesiaport.co.id/ indonesiaport.co.id] }} [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Padang Sumatra`s Westkust schepen in de Emmahaven met op de achtergrond de Apenberg TMnr 60009204.jpg|jmpl|254px|Palabuahan Taluak Bayua pado taun 1895|al=]] [[Berkas:Teluk Bayur.jpg|jmpl|254px|ka|Palabuahan Taluak Bayua dari kajauahan]] '''Palabuahan Taluak Bayua''' (Indonesia: ''Pelabuhan Teluk Bayur'') adolah salah satu palabuahan nan talatak di [[Kota Padang]], provinsi [[Sumatra Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Palabuahan Taluak Bayua sabalunnyo banamo '''Emmahaven''' nan dibangun sajak zaman kolonial [[Balando]] antaro taun 1888 sampai 1893. Palabuahan ko bafungsi sabagai pintu masuak antar pulau sarato pintu masuak aruih kalua masuak barang ekspor-impor dari dan ka Sumatra Barat. Inggo maso [[Parang Dunia II]], Palabuahan Taluak Bayua marupokan salah satu dari limo palabuahan paliang gadang dan paliang sibuk di Indonesia. Sairiang jo bakambangnyo [[Singapura]] sabagai palabuahan transit, [[Selat Malaka]] manjadi jalua palayaran nan pantiang sainggo mambuek manurunnyo aktivitas padagangan di Taluak Bayua.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kicc.jp/auick/database/ids/ids01/ids01-05.htm |title=archive copy |access-date=2019-06-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001737/http://www.kicc.jp/auick/database/ids/ids01/ids01-05.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Renovation == Proyek renovasi bajalan dari taun 2011 sampai 2015 jo anggaran dana Rp 1,7 trilyun ($185,8 juta) nan ka mamodernan tampilan Palabuahan Taluak Bayua. Palabuahan baru ko ka mangurangi wakatu antre dari rato-rato 10 ari manjadi wakatu nan labiah wajar jo 3 tampek balabuah tapisah nan manangani kontainer jo barang sarato terminal sagalo guno jo terminal kontainer nan dipalaweh inggo 500 meter jo 7 derek dari 150 meter nan ado. Jadi, 16 kapa skala gadang mamungkinkan untuak balabuah dari nan salamoko 10 kapa di wakatu nan basamoan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/01/05/teluk-bayur-be-renovated-cost-rp17t.html|title=Teluk Bayur to be renovated at cost of Rp 1.7t|date=January 5, 2012|access-date=June 23, 2019|archive-date=June 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623042625/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/01/05/teluk-bayur-be-renovated-cost-rp17t.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>{{coord|0|59|53|S|100|22|32|E|scale:50000|display=title}} == Profil singkek == Palabuahan Taluak Bayua marupokan salah satu cabang dari [[Pelabuhan Indonesia II|PT. (Persero) Pelabuhan Indonesia II]], sabuah BUMN nan mangelola babarapo palabuahan di Indonesia. Palabuahan Taluak Bayua kini alah mampunyoi standar prosedur palayanan manuruik ISO 9002 sainggo dapek dikecekan alah manjadi Palabuahan Kelas Satu. === Fasilitas palabuahan === Palabuahan Taluk Bayua manyadiokan palayanan palabuahan jo palayanan lainnyo antaro lain<ref>http://www.telukbayurport.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009123423/http://www.telukbayurport.com/ |date=2007-10-09 }} [http://www.telukbayurport.com Fasilitas palabuahan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009123423/http://www.telukbayurport.com/ |date=2007-10-09 }}</ref>: # Kolam palabuahan # Palayanan pandu jo tunda # Fasilitas infrastruktur palabuahan tamasuak dermaga, ''dolphin'', & tambatan # Gudang, lapangan, pananganan barang sarato kalangkokannyo # Operasi pananganan petikameh # Operasi pananganan ''bulk cargo'' # Terminal panompang # Utilitas area darek palabuahan & properti untuak usaho-usaho labiah produktif {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! No ! Fasilitas ! Kuantitas |- | 1 | Kolam Palabuahan | 30,89 Ha |- | 2 | Area Darek | 544 Ha |- | 3 | Dermaga | 1.565 m |- | 4 | Gudang Panumpuakan | 18.401 m² |- | 5 | Fasilitas Batu Baro | 10,77 Ha |- | 6 | Fasilitas Simin | 11 unit<ref group="Catatan" name="S">Kapasitas 88.000 ton.</ref> |- | 7 | Fasilitas Pupuak | 9.500 ton |- | 8 | Fasilitas Minyak Sawit | 15 unit<ref group="Catatan" name="MS">Kapasitas 22.600 ton.</ref> |- | 9 | Area Terminal Panumpang<ref group="Catatan" name="P">Kapasitas 2000 orang.</ref> | 1.608 m² |} == Catatan == <references group="Catatan" /> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == * {{id}} {{en}} [http://www.telukbayurport.com/ Situs web rasmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009123423/http://www.telukbayurport.com/ |date=2007-10-09 }} * {{id}} [http://www.inaport2.co.id/ PT (Persero) Pelabuhan Indonesia II] * {{commons category-inline|Port of Teluk Bayur}} {{Palabuahan-stub}} [[Kategori:Palabuahan di Indonesia|Taluak Bayua]] m705lt7qk2vibjy5b6u8exe5aqjilkk Tafdil Husni 0 324675 3347778 3156217 2026-06-12T02:43:56Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''[[Profesor|Prof]]. [[Doktor|Dr]]. Tafdil Husni, [[Sarjana Ekonomi|SE]], [[MBA]]''' ({{lahirmati|[[Kota Padang]], [[Sumatra Barat]]|20|11|1962}}) adolah akademisi pendidikan Indonesia. Inyo kini manjabat [[Rektor]] [[Universitas Andalas]] pariode 2015–2019. Inyo diangkek sabagai Rektor [[Universitas Andalas|Unand]] dek[[Daftar Menteri Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Indonesia|Menteri Riset, Teknologi dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia]], [[Muhammad Nasir]], pado 25 November 2015 manggantian rektor sabalunnyo, [[Werry Darta Taifur]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.unand.ac.id/id/berita-peristiwa/berita/item/208-pelantikan-rektor-universitas-andalas-masa-bakti-2015-2019|title=Universitas Andalas - Pelantikan Rektor Universitas Andalas Masa Bakti 2015-2019|language=id-id|access-date=2018-01-05|archive-date=2018-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106073044/http://www.unand.ac.id/id/berita-peristiwa/berita/item/208-pelantikan-rektor-universitas-andalas-masa-bakti-2015-2019|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sabalun manjadi [[rektor]], inyo marupoan [[Dekan]] [[Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Andalas|Fakultas Ekonomi Unand]] periode 2012–2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fekon.unand.ac.id/profil/struktur-organisasi/pimpinan-fekon-unand.html|title=Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Andalas - Pimpinan Fakultas Ekonomi Unand|language=id-id|access-date=2018-01-05|archive-date=2018-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106071122/http://fekon.unand.ac.id/profil/struktur-organisasi/pimpinan-fekon-unand.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kini, Tafdil Husni manjabaik sebagai rektor di Universitas Bung Hatta (UBH) periode 2020-2024 yang menggantikan rektor sebelumnya, yaitu Prof. Dr. Azwar Ananda, M.A.(2017-2019), Prof. Dr. Hendra Suherman, S.T., M.T. (Pjs, 2019-2020).<ref>https://www.harianhaluan.com/pendidikan/pr-10223915/sah-prof-dr-tafdil-husni-resmi-menjadi-rektor-ubh. Diakses pada 04-01-2024.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bunghatta.ac.id/news-3110-utama1.html|title=Pjs. Rektor, Dr. Hendra Suherman, M.T., Terima Penyampaian Salinan Menristekdikti tentang Prodi TRPPBS di FTSP|last=Indonesia|first=©Copyright Universitas Bung Hatta|last2=Padang 25133|date=2023-08-11|website=Universitas Bung Hatta|language=id|access-date=2024-01-05}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> = Pendidikan = Tafdil Husni manampuah pendidikannyo di Sekolah Dasar (SD) di Kota Padang, lanjuik ka SMP Adabiah Padang, sudah tu lanjuik ka SMA 3 Padang, tamaik dari SMA, dia malanjuik-an pandidikan S1 di Universitas Andalas di Fakultas Ekonomi, lanjuik ka University of the Philippines untuak program S2 dengan jurusan General Management, tamaik S2, dia malanjuik-an S3 di University Sains Malaysia jurusan Finance , Thesis on Invesment Management.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-az--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gsdw--by--fu-9oUjk8y7f4590j65|title=Direktori Dosen Unand|website=dosen.unand.ac.id|access-date=2024-01-05|archive-date=2023-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201154623/http://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-az--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gsdw--by--fu-9oUjk8y7f4590j65|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Kehidupan == Lapeh tamaik dari [[Fakultas Ekonomi Unand]], inyo malanjuikan kuliahnyo ka [[Universitas Filipina|University of The Philippines]] untuak program S-2. Inyo mandapek gala Dr. dari [[Universitas Sains Malaysia|Universiti Sains Malaysia]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fekon.unand.ac.id/profil/dosen-dan-karyawan/dosen.html|title=Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Andalas - Tenaga Pendidik/Dosen|language=id-id|access-date=2018-01-05|archive-date=2018-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106073643/http://fekon.unand.ac.id/profil/dosen-dan-karyawan/dosen.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>. Kini ko Tafdil maaja di [[Magister Manajemen]] [[Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Andalas]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mm.fekon.unand.ac.id/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=78:about-us&Itemid=258|title=Daftar Dosen Magister Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Andalas|last=Admin|language=id-id|access-date=2018-01-05|archive-date=2018-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106073646/http://mm.fekon.unand.ac.id/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=78:about-us&Itemid=258|dead-url=yes}}</ref>. Tafdil manjadi [[Universitas Andalas#Pimpinan|rektor UNAND]] periode 2015–2019 dek manang dalam pemilihan rektor putaran ketiga. Tafdil mandapek an 51 suaro atau 45,5%, [[Werry Darta Taifur|Werry]] 40 suaro atau 35,7% jo Masrul jo 21 suaro atau 18,7% <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20150829/255/466530/tafdil-husni-terpilih-jadi-rektor-unand-periode-2015-2019|title=Tafdil Husni Terpilih Jadi Rektor Unand Periode 2015-2019 {{!}} Kabar24 - Bisnis.com|newspaper=Bisnis.com|access-date=2018-01-09}}</ref>. Proses akhia pamilihan rektor Unand jo pamilihan dek anggota senat jo [[Menteri Riset dan Teknologi|Menteri Riset Teknologi dan Perguruan Tinggi]] <ref name=":0" />. = Penghargaan = Rektor Universitas Bung Hatta Prof. Dr. Tafdil Husni, S.E, MBA manarimo langsuang tropi penghargaan 2 Bronze Winner untuk kategori Perguruan Tinggi Swata Bidang Kerjasama dengan Lembaga Pemerintah dan NGO dan tropi Bronze Winner untuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri dan Swasta dalam bidang Pelaksanaan Program Kompetisi Kampus Merdeka 2023 Liga 2 Regional 2 dalam acara yang balangsuang di Sheraton Grand Jakarta Gandaria City Rabu (13/12/2023) dan disiarkan langsuang malalui chanel youtube Ditjen Diktiristek. Anugerah Diktiristek marupoan bantuak pemantauan, evaluasi serta apresiasi atas kinerja dan keberhasilan pembinaan lembaga di lingkungan Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Riset, dan Teknologi (Ditjen Diktiristek) Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi (Kemendikbudristek).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bunghatta.ac.id/news-4148-universitas-bung-hatta-raih-2-penghargaan-bronze-winner-dalam-ajang-anugerah-diktiristek-2023.html|title=Universitas Bung Hatta Raih 2 Bronze Winner Dalam Ajang Anugerah Diktiristek 2023|last=Indonesia|first=©Copyright Universitas Bung Hatta|last2=Padang 25133|date=2023-08-11|website=Universitas Bung Hatta|language=id|access-date=2024-01-05}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> = Karya = - PRICE RANDOMNESS, CONTRARIAN AND MOMENTUM STRATEGIES: A STUDY OF RETURN PREDICTABILITY IN THE MALAYSIAN STOCK EXCHANGE (2005) - MOMENTUM STRATEGIES AND TRADING VOLUME TURNOVER IN MALAYSIAN STOCK EXCHANGE (2006) - Pengembangan Model Sentra Industri Kreatif Motif Kerajinan Minang melalui Adaptability IKM, Inovasi, Kewirausahaan dan Keunggulan Kompetitif (2014) - Sustainability Development in Achieving Economic Independence (2017) - Financial Performance Analysis of Financial Service Cooperative of Sharia (KJKS) with Pattern Murabahah on Poor Households in West Sumatra (2017) - Analysis of Funding, Working Capital Turnover, Liquidity and Sales Growth to Profitability (2017) - The Impact of Aggressive Working Capital Management Policy on Firm’s Value: A Mediating Effect of Company’s Profitability (2018) - The Effect of Bank Behavior, Financial Literacy on Financial Inclusion and Debt Behavior In Household Consumption (2019) - Production Optimalization Analysis and Maximization Profit of Salt Farmers on the Madura Island (2019) - Cash Compensation, Corporate Governance, Ownership, and Dividend Policy on Banking Performance (2020) - The Influence of CAR, NPF, FDR and BOPO To Return On Asset in Indonesia Islamic Bank On The Indonesian Stock Exchange (2020) - The Relation Between Cash Compensation of Banking Executives, Charter Value, Capital Requirements and Risk Taking (2020) - HE INFLUENCE OF ZAKAT, INFAQ, SADAQOH (ZIS) ON POVERTY ALLEVATION (2020) - The Moderating Effect of Managerial Ownership on Diversified Conglomerates and the Performance of Family Companies on the Indonesian Capital Market (2020) - ESTIMATING OF DEBT FINANCING, EQUITY FINANCING TOWARDS PROFIT EXPENSE IN INDONESIA (2021) - Investor Behavior Responding to Changes in Trading Halt Conditions: Empirical Evidence from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (2021) - Mental Budgeting dan Motivasi Terhadap Pengelolaan Keuangan Individu (2021) - The Impact of Executive Compensation, Ownership, and Capital Requirement on Earning Management: Evidence from Indonesia Banking Companies (2021) == Rujukan == <references />{{Kotak_mulai}} {{S-aca}} {{S-bef|before=[[Werry Darta Taifur|Prof. Dr. Werry Darta Taifur, SE, MBA]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Universitas Andalas#Pimpinan|Rektor Universitas Andalas]]|years=25 November 2015—sekarang}} {{S-aft|after=Petahana}} {{Kotak_selesai}} {{indo-bio-stub}} [[Kategori:Ekonom Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Pengajar Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Rektor Universitas Andalas]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Andalas]] [[Kategori:Cerdik Pandai Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Lima Puluh Kota]] hs8t03r6fdtkffmsyczhf74g9clvao7 Suku Jambak 0 324708 3347768 3346781 2026-06-12T02:18:45Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ethnic group|group=Suku Jambak<br />|popplace= [[Sumatera Barat]]:|langs=<nowiki> Minang </nowiki>|rels=Mayoritas [[Islam]]|related=[[Suku Muaro Basa]], [[Suku Nyiur]], [[Suku Makacik]], [[Suku Pauh]], [[Suku Simawang]], [[Suku Talapuang]], [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|Suku Malayu]], [[Suku Pisang]], [[Suku Sapuluh]], [[Suku Baringin]] }} '''Suku Jambak''' adolah salah satu [[Daftar suku Minangkabau|suku]] (''klan'') nan ado di [[Bangso Minangkabau|etnis Minangkabau]]. Suku ko basamo jo [[suku Kutianyie]] marupoan pacahan-pacahan dari [[suku Guci]]<ref>Badasakan sumber lisan dari salah satu urang [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] nan basuku [[Suku Kutianyie|Kutianyie]].</ref> nan tamasuak bagian dari [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] nan dikana jo prinsipnyo tu “bajanjang naiak, batanggo turun”. Cuman babedo lo jo suku induaknyo, kalau mancaliak ka karabaik pasukuan nan ado di [[Kota Padang]], suku Jambak bakarabaik jo [[suku Sumagek]], [[suku Mandaliko]], dan [[suku Panyalai]] nan tamasuak bagian dari [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] nan dikana jo prinsipnyo tu “tagak samo tinggi, duduak samo randah”, sadangkan suku-suku pacahannyo sorang nan tasabuik namonyo [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|suku Malayu]] dan [[suku Sipisang]] iko mamakai adaik [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] saroman suku induaknyo suku Jambak nan [[suku Guci]] tu baitu pulo,<ref name="Jumhari">{{cite journal | journal = Wacana Etnik, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora | language = id | title = Urgensi Penguatan Identitas Kewarganegaraan Subnasional di Kota Padang Pasca Gempa 2009: Studi Tentang Reposisi Etnis Cina Terhadap Kebijakan Publik dan Politik Lokal | author = Jumhari | volume = Vol. 4, no. 1 | url = http://wacanaetnik.fib.unand.ac.id/index.php/wacanaetnik/article/viewFile/42/49 | page = 8 | location = Padang | publisher = Pusat Studi dan Informasi Kebudayaan Minangkabau (PSIKM) dan Sastra Daerah FIB Universitas Andalas | id = ISSN 2098-8746 | date = April 2013 | access-date = | archive-date = 2017-04-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170429001827/http://wacanaetnik.fib.unand.ac.id/index.php/wacanaetnik/article/viewFile/42/49 | dead-url = no }}</ref> walaupun [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|suku Malayu]] ko ado juo nan mamakai adaik [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] jo adaik [[Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] sakalian nan iko bisa juo dikecek'an sabagai [[Lareh Nan Panjang]]. Adopun kalau dicaliak ka daerah nan ado di [[Kota Bukittinggi|Kota Bukiktinggi]], tapeknyo di [[Bukit Cangang Kayu Ramang, Guguk Panjang, Bukittinggi|Kel. Bukik Cangang Kayu Ramang, Kec. Guguak Panjang]], suku Jambak di sinan mamakai kaduo aliran ([[Lareh Koto Piliang]] jo [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]]) sakalian nan badampak pado bantuak rumah gadang dan adaik istiadaik. Pado rumah adaik suku Jambak, rumah ko indak punyo anjuang nan kaduo ujuang rumah gadang dan balantai data saroman rumah gadang [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Bodi Chaniago]]. Cuman, dalam adaiknyo dikana istilah ''bajanjang naiak, batanggo turun'' nan marupoan model kapamimpinan [[Lareh Koto Piliang|kalarehan Koto Piliang]]. Hal ko mancaminan integrasi antaro konsep [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|kalarehan Bodi Chaniago]] jo [[Lareh Koto Piliang|Koto Piliang]] pado adaik suku Jambak di [[Bukit Cangang Kayu Ramang, Guguk Panjang, Bukittinggi|Bukik Cangang Kayu Ramang]].<ref name="Rumah Gadang Suku Jambak">GDC Unand. [https://bukitcangang.gdc.unand.ac.id/situs/rumah-gadang-suku-jambak/1 "Rumah Gadang Suku Jambak"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015023705/https://bukitcangang.gdc.unand.ac.id/situs/rumah-gadang-suku-jambak/1 |date=2025-10-15 }}. ''Explore the Beautiful Places Bukit Cangang Kayu Ramang'' (dalam Bahaso Indonesia). Diakses pas tanggal 19 November 2024.</ref> Dan pamakaian kaduo ''lareh'' sakalian bisa juo dikecek'an mamakai [[Lareh Nan Panjang]]. Kalau dicaliak baliak ka baradonyo suku Jambak nan ado di [[Kota Padang]], baati suku Jambak ado nan sistem adaiknyo mamakai [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] dan ado juo nan mamakai [[Lareh Nan Panjang]] bahubuang pamakaian kaduo ''lareh'' sakalian. Jadi, kamungkinan suku Jambak pado awalnyo mamakai [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] hinggo tajadi parubahan pamakaian sistem adaik manjadi [[Lareh Nan Panjang]] kalau dicaliak mode tu, hinggo ado juo sasudah tu barubah manjadi [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]]. Dan iko babedo jo [[suku Guci]] nan marupoan suku induaknyo dan baitu juo [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|Suku Malayu]] jo [[suku Sipisang]] nan marupoan suku-suku pacahannyo, dima katigonyo pado dasanyo mamakai [[Lareh Koto Piliang]]. Sahinggo bisa dicaliak bahwa di antaro suku-suku nan pado dasanyo barado di bawah nauangan [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] (salain [[suku Koto]] dan [[suku Piliang]]) ado juo nan mangalami parubahan pamakaian sistem adaik nan juo mamakai [[Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] sakalian nan baati bisa dikecek'an sabagai [[Lareh Nan Panjang]], dima iko tajadi pado suku Jambak dan [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|Suku Malayu]]. Bedonyo, suku Jambak dicaliak kini ko ado nan mamakai [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] dan ado juo nan mamakai [[Lareh Nan Panjang]], sadangkan [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|Suku Malayu]] pado dasanyo mamakai [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] dan ado juo nan mamakai [[Lareh Nan Panjang]]. Dalam versi lain, suku ko adolah rombongan pangambaro nan dipimpin [[Hera mong Champa]]/[[Harimau Champo]] nan datang dari [[Tiongkok]], [[Champa]], dan [[Siam]]. Versi ko cukuik babedo jo asa usua suku Jambak nan jaleh marupoan pacahan dari [[suku Guci]] nan tu jaleh lahia dari [[etnis Minangkabau]] tu sorang. Cuman soal ko indak punyo referensi pandukuang nan kuek dan malah ado di antaro urang Minang sorang nan manolak hal ko dikaranoan suku ko iyolah pacahan dari [[suku Guci]] ko, dan panolakan ko juo dikaranoan hal ko kasannyo 'bapasoan' dalam marelasian antaro "Champa" jo "Jambak" nan panyabuik'an kaduo namonyo ampia mirip. == Sajarah == === Dari Sumber Lisan (Primer) jo Sumber Tulisan (Sekunder) === Suku Jambak ko marupoan pacahan dari [[suku Guci]]. Salain tu, pacahan lainnyo dari [[suku Guci]] nan dikatahui iyolah [[suku Kutianyie]]. Sahinggo de' hubungan antaro suku-suku ko, ado pulo nan mangecek'an kalau urang dari suku Jambak, [[suku Guci]], dan [[suku Kutianyie]] indak buliah saliang nikah de' katigonyo samo-samo bainduak ka suku nan ciek yaitu [[suku Guci]]. Walau katigonyo lah babedo sukunyo, itu masih dianggap asanyo ciek, dan adopun misal buliah nikah sasuku walau babedo datuak itupun indak juo diterap'an di sadolah suku-suku nan ado di nagari-nagari dalam Ranah Minangkabau. Parihal sistem adaik nan dipakai de' suku Jambak, cando nan tasabuik, kalau dicaliak ka [[suku Guci]] nan marupoan suku induaknyo, awak tau juo bahwa sistem adaik nan dipakai tu [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] jo prinsipnyo “bajanjang naiak, batanggo turun”. Cuman babedo lo jo suku induaknyo, kalau mancaliak ka karabaik pasukuan nan ado di [[Kota Padang]], suku Jambak bakarabaik jo [[suku Sumagek]], [[suku Mandaliko]], dan [[suku Panyalai]] nan tamasuak bagian dari [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] nan dikana jo prinsipnyo tu “tagak samo tinggi, duduak samo randah”, sadangkan suku-suku pacahannyo sorang nan tasabuik namonyo [[Suku Malayu (Minang)|Suku Malayu]] dan [[suku Sipisang]] ko mamakai adaik [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] saroman suku induaknyo suku Jambak yaitu [[suku Guci]] nan baitu pulo.<ref name="Jumhari"/> Balain lo kalau dicaliak ka daerah nan ado di [[Kota Bukittinggi|Kota Bukiktinggi]] nan alah disabuik sabalunnyo, tapeknyo di [[Bukit Cangang Kayu Ramang, Guguk Panjang, Bukittinggi|Kel. Bukik Cangang Kayu Ramang, Kec. Guguak Panjang]], suku Jambak di sinan mamakai kaduo aliran ([[Lareh Koto Piliang]] jo [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]]) sakalian nan badampak pado bantuak rumah gadang dan adaik istiadaik. Pado rumah adaik suku Jambak, rumah ko indak punyo anjuang nan kaduo ujuang rumah gadang dan balantai data saroman rumah gadang [[Lareh Bodi Chaniago|Bodi Chaniago]]. Cuman, dalam adaiknyo dikana istilah ''bajanjang naiak, batanggo turun'' nan marupoan model kapamimpinan [[Lareh Koto Piliang|kalarehan Koto Piliang]]. Hal ko mancaminan integrasi antaro konsep [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|kalarehan Bodi Chaniago]] jo [[Lareh Koto Piliang|Koto Piliang]] pado adaik suku Jambak di [[Bukit Cangang Kayu Ramang, Guguk Panjang, Bukittinggi|Bukik Cangang Kayu Ramang]].<ref name="Rumah Gadang Suku Jambak"/> Jadi, kamungkinannyo suku Jambak awalnyo mamakai sistem [[Lareh Koto Piliang]]. Bisa jadi pas suku Jambak alah mamanca ka babagai wilayah, hinggo lah ado paadaban di wilayah tu sampai sakian lamo, di masiang-masiang wilayah ado pakambangan suku Jambak nan antaro ciek jo nan lainnyo indak lah samo. Dalam studi kasus mode di Kota Padang, suku Jambak basistem [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]], sadangkan mode di salah satu daerah di Kota Bukiktinggi lah babedo juo de' suku Jambak di sinan mamakai sistem [[Lareh Koto Piliang]] jo [[Lareh Bodi Caniago|Lareh Bodi Chaniago]] basamoan. === Dari Sumber nan Kurang Jaleh Validnyo / Simpang Siua === Dalam versi lain, suku Jambak marupoan suku pangambaro nan datang dari tanah Tiongkok, tapi parihal ko iyo bana indak jaleh de' nan mode awak tau kalau dalam panakanannyo suku Jambak ko pado dasanyo bainduak ka [[suku Guci]] nan dalam artian suku ko pacahan dari suku lain nan dari [[Bangso Minangkabau|etnis Minangkabau]] juo. Nan iko dicaritoan bahwa kahadiran suku dari tanah sabarang tasabuik sampai manyeba ka wilayah daratan Minangkabau. Kabiasaan urang Tiongkok nan malakukan pangambaroan jo sistem ekspansi itu tajadi di Koto Tuo, kalompok nan mangambaro tasabuik dikana jo turunan suku Campa, mereka datang jo saurang pimpinan rajo padusi nan banamo Hera Mong Campa. Ciek riwayaik mangecekkan Hera Mong Campa datang dari Mongolia.<ref name=":0" /> Urang Tiongkok pado wakatu itu mampunyoi kabiasaan baparang, kadatangan mereka di ranah Koto Tuo pun dilakuan jo paparangan. Dari pajalanan panjang suku Campa di tanah Agam akhianyo mambuaan hasia jo manyingkianyo panduduak nan mandiami Koto Tuo sabalunnyo jo mereka iduik bakambang di wilayah tasabuik sampai manyeba ka bara daerah di Minangkabau. Sabahagian pandapek mangecek'an panduduak nan mandiami Koto Tuo sabalun bangso Tiongkok datang dipabuliahan tingga di daerah asa mereka jo sarat mangikuik'i aturan-aturan urang Campa jo sabahagian pindah ka daerah Kayu Tanam Pariaman jo kalompok ko nan bakambang manjadi suku Sikumbang di Pariaman sampai ka wilayah Pasisia Selatan. Artinyo suku Sikumbang bukan bahagian dari suku Bodi Caniago maupun Koto Piliang hanyo sajo samo-samo kaum nan datang dari daerah nan samo yaitu Turkestan.<ref name=":0" /> Jauah sabalum dikenalnyo namo Minangkabau, kahadiran suku Campa alah manyebar di wilayah Agam sasudah mereka mangalahan para pangambaro Turkestan, manuruik ciek carito kabaradoan suku Campa di Tanah Agam tajadi sabalum pindahnyo kaum Koto Piliang ka Luhak Limo Puluah Koto, itu mangkonyo tanah Agam dikana sabagai Luak Nan Tangah. Karano proses panjang eksistensi pangikuik Hera Mong Campa di Tanah Agam, tajadilah parubahan sabuah dari suku Campa manjadi suku Jambak, samo halnyo jo kisah Payokumbuah nan konon barasa dari kato Payau Kumuah. Pamekaran wilayah patamo de' suku Jambak adolah ka daerah Panampuang (salah satu nagari di Kacamatan Ampek Angkek) jo sasudah itu manyeba sampai ka saluruah wilayah lainnyo.<ref name=":0" /> === Kamungkinan Adonyo Hubungan Antaro Kaduo Versi Sumber === Dari kaduo hal ko pado dasanyo babedo juo, karano Champa adolah namo daerah, sadangkan "Jambak" pado dasanyo adolah buah jenis jambu nan baukuran gadang. Bisa dicaliak bahwa di antaro bara suku pado etnis Minangkabau ado nan namonyo marupoan namo buah, mode [[suku Sipisang|suku Sipisang (Pisang)]] dan [[suku Dalimo]]. Kalau misal sabuik se bahwa kaduo versi di ateh bakaik'an, mangko bisa jadi suku ko lahia dari suatu ikatan panikahan antaro urang [[etnis Minangkabau|Minang]] nan kamungkinan masih basuku Guci dari pihak padusi jo kalangan rombongan [[Hera mong Champa]]/[[Harimau Champo]] dari pihak laki-laki, mengingek bahwa [[etnis Minangkabau]] manganuik sistem matrilineal. Memang indak dipungkiri bahwa badasakan babagai sumber dalam kajian ilmu etnologi, antropologi, arkeologi, dan genetika, disabuik'an bahwa moyang [[orang Minangkabau|urang Minangkabau]] di antaronyo baasa dari ''Champa'', Siam, Cino salatan, India balakang, Parsia, dan Eropa.<ref>Wonderful Indonesia (15 April 2014). [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2Qc8ZijTbSc&pp=ygUvVHJhdmVsbGluZyB0byBXZXN0IFN1bWF0ZXJhIChKYXBhbmVzZSBMYW5ndWFnZSk%3D "Travelling to West Sumatera (Japanese Language)"]. ''YouTube'' (dalam Bahaso Japang). Diakses pas sakitar tahun 2015 - 2017.</ref><ref>Kementerian Dalam Negeri - Republik Indonesia (18 Oktober 2017). [https://bskdn.kemendagri.go.id/website/adakah-orang-pribumi-indonesia-penelitian-ini-menjawabnya/ "Adakah Orang Pribumi Indonesia? Penelitian Ini Menjawabnya"]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''BSKDN (Badan Strategi Kebijakan Dalam Negeri)'' (dalam Bahaso Indonesia). Diakses pas tanggal 18 November 2024.</ref><ref>Wisesa, Yosafat Diva Bayu (24 Juni 2020). [https://www.hops.id/fit/pr-2942093800/asalusul-orang-indonesia-ada-darah-india-eropa-dan-china "Asal-Usul Orang Indonesia: Ada Darah India, Eropa, dan China"]. ''Hops.ID''. Diakses pas tanggal 18 November 2024.</ref><ref>Yuskar, Yuskar (2015). [http://repo.unand.ac.id/4763/ ''Taratak Tuo “Galundi nan Baselo”''] (dalam Bahaso Indonesia). Padang: Universitas Andalas.</ref> Cuman parihal ''Champa'' ko indaklah bisa direlasian langsuang baitu se jo suku Jambak ko de' hanyo karano maliek namonyo nan hampia mirip bunyinyo. Karano suku-suku di [[Orang Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] ko lahia dari paadaban nan alah tabantuak lamo, apolae suku Jambak ko marupoan pacahan dari suku lain yaitu [[suku Guci]]. Sadangkan moyang [[orang Minangkabau|urang Minangkabau]] manjadi cika baka nan mambantuak awal paadaban [[orang Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] dan kabaradoannyo pado maso nan jauah sabalun suku-suku ko tabantuak. == Turunan Suku == Di daerah Malalo (nan mancakuik [[Padang Laweh Malalo, Batipuah Selatan, Tanah Datar|Nagari Padang Laweh Malalo]] jo [[Guguak Malalo, Batipuah Selatan, Tanah Datar|Nagari Guguak Malalo]]), [[Batipuh Selatan, Tanah Datar|Kec. Batipuah Salatan, Kab. Tanah Data]], suku Jambak mangalami patumbuahan populasi nan pasek nan mangakibaikan mereka musti mamakarkan diri manjadi 10 pacahan suku yaitu: * Suku Muaro Basa. * Suku Nyiur. * Suku Makaciak. * Suku Pauh. * Suku Simawang (diambiak dari namo nagari tatangga). * Suku Talapuang. * Suku Malayu, sahinggo bisa disabuik sabagai suku Malayu Jambak. * Suku Jambak. * Suku Pisang (namo suku ko alah ado juo di daerah lain sahinggo disabuik se sabagai suku Pisang Jambak). * Suku Sapuluh. * Suku Baringin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://halonusa.com/asal-usul-dan-sejarah-suku-jambak-di-minangkabau-yang-selalu-hujan-saat-ada-pesta/|title=Asal Usul dan Sejarah Suku Jambak di Minangkabau yang Selalu Hujan Saat ada Pesta|last=Caniago|first=Halbert|date=2022-06-17|website=Halonusa.com|language=id|access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref> == Kahidupan Masyarakaik == Kabiasaan suku Jambak di antaronyo adolah: mereka suka iduik bakalompok sasamo urang Jambak. Apobilo malakuan kagiatan manaruko atau mambukak lahan baru, mako wilayah tasabuik diagiah namo sasuai jo namo suku mereka. Indak heran kalau di satiok wilayah nan ado di Sumatera Barat ado kampuang jo sabutan Kampuang Jambak. Sacara genetik mereka pado saik usia lanjuik mangidap panyakit tuli. Dalam masyarakaik suku ko labiah banyak manuruik jo labih banyak diam artinyo indak suko neko-neko.<ref name=":0" /> Kabiasaan suku Jambak di antaronyo adolah :<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mozaikminang.wordpress.com/2009/10/15/sejarah-turunan-suku-jambak-di-minangkabau/|title=Sejarah Turunan Suku Jambak di Minangkabau|date=2009-10-14|website=Paco Paco|language=id|access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref> 1. Mereka suka hidup berkelompok sesama urang Jambak. 2. Apabila melakukan kegiatan manaruko atau membuka lahan baru, mangko wilayah tasabuik diberi namo sesuai jo namo suku mereka, tidak heran kalau disetiap wilayah nan ado di Sumatera Barat ado kampuang jo sebutan Kampuang Jambak. 3. Secara genetic mereka pado saat usia lanjut mengidap penyakit tuli. 4. Dalam masyarakaik suku ko lebih banyak menurut jo lebih banyak diam artinya tidak suka neko-neko. 5. Hal nan di luar nalar awak adolah apobilo malakukan pesta acok tibo hujan, konon carito ko adolah pasumpahan Hera Mong Campa katiko kamarau panjang nan malando daerah mereka. Sehingga mamohon pado Tuhan agar diturunkan hujan pado saaik butuah hujan jo kabatulan wakatu tu mereka sangaik butuah hujan karano ka malaksanoan pesta.{{efn|Badasakan ota nan lah umum di masyarakaik, iko mangarah ka acara baralek pas sudah akaik nikah. Faktanyo di lapangan kalau dicaliak, indak satiok urang suku Jambak nan turun juo hujan pas ado baralek di hari tu.}} == Panghulu Adaik == * Datuak Nan Baruso * Datuak Rajo Bandaro * Datuak Rajo Basa * Datuak Panduko * Datuak Panduko Tuan * Datuak Tumenggung * Datuak Rangkayo Basa atau Datuak Rangkayo Nan Basa * Datuak Nagari Labiah * Datuak Pangulu Basa * Datuak Tanameh * Datuak Rajo Perak * Datuak Rajo Mantari * Datuak Marajo * Datuak Kayo * Datuak Gadang Basa * Datuak Rajo Mangkuto di Nagari Kurai Taji<ref name=":1" /> == Tokoh == * [[Abdul Karim Amrullah|Abdul Karim Amrullah (Haji Rasul)]], ayah [[Hamka|Buya Hamka]], pandiri [[Sumatera Thawalib]] (sakolah Islam modern patamo di [[Indonesia]] nan didirian pas jaman [[Hindia Balando]]). * [[Asmawi Jambak]]. * [[Is Anwar Datuk Rajo Perak|Is Anwar Datuak Rajo Perak]], saurang pangusaho nan sukses di Jakarta, parnah manjadi anggota aktif [[Partai Bintang Reformasi]], saurang anggota DPR RI Komisi X juo. * [[Tanboy Kun]], Youtuber [[Indonesia]]. * [[Rey Bong]], pameran. * [[Inge Inkiriwang Jambak]]. * [[Rio Septianda Djambak]]. * [[Suci Wulandari]], atlet [[pencak silat|pancak silek]]<nowiki/> padusi [[Indonesia]]. * [[Deliar Noer|Prof. Deliar Noer]], saurang ilmuwan nan baasa dari Jorong Parak Laweh, Pakan Kamih, Nagari Koto Tangah, [[Tilatang Kamang, Agam|Kec. Tilatang Kamang]], [[Kabupaten Agam]]. <ref name=":1" /> * [[Williardi Wizard]], Kapolres [[Kota Administrasi Jakarta Selatan|Jakarta Salatan]]. *[[Benny Dwifa Yuswir]] Bupati [[Kabupaten Sijunjung|Kabupaten Sijunjuang]]. == Kaunikan == Ado ciek hal nan unik dari Suku Jambak, yaitu saaik malakukan pesta baralek, tajadi hujan dareh nan bahkan kajadiannyo saik cuaco paneh jo indak ado tando hujan sabalunnyo. Konon carito ko adolah pasumpahan Hera Mong Campa katiko kamarau panjang nan malando daerah mereka. Sahinggo mamohon pado Tuhan agar diturunan hujan pado saaik butuah ujan jo kabatulan waktu tu mereka sangaik butuah hujan karano akan malaksanoan pesta.<ref name=":0" /> Carito lain mangecekan alasan istilah tasabuik malegenda hinggo saaik ko iolah ucapan kutukan dari saurang kakek tuo nan bajalan tagopoh-gopoh saaik matahari terik, kakek tasabuik mancaliak dari kajauhan ado nan maadoan pesta baralek. Si kakek tasabuik mandatangi tampek tasabuik hanyo untuak mamintak sagaleh aia minum, namun para tamu nan mancaliak kahadiran kakek tasabuik maraso jijik jo kahilangan salero makan sabab kakek tasabuik bapakaian kumuah jo bajalan jo bantuan tungkek kayunyo.<ref name=":1">https://www.kabarsumbar.com/berita/mengenal-lebih-jauh-sejarah-suku-bendera-merah-sirah/</ref> Tuan rumah nan mancaliaknyo maraso malu jo para tamu undangan, lalu mausia kakek tasabuik jo parasaan kesal, si kakek langsuang malontaran kato-kato kutukan agar diturunan hujan. Lamo sasudah tu tibo-tibo langik manjadi gelap jo sakatiko hujan turun sangaik derasnyo. Urang-urang di acara baralek tasabuik manjadi kawalahan karano pesta mereka indak bajalan lancar dek turun hujan.<ref name=":1" /> == Pambagian Suku Jambak == Bakambangnyo suku Jambak jua sama saroman suku-suku nan bakambang di Luhak Tanah Data, suku Jambak juo bakambang manjadi babarapo bahagian. Manuruik pandapek nan paliang kuek adolah suku Jambak bakambang manjadi ampek suku sakalipun ado nan bapandapek suku Jambak bakambang manjadi tujuah suku, iko juo diistilahan jo Jambak Tujuah Janjang, akan tatapi nan baru saya tamui turunan suku Jambak baru ampek namo lain. Salah ciek suku Jambak nan bakambang adolah: Suku Salo, Suku Kutianyia, Suku Harau, Suku Patopang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.piamanexplore.com/2021/11/mengenal-suku-jambak-di-minangkabau-dan.html|title=Mengenal Suku JAMBAK di Minangkabau dan Sejarahnya|last=Wednesday|first=Piaman Explore|last2=November 10|website=Piaman explore|language=id|access-date=2023-02-14|last3=2021|archive-date=2023-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214130059/https://www.piamanexplore.com/2021/11/mengenal-suku-jambak-di-minangkabau-dan.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Suku Jambak tadiri dari 7 suku adaik :<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kamanghilia.com/page/sejarah-nagari|title=Sejarah Nagari|last=Reski|first=Rian|website=NAGARI KAMANG HILIA|language=id|access-date=2023-02-13|archive-date=2022-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210082350/https://kamanghilia.com/page/sejarah-nagari|dead-url=yes}}</ref> a. Suku Jambak Kubang, niniaknyo Dt. Palimo turun dari Kapau. b. Suku Jambak Puhun, niniaknyo Dt. Rajo Endah turun dari Mungka/ 50 Kota. c. Suku Jambak Pasia, niniaknyo Dt. Tumangindo turun dari Sungai Janiah/Baso. d. Suku Jambak Kutianyia, niniaknyo Dt. Nan Basa turun dari Mungka. e. Suku Jambak Ujuang Tanjuang, niniaknyo Dt. Bajangguk turun dari Kubang/Baso. f. Suku Jambak Tanjuang Mangkudu, niniaknyo Dt Bunsu turun dari Kubang. g. Suku Jambak Tangkamang, niniaknyo Dt Tan Marajo turun dari Kubang. == Catatan == {{notelist}} == Referensi == {{reflist}} <br /> {{Daftar Suku-suku Minangkabau}} [[Kategori:Suku-suku di Minangkabau]] b1f1hu1tz61fgfy1b5gwv088dqgy73k Sri Mulyani Indrawati 0 326306 3347766 3169843 2026-06-12T01:56:38Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Sri Mulyani Indrawati''', S.E., M.Sc., Ph.D (lahia di Bandar Lampung, Lampung, 26 Agustus 1962; umua 57 tahun) adolah wanita sakaligus urang [[Indonesia]] patamo nan manjabek sabagai Direktur Pelaksana Bank Dunia. Jabatan iko diembannya mulai 1 Juni [[2010]] hinggo inyo dipanggia baliak dek Presiden [[Joko Widodo]] untuak manjabek sabagai Menteri Keuangan manggantian Bambang Brodjonegoro, inyo mulai manjabek lai sajak 27 Juli [[2016]]. Sabalunnyo, inyo manjabek Menteri Keuangan Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu. Katiko inyo manjadi Direktur Pelaksana Bank Dunia mako inyo pun maninggaan jabatannyo sabagai menteri keuangan katiko tu. Sabalun manjadi menteri keuangan, inyo manjabek sabagai Menteri Negara Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Kepala Bappenas dari Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu. Sri Mulyani sabalunnyo dikenal sabagai saurang pengamat ekonomi di [[Indonesia]]. Inyo manjabek sabagai Kapalo Lembaga Penyelidikan Ekonomi dan Masyarakat Fakultas Ekonomi [[Universitas Indonesia]] (LPEM FEUI) sajak [[Juli|Juni]] [[1998]]. Pado 5 Desember [[2005]], katiko Presiden [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] mangumumkan perombakan kabinet, Sri Mulyani dipindahan manjadi Menteri Keuangan manggantian Jusuf Anwar. Sajak tahun [[2008]], inyo manjabat Pelaksana Tugas Menteri Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian, satalah Menko Perekonomian [[Boediono|Dr. Boediono]] dilantik sabagai Gubernur Bank Indonesia. == Kehidupan awal == Sri Mulyani lahia di Tanjung Karang (kini [[Kota Bandar Lampung|Bandar Lampung]]), [[Lampung|Provinsi Lampung]], tanggal 26 Agustus 1962. Inyo adolah anak katujuah dari saurang dosen universitas, Prof. Satmoko dan Retno Sriningsih. Namonyo bacorak [[bahaso Jawa]] dan bahuruf [[Bahaso Sanskerta|Sansekerta]].<ref name="sanskrit">{{Cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php|title=Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit|publisher=Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon project|format=|doi=|access-date=May 15, 2010}} </ref> ''Sri'' bararti ''sinar'' atau ''cahayo nan basinar'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner|first=Sir Ralph Lilley|author-link=Ralph Lilley Turner|last2=Dorothy Rivers Turner|title=A comparative dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages.|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.4.soas.198140|access-date=22 Apr 2010|edition=Accompanied by three supplementary volumes: ''indexes'', compiled by Dorothy Rivers Turner: 1969. – ''Phonetic analysis'': 1971. – ''Addenda et corrigenda'': 1985.|orig-year=1962|date=January 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press,|location=London|page=736|archive-date=15 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20121215020900/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.4.soas.198140|dead-url=yes}}</ref> nan marupoan namo nan umum bagi perempuan [[Urang Jawa|Jawa]]. ''Mulyani'' barasa dari kato ''mulya'', juo bararti ''bahargo.'' ''Indrawati'' barasa dari kato Indra jo akhiran feminin ''-wati''. Sri Mulyani mandapaikan gala dari [[Universitas Indonesia]] pado 1986. Inyo kamudian mamparoleh gala Master dan Doctor di bidang ekonomi dari University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign pado 1992. Tahun 2001, inyo pai ka Atlanta, Georgia, untuak bakarajo sabagai konsultan untuak USAID (''US Agency for International Development'') demi tugas untuak mampakuek otonomi di Indonesia. Inyo juo maaja dalam ekonomi Indonesia sabagai professor di ''Andrew Young School of Policy Studies'' di ''Georgia State University''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/directory/whos_who/S|title=Who's Who|publisher=The Jakarta Post|location=Jakarta|access-date=May 13, 2010|archive-date=February 24, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224034932/http://www.thejakartapost.com/directory/whos_who/S|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dari tahun 2002 sampai 2004 inyo manjabek sabagai direktur eksekutif IMF mawakili 12 negara Asia Tenggara. Pado tahun 2004, inyo ditunjuak sabagai Menteri Negara Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Kepala Bappenas pado Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu. Inyo manikah jo Tony Sumartono nan juo saurang ekonom dan kamudian mampunyoi tigo anak.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sri Mulyani Ekonom Pasar Yang Kian Mapan|Date=October 22, 2009|url=http://beritasore.com/2009/10/22/sri-mulyani-ekonom-pasar-yang-kian-mapan/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Keluarga Menkeu Sri Mulyani di Tengah Terpaan Kasus Century|Date=December 15, 2009|url=http://www.jawapos.com/halaman/index.php?act=detail&nid=105637|access-date=November 17, 2019|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030813/http://www.jawapos.com/halaman/index.php?act=detail&nid=105637|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Inyo indak parnah mampunyai hubuangan jo partai politik mana pun.<ref name="sidney">{{Cite news|title=Indonesia reels from corruption fighter's departure for World Bank|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/indonesia-reels-from-corruption-fighters-departure-for-world-bank-20100505-uaon.html|Date=May 6, 2010}} </ref> == Menteri Keuangan pada Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu (2005–2010) == Sri Mulyani ditunjuak untuak manjadi menteri keuangan pado tahun 2005 dek Presiden [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]. Salah satu kebijakan patamonyo sabagai menteri keuangan iolah mamecat petugas korup di lingkuangan depertemen keuangan. Inyo bahasil maminimalisir korupsi dan mamprakarsai reformasi dalam sistem pajak dan keuangan Indonesia,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sri Mulyani dan Modernisasi Pajak|first=Chandra|last=Budi|Date=May 6, 2010|url=http://www.jawapos.com/halaman/index.php?act=detail&nid=132269|access-date=November 17, 2019|archive-date=October 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023140947/http://www.jawapos.com/halaman/index.php?act=detail&nid=132269|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan mandapek reputasi sabagai menteri nan baintegritas.<ref>{{Cite news|title=United Indonesia Cabinet 2009–2014|Date=2009-10-22}}</ref> Inyo bahasil maningkekan investasi langsuang lua negeri di Indonesia. Pado tahun 2004 katiko Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono mulai manjabek, Indonesia mandapek $4,6 miliar dari investasi langsuang lua negeri. Tahun barikuiknyo bahasil maningkek manjadi $8,9 miliar.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A Reformer Leaves Jakarta|Date=May 13, 2010|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703880304575237233920187228.html?mod=WSJ_latestheadlines#articleTabs%3Darticle}}</ref> Tahun 2006, hanya satu tahun satalah manjabek menteri, inyo disabuik sabagai ''Euromoney Finance Minister of the Year'' dek majalah ''Euromoney''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Minister of Finance of the year 2006: Dr Sri Mulyani Indrawati|url=http://www.euromoney.com/Article/1079138/Title.html?Type=Article&ArticleID=1079138|access-date=2019-11-17|archive-date=2016-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826021638/http://www.euromoney.com/Article/1079138/Title.html?Type=Article&ArticleID=1079138|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Salamp maso jabatannyo pado tahun 2007, Indonesia mancapai patumbuahan ekonomi sagadang 6.6%, tatinggi sajak krisis finansial di Asia tahun 1997. Namun pado tahun 2008 patumbuahan ekonomi manurun manjadi 6,% akibaik palambatan dalam ekonomi global. Pado Juli 2008, Sri Mulyani manjabek sabagai Menteri Koordinator bidang Ekonomi, manggantian [[Boediono]], nan akan maambiak jabatan di Bank Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sri Mulyani named coordinating minister|Date=July 6, 2008|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/06/25/sri-mulyani-named-coordinating-minister.html|access-date=November 17, 2019|archive-date=August 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821145543/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/06/25/sri-mulyani-named-coordinating-minister.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado Agustus 2008, Sri Mulyani disabuik majalah ''Forbes'' sabagai wanita paliang bapangaruah ka-23 di dunia,<ref name="forbes">{{Cite news|title=The 100 Most Powerful Women – #23 Sri Mulyani Indrawati|work=Forbes|Date=August 27, 2008|url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/11/biz_powerwomen08_Sri-Mulyani-Indrawati_VW20.html|accessdate=}} </ref> nan juo sakaligus wanita paliang bapangaruah di Indonesia. Katiko inyo manjabek sabagai Menteri Keuangan, cadangan valuta asing negara mancapai nilai tatinggi sagadang $50 miliar. Inyo maatua pangurangan utang negara hampiang 30% dari GDP dari 60%, mambuek panjualan utang negara ka institusi asing semakin mudah. Inyo maubah struktur pegawai pemerintah di lingkup pemerintahannyo dan manaikkan gaji petugas pajak untuak mangurangi sogokan di departemen keuangan.<ref name="resign">{{Cite news|title=Reformer Resigns, Rattling Indonesia|Date=May 6, 2010|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703866704575225262408521190.html?KEYWORDS=Sri+Mulyani}}</ref> == Pindah ke Bank Dunia == Pado tanggal 5 Mei 2010, Sri Mulyani ditunjuak manjadi salah satu dari tigo Direktur Pelaksana Bank Dunia.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indonesia’s Sri Mulyani Given Top World Bank Role|Date=May 5, 2010|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-05-05/indonesia-s-sri-mulyani-given-top-world-bank-role-update2-.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=World Bank Group President Zoellick Appoints Indonesian Finance Minister, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, as Managing Director|Date=May 4, 2010|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22568571~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html|access-date=November 17, 2019|archive-date=May 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523060337/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22568571~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Inyo manggantian Juan Jose Daboub, nan manyalasaikan ampek tahun maso jabatannyo pado 30 Juni, maatua dan batugas atas 74 negara di Amerika Selatan, Karibia, [[Asia Timur]], dan [[Lautan Pasifik|Pasifik]], [[Timur Tangah|Timur Tengah]] dan Afrika Utara.<ref>{{Cite news|title=World Bank appoints Sri Mulyani managing director|Date=May 5, 2010|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/05/05/world-bank-appoints-finance-minister-sri-mulyani-managing-director.html|access-date=November 17, 2019|archive-date=May 8, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508024500/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/05/05/world-bank-appoints-finance-minister-sri-mulyani-managing-director.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pangunduran dirinyo badampak negatif pado situasi ekonomi di Indonesia, saparti stock exchange nan manurun sagadang 3,8%. Nilai rupiah turun hampiang 1% dibandiangkan dolar.<ref name="resign"/> Marupoan panurunan saham Indonesia nan paliang tajam dalam 17 bulan.<ref> {{Cite news|title=Indonesia Stocks Slump Most in 17 Months as Minister Resigns|Date=May 5, 2010|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aHdcVi_RDqqg}}</ref> Kajadian iko disabuik sabagai "''Indonesia’s loss, and the World’s gain'' (Karugian Indonesia, dan kauntungan dunia)".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Editorial: Indonesia’s Loss, the World Bank’s Gain|Date=May 5, 2010|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/editorial-indonesias-loss-the-world-banks-gain/373207}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0513_mulyani_rieffel.aspx|title=Sri Mulyani: Indonesia's Loss, the World's Gain|last=Rieffel|first=Lex|date=May 13, 2010|publisher=The Brookings Institution}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?id=11802|title=Sri Mulyani: World's gain, Jakarta's loss|last=McBeth|first=John|date=May 8, 2010|publisher=Asia News Network|access-date=November 17, 2019|archive-date=June 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615153652/http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?id=11802|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> == Menteri Keuangan pada Kabinet Kerja dan Kabinet Indonesia Maju (2016–sekarang) == Pado 27 Juli 2016, Sri Mulyani dipulangan dek Presiden [[Joko Widodo]] untuak baliak manjadi Menteri Keuangan. Baliaknyo Sri Mulyani marupoan kejutan bagi banyak pihak dan dianggap sabagai salah satu langkah terbaik nan parnah diambiak dek Joko Widodo salamo inyo manjabek.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Direktur Bank Dunia Kaget Sri Mulyani Kembali ke Indonesia|Date=July 27, 2016|url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/2016/07/27/direktur-bank-dunia-kaget-sri-mulyani-kembali-ke-indonesia-375895}}</ref> Balun satahun manjabek, Sri Mulyani dinobatkan sabagai ''Menteri Keuangan Terbaik sa-Asia 2017'' dek majalah ''Finance Asia'' nan bakaduduakan di Hong Kong. Pambarian panghargaan tasabuik dinilai karano keberhasilannya mangurangi target defisit fiskal dari nan dikhawatirkan manembus angko 3 persen manjadi 2,5 persen dari PDB. Inyo juo dianggap mampu mamelokan sistem perpajakan Indonesia lewat program pengampunan pajak (''tax amnesty'') nan mano realisasi pambayaran tebusannyo jauah malabihi proyeksi Bank Indonesia. == Pandidikan == * SMP Negeri 2 Bandar Lampung ([[1975|1975–]][[1978]]) * SMA Negeri 3 Semarang ([[1978|1978–]][[1981]]) * Sarjana [[Ekonomi]] di [[Universitas Indonesia]] [[Daerah Kusuih Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]. ([[1981]]–[[1986]]) * Master of Science of Policy Economics di University of lllinois Urbana Champaign, U.S.A. ([[1988]]–[[1990]]) * Ph.D. of Economics di University of lllinois Urbana-Champaign, U.S.A. ([[1990]]–[[1992]]) == Spesialisasi penelitian == * Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan * Ekonomi Tenaga Kerja == Pangalaman karajo == * Kepala Lembaga Penyelidikan Ekonomi dan Masyarakat Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEUI), Juni 1998–Sekarang * Narasumber Sub Tim Perubahan UU Perbankan, Tim Reformasi Hukum – Departemen Kehakiman RI, Agustus 1998 s.d. Maret 1999. * Tim Penyelenggara Konsultan Ahli Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional Tahun 1999–2000, Kelompok Kerja Bidang Hukum Bisnis, Menteri Kehakiman Republik Indonesia, 15 Mei 1999–Sekarang * Anggota Tim Asistensi Menteri Keuangan Bidang Keuangan dan Moneter, Departemen Keuangan RI, Juni 1998–sekarang. * Dewan Juri Lomba Karya Ilmiah Remaja LIPI-TVRI XXXI, Bidang Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, Kebudayaan dan Kemanusiaan, terhitung 1 April 1999–Sekarang * Redaktur Ahli Majalah bulanan Manajemen Usahawan Indonesia, Agustus 1998–Sekarang * Anggota Komisi Pembimbing mahasiswa S-3 atas nama Sdr. Andrianto Widjaya NRP. 95507 Program Doktor (S-3) Program Studi Ilmu Ekonomi Pertanian, Institute Pertanian Bogor, Juni 1998 * Ketua I Bidang Kebijakan Ekonomi Dalam dan Luar Negeri serta Kebijaksanaan Pembangunan, PP Ikatan Sarjana Ekonomi Indonesia (ISEI), 1996–2000 * Kepala Program Magister Perencanaan Kebijakan Publik-UI, 1996–Maret 1999 * Wakil Kepala Bidang Penelitian LPEM FEUI, Mei 1995–Juni 1998 * Wakil Kepala Bidang Pendidikan dan Latihan LPEM FEUI, 1993–Mei 1995 * Research Associate, LPEM FEUI, 1992–Sekarang * Pengajar Program S-1 & Program Ekstensi FEUI, S-2, S-3, Magister Manajemen Universitas Indonesia, 1986–Sekarang * Anggota Kelompok Kerja – GATS Departemen Keuangan, RI 1995 * Anggota Kelompok Kerja Mobilitas Penduduk Menteri Negara Kependudukan – BKKBN, 1995 * Anggota Kelompok Kerja Mobilitas Penduduk, Asisten IV Menteri Negara Kependudukan, BKKBN, Mei–Desember 1995 * Staf Ahli Bidang Analisis Kebijaksanaan OTO-BAPPENAS, 1994–1995 * Asisten Profesor, University of lllinois at Urbana, Champaign, USA, 1990–1992 * Asisten Pengajar Fakultas Ekonomi – Universitas Indonesia, 1985–1986 == Kagiatan penelitian == * Research Demand for Housing, World Bank Project, 1986 * Kompetisi Perbankan di Jakarta/Indonesia, BNI 1946, 1987 * Study on Effects on Long-term Overseas Training on Indonesia Participant Trainees. OTO Bappenas – LPEM FEUI, 1998 * Penyusunan Study Dampak Ekonomi Sosial Kehutanan Indonesia . Departemen Kehutanan – LPEM FEUI, 1992 * Survei Pemasaran Pelumas Otomotif Indonesia. Pertamina – LPEM FEUI, 1993 * The Prospect of Automotive Market and Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior on Purchasing Car. PT Toyota Astra – LPEM FEUI, 1994 * Inflasi di Indonesia: Fenomena Sisi Penawaran atau Permintaan atau keduanya. Kantor Menko Ekuwasbang – Bulog – LPEM FEUI, 1994 * Restrukturisasi Anggaran Daerah. Departemen Dalam Negeri – LPEM FEUI, 1995 * The Evaluation of Degree and non degree training – OTO Bappenas, 1995 * Fiscal Reform in Indonesia: History and Perspective, 1995 * Potensi Tabungan Pelajar DKI Jakarta. Bank Indonesia – LPEM FEUI, 1995 * Studi Rencana Kerja untuk Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Penyusunan Rencana Induk Pengembangan Pariwisata Nasional, Departemen Pariwisata, Pos & Telekomunikasi – LPEM FEUI, 1996 * Interregional Input-Output (JICA Stage III), 1996 * Studi Kesiapan Industri Dalam Negeri Memasuki Era Perdagangan Bebas, Departemen Perindustrian dan Perdagangan, LPEM FEUI, 1997 * Penyusunan Rancangan Repelita VII. Departemen Perindustrian dan Perdagangan, 1997 * Indonesia Economic Outlook 1998/1999. Indonesia Forum 1998 * Country Economic Review for Indonesia. Asian Development Bank, 1999 == Publikasi == * Teori Moneter, Lembaga Penerbitan UI, 1986 * Measuring the Labour Supply effect of Income Taxation Using a Life Cycle Labour Supply Model: A Case of Indonesia (Disertasi), 1992 * A Dynamic Labour Supply Model for Developing Country: Consequences for Tax Policy (co author: Jane Leuthold) BEBR – University of lllinois Urbana-Champaign, U.S.A., 1992 * " Ekonom dan Masalah Lingkungan ", Kompas, 4 Desember 1992 * " Prospek dan Masalah Ekspor Indonesia", Suara Pembaharuan, April 1993 * The Cohort Approach of a life Cycle Labour Supply, EKI, Desember 1993 * " Tantangan Ekspor non Migas Indonesia ", DPE 1994 * "Perkembangan Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia – Proceding " Seminar LP3Y – Jogya, Dalam Sumber Daya Manusia dalam Pembangunan, 1995 * "Dilema Hutang Luar Negeri dan PMA", Warta Ekonomi 26, 1995 * "Prospek Ekonomi", Gramedia, 1995 * Tantangan Transpormasi Sumber Daya Manusia Indonesia Menghadapi Era Globalisasi" (co dengan Dr. Ninasapti Triaswati) dalam: Alumni FEUI dan Tantangan Masa Depan, Gramedia, 1995. * "Liberalisasi dan Pemeratan dalam Liberalisasi Ekonomi, Pemerataan dan Kemiskinan, Tiara Wacana, 1995 * Tinjauan Triwulan Perekonomian (Sri Mulyani dan Thia Jasmania), Ekonomi Keuangan Indonesia, Januari–April 1995 * Performace of Indonesia State owned Enterprises, Seminar World Bank, April 1995 * "Ability to Pay minimum wage and Workers Condition in Indonesia", Seminar World Bank Seminar, April 1995. * Workers in an integrating World, Discuss Panel World Development Report, 1995 * Mungkinkah Ekonomi Rakyat ? Diskusi Series Bali – Post – Ekonomi Rakyat, 25 November 1995 * "Tumbuh Tinggi dengan Uang Ketat", Warta Ekonomi, 5 Februari 1996 * Inpres 2/1996 dan Pembangunan Industri Nasional, Dialog Pembangunan CIDES, 28 Maret 1996"Kijang Tetap Jadi Pilihan", Jawa Pos, 29 Maret 1996 * "Sumber – sumber institusional dalam mewujudkan Demokrasi Ekonomi", Seminar Persadi, 18 Januari 1996 * "Indonesia: Sustaining Manufactured Export Growth", Seminar Bappenas – ADB, 11 April 1996 * Consistent Macroeconomic Development and its Limitation (Sri Mulyani dan Ari Kuncoro), Indonesia Economy Toward The Twenty First Century – IDE 1996 * "Menggantung Harapan pada Tax Holiday", Majalah SWA, 16 Agustus 1996 * "Globalisasi dan Kemandirian Ekonomi", Simposium Nasional Cendikiawan Indonesia Ke-III, Jakarta 28 Agustus 1996 * "Kesiapan Jawa Timur dalam mendukung pembangunan Industri Nasional", Seminar Kajian Industri: Tantangan Internasional dan Respon Industri di Jawa Timur Refreksi dan Prospektif, 2 November 1996 * "Strategi Pembangunan Pasar Dalam Negeri dan Luar Negeri – Usaha Kecil Menengah dan Koperasi" Seminar Yayasan Dana Bakti Astra, Jakarta 12 Maret 1997 * "Kebijakan Harga dan Ketahanan Pangan Nasional", memperingati HUT Bulog, April 1997 * "Pemerintah Versus Pasar", memperingati 70 Tahun, Prof. Widjojo Nitrisastro, Mei 1997 * "Liberalisasi Challenges", Seminar ASEAN/ISI-Keijai Koho Center, Tokyo, 8 Juli 1997 * "Isu Mobnas Dalam Dinamika Kebijakan Industri Nasional: Sebuah Tinjauan Ekonomi Politik", 21 Visi, 1997 * "Tantangan Transformasi Ekonomi Indonesia Menuju Millenium Baru: Mempertahankan Pertumbuhan Dan Meletakkan Fundamental Yang Kokoh", Disampaikan Dalam Orasi Ilmiah Pada Acara Wisuda Lulusan STAN Dan PRODIP Keuangan, Plenary Hall – Jakarta Hilton Convention Center, 2 September 1997. * "Implikasi Bagi Dunia Bisnis Dari Gejolak Mata Uang", Diskusi BBD, 10 September 1997 * "Economic Profile and Performance of ASEAN Countries" Konfrensi Federation of ASEAN Economic Association, Denpasar – Bali, 24–25 Oktober 1997 * "Indonesia Economic Outlook 1998 (Challenger & Oportunities)" One Day seminar Radison Hotel, 27 November 1997 * "Analisis Krisis Nilai Tukar dan Prospek Perekonomian Indonesia ke Depan", Seminar KBRI Singapura, 4 Desember 1997 * "Small Industry Profiles and Policies", Two Day Seminar USAID-LPEM, Aryaduta Hotel, 17–18 Desember 1997 * "Kesehatan Bank dan Lingkungan Makro Ekonomi", Dialog Bank Umum Nasional, 16 Januari 1998 * "Evaluasi Ekonomi 1997 dan Tantangan Ekonomi 1998", Seminar LIPI, 20 Januari 1998 * "Revisi RAPBN", Gatra, 24 Januari 1998 * "Krisis Ekonomi Indonesia dan Langkah Reformasi", Orasi Ilmiah Universitas Indonesia, Balairung UI, 7 February 1998. * "APBN 1998/1999 dimasa Resesi dan Dimensi Revisi RAPBN 1998/1999", Diskusi HUT FKP DPR RI, 12 Februari 1998 * Forget CBS, Get Serious About Reform, Indonesia Business, April 1998 == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Mantari Indonesia]] ms0ziuhrci17xqjgw01wd47k29zyiwb Sate klatak 0 326899 3347763 2009779 2026-06-12T01:16:25Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Makanan | name = Sate Klatak | image = [[Berkas:Sate klatak 20170818 Yogyakarta.jpg|jmpl|Sate klatak sedang dimasak]] | caption = Sate Klatak Yang Dimasak | alternate_name = | country = [[Indonesia]] | region = [[Kabupaten Bantul]] [[Yogyakarta]] | creator = | course = | served = | main_ingredient = | variations = | calories = | other = }} [[Berkas:Sate klatak 20170818 Yogyakarta.jpg|jmpl|Sate klatak sedang dimasak]] '''Sate klatak''' adolah sabuah hidangan [[sate kambing|sate kambiang]] asa [[Kecamatan Pleret]], [[Kabupaten Bantul]], [[Yogyakarta]].<ref name="Susanto"/> Dalam [[bahasa Jawa|bahaso Jawa]], kagiatan mambaka sate di pambakaran tabukak disabuik "''klathak"''.<ref name="Susanto">{{cite web | title = 'Sate klatak', a unique flavor of Bantul | first = Slamet | last = Susanto | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/05/02/039sate-klatak039-a-unique-flavor-bantul.html | publisher = [[The Jakarta Post]] | date = May 2, 2008 | accessdate = October 3, 2017 | others = © 2017 PT. Niskala Media Tenggara | archive-date = September 15, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210915174830/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/05/02/039sate-klatak039-a-unique-flavor-bantul.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Sate iko sangaik babedo dari ragam sate lainyo, nan biasonyo mamakai garam jo lado sabagai yang biasanya memakai garam dan lada sebagai bumbu utamanya.<ref name="Susanto"/><ref name="Rahmiasri"/> Tusukan nan dipakai untuak mamanggang jo mambaka tabuek dari besi, indak sarupo jinih sate lain nan mamakai tusuak bambu.<ref name="Susanto"/> Tusuakan basi sabagai konduktor pahangek akan mambuek dagiang sate labiah masak dari dalam. <ref name="Rahmiasri"/> Sate tasabuik biasonyo disajia jo gulai.<ref name="Rahmiasri"/> Gulainyo kayo akan rampah-rampah, takadang dimasak jo tulang jawi, jo diabuih mamakai api ketek salamo kaya akan rempah-rempah, 30 minik.<ref name="Rahmiasri">{{cite web | title = Hari Raya Recipe: Hotel Indonesia Kempinski Jakarta’s ‘Sate klatak balibul’ | first = Masajeng | last = Rahmiasri | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/06/27/hari-raya-recipe-hotel-indonesia-kempinski-jakartas-sate-klatak-balibul.html | publisher = [[The Jakarta Post]] | date = June 27, 2017 | accessdate = October 3, 2017 | others = © 2017 PT. Niskala Media Tenggara }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Sate]] qkbra5hsqn72fonqgolr2qelgtelr46 Museum Lukut 0 336233 3347750 2464502 2026-06-11T20:15:11Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox museum | name = Museum Lukut | native_name = Muzium Lukut | native_name_lang = Bahasa Melayu | image = Lukut Museum and Fort.JPG | imagesize = 250 | caption = Museum Lukut | alt = | pushpin_map = | map_type = | map_caption = | map_alt = Posisi museum di Malaysia | coordinates = {{coord|2.567|101.822|display=inline}} | established = Benteng di dibangun pado 1847 dan Museum pado 9 April 1999 | dissolved = | location = Lukut (dekat [[Port Dickson]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], Malaysia | type = | collection = | visitors = | director = | president = | curator = | publictransit = | network = | website = }} '''Museum Lukut''' ({{lang-ms| Muzium Lukut}}) adolah situs basijarah nan barado di sabuah bukik sakitar 6 kilometer di utara [[Port Dickson]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Malaysia]]. Museum iko dulunyo adolah sabuah benteng nan dibangun dek Rajo [[Urang Bugih|Bugis]] nan banamo Jumaat pado tahun 1947 dan dilanjuikan dek anaknyo Rajo Bot. Kiniko benteng iko indak digunoan lai dan kawasan bekasnyo ko dijadian taman wisata sejarah nan dilengkapi sabuah museum. Dalam museum iko tadapek paninggalan-paninggalan benteng sarato artefak jo foto-foto nan takait jo sijarah panambangan [[timah]] di daerah Lukut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malaysia.panduanwisata.id/2015/09/25/museum-yang-layak-anda-kunjungi-di-negeri-sembilan/|title=Museum yang Layak Anda Kunjungi di Negeri Sembilan|last=riskybudiman|website=Wisata Malaysia|language=id|access-date=2020-11-07|archive-date=2020-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205045400/http://malaysia.panduanwisata.id/2015/09/25/museum-yang-layak-anda-kunjungi-di-negeri-sembilan/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Latak == Benteng Lukut dulunyo talatak di ateh bukik nan disabuik jo Bukik Mati atau Bukik Gajah Mati, dan museum iko kiniko talatak di kaki bukik tasabuik. Latak lokasinyo sakitar 6 kilometer di utara [[Port Dickson]], kota palabuhan di [[Negeri Sembilan]], Malaysia.<ref name=Society>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mns.my/article.php?aid=1247|title=Where nature and history abound|accessdate=7 November 2020|date=10 March 2011|publisher=Malayasia Nature Society|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041704/https://www.mns.my/article.php?aid=1247|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=Port>{{Cite web|url=http://portdickson.info/kota-lukut.htm|title=Kota Lukut Museum, Fort|accessdate=7 November 2020|publisher=portdickson.info|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405190910/http://portdickson.info/kota-lukut.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Sijarah == [[Berkas:CO 1069-484-125 (7886266306).jpg|jmpl|Raja Bot, panguaso benteng Lukut, jo duo urang dunsanaknyo.]] Benteng Lukut dibangun dek pandeka Bugis nan banamo Rajo Jumaat pado tahun 1847. Benteng iko diparuntuakan untuak mampakuek posisinyo sabagai pamonopoli padagangan timah di kota Lukut.<ref name=Port/>{{Sfn|Richmond|Harper|2006|p=225}} Pado dekade 1870an, tajadi sengketa wilayah antaro [[Selangor]] jo [[Negeri Sembilan]] ateh kawasan nan tamasuak benteng iko dan daerah sakitarnyo. Kamudian tajadi pajanjian antaro kaduo karajaan tasabuik dan akhianyo Negeri Sembilan-lah yang diputuihan manguasai benteng iko.{{Sfn|Cook|1994|p=180}} Sasudah wafatnyo Jumaat, inyo digantian dek anaknyo, Raja Bot, nan manguasai pulo saluruah kawasn Lukut.{{Sfn|Jaaffar|Hussain |Ahmad |1992|p=270}} == Kaadaan kini == Kiniko, museum iko tadaftar sabagai paninggalan sijarah nan barado di bawah tanggung jawab [[Jabatan Muzium Malaysia]].<ref name= web/> === Bekas benteng === Benteng asli Lukut ko alah runtuh, kacuali ado babarapo siso tembok nan tabuek dari tanah [[laterit]] jo parik patahanan sadalam 5 meter.<ref name=Society/> Daerah bekas benteng kiniko dikembangkan dek pamarintah manjadi kawasan wisata sijarah sasuai jo kabijakan [[Kementerian Pariwisata Malaysia]]. Pamarintah mambangun pondok-pondok sarato jo menara.<ref name=Port/>{{Sfn|Pelancongan|2002|p=16}} Sabuah mariam gadng dilatakkan di posisi bekas benteng.{{Sfn|Cook|1994|p=180}} Mariam-mariam ketek nan dulunyo barado di benteng kiniko dipindahan ka bangunan museum.{{Sfn|Peet|1983|p=132}} === Bangunan museum === Bangunan museum didirian dek Jabatan Muzium jo Antikuiti (sekarang [[Jabatan Muzium Malaysia]]) bakarajo samo jo negara bagian Negeri Sembilan untuak manyadioan informasi tentang sijarah jo budaya kawasan [[Sungai Lijiang]] abaik ka-19. Museum iko diresmian pado 9 April 1999.<ref name=Malay>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jmm.gov.my/ms/muzium/muzium-lukut|title=Muzium Lukut|accessdate=7 November 2020|language=Malay|publisher=Museums Department of Government of Malayasia}}</ref> Museum iko talatak di kaki bukik jo balantai duo. Tadapek ampek galeri nan manjalehan sijarah Lukut (tarutamo patambangan yang dulu marak di sinan) dan sijarah Negeri Sembilan sacaro umum.<ref name=Society/> Galeri nan manjalehan sijarah Lukut dimulai dari awa abaik ka-19 hinggo daerah tasabuik manjadi daerah [[Sungai Ujong]] di Negeri Sembilan pado tahun 1880. Galeri tasabuik juo manjalehan sijarah rajo-rajo sarupo Rajo Busu, Rajo Jaafar, Rajo Jumaat jo Rajo Bot nan turuik andil dalam kamajuan ekonomi kawasan iko.<ref name= web>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jmm.gov.my/en/museum/lukut-museum|title=Lukut Museum|accessdate=7 November 2020|publisher=Official website of Department of Museums, H Government of Malayasia}}</ref> Galeri museum iko juo manjalehan budaya masyarakaik satampek, tamasuak adaik jo tradisi sarupo [[Adat perpatih]] nan khas dari Negeri Sembilan. Museum iko juo manampilkan paninggalan dari Kapa [[VOC]] Nassau nan tabanam dalam [[Patampuran Cape Rachado]] di lauik dakek Port Dickson pado tahun 1606.<ref name=Society/><ref name=tour>{{cite web|url=http://tourism.gov.my/en/cn/places/states-of-malaysia/negeri-sembilan/lukut-museum-port-dickson|title=Lukut Museum, Port Dickson|accessdate=7 November 2020|publisher=Tourism Department of Government of Malayasia|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222173722/http://tourism.gov.my/en/cn/places/states-of-malaysia/negeri-sembilan/lukut-museum-port-dickson|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:Nagari Sambilan]] [[Kategori:Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2020]] [[Kategori:Museum di Malaysia|Lukut]] 48k1nn80r4b3l4hgz1gmzbgw9pfxzy9 Gunuang Sinabung 0 336918 3347735 2053824 2026-06-11T13:19:47Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{refimprove}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Gunuang Sinabung | photo = Sinabung.jpg | photo_caption = Sinabung pado taun 1987 | elevation_m = 2460 | elevation_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2010-09-09|title=Volcano Watch — How much warning should we expect before big eruptions?|url=https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-how-much-warning-should-we-expect-big-eruptions|website=usgs.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> | prominence = | listing = [[Ribu]] | location = [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] | range = | map = | map_size = 240 | coordinates = {{coord|3.17|N|98.392|E|type:mountain}} | label_position = right | lat_d = 3.17 | lat_m = | lat_s = | lat_NS = N | long_d= 98.392| long_m= | long_s=| long_EW= E | topo = | relief = 1 | type = [[Stratovolcano]] | volcanic_arc/belt = [[Busur Sunda]] | age = [[Pleistosen]] | last_eruption = 02 Maret 2021 | first_ascent = | easiest_route = }} '''Gunuang Sinabung''' ([[Bahaso Karo]]: ''Deleng Sinabung'') adolah [[gunuang barapi]] di dataran tinggi Karo, [[Kabupaten Karo]], [[Sumatera Utara]], [[Indonesia]]. Gunuang Sinabung badakekan jo [[Gunuang Sibayak]]. Kaduonyo adolah [[Gunuang api|gunuang barapi]] aktif di Sumatera Utara dan manjadi gunuang nan tatinggi di provinsi itu. Gunuang ko tingginyo adolah 2.460 meter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-how-much-warning-should-we-expect-big-eruptions|title=Volcano Watch — How much warning should we expect before big eruptions?|website=www.usgs.gov|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref>. Gunuang ko indak ado malatuih lai sajak tahun 1600<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2010-08-volcano-quiet-years-erupts-indonesia.html|title=Volcano quiet for 400 years erupts in Indonesia|website=phys.org|language=en|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref>, tapi, tibo-tibo malatuih nyo tangga 27 Agustus 2010. == Latuhian 2010 == === Agustus 2010 === Pado tanggal 27 Agustus 2010, gunuang ko mangalua an asok jo abu vulkanik<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2010/08/29/02252293/Status.Gunung.Sinabung.Menjadi..quot.Awas.quot.|title=Status Gunung Sinabung Menjadi &quot;Awas&quot;|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2010-08-28|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref>, pado tanggal 29 Agustus 2010 parak siang, pukua 00.15 (28 Agustus 2010, 17.15 UTC). Gunuang Sinabung ko mangaluakan lava.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2010/08/29/01452435/Gunung.Sinabung.Meletus|title=Gunung Sinabung Meletus|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2010-08-28|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/293657/gunung-sinabung-meletus|title=Gunung Sinabung Meletus|last=Liputan6.com|date=2010-08-29|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> Status gunuang ko dinaikan manjadi babahayo<ref name=":0" />. Duo baleh ribu urang kampuang diepakuasikan dan dikumpuakan di 8 titiak lokasi. Abu Gunuang Sinabung ko mailia dari arah barat daya ka timur laut.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2010/08/29/08255334/Debu.Letusan.Sinabung.Selimuti.Medan|title=Debu Letusan Sinabung Selimuti Medan|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2010-08-29|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> Saparuah [[Kota Medan]] tatutuik dek abu Gunuang Sinabung ko<ref name=":1" />. Bandar udara Polonia indak tapangaruah dek latuihan Gunuang Sinabung ko. Saurang kabanyo maningga dek sasak angok katiko sadang pai epakuasi dari rumahnyo. === September 2010 === Tangga 3 September, malatuih lo sabanyak duo kali. Nan partamo malatuih pukua 04.45 WIB, malatuih nan kaduo kali pukua 18.00 WIB. Latuihan nan partamo manyambua abu ko satinggi 3 kilometer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/09/04/more-flee-following-strongest-eruption-yet-mt-sinabung.html|title=More flee following strongest eruption yet at Mt. Sinabung|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2021-04-16|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416142022/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/09/04/more-flee-following-strongest-eruption-yet-mt-sinabung.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>. Latuihan nan kaduo sarantak jo gampo bumi vulkanis taraso sampai 25 kilometer di sakita gunuang ko. Pado tanggal 7 September, gunuang ko malatuih baliak. Iko lah latuihan gunuang nan paliang gadang sajak gunuang ko aktif baliak pado tangga 29 Agustus 2010. Suaro latuihan gunuang ko tadanga sampai 8 kilometer. Abunyo nan manyambua ka ateh sampai 5000meter di udaro. === '''2013''' === Pado tahun 2013 gunuang Sinabung ko malatuih baliak, sampai 18 September 2013 alah tajadi 4 kali letusan. Nan patamo malatuih tanggal 15 September 2013 parak siang, sudah tu malatuih lo baliak patang harinyo. Pado tanggal 17 September 2013 malatuih lo duo kali siang jo patang hari. Latuihan ko mangaluaan awan nan angek jo abu vulkanik. Indak ado tando-tando paningkekan karajo gunuang ko, sahinggo indak ado paringatan sabalunnyo. Hujan abu sampai ka daerah [[Sibolangit, Deli Serdang|Sibolangit]] jo [[Berastagi, Karo|Berastagi]]. Indak Ado nan maningga manuruik laporan, tapi ribuan urang kampuang tapaso mangungsi ka tampek nan aman. Dek ulah kajadian ko gunuang sinabung di angkek statusnyo ka tingkek 3 manjadi agak babahayo. Sasudah gunuang ko aktif salamo 3 hari, pado tanggal 13 September 2013 tingkek nyo di turunkan ka tingkek 2 manjadi hati-hati. Bia bantuak tu namun gunuang ko masih tatap ba karajo, dan kondisinyo indak bakatantuan. Masuak bulan November, maningkek lo aktivitas nyo di saratoi jo latusan nan agak kareh. Sahinggo padi tanggal 3 November 2013 pukua 03.00 parak siang tingkek nyo naiak lo baliak manjadi to tingkek 3 agak babahayo. Urang kampuang di ungsikan sajauah 5km dari gunuang ko. Sajak sudah tu, gunuang ko acok malatuih lai. Sarato jo mangaluaan awan nan angek sajauah 1,5 km. Pado tanggal 20 November 2013, tajadi anam kali malatuih di wakatu parak siang. Sudah tu malatuih lo baliak smpek kali pado tanggal 23 November 2013 sajak patang hari nyo, bisuak nyo malatuih lo baliak limo kali. Tajadi awan abu satinggi 8000m dari ateh puncak gunuang. Dek ulah latusan ko, [[kota Medan]] nan jaraknyo 80 km dari gunuang ko kanai lo dek abu gunuang ko. Padi tanggal 24 November 2013 pukua 10.00 tingkek gunuang sinabuang ko di naiak an ka tingkek nan paliang tinggi atau tingkek ampek manjadi  babahayo. Urang kampuang dari 21 kampuang jo 2 dusun harus pakuasi. === '''2014''' === Tingkek ampek ko bantahan taruih sampai tahun 2014. Lahar nan kalua dari gunuang ko sarato jo awan angek indak baranti sampai tanggal 3 Januari 2014. Mulai tanggal 4 Januari 2014 tajadi gampo, latusan jo awan angek taruih sampai bisuak nyo. Kejadian ko mambuek urang kampuang nan mangungsi batambah sabanyak 20ribu urang labiah. Sajak kajadian tu sampai Minggu tarakhir Januari, gunuang ko alah mulai stabil baliak. Dan utang nan mangungsi dari jarak 5km alah buliah baliak pulang ka kampuang nyo. Tapi sahari bisuaknyo 14 urang basarobok maningga sarato 3 urang luko-luko dek karano kanai lahar jo awan angek katiko inyo pulang ka kampuang suka meriah, kecamatan payung nan barado dalam zona bahayo I. === '''2016''' === Pado tanggal 21 Mei 2016 pukua 16.48 WIB, gunuang sinabuang malayuih lo baliak sarato mangaluaan awan angek satinggi 4.5 kilometer. Awan angek ko manutuik kampuang Gamber, kacamatan simpang smpek, [[kabupaten Karo]]. Akibatnyo 7 urang maningga, 2 urang luko baka. Korban ko barado di tampek babahayo di kampuang Gamber nan bajarak 4 kilometer dari gunuang sinabung. Sampai tanggal 22 Mei 2016 alah tajadi latuihan sabanyak 4 kali. Kecek urang nan bakarajo mangawasi gunuang ko luncuan awan angek akibat latuihan partamo bana tajadi pukua 14.30 WIB.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2016/05/21/340/1394548/bpbd-sumut-pastikan-tiga-orang-meninggal-akibat-awan-panas-sinabung|title=BPBD Sumut Pastikan Tiga Orang Meninggal Akibat Awan Panas Sinabung : Okezone News|last=Okezone|date=2016-05-21|website=https://news.okezone.com/|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> == Letusan 2018-2021 == === Februari 2018 === Padi tanggal 19 Februari 2018 pukua 08.53 WIB gunuang sinabung ko malatuih lo baliak sarato Mangaluaan abu jo awan angek sahinggo bangunan si sekitarnyo tatutuik. Urang kampuang salamaik sadonyo, indak ado nan maningga jo luko parah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/3302041/dahsyatnya-letusan-gunung-sinabung-ubah-siang-jadi-gulita|title=Dahsyatnya Letusan Gunung Sinabung, Ubah Siang Jadi Gulita|last=Liputan6.com|date=2018-02-20|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> === April 2018 === Pado tanggal 6 April 2018 17.30 WIB. Tajadi gampo di gunuang sinabung sarato mangaluaan awan angek dari gunuang. Urang kampuang salamaik sadonyo, indak ado nan maningga jo luko parah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/3431460/video-sinabung-meletus-lagi-awan-panas-capai-5-ribu-meter|title=VIDEO: Sinabung Meletus Lagi, Awan Panas Capai 5 Ribu Meter|last=Liputan6.com|date=2018-04-06|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> === '''2019''' === Malatuih lo baliak gunuang ko tanggal 9 Juni 2019 katiko tu abu gunuang ko mambubuang tinggi ka ateh langik sajauah 7kilometer sahinggo kalam nagari ko, sarato tadanga suaro nan sangat kareh sarupo guruah ka arah tenggara sajauah 3,4 km jo ka arah [[selatan]] sajauah 3 km. Kondisi gunuang ko di turunkan tingkeknyo ka tingkek III (Hati-hati).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20190609202112-20-401923/gunung-sinabung-meletus-tiga-kecamatan-tertutup-abu-vulkanik|title=Gunung Sinabung Meletus, Tiga Kecamatan Tertutup Abu Vulkanik|last=Indonesia|first=C. N. N.|website=nasional|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> === Agustus 2020 === Pado tanggal 10 Agustus 2020, gunuang Sinabung ko erupsi baliak sabanyak duo kali, pado jam 10.16 tinggi abunyo manjulang 5km ka ateh langik, pada pukua 11.17 wib malatuih sahinggo abunyo manjulang lo baliak ka ateh langik satinggi 2km tasebar abunyo ka timur jo tenggara gunuang ko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magma.esdm.go.id/|title=Letusan Gunung Api Sinabung, Senin, 10 Agustus 2020|last=Mineral|first=Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya|website=magma.esdm.go.id|language=id|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> === November 2020 === Pado tanggal 20 November 2020 pukua 23.58 wib, gunuang Sinabuang malatuih baliak dan abu nyo mambubuang tinggi 1.5km nampak manggarik ka arah timur di tigo kecamatan (kecamatan [[Berastagi, Karo|Berastagi]], [[kecamatan merdeka]] jo [[kecamatan dolar rakyat]]) di [[kabupaten Karo]] Kanai dek latuihan gunuang ko, tapi indak ado rumah nan rusak nan di kabakan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1816208/gunung-sinabung-karo-kembali-luncurkan-awan-panas-2500-meter|title=Gunung Sinabung Karo kembali luncurkan awan panas 2.500 meter|last=antaranews.com|date=2020-11-02|website=Antara News|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> === Januari 2021 === Padi tanggal 8 Januari 2021 pukua 9.34 WIB gunuang sinabuang ko dan mambuek kolom abu satinggi 500 meter arah ka langik. Data nan di sampaikan dek PVMBG maliek kolom abu tu nyo ambuih dek angin ka arah barat lauik. Akibatnyo masarskaik jo turis nan tingga dalam jarak 3 sampai 5 kilo dari gunuang ko di minta untuk indak maadokan kegiatan di lua rumah. === Maret 2021 === Gunuang Sinabung malatuih Baliak padi hari salasa tanggal 2 Maret 2021. Latuihannyo tajadi sajak pukua 6.42 sampai 8.20 wib tinggi abu nyo labiah dari 5000meter, tapi angin indak kancang ke arah barat daya. Sudah tu material awan angek ko sampai ka sungai lau bonus di bagian tenggara timur. Kini ko gunuang Sinabung ko masih barado pado tingkek III (Siaga). Urang kampuang di agiah tau supayo manjauahi tampek babahayo gunuang sinabuang. Pos gunuang sinabuang maagiah tau ka masyarakaik supayo indsk malakukan karajo di kampuang-kampuang nan alah di sliahkan. Sarato Jo tampek di dalam jarak sapanjang 3km dari puncak gunuang sinabuang sarato jo jarak 5km sekitar Selatan timur dan 4km di bagian timur Utara. Urang kampuang nan barado jo batampek tingga di dakek batang aia nan bahulu di gunuang sinabung supayo tetap ati-ati datangnyo bahayo lahar gunuang Sinabung.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/1336401-awal-tahun-2021-gunung-sinabung-kembali-erupsi|title=Awal Tahun 2021, Gunung Sinabung Kembali Erupsi|last=VIVA|first=PT VIVA MEDIA BARU-|date=2021-01-03|website=www.viva.co.id|language=id|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> == Budaya populer == Gunuang Sinabung ko alah nyo buek dek urang film [[Dokumenter into the Inferno|''dokumenter into the Inferno'']] (2016) sutradara nyo [[Werner Herzog]]. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Gunuang di Sumatera|Sinabung]] [[Kategori:Sumatera Utara]] 2enha4hdn3opxvsxpaktw0ltnv19bmk Kabupaten Tebo 0 337794 3347745 3341815 2026-06-11T16:28:37Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dati2|settlement_type=Kabupaten |nama =Kabupaten Tebo<br />كابوڤاتين تيبو |provinsi =[[Jambi]] |ibukota =[[Muara Tebo]] |motto =<small>Bumi Serentak Galah Serengkuh Dayung</small> |lambang =[[Berkas:Lambang kab tebo.gif|90px]] |peta =[[Berkas:Lokasi Jambi Kabupaten Tebo.svg|300px]] |koordinat =0° 51' 32" - 10° 54' 50" LS dan 10° 48' 57" - 20° 49' 17" BT |dasar hukum =UU No.54 Tahun 1999 |tanggal =12 Oktober 1999 |kepala daerah =[[Bupati]] |nama kepala daerah=H. Sukandar, S.Kom, M.Si |luas =6461,00 |luasref =<ref name="TEBO2020">{{cite web|url= https://tebokab.bps.go.id/publication/2020/04/27/969b019a7a33a00bd24fcda6/kabupaten-tebo-dalam-angka-2020.html |last=|first=|title=Kabupaten Tebo Dalam Angka 2020|website=www.tebokab.bps.go.id|accessdate=23 Mei 2020}}</ref> |penduduk =335228 |penduduktahun=[[2020]] |pendudukref =<ref name="DUKCAPIL">{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependuduakan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2020|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=30 Juli 2021|format=visual|archive-date=2022-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |kepadatan =52 |agama =[[Islam]] 96,72%<br> [[Kristen]] 3,07%<br>- [[Protestan]] 2,63%<br>- [[Katolik]] 0,44%<br>Kepercayaan 0,18%<br> [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]] 0,02%<br> [[Hindu]] 0,01%<ref name="DUKCAPIL"/> |kecamatan =12 [[kecamatan]] |kelurahan =5 [[kelurahan]] |desa =107 [[desa]] |kodearea =0744 |dau =Rp 609.062.820.000,- ([[2020]]) |dauref =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf|title=Rincian Alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum Provinsi/Kabupaten Kota Dalam APBN T.A 2020|website=www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|date=(2020)|accessdate=30 Juli 2021|format=pdf}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |IPM ={{increase}} 69,14 ([[2020]])<br>{{fontcolor|Orange|Sedang}}<ref name="IPM">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html|title=Metode Baru Indeks Pembangunan 2019-2020|website=www.bps.go.id|accessdate=30 Juli 2021|format=pdf}}</ref> |web ={{url|http://www.tebokab.go.id/}} }} '''Kabupaten Tebo''' adolah salah satu [[kabupaten]] di [[Provinsi]] [[Jambi]], [[Indonesia]]. Kabupaten iko barasa dari hasia pamekaran Kabupaten [[Bungo Tebo]], tanggal 12 Oktober 1999. Pado akhia taun [[2019]], Kabupaten Tebo bapanduduak 354.485 jiwa. Kabupaten nan babatehan jo [[Provinsi Riau]] sarato [[Provinsi Sumatera Barat]] iko baribu kota di Muara Tebo.<ref name="TEBO2020" /> == Sijarah == Pado maso Hindu-Buddha, ''Tebo'' disabuik dalam catatan Dinasti Sung (960-1280) jo namo ''She-po'' atau ''Tehu-po''. Dalam catatan tasabuik, ado karajaan nan disabuik Karajaan Ho-lo-tan nan talatak di ''She-po'' atau ''Tehu-po'' nan barulang kali mangirim utusan ka Cino, yaitu pado taun 420, 433, 434, 436, 437, jo 452. Paradaban Hindu-Buddha di Tebo ditandoi jo adonyo bangunan paninggalan Hindu-Buddha nan babantuak candi di Kecamatan [[Sumay, Tebo|Sumay]] jo Kecamatan [[Tebo Ulu, Tebo|Tebo Ulu]] sarato arca di Desa Lubuk Mandarsah, Kecamatan [[Tengah Ilir, Tebo|Tengah Ilir]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Reza|first=Kevin|last2=Oemar|first2=Kamaruddin|last3=Tugiman|date=Oktober 2017|title=SEJARAH PEMEKARAN KABUPATEN TEBO PROVINSI JAMBI (1999-2015)|url=https://jom.unri.ac.id/index.php/JOMFKIP/article/view/14069|journal=Jurnal Online Mahasiswa Bidang Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan FKIP Universitas Riau|volume=4|issue=2}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kudian tagak karajaan nan banamo [[Karajaan Malayu]] di Muaro [[Batang Hari|Batanghari]] nan bakuaso di Sungai Batanghari, tamasuak Tebo nan talatak di ulu sungai. Karajaan iko samaso jo [[Karajaan Sriwijaya]]. Kudian, Karajaan Malayu dikuasoi Singosari malalui Ekspedisi Pamalayu dan dibaoklah [[Dara Petak]] jo [[Dara Jingga]] ka Singosari. Katurunan dari Dara Jingga, Adityawarman, baliak ke ulu Batanghari dan manjadi rajo di karajaan nan dinamoi Karajaan Dharmasraya.<ref name=":0" /> [[Adityawarman]] mamindahkan pusek karajaan ka Minangkabau nan dinamokan Karajaan [[Karajaan Pagaruyuang|Pagaruyuang]]. Salanjuiknyo kapamimpinan Adityawarman digantikan dek Ananggawarman. Kudian [[Ananggawarman]] mampunyoi anak cucu nan banamo [[Putri Selaro Pinang Masak]] nan kudian ari dirajokan dek panduduak Jambi.<ref name=":0" /> Sasudah panduduak Jambi manjadi Islam, tagaklah [[Kasultanan Jambi]]. Sultan tarakhia dari Kasultanan Jambi, [[Sultan Thaha|Sultan Thaha Syaifuddin]] baparang malawan Ulando dan akhianyo maningga pado taun 1904 sarato dimakamkan di Muaro Tebo.<ref name=":0" /> [[Hindia-Balando|Ulando]] taun 1906 barasia manguasoi Jambi. Wilayah Muaro Tebo dek Ulando dijadikan sabagai wilayah nan disabuik afdeeling. Muaro Tebo dibagi manjadi 7 marga atau batin yaitu Petajen Hulu, Petajen Hilir, Tabir Hilir, IX Kota, VII Kota, Sumai dan Jujuhan (pado taun 1934 marga Jujuhan dimasuakan dalam wilayah administrasi Muaro Bungo).<ref name=":0" /> Pado maso Japang, pamarintahan di Tebo indak jauah babeda jo zaman Ulando. Pado 19 Agustus 1945, untuak partamo kali dikibarkan bandera merah putiah nan dipimpin dr. Syahrial Rahman di muko kantua Gun Co Muaro Tebo.<ref name=":0" /> Pado maso kamardekaan, dek keputusan PDRI No. 3/UP/PDRI Kota Muara Tebo merupakan ibukota Kabupaten Muara Tebo. Kudian diubah manuruik Undang-Undang No. 10 Tahun 1948 baso Muaro Tebo manjadi bagian dai [[Kabupaten Merangin]] nan baibu kota di [[Bangko, Merangin|Bangko]]. Kudian, dek Undang-Undang No. 7 Tahun 1965 Kabupaten Merangin dimekarkan baliak manjadi 2 kabupaten, yakni Kabupaten Sarolangun Bangko jo Kabupaten Bungo Tebo. Barulah pado 12 Oktober 1999, Kabupaten Bungo Tebo dimekarkan manjadi duo, yaitu [[Kabupaten Bungo]] jo Kabupaten Tebo manuruik UU No. 54 Tahun 1999.<ref name=":0" /> == Geografi == === Bateh Wilayah === Bateh wilayah Kabupaten Tebo antaro lain; {{batas_USBT|utara=[[Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu]], Provinsi [[Riau]]|selatan=Kecamatan Tabir, [[Kabupaten Merangin]]|barat=[[Kabupaten Bungo]] jo [[Kabupaten Dharmasraya]], [[Sumatera Barat]]|timur=Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Batanghari|Batanghari]] dan Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat|Tanjung Jabung Barat]]}} == Pamarintahan == === Daftar Bupati === {{utama|Daftar Bupati Tebo}} {{:Daftar Bupati Tebo}} === Dewan Perwakilan === {{utama|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Tebo}} {{:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Tebo}} === Kecamatan === {{utama|Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Tebo}} {{:Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Tebo}} == Lambang Kabupaten Tebo == [[Berkas:Logo kabupaten tebo.jpg|jmpl|Lambang Kabupaten Tebo]] Arti Lambang Logo Kabupaten Tebo; * '''Parisai persegi limo''' malambangkan Rukun Islam jo Ideologi Pancasila. * '''Gobah Musajik''' malambangkan baso mayoritas Panduduak Kabupaten Tebo baragamo Islam. * '''Pintu''' atau kotak-kotak pado gobah musajik nan tadiri dari anam buah malambangkan baso pado wakatu pambantuakan Kabupaten Tebo tadiri dari anam kecamatan. * '''Padi nan duo belas kapas nan sepuluh''' malambangkan kasejahteraan dan kamakmuran sarato tanggal bulan badirinyo Kabupaten Tebo. * '''Rantai sembilan di subalah suok jo sambilan di sabalah kida''' malambangkan pasatuan jo kasatuan sarato taun badirinyo Kabupaten Tebo. * '''Kajang Lako''' malambangkan kaaguangan jo marupokan alaik transportasi pado maso Kasultanan Jambi. * '''Aguang''' malambangkan salah satu alaik komunikasi jo alaik kasenian masyarakaik Kabupaten Tebo. * '''Tali bapilin tigo nan mangabek aguang''' malambangkan kasenian adat, syara', jo pamarintah. * '''Karih balakuak tujuah''' nan indak mamakai ulu malambangkan kapatuhan ka bakeh hukum sarato sumangek manulak nan bathil jo kufur, tujuah bilangan ganjia aratinyo indak mamihak. * '''Panjuluak jo Dayuang''', Panjuluak (''galah'') adolah manunjuakan tekad untuak maju jo panulakan pado budayo asiang nan negatif, Dayuang adolah tando kakompakan, kabasamoan sarato bahu mambahu untuak mancapai tujuan basamo. * '''Sungai''' malambangkan baso Kabupaten Tebo didominasi dek daerah aliran sungai dan juo marupokan sarana transportasi masyarakaik. * '''Pita''' nan batuliskan "SEENTAK GALAH SERENGKUH DAYUNG" malambangkan identitas sosial, jatidiri, masyarakaik Kabupaten Tebo. * '''Kaluak Paku dalam Tuduang laya Kajang Lako''' malambangkan ragam ieh Kabupaten Tebo. == Panduduak == [[Berkas:Tribe Family.jpg|jmpl|283x283px|Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) nan mauni rimbo Tebo, salah satunyo nan mauni Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas.]] Manuruik Sensus Panduduak Taun 2020, Kabupaten Tebo mampunyoi panduduak sabanyak 337.669 jiwa. Jumlah panduduak laki-laki sabanyak 173.708 jiwa, dan jumlah panduduak padusi sabanyak 163.961 jiwa. Kapadatan panduduaknyo 52 jiwa/km<sup>2</sup>. Kecamatan jo populasi paliang banyak ado di Kecamatan [[Rimbo Bujang, Tebo|Rimbo Bujang]] nan mancapai 63.320 urang, sadangkan kecamatan jo populasi paliang saketek ado di Kecamatan [[Serai Serumpun, Tebo|Serai Serumpun]] nan mancapai 9.551 urang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tebokab.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/e62fb48062bcf3aaed837a7c/kabupaten-tebo-dalam-angka-2021.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Tebo|website=tebokab.bps.go.id|access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref> === Etnis === Kabupaten Tebo marupokan kabupaten nan heterogen dek mampunyoi panduduak nan barasa dari baragam etnis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jambi.bps.go.id/indicator/12/1111/1/-penduduk-menurut-administasi-dan-suku-bangsa-sp-2010.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik|website=jambi.bps.go.id|access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref> Etnis nan rami mauni kabupaten iko antaro lain [[Urang Malayu Jambi|Malayu Jambi]], [[Suku Anak Dalam]] (SAD), [[Urang Jawa|Jao]], jo [[Urang Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]. Etnis Melayu Jambi jo Suku Anak Dalam marupokan etnis asali di Kabupaten Tebo. Samantaro etnis lainnyo adolah etnis pandatang, jo urang Jao sabagai etnis pandatang paliang rami sarato manjadi mayoritas di Kabupaten Tebo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jambiekspres.co.id/read/2019/09/30/26366/kukuhkan-paguyuban-wisnu-murti-tebo-bupati-sukandar-berharap-budaya-jawa-bisa-terus-lestari|title=Kukuhkan Paguyuban Wisnu Murti Tebo, Bupati Sukandar Berharap Budaya Jawa Bisa Terus Lestari - Berita Jambi Ekspres|last=Jambiekspres.co.id|website=JAMBIEKSPRES.CO.ID|language=en|access-date=2021-08-12|archive-date=2021-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812133704/https://jambiekspres.co.id/read/2019/09/30/26366/kukuhkan-paguyuban-wisnu-murti-tebo-bupati-sukandar-berharap-budaya-jawa-bisa-terus-lestari|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Pariwisata == Kabupaten Tebo sacaro geografis mampunyoi topografi dataran randah baiklim tropis. Sabagian wilayahnyo marupokan rimbo tropis jo baragam jinih tumbuahan jo binatang sarik cando harimau sumatera, gajah, ruso kijang, palanduak, sarato babarapo jinih buruang. Adopulo tumbuahan cando [[anggrek]] jo batang-batang kayu sarupo [[kulim]], [[tambasu]], jo [[surantiah]]. Kakayoan alam rimbonyo manjadi dayo pikek untuak wisata alam di kabupaten iko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tebokab.go.id/page/wisata.html|title=Wisata|website=Website Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Tebo|language=en|access-date=2021-08-06}}</ref> ====== Taman Nasional Bukit Tiga Puluh (TNBT) ====== [[Berkas:Perbandingan pohon dengan manusia di hutan Taman Nasional Bukit Tigapuluh, Jambi.jpg|jmpl|Pohon mati nan masih tagak di Taman Nasional Bukit Tigapuluh]] '''Taman Nasional Bukit Tiga Puluh (TNBT)''' adolah utan linduang nan mamanjang di duo provinsi, Riau jo Jambi, nan tadiri ateh kawasan barisan bukik sarato paraliahan antaro utan rawo jo utan pagunuangan nan tapisah-pisah dari rangkaian Bukik Barisan. Laweh taman nasional ko di Tebo mancapai 23.000 Ha. Di dalamnyo ado 59 jinih mamalia, 199 jinih buruang, jo 18 jinih kalalawa. Salain itu, ado 1.500 spesies tumbuahan jo labiah didominasi tumbuahan dari suku DIpterocarpaceae. Adopulo flora sarik cando cindawan muko rimau (''Rafflesia hasseltii suringar)'' nan tumbuah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/|title=Mekarnya Cendawan Muka Rimau - Ditjen Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem|last=KSDAE|first=Datin|website=ksdae.menlhk.go.id|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2023-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811161218/https://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Adopulo ekosistem sarasah di dalamnyo nan banamo Sarasah Katalo. Di dalam taman nasional ado komunitas Suku Anak Dalam nan bapindah-pindah untuak mancari hasia hutan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/|title=Taman Nasional Bukit Tigapuluh Tidak Berdiam Diri..... - Ditjen Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem|last=KSDAE|first=Datin|website=ksdae.menlhk.go.id|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2023-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811161218/https://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2012/08/16/tn-bukit-tigapuluh-habitat-gajah-terus-terhimpit-ekspansi-tambang-dan-sawit/|title=TN Bukit Tigapuluh: Habitat Gajah Terus Terhimpit Ekspansi Tambang dan Sawit|date=2012-08-16|website=Mongabay.co.id|language=en-US|access-date=2021-08-06}}</ref> Dalam kawasan panyangga TNBT ado juo potensi objek wisata lainnyo cando Sarasah Bulian Berdarah jo Batu Menangis, Sarasah Pancuran Gading, ngalau jo panorama Batang Sumay, makam kiramaik, jo habitat ikan ''kleso'' (arwana).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nurdawati|first=Syarifah|last2=Muflikhah|first2=Niam|last3=Sunarno|first3=Mas Tri Djoko|date=2017-02-16|title=SUMBER DAYA PERIKANAN PERAIRAN SUNGAI BATANG HARI JAMBI|url=http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/bawal/article/view/3838|journal=BAWAL Widya Riset Perikanan Tangkap|language=Id|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.15578/bawal.1.1.2006.1-9|issn=2502-6410|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806125114/http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/bawal/article/view/3838|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>Dharyati, E. (2008). [http://iktiologi-indonesia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/11.-Emmy-Dharyati.pdf Penelitian Sumberdaya Ikan Hias dan Lingkungan di Hulu Sungai Batanghari, Jambi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226063638/http://iktiologi-indonesia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/11.-Emmy-Dharyati.pdf |date=2021-02-26 }}. In ''Prosiding Seminar Nasional lkan V'' (pp. 83-94).</ref> ====== Kebun Raya Bukit Sari ====== '''Kebun Raya Bukit Sari''' marupokan utan nan dilinduangi salaweh 435 ha, talatak di Bukit Sari, Desa Teluk Rendah, Kecamatan Tebo Ilir. ± 136&nbsp;km dari Jambi di tapi labuah gadang Jambi-Muaro Bungo-Muaro Tebo. Kebun raya ko dimiliki basamo juo jo Kabupaten Batanghari. Kebun raya ko dikambangkan untuak manjago tanaman khas Jambi jo habitat buruang. Tanahnyo bagalombang, babukik-bukik curam, sarato balambah nan cukuik dalam. Jinih pohon didominasi dek pohon Plajau, Tenggeris. Surantiah, Jelutung, Kedondong, Kinari jo Tarok. Di lua kawasan iko pangunjuang bisa manikmati mato aia angek jo Sarasah Bukit Karendo jo katinggian 8 meter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wisato.id/wisata-alam/pesona-kebon-raya-bukit-sari/|title=Pesona Kebon Raya Bukit Sari|date=2020-11-13|website=Destinasi Travel Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806125114/https://wisato.id/wisata-alam/pesona-kebon-raya-bukit-sari/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jambi.tribunnews.com/2015/05/25/wow-ternyata-taman-bukit-sari-jambi-lebih-luas-dari-kebun-raya|title=Wow, Ternyata Taman Bukit Sari Jambi Lebih Luas dari Kebun Raya|website=Tribun Jambi|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-08-06}}</ref> ====== Danau Sigombak ====== '''Danau Sigombak''', talatak di Desa Teluk Jambu, Kecamatan Tebo Ulu, kiro-kiro 30 km dari Kota Muaro Tebo. Laweh danau ko mancapai 40 ha nan dikaliliangi dek utan nan masih rimbun. Di tangah danau ko pulau ketek nan dinamokan Pulau Sigombak. Danau ko tabantuak dari aliran Batang Bulian nan mambantuak lubuak nan kudian dipalaweh sabagai banduangan. Manuruik curito rakyaik satampek, danau ko marupokan tampek mandinyo rajo-rajo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wartawisata.id/2019/09/10/danau-sigombak-danau-toba-mini-yang-cantik/|title=Danau Sigombak, Danau Toba Mini yang Cantik|last=TB|first=Clary|date=2019-09-10|language=en-US|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806125114/https://wartawisata.id/2019/09/10/danau-sigombak-danau-toba-mini-yang-cantik/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jambi.tribunnews.com/2019/03/10/anak-jambi-wajib-wisata-ke-danau-sigombak-kabupaten-tebo-biru-airnya-manjakan-mata|title=Anak Jambi Wajib Wisata ke Danau Sigombak Kabupaten Tebo, Jernih Airnya Manjakan Mata|website=Tribun Jambi|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-08-06}}</ref> ====== Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas ====== '''Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas''' marupokan utan linduang nan mambantang di Kabupaten Tebo. Utan ko mampunyoi baragam macam flora jo fauna sarato tampek bamukimnyo Suku Anak Dalam. Kawasan iko marupokan tampek bakambangnyo binatang sarik cando harimau, badak, jo gajah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rimbakita.com/taman-nasional-bukit-dua-belas/|title=Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas - Surga Orang Rimba|date=2021-01-02|website=RimbaKita.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806151943/https://rimbakita.com/taman-nasional-bukit-dua-belas/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ====== Taman Makam Pahlawan Sulthan Thaha Syaifuddin ====== '''Taman makam pahlawan Sulthan Thaha Syaifuddin Jambi''' talatak di pusek kota Muaro Tebo jo laweh komplesnyo 0,5 ha. Makam iko manjadi objek wisata sijarah jo pandidikan. Sulthan Thaha Syaifuddin adolah sultan tarakhia Jambi (katurunan ka-17 Puti Pinang Masak) nan bagala Pangeran Ratu Jayaningrat. Baliau adolah pajuang nan gugua pado taun 1904 di Desa Betung Bedarah katiko malawan Ulando dan kini alah dinyatokan sabagai Pahlawan Nasional RI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.detik.com/galeri-foto/d-5465972/makam-pahlawan-nasional-sultan-thaha-syaifuddin-tebo-jambi|title=Makam Pahlawan Nasional, Sultan Thaha Syaifuddin, Tebo, Jambi|website=detikTravel|language=id|access-date=2021-08-06}}</ref> ====== Taman Tanggo Rajo Ujung Tanjung ====== '''Taman Tanggo Rajo Ujung Tanjung''' marupokan namo kawasan patamuan aliran Batang Hari jo Batang Tebo, tapek di pusek Kota Muaro Tebo. Kawasan ko maadok lansuang ka Desa Mangun Jayo jo Pulau Pecinan. Pado maso daulu, ado tanggo rajo di siko dan manjadi tampek balabuahnyo parahu barang jo pangangkuik urang nan kalua masuak Tebo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tebokab.go.id/news/disporapar%20tebo%20targetkan%20taman%20tanggo%20rajo%20rampung%20sebelum%20porprov.html|title=Website Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Tebo|website=Website Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Tebo|language=en|access-date=2021-08-06}}</ref> ====== Aia Angek Sungai Bengkal ====== Mato aia angek iko talatak di Sungai Bengkal, Kecamatan Tebo Ilir. Laweh area ko sakitar 50 m2 nan barasa dari paneh bumi jo suhu aianyo antaro 50 - 70°C. Walau alun baitu dikambangkan, panduduak satampek alah mampagunokannyo untuak mandi dan dianggap dapek mancegakkan panyakik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metrojambi.com/read/2018/01/11/28245/akses-ke-lokasi-air-panas-di-tebo-diprioritaskan|title=Akses ke Lokasi Air Panas di Tebo Diprioritaskan - Metrojambi.com {{!}} Berita Jambi Digital|last=Metrojambi.com|website=METROJAMBI.COM|language=id-id|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806151943/https://metrojambi.com/read/2018/01/11/28245/akses-ke-lokasi-air-panas-di-tebo-diprioritaskan|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} == Pautan lua == {{Kabupaten Tebo}} {{jambi}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kabupaten Tebo| ]] [[Kategori:Kabupaten di Jambi|Tebo]] [[Kategori:Kabupaten di Indonesia|Tebo]] [[Kategori:WikiSumatra]] 9bm9s4sp83cx1qquie1ne49fvm8pipo Pertamina 0 385602 3347790 3346773 2026-06-12T11:24:13Z Naval Scene 55 Mengembalikan suntingan oleh [[Special:Contributions/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|bicara]]) ke revisi terakhir oleh [[User:Wutsje|Wutsje]] 3184690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)<br />ڤيتروليام ناسيونل برحد | logo = PETRONAS Logo (2013).png | logo_size = 230px | caption = | type = [[Syarikat milik negara|Milik negara]] | traded_as = | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = {{start date and age|1974|8|17|df=yes}} | founder = | defunct = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | location_city = | location_country = [[Malaysia]] | location = Menara 1, [[Menara Berkembar Petronas]], [[Pusat Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur]], 50088 [[Kuala Lumpur]] | area_served = Seluruh dunia | key_people = {{plainlist| * Tengku Muhammad Taufik Tengku Aziz (Presiden & CEO Kumpulan)<ref>{{cite news|title=PETRONAS Bids Farewell To Tan Sri Wan Zulkiflee As Its President & Group CEO; Welcomes The Appointment Of Tengku Muhammad Taufik As The New PETRONAS' President & Group CEO|url=https://www.petronas.com/media/press-release/petronas-bids-farewell-tan-sri-wan-zulkiflee-its-president-group-ceo-welcomes|accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref> * Ahmad Nizam Salleh (Pengerusi)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/bisnes/2018/08/363964/ahmad-nizam-dilantik-pengerusi-petronas|title=Ahmad Nizam dilantik Pengerusi PETRONAS|date=1 Ogos 2018|accessdate=2 Jun 2020|author=Alzahrin Alias|publisher=[[Harian Metro]]}}</ref> }} | industry = [[Industri petroleum|Minyak dan gas]] | products = [[Petroleum]], [[gas asli]], [[petrokimia]] | services = [[Stesen minyak]], [[perkapalan|perkhidmatan perkapalan]] | revenue = {{loss}} AS$46.06 bilion (2016) dari S$55.68 bilion (2015)<ref name="PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/03/220740/petronas-records-higher-net-profit-fy16-pay-out-rm13b-dividend-govt-ceo|title=PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016 |date=14 March 2017}}</ref> | operating_income = | net_income = {{increase}} AS$5.28 bilion (2016) dari AS$4.69 bilion (2015) | assets = {{increase}} AS$135.63 bilion (2016) dari AS$133.07 bilion (2015)<ref name="PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016"/> | equity = {{increase}} AS$95.22 bilion (2016) dari AS$93.44 bilion (2015) | owner = [[Kerajaan Malaysia]] | num_employees = 51,000 (2016)<ref>[https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/327674 Top 20 Largest Oil & Gas Employers]</ref> | parent = | divisions = | subsid = {{unbulleted list|[[KLCC Property Holdings]]|Petronas Gas|[[Petronas Dagangan]]|Petronas Chemicals|Bintulu Port|[[MISC Berhad|MISC]]|Petronas Canada|[[BASF Petronas Chemicals]]}} | homepage =Hidupjokowi.com | footnotes = | intl = }} '''Petroliam Nasional Berhad'''<ref name="Petronas">[http://www.petronas.com.my/internet/corp/centralrep2.nsf/frameset_corp?OpenFrameset Petronas Malaysia: Corporate News 2005] About PETRONAS</ref> atau lebih dikenali sebagai '''Petronas''' (digayakan sebagai '''PETRONAS''') ialah sebuah syarikat [[Industri minyak dan gas|minyak dan gas]] [[perbadanan multinasional|multinasional]] [[Malaysia]]. Ditubuhkan pada 17 Ogos 1974 dan dimiliki sepenuhnya oleh [[kerajaan Malaysia]], syarikat ini telah mendapat hak keseluruhan terhadap sumber-sumber minyak dan gas di Malaysia dan diamanahkan dengan tanggungjawab untuk membangunkan dan menambah nilai kepada sumber-sumber tersebut. ''[[Fortune Global 500]]'' telah meletakkan Petronas sebagai sebuah syarikat ke-95 terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2008 dan ke-80 terbesar pada tahun 2009. Ia juga meletakkan Petronas sebagai syarikat perbadanan ke-13 paling banyak membuat keuntungan di dunia dan yang paling banyak keuntungan di [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Global 500 2008: Petronas|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/snapshots/6418.html| publisher=Fortune Magazine| date=| accessdate=2008-07-16| author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Global 500 2008: Top Performers - Most Profitable| url= http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/performers/companies/profits/| date=| accessdate=2008-07-16| publisher=Fortune Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title= Global 500 2009: Full List| url= http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/full_list/| publisher=Fortune Magazine| accessdate=2009-07-21}}</ref> Menurut senarai kedudukan yang diterbitkan oleh Forbes Global 2000, Petronas Gas diumumkan sebagai syarikat awam ke-1881 terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/petronas-gas/#5545a5271104|title= Forbes Global 2000|access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> Sejak diperbadankan, Petronas berkembang menjadi syarikat minyak dan gas dengan kepentingan perniagaan di 31 negara. Sehingga akhir Mac 2005, Kumpulan ini mengandungi 103 pemilikan sendiri anak-anak syarikat, 19 syarikat kelengkapan milik sebahagiannya dan yang dimiliki separuhnya dan 57 syarikat bersekutu. Bersama-sama ini, menjadikan Petronas, yang terlibat di dalam pelbagai aktiviti-aktiviti berasaskan minyak dan gas. Majalah ''[[Financial Times]]'' telah mengenal pasti Petronas sebagai satu daripada "kembar tujuh" yang baru":<ref name=ft>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/471ae1b8-d001-11db-94cb-000b5df10621.html The new Seven Sisters: oil and gas giants dwarf western rivals], by Carola Hoyos, Financial Times. 11 March 2007</ref> syarikat minyak dan gas milik kerajaan yang paling berpengaruh di luar [[OECD]]. Petronas menyediakan satu spektrum aktiviti [[petroleum]] yang luas, termasuk penerokaan huluan dan penghasilan minyak dan gas kepada hiliran [[minyak|penapisan minyak]]; pemasaran dan pengagihan [[petroleum|produk petroleum]]; perdagangan; pemprosesan gas dan [[Cecair|pencecairan]]; operasi rangkaian penghantaran talian paip gas; pemasaran [[gas|gas cecair semulajadi]]; pengilangan dan pemasaran [[petrokimia]]; [[perkapalan]]; [[automotif|kejuruteraan automotif]]; dan [[pelaburan]] [[hartanah]]. [[Menara Berkembar Petronas]] telah dibuka secara rasminya pada [[Hari Kemerdekaan Malaysia]] ke-42 pada 31 Ogos 1998 yang juga hari ulang tahun syarikat ke-24. Pada 31 Mac 2011, [[Kerajaan Malaysia]] secara rasminya menamatkan jawatan mantan [[Perdana Menteri Malaysia]] [[Mahathir Mohamad]] sebagai penasihat Petronas. Tindakan ini diambil berikutan ketidakfahaman dalam kesaksamaan berpolitik, dimana Mahathir dilihat menyerang secara terbuka pentadbiran dan personaliti Perdana Menteri ketika itu [[Najib Razak]], Mahathir juga dilihat mengadakan baiah bersama pemimpin pembangkang sebagai satu langkah untuk meminta Perdana Menteri melepaskan jawatannya. [[Jabatan Perdana Menteri Malaysia|Jabatan Perdana Menteri]] dalam kenyataannya bersetuju atas penamatan ini kerana "tidak menyokong kerajaan yang sedia ada dan tidak patut mempunyai sebarang jawatan dalam kerajaan".<ref>Ngui, Y. (2016). ''Malaysia Fires Former Leader Mahathir as Adviser to Petronas.'' WSJ. Retrieved March 12 2016, from http://www.wsj.com/articles/malaysia-fires-former-leader-mahathir-as-adviser-to-petronas-1457707460</ref> Sebanyak 0.69 peratus gas yang dilepaskan melalui proses perindustrian global dari tahun 1988 hingga 2015 berasal daripada aktiviti-aktiviti Petronas.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change | title= Top 100 producers and their cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from 1988-2015 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | access-date= 29 October 2020}}</ref> Oleh itu, Petronas merupakan antara penyumbang utama perubahan iklim, suatu fenomena yang membawa banyak risiko terhadap kesihatan, pekerjaan, kestabilan bekalan makanan dan air, keselamatan, serta perkembangan ekonomi.<ref>{{cite journal |title=IPCC, 2018: Summary for Policymakers |issue=Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf |accessdate=29 October 2020 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723103232/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==History== [[File:KL - Menara Carigali, KLCC.JPG|thumb|[[Petronas Tower 3]], Kuala Lumpur]] [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah Petronas-Tower-01.jpg|thumb|Petronas office building in [[Kota Kinabalu|Kota Kinabalu, Sabah]]]] Before the formation of Malaysia, Royal Dutch Shell (now [[Shell plc]]) first began the oil exploration in [[Miri, Malaysia|Miri]], [[Sarawak]]; after [[Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak|Charles Brooke]] signed the first Oil Mining Lease in 1909. In 1910, the first oil well was drilled in Miri. This oil well is later known as the Grand Old Lady.<ref name=AAPG>{{cite web|last1=Sorkhabi|first1=Rasoul|title=Historical Highlight: Miri Field Seeps Helped, But Success Was a Higher Calling|url=http://archives.aapg.org/explorer/2011/03mar/miri_well0311.cfm|publisher=[[American Association of Petroleum Geologists]] (AAPG)|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324151035/http://archives.aapg.org/explorer/2011/03mar/miri_well0311.cfm|archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Geoexpro>{{cite book|last1=Sorkhabi|first1=Rasoul|title=History of oil: Sarawak - Miri 1910|date=2010|publisher=GEO ExPro Magazine Vol 7, No 2|page=44|url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/02/miri-1910|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324153023/http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/02/miri-1910|archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> In 1929, oil was discovered in [[Brunei]]. There were no other drilling activities in [[Borneo]] or [[British Malaya]] until 1950s.<ref name="Fred R 2007">{{cite book|last1=Dr Fred R|first1=von der Mehden|last2=Al|first2=Troner|title=Petronas: a national oil company with an international vision|date=March 2007|publisher=James A Baker III Institute for public policy, Rice university|url=https://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/page/9dd51576/noc_petronas_tronervdm.pdf|access-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516220308/http://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/page/9dd51576/noc_petronas_tronervdm.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1966, the enactment of Petroleum Mining Act gave Exxon and Shell rights to explore oil territories and produce oil royalties and tax payments to the government.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Malaysian Oil and Gas Infustry: Challenging times, but fundamentals intact|date=May 2016|publisher=Price Waterhouse Coopers|url=https://www.pwc.com/my/en/assets/publications/2016-msian-oil-n-gas-industry.pdf|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705021436/https://www.pwc.com/my/en/assets/publications/2016-msian-oil-n-gas-industry.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2017|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> In the late 1960s, Esso and [[ConocoPhillips|Continental Oil]] were given concessions to explore oil off the shores of the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.<ref name="BPMB 2011">{{cite book|title=Report on Malaysia oil and gas exploration and production|date=2011|publisher=Bank Pembangunan (Malaysian Development Bank)|page=60|access-date=17 May 2018|url=http://www.bpmb.com.my:80/documents/21475/33700/20.pdf/3723eecd-5976-4fd2-9b10-c1375fbdd4cc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411100217/http://www.bpmb.com.my/documents/21475/33700/20.pdf/3723eecd-5976-4fd2-9b10-c1375fbdd4cc|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2017}}</ref> By 1974, Malaysia's output of crude oil stood at about {{convert|90,000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} to {{convert|99,000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.<ref name="BPMB 2011"/> ===1970s: Establishment with the Malaysian Government=== Several factors converged in the early 1970s to prompt the Malaysian government into setting up a state-owned oil and gas company. In 1972, the oil price per barrel was US$1.50, which later rose to US$2.28 per barrel. War in the middle east and oil embargo by Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ([[OPEC]]) had caused the price per barrel to rise until US$12.00, thus giving more incentives for Malaysia to set up her own oil company. Several countries such as [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Egypt]], and [[Indonesia]] have adopted the [[production sharing agreement]] instead of a concession system for oil revenue distribution. The Malaysian government also believed that foreign oil companies did not properly inform the government regarding the oil exploration activities in their own concessions (such as the new discovery of oil fields), thus resulted in a loss of revenue to the government. The formulation of [[Malaysian New Economic Policy]] in the early 1970s encourages Malaysians to take control of various modern industries and to open more economic opportunities for [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]] (Malaysian natives).<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> The former chief minister of Sarawak, [[Abdul Rahman Ya'kub]] was the first one who proposed the idea of Malaysia setting up an oil company in 1965,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lau|first1=Leslie|title=Ex-Sarawak CM says Kelantan has no right to oil royalty|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55898-ex-sarawak-cm-says-kelantan-has-no-right-to-oil-royalty|access-date=27 April 2015|publisher=The Malaysian Insider|date=14 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314022944/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55898-ex-sarawak-cm-says-kelantan-has-no-right-to-oil-royalty|archive-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> when he was the federal lands and mines deputy minister.<ref name="Mokhtar 1981">{{cite book |last1=Mokhtar |first1=Suhaimi |title=Putera Kenyalang: Satu Dekad Penuh Cabaran (Son of the land of the hornbills, a challenging decade) |date=1981 |publisher=Penerbitan Pena Sdn Bhd |location=Selangor |isbn= |pages=84}}</ref> It was due to the pressure of the Sarawak people who sought to clarify the exact boundaries of Sarawak territorial waters. In fact, since the formation of Malaysia in 1963, the issue of territorial waters of Sabah and Sarawak has not been fully addressed, thus leaving its interpretation wide open. The Sarawak government has declared that the territorial waters extend well beyond the three-mile limit defined by the Malaysian federal government. However, Abdul Rahman Ya'kub was reminded of [[Tun Abdul Razak]]'s act of installing him as the chief minister of Sarawak. Therefore, Rahman decided to keep the conflict as low profile as possible. Rahman's nephew, [[Abdul Taib Mahmud]] assumed the role of federal deputy land and mines minister after Rahman became education minister and later, chief minister of Sarawak. Taib believed in the sharing of oil royalties between the state and the federal government. During the time, the oil mining activities in Sarawak were still under the exclusive control of Shell. Taib Mahmud initially suggested allowing independent contractors to market government oil. Taib found a Lebanese trader to purchase the Malaysian oil, however, the contractor defaulted on payments, resulting in US$4 million loss. A government hydrocarbon committee was later set up. Taib Mahmud visited Indonesia and had a discussion with [[Pertamina]] (Indonesian state-owned oil and gas company). Taib suggested that Malaysia scrap the concession system and replace it with a [[production sharing agreement]]. However, there were no laws that allowed Malaysia to take back the concessions without compensating foreign oil companies.<ref name="Ranjit 1986"/> Despite this, Taib decided to set up a statutory body named "HIKMA" (Hidrokarbon Malaysia),<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> which would have total rights of oil found in the territorial waters of Sabah and Sarawak. However, Rahman Ya'kub protested his nephew's decision and threatened to take the federal government to court if Sarawak were to be left out of this oil deal. [[Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah]] (chairman of [[Perbadanan Nasional Berhad]] (Pernas)) visited Rahman at the latter's private residence in [[Kuching]]. Tengku Razaleigh suggested the formation of a company instead of a statutory body where the former would distribute profits equally between the federal and the state governments. Rahman agreed with the suggestion. Tengku Razaleigh drafted the Petroleum Development Act together with his associates in secret, as instructed by Tun Razak, and to be completed before the [[Malaysian general election, 1974|1974 Malaysian general election]]. Rahman Ya'kub then telephoned Tengku Razaleigh to ask about the terms offered by the Malaysian federal government. Tengku Razaleigh then told Rahman regarding abolishment of the concession system. Meanwhile, 5% oil royalty will be given to the respective oil-producing states. Rahman agreed with the deal.<ref name="Ranjit 1986">{{cite book|last1=Ranjit|first1=Gill|title=Razaleigh: An Unending Quest|date=1986|publisher=Pelanduk publication|location=Petaling Jaya, Selangor|isbn=967-978-101-1|pages=118–129|chapter=19 and 20|quote=When Taib became Minister of Land and Mines, he showed considerable interest in the development of this resource, and in his view, there should be a sharing of royalties between the State (i.e. Sarawak) and the federal government.(page 121) ... Tengku Razaleigh visited Datuk Rahman, ... I suggested the formation of a company, not a statutory corporation, which would distribute profits equally between the Federal government and Sarawak in the form of cash payments. He accepted the proposal and I rushed back to Tun Razak with the news. (page 122) ... The proceeds would accrue to Petronas, but 5 percent of the oil revenue thereafter would go to the state, and a similar amount to the Federal government. Rahman agreed (page 123).}}</ref> In 1974, the Petroleum Development Act was tabled and approved in parliament. Petronas was incorporated on 17 August 1974, and Tengku Razaleigh became its inaugural chairman. Initially, Exxon and Shell refused to surrender their concessions and refused to negotiate with Petronas. Petronas then served a notice to all foreign oil companies that after 1 April 1975, all the foreign oil companies would be operating illegally in Malaysian waters if they do not start negotiations with Petronas. After a few rounds of negotiations, foreign oil companies finally surrendered their concessions to Petronas. While all other oil-producing states in Malaysia signed the petroleum agreement, [[Tun Mustapha]], the chief minister of [[Sabah]], stubbornly refused to sign the oil agreement, complaining of the meagre 5% oil royalty. Mustapha requested for 10 to 20% oil royalty; otherwise, he would threaten to pull Sabah out of Malaysia. Tengku Razaleigh refused to bulge in. The Malaysian federal government then made another deal with Datuk [[Harris Salleh]] (who was out of favour with Tun Mustapha) to establish [[Sabah People's United Front|Berjaya]] party and oust Tun Mustapha. However, Harris was reluctant to become the Chief Minister of Sabah, and [[Fuad Stephens]] was asked to assume to the post of chief minister if Berjaya were to come to power. Berjaya successfully ousted Tun Mustapha in the 1976 Sabah state election.<ref name="Ranjit 1986"/> One week after the [[1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash|1976 air crash]] which killed the chief minister [[Fuad Stephens]] and other five state ministers, Harris signed the oil agreement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bid to nullify the oil royalty deal|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=82657|access-date=30 May 2015|work=Daily Express|date=26 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028232222/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=82657|archive-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> With Sabah entering the oil agreement, Petronas finally has total control of all oil and gas reserves in Malaysia. Petronas first embarked on the oil exploration and production activities with the formation of Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd in 1978. In 1980, Petronas expanded its downstream businesses by setting up ASEAN [[Bintulu]] Fertiliser plant in [[Sarawak]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About us - milestones |url=https://www.petronas.com/about-us/milestones |publisher=Petronas |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830130233/https://www.petronas.com/about-us/milestones |archive-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> In 1984, Petronas moved to [[Dayabumi Complex|Dayabumi]] after occupying various buildings in Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glut of office space in KL |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19840511-1.2.26.2?qt=dayabumi&q=dayabumi%20 |work=The Straits Times |date=11 May 1984}}</ref> ===Late 1980s: Battling oil depletion=== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}} Oil exploration was by no means at an end and could yet produce more reserves. The Seligi field, which came onstream at the end of 1988 and was developed by Esso Production Malaysia, was one of the richest oilfields so far found in Malaysia waters, and further concessions to the majors would encourage exploration of the deeper waters around Malaysia, where unknown reserves could be discovered. Meanwhile, computerised seismography made it both feasible and commercially justifiable to re-explore fields which had been abandoned, or were assumed to be unproductive, over the past century. In 1990, Petronas invited foreign companies to re-explore parts of the sea off Sabah and Sarawak on the basis of new surveys using up-to-date techniques. Another way to postpone depletion was to develop sources of oil, and of its substitute, natural gas, outside Malaysia. Late in 1989, the governments of [[Vietnam]] and [[Myanmar]] (Burma) invited Petronas Carigali to take part in joint ventures to explore for oil in their coastal waters. In 1990, a new unit, Petronas Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd, was created to take up a 15% interest in a field in Myanmar's waters being explored by Idemitsu Myanmar Oil Exploration Co. Ltd., a subsidiary of the Japanese firm [[Idemitsu Kosan|Idemitsu Oil Development Co. Ltd.]], in a production sharing arrangement with [[Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise]]. Thus began Petronas' first oil exploration outside Malaysia. In May 1990, the governments of [[Malaysia]] and [[Thailand]] settled a long-running dispute over their respective rights to an area of 7,300 square kilometres in the [[Gulf of Thailand]] by setting up a joint administrative authority for the area and encouraging a joint oil exploration project by Petronas, the [[PTT Public Company Limited|Petroleum Authority of Thailand]], and the US company [[Triton Energy Limited|Triton Oil]]. In a separate deal, in October 1990, the Petroleum Authority of Thailand arranged with Petronas to study the feasibility of transferring natural gas from this jointly administered area, through Malaysia to Thailand, by way of an extension of the pipelines laid for the third stage of the Peninsular Gas Utilisation Project. That project was on course to becoming a major element in the postponement of oil depletion. Contracts for line pipes for the second stage of the project were signed in 1989 with two consortia of Malaysian, Japanese, and Brazilian companies. This stage, completed in 1991, included the laying of 730 kilometres of pipeline through to the tip of the Peninsula, from where gas could be sold to Singapore and [[Thailand]]; the conversion of two power stations—[[Port Dickson]] and [[Pasir Gudang]]—from oil to gas; and the expansion of Petronas' output of [[methyl tert-butyl ether]] (MTBE), [[propylene]], and [[polypropylene]], which were already being produced in joint ventures with [[Idemitsu]] Petrochemical Co. of Japan and [[Neste Oy]] of Finland. The third and final stage of the project was to lay pipelines along the northwest and northeast coastlines of the Peninsula and was completed in 1997. Another new venture in 1990 was in ship-owning, since Petronas' existing arrangements with [[MISC Berhad|MISC]] and with Nigeria's state oil company would be inadequate to transport the additional exports of LNG due to start in 1994, under the contract with Saibu Gas. Petronas did not lose sight of the government's commitment to Malaysian self-reliance, and the company's second refinery at [[Malacca]], completed in 1994, with a capacity of {{convert|100000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}, promoted the same policy. The fact that it was built in a joint venture with [[Samsung]] of Korea, the [[Chinese Petroleum Corporation]] of [[Taiwan]], and [[Caltex]] of the United States did not negate the policy, for the subsidiary company Petronas Penapisan (Melaka) had a decisive 45% of equity while sharing the enormous costs of and gaining advanced technology for the project. More to the point, a side effect of the refinery's completion was that Petronas was able to refine all of the crude oil it produced, instead of being partially dependent on refining facilities in Singapore. Petronas, with its policies of promoting self-reliance, helping to develop associated industries, and varying the sources and uses of oil and gas, played an important role in the Malaysian economy as a whole. Under governments which—by current, if not historical, Western standards—were strongly interventionist, the contribution of oil taxes to the federal government's revenue hovered at around 12% to 16% until 1980, when it showed a marked increase to 23%, followed by another leap to 32% in 1981. From then until 1988 the proportion fluctuated between 29% and 36%. Petronas was not just another big oil company: it controlled a crucial sector of the economy and remained, for better or worse, an indispensable instrument of the state. ===Since 1990s: Global expansion=== [[File:E8664-Pattaya-Sukhumvit-Road.jpg|thumb|A Petronas station seen in [[Pattaya]], Thailand]] During the mid- to late 1990s, international exploration, development, and production remained key components in Petronas' strategy along with diversification. A key discovery was made in the Ruby field in Vietnam in 1994. That year, the firm also saw its first overseas production from the [[Dai Hung field]] in Vietnam and established its first retail station outside of Malaysia in [[Cambodia]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} In 1995, a subsidiary was created to import, store, and distribute [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG). In addition, the company's [[polyethylene]] plant in [[Kerteh]] began operations. Petronas marked a significant milestone during this time period—two of its subsidiaries, Petronas Dagangan Bhd and Petronas Gas Bhd, went public on the [[Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange]]. Between 1993 and 1996, it purchased the former sub-Saharan branch of Mobil Oil, rebranded as [[Engen Petroleum]]. In 1996, Petronas entered the aromatics market by way of a joint venture that created Aromatics Malaysia Sdn Bhd. It also formed a contract with [[China National Offshore Oil Corporation]] and [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] Overseas Petroleum Ltd. to begin the exploration of block 02/31 of the Liaodong Bay area in China. While the Asian economy as a whole suffered from an economic crisis during 1997 and 1998, Malaysia was quick to bounce back due to successful government reforms. From its new headquarters in the [[Petronas Twin Towers]], the state-owned concern continued its development in the oil and gas industry. During 1997, Petronas heightened its diversification efforts. The firm set plans in motion to build three petrochemical plants in [[Kuantan]] as well as an [[Acetic acid|acetic]] facility in [[Kerteh]]. Its first LPG joint venture in China was launched that year, and the company acquired a 29.3% interest in Malaysia International Shipping Corporation Berhad (MISC). In 1998, Petronas' tanker-related subsidiary merged with MISC, increasing Petronas' stake in MISC to 62%. That year, Petronas introduced the [[Proton E01 engine|Petronas E01]], the country's first commercial prototype engine. The company also signed a total of five new production sharing contracts (PSCs) in 1998 and 1999, and began oil production in the [[Sirri Island|Sirri]] field in Iran. Petronas entered the new century determined to expand its international efforts. The company forged deals for two new exploration plots in Pakistan and began construction on the Chad-Cameroon Integrated Oil Development and Pipeline Project. By 2002, Petronas had signed seven new PSCs and secured stakes in eight exploration blocks in eight countries, including [[Gabon]], [[Cameroon]], [[Niger]], Egypt, [[Yemen]], [[Indonesia]], and Vietnam. The firm also made considerable progress in its petrochemicals strategy, opening new gas-based petrochemical facilities in Kerteh and Gebeng. By 2003, Malaysia was set to usurp [[Algeria]] as the world's second-largest producer of LNG with the completion of the Malaysia LNG Tiga Plant. Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] commented on the achievement in a May 2003 [[Bernama]] News Agency article, claiming that "the Petronas LNG complex now serves as another shining example of a vision realized of a national aspiration, transformed into reality by the same belief among Malaysians that 'we can do it.'" Indeed, Petronas had transformed itself into a global oil company over the previous decade, becoming a national symbol for success. The company realised, however, that it would have to continue its aggressive growth strategy to ensure its survival in the years to come. The Petronas overseas expansion drive continues with the acquisition of Woodside Energy Ltd [[Mauritania]] assets for $418 million in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title= Petronas signs $418-million deal for Mauritania assets| url= http://www.offshore-mag.com/display_article/307375/120/ARTCL/none/PRODN/PETRONAS-signs-$418-million-deal-for-Mauritania-assets/?dcmp=ENL.OSWAR_ARCH| archive-url= https://archive.today/20140815022027/http://www.offshore-mag.com/display_article/307375/120/ARTCL/none/PRODN/PETRONAS-signs-$418-million-deal-for-Mauritania-assets/?dcmp=ENL.OSWAR_ARCH| url-status= dead| archive-date= 15 August 2014| access-date=15 July 2008| date=27 August 2007| publisher=Offshore Magazine}}</ref> The venture proved successful as they discovered oil in May 2008<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas and partners strike oil and gas in Mauritania |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/8/business/21182804&sec=business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208133205/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/8/business/21182804&sec=business |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2008 |work=The Star |date=8 May 2008 |access-date=15 July 2008 }}</ref> In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Datuk Mustapa Mohamed{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}, stated that Petronas contributed RM 25 Billion to the country's treasury accounting for 25% of revenue collected via dividends and other revenues. Petronas continued to focus on international exploration projects as 40% of revenue in 2008 was derived from international projects such as [[Iran]], [[Sudan]], [[Chad]] and [[Mauritania]]. The company's international reserves stood at 6.24 billion barrels oil equivalent in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title= Petronas to focus on overseas ops| url= http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/16/business/21836412&sec=business| author=Joseph Chin| access-date=16 July 2008| date=16 July 2008| work= The Star}}</ref> On 9 April 2019, Petronas was praised for its role in the Sudanese oil and gas industry by Minister of Oil and Gas engineer Yagoub Adam Bashir Gamaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energymixreport.com/sudans-oil-minister-briefed-on-petronas-activities-in-sudan/|title=Sudan's Oil Minister briefed on Petronas activities in Sudan|date=9 April 2019|website=Energy News {{!}} Oil and Gas News|language=en-US|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412010509/https://www.energymixreport.com/sudans-oil-minister-briefed-on-petronas-activities-in-sudan/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> On 29 October 2012, Petronas sources said it would renew a bid for gas producer, Progress Energy Resources after Canada blocked its bid earlier that month. The $6-billion bid was approved by Ottawa on 7 December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-progress-petronas-idUSBRE89S03320121029|title=Petronas agrees to renew bid for Canada's Progress: sources |date=29 October 2012 |work= Reuters }}</ref> On 17 January 2013, Petronas issued a statement that an onshore oil and gas discovery has been made in the state after drilling a test well about 20 kilometres away from the city of Miri in northern [[Sarawak]]. The well was found to have a net hydrocarbon thickness of 349 meters. It had flow rates of 440 barrels of crude oil per day and 11.5 million standard cubic feet of gas per day. The find is the first onshore oil discovery in [[Malaysia]] in 24 years. <ref name=discovery2013>{{Cite news | title = Rich oil deposits discovered in Sarawak | publisher = Investvine.com | date = 19 January 2013 | url = http://investvine.com/rich-oil-deposits-discovered-in-sarawak/ | access-date = 19 January 2013 | archive-date = 6 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170106174239/http://investvine.com/rich-oil-deposits-discovered-in-sarawak/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> On 2 May 2015, Petronas completed its acquisition of oil and gas assets in Azerbaijan from Norway's Statoil (now Equinor) for US$2.25 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Petronas closes $2.25 billion purchase of Statoil's Azerbaijan assets|date=5 May 2015|url=http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/05/petronas-closes-2-25-billion-purchase-of-statoils-azerbaijan-assets/|publisher=Petro Global News|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510013900/http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/05/petronas-closes-2-25-billion-purchase-of-statoils-azerbaijan-assets/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Plagued by the [[2010s oil glut]], Petronas reported on 26 February 2015 that it cut its 2015 capital expenditures budget after reporting a $2 billion fourth quarter loss, the company's first loss since it began reporting quarterly results five years ago.<ref>{{cite news|title=Petronas suffers first-ever loss — $2 billion in Q4|url=http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/03/petronas-suffers-first-ever-loss-2-billion-in-q4/|access-date=2 March 2015|publisher=Petro Global News}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 1 April 2017, Petronas' PFLNG Satu, is the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility, has achieved a new milestone with the successful loading of its first cargo at the Kanowit gas field, offshore Bintulu, Sarawak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.petronas.com.my/media-relations/media-releases/Pages/article/PETRONAS%E2%80%99-FIRST-FLOATING-LNG-FACILITY,-PFLNG-SATU.aspx|title=PETRONAS' FIRST FLOATING LNG FACILITY, PFLNG SATU ACHIEVES FIRST CARGO &#124; PETRONAS|website=www.petronas.com.my|language=en-us|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> On 25 July 2017, Petronas cancelled a $36-billion [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) project, the Pacific Northwest LNG, which was considered ambitious and a priority in the [[Canadian province]] of [[British Columbia]]. Both the company and the province blamed poor global LNG market conditions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/a-tragedy-for-canada-petronas-cancels-36b-lng-project-as-b-c-jacks-up-demands/wcm/de2567c8-499d-489f-9dec-3826a01c932c|title='A tragedy for Canada': Petronas cancels $36B LNG project as B.C. jacks up demands|date=26 July 2017|work=Financial Post|access-date=30 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> == Controversies == ===War crimes allegations in Sudan=== In June 2010, the European Coalition on Oil in Sudan (ECOS)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ecosonline.org/ |publisher=European Coalition on Oil in Sudan |title=ECOS Database |access-date=2025-04-11 |archive-date=2025-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418104312/https://www.ecosonline.org/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> published the report "Unpaid Debt",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/unpaid-debt-report |publisher=European Coalition on Oil in Sudan |access-date=28 June 2019 |title=Unpaid Debt, The legacy of Lundin, Petronas, and OMV in Block 5A, Sudan, 1997–2003}}</ref> that called upon the governments of Sweden, Austria, and Malaysia to look into allegations that PETRONAS, Fida Aziz, [[Lundin Petroleum]], and [[OMV]] may have been complicit in the commission of [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] while operating in [[Block 5A, South Sudan]] (then [[Sudan]]), during the period 1997–2003. The reported crimes include indiscriminate attacks and intentional targeting of civilians, burning of shelters, pillage, destruction of objects necessary for survival, unlawful killing of civilians, rape of women, abduction of children, torture, and forced displacement. When the consortium that PETRONAS took part in operated in Block 5A, approximately 12,000 people died, and 160,000 were violently displaced from their land and homes, many forever. Satellite pictures taken between 1994 and 2003 show that the activities of PETRONAS in Sudan coincided with a spectacular drop in agricultural land use in its concession area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecosonline.org/reports/2009/Satellite_mapping_Block5a_small.pdf |publisher=Prins Engineering |date=30 August 2009 |title=Satellite mapping Block 5A |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> In June 2010, the Swedish public prosecutor for international crimes opened a criminal investigation into links between Sweden and the reported crimes. In 2016, Lundin Petroleum's Chairman Ian Lundin and CEO Alex Schneiter were informed that they were the suspects of the investigation. Sweden's Government gave the green light for the Public Prosecutor in October 2018 to indict the two top executives<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/reparations/39348-lundin-faces-prosecution-for-sudan-oil-war-abuses.html |title=Lundin faces prosecution for Sudan oil war abuses |publisher=Justice Info |date=23 October 2018 |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> On 1 November 2018, and the Swedish Prosecution Authority notified Lundin Petroleum AB that the company might be liable to a corporate fine and forfeiture of economic benefits of SEK 3,285 million (app. €315 million) for involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/download/lundin-petroleum-receives-information-regarding-a-potential-corporate-fine-and-forfeiture-of-economic-benefits-in-relation-to-past-operations-in-sudan/?wpdmdl=14539/ |publisher=Lundin Petroleum website |title=Regulatory disclosure |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119011030/https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/download/lundin-petroleum-receives-information-regarding-a-potential-corporate-fine-and-forfeiture-of-economic-benefits-in-relation-to-past-operations-in-sudan/?wpdmdl=14539/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Consequently, the company itself will also be charged, albeit indirectly, and will be legally represented in court. On 15 November 2018, the suspects were served with the draft charges and the case files.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/lundin-petroleum-receives-indictment.html |title=Lundin Petroleum Receives Final Notice before Indictment |access-date=29 June 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They will be indicted for aiding and abetting [[Transnational crime|international crimes]] and may face life imprisonment if found guilty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/stream/48c2d29d-b0ea-4de1-81ae-7db98cef0bcf |title=Swedish oil bosses set to be charged on South Sudan |publisher=Financial Times |date=18 October 2018}}</ref> The trial is likely to begin early in 2022 and may take two years. The Swedish war crimes investigation raises the issue of access to remedy and reparation for victims of human rights violations linked with business activities. In May 2016, representatives of communities in Block 5A claimed their right to remedy and reparation and called upon PETRONAS and its shareholders to pay off their debt to them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/remedy-claim/ |publisher=Unpaid Debt |title=Victim's Remedy Claim |access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref> A conviction in Sweden may provide some level of remedy and reparation for the few victims of human rights violations who will testify in court, but not for the other 200,000 victims who will not be represented in court. The Swedish court cannot impose obligations upon PETRONAS. On 23 May 2019, the T.M.C. Asser Institute for International Law in The Hague organised the conference 'Towards criminal liability of corporations for human rights violations: The Lundin case in Sweden'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEwrVwXN-nA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/PEwrVwXN-nA |archive-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Towards criminal liability of corporations for human rights violations: The Lundin case in Sweden|website=[[YouTube]]|date=23 May 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> The international standard for business and human rights, the UNGP, underlines the duty of business enterprises to contribute to effective remedy of the adverse impact that it has caused or contributed to.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/GuidingprinciplesBusinesshr_eN.pdf|title=UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights}}</ref> The company has never publicly showed an interest in the adverse effects of its activities on the communities in its concession area. According to the Dutch peace organisation PAX, PETRONAS, Lundin Petroleum, OMV, as well as their shareholders are disregarding the human rights standards that they claim to respect, because they, ''A''. never conducted appropriate due diligence for their Sudanese operations; ''B''. made no effort to know their human rights impacts; and ''C''. do not show how they address alleged adverse human rights impacts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/consortium/ |publisher=PAX |title=How Lundin, OMV, and Petronas do not respect human rights}}</ref> PETRONAS Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd, a wholly owned subsidiary of PETRONAS Group of Companies, held a 28.5% share in the consortium that acquired the right to explore and develop oil deposits in Block 5A. In 2003, Lundin Petroleum and OMV sold their interest following a public outcry about the role of the consortium in Sudan's [[oil war]]. PETRONAS picked up Lundin's 40.375% working interest for a cash payment of US$142.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/timeline/lundin-2003-2/|title=Lundin 2003}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As the operator of the consortium, Lundin Petroleum was responsible for day-to-day management. Still, it stood under the supervision of the Operating Committee, that exercised "overall direction and control of all matters pertaining to the Joint Operations and the Joint Property". PETRONAS was permanently represented in the Operating Committee and has never publicly distanced itself from any of its decisions.<ref>Joint Operating Agreement between IPC Sudan Limited and Petronas Carigali Overseasn Sdn Bhd and OMV (SUDAN) Exploration GmbH and Sudapet Ltd. SUDAN BLOCK 5A, 7 April 1999.</ref> PETRONAS has never publicly responded to the allegations of negative impacts in Sudan or discussed the issue with local communities. The company is not known to have taken adequate measures to prevent involvement in human rights violations during the oil war or to undo the adverse impacts of its consortium's operations. PETRONAS was a loyal participant in the consortium that operated in Block 5A and had a substantial say in the way it operated. Therefore, the suspicions against the consortium's top managers also concern PETRONAS. The company is wholly owned by the Malaysian State. According to the UN Guiding Principles, abuse of human rights by a business enterprise that is wholly or partially controlled by a State, may entail a violation of that State's own international law obligations.<ref>UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, p. 7.</ref> In early October 2021, the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan|Sudanese transitional government]] made moves to confiscate PETRONAS' assets, alleging that they had been acquired through illegal means under the rule of ousted [[President of Sudan|Sudanese President]] [[Omar al-Bashir]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aslan |first1=Dilara |title=Sudanese government seeks confiscation of Malaysia's Petronas' assets |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064956/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |archive-date=8 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 October, the Sudanese transitional government issued an arrest warrant for PETRONAS's country manager.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aslan |first1=Dilara |title=Sudan issues arrest warrant for Petronas country manager: Sources |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudan-issues-arrest-warrant-for-petronas-country-manager-sources |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064956/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |archive-date=8 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the Malaysian Government summoned the Sudanese charge d'affaires and urged the Sudanese government to honour the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Treaty and to respect the sanctity of the Malaysian Embassy, which was housed in the same complex as the PETRONAS Sudan Complex in [[Khartoum]]. PETRONAS has also sought to cancel the manager's arrest warrant and submitted a request for arbitration at the [[World Bank]]'s [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes]] (ICSID).<ref>{{cite web |title=Issue of Petronas Sudan Complex in Khartoum |url=https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013141919/https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |archive-date=13 October 2021 |date=13 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia urges Sudan to honour bilateral treaty, observe sanctity of a diplomatic premise over Petronas Sudan Complex |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Malay Mail]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013153724/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |archive-date=13 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Siew Mung |title=Petronas pursuing legal action to cancel arrest warrant issued against ex-officers |url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014061101/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |archive-date=14 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Middle East Monitor]] contributor Nasim Ahmed opined that the Sudanese government's actions against Malaysian, Turkish, Qatari and Chinese companies were part of a foreign policy shift to court Western investors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Nasim |title=Sudan is turning on former allies under the pretext of fighting corruption |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009230119/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> Former federal counsel and [[University of Technology Malaysia]] visiting professor Salleh Buang opined that the Sudanese government's actions violated international law on the undue expropriation of commercial assets without adequate compensation, citing the 1927 [[Chorzów Factory case]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buang |first1=Salleh |title=Making sense of Sudan's move against Petronas |url=https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2021/10/735297/making-sense-sudans-move-against-petronas |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013094755/https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2021/10/735297/making-sense-sudans-move-against-petronas |archive-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> ===2022 seizure of Luxembourg assets=== {{Main|North Borneo dispute#Seizure of Malaysian foreign assets}} In February 2022, a French arbitration court known as the ''[[Tribunal de grande instance de Paris]]'' ordered the Malaysian Government to pay at least US$14.9 billion (RM 62.59 billion) to the descendants of the [[Sultanate of Sulu]], who have laid claim to the Malaysian state of [[Sabah]]. To enforce the award, the claimants filed a ''saisie-arret'' (seize order) on 11 July 2022 for Luxembourg authorities to seize two Luxembourg-based subsidiaries of PETRONAS: PETRONAS Azerbaijan (Shah Deniz) and PETRONAS South Caucasus units. The descendants' territorial claim to Sabah dated back to an 1878 agreement between Baron [[Gustav Overbeck]] and [[Alfred Dent]] of the [[British North Borneo Company]] and the-then Sultan of Sulu Jamal Al Alam of Sulu. While the British and Malaysian Governments claimed that the Sultan had permanently ceded North Borneo, the descendants of the Sultan and the Philippines Government have contended that the Sultan had merely leased the territory. Until 2013, the Malaysian Government had paid eight claimants to the Sultanate of Sulu an annual rent of RM5,300. Following the [[2013 Lahad Datu standoff]], the Malaysian Government had terminated the annual stipends; prompting these descendants to pursue legal action.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zulkaflee |first=Ikhwan |title=International Court Ruled That Malaysia Must Pay RM62 Billion To Sulu Sultan's Descendents [sic] |url=https://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2022/03/01/international-court-ruled-that-malaysia-must-pay-rm62-billion-to-sulu-sultans-descendents/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=TRP |date=March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express explainer">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rishika |title=Explained: Why a late Sultan's heirs want Malaysia to pay $15bn over a colonial-era land dispute |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/explained/malaysia-petronas-dispute-sulu-kingdom-sultan-8038849/|access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720080520/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/malaysia-petronas-dispute-sulu-kingdom-sultan-8038849/ |archive-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera 13 July 2022">{{cite news |title=Malaysia's Petronas to fight seizure of Luxembourg assets |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/7/13/malaysias-petronas-to-fight-seizure-of-luxembourg-assets |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720125745/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/7/13/malaysias-petronas-to-fight-seizure-of-luxembourg-assets |archive-date=20 July 2022}}</ref> On 13 July, the Malaysian Government obtained a stay on the French court's ruling, with [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] stating that the ruling undermined Malaysian sovereignty. In addition, PETRONAS described the seize order as "baseless" and stated it would contest the enforcement actions. It also stated that the two affected subsidiaries had already divested their assets in Azerbaijan and repatriated all their proceeds.<ref name="Al Jazeera 13 July 2022" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tay |first1=Chester |last2=Khalid |first2=Sulhi |title=Petronas says seized Luxembourg units have already divested Azerbaijan assets |url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-says-seized-luxembourg-units-have-already-divested-azerbaijan-assets |access-date=21 July 2022 |publisher=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge Markets]] |date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714152904/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-says-seized-luxembourg-units-have-already-divested-azerbaijan-assets |archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas says taking steps to protect global assets after seizure of Luxembourg units |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-says-taking-steps-protect-global-assets-after-seizure-luxembourg-units-2022-07-18/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=18 July 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726031438/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-says-taking-steps-protect-global-assets-after-seizure-luxembourg-units-2022-07-18/|archive-date=26 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 July, Malaysian opposition politicians unsuccessfully demanded a debate on the seizure order against PETRONAS' assets in the [[Malaysian Parliament]] but were blocked by the Speaker of the House on procedural grounds. [[Minister in the Prime Minister's Department|Law Minister]] [[Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar]] stated that the stay would prevent the final award from being enforced in any county until a final decision by the French court regarding the Malaysian government's application that the February court ruling be cancelled. By contrast, lawyers representing the Sultanate of Sulu claimants contended that the stay on the award was only valid in France and remained enforceable in other international jurisdictions, citing a United Nations treaty on international arbitration.<ref name="Indian Express explainer" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Paris court grants Malaysia's application to suspend claims by purported heirs of Sultan Jamilul Kiram II |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/07/813311/paris-court-grants-malaysias-application-suspend-claims-purported-heirs |work=[[New Straits Times]] |agency=[[Bernama]] |date=14 July 2022}}</ref> In September 2022, the heirs asked the Hague Court of Appeal to recognise and enforce the award in the Netherlands, and allow them to seize Malaysian assets to this end.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Latiff, Rozanna |author2=Ananthalakshmi, A. |date=29 September 2022 |title=Late Sultan's heirs press $15 bln claim, target Malaysian assets in Netherlands |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/late-sultans-heirs-ask-dutch-court-enforce-15-bln-award-against-malaysia-2022-09-29/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> They attempted to do the same in France and Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutch Court Rules in Malaysia's Favor in Sulu Heirs Case |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/dutch-court-rules-in-malaysias-favor-in-sulu-heirs-case/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2023, a Luxembourg court reportedly set aside the heirs' request to enforce the $15 billion arbitration award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Malaysia says Luxembourg court sets aside request to enforce $15 bln arbitration award |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-says-luxembourg-court-sets-aside-request-enforce-15-bln-arbitration-2023-01-26/}}</ref> However, shortly after, a Luxembourg district court issued new orders to seize holdings and assets belonging to Petronas in mid-February.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=Paris court upholds Malaysia's stay on Sulu heirs award |url=https://www.luxtimes.lu/businessandfinance/paris-court-upholds-malaysia-s-stay-on-sulu-heirs-award/1356200.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=luxembourg-times-online |language=en}}</ref> Petronas has two holding companies in Luxembourg called Petronas Azerbaijan and Petronas South Caucasus which are related to the state-owned oil company's activities around the Caspian sea.<ref name=":0" /> Petronas confirmed the new seizure order for the two units and their parent company, but reiterated the heirs' actions were baseless and that the company will continue to defend its legal position.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latiff |first=Rozana |date=17 February 2023 |title=Petronas units in Luxembourg seized again in $15 bln arbitration dispute |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-units-luxembourg-seized-again-15-bln-arbitration-dispute-2023-02-16/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> On 14 March, the Paris Court of Appeal ruled that Sulu claimants' challenge to a stay order filed by Malaysia last year was "inadmissible".<ref name=":0" /> The court handed another "decisive victory" to Malaysia on 4 June, when it found that the arbitral tribunal that had heard the petition filed by the Sulu heirs did not have jurisdiction over the case.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia hails 'victory' in row with Sulu sultan's Filipino heirs |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/7/malaysia-wins-decisive-victory-in-row-with-sulu-sultans-heirs |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> According to the Malaysian Law Minister, this judgement implied that the Paris Court of Appeal will also annual the $14.9 billion award handed down earlier.<ref name=":1" /> On the other hand, the claimants said they would now consider their options before the French Supreme Court.<ref name=":1" /> On 27 June, Malaysia won another legal victory, with the Hague Court of Appeal dismissing a bid to enforce the $15 billion award.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |author1=Stephanie van den Berg |author2=Rozanna Latiff |date=27 June 2023 |title=Dutch court rules sultan's heirs cannot seize Malaysian assets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/dutch-court-rules-sultan-heirs-cannot-seize-malaysian-assets-2023-06-27/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> According to Reuters, the Dutch judges sided with Malaysia, saying the original pact lacked a clause binding parties to arbitration and the French stay meant the claim was not enforceable in the Netherlands.<ref name=":2" /> While lawyer [[Paul Cohen (lawyer)|Paul Cohen]], acting for the Sulu heirs, said they were disappointed with the court decision, Malaysia's Prime Minister, Anwar Ibrahim, welcomed the decision, stating, "Malaysia trusts that today's decision ... will put an end to the frivolous attempts of the claimants to enforce the purported final award in other jurisdiction".<ref name=":2" /> On 8 January 2023, it was announced that [[Gonzalo Stampa]], the Spanish arbitrator who had awarded the arbitral sum against Malaysia, had been convicted of contempt of court for "knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice", and sentenced to six months in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator's Guilty Verdict Puts UK Funder's Investment at Risk |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/arbitrators-guilty-verdict-puts-uk-funders-investment-at-risk |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=news.bloomberglaw.com |language=en}}</ref> According to Law360, the Spanish courts' decision to move ahead with criminal proceedings against Stampa is a significant "victory for the Malaysian government".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator Who Issued $14.9B Award Against Malaysia Indicted - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1765396/arbitrator-who-issued-14-9b-award-against-malaysia-indicted |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref> On 5 January 2024, Stampa was convicted for contempt of court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Bianca |date=19 January 2024 |title=Arbitrator in $14.9bn case jailed following intervention by Malaysia |url=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/arbitrator-in-149bn-case-jailed-following-intervention-by-malaysia/5118364.article |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=Law Gazette |language=en}}</ref> He was sentenced to six months in prison and banned from acting as an arbitrator for one year for "knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator's Guilty Verdict Puts UK Funder's Investment at Risk |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/arbitrators-guilty-verdict-puts-uk-funders-investment-at-risk |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=Bloomberg Law |language=en}}</ref> On 17 May 2024 the Madrid Court of Appeal upheld the contempt of court conviction and sentence against Stampa, upholding his six-month prison sentence, and a one-year ban from practising as an arbitrator.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=BERNAMA |title=Sulu Case: Madrid Court of Appeal upholds Stampa's conviction, sentence |url=https://thesun.my/local-news/sulu-case-madrid-court-of-appeal-upholds-stampa-s-conviction-sentence-BB12466373 |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=The Sun |language=en-MY}}</ref> On 30 May 2024, Petronas moved a Manhattan court to seek directions for litigation funding firm Therium and its parent company to turn over subpoenaed financial documents and communications. Petronas' Azerbaijani arm said it would sue the companies and their lawyers in Spain over losses from the seizure of assets in Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Petronas units in Luxembourg seized again in $15 bln arbitration dispute" |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-units-luxembourg-seized-again-15-bln-arbitration-dispute-2023-02-16/ }}</ref> On 7 November 2024, the French Court of Cassation—the highest court in the French judicial system—annulled a $15 billion arbitration ruling against Malaysia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2024 |title=Un Jugement historique inaugure une nouvelle ère de progrès pour les tribunaux européens |url=https://www.latribune.fr/supplement/la-tribune-now/un-jugement-historique-inaugure-une-nouvelle-ere-de-progres-pour-les-tribunaux-europeens-1011299.html |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}</ref> This decision marked a significant legal victory for Malaysia and reinforced its sovereignty in a dispute with the self-proclaimed Sulu heirs.<ref name=":3" /> The ruling highlighted irregularities in the arbitration process led by [[Gonzalo Stampa]] and raised concerns about practices such as forum shopping and unregulated litigation funding in European courts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Supreme Court Rejects Enforcement of Jurisdictional Award |url=https://natlawreview.com/article/french-supreme-court-track-annul-us15-billion-award-against-malaysia#google_vignette |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=natlawreview.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia Wins $15B Arbitration Case Against Sulu Heirs - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/2257972/malaysia-wins-15b-arbitration-case-against-sulu-heirs |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref> The French court's decision was deemed a significant "win" for Malaysia that effectively marked the end of the Sulu case by several publications, including Law.com and Law360.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia Wins $15B Arbitration Case Against Sulu Heirs - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/2257972/malaysia-wins-15b-arbitration-case-against-sulu-heirs |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=French High Court Rejects Sultanate 'Heirs' $15 Billion Claim Against Malaysia |url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2024/11/11/french-high-court-rejects-sultanate-heirs-15-billion-claim-against-malaysia/?slreturn=20241219121833 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=Law.com International |language=en}}</ref>  Keith Ellison, former vice-chairman of the Democratic National Committee and Minnesota attorney general, pointed out that the case highlighted the enormous scope for "corruption," irresponsible profiteering, and foreign influence operations to subvert arbitration proceedings".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bensoussan |first=David |date=1 October 2024 |title=L'impasse politique de la France sera le plus grand cadeau pour Poutine à ce jour |url=https://42mag.fr/2024/10/limpasse-politique-de-la-france-sera-le-plus-grand-cadeau-pour-poutine-a-ce-jour/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=42mag.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ==Corporate affairs== PETRONAS is a legal entity incorporated under the Malaysian Companies Act and reports to the company's Board of Directors. The Malaysian federal government is the sole shareholder of the company. Key positions in the company are all appointees from the federal government. The federal government also controls the amount of dividend payout to finance the yearly budget of the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas' money is government's money |url=https://www.tnb.com.my/assets/newsclip/04042022c1.pdf |access-date=9 June 2022 |publisher=The Edge, Malaysia |date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609144039/https://www.tnb.com.my/assets/newsclip/04042022c1.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> In December 2019, prime minister Mahathir Mohamad mooted an idea of selling a percentage of PETRONAS stake to Sabah and Sarawak because the [[Pakatan Harapan]] government was unable to fulfill its promise of giving 20% oil royalty to both the states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia's PM Mahathir considering selling stakes in Petronas to Sabah and Sarawak |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-pm-mahathir-says-considering-selling-stakes-in-petronas-to-sabah-and-sarawak |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=The Straits Times |date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305160158/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-pm-mahathir-says-considering-selling-stakes-in-petronas-to-sabah-and-sarawak |archive-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> The price of the purchase was reported to be RM 8 billion for one per cent of the company. Such proposal met cold response from Sarawak. This is because once the shares are bought, Sarawak can only become a minority shareholder. Sarawak therefore would not have much voice in the PETRONAS board meetings. Due to its high share price, the money, once invested, may have difficulty to break even in the future.<ref>{{cite news |title=Minos: not worth it for Sarawak to buy shares in Petronas |url=https://dayakdaily.com/minos-not-worth-it-for-sarawak-to-buy-shares-in-petronas/ |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=Dayak Daily |date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220610124358/https://dayakdaily.com/minos-not-worth-it-for-sarawak-to-buy-shares-in-petronas/ |archive-date=10 June 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> A lawmaker from Sarawak stated that PETRONAS acts as a trustee for the oil and gas fields in both the states; therefore, it makes no sense of buying a property that should have been already owned by the state governments.<ref>{{cite news |title=How about giving Petronas to Sarawak and Sabah? |url=https://sarawakvoice.com/2019/12/12/how-about-giving-petronas-to-sarawak-and-sabah/ |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=Sarawak Voice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610123727/https://sarawakvoice.com/2019/12/12/how-about-giving-petronas-to-sarawak-and-sabah/ |archive-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> The brand valuation of PETRONAS as of January 2021 was US$12 billion (RM 48 billion according to conversion rate of US$1.00 to RM 4.00).<ref>{{cite web |title=Brand value of Petronas from 2015 to 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1189070/brand-value-of-petronas-globally/#:~:text=Petronas'%20brand%20value%20worldwide%202015%2D2022&text=The%20public%20Malaysian%20oil%20and,oil%20and%20gas%20companies%20globally. |publisher=[[Statista]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506190020/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1189070/brand-value-of-petronas-globally/ |archive-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> Total stockholder equity as of February 2021 was US$82 billion (RM 328 billion).<ref>{{cite web |title=Global 500 - Petronas |url=https://fortune.com/company/petronas/global500/ |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225143608/https://fortune.com/company/petronas/global500/ |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> ===Production sharing contracts=== Production-sharing contract (PSC) was signed between PETRONAS and other foreign oil companies in 1976. A ratio of 70:30 was agreed upon where for total amount of oil produced, other oil companies will take 20% of oil for cost recovery (cost oil), and the remaining 10% will be taken as oil royalty and shared equally between federal and respective state governments. The remaining 70% of oil (profit oil) will be divided again according to 70:30 formula where PETRONAS will take 70% and 30% goes to respective oil companies. Both PETRONAS and other oil companies will be subjected to 45% income tax by the federal government. Besides, 70% of any increase in oil price from the base price of US$12.72 will go to PETRONAS and the base price will increase by 5% each year so other oil companies will be able to cover for any cost inflation. In return, PETRONAS will not take over the equity of other oil companies. Each oil company will contribute 0.5% for a petroleum research fund.<ref name="Muhammad 1978">{{cite book |last1=Muhammad |first1=Anuar Adnan |title=The Petroleum Industry in Malaysia |date=June 1978 |publisher=University of London |page=80 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28739/1/10672907.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530050937/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28739/1/10672907.pdf |access-date=27 October 2021|archive-date=30 May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="CCOP">{{cite web |title=Overview of Malaysian PSC |url=http://www.ccop.or.th/ppm/document/CAWS4/MalaysianPSC.pdf |publisher=Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512074005/http://www.ccop.or.th/ppm/document/CAWS4/MalaysianPSC.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> Another PSC (the deep-water model) was developed in 1985 to attract other oil companies to enter the Malaysian oil mining scene, while taking into account the rising cost of oil exploration (cost oil of 28%). Sharing of oil revenue become more flexible, depending upon the depth of the oil is found. The deeper the oil seeps (from 200 meters to more than 1&nbsp;km), the higher the cost oil (50 to 75%). However, foreign oil companies will get higher share of profit oil (from 30 to 85%) in deep-water oil mining.<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> In 1997, revenue over cost (R/C) model was adopted for PSC. PETRONAS will get higher share of profit oil as R/C ratio increases.<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> In the meantime, 10% oil royalty stays the same throughout the years. Overall, PETRONAS earns 13.3% on R/C model and 12.5% on deep-water model. Meanwhile, the federal government earns 37% in R/C model and 25% in deep-water model.<ref name="CCOP"/> ===Finances=== PETRONAS has been publishing its financial reports online since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports |url=https://www.petronas.com/media/reports |publisher=Petronas |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209084740/https://www.petronas.com/media/reports |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Noorshahrizam |first1=Shahrin Aizat |title=Are Petronas finances a secret? Hardly, minister says reports available publicly, so no need to debate in Parliament |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/11/22/are-petronas-finances-a-secret-hardly-minister-says-reports-available-publi/2022713 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122140542/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/11/22/are-petronas-finances-a-secret-hardly-minister-says-reports-available-publi/2022713 |archive-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> However, certain quarters demanded detailed profit and loss accounts and reports on PSCs with other companies for transparency instead of just providing a summary of profits before tax.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Teo |first1=Richard |title=Why Petronas accounts are secret |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55721 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=22 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125171550/https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55721 |archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tunstile |title=Petronas accounts a secret due to us |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55834 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=24 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126135417/https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55834 |archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghazali |first1=Rahmah |title=Reveal accounts, not financial records, Petronas told |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/84642 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=18 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610021504/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/84642 |archive-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> Responding to allegations of public funds mismanagement, PETRONAS responded that its profits are managed by the Malaysian federal government, not by the company itself.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Petronas Staff |title=Don't ask Petronas how profits used, ask... |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/84737 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=19 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011150549/http://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/84737 |archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref> In 2007, PETRONAS revenue come from petroleum exports from Malaysia (50%), domestic operations (20%) and international operations (30%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=von Der Mehden |first1=Fred R |last2=Troner |first2=AL |title=Petronas - a national oil company with international vision |url=https://www.resourcedata.org/dataset/rgi-petronas-a-national-oil-company-with-an-international-vision |publisher=James Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220603122436/https://www.resourcedata.org/dataset/rgi-petronas-a-national-oil-company-with-an-international-vision |archive-date=3 June 2022 |date=March 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The weightage of the revenue streams were similar in 2020, where international operations accounted for 33% of total revenue received by PETRONAS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Review and Other Information - Revenue by Geographical Trade |url=https://www.petronas.com/integrated-report/files/PETRONAS-IR20-Financial-Review-and-Other-Information.pdf |publisher=Petronas |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603121209/https://www.petronas.com/integrated-report/files/PETRONAS-IR20-Financial-Review-and-Other-Information.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> PETRONAS continuously provides the Malaysian government dividends from its profits. Since its inception in 1974, PETRONAS have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chin |first1=Joseph |title=Petronas posts record profit, declares RM6b dividend to govt (updated) |url=http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/15/business/20080715121235&sec=business |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=The Star (Malaysia) |date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821001815/http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/15/business/20080715121235&sec=business |archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref> PETRONAS paid RM 54 billion in dividends to the federal government in 2019. In 2022, PETRONAS contributed RM 50 billion to the federal government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas to double dividend payment to government this year, to RM50bil from RM25bil promised earlier |url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/2022/08/827012/petronas-double-dividend-payment-government-year-rm50bil-rm25bil-promised |access-date=8 March 2023 |publisher=New Straits Times |date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831170444/https://www.nst.com.my/business/2022/08/827012/petronas-double-dividend-payment-government-year-rm50bil-rm25bil-promised |archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>[[File:Petronas 2013 logo.svg|thumb|150px|Petronas logo, 2013–present]] === Corporate identity === Petronas's logo was created in 1974<ref name="version"/><ref name="brands"/> by Dato Johan Ariff of Johan Design Associates.<ref name="brands">{{cite web |title=Petronas |url=https://www.brandsoftheworld.com/logo/petronas |website=Brands of the World |access-date=6 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204060608/https://www.brandsoftheworld.com/logo/petronas |archive-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> On 22 July 2013, Petronas unveiled a refreshed version of its corporate logo in that year's Asia Oil and Gas Conference, symbolising the growth and progression of its brand. It is the third iteration of the logo.<ref name="version">{{cite news |title=Petronas unveils refreshed version of logo |url=http://www.btimes.com.my/articles/20130611011418/Article/#selection-645.100-645.127 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130723083200/http://www.btimes.com.my/articles/20130611011418/Article/#selection-645.100-645.127 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2013 |work=Business Times (Malaysia) |date=23 July 2013}}</ref> ==Subsidiaries== PETRONAS has more than 100 subsidiaries and around 40 Joint Venture companies in which PETRONAS has at least 50% stake in the company. Although PETRONAS is considering to listing more of its subsidiaries,<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas to mull possibility of listing units |url=http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/20090810132042/Article/index_html |publisher=Business Times |date=10 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812011820/http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/20090810132042/Article/index_html |archive-date=12 August 2009 }}</ref> so far the company has listed at least 3 of its subsidiaries in the [[Bursa Malaysia]]. ===PETRONAS Dagangan Berhad=== [[File:YosriNov2004StesenMinyakPetronas.jpg|thumb|350px|right |A PETRONAS petrol station at km 54, Karak-Kuala Lumpur Highway]] Involved in the distribution and sale of finished petroleum products and operations of service stations for the domestic market. The company has over 800 petrol stations around Malaysia as of July 2007,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/Business|title=Malaysia Business & Finance News, Stock Updates &#124; The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref> and further increased to 870 stations in January 2008.<ref>[http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/Tuesday/Latest/20080129161234/Article/index_html Petronas teams up with Maybank, CIMB] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201112935/http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/Tuesday/Latest/20080129161234/Article/index_html |date=1 February 2008 }}</ref> The company has also teamed up with local food and beverage companies, banks and transportation companies to provide better services at their petrol stations. Companies include [[McDonald's]], [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], [[Dunkin' Donuts]], [[Konsortium Transnasional Berhad]], [[Maybank]], and [[CIMB|CIMB Bank]]. ===PETRONAS Gas Berhad=== Involved in the provision of gas processing and transmission services to PETRONAS and its customers as a throughput company. Owns and operates the [[Peninsular Gas Pipeline]] which is 2,550 kilometres in length and runs from [[Kerteh]] in Terengganu to [[Johor Bahru]] in the South and [[Kangar]] in the North of Peninsular Malaysia. ===MISC Berhad=== {{main|MISC Berhad}} Involved in ship-owning, ship-operating and other logistics and maritime transportation services and activities. ===KLCC Properties Berhad=== {{main|KLCC Properties}} Involves in the development and the management of the Kuala Lumpur City Centre project which includes the [[Petronas Twin Towers|PETRONAS Twin Towers]], [[Menara Exxon Mobil]] and [[KLCC Park]]. Other properties under its care include [[Dayabumi Complex]] which is located near [[Dataran Merdeka]]. ===PETRONAS Chemicals=== The PETRONAS Chemicals is the latest company to be publicly listed. The IPO was done on 26 November 2010 with investor raise around US$4.40 billion, effectively becoming one of the largest IPO exercises in South East Asia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Petronas Chemicals shares open up 13pc on debut |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/business/article/petronas-chemicals-shares-open-up-13pc-on-debut/ |date=26 December 2010 |publisher=The Malaysian Insider |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105201136/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/business/article/petronas-chemicals-shares-open-up-13pc-on-debut/ |archive-date=5 January 2011 }}</ref> The business is the largest petrochemical producer and seller in South East Asia. Products include [[olefins]], [[polymers]], fertilizers, [[methanol]] and other basic chemicals and derivative products.<ref>{{cite news| title= Petronas Chemicals| url= http://www.petronaschemicals.com/index.html| date= 12 January 2011| access-date= 12 January 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130304111016/http://www.petronaschemicals.com/index.html| archive-date= 4 March 2013| url-status= dead}}</ref> In 2022, the company acquired Swedish speciality plastics company Perstorp from [[PAI Partners]] for €2.3 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paipartners.com/mediaitem/pai-partners-agrees-sale-of-perstorp-to-petronas-chemicals-group/|title=PAI Partners agrees sale of Perstorp to Petronas Chemicals Group|date=17 May 2022|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canplastics.com/materials/petronas-completes-acquisition-of-swedish-specialty-chemicals-group-perstorp/1003459563/|title=Petronas completes acquisition of Swedish specialty chemicals group Perstorp|work=Canadian Plastics|date=12 October 2022|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> ===Malaysian Marine and Heavy Engineering=== {{main|Malaysian Marine and Heavy Engineering}} MMHE was listing on 29 October 2010 with MYR 1 billion raised on its IPO exercise. The business builds offshore structures for oil and gas applications, help repair large vessels and converts vessels into [[Floating production storage and offloading]] and FSOs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysian Marine & Heavy Engineering Core Business |url=http://www.mmhe.com.my/Businesses/Pages/default.aspx |date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130233536/http://www.mmhe.com.my/Businesses/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=30 November 2010 }}</ref> === New Biorefinery Joint Venture with Eniive SpA === In 2024, Petronas, Italy's [[Eni|Enilive SpA]], and Japan's Euglena Co. announced a final investment decision to establish a biorefinery in Malaysia. A joint venture will oversee the construction, slated to begin in the fourth quarter of this year at Petronas's integrated refinery and petrochemical complex in Pengerang, Johor. The facility is designed to process approximately 650,000 tons of raw materials annually, producing sustainable aviation fuel, hydrogenated vegetable oil, and bio-naphtha. The biorefinery is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2028.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2024 |title=Petronas, Enilive and Euglena to develop biorefinery in Malaysia's Pengerang |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/petronas-enilive-euglena-develop-biorefinery-malaysias-pengerang-2024-07-26/}}</ref> ===Other principal subsidiaries=== Some of the key subsidiaries are:- * PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd – Main [[Hydrocarbon exploration]] arm * E&P O&M Services Sdn Bhd (EPOMS) – Main Oil & Gas Maintenance Services – Cendor Phase 2 FPSO project, Bertam, Sepat, Layang, Gumusut-Kakap * PETRONAS Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd – [[Hydrocarbon exploration]] arm aimed at finding new blocks in international areas * PETRONAS Research Sdn Bhd – Conducting research and development * MITCO Sdn Bhd – International Trading of non-oil assets * [[Petronas Fertiliser Kedah|PETRONAS Fertiliser Kedah]] – Creating [[urea]] fertiliser * [[Petronas Methanol (Labuan)|PETRONAS Methanol (Labuan) Sdn. Bhd. (PMLSB)]] – Methanol plant Others include PETRONAS Assets Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Maritime Services Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Selenia (OEM Oil for [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]], AREXONS); PETRONAS Trading Corp. Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Argentina S.A.; PETRONAS Australia Pty Ltd.; PETRONAS Thailand Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Energy Philippines Inc.; PETRONAS Cambodia Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Technical Services Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Group Technical Solutions Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS South Africa Pty Ltd.; PETRONAS India Holdings Company Pte Ltd.; PETRONAS China Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS International Corp. Ltd.; PETRONAS Marketing Thailand Co. Ltd.; Myanmar PETRONAS Trading Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Canada; PETRONAS Marketing (Netherlands) B.V. and Indianoil PETRONAS ==Commercial automotive and motorcycle partnerships== PETRONAS is an official recommended flagship fuel and lubricants for [[Mercedes-Benz]] (including [[Mercedes-AMG]] models), [[PROTON Holdings|Proton]], [[Perodua]], and [[Tata Motors]] for automobiles. They are also recommended fuel and lubricants for [[Modenas]] and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha motorcycles]]. ==Motorsport== ===Car racing=== [[File:Starting grid of 2010 Malaysian GP.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS sponsored the Formula One [[Malaysian Grand Prix]] as the title sponsor since its inaugural race in [[1999 Malaysian Grand Prix|1999]] until the [[2017 Malaysian Grand Prix|last race in 2017]]|left]] [[File:Sauber C23 5.JPG|thumb|The [[Sauber C23]] as used in the [[2004 Formula One season]], exhibited at the Galeria Perdana on Langkawi Island, Malaysia.]] PETRONAS was one of the main [[sponsor (commercial)|sponsors]] of the [[BMW in Formula One|BMW Sauber]] [[Formula One]] team alongside [[Intel]], and supplied [[lubricant]]s and [[fuel]] to the team. It also owned 40% of [[Sauber Petronas Engineering|Sauber PETRONAS Engineering]], the company that builds chassis which formerly used [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] designed engines used by the Sauber team, until being bought out by German motor company [[BMW]]. PETRONAS was also the main sponsor for the [[Malaysian Grand Prix]], and co-sponsored the [[Chinese Grand Prix]], and the inaugural [[Korean Grand Prix]]. PETRONAS was the exclusive premium partner of the [[Sauber Petronas|Sauber PETRONAS]] (1995–2005) and [[BMW in Formula One|BMW Sauber]] (2006–2009) F1 teams. BMW had acquired the controlling stake of the former Sauber PETRONAS Engineering, but left the sport after the 2009 season. On 21 December 2009, PETRONAS was confirmed as moving from BMW Sauber to the newly formed [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes AMG PETRONAS Formula One]] team.<ref name="Petronas Mercedes">{{cite web | url=http://www.brawngp.com/readstory.asp?bgp=j%C1%AA%C0rZ%7Df | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224101048/http://www.brawngp.com/readstory.asp?bgp=j%C1%AA%C0rZ%7Df | archive-date=24 December 2009 | title=Official site of the Brawn GP Formula One Team - News }}</ref> In terms of further Formula One involvement, every year PETRONAS took the BMW Sauber team to various parts of Malaysia for F1 demos, so the public who are unable to go to the track itself get to experience a little bit of what F1 offers. Other promotional events are held in the run up to the race and the drivers play an integral part in this so much so that [[Nick Heidfeld]] conceded that there were more fans for BMW Sauber in Malaysia than in most other countries. [[File:The frontview of No.1 PETRONAS TEAM TOM'S FN09.JPG|thumb]] [[File:Andre Lotterer 2010 Super GT Fuji 400km qualify Super Lap.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS supported [[TOM'S]], a [[Toyota]] automobile racing squad in [[Super GT]] between [[2008 Super GT Series|2008]] and [[2015 Super GT Series|2015]]]] PETRONAS also sponsors many other sporting events and teams, mostly motorsports. Some of these sponsorships include the PERT (PETRONAS EON Rally Team), and also the PETRONAS Adventure Team, a 4X4 adventure team. More recently PETRONAS was also a major sponsor for [[TOM'S|PETRONAS TOYOTA TEAM TOM'S]] which was participating in [[Super GT]] series, which they won the team title in [[2008 Super GT Series|2008]] and driver title in [[2009 Super GT Series|2009]]. The series also raced in Malaysia every season at [[Sepang International Circuit]] between [[2005 Super GT Series|2005]] and [[2013 Super GT Series|2013]]. PETRONAS signed a three-year sponsorship agreement with [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Yamaha]] [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] team. The PETRONAS branding can be seen starting [[2009 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar race]] on the 10 to 12 April 2009. PETRONAS also sponsors all [[Mercedes-AMG]] [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|DTM]] cars from the 2011 season until Mercedes' DTM exit in [[2018 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2018]] (replacing [[Mobil 1]]) for only providing the lubricants. [[File:Lewis Hamilton 2017 Malaysia FP2.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS supports the [[Mercedes AMG Petronas|Mercedes-AMG PETRONAS]] Formula One racing team since 2010. (pictured here in [[2017 Formula One World Championship|2017]])]] Since 2010, PETRONAS has been the main sponsor of the [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes AMG PETRONAS F1]] team. [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] have won eight straight Constructors' Championship titles and 7 Drivers' Championship titles from the beginning of the 1.6 litre (97.6 cu in) turbocharged V6 engine era in {{F1|2014}} until {{f1|2021}}. Since 2014, PETRONAS has also been supplying fuel and lubricants for [[Mercedes-AMG]] customer teams, including [[Force India]] (from 2014) (now known as [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]], along with Ravenol from 2018 season for lubricants only), [[Lotus F1|Lotus]] for {{F1|2015}}, [[Manor Racing|Manor]] for {{F1|2016}}, [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]] from {{F1|2017}} to [[2022 Formula One World Championship|2022]] and [[McLaren]] from {{F1|2021}}. In addition PETRONAS also supplies fuels and lubricants for [[Honda F1|Honda]]-powered [[Red Bull GmbH|Red Bull]]-owned Italian team [[Scuderia Toro Rosso]], known as [[Scuderia AlphaTauri]] since the 2018 season, until 2023. PETRONAS' title and technical partnership with Mercedes is extended from the 2026 season onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racing the Future: Mercedes-AMGF1 and PETRONAS Power Towards Two Decades of Partnership and Embrace F1's Sustainable Future |url=https://www.petronas.com/media/press-release/racing-future-mercedes-amgf1-and-petronas-power-towards-two-decades-partnership |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=PETRONAS Global |language=en}}</ref> ===Motorcycle racing=== [[File:Fabio Quartararo 2019 Misano (cropped).jpeg|thumb|Petronas supporting the [[Sepang Racing Team]] in MotoGP]] In [[1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1996]], PETRONAS sponsored a Grand Prix motorcycle racing team called PETRONAS Sprinta TVK in the 250cc class with [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] as the manufacturer. The team got a wildcard opportunity at the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix]] with [[Shahrol Yuzy]] as its rider. In the following season in [[1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1997]], the team received another wildcard and raced in the 125cc class. This time [[Honda]] was chosen as the manufacturer. Then two seasons later, PETRONAS Sprinta TVK returned to the 250cc class. From [[2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2000]] to [[2002 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2002]], the team competed for a full season in the 250cc class on [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] bikes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gridoto.com/read/221030120/kolaborasi-yamaha-dan-petronas-dulu-pernah-ada-ini-pembalapnya|title=Kolaborasi Yamaha dan Petronas Dulu Pernah Ada, Ini Pembalapnya - GridOto.com|website=www.gridoto.com}}</ref> PETRONAS also sponsors the [[Malaysian Cub Prix]] races, and the now-defunct Foggy PETRONAS Superbike team (in which PETRONAS debuts their superbike, the [[Petronas FP1|FP1]]). Then, PETRONAS became a team sponsor in the [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Moto2]] championship in the [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011 season]] called the PETRONAS Malaysia Team with [[Hafizh Syahrin]] as the rider and using the [[Moriwaki]] motorcycle. Then in the [[2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2012 season]], PETRONAS became the sponsor of the Malaysian Raceline Team when he received a wildcard at the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysian Sepang Grand Prix]] with [[Hafizh Syahrin]], who at that time switched to using an [[FTR Moto|FTR]] motorcycle. It was in this season that Syahrin managed to get on the podium for the first time. The team then got another wildcard in the following season, until in the [[2014 Moto2 season|2014]]-[[2017 Moto2 season|2017 season]], the team participated in full competition in the season with [[Kalex]] as the manufacturer. Since [[2017 MotoGP season|2017]], PETRONAS has been the main sponsor of the [[Sepang Racing Team]], which at that time competed in the Moto2 and Moto3 classes and was named PETRONAS Sprinta Racing. In the Moto3 class the team uses [[Honda]] bikes, while in Moto2 it uses [[Kalex]]. At [[2019 MotoGP season|2019]], PETRONAS is the main sponsor of the new [[Sepang Racing Team|PETRONAS Yamaha SRT]], which became the satellite team for [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Yamaha]] in MotoGP following [[Tech3]]'s switch to [[KTM]] bikes after 20 years with Yamaha bikes. Their riders are [[Valentino Rossi]] and 2017 Moto2 World Champion [[Franco Morbidelli]]. In addition, PETRONAS also played a role for supplying fuels, motorcycle oil and other products for [[Sepang Racing Team|PETRONAS Yamaha SRT]] [[MotoGP]] team. But unfortunately, at the end of the 2021 season, PETRONAS did not continue its cooperation to become the main sponsor of the [[Sepang Racing Team|SRT]] team. In [[2022 Moto2 World Championship|2022]], PETRONAS returned as a team sponsor in Moto2 with their wildcard riders [[Kasma Daniel]] in the PETRONAS MIE Racing team and Azroy Anuar with the PETRONAS RW Racing team. Both riders compete in the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysian]] series. From [[2023 Superbike World Championship|2023]], PETRONAS became the [[title sponsor]] of a [[World Superbike]] and [[Supersport World Championship|World Supersport]] racing team, [[Moriwaki Engineering|MIE Honda Racing]] and changed its name to PETRONAS MIE Honda Racing Team. Their riders are [[Hafizh Syahrin]] & [[Eric Granado]] for WSBK category, and [[Adam Norrodin]] & [[Tarran Mackenzie]] for WSSP category at this season. As part of its corporate social responsibility programme, PETRONAS also brings underprivileged children to watch the races. ==Automotive manufacturers== Petronas once developed its own race bike. Initially, this racing bike will be fielded in the WorldSBK racing event. The desire began in [[2002 Superbike World Championship|2002]], when Petronas was already a partner of the [[Sauber]] racing team in [[Formula 1]]. The base used was the Petronas GP1, which was originally prepared to go down in [[MotoGP]]. But, it was changed to pass WorldSBK homologation. For its development, Petronas worked with Suter Racing Technology. The [[Petronas FP1]] is ready for mass production, to meet WorldSBK regulations. Petronas is working with MSX International in the UK to make 75 units of the road version of the FP1. The remaining 75 units are made by [[Modenas]], a Malaysian motorcycle brand. In terms of specifications, this bike is quite powerful. It uses an in-line 3-cylinder engine, DOHC, 4 valves per cylinder, with a capacity of 899.5 cc, and liquid-cooled. The engine produces 127.4 tk of power at 10,000 rpm and 92 Nm of torque at 9,700 rpm. Petronas had formed the Foggy Petronas Racing team to compete in WorldSBK. The team is led by [[Carl Fogarty]], a former legendary WorldSBK rider. For the riders, [[Troy Corser]], [[Chris Walker (motorcyclist)|Chris Walker]], and [[Garry McCoy]] were selected. However, during the 5 years the team competed in WorldSBK, Petronas FP1 was less competitive. One of the reasons was the change in regulations in 2003. Previously, 3-cylinder engines were limited to 900 cc. But, it was revised to 1,000 cc. Thus, the Petronas FP1 engine was quite defeated in terms of power. It was also not uncommon for the bike to experience technical problems. Even so, the bike made it to the podium three times. One of them was achieved by Walker when he finished third in the [[2004 Superbike World Championship|2004 Valencia WorlsSBK]]. Corser has also achieved pole position twice. The project was eventually discontinued in 2006 by Fogarty and Petronas. Until now, the road version of the Petronas FP1 has also been a question mark. Because, the motorcycle is difficult to detect its whereabouts now.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2021/05/03/180200715/petronas-pernah-kembangkan-motor-balap-sendiri-untuk-worldsbk | title=Petronas Pernah Kembangkan Motor Balap Sendiri untuk WorldSBK | date=3 May 2021 }}</ref> ===WorldSBK constructors=== ====By season results==== ([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) <div style="height: px; overflow: auto;"> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" |- !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Year !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Bike !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Team !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Tyres !valign="middle" rowspan=2| No. !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Riders !colspan=2| 1 !colspan=2| 2 !colspan=2| 3 !colspan=2| 4 !colspan=2| 5 !colspan=2| 6 !colspan=2| 7 !colspan=2| 8 !colspan=2| 9 !colspan=2| 10 !colspan=2| 11 !colspan=2| 12 !colspan=2| 13 !colspan=2| 14 ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| Points ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| {{Tooltip|RC|Riders' championship position}} ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| Points ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| {{Tooltip|MC|Manufacturers' championship position}} |- ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 |- !rowspan="2"| [[2003 Superbike World Championship season|2003]] !rowspan="2"| [[Petronas FP1]] !rowspan="2"| Foggy Petronas Racing !rowspan="2"| {{Pirelli}} |4 |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Troy Corser]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|5}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|13}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|14}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|16}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|10}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|6}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|9}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} | | | | ! 12th ! 107 !rowspan="2" style="background:#;"| 118 !rowspan="2" style="background:#;"| 4th |- |8 |align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[James Haydon]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|15}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|16}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|9}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|17}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} | | | | ! 26th ! 12 |- !rowspan="2"| [[2004 Superbike World Championship season|2004]] !rowspan="2"| [[Petronas FP1]] !rowspan="2"| Foggy Petronas Racing !rowspan="2"| {{Pirelli}} |4 |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Troy Corser]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|11}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|13}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Cir…" https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas#:~:text=%7B%7BShort%20description%7CMalaysian,7Breflist%257D%257D ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Pertamina|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Pertamina|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Pertamina|d=Q1641044|display=Pertamina|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pertamina|voy=no|wikt=Pertamina}} {{commons|Petrol station|Pertamina}} ==HENDRI MELONTE== {{Sister project links |1=Pertamina|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Pertamina|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Pertamina|d=Q1641044|display=Pertamina|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pertamina|voy=no|wikt=Pertamina}} {{commons|Petrol station|Pertamina}} 6j0821zoo2emsgamofcw1lwrhgu2e0q 3347791 3347790 2026-06-12T11:25:17Z Naval Scene 55 Mengembalikan suntingan oleh [[Special:Contributions/Naval Scene|Naval Scene]] ([[User talk:Naval Scene|bicara]]) ke revisi terakhir oleh [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] 3346773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)<br />ڤيتروليام ناسيونل برحد | logo = PETRONAS Logo (2013).png | logo_size = 230px | caption = | type = [[Syarikat milik negara|Milik negara]] | traded_as = | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = {{start date and age|1974|8|17|df=yes}} | founder = | defunct = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | location_city = | location_country = [[Malaysia]] | location = Menara 1, [[Menara Berkembar Petronas]], [[Pusat Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur]], 50088 [[Kuala Lumpur]] | area_served = Seluruh dunia | key_people = {{plainlist| * Tengku Muhammad Taufik Tengku Aziz (Presiden & CEO Kumpulan)<ref>{{cite news|title=PETRONAS Bids Farewell To Tan Sri Wan Zulkiflee As Its President & Group CEO; Welcomes The Appointment Of Tengku Muhammad Taufik As The New PETRONAS' President & Group CEO|url=https://www.petronas.com/media/press-release/petronas-bids-farewell-tan-sri-wan-zulkiflee-its-president-group-ceo-welcomes|accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref> * Ahmad Nizam Salleh (Pengerusi)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/bisnes/2018/08/363964/ahmad-nizam-dilantik-pengerusi-petronas|title=Ahmad Nizam dilantik Pengerusi PETRONAS|date=1 Ogos 2018|accessdate=2 Jun 2020|author=Alzahrin Alias|publisher=[[Harian Metro]]}}</ref> }} | industry = [[Industri petroleum|Minyak dan gas]] | products = [[Petroleum]], [[gas asli]], [[petrokimia]] | services = [[Stesen minyak]], [[perkapalan|perkhidmatan perkapalan]] | revenue = {{loss}} AS$46.06 bilion (2016) dari S$55.68 bilion (2015)<ref name="PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/03/220740/petronas-records-higher-net-profit-fy16-pay-out-rm13b-dividend-govt-ceo|title=PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016 |date=14 March 2017}}</ref> | operating_income = | net_income = {{increase}} AS$5.28 bilion (2016) dari AS$4.69 bilion (2015) | assets = {{increase}} AS$135.63 bilion (2016) dari AS$133.07 bilion (2015)<ref name="PETRONAS Annual Report FY 2016"/> | equity = {{increase}} AS$95.22 bilion (2016) dari AS$93.44 bilion (2015) | owner = [[Kerajaan Malaysia]] | num_employees = 51,000 (2016)<ref>[https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/327674 Top 20 Largest Oil & Gas Employers]</ref> | parent = | divisions = | subsid = {{unbulleted list|[[KLCC Property Holdings]]|Petronas Gas|[[Petronas Dagangan]]|Petronas Chemicals|Bintulu Port|[[MISC Berhad|MISC]]|Petronas Canada|[[BASF Petronas Chemicals]]}} | homepage =Hidupjokowi.com | footnotes = | intl = }} '''Petroliam Nasional Berhad'''<ref name="Petronas">[http://www.petronas.com.my/internet/corp/centralrep2.nsf/frameset_corp?OpenFrameset Petronas Malaysia: Corporate News 2005] About PETRONAS</ref> atau lebih dikenali sebagai '''Petronas''' (digayakan sebagai '''PETRONAS''') ialah sebuah syarikat [[Industri minyak dan gas|minyak dan gas]] [[perbadanan multinasional|multinasional]] [[Malaysia]]. Ditubuhkan pada 17 Ogos 1974 dan dimiliki sepenuhnya oleh [[kerajaan Malaysia]], syarikat ini telah mendapat hak keseluruhan terhadap sumber-sumber minyak dan gas di Malaysia dan diamanahkan dengan tanggungjawab untuk membangunkan dan menambah nilai kepada sumber-sumber tersebut. ''[[Fortune Global 500]]'' telah meletakkan Petronas sebagai sebuah syarikat ke-95 terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2008 dan ke-80 terbesar pada tahun 2009. Ia juga meletakkan Petronas sebagai syarikat perbadanan ke-13 paling banyak membuat keuntungan di dunia dan yang paling banyak keuntungan di [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Global 500 2008: Petronas| url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/snapshots/6418.html| publisher=Fortune Magazine| date=| accessdate=2008-07-16| author=| archive-date=2008-07-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716161039/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/snapshots/6418.html| dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Global 500 2008: Top Performers - Most Profitable| url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/performers/companies/profits/| date=| accessdate=2008-07-16| publisher=Fortune Magazine| archive-date=2008-07-15| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715133345/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/performers/companies/profits/| dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title= Global 500 2009: Full List| url= http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/full_list/| publisher= Fortune Magazine| accessdate= 2009-07-21| archive-date= 2021-05-03| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210503170536/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/full_list/| dead-url= yes}}</ref> Menurut senarai kedudukan yang diterbitkan oleh Forbes Global 2000, Petronas Gas diumumkan sebagai syarikat awam ke-1881 terbesar di dunia pada tahun 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/petronas-gas/#5545a5271104|title= Forbes Global 2000|access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> Sejak diperbadankan, Petronas berkembang menjadi syarikat minyak dan gas dengan kepentingan perniagaan di 31 negara. Sehingga akhir Mac 2005, Kumpulan ini mengandungi 103 pemilikan sendiri anak-anak syarikat, 19 syarikat kelengkapan milik sebahagiannya dan yang dimiliki separuhnya dan 57 syarikat bersekutu. Bersama-sama ini, menjadikan Petronas, yang terlibat di dalam pelbagai aktiviti-aktiviti berasaskan minyak dan gas. Majalah ''[[Financial Times]]'' telah mengenal pasti Petronas sebagai satu daripada "kembar tujuh" yang baru":<ref name=ft>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/471ae1b8-d001-11db-94cb-000b5df10621.html The new Seven Sisters: oil and gas giants dwarf western rivals], by Carola Hoyos, Financial Times. 11 March 2007</ref> syarikat minyak dan gas milik kerajaan yang paling berpengaruh di luar [[OECD]]. Petronas menyediakan satu spektrum aktiviti [[petroleum]] yang luas, termasuk penerokaan huluan dan penghasilan minyak dan gas kepada hiliran [[minyak|penapisan minyak]]; pemasaran dan pengagihan [[petroleum|produk petroleum]]; perdagangan; pemprosesan gas dan [[Cecair|pencecairan]]; operasi rangkaian penghantaran talian paip gas; pemasaran [[gas|gas cecair semulajadi]]; pengilangan dan pemasaran [[petrokimia]]; [[perkapalan]]; [[automotif|kejuruteraan automotif]]; dan [[pelaburan]] [[hartanah]]. [[Menara Berkembar Petronas]] telah dibuka secara rasminya pada [[Hari Kemerdekaan Malaysia]] ke-42 pada 31 Ogos 1998 yang juga hari ulang tahun syarikat ke-24. Pada 31 Mac 2011, [[Kerajaan Malaysia]] secara rasminya menamatkan jawatan mantan [[Perdana Menteri Malaysia]] [[Mahathir Mohamad]] sebagai penasihat Petronas. Tindakan ini diambil berikutan ketidakfahaman dalam kesaksamaan berpolitik, dimana Mahathir dilihat menyerang secara terbuka pentadbiran dan personaliti Perdana Menteri ketika itu [[Najib Razak]], Mahathir juga dilihat mengadakan baiah bersama pemimpin pembangkang sebagai satu langkah untuk meminta Perdana Menteri melepaskan jawatannya. [[Jabatan Perdana Menteri Malaysia|Jabatan Perdana Menteri]] dalam kenyataannya bersetuju atas penamatan ini kerana "tidak menyokong kerajaan yang sedia ada dan tidak patut mempunyai sebarang jawatan dalam kerajaan".<ref>Ngui, Y. (2016). ''Malaysia Fires Former Leader Mahathir as Adviser to Petronas.'' WSJ. Retrieved March 12 2016, from http://www.wsj.com/articles/malaysia-fires-former-leader-mahathir-as-adviser-to-petronas-1457707460</ref> Sebanyak 0.69 peratus gas yang dilepaskan melalui proses perindustrian global dari tahun 1988 hingga 2015 berasal daripada aktiviti-aktiviti Petronas.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change | title= Top 100 producers and their cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from 1988-2015 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | access-date= 29 October 2020}}</ref> Oleh itu, Petronas merupakan antara penyumbang utama perubahan iklim, suatu fenomena yang membawa banyak risiko terhadap kesihatan, pekerjaan, kestabilan bekalan makanan dan air, keselamatan, serta perkembangan ekonomi.<ref>{{cite journal |title=IPCC, 2018: Summary for Policymakers |issue=Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf |accessdate=29 October 2020 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723103232/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_LR.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==History== [[File:KL - Menara Carigali, KLCC.JPG|thumb|[[Petronas Tower 3]], Kuala Lumpur]] [[File:KotaKinabalu Sabah Petronas-Tower-01.jpg|thumb|Petronas office building in [[Kota Kinabalu|Kota Kinabalu, Sabah]]]] Before the formation of Malaysia, Royal Dutch Shell (now [[Shell plc]]) first began the oil exploration in [[Miri, Malaysia|Miri]], [[Sarawak]]; after [[Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak|Charles Brooke]] signed the first Oil Mining Lease in 1909. In 1910, the first oil well was drilled in Miri. This oil well is later known as the Grand Old Lady.<ref name=AAPG>{{cite web|last1=Sorkhabi|first1=Rasoul|title=Historical Highlight: Miri Field Seeps Helped, But Success Was a Higher Calling|url=http://archives.aapg.org/explorer/2011/03mar/miri_well0311.cfm|publisher=[[American Association of Petroleum Geologists]] (AAPG)|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324151035/http://archives.aapg.org/explorer/2011/03mar/miri_well0311.cfm|archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Geoexpro>{{cite book|last1=Sorkhabi|first1=Rasoul|title=History of oil: Sarawak - Miri 1910|date=2010|publisher=GEO ExPro Magazine Vol 7, No 2|page=44|url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/02/miri-1910|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324153023/http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/02/miri-1910|archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> In 1929, oil was discovered in [[Brunei]]. There were no other drilling activities in [[Borneo]] or [[British Malaya]] until 1950s.<ref name="Fred R 2007">{{cite book|last1=Dr Fred R|first1=von der Mehden|last2=Al|first2=Troner|title=Petronas: a national oil company with an international vision|date=March 2007|publisher=James A Baker III Institute for public policy, Rice university|url=https://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/page/9dd51576/noc_petronas_tronervdm.pdf|access-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516220308/http://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/page/9dd51576/noc_petronas_tronervdm.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1966, the enactment of Petroleum Mining Act gave Exxon and Shell rights to explore oil territories and produce oil royalties and tax payments to the government.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Malaysian Oil and Gas Infustry: Challenging times, but fundamentals intact|date=May 2016|publisher=Price Waterhouse Coopers|url=https://www.pwc.com/my/en/assets/publications/2016-msian-oil-n-gas-industry.pdf|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705021436/https://www.pwc.com/my/en/assets/publications/2016-msian-oil-n-gas-industry.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2017|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> In the late 1960s, Esso and [[ConocoPhillips|Continental Oil]] were given concessions to explore oil off the shores of the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.<ref name="BPMB 2011">{{cite book|title=Report on Malaysia oil and gas exploration and production|date=2011|publisher=Bank Pembangunan (Malaysian Development Bank)|page=60|access-date=17 May 2018|url=http://www.bpmb.com.my:80/documents/21475/33700/20.pdf/3723eecd-5976-4fd2-9b10-c1375fbdd4cc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411100217/http://www.bpmb.com.my/documents/21475/33700/20.pdf/3723eecd-5976-4fd2-9b10-c1375fbdd4cc|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2017}}</ref> By 1974, Malaysia's output of crude oil stood at about {{convert|90,000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} to {{convert|99,000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.<ref name="BPMB 2011"/> ===1970s: Establishment with the Malaysian Government=== Several factors converged in the early 1970s to prompt the Malaysian government into setting up a state-owned oil and gas company. In 1972, the oil price per barrel was US$1.50, which later rose to US$2.28 per barrel. War in the middle east and oil embargo by Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ([[OPEC]]) had caused the price per barrel to rise until US$12.00, thus giving more incentives for Malaysia to set up her own oil company. Several countries such as [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Egypt]], and [[Indonesia]] have adopted the [[production sharing agreement]] instead of a concession system for oil revenue distribution. The Malaysian government also believed that foreign oil companies did not properly inform the government regarding the oil exploration activities in their own concessions (such as the new discovery of oil fields), thus resulted in a loss of revenue to the government. The formulation of [[Malaysian New Economic Policy]] in the early 1970s encourages Malaysians to take control of various modern industries and to open more economic opportunities for [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]] (Malaysian natives).<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> The former chief minister of Sarawak, [[Abdul Rahman Ya'kub]] was the first one who proposed the idea of Malaysia setting up an oil company in 1965,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lau|first1=Leslie|title=Ex-Sarawak CM says Kelantan has no right to oil royalty|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55898-ex-sarawak-cm-says-kelantan-has-no-right-to-oil-royalty|access-date=27 April 2015|publisher=The Malaysian Insider|date=14 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314022944/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/55898-ex-sarawak-cm-says-kelantan-has-no-right-to-oil-royalty|archive-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> when he was the federal lands and mines deputy minister.<ref name="Mokhtar 1981">{{cite book |last1=Mokhtar |first1=Suhaimi |title=Putera Kenyalang: Satu Dekad Penuh Cabaran (Son of the land of the hornbills, a challenging decade) |date=1981 |publisher=Penerbitan Pena Sdn Bhd |location=Selangor |isbn= |pages=84}}</ref> It was due to the pressure of the Sarawak people who sought to clarify the exact boundaries of Sarawak territorial waters. In fact, since the formation of Malaysia in 1963, the issue of territorial waters of Sabah and Sarawak has not been fully addressed, thus leaving its interpretation wide open. The Sarawak government has declared that the territorial waters extend well beyond the three-mile limit defined by the Malaysian federal government. However, Abdul Rahman Ya'kub was reminded of [[Tun Abdul Razak]]'s act of installing him as the chief minister of Sarawak. Therefore, Rahman decided to keep the conflict as low profile as possible. Rahman's nephew, [[Abdul Taib Mahmud]] assumed the role of federal deputy land and mines minister after Rahman became education minister and later, chief minister of Sarawak. Taib believed in the sharing of oil royalties between the state and the federal government. During the time, the oil mining activities in Sarawak were still under the exclusive control of Shell. Taib Mahmud initially suggested allowing independent contractors to market government oil. Taib found a Lebanese trader to purchase the Malaysian oil, however, the contractor defaulted on payments, resulting in US$4 million loss. A government hydrocarbon committee was later set up. Taib Mahmud visited Indonesia and had a discussion with [[Pertamina]] (Indonesian state-owned oil and gas company). Taib suggested that Malaysia scrap the concession system and replace it with a [[production sharing agreement]]. However, there were no laws that allowed Malaysia to take back the concessions without compensating foreign oil companies.<ref name="Ranjit 1986"/> Despite this, Taib decided to set up a statutory body named "HIKMA" (Hidrokarbon Malaysia),<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> which would have total rights of oil found in the territorial waters of Sabah and Sarawak. However, Rahman Ya'kub protested his nephew's decision and threatened to take the federal government to court if Sarawak were to be left out of this oil deal. [[Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah]] (chairman of [[Perbadanan Nasional Berhad]] (Pernas)) visited Rahman at the latter's private residence in [[Kuching]]. Tengku Razaleigh suggested the formation of a company instead of a statutory body where the former would distribute profits equally between the federal and the state governments. Rahman agreed with the suggestion. Tengku Razaleigh drafted the Petroleum Development Act together with his associates in secret, as instructed by Tun Razak, and to be completed before the [[Malaysian general election, 1974|1974 Malaysian general election]]. Rahman Ya'kub then telephoned Tengku Razaleigh to ask about the terms offered by the Malaysian federal government. Tengku Razaleigh then told Rahman regarding abolishment of the concession system. Meanwhile, 5% oil royalty will be given to the respective oil-producing states. Rahman agreed with the deal.<ref name="Ranjit 1986">{{cite book|last1=Ranjit|first1=Gill|title=Razaleigh: An Unending Quest|date=1986|publisher=Pelanduk publication|location=Petaling Jaya, Selangor|isbn=967-978-101-1|pages=118–129|chapter=19 and 20|quote=When Taib became Minister of Land and Mines, he showed considerable interest in the development of this resource, and in his view, there should be a sharing of royalties between the State (i.e. Sarawak) and the federal government.(page 121) ... Tengku Razaleigh visited Datuk Rahman, ... I suggested the formation of a company, not a statutory corporation, which would distribute profits equally between the Federal government and Sarawak in the form of cash payments. He accepted the proposal and I rushed back to Tun Razak with the news. (page 122) ... The proceeds would accrue to Petronas, but 5 percent of the oil revenue thereafter would go to the state, and a similar amount to the Federal government. Rahman agreed (page 123).}}</ref> In 1974, the Petroleum Development Act was tabled and approved in parliament. Petronas was incorporated on 17 August 1974, and Tengku Razaleigh became its inaugural chairman. Initially, Exxon and Shell refused to surrender their concessions and refused to negotiate with Petronas. Petronas then served a notice to all foreign oil companies that after 1 April 1975, all the foreign oil companies would be operating illegally in Malaysian waters if they do not start negotiations with Petronas. After a few rounds of negotiations, foreign oil companies finally surrendered their concessions to Petronas. While all other oil-producing states in Malaysia signed the petroleum agreement, [[Tun Mustapha]], the chief minister of [[Sabah]], stubbornly refused to sign the oil agreement, complaining of the meagre 5% oil royalty. Mustapha requested for 10 to 20% oil royalty; otherwise, he would threaten to pull Sabah out of Malaysia. Tengku Razaleigh refused to bulge in. The Malaysian federal government then made another deal with Datuk [[Harris Salleh]] (who was out of favour with Tun Mustapha) to establish [[Sabah People's United Front|Berjaya]] party and oust Tun Mustapha. However, Harris was reluctant to become the Chief Minister of Sabah, and [[Fuad Stephens]] was asked to assume to the post of chief minister if Berjaya were to come to power. Berjaya successfully ousted Tun Mustapha in the 1976 Sabah state election.<ref name="Ranjit 1986"/> One week after the [[1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash|1976 air crash]] which killed the chief minister [[Fuad Stephens]] and other five state ministers, Harris signed the oil agreement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bid to nullify the oil royalty deal|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=82657|access-date=30 May 2015|work=Daily Express|date=26 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028232222/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=82657|archive-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> With Sabah entering the oil agreement, Petronas finally has total control of all oil and gas reserves in Malaysia. Petronas first embarked on the oil exploration and production activities with the formation of Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd in 1978. In 1980, Petronas expanded its downstream businesses by setting up ASEAN [[Bintulu]] Fertiliser plant in [[Sarawak]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About us - milestones |url=https://www.petronas.com/about-us/milestones |publisher=Petronas |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830130233/https://www.petronas.com/about-us/milestones |archive-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> In 1984, Petronas moved to [[Dayabumi Complex|Dayabumi]] after occupying various buildings in Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glut of office space in KL |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19840511-1.2.26.2?qt=dayabumi&q=dayabumi%20 |work=The Straits Times |date=11 May 1984}}</ref> ===Late 1980s: Battling oil depletion=== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}} Oil exploration was by no means at an end and could yet produce more reserves. The Seligi field, which came onstream at the end of 1988 and was developed by Esso Production Malaysia, was one of the richest oilfields so far found in Malaysia waters, and further concessions to the majors would encourage exploration of the deeper waters around Malaysia, where unknown reserves could be discovered. Meanwhile, computerised seismography made it both feasible and commercially justifiable to re-explore fields which had been abandoned, or were assumed to be unproductive, over the past century. In 1990, Petronas invited foreign companies to re-explore parts of the sea off Sabah and Sarawak on the basis of new surveys using up-to-date techniques. Another way to postpone depletion was to develop sources of oil, and of its substitute, natural gas, outside Malaysia. Late in 1989, the governments of [[Vietnam]] and [[Myanmar]] (Burma) invited Petronas Carigali to take part in joint ventures to explore for oil in their coastal waters. In 1990, a new unit, Petronas Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd, was created to take up a 15% interest in a field in Myanmar's waters being explored by Idemitsu Myanmar Oil Exploration Co. Ltd., a subsidiary of the Japanese firm [[Idemitsu Kosan|Idemitsu Oil Development Co. Ltd.]], in a production sharing arrangement with [[Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise]]. Thus began Petronas' first oil exploration outside Malaysia. In May 1990, the governments of [[Malaysia]] and [[Thailand]] settled a long-running dispute over their respective rights to an area of 7,300 square kilometres in the [[Gulf of Thailand]] by setting up a joint administrative authority for the area and encouraging a joint oil exploration project by Petronas, the [[PTT Public Company Limited|Petroleum Authority of Thailand]], and the US company [[Triton Energy Limited|Triton Oil]]. In a separate deal, in October 1990, the Petroleum Authority of Thailand arranged with Petronas to study the feasibility of transferring natural gas from this jointly administered area, through Malaysia to Thailand, by way of an extension of the pipelines laid for the third stage of the Peninsular Gas Utilisation Project. That project was on course to becoming a major element in the postponement of oil depletion. Contracts for line pipes for the second stage of the project were signed in 1989 with two consortia of Malaysian, Japanese, and Brazilian companies. This stage, completed in 1991, included the laying of 730 kilometres of pipeline through to the tip of the Peninsula, from where gas could be sold to Singapore and [[Thailand]]; the conversion of two power stations—[[Port Dickson]] and [[Pasir Gudang]]—from oil to gas; and the expansion of Petronas' output of [[methyl tert-butyl ether]] (MTBE), [[propylene]], and [[polypropylene]], which were already being produced in joint ventures with [[Idemitsu]] Petrochemical Co. of Japan and [[Neste Oy]] of Finland. The third and final stage of the project was to lay pipelines along the northwest and northeast coastlines of the Peninsula and was completed in 1997. Another new venture in 1990 was in ship-owning, since Petronas' existing arrangements with [[MISC Berhad|MISC]] and with Nigeria's state oil company would be inadequate to transport the additional exports of LNG due to start in 1994, under the contract with Saibu Gas. Petronas did not lose sight of the government's commitment to Malaysian self-reliance, and the company's second refinery at [[Malacca]], completed in 1994, with a capacity of {{convert|100000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}, promoted the same policy. The fact that it was built in a joint venture with [[Samsung]] of Korea, the [[Chinese Petroleum Corporation]] of [[Taiwan]], and [[Caltex]] of the United States did not negate the policy, for the subsidiary company Petronas Penapisan (Melaka) had a decisive 45% of equity while sharing the enormous costs of and gaining advanced technology for the project. More to the point, a side effect of the refinery's completion was that Petronas was able to refine all of the crude oil it produced, instead of being partially dependent on refining facilities in Singapore. Petronas, with its policies of promoting self-reliance, helping to develop associated industries, and varying the sources and uses of oil and gas, played an important role in the Malaysian economy as a whole. Under governments which—by current, if not historical, Western standards—were strongly interventionist, the contribution of oil taxes to the federal government's revenue hovered at around 12% to 16% until 1980, when it showed a marked increase to 23%, followed by another leap to 32% in 1981. From then until 1988 the proportion fluctuated between 29% and 36%. Petronas was not just another big oil company: it controlled a crucial sector of the economy and remained, for better or worse, an indispensable instrument of the state. ===Since 1990s: Global expansion=== [[File:E8664-Pattaya-Sukhumvit-Road.jpg|thumb|A Petronas station seen in [[Pattaya]], Thailand]] During the mid- to late 1990s, international exploration, development, and production remained key components in Petronas' strategy along with diversification. A key discovery was made in the Ruby field in Vietnam in 1994. That year, the firm also saw its first overseas production from the [[Dai Hung field]] in Vietnam and established its first retail station outside of Malaysia in [[Cambodia]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} In 1995, a subsidiary was created to import, store, and distribute [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG). In addition, the company's [[polyethylene]] plant in [[Kerteh]] began operations. Petronas marked a significant milestone during this time period—two of its subsidiaries, Petronas Dagangan Bhd and Petronas Gas Bhd, went public on the [[Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange]]. Between 1993 and 1996, it purchased the former sub-Saharan branch of Mobil Oil, rebranded as [[Engen Petroleum]]. In 1996, Petronas entered the aromatics market by way of a joint venture that created Aromatics Malaysia Sdn Bhd. It also formed a contract with [[China National Offshore Oil Corporation]] and [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] Overseas Petroleum Ltd. to begin the exploration of block 02/31 of the Liaodong Bay area in China. While the Asian economy as a whole suffered from an economic crisis during 1997 and 1998, Malaysia was quick to bounce back due to successful government reforms. From its new headquarters in the [[Petronas Twin Towers]], the state-owned concern continued its development in the oil and gas industry. During 1997, Petronas heightened its diversification efforts. The firm set plans in motion to build three petrochemical plants in [[Kuantan]] as well as an [[Acetic acid|acetic]] facility in [[Kerteh]]. Its first LPG joint venture in China was launched that year, and the company acquired a 29.3% interest in Malaysia International Shipping Corporation Berhad (MISC). In 1998, Petronas' tanker-related subsidiary merged with MISC, increasing Petronas' stake in MISC to 62%. That year, Petronas introduced the [[Proton E01 engine|Petronas E01]], the country's first commercial prototype engine. The company also signed a total of five new production sharing contracts (PSCs) in 1998 and 1999, and began oil production in the [[Sirri Island|Sirri]] field in Iran. Petronas entered the new century determined to expand its international efforts. The company forged deals for two new exploration plots in Pakistan and began construction on the Chad-Cameroon Integrated Oil Development and Pipeline Project. By 2002, Petronas had signed seven new PSCs and secured stakes in eight exploration blocks in eight countries, including [[Gabon]], [[Cameroon]], [[Niger]], Egypt, [[Yemen]], [[Indonesia]], and Vietnam. The firm also made considerable progress in its petrochemicals strategy, opening new gas-based petrochemical facilities in Kerteh and Gebeng. By 2003, Malaysia was set to usurp [[Algeria]] as the world's second-largest producer of LNG with the completion of the Malaysia LNG Tiga Plant. Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] commented on the achievement in a May 2003 [[Bernama]] News Agency article, claiming that "the Petronas LNG complex now serves as another shining example of a vision realized of a national aspiration, transformed into reality by the same belief among Malaysians that 'we can do it.'" Indeed, Petronas had transformed itself into a global oil company over the previous decade, becoming a national symbol for success. The company realised, however, that it would have to continue its aggressive growth strategy to ensure its survival in the years to come. The Petronas overseas expansion drive continues with the acquisition of Woodside Energy Ltd [[Mauritania]] assets for $418 million in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title= Petronas signs $418-million deal for Mauritania assets| url= http://www.offshore-mag.com/display_article/307375/120/ARTCL/none/PRODN/PETRONAS-signs-$418-million-deal-for-Mauritania-assets/?dcmp=ENL.OSWAR_ARCH| archive-url= https://archive.today/20140815022027/http://www.offshore-mag.com/display_article/307375/120/ARTCL/none/PRODN/PETRONAS-signs-$418-million-deal-for-Mauritania-assets/?dcmp=ENL.OSWAR_ARCH| url-status= dead| archive-date= 15 August 2014| access-date=15 July 2008| date=27 August 2007| publisher=Offshore Magazine}}</ref> The venture proved successful as they discovered oil in May 2008<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas and partners strike oil and gas in Mauritania |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/8/business/21182804&sec=business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208133205/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/8/business/21182804&sec=business |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2008 |work=The Star |date=8 May 2008 |access-date=15 July 2008 }}</ref> In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Datuk Mustapa Mohamed{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}, stated that Petronas contributed RM 25 Billion to the country's treasury accounting for 25% of revenue collected via dividends and other revenues. Petronas continued to focus on international exploration projects as 40% of revenue in 2008 was derived from international projects such as [[Iran]], [[Sudan]], [[Chad]] and [[Mauritania]]. The company's international reserves stood at 6.24 billion barrels oil equivalent in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title= Petronas to focus on overseas ops| url= http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/16/business/21836412&sec=business| author=Joseph Chin| access-date=16 July 2008| date=16 July 2008| work= The Star}}</ref> On 9 April 2019, Petronas was praised for its role in the Sudanese oil and gas industry by Minister of Oil and Gas engineer Yagoub Adam Bashir Gamaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energymixreport.com/sudans-oil-minister-briefed-on-petronas-activities-in-sudan/|title=Sudan's Oil Minister briefed on Petronas activities in Sudan|date=9 April 2019|website=Energy News {{!}} Oil and Gas News|language=en-US|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412010509/https://www.energymixreport.com/sudans-oil-minister-briefed-on-petronas-activities-in-sudan/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> On 29 October 2012, Petronas sources said it would renew a bid for gas producer, Progress Energy Resources after Canada blocked its bid earlier that month. The $6-billion bid was approved by Ottawa on 7 December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-progress-petronas-idUSBRE89S03320121029|title=Petronas agrees to renew bid for Canada's Progress: sources |date=29 October 2012 |work= Reuters }}</ref> On 17 January 2013, Petronas issued a statement that an onshore oil and gas discovery has been made in the state after drilling a test well about 20 kilometres away from the city of Miri in northern [[Sarawak]]. The well was found to have a net hydrocarbon thickness of 349 meters. It had flow rates of 440 barrels of crude oil per day and 11.5 million standard cubic feet of gas per day. The find is the first onshore oil discovery in [[Malaysia]] in 24 years. <ref name=discovery2013>{{Cite news | title = Rich oil deposits discovered in Sarawak | publisher = Investvine.com | date = 19 January 2013 | url = http://investvine.com/rich-oil-deposits-discovered-in-sarawak/ | access-date = 19 January 2013 | archive-date = 6 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170106174239/http://investvine.com/rich-oil-deposits-discovered-in-sarawak/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> On 2 May 2015, Petronas completed its acquisition of oil and gas assets in Azerbaijan from Norway's Statoil (now Equinor) for US$2.25 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Petronas closes $2.25 billion purchase of Statoil's Azerbaijan assets|date=5 May 2015|url=http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/05/petronas-closes-2-25-billion-purchase-of-statoils-azerbaijan-assets/|publisher=Petro Global News|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510013900/http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/05/petronas-closes-2-25-billion-purchase-of-statoils-azerbaijan-assets/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Plagued by the [[2010s oil glut]], Petronas reported on 26 February 2015 that it cut its 2015 capital expenditures budget after reporting a $2 billion fourth quarter loss, the company's first loss since it began reporting quarterly results five years ago.<ref>{{cite news|title=Petronas suffers first-ever loss — $2 billion in Q4|url=http://petroglobalnews.com/2015/03/petronas-suffers-first-ever-loss-2-billion-in-q4/|access-date=2 March 2015|publisher=Petro Global News}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 1 April 2017, Petronas' PFLNG Satu, is the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility, has achieved a new milestone with the successful loading of its first cargo at the Kanowit gas field, offshore Bintulu, Sarawak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.petronas.com.my/media-relations/media-releases/Pages/article/PETRONAS%E2%80%99-FIRST-FLOATING-LNG-FACILITY,-PFLNG-SATU.aspx|title=PETRONAS' FIRST FLOATING LNG FACILITY, PFLNG SATU ACHIEVES FIRST CARGO &#124; PETRONAS|website=www.petronas.com.my|language=en-us|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> On 25 July 2017, Petronas cancelled a $36-billion [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) project, the Pacific Northwest LNG, which was considered ambitious and a priority in the [[Canadian province]] of [[British Columbia]]. Both the company and the province blamed poor global LNG market conditions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/a-tragedy-for-canada-petronas-cancels-36b-lng-project-as-b-c-jacks-up-demands/wcm/de2567c8-499d-489f-9dec-3826a01c932c|title='A tragedy for Canada': Petronas cancels $36B LNG project as B.C. jacks up demands|date=26 July 2017|work=Financial Post|access-date=30 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> == Controversies == ===War crimes allegations in Sudan=== In June 2010, the European Coalition on Oil in Sudan (ECOS)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ecosonline.org/ |publisher=European Coalition on Oil in Sudan |title=ECOS Database |access-date=2025-04-11 |archive-date=2025-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418104312/https://www.ecosonline.org/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> published the report "Unpaid Debt",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/unpaid-debt-report |publisher=European Coalition on Oil in Sudan |access-date=28 June 2019 |title=Unpaid Debt, The legacy of Lundin, Petronas, and OMV in Block 5A, Sudan, 1997–2003}}</ref> that called upon the governments of Sweden, Austria, and Malaysia to look into allegations that PETRONAS, Fida Aziz, [[Lundin Petroleum]], and [[OMV]] may have been complicit in the commission of [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] while operating in [[Block 5A, South Sudan]] (then [[Sudan]]), during the period 1997–2003. The reported crimes include indiscriminate attacks and intentional targeting of civilians, burning of shelters, pillage, destruction of objects necessary for survival, unlawful killing of civilians, rape of women, abduction of children, torture, and forced displacement. When the consortium that PETRONAS took part in operated in Block 5A, approximately 12,000 people died, and 160,000 were violently displaced from their land and homes, many forever. Satellite pictures taken between 1994 and 2003 show that the activities of PETRONAS in Sudan coincided with a spectacular drop in agricultural land use in its concession area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecosonline.org/reports/2009/Satellite_mapping_Block5a_small.pdf |publisher=Prins Engineering |date=30 August 2009 |title=Satellite mapping Block 5A |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> In June 2010, the Swedish public prosecutor for international crimes opened a criminal investigation into links between Sweden and the reported crimes. In 2016, Lundin Petroleum's Chairman Ian Lundin and CEO Alex Schneiter were informed that they were the suspects of the investigation. Sweden's Government gave the green light for the Public Prosecutor in October 2018 to indict the two top executives<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/reparations/39348-lundin-faces-prosecution-for-sudan-oil-war-abuses.html |title=Lundin faces prosecution for Sudan oil war abuses |publisher=Justice Info |date=23 October 2018 |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> On 1 November 2018, and the Swedish Prosecution Authority notified Lundin Petroleum AB that the company might be liable to a corporate fine and forfeiture of economic benefits of SEK 3,285 million (app. €315 million) for involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/download/lundin-petroleum-receives-information-regarding-a-potential-corporate-fine-and-forfeiture-of-economic-benefits-in-relation-to-past-operations-in-sudan/?wpdmdl=14539/ |publisher=Lundin Petroleum website |title=Regulatory disclosure |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119011030/https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/download/lundin-petroleum-receives-information-regarding-a-potential-corporate-fine-and-forfeiture-of-economic-benefits-in-relation-to-past-operations-in-sudan/?wpdmdl=14539/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Consequently, the company itself will also be charged, albeit indirectly, and will be legally represented in court. On 15 November 2018, the suspects were served with the draft charges and the case files.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/lundin-petroleum-receives-indictment.html |title=Lundin Petroleum Receives Final Notice before Indictment |access-date=29 June 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They will be indicted for aiding and abetting [[Transnational crime|international crimes]] and may face life imprisonment if found guilty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/stream/48c2d29d-b0ea-4de1-81ae-7db98cef0bcf |title=Swedish oil bosses set to be charged on South Sudan |publisher=Financial Times |date=18 October 2018}}</ref> The trial is likely to begin early in 2022 and may take two years. The Swedish war crimes investigation raises the issue of access to remedy and reparation for victims of human rights violations linked with business activities. In May 2016, representatives of communities in Block 5A claimed their right to remedy and reparation and called upon PETRONAS and its shareholders to pay off their debt to them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/remedy-claim/ |publisher=Unpaid Debt |title=Victim's Remedy Claim |access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref> A conviction in Sweden may provide some level of remedy and reparation for the few victims of human rights violations who will testify in court, but not for the other 200,000 victims who will not be represented in court. The Swedish court cannot impose obligations upon PETRONAS. On 23 May 2019, the T.M.C. Asser Institute for International Law in The Hague organised the conference 'Towards criminal liability of corporations for human rights violations: The Lundin case in Sweden'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEwrVwXN-nA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/PEwrVwXN-nA |archive-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Towards criminal liability of corporations for human rights violations: The Lundin case in Sweden|website=[[YouTube]]|date=23 May 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> The international standard for business and human rights, the UNGP, underlines the duty of business enterprises to contribute to effective remedy of the adverse impact that it has caused or contributed to.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/GuidingprinciplesBusinesshr_eN.pdf|title=UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights}}</ref> The company has never publicly showed an interest in the adverse effects of its activities on the communities in its concession area. According to the Dutch peace organisation PAX, PETRONAS, Lundin Petroleum, OMV, as well as their shareholders are disregarding the human rights standards that they claim to respect, because they, ''A''. never conducted appropriate due diligence for their Sudanese operations; ''B''. made no effort to know their human rights impacts; and ''C''. do not show how they address alleged adverse human rights impacts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpaiddebt.org/consortium/ |publisher=PAX |title=How Lundin, OMV, and Petronas do not respect human rights}}</ref> PETRONAS Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd, a wholly owned subsidiary of PETRONAS Group of Companies, held a 28.5% share in the consortium that acquired the right to explore and develop oil deposits in Block 5A. In 2003, Lundin Petroleum and OMV sold their interest following a public outcry about the role of the consortium in Sudan's [[oil war]]. PETRONAS picked up Lundin's 40.375% working interest for a cash payment of US$142.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lundin-petroleum.com/timeline/lundin-2003-2/|title=Lundin 2003}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As the operator of the consortium, Lundin Petroleum was responsible for day-to-day management. Still, it stood under the supervision of the Operating Committee, that exercised "overall direction and control of all matters pertaining to the Joint Operations and the Joint Property". PETRONAS was permanently represented in the Operating Committee and has never publicly distanced itself from any of its decisions.<ref>Joint Operating Agreement between IPC Sudan Limited and Petronas Carigali Overseasn Sdn Bhd and OMV (SUDAN) Exploration GmbH and Sudapet Ltd. SUDAN BLOCK 5A, 7 April 1999.</ref> PETRONAS has never publicly responded to the allegations of negative impacts in Sudan or discussed the issue with local communities. The company is not known to have taken adequate measures to prevent involvement in human rights violations during the oil war or to undo the adverse impacts of its consortium's operations. PETRONAS was a loyal participant in the consortium that operated in Block 5A and had a substantial say in the way it operated. Therefore, the suspicions against the consortium's top managers also concern PETRONAS. The company is wholly owned by the Malaysian State. According to the UN Guiding Principles, abuse of human rights by a business enterprise that is wholly or partially controlled by a State, may entail a violation of that State's own international law obligations.<ref>UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, p. 7.</ref> In early October 2021, the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan|Sudanese transitional government]] made moves to confiscate PETRONAS' assets, alleging that they had been acquired through illegal means under the rule of ousted [[President of Sudan|Sudanese President]] [[Omar al-Bashir]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aslan |first1=Dilara |title=Sudanese government seeks confiscation of Malaysia's Petronas' assets |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064956/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |archive-date=8 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 October, the Sudanese transitional government issued an arrest warrant for PETRONAS's country manager.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aslan |first1=Dilara |title=Sudan issues arrest warrant for Petronas country manager: Sources |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudan-issues-arrest-warrant-for-petronas-country-manager-sources |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064956/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |archive-date=8 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the Malaysian Government summoned the Sudanese charge d'affaires and urged the Sudanese government to honour the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Treaty and to respect the sanctity of the Malaysian Embassy, which was housed in the same complex as the PETRONAS Sudan Complex in [[Khartoum]]. PETRONAS has also sought to cancel the manager's arrest warrant and submitted a request for arbitration at the [[World Bank]]'s [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes]] (ICSID).<ref>{{cite web |title=Issue of Petronas Sudan Complex in Khartoum |url=https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013141919/https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |archive-date=13 October 2021 |date=13 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia urges Sudan to honour bilateral treaty, observe sanctity of a diplomatic premise over Petronas Sudan Complex |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Malay Mail]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013153724/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |archive-date=13 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Siew Mung |title=Petronas pursuing legal action to cancel arrest warrant issued against ex-officers |url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014061101/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |archive-date=14 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Middle East Monitor]] contributor Nasim Ahmed opined that the Sudanese government's actions against Malaysian, Turkish, Qatari and Chinese companies were part of a foreign policy shift to court Western investors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Nasim |title=Sudan is turning on former allies under the pretext of fighting corruption |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009230119/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> Former federal counsel and [[University of Technology Malaysia]] visiting professor Salleh Buang opined that the Sudanese government's actions violated international law on the undue expropriation of commercial assets without adequate compensation, citing the 1927 [[Chorzów Factory case]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buang |first1=Salleh |title=Making sense of Sudan's move against Petronas |url=https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2021/10/735297/making-sense-sudans-move-against-petronas |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013094755/https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2021/10/735297/making-sense-sudans-move-against-petronas |archive-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> ===2022 seizure of Luxembourg assets=== {{Main|North Borneo dispute#Seizure of Malaysian foreign assets}} In February 2022, a French arbitration court known as the ''[[Tribunal de grande instance de Paris]]'' ordered the Malaysian Government to pay at least US$14.9 billion (RM 62.59 billion) to the descendants of the [[Sultanate of Sulu]], who have laid claim to the Malaysian state of [[Sabah]]. To enforce the award, the claimants filed a ''saisie-arret'' (seize order) on 11 July 2022 for Luxembourg authorities to seize two Luxembourg-based subsidiaries of PETRONAS: PETRONAS Azerbaijan (Shah Deniz) and PETRONAS South Caucasus units. The descendants' territorial claim to Sabah dated back to an 1878 agreement between Baron [[Gustav Overbeck]] and [[Alfred Dent]] of the [[British North Borneo Company]] and the-then Sultan of Sulu Jamal Al Alam of Sulu. While the British and Malaysian Governments claimed that the Sultan had permanently ceded North Borneo, the descendants of the Sultan and the Philippines Government have contended that the Sultan had merely leased the territory. Until 2013, the Malaysian Government had paid eight claimants to the Sultanate of Sulu an annual rent of RM5,300. Following the [[2013 Lahad Datu standoff]], the Malaysian Government had terminated the annual stipends; prompting these descendants to pursue legal action.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zulkaflee |first=Ikhwan |title=International Court Ruled That Malaysia Must Pay RM62 Billion To Sulu Sultan's Descendents [sic] |url=https://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2022/03/01/international-court-ruled-that-malaysia-must-pay-rm62-billion-to-sulu-sultans-descendents/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=TRP |date=March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express explainer">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rishika |title=Explained: Why a late Sultan's heirs want Malaysia to pay $15bn over a colonial-era land dispute |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/explained/malaysia-petronas-dispute-sulu-kingdom-sultan-8038849/|access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720080520/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/malaysia-petronas-dispute-sulu-kingdom-sultan-8038849/ |archive-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera 13 July 2022">{{cite news |title=Malaysia's Petronas to fight seizure of Luxembourg assets |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/7/13/malaysias-petronas-to-fight-seizure-of-luxembourg-assets |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720125745/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/7/13/malaysias-petronas-to-fight-seizure-of-luxembourg-assets |archive-date=20 July 2022}}</ref> On 13 July, the Malaysian Government obtained a stay on the French court's ruling, with [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] stating that the ruling undermined Malaysian sovereignty. In addition, PETRONAS described the seize order as "baseless" and stated it would contest the enforcement actions. It also stated that the two affected subsidiaries had already divested their assets in Azerbaijan and repatriated all their proceeds.<ref name="Al Jazeera 13 July 2022" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tay |first1=Chester |last2=Khalid |first2=Sulhi |title=Petronas says seized Luxembourg units have already divested Azerbaijan assets |url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-says-seized-luxembourg-units-have-already-divested-azerbaijan-assets |access-date=21 July 2022 |publisher=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge Markets]] |date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714152904/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-says-seized-luxembourg-units-have-already-divested-azerbaijan-assets |archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas says taking steps to protect global assets after seizure of Luxembourg units |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-says-taking-steps-protect-global-assets-after-seizure-luxembourg-units-2022-07-18/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=18 July 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726031438/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-says-taking-steps-protect-global-assets-after-seizure-luxembourg-units-2022-07-18/|archive-date=26 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 July, Malaysian opposition politicians unsuccessfully demanded a debate on the seizure order against PETRONAS' assets in the [[Malaysian Parliament]] but were blocked by the Speaker of the House on procedural grounds. [[Minister in the Prime Minister's Department|Law Minister]] [[Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar]] stated that the stay would prevent the final award from being enforced in any county until a final decision by the French court regarding the Malaysian government's application that the February court ruling be cancelled. By contrast, lawyers representing the Sultanate of Sulu claimants contended that the stay on the award was only valid in France and remained enforceable in other international jurisdictions, citing a United Nations treaty on international arbitration.<ref name="Indian Express explainer" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Paris court grants Malaysia's application to suspend claims by purported heirs of Sultan Jamilul Kiram II |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/07/813311/paris-court-grants-malaysias-application-suspend-claims-purported-heirs |work=[[New Straits Times]] |agency=[[Bernama]] |date=14 July 2022}}</ref> In September 2022, the heirs asked the Hague Court of Appeal to recognise and enforce the award in the Netherlands, and allow them to seize Malaysian assets to this end.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Latiff, Rozanna |author2=Ananthalakshmi, A. |date=29 September 2022 |title=Late Sultan's heirs press $15 bln claim, target Malaysian assets in Netherlands |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/late-sultans-heirs-ask-dutch-court-enforce-15-bln-award-against-malaysia-2022-09-29/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> They attempted to do the same in France and Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutch Court Rules in Malaysia's Favor in Sulu Heirs Case |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/dutch-court-rules-in-malaysias-favor-in-sulu-heirs-case/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2023, a Luxembourg court reportedly set aside the heirs' request to enforce the $15 billion arbitration award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Malaysia says Luxembourg court sets aside request to enforce $15 bln arbitration award |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-says-luxembourg-court-sets-aside-request-enforce-15-bln-arbitration-2023-01-26/}}</ref> However, shortly after, a Luxembourg district court issued new orders to seize holdings and assets belonging to Petronas in mid-February.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=Paris court upholds Malaysia's stay on Sulu heirs award |url=https://www.luxtimes.lu/businessandfinance/paris-court-upholds-malaysia-s-stay-on-sulu-heirs-award/1356200.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=luxembourg-times-online |language=en}}</ref> Petronas has two holding companies in Luxembourg called Petronas Azerbaijan and Petronas South Caucasus which are related to the state-owned oil company's activities around the Caspian sea.<ref name=":0" /> Petronas confirmed the new seizure order for the two units and their parent company, but reiterated the heirs' actions were baseless and that the company will continue to defend its legal position.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latiff |first=Rozana |date=17 February 2023 |title=Petronas units in Luxembourg seized again in $15 bln arbitration dispute |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-units-luxembourg-seized-again-15-bln-arbitration-dispute-2023-02-16/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> On 14 March, the Paris Court of Appeal ruled that Sulu claimants' challenge to a stay order filed by Malaysia last year was "inadmissible".<ref name=":0" /> The court handed another "decisive victory" to Malaysia on 4 June, when it found that the arbitral tribunal that had heard the petition filed by the Sulu heirs did not have jurisdiction over the case.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia hails 'victory' in row with Sulu sultan's Filipino heirs |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/7/malaysia-wins-decisive-victory-in-row-with-sulu-sultans-heirs |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> According to the Malaysian Law Minister, this judgement implied that the Paris Court of Appeal will also annual the $14.9 billion award handed down earlier.<ref name=":1" /> On the other hand, the claimants said they would now consider their options before the French Supreme Court.<ref name=":1" /> On 27 June, Malaysia won another legal victory, with the Hague Court of Appeal dismissing a bid to enforce the $15 billion award.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |author1=Stephanie van den Berg |author2=Rozanna Latiff |date=27 June 2023 |title=Dutch court rules sultan's heirs cannot seize Malaysian assets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/dutch-court-rules-sultan-heirs-cannot-seize-malaysian-assets-2023-06-27/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> According to Reuters, the Dutch judges sided with Malaysia, saying the original pact lacked a clause binding parties to arbitration and the French stay meant the claim was not enforceable in the Netherlands.<ref name=":2" /> While lawyer [[Paul Cohen (lawyer)|Paul Cohen]], acting for the Sulu heirs, said they were disappointed with the court decision, Malaysia's Prime Minister, Anwar Ibrahim, welcomed the decision, stating, "Malaysia trusts that today's decision ... will put an end to the frivolous attempts of the claimants to enforce the purported final award in other jurisdiction".<ref name=":2" /> On 8 January 2023, it was announced that [[Gonzalo Stampa]], the Spanish arbitrator who had awarded the arbitral sum against Malaysia, had been convicted of contempt of court for "knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice", and sentenced to six months in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator's Guilty Verdict Puts UK Funder's Investment at Risk |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/arbitrators-guilty-verdict-puts-uk-funders-investment-at-risk |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=news.bloomberglaw.com |language=en}}</ref> According to Law360, the Spanish courts' decision to move ahead with criminal proceedings against Stampa is a significant "victory for the Malaysian government".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator Who Issued $14.9B Award Against Malaysia Indicted - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1765396/arbitrator-who-issued-14-9b-award-against-malaysia-indicted |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref> On 5 January 2024, Stampa was convicted for contempt of court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Bianca |date=19 January 2024 |title=Arbitrator in $14.9bn case jailed following intervention by Malaysia |url=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/arbitrator-in-149bn-case-jailed-following-intervention-by-malaysia/5118364.article |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=Law Gazette |language=en}}</ref> He was sentenced to six months in prison and banned from acting as an arbitrator for one year for "knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arbitrator's Guilty Verdict Puts UK Funder's Investment at Risk |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/arbitrators-guilty-verdict-puts-uk-funders-investment-at-risk |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=Bloomberg Law |language=en}}</ref> On 17 May 2024 the Madrid Court of Appeal upheld the contempt of court conviction and sentence against Stampa, upholding his six-month prison sentence, and a one-year ban from practising as an arbitrator.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=BERNAMA |title=Sulu Case: Madrid Court of Appeal upholds Stampa's conviction, sentence |url=https://thesun.my/local-news/sulu-case-madrid-court-of-appeal-upholds-stampa-s-conviction-sentence-BB12466373 |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=The Sun |language=en-MY}}</ref> On 30 May 2024, Petronas moved a Manhattan court to seek directions for litigation funding firm Therium and its parent company to turn over subpoenaed financial documents and communications. Petronas' Azerbaijani arm said it would sue the companies and their lawyers in Spain over losses from the seizure of assets in Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Petronas units in Luxembourg seized again in $15 bln arbitration dispute" |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petronas-units-luxembourg-seized-again-15-bln-arbitration-dispute-2023-02-16/ }}</ref> On 7 November 2024, the French Court of Cassation—the highest court in the French judicial system—annulled a $15 billion arbitration ruling against Malaysia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2024 |title=Un Jugement historique inaugure une nouvelle ère de progrès pour les tribunaux européens |url=https://www.latribune.fr/supplement/la-tribune-now/un-jugement-historique-inaugure-une-nouvelle-ere-de-progres-pour-les-tribunaux-europeens-1011299.html |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}</ref> This decision marked a significant legal victory for Malaysia and reinforced its sovereignty in a dispute with the self-proclaimed Sulu heirs.<ref name=":3" /> The ruling highlighted irregularities in the arbitration process led by [[Gonzalo Stampa]] and raised concerns about practices such as forum shopping and unregulated litigation funding in European courts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Supreme Court Rejects Enforcement of Jurisdictional Award |url=https://natlawreview.com/article/french-supreme-court-track-annul-us15-billion-award-against-malaysia#google_vignette |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=natlawreview.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia Wins $15B Arbitration Case Against Sulu Heirs - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/2257972/malaysia-wins-15b-arbitration-case-against-sulu-heirs |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref> The French court's decision was deemed a significant "win" for Malaysia that effectively marked the end of the Sulu case by several publications, including Law.com and Law360.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia Wins $15B Arbitration Case Against Sulu Heirs - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/2257972/malaysia-wins-15b-arbitration-case-against-sulu-heirs |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=French High Court Rejects Sultanate 'Heirs' $15 Billion Claim Against Malaysia |url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2024/11/11/french-high-court-rejects-sultanate-heirs-15-billion-claim-against-malaysia/?slreturn=20241219121833 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=Law.com International |language=en}}</ref>  Keith Ellison, former vice-chairman of the Democratic National Committee and Minnesota attorney general, pointed out that the case highlighted the enormous scope for "corruption," irresponsible profiteering, and foreign influence operations to subvert arbitration proceedings".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bensoussan |first=David |date=1 October 2024 |title=L'impasse politique de la France sera le plus grand cadeau pour Poutine à ce jour |url=https://42mag.fr/2024/10/limpasse-politique-de-la-france-sera-le-plus-grand-cadeau-pour-poutine-a-ce-jour/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=42mag.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ==Corporate affairs== PETRONAS is a legal entity incorporated under the Malaysian Companies Act and reports to the company's Board of Directors. The Malaysian federal government is the sole shareholder of the company. Key positions in the company are all appointees from the federal government. The federal government also controls the amount of dividend payout to finance the yearly budget of the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas' money is government's money |url=https://www.tnb.com.my/assets/newsclip/04042022c1.pdf |access-date=9 June 2022 |publisher=The Edge, Malaysia |date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609144039/https://www.tnb.com.my/assets/newsclip/04042022c1.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> In December 2019, prime minister Mahathir Mohamad mooted an idea of selling a percentage of PETRONAS stake to Sabah and Sarawak because the [[Pakatan Harapan]] government was unable to fulfill its promise of giving 20% oil royalty to both the states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia's PM Mahathir considering selling stakes in Petronas to Sabah and Sarawak |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-pm-mahathir-says-considering-selling-stakes-in-petronas-to-sabah-and-sarawak |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=The Straits Times |date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305160158/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-pm-mahathir-says-considering-selling-stakes-in-petronas-to-sabah-and-sarawak |archive-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> The price of the purchase was reported to be RM 8 billion for one per cent of the company. Such proposal met cold response from Sarawak. This is because once the shares are bought, Sarawak can only become a minority shareholder. Sarawak therefore would not have much voice in the PETRONAS board meetings. Due to its high share price, the money, once invested, may have difficulty to break even in the future.<ref>{{cite news |title=Minos: not worth it for Sarawak to buy shares in Petronas |url=https://dayakdaily.com/minos-not-worth-it-for-sarawak-to-buy-shares-in-petronas/ |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=Dayak Daily |date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220610124358/https://dayakdaily.com/minos-not-worth-it-for-sarawak-to-buy-shares-in-petronas/ |archive-date=10 June 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> A lawmaker from Sarawak stated that PETRONAS acts as a trustee for the oil and gas fields in both the states; therefore, it makes no sense of buying a property that should have been already owned by the state governments.<ref>{{cite news |title=How about giving Petronas to Sarawak and Sabah? |url=https://sarawakvoice.com/2019/12/12/how-about-giving-petronas-to-sarawak-and-sabah/ |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=Sarawak Voice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610123727/https://sarawakvoice.com/2019/12/12/how-about-giving-petronas-to-sarawak-and-sabah/ |archive-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> The brand valuation of PETRONAS as of January 2021 was US$12 billion (RM 48 billion according to conversion rate of US$1.00 to RM 4.00).<ref>{{cite web |title=Brand value of Petronas from 2015 to 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1189070/brand-value-of-petronas-globally/#:~:text=Petronas'%20brand%20value%20worldwide%202015%2D2022&text=The%20public%20Malaysian%20oil%20and,oil%20and%20gas%20companies%20globally. |publisher=[[Statista]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506190020/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1189070/brand-value-of-petronas-globally/ |archive-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> Total stockholder equity as of February 2021 was US$82 billion (RM 328 billion).<ref>{{cite web |title=Global 500 - Petronas |url=https://fortune.com/company/petronas/global500/ |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225143608/https://fortune.com/company/petronas/global500/ |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> ===Production sharing contracts=== Production-sharing contract (PSC) was signed between PETRONAS and other foreign oil companies in 1976. A ratio of 70:30 was agreed upon where for total amount of oil produced, other oil companies will take 20% of oil for cost recovery (cost oil), and the remaining 10% will be taken as oil royalty and shared equally between federal and respective state governments. The remaining 70% of oil (profit oil) will be divided again according to 70:30 formula where PETRONAS will take 70% and 30% goes to respective oil companies. Both PETRONAS and other oil companies will be subjected to 45% income tax by the federal government. Besides, 70% of any increase in oil price from the base price of US$12.72 will go to PETRONAS and the base price will increase by 5% each year so other oil companies will be able to cover for any cost inflation. In return, PETRONAS will not take over the equity of other oil companies. Each oil company will contribute 0.5% for a petroleum research fund.<ref name="Muhammad 1978">{{cite book |last1=Muhammad |first1=Anuar Adnan |title=The Petroleum Industry in Malaysia |date=June 1978 |publisher=University of London |page=80 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28739/1/10672907.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530050937/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28739/1/10672907.pdf |access-date=27 October 2021|archive-date=30 May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="CCOP">{{cite web |title=Overview of Malaysian PSC |url=http://www.ccop.or.th/ppm/document/CAWS4/MalaysianPSC.pdf |publisher=Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512074005/http://www.ccop.or.th/ppm/document/CAWS4/MalaysianPSC.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> Another PSC (the deep-water model) was developed in 1985 to attract other oil companies to enter the Malaysian oil mining scene, while taking into account the rising cost of oil exploration (cost oil of 28%). Sharing of oil revenue become more flexible, depending upon the depth of the oil is found. The deeper the oil seeps (from 200 meters to more than 1&nbsp;km), the higher the cost oil (50 to 75%). However, foreign oil companies will get higher share of profit oil (from 30 to 85%) in deep-water oil mining.<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> In 1997, revenue over cost (R/C) model was adopted for PSC. PETRONAS will get higher share of profit oil as R/C ratio increases.<ref name="Fred R 2007"/> In the meantime, 10% oil royalty stays the same throughout the years. Overall, PETRONAS earns 13.3% on R/C model and 12.5% on deep-water model. Meanwhile, the federal government earns 37% in R/C model and 25% in deep-water model.<ref name="CCOP"/> ===Finances=== PETRONAS has been publishing its financial reports online since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports |url=https://www.petronas.com/media/reports |publisher=Petronas |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209084740/https://www.petronas.com/media/reports |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Noorshahrizam |first1=Shahrin Aizat |title=Are Petronas finances a secret? Hardly, minister says reports available publicly, so no need to debate in Parliament |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/11/22/are-petronas-finances-a-secret-hardly-minister-says-reports-available-publi/2022713 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122140542/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/11/22/are-petronas-finances-a-secret-hardly-minister-says-reports-available-publi/2022713 |archive-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> However, certain quarters demanded detailed profit and loss accounts and reports on PSCs with other companies for transparency instead of just providing a summary of profits before tax.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Teo |first1=Richard |title=Why Petronas accounts are secret |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55721 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=22 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125171550/https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55721 |archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tunstile |title=Petronas accounts a secret due to us |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55834 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=24 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126135417/https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/55834 |archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghazali |first1=Rahmah |title=Reveal accounts, not financial records, Petronas told |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/84642 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=18 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610021504/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/84642 |archive-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> Responding to allegations of public funds mismanagement, PETRONAS responded that its profits are managed by the Malaysian federal government, not by the company itself.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Petronas Staff |title=Don't ask Petronas how profits used, ask... |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/84737 |access-date=5 June 2022 |publisher=Malaysiakini |date=19 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011150549/http://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/84737 |archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref> In 2007, PETRONAS revenue come from petroleum exports from Malaysia (50%), domestic operations (20%) and international operations (30%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=von Der Mehden |first1=Fred R |last2=Troner |first2=AL |title=Petronas - a national oil company with international vision |url=https://www.resourcedata.org/dataset/rgi-petronas-a-national-oil-company-with-an-international-vision |publisher=James Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220603122436/https://www.resourcedata.org/dataset/rgi-petronas-a-national-oil-company-with-an-international-vision |archive-date=3 June 2022 |date=March 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The weightage of the revenue streams were similar in 2020, where international operations accounted for 33% of total revenue received by PETRONAS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Review and Other Information - Revenue by Geographical Trade |url=https://www.petronas.com/integrated-report/files/PETRONAS-IR20-Financial-Review-and-Other-Information.pdf |publisher=Petronas |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603121209/https://www.petronas.com/integrated-report/files/PETRONAS-IR20-Financial-Review-and-Other-Information.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> PETRONAS continuously provides the Malaysian government dividends from its profits. Since its inception in 1974, PETRONAS have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chin |first1=Joseph |title=Petronas posts record profit, declares RM6b dividend to govt (updated) |url=http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/15/business/20080715121235&sec=business |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=The Star (Malaysia) |date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821001815/http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/15/business/20080715121235&sec=business |archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref> PETRONAS paid RM 54 billion in dividends to the federal government in 2019. In 2022, PETRONAS contributed RM 50 billion to the federal government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas to double dividend payment to government this year, to RM50bil from RM25bil promised earlier |url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/2022/08/827012/petronas-double-dividend-payment-government-year-rm50bil-rm25bil-promised |access-date=8 March 2023 |publisher=New Straits Times |date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831170444/https://www.nst.com.my/business/2022/08/827012/petronas-double-dividend-payment-government-year-rm50bil-rm25bil-promised |archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>[[File:Petronas 2013 logo.svg|thumb|150px|Petronas logo, 2013–present]] === Corporate identity === Petronas's logo was created in 1974<ref name="version"/><ref name="brands"/> by Dato Johan Ariff of Johan Design Associates.<ref name="brands">{{cite web |title=Petronas |url=https://www.brandsoftheworld.com/logo/petronas |website=Brands of the World |access-date=6 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204060608/https://www.brandsoftheworld.com/logo/petronas |archive-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> On 22 July 2013, Petronas unveiled a refreshed version of its corporate logo in that year's Asia Oil and Gas Conference, symbolising the growth and progression of its brand. It is the third iteration of the logo.<ref name="version">{{cite news |title=Petronas unveils refreshed version of logo |url=http://www.btimes.com.my/articles/20130611011418/Article/#selection-645.100-645.127 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130723083200/http://www.btimes.com.my/articles/20130611011418/Article/#selection-645.100-645.127 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2013 |work=Business Times (Malaysia) |date=23 July 2013}}</ref> ==Subsidiaries== PETRONAS has more than 100 subsidiaries and around 40 Joint Venture companies in which PETRONAS has at least 50% stake in the company. Although PETRONAS is considering to listing more of its subsidiaries,<ref>{{cite news |title=Petronas to mull possibility of listing units |url=http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/20090810132042/Article/index_html |publisher=Business Times |date=10 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812011820/http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/20090810132042/Article/index_html |archive-date=12 August 2009 }}</ref> so far the company has listed at least 3 of its subsidiaries in the [[Bursa Malaysia]]. ===PETRONAS Dagangan Berhad=== [[File:YosriNov2004StesenMinyakPetronas.jpg|thumb|350px|right |A PETRONAS petrol station at km 54, Karak-Kuala Lumpur Highway]] Involved in the distribution and sale of finished petroleum products and operations of service stations for the domestic market. The company has over 800 petrol stations around Malaysia as of July 2007,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/Business|title=Malaysia Business & Finance News, Stock Updates &#124; The Star|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref> and further increased to 870 stations in January 2008.<ref>[http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/Tuesday/Latest/20080129161234/Article/index_html Petronas teams up with Maybank, CIMB] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201112935/http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/Tuesday/Latest/20080129161234/Article/index_html |date=1 February 2008 }}</ref> The company has also teamed up with local food and beverage companies, banks and transportation companies to provide better services at their petrol stations. Companies include [[McDonald's]], [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], [[Dunkin' Donuts]], [[Konsortium Transnasional Berhad]], [[Maybank]], and [[CIMB|CIMB Bank]]. ===PETRONAS Gas Berhad=== Involved in the provision of gas processing and transmission services to PETRONAS and its customers as a throughput company. Owns and operates the [[Peninsular Gas Pipeline]] which is 2,550 kilometres in length and runs from [[Kerteh]] in Terengganu to [[Johor Bahru]] in the South and [[Kangar]] in the North of Peninsular Malaysia. ===MISC Berhad=== {{main|MISC Berhad}} Involved in ship-owning, ship-operating and other logistics and maritime transportation services and activities. ===KLCC Properties Berhad=== {{main|KLCC Properties}} Involves in the development and the management of the Kuala Lumpur City Centre project which includes the [[Petronas Twin Towers|PETRONAS Twin Towers]], [[Menara Exxon Mobil]] and [[KLCC Park]]. Other properties under its care include [[Dayabumi Complex]] which is located near [[Dataran Merdeka]]. ===PETRONAS Chemicals=== The PETRONAS Chemicals is the latest company to be publicly listed. The IPO was done on 26 November 2010 with investor raise around US$4.40 billion, effectively becoming one of the largest IPO exercises in South East Asia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Petronas Chemicals shares open up 13pc on debut |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/business/article/petronas-chemicals-shares-open-up-13pc-on-debut/ |date=26 December 2010 |publisher=The Malaysian Insider |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105201136/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/business/article/petronas-chemicals-shares-open-up-13pc-on-debut/ |archive-date=5 January 2011 }}</ref> The business is the largest petrochemical producer and seller in South East Asia. Products include [[olefins]], [[polymers]], fertilizers, [[methanol]] and other basic chemicals and derivative products.<ref>{{cite news| title= Petronas Chemicals| url= http://www.petronaschemicals.com/index.html| date= 12 January 2011| access-date= 12 January 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130304111016/http://www.petronaschemicals.com/index.html| archive-date= 4 March 2013| url-status= dead}}</ref> In 2022, the company acquired Swedish speciality plastics company Perstorp from [[PAI Partners]] for €2.3 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paipartners.com/mediaitem/pai-partners-agrees-sale-of-perstorp-to-petronas-chemicals-group/|title=PAI Partners agrees sale of Perstorp to Petronas Chemicals Group|date=17 May 2022|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canplastics.com/materials/petronas-completes-acquisition-of-swedish-specialty-chemicals-group-perstorp/1003459563/|title=Petronas completes acquisition of Swedish specialty chemicals group Perstorp|work=Canadian Plastics|date=12 October 2022|access-date=15 August 2023}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Malaysian Marine and Heavy Engineering=== {{main|Malaysian Marine and Heavy Engineering}} MMHE was listing on 29 October 2010 with MYR 1 billion raised on its IPO exercise. The business builds offshore structures for oil and gas applications, help repair large vessels and converts vessels into [[Floating production storage and offloading]] and FSOs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysian Marine & Heavy Engineering Core Business |url=http://www.mmhe.com.my/Businesses/Pages/default.aspx |date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130233536/http://www.mmhe.com.my/Businesses/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=30 November 2010 }}</ref> === New Biorefinery Joint Venture with Eniive SpA === In 2024, Petronas, Italy's [[Eni|Enilive SpA]], and Japan's Euglena Co. announced a final investment decision to establish a biorefinery in Malaysia. A joint venture will oversee the construction, slated to begin in the fourth quarter of this year at Petronas's integrated refinery and petrochemical complex in Pengerang, Johor. The facility is designed to process approximately 650,000 tons of raw materials annually, producing sustainable aviation fuel, hydrogenated vegetable oil, and bio-naphtha. The biorefinery is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2028.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2024 |title=Petronas, Enilive and Euglena to develop biorefinery in Malaysia's Pengerang |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/petronas-enilive-euglena-develop-biorefinery-malaysias-pengerang-2024-07-26/}}</ref> ===Other principal subsidiaries=== Some of the key subsidiaries are:- * PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd – Main [[Hydrocarbon exploration]] arm * E&P O&M Services Sdn Bhd (EPOMS) – Main Oil & Gas Maintenance Services – Cendor Phase 2 FPSO project, Bertam, Sepat, Layang, Gumusut-Kakap * PETRONAS Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd – [[Hydrocarbon exploration]] arm aimed at finding new blocks in international areas * PETRONAS Research Sdn Bhd – Conducting research and development * MITCO Sdn Bhd – International Trading of non-oil assets * [[Petronas Fertiliser Kedah|PETRONAS Fertiliser Kedah]] – Creating [[urea]] fertiliser * [[Petronas Methanol (Labuan)|PETRONAS Methanol (Labuan) Sdn. Bhd. (PMLSB)]] – Methanol plant Others include PETRONAS Assets Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Maritime Services Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Selenia (OEM Oil for [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]], AREXONS); PETRONAS Trading Corp. Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Argentina S.A.; PETRONAS Australia Pty Ltd.; PETRONAS Thailand Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Energy Philippines Inc.; PETRONAS Cambodia Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Technical Services Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Group Technical Solutions Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS South Africa Pty Ltd.; PETRONAS India Holdings Company Pte Ltd.; PETRONAS China Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS International Corp. Ltd.; PETRONAS Marketing Thailand Co. Ltd.; Myanmar PETRONAS Trading Co. Ltd.; PETRONAS Canada; PETRONAS Marketing (Netherlands) B.V. and Indianoil PETRONAS ==Commercial automotive and motorcycle partnerships== PETRONAS is an official recommended flagship fuel and lubricants for [[Mercedes-Benz]] (including [[Mercedes-AMG]] models), [[PROTON Holdings|Proton]], [[Perodua]], and [[Tata Motors]] for automobiles. They are also recommended fuel and lubricants for [[Modenas]] and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha motorcycles]]. ==Motorsport== ===Car racing=== [[File:Starting grid of 2010 Malaysian GP.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS sponsored the Formula One [[Malaysian Grand Prix]] as the title sponsor since its inaugural race in [[1999 Malaysian Grand Prix|1999]] until the [[2017 Malaysian Grand Prix|last race in 2017]]|left]] [[File:Sauber C23 5.JPG|thumb|The [[Sauber C23]] as used in the [[2004 Formula One season]], exhibited at the Galeria Perdana on Langkawi Island, Malaysia.]] PETRONAS was one of the main [[sponsor (commercial)|sponsors]] of the [[BMW in Formula One|BMW Sauber]] [[Formula One]] team alongside [[Intel]], and supplied [[lubricant]]s and [[fuel]] to the team. It also owned 40% of [[Sauber Petronas Engineering|Sauber PETRONAS Engineering]], the company that builds chassis which formerly used [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] designed engines used by the Sauber team, until being bought out by German motor company [[BMW]]. PETRONAS was also the main sponsor for the [[Malaysian Grand Prix]], and co-sponsored the [[Chinese Grand Prix]], and the inaugural [[Korean Grand Prix]]. PETRONAS was the exclusive premium partner of the [[Sauber Petronas|Sauber PETRONAS]] (1995–2005) and [[BMW in Formula One|BMW Sauber]] (2006–2009) F1 teams. BMW had acquired the controlling stake of the former Sauber PETRONAS Engineering, but left the sport after the 2009 season. On 21 December 2009, PETRONAS was confirmed as moving from BMW Sauber to the newly formed [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes AMG PETRONAS Formula One]] team.<ref name="Petronas Mercedes">{{cite web | url=http://www.brawngp.com/readstory.asp?bgp=j%C1%AA%C0rZ%7Df | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224101048/http://www.brawngp.com/readstory.asp?bgp=j%C1%AA%C0rZ%7Df | archive-date=24 December 2009 | title=Official site of the Brawn GP Formula One Team - News }}</ref> In terms of further Formula One involvement, every year PETRONAS took the BMW Sauber team to various parts of Malaysia for F1 demos, so the public who are unable to go to the track itself get to experience a little bit of what F1 offers. Other promotional events are held in the run up to the race and the drivers play an integral part in this so much so that [[Nick Heidfeld]] conceded that there were more fans for BMW Sauber in Malaysia than in most other countries. [[File:The frontview of No.1 PETRONAS TEAM TOM'S FN09.JPG|thumb]] [[File:Andre Lotterer 2010 Super GT Fuji 400km qualify Super Lap.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS supported [[TOM'S]], a [[Toyota]] automobile racing squad in [[Super GT]] between [[2008 Super GT Series|2008]] and [[2015 Super GT Series|2015]]]] PETRONAS also sponsors many other sporting events and teams, mostly motorsports. Some of these sponsorships include the PERT (PETRONAS EON Rally Team), and also the PETRONAS Adventure Team, a 4X4 adventure team. More recently PETRONAS was also a major sponsor for [[TOM'S|PETRONAS TOYOTA TEAM TOM'S]] which was participating in [[Super GT]] series, which they won the team title in [[2008 Super GT Series|2008]] and driver title in [[2009 Super GT Series|2009]]. The series also raced in Malaysia every season at [[Sepang International Circuit]] between [[2005 Super GT Series|2005]] and [[2013 Super GT Series|2013]]. PETRONAS signed a three-year sponsorship agreement with [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Yamaha]] [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] team. The PETRONAS branding can be seen starting [[2009 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar race]] on the 10 to 12 April 2009. PETRONAS also sponsors all [[Mercedes-AMG]] [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|DTM]] cars from the 2011 season until Mercedes' DTM exit in [[2018 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|2018]] (replacing [[Mobil 1]]) for only providing the lubricants. [[File:Lewis Hamilton 2017 Malaysia FP2.jpg|thumb|PETRONAS supports the [[Mercedes AMG Petronas|Mercedes-AMG PETRONAS]] Formula One racing team since 2010. (pictured here in [[2017 Formula One World Championship|2017]])]] Since 2010, PETRONAS has been the main sponsor of the [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes AMG PETRONAS F1]] team. [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] have won eight straight Constructors' Championship titles and 7 Drivers' Championship titles from the beginning of the 1.6 litre (97.6 cu in) turbocharged V6 engine era in {{F1|2014}} until {{f1|2021}}. Since 2014, PETRONAS has also been supplying fuel and lubricants for [[Mercedes-AMG]] customer teams, including [[Force India]] (from 2014) (now known as [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]], along with Ravenol from 2018 season for lubricants only), [[Lotus F1|Lotus]] for {{F1|2015}}, [[Manor Racing|Manor]] for {{F1|2016}}, [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]] from {{F1|2017}} to [[2022 Formula One World Championship|2022]] and [[McLaren]] from {{F1|2021}}. In addition PETRONAS also supplies fuels and lubricants for [[Honda F1|Honda]]-powered [[Red Bull GmbH|Red Bull]]-owned Italian team [[Scuderia Toro Rosso]], known as [[Scuderia AlphaTauri]] since the 2018 season, until 2023. PETRONAS' title and technical partnership with Mercedes is extended from the 2026 season onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racing the Future: Mercedes-AMGF1 and PETRONAS Power Towards Two Decades of Partnership and Embrace F1's Sustainable Future |url=https://www.petronas.com/media/press-release/racing-future-mercedes-amgf1-and-petronas-power-towards-two-decades-partnership |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=PETRONAS Global |language=en}}</ref> ===Motorcycle racing=== [[File:Fabio Quartararo 2019 Misano (cropped).jpeg|thumb|Petronas supporting the [[Sepang Racing Team]] in MotoGP]] In [[1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1996]], PETRONAS sponsored a Grand Prix motorcycle racing team called PETRONAS Sprinta TVK in the 250cc class with [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] as the manufacturer. The team got a wildcard opportunity at the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix]] with [[Shahrol Yuzy]] as its rider. In the following season in [[1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1997]], the team received another wildcard and raced in the 125cc class. This time [[Honda]] was chosen as the manufacturer. Then two seasons later, PETRONAS Sprinta TVK returned to the 250cc class. From [[2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2000]] to [[2002 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2002]], the team competed for a full season in the 250cc class on [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] bikes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gridoto.com/read/221030120/kolaborasi-yamaha-dan-petronas-dulu-pernah-ada-ini-pembalapnya|title=Kolaborasi Yamaha dan Petronas Dulu Pernah Ada, Ini Pembalapnya - GridOto.com|website=www.gridoto.com}}</ref> PETRONAS also sponsors the [[Malaysian Cub Prix]] races, and the now-defunct Foggy PETRONAS Superbike team (in which PETRONAS debuts their superbike, the [[Petronas FP1|FP1]]). Then, PETRONAS became a team sponsor in the [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Moto2]] championship in the [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011 season]] called the PETRONAS Malaysia Team with [[Hafizh Syahrin]] as the rider and using the [[Moriwaki]] motorcycle. Then in the [[2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2012 season]], PETRONAS became the sponsor of the Malaysian Raceline Team when he received a wildcard at the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysian Sepang Grand Prix]] with [[Hafizh Syahrin]], who at that time switched to using an [[FTR Moto|FTR]] motorcycle. It was in this season that Syahrin managed to get on the podium for the first time. The team then got another wildcard in the following season, until in the [[2014 Moto2 season|2014]]-[[2017 Moto2 season|2017 season]], the team participated in full competition in the season with [[Kalex]] as the manufacturer. Since [[2017 MotoGP season|2017]], PETRONAS has been the main sponsor of the [[Sepang Racing Team]], which at that time competed in the Moto2 and Moto3 classes and was named PETRONAS Sprinta Racing. In the Moto3 class the team uses [[Honda]] bikes, while in Moto2 it uses [[Kalex]]. At [[2019 MotoGP season|2019]], PETRONAS is the main sponsor of the new [[Sepang Racing Team|PETRONAS Yamaha SRT]], which became the satellite team for [[Yamaha Motor Racing|Yamaha]] in MotoGP following [[Tech3]]'s switch to [[KTM]] bikes after 20 years with Yamaha bikes. Their riders are [[Valentino Rossi]] and 2017 Moto2 World Champion [[Franco Morbidelli]]. In addition, PETRONAS also played a role for supplying fuels, motorcycle oil and other products for [[Sepang Racing Team|PETRONAS Yamaha SRT]] [[MotoGP]] team. But unfortunately, at the end of the 2021 season, PETRONAS did not continue its cooperation to become the main sponsor of the [[Sepang Racing Team|SRT]] team. In [[2022 Moto2 World Championship|2022]], PETRONAS returned as a team sponsor in Moto2 with their wildcard riders [[Kasma Daniel]] in the PETRONAS MIE Racing team and Azroy Anuar with the PETRONAS RW Racing team. Both riders compete in the [[Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysian]] series. From [[2023 Superbike World Championship|2023]], PETRONAS became the [[title sponsor]] of a [[World Superbike]] and [[Supersport World Championship|World Supersport]] racing team, [[Moriwaki Engineering|MIE Honda Racing]] and changed its name to PETRONAS MIE Honda Racing Team. Their riders are [[Hafizh Syahrin]] & [[Eric Granado]] for WSBK category, and [[Adam Norrodin]] & [[Tarran Mackenzie]] for WSSP category at this season. As part of its corporate social responsibility programme, PETRONAS also brings underprivileged children to watch the races. ==Automotive manufacturers== Petronas once developed its own race bike. Initially, this racing bike will be fielded in the WorldSBK racing event. The desire began in [[2002 Superbike World Championship|2002]], when Petronas was already a partner of the [[Sauber]] racing team in [[Formula 1]]. The base used was the Petronas GP1, which was originally prepared to go down in [[MotoGP]]. But, it was changed to pass WorldSBK homologation. For its development, Petronas worked with Suter Racing Technology. The [[Petronas FP1]] is ready for mass production, to meet WorldSBK regulations. Petronas is working with MSX International in the UK to make 75 units of the road version of the FP1. The remaining 75 units are made by [[Modenas]], a Malaysian motorcycle brand. In terms of specifications, this bike is quite powerful. It uses an in-line 3-cylinder engine, DOHC, 4 valves per cylinder, with a capacity of 899.5 cc, and liquid-cooled. The engine produces 127.4 tk of power at 10,000 rpm and 92 Nm of torque at 9,700 rpm. Petronas had formed the Foggy Petronas Racing team to compete in WorldSBK. The team is led by [[Carl Fogarty]], a former legendary WorldSBK rider. For the riders, [[Troy Corser]], [[Chris Walker (motorcyclist)|Chris Walker]], and [[Garry McCoy]] were selected. However, during the 5 years the team competed in WorldSBK, Petronas FP1 was less competitive. One of the reasons was the change in regulations in 2003. Previously, 3-cylinder engines were limited to 900 cc. But, it was revised to 1,000 cc. Thus, the Petronas FP1 engine was quite defeated in terms of power. It was also not uncommon for the bike to experience technical problems. Even so, the bike made it to the podium three times. One of them was achieved by Walker when he finished third in the [[2004 Superbike World Championship|2004 Valencia WorlsSBK]]. Corser has also achieved pole position twice. The project was eventually discontinued in 2006 by Fogarty and Petronas. Until now, the road version of the Petronas FP1 has also been a question mark. Because, the motorcycle is difficult to detect its whereabouts now.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2021/05/03/180200715/petronas-pernah-kembangkan-motor-balap-sendiri-untuk-worldsbk | title=Petronas Pernah Kembangkan Motor Balap Sendiri untuk WorldSBK | date=3 May 2021 }}</ref> ===WorldSBK constructors=== ====By season results==== ([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) <div style="height: px; overflow: auto;"> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" |- !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Year !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Bike !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Team !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Tyres !valign="middle" rowspan=2| No. !valign="middle" rowspan=2| Riders !colspan=2| 1 !colspan=2| 2 !colspan=2| 3 !colspan=2| 4 !colspan=2| 5 !colspan=2| 6 !colspan=2| 7 !colspan=2| 8 !colspan=2| 9 !colspan=2| 10 !colspan=2| 11 !colspan=2| 12 !colspan=2| 13 !colspan=2| 14 ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| Points ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| {{Tooltip|RC|Riders' championship position}} ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| Points ! valign="middle" rowspan=2| {{Tooltip|MC|Manufacturers' championship position}} |- ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 ! R1 ! R2 |- !rowspan="2"| [[2003 Superbike World Championship season|2003]] !rowspan="2"| [[Petronas FP1]] !rowspan="2"| Foggy Petronas Racing !rowspan="2"| {{Pirelli}} |4 |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Troy Corser]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|5}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|13}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|14}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|16}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|10}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|6}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|9}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|7}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|8}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} | | | | ! 12th ! 107 !rowspan="2" style="background:#;"| 118 !rowspan="2" style="background:#;"| 4th |- |8 |align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[James Haydon]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|12}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|15}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|16}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|9}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Sportsland SUGO|JPN]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|GER]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Silverstone Circuit|GBR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#;"| [[Misano World Circuit|SMR]]<br>{{small|}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Laguna Seca Raceway|USA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|17}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Brands Hatch|GBR]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#ffffff;"| [[TT Circuit Assen|NED]]<br>{{small|DNS}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|ITA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|FRA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} | | | | ! 26th ! 12 |- !rowspan="2"| [[2004 Superbike World Championship season|2004]] !rowspan="2"| [[Petronas FP1]] !rowspan="2"| Foggy Petronas Racing !rowspan="2"| {{Pirelli}} |4 |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Troy Corser]] |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|Ret}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Circuit de Valencia|SPA]]<br>{{small|11}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit|AUS]]<br>{{small|13}} |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Phillip Island Grand Prix Cir…" https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas#:~:text=%7B%7BShort%20description%7CMalaysian,7Breflist%257D%257D ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Pertamina|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Pertamina|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Pertamina|d=Q1641044|display=Pertamina|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pertamina|voy=no|wikt=Pertamina}} {{commons|Petrol station|Pertamina}} ==HENDRI MELONTE== {{Sister project links |1=Pertamina|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Pertamina|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Pertamina|d=Q1641044|display=Pertamina|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pertamina|voy=no|wikt=Pertamina}} {{commons|Petrol station|Pertamina}} i57qak6qp7ot6oeshe0o7mo8463ung3 3347792 3347791 2026-06-12T11:27:06Z Naval Scene 55 mambaliak kasado vandalisme lamo sajak 2022 3347792 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:PertaminaHO1.jpg|jmpl|300px|]] {{Infobox dot-com company | name = PT Pertamina (Persero) | logo = Berkas:Pertamina Logo.svg | logo_size = 250px | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | logo_padding = | image = Berkas:Pertamina Logo.svg | image_size = 250px | image_alt = | image_caption = Kantua pusek Pertamina di Jalan Medan Merdeka Timur, Jakarta | type = [[Parseroan tabateh|Parusahoan parseroan]] ([[Badan usaha miliak nagara|Parsero]])<br>{{small|[[Parusahoan umum|Parusahoan nagara/Parusahoan umum]] antara 1968 hingga 2003}} | traded_as = <!-- {{IDX|BBNI}} --> | industry = [[Minyak bumi|Tambang Minyak]], [[Minyak baka|pangolahan dan panjualan BBM]] dan [[gas bumi]] | genre = <!-- Only used with media and publishing companies --> | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = [[05 Oktober]] [[1957]] (umur {{umur|1957|10|05|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}}})<ref name =sejarah>{{cite web |url = http://www.pertamina-ep.com/id/tentang-pep/sejarah-kami |title =Sejarah pertamina|accessdate=5 Desember 2012}}</ref> | founder = | defunct = <!-- {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | locations = | location_city = Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur, Jakarta | location_country = [[Indonesia]] | coordinates = | area_served = | products = [[Bahan baka]], [[Palumas]], [[Petrokimia]] | brands = PERTAMINA | production = | services = | revenue = [[Dollar Amerika Serikat|US$]] 71,1 miliar (2013)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pertamina.com/App_Themes/Images/investor_relation/AnnualReport/PDF/AR%2019%20mar%202013.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2014-03-06 |archive-date=2013-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805224422/http://pertamina.com//App_Themes/Images/investor_relation/AnnualReport/PDF/AR%2019%20mar%202013.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | operating_income = | net_income = US$ 3,0 miliar (2013) | aum = <!-- Only for financial-service companies --> | assets = US$ 49,3 miliar (2013) | equity = | owner = | members = | num_employees = | parent = | divisions = | subsid = [[#Anak perusahaan|caliak daftar]] | slogan = | module = <!-- Used to embed other templates --> | website = {{URL|pertamina.com}} | footnotes = }} '''PT Pertamina (Persero)''' (aslinyo marupokan akronim dari '''Parusahoan Partambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi Nagara''') adolah sabuah [[BUMN]] nan batugas mangalola [[Tambang|panambangan]] [[minyak]] dan [[gas bumi]] di [[Indonesia]]. Pertamina masuak urutan ka 122 pado [[Fortune Global 500]] pado taun 2013.<ref name=":0">[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2013/snapshots/11815.html Fortune Global 500 - Pertamina]</ref><ref>http://www.pertamina-ep.com/id/tentang-pep/sejarah-kami</ref> Pertamina tolah punyo monopoli pandirian [[SPBU]] di [[Indonesia]], namun monopoli tasabuik tolah dihapuihkan pamarintah pado taun [[2001]]. Parusahoan iko jua mangoperasikan 7 [[kilang minyak]] dangan kapasitas total 1.051,7 MBSD, pabrik petrokimia dangan kapasitas total 1.507.950 ton per taun dan pabrik [[LPG]] dangan kapasitas total 102,3 juta ton per tahun.<ref>http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2013/snapshots/11815.html</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Pertamina|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Pertamina|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Pertamina|d=Q1641044|display=Pertamina|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pertamina|voy=no|wikt=Pertamina}} {{commonscat|Pertamina}} abmz0iq81nvq33a8wd2gnpx022lxegz 3347793 3347792 2026-06-12T11:31:43Z Naval Scene 55 peloki kotak info 3347793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = PT Pertamina (Persero) | logo = Berkas:Pertamina Logo.svg | logo_size = 250px | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | logo_padding = | image = PertaminaHO1.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_alt = | image_caption = Kantua pusek Pertamina di Jalan Medan Merdeka Timur, Jakarta | type = [[Parseroan tabateh|Parusahoan parseroan]] ([[Badan usaha miliak nagara|Parsero]])<br>{{small|[[Parusahoan umum|Parusahoan nagara/Parusahoan umum]] antara 1968 hingga 2003}} | traded_as = <!-- {{IDX|BBNI}} --> | industry = [[Minyak bumi|Tambang Minyak]], [[Minyak baka|pangolahan dan panjualan BBM]] dan [[gas bumi]] | genre = <!-- Only used with media and publishing companies --> | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = [[05 Oktober]] [[1957]] (umur {{umur|1957|10|05|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}}})<ref name =sejarah>{{cite web |url = http://www.pertamina-ep.com/id/tentang-pep/sejarah-kami |title =Sejarah pertamina|accessdate=5 Desember 2012}}</ref> | founder = | defunct = <!-- {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | locations = | location_city = Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur, Jakarta | location_country = [[Indonesia]] | coordinates = | area_served = | products = [[Bahan baka]], [[Palumas]], [[Petrokimia]] | brands = PERTAMINA | production = | services = | revenue = [[Dollar Amerika Serikat|US$]] 71,1 miliar (2013)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pertamina.com/App_Themes/Images/investor_relation/AnnualReport/PDF/AR%2019%20mar%202013.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2014-03-06 |archive-date=2013-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805224422/http://pertamina.com//App_Themes/Images/investor_relation/AnnualReport/PDF/AR%2019%20mar%202013.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | operating_income = | net_income = US$ 3,0 miliar (2013) | aum = <!-- Only for financial-service companies --> | assets = US$ 49,3 miliar (2013) | equity = | owner = | members = | num_employees = | parent = | divisions = | subsid = [[#Anak perusahaan|caliak daftar]] | slogan = | module = <!-- Used to embed other templates --> | website = {{URL|pertamina.com}} | footnotes = }} '''PT Pertamina (Persero)''' (aslinyo marupokan akronim dari '''Parusahoan Partambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi Nagara''') adolah sabuah [[BUMN]] nan batugas mangalola [[Tambang|panambangan]] [[minyak]] dan [[gas bumi]] di [[Indonesia]]. Pertamina masuak urutan ka 122 pado [[Fortune Global 500]] pado taun 2013.<ref name=":0">[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2013/snapshots/11815.html Fortune Global 500 - Pertamina]</ref><ref>http://www.pertamina-ep.com/id/tentang-pep/sejarah-kami</ref> Pertamina tolah punyo monopoli pandirian [[SPBU]] di [[Indonesia]], namun monopoli tasabuik tolah dihapuihkan pamarintah pado taun [[2001]]. Parusahoan iko jua mangoperasikan 7 [[kilang minyak]] dangan kapasitas total 1.051,7 MBSD, pabrik petrokimia dangan kapasitas total 1.507.950 ton per taun dan pabrik [[LPG]] dangan kapasitas total 102,3 juta ton per tahun.<ref>http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2013/snapshots/11815.html</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Pertamina|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=Cookbook:Pertamina|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Pertamina|d=Q1641044|display=Pertamina|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Pertamina|voy=no|wikt=Pertamina}} {{commonscat|Pertamina}} kyhhmr6frz1nbme7nfzeazjvhvpeipw Stadion Pakansari 0 387219 3347767 3158667 2026-06-12T01:58:32Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Stadium | stadium_name = Stadion Pakansari | image = [[Berkas:Stadion Pakansari AFF 2016 Final.jpg|200px]] | location = [[Pakansari, Cibinong, Bogor|Pakansari]], [[Cibinong, Bogor|Cibinong]], [[Kabupaten Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]] | coordinates = | broke_ground = 16 Januari 2012 | opened = 2014 | renovated = | closed = | demolished = | operator = Pemerintah Kabupaten Bogor | construction_cost = Rp.282.282.390.000 | architect = | former_names = | tenants = [[Persikabo 1973]] <br/> [[RANS Nusantara FC]] | seating_capacity = 30,000<ref name="post">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/14/west-java-build-new-sporting-venue.html |title=archive copy |access-date=2022-09-29 |archive-date=2012-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420114054/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/14/west-java-build-new-sporting-venue.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> }} '''Stadion Pakansari''' ([[Aksara Sunda Baku|aksara Sunda]]: ᮞ᮪ᮒᮓᮤᮇᮔ᮪ ᮕᮊᮔ᮪ᮞᮛᮤ) adolah sabuah [[stadion]] multi-fungsi nan barado di [[Pakansari, Cibinong, Bogor|Kelurahan Pakansari]], [[Cibinong, Bogor|Kecamatan Cibinong]], [[Kabupaten Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Sasudah salasai dibangun pado tahun 2014, stadion ko digunoan tarutamo untuak patandingan sepak bola sakaligus manjadi stadion kandang baru dek [[Persikabo]] manggantian markas lamanyo, [[Stadion Persikabo]]. Stadion iko dapek manampuang 30.000 panonton. Stadion iko dapek juo digunoan untuak kompetisi atletik, [[drumben]], jo sepak bola [[Pekan Olahraga Nasional XIX]]. Manuruik situs web [http://stadiumdb.com/ stadiumdb.com], Stadion Pakansari masuak dalam nominasi stadion tabaiak dunia 2016 basaiang jo 29 stadion lainnyo <ref>http://www.goal.com/id-ID/news/1387/nasional/2017/01/30/32104812/stadion-pakansari-masuk-nomine-stadion-terbaik-dunia-2016</ref> dan pernah digunoan sabagai venue Piala AFF 2016 manggantian [[Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno]] nan sadang direnovasi katiko itu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bolalob.com/read/42877/alasan-terpilihnya-stadion-pakansari-untuk-semifinal-pertama-piala-aff-2016|title=Alasan Terpilihnya Stadion Pakansari Untuk Semifinal Pertama Piala AFF 2016|last=Robert|newspaper=Bolalob - Situsnya Anak Futsal!|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-10-18|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161834/https://bolalob.com/read/42877/alasan-terpilihnya-stadion-pakansari-untuk-semifinal-pertama-piala-aff-2016|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Stadion iko digunoan sabagai venue sepak bola laki-laki pado [[Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018]], tamasuak juo pado [[Kejuaraan U-19 AFC 2018|Kejuaraan Piala Asia U-19]] nan diadoan pado tahun nan samo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indosport.com/multisport/20180802/profil-venue-asian-games-2018-stadion-pakansari|title=Profil Venue Asian Games 2018: Stadion Pakansari|last=INDOSPORT.com|date=2018-08-02|newspaper=INDOSPORT.com|language=id|access-date=2018-10-18|archive-date=2022-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001023432/https://www.indosport.com/multisport/20180802/profil-venue-asian-games-2018-stadion-pakansari|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bolasport.com/timnas/273943-pssi-tunjuk-tiga-stadion-ini-untuk-venue-piala-asia-u19-2018|title=PSSI Tunjuk Tiga Stadion Ini untuk Venue Piala Asia U-19 2018|last=Bolasport.com|date=2018-05-18|newspaper=bolasport.com|language=id|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == * [http://www.pssi-football.com/id/PD2022.pdf Stadium information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224080540/http://www.pssi-football.com/id/PD2022.pdf |date=2010-12-24 }} {{stadion-stub}} [[Kategori:Stadion sepak bola di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Lokasi Pertandingan Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018]] [[Kategori:Lokasi Pertandingan Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara 2011]] ltskz6y7jo7whrfawm9kexrrgqun0ac Jepang-Indonesia 0 388393 3347742 2836566 2026-06-11T15:18:01Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ethnic group|group=Nikkei Indonesia<br>インドネシアの日本人<br>(Indoneshia no Nihonjin)<br>Jepang-Indonesia|population=19.612 Yang Tercatat Dari 38.135+ (2019)<ref>https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/indonesia/data.html</ref>|regions=[[Jakarta]], [[Depok]], [[Bali]], [[Surabaya]], [[Sumatra Utara]], [[Sulawesi]]|langs=Terutamanya: [[bahasa Jepang|Jepang]] dan [[bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]]<br>Juga: berbagai [[daftar bahasa di Indonesia|bahasa daerah]] lainnya di Indonesia|related-c=[[Bangsa Jepang]]|footnotes=Angka jumlah penduduk yang dikutip hanya terdiri dari warga negara Jepang.}} [[Berkas:Kodomo_mikoshi,_Ennichisai,_Blok_M,_Jakarta.jpg|jmpl|240x240px|Pawai [[mikoshi]] anak-anak pada festival [[Ennichisai]] di [[Blok M]], [[Jakarta]].]] '''Urang Jepang Indonesia''' atau '''Jepindo''' adolah warga katurunan [[Bangsa Jepang|Japang]] yang tingga di [[Indonesia]]. Migrasi urang Japang ka Indonesia baru tajadi dalam skala gadang pado akhia[[abad ke-19|abad ka-19]], meskipun alah ado kontak padagangan sacaro tabateh antaro [[Indonesia]] dan [[Jepang|Japang]] saindaknyo sajak [[abad ke-17|abad ka-17]].<ref name="ShiningJapan">{{citation|url=http://old.thejakartapost.com/community/japan1.asp|date=2008-04-13|title=Shining Japan: From mercenaries and sex workers to entrepreneurs|last=Harsanto|first=Damar|accessdate=31 Januari 2023|periodical=The Jakarta Post|archive-date=2008-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413223548/http://old.thejakartapost.com/community/japan1.asp|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Populasi ekspatriat Japang di Indonesia cukuik gadang, kiro-kiro 19.717 urang pado OKtober 2017. Salain itu, ado pulo katurunan dari imigran Japang yang tibo labiah awal di Indonesia. Jumlah warga katurunan Japang yang hiduik dan tingga di Indonesia sajumlah sakitar 2.500 urang. Urang ko tatap manjalin silaturahmi sasamo komunitas katurunan Japang jo mandirikan Yayasan Warga Pasahabatan. Katurunan urang ko disabuik Nikkei Indonesia.<ref>{{harvnb|Meguro|2005|p=49}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Shin|2004|p=83}}; the term "Indonesian Nikkei" is also used therein to refer to Japanese expatriates who have settled permanently in Japan</ref> == Sijarah migrasi == Salah surang panduduk Indonesia katurunan Japang adolah [[Saartje Specx]], anak padusi dari gubernur kolonial Balando [[Jacques Specx]] yang manguasoi [[Batavia]] (kini ko [[Jakarta]]) dari 1629 hinggo 1632.<ref name="ShiningJapan" /> Dalam statistik pamarintah kolonial 1898 tacatat 614 urang Japang tingga di Hindia Balando (166 laki-laki, 448 padusi).<ref name="Shiraishi 1993 8">{{harvnb|Shiraishi|Shiraishi|1993|p=8}}</ref> Sajalan jo makin batambahnyo urang Japang di Hindia Balando, Konsulat Japang dibuka di Batavia pado taun 1909. Namun statistik panduduak pado babarapo taun partamo dibukanyo konsulat masih agak sambarangan.<ref>{{harvnb|Murayama|1993|p=89}}</ref> Laporan konsulat manunjuan ado 782 migran Japang yang tadaftar di Batavia pado taun 1909 (dengan pakiroan ado 400 urang lainnyo yang alun mandaftar), ditambah 278 urang (57 laki-laki, 221 padusi) di [[Medan]] pado taun 1910.<ref name="Murayama 1993 90">{{harvnb|Murayama|19s93|p=90}}</ref> Dimulai sajak akhia taun 1920-an, palawik dari [[Okinawa]] mulai manatap di [[Sulawesi Utara]]. Di [[Manado]] dibukak sabuah sakolah dasar Japang yang pado taun 1939 mampunyoi 18 murid.<ref>{{harvnb|Meguro|2005|p=65}}</ref> Sacaro kasaluruahan alah ado 6.349 urang Japang yang tingga di Indonesia pado taun 1938.<ref name="Fukihara 2007 27">{{harvnb|Fukihara|2007|p=27}}</ref> Sasudah salasainyo [[Sejarah Nusantara (1942-1945)|pandudukan Japang di Indonesia]] (1942-1945), kiro-kiro ado 3.000 prajurit [[Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang|Angkatan Darat Kakaisaran Japang]] mamiliah untuak tingga di Indonesia dan bajuang basamo-samo rakyat satempat malawan tantara kolonial Balando pado maso [[Sejarah Indonesia (1945-1949)|Parang Kamerdekaan]]. Kiro-kiro sapartigo dari urang tu mati (di antaranyo dimakamkan di [[Taman Makam Pahlawan Kalibata]]), samantaro sapartigo lainnyo mamiliah untuak manatap di Indonesia sasudah parang barakhia.<ref>{{harvnb|Hatakeyama|Hosaka|2004|pp=676–677}}</ref><ref name="SankeiShimbun">{{citation|url=http://sankei.jp.msn.com/culture/imperial/080119/imp0801191209001-n1.htm|title=秋篠宮ご夫妻、英雄墓地に献花　ジャカルタ|accessdate=31 Januari 2023|date=2008-01-19|periodical=Sankei Shimbun|archive-date=2009-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109002451/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/culture/imperial/080119/imp0801191209001-n1.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado taun 1960-an [[Sukarno]] mamintak pamarintah Japang mambarikan beasiswa kapado mahasiswa Indonesia untuak baraja ka Japang sabagai bagian upaya aliah teknologi sarato bagian dari rampasan parang. Babarapo mahasiswa Indonesia iko kamudian manikahi urang Japang dan manghasilkan katurunan Nikkei Indonesia. Para mahasiswa Indonesia alumni dari Japang iko kini bagabuang dalam Persada, Persatuan Alumni dari Japang yang didirikan taun 1963.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sadanet.or.id/ind/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=54|title=Persada, Persatuan Alumni dari Jepang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914164920/http://www.sadanet.or.id/ind/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=54|archive-date=2010-09-14|dead-url=yes|access-date=31 Januari 2023}}</ref> Pado taun 1970-an, parusahaan Japang tarutamo di sektor elektronik mulai mandirikan pabrik-pabrik di Indonesia. Pakambangan tasabuik mamicu tajadinyo galombang baru migrasi ekspatriat Japang, tarutamo manajer dan staf teknik yang dipakarajoan oleh parusahaan-parusahaan gadang Japang.<ref name="ChangingFaces">{{citation|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/03/28/changing-faces.html|periodical=The Jakarta Post|date=2008-03-28|accessdate=31 Januari 2023|title=Changing Faces}}</ref> Pado akhia 1990-an juo tajadi arus migrasi sabaliknyo dari Indonesia ka Japang. Sabagian dari Nikkei Indonesia dari Sulawesi mulai bamigrasi ka Japang untuak bakarajo di bidang industri pangolahan makanan lauik.<ref>{{harvnb|Meguro|2005|p=50}}</ref> Pado 2004, dipakirokan kiro-kiro ado 1.200 Nikkei Indonesia manatap di kota [[Ōarai, Ibaraki]].<ref>{{harvnb|Meguro|2005|p=62}}</ref> Salain itu, ekspatriat Japang di Indonesia mangalia kalua sacaro gadang-gadangan pado taun 1998 akibaik [[Kerusuhan Mei 1998|Karusuahan Mei 1998]] jo kakacauan politik yang manyaratoinyo.<ref name="JakartaShimbun">{{citation|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/11/30/jakarta-shimbun039-a-bridge-indonesia.html|date=2009-11-30|accessdate=31 Januari 2023|title='Jakarta Shimbun' a bridge to Indonesia|last=Hara|first=Chisato|periodical=The Jakarta Post|archive-date=2015-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121124855/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/11/30/jakarta-shimbun039-a-bridge-indonesia.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Maskipun mode itu, satu dekade barikuiknyo, komunitas ekspatriat Japang masih manduduaki paringkek kaduo tagadang di Jakarta sasudah urang [[Korea-Indonesia|Korea di Indonesia]].<ref name="ChangingFaces" /> == Bisnis dan lapangan karajo == Sarupo halnyo di nagari-nagari lain di Asia Tenggara zaman kolonial, komunitas Japang di Hindia Balando hinggo [[Perang Dunia I|Parang Dunia I]] sabagian gadang bagerak di bidang bisnis prostitusi.<ref name="Shiraishi 1993 9">{{harvnb|Shiraishi|Shiraishi|1993|p=9}}</ref> Salah satu tampek yang masih manyisokan sijarah itu adolah daerah Kembang Jepun di [[Surabaya]] yang pado maso kolonial adolah kawasan prostitusi yang manawarkan padusi Japang. Pado taun 1912, prostitusi ditatapkan sabagai palanggaran hukum di Hindia Balando. Namun banyak padusi Japang yang tampaknyo wakatu itu tarui manjalankan profesi sabagai wanita panghibur sacaro diam-diam.<ref name="Murayama 1993 90" /> Pado taun 1930-an, fokus ekonomi komunitas Japang di Hindia Balando sabagian gadang barubah ka bidang patanian, industri parikanan, jo bisnis eceran manjua barang-barang impor dari Japang.<ref name="Fukihara 2007 27" /> Ekspatriat Japang yang datang barikuiknyo tarutamo adolah para pananam modal yang bahubuangan jo pabrik elektronik.<ref name="ChangingFaces" /> == Integrasi sosial == Pamarintah Balando mangklasifikasikan parintis migran Japang di [[Hindia Belanda|Hindia Balando]] sabagai "oriental asing".<ref name="Shiraishi 1993 8" /> Dengan status tasabuik barati urang tu tunduak tahadap pambatasan-pambatasan tahadap kabebasan bagerak, tampek kadiaman, dan pakarajoan. Namun pado taun 1898, urang tu diklasifikasikan ulang sabagai "urang Eropa tahormat", dan mambarikan urang tu kasetaraan hukum sacaro formal jo pihak kolonial dan pambatasan-pambatasan urang tu dihapui.<ref name="Shiraishi 1993 9" /> Walaupun alah dibarikan kasetaraan formal, citra urang Japang di mato panduduak lokal masih alun sapanuhnyo elok.<ref name="Shiraishi 1993 8" /> Samaso Parang Dunia II jo maso panduduakan Japang di Indonesia, perwira-perwira Japang banyak yang maambiak padusi satampek sabagai gundiak.<ref name="ShiningJapan" /> Anak-anak yang dilahiakan dari hubuangan sarupo itu, katiko digadangkan pado maso pascaparang, urang tu acok manjadi sasaran [[bullying]] karano katurunan urang tu, sarato mandarita diskriminasi resmi di bawah kabijakan pamarintah yang manomorsatukan [[pribumi]] katiko marekrut pagawai negeri sipil.<ref>{{harvnb|Fukihara|2007|p=28}}</ref> Sajumlah 759 urang Japang yang tingga di Indonesia mampunyoi hak izin tingga tatap tarutamo tadiri dari padusi Japang yang manikah jo laki-laki Indonesia.<ref>{{harvnb|Shin|2004|p=83}}</ref> Babarapo di antaro inyo batamu suami sahubuangan baraja di lua nagari, baik katiko calon suami sadang baraja di Japang, atau katiko kaduonyo sadang baraja di nagari-nagari babahaso Inggirih sarupo Amerika Serikat jo Australia.<ref>{{harvnb|Shin|2004|p=84}}</ref> Sisonyo datang ka Indonesia, khususnyo [[Bali]] sabagai wisatawan, dan batamu suami inyo di Bali. Japang adolah salah satu sumber wisatawan untuak Bali, jo padusi Japang banyak yang manikah jo laki-laki Indonesia dan tingga di situ. Pado taun 1994, saurang panaliti yang manaliti fenomena itu mampakirokan wakatu itu kiro-kiro ado 400 padusi Japang yang tingga di Bali.<ref>{{harvnb|Suzuki|1997|p=341}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Yamashita|2003|pp=87, 97}}</ref> Sajumlah gadang wisatawan dari Japang adolah padusi muda dari kota. Urang tu maliek Bali bukan sabagai tujuan wisata eksotis, malainkan sabagai tampek banostalgia, manamukan baliak pamandangan maso lalu di Japang, dan "baliak" ka diri inyo sabananyo yang inyo raso alah dikabek oleh kahidupan di kota-kota gadang Japang. Di antaro urang tu, sabagian datang patamo kali sabagai wisatawan, tarutamo ka [[Kuta]] jo [[Ubud]], dan sasudah barulang-ulang datang ka Bali, urang tu manikah jo laki-laki satampek.<ref>{{harvnb|Yamashita|2003|p=94}}</ref> Dalam babarapo kasus, kunjuangan-kunjuangan itu babantuak "wisata romantis" atau "wisata seks wanita", dengan adonyo wanita yang bahubuagan jo [[Pekerja seks|pamuda pekerja seks]] yang dikenal sahari-harinyo sabagai "Koboi Kuta".<ref>{{harvnb|Toyota|2006|pp=171–172, 178}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/new-documentary-captures-kuta-cowboys-gigolo-lifestyles/371509|periodical=The Jakarta Globe|title=New Documentary Capture’s Kuta Cowboys’ Gigolo Lifestyles|date=2010-04-26|accessdate=31 Januari 2023}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/05/05/039kuta-cowboys039-strutting-their-stuff-lovelorn-visitors.html|periodical=The Jakarta Post|date=2002-05-05|accessdate=31 Januari 2023|title='Kuta Cowboys' strutting their stuff for lovelorn visitors}}</ref> Pasangan suami-istri Japang-Indonesia manggunokan [[bahasa Indonesia|bahaso Indonesia]] jo [[bahasa Jepang|bahaso Jepang]], atau meskipun kurang umum, manggunokan [[bahasa Inggris|bahaso Inggris]] katiko bakomunikasi jo pasangan, anak-anak, atau cucu, tatapi bahaso Indonesia jauah labiah banyak dipakai katiko bakomunikasi jo sanak saudara lainnyo.<ref>{{harvnb|Shin|2004|p=87}}</ref> == Media massa == ''The Daily Jakarta Shimbun'' adolah satu-satunyo surek kaba babahaso Japang di Indonesia. Surek kaba iko didirikan pado taun 1998 oleh Yasuo Kusano, mantan kapalo biro ''[[Mainichi Shimbun]]'' di Jakarta (1981-1986) yang baliak ka Indonesia sasudah [[kejatuhan rezim Suharto|kajatuhan rezim Suharto]]. Ia mangatahui terbitan-terbitan yang dilarang terbit samaso Suharto bakuaso, banyak yang ditabikkan baliak, dan mamutuskan untuak manerbitkan surek kaba yang manyadiokan informasi mandalam dan akurat mangenai proses demokratisasi Indonesia kapado pambaco Japang. Sajak patamo tabik, sirkulasi surek kaba iko alah bakambang dari 50 eksemplar manjadi labiah dari 4.000 eksemplar.<ref name="JakartaShimbun" /> == Galeri == <gallery> Ennichisai Blok M Jakarta.jpg|[[Ennichisai]], festival budaya Jepang yang diselenggarakan oleh komunitas orang Jepang di Jakarta. 日本人墓地納骨堂.jpg|Rumah abu orang Jepang di Jakarta (TPU Petamburan) </gallery> == Liek pulo == * [[Jagatara Oharu]] * [[Urang Cino Indonesia|Cino-Indonesia]] * [[Filipina-Indonesia]] * [[Korea-Indonesia]] * [[Orang Indonesia di Jepang]] == Rujuakan == === Catatan kaki === {{reflist|3}} === Sumber === * {{citation|author=長洋弘 [Chō Yōkō]|title={{asiantitle|二つの祖国に生きる—インドネシア残留日本兵乙戸昇物語||Living with two motherlands: The tale of Noboru Otobe, a Japanese soldier who stayed in Indonesia|j}}|isbn=9784876482252|year=2005|publisher=草の根出版会|ref=CITEREFChō2005}} * {{citation|author=Fukihara Yutaka/吹原豊|title=エスニックコミュニティの成立と発展一大洗町における定住インドネシア人共同体の事例一/Birth and Development of an Ethnic Community: In the Case of Indonesian Migrant Community in Oarai|year=2007|volume=5|journal={{asiantitle|地域文化研究|||j}}|url=http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/aacs/pdf/article/5_2.pdf|ref=CITEREFFukihara2007|pages=21–36|accessdate=2010-12-02|archive-date=2012-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319144845/http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/aacs/pdf/article/5_2.pdf|dead-url=yes}} * {{citation|title={{asiantitle|陸軍中野学校終戦秘史||The secret post-war history of the Nakano Infantry School|j}}|author=畠山清行 [Hatakeyama Seikō]|author2=保阪正康 [Hosaka Masayasu]|ref=CITEREFHatakeyamaHosaka2004|publisher=新潮社 [Shinchōsha]|year=2004|isbn=9784101155227}} * {{citation|title=インドネシア日系人の言語選択の実態とその要因/Situation and reasons of Nikkei Indonesians' language choice|year=2004|volume=13|number=1|journal={{asiantitle|大阪大学言語文化学|||j}}|author=松尾慎 [Matsuo Shin]|ref=CITEREFShin2004|url=http://web.thu.edu.tw/shin/www/ronbun/nikkei.htm.pdf|pages=83–99}} * {{citation|author=目黒潮 [Meguro Ushio]|ref=CITEREFMeguro2005|year=2005|title=茨城県大洗町における日系インドネシア人の集住化と就労構造/Establishment of the Nikkei Indonesian Community and their employment system in Oarai Town, Ibaraki|journal=Intercultural Communication Studies|issue=17|pages=49–78|url=http://www.kuis.ac.jp/icci/publications/kiyo/pdfs/17/17_02.pdf|accessdate=2007-08-11|archive-date=2007-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028083233/http://www.kuis.ac.jp/icci/publications/kiyo/pdfs/17/17_02.pdf|dead-url=yes}} * {{citation|chapter=インドネシア共和国基礎データ|title={{asiantitle|各国・地域情勢|||j}}|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|publication-place=Japan|month=August|year=2013|accessdate=2013-10-03|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/indonesia/data.html|ref=CITEREFMOFA2009}} * {{citation|title=The Japanese in colonial Southeast Asia|volume=3|series=Southeast Asian Publications|editor-first=Saya|editor-last=Shiraishi|editor2-first=Takashi|editor2-last=Shiraishi|publisher=Cornell University|year=1993|isbn=9780877274025|ref=DUMMY}}. Chapters cited: ** {{citation|last=Shiraishi|first=Saya|last2=Shiraishi|first2=Takashi|chapter=The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia: An Overview|year=1993|pages=1–20}} ** {{citation|last=Murayama|first=Yoshitada|year=1993|pages=87–110|chapter=The Pattern of Economic Penetration of the Dutch East Indies}} * {{citation|author=Suzuki Kazuyo/鈴木一代|year=1997|title=日系インドネシア人の文化・言語習得 −居住地決定との関連性について/Culture, language study, and residence decisions of Nikkei Indonesians|journal=Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Association of Educational Psychology|number=39|pages=341–355|url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001884843/|ref=CITEREFSuzuki1997}} * {{citation|title=Tourism consumption and representation: narratives of place and self|editor-first=Kevin|editor-last=Meethan|editor2-first=Alison|editor2-last=Anderson|editor3-first=Steven|editor3-last=Miles|chapter=Consuming Images: Female Japanese Tourists in Bali, Indonesia|pages=158–177|last=Toyota|first=Mika|isbn=9780851996783|year=2006|publisher=[[CAB International]]}} * {{citation|chapter=Japanese and Balinese Tourism: Brides Heading for the Isle of the Gods|pages=87–101|last=Yamashita|first=Shinji|title=Bali and beyond: explorations in the anthropology of tourism|isbn=9781571812575|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2003}} == Pranala luar == * {{ja}} [http://www.jakartashimbun.com/ The Daily Jakarta Shimbun], surek kaba babahaso Jepang di Jakarta * {{ja}} [http://www.jjc.or.id/ The Jakarta Japan Club] * {{id}} [http://www5d.biglobe.ne.jp/makassar/mks/matsuda2.html Nihonjinkai (Perkumpulan Orang-Orang Jepang) di Sulawesi Pada Masa Pra-perang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511111503/http://www5d.biglobe.ne.jp/makassar/mks/matsuda2.html|date=2013-05-11}} {{Suku banso di Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Suku banso di Indonesia]] 00gz620ox2fuerc8tvl5suzc4ypi6qs Hubuangan Indonesia jo Israel 0 472653 3347738 3145482 2026-06-11T14:13:03Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bilateral relations|Indonesia–Israel|Indonesia|Israel|filetype=svg}}{{br}}{{sadang karajo}} '''Hubuangan Indonesia–Israel''' mangacu pado [[Hubuangan bilateral|hubuangan bilateral maso lalu dan kini]] antaro [[Israel]] jo [[Indonesia]]. Kaduo nagara iko indak punyo hubuangan diplomatik rasmi,<ref name="jak">{{cite news|title=Representatives from Indonesia, Israel sign medical agreement|author=Muhammad Nafik|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|location=Jakarta|date=7 November 2008|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/11/07/representatives-indonesia-israel-sign-medical-agreement.html?1|access-date=23 November 2023|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413133059/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/11/07/representatives-indonesia-israel-sign-medical-agreement.html?1|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="jak2">{{cite news |title=Indonesia condemns Israeli offensive |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |location=Jakarta |date=3 July 2006 |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/indonesia-condemns-israeli-offensive.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221170620/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/indonesia-condemns-israeli-offensive.html |archivedate=21 February 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref name="for">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2005/10/13/afx2275161.html |title=Indonesia rules out diplomatic ties with Israel, reaffirms pro-Palestine stand |work=Forbes.com }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> tapi punyo hubuangan indak rasmi nan maliputi hubuangan dagang, pariwisata, dan kaämanan. Pado taun 2012, Indonesia sepakat manaikkan status hubuangannyo jo Israel dan mambuko konsulat kahormatan di [[Ramallah]] nan dipimpin surang diplomat sadarajat duta besar. Diplomat tasabuik batugas sacaro indak rasmi sabagai parwakilan Indonesia katiko mambina hubuangan jo Israel.<ref name="timesofisrael.com">{{cite news|title= Indonesia to informally upgrade its relations with Israel via ambassador-ranked diplomat in Ramallah, State of Palestine, |newspaper=Times of Israel|author=Kayla J Adams|date=July 6, 2012|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/indonesia-to-informally-upgrade-its-relations-with-israel-via-ambassador-ranked-diplomat-in-ramallah/}}</ref> Dek tu, basobok parmasalahan politik di kaduo balah pihak, parjanjian iko alun balanjuik dan hinggo kini indak ado parwakilan Indonesia di Israel atau [[Otoritas Nasional Palestina|Otoritas Palestina]]. Manuruik jajak pandapat [[BBC]] World Service taun 2013, 70% responden Indonesia mancaliak pangaruh Israel sacara negatif dan 12% sacaro positif.<ref>[http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2013_country_ratings/2013_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf 2013 World Service Poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010192245/http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2013_country_ratings/2013_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf |date=2015-10-10 }} ''[[BBC]]''</ref> {{stub}} t3j77xul8r7z889tgjk7d7f8u33cifx Nursyirwan Effendi 0 473160 3347754 3343663 2026-06-11T20:53:23Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nursyirwan Effendi | image = Nursyirwan Effendi 2023.jpg | imagesize = | alt = | caption = | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|6|24}} | birth_place = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age||||||}} --> | death_place = <!-- --> | nationality = [[Indonesia]] | alma_mater = * [[Universitas Indonesia]] * Universitas Bielefeld | occupation = Pengajar | known_for = Mantan Ketua Umum <br>[[Asosiasi Antropologi Indonesia]] (AAI) | spouse = Eka Fauzihardani | children = 4 | mother = Hasnah | father = [[Aminuddin Rasyad]] | religion = [[Islam]] }} Prof. Dr. rer.soz. '''Nursyirwan Effendi''' (lahia 24 Juni 1964) adolah saurang paka antropologi pambangunan jo ekonomi Indonesia.<ref name="Kompas">{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2011/02/21/21401483/~Regional~Sumatera|title=Perlu Studi Potensi Kekerabatan Etnis|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2011-02-21|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> Inyo marupoan [[Guru Besar]] Ilmu Antropologi [[Universitas Andalas|Universitas Andalas (Unand)]] sajak 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.harianhaluan.com/padang/pr-10173490/pertama-sejak-fisip-unand-berdiri|title=Pertama Sejak FISIP UNAND Berdiri|date=24 Juni 2011|website=harianhaluan.com|publisher=Harian Haluan|access-date=2 Desember 2024}}</ref> Inyo manjabat sabagai Direktur Sekolah Pascasarjana Unand sajak 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pasca.unand.ac.id/id/berita/item/1682-rektor-unand-lantik-wr-ketua-lembaga-dan-direktur-pascasarjana.html|title=Rektor Unand Lantik WR, Ketua Lembaga dan Direktur Pascasarjana|date=3 Januari 2020|website=pasca.unand.ac.id/|publisher=Pascaserjana Unand|access-date=2 Desember 2024|archive-date=2020-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205032625/http://pasca.unand.ac.id/id/berita/item/1682-rektor-unand-lantik-wr-ketua-lembaga-dan-direktur-pascasarjana.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik (FISIP) Unand pariode 2012–2016, jo Ketua Umum Asosiasi Antropologi Indonesia (AAI) pariode 2010–2015.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="tempo.co">{{Cite web|url=https://seleb.tempo.co/read/611925/asosiasi-antropologi-tolak-ruu-budaya-ada-di-dpr|title=Asosiasi Antropologi Tolak RUU Budaya Ada di DPR|last=Pusporini|first=Evieta Fadjar|date=2014-10-04|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref><ref name="Padang Ekspres">[http://www.padangekspres.co.id/?news=berita&id=32602 "Nursyiwan Effendi, Dekan FISIP Unand"] ''[[Padang Ekspres]]'', 26-7-2012. Diakses 28-5-2014.</ref> Sabelumnyo, Nursyirwan Effendi parnah manjadi Ketua Jurusan Antropologi FISIP (2000–2002); Sekretaris Lembaga Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (LPM) Unand (2002-2004); jo Kepala Balai Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional (BKSNT) Padang wilayah kerja [[Sumatera Barat]], [[Bangkulu|Bengkulu]] dan [[Sumatera Selatan]] (2004–2007). == Latar balakang jo pandidikan == Nursyirwan Effendi dilahiakan di [[Jakarto]] pado 24 Juni 1964.<ref>cite {{Cite web|url=http://pascasarjana.fisip.unand.ac.id/images/dosen/antro/nursyirwan.pdf|title=Biodata Nursyirwan Effendi|website=pascasarjana.fisip.unand.ac.id|publisher=Pascasarjana Fisip Unand|access-date=2 Desember 2023|archive-date=2020-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103034109/http://pascasarjana.fisip.unand.ac.id/images/dosen/antro/nursyirwan.pdf|dead-url=yes}}web</ref> Inyo adolah anak laki-laki dari Prof. Dr. H. [[Aminuddin Rasyad]], Guru Besar Ilmu Pendidikan Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN, kini UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta nan parnah manjabat dekan fakultas tarbiyah di kampus itu pado pariode 1983–1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uinjkt.ac.id/id/fitk-gelar-doa-bersama-secara-virtual-untuk-almarhum-prof-dr-aminuddin-rasyad|title=FITK Gelar Doa Bersama Secara Virtual untuk Almarhum Prof Dr Aminuddin Rasyad {{!}} Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Website Resmi|website=www.uinjkt.ac.id|language=id|access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> Ibunyo banamo Hj. Hasnah.<ref name="pidato2">{{cite book|first=Nursyirwan|last=Effendi|year=2011|title=Memahami Konstruksi Budaya Khas Indonesia: Suatu Pandangan Berbasis Riset (research-based insight)|place=Padang|publisher=Labor Antropologi FISIP Unand bekerja sama dengan BPSNT Padang Press|ISBN=978-979-1163-04-0}}</ref> Nursyirwan maanyam pandidikan di SD Negeri Situgintung 02 Pagi, [[Kota Tangerang|Tangerang]] (1969–1975), SMP Negeri 19 Jakarta (1975–1979) jo Jurusan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPA) SMA Negeri 47 Jakarta (1979–1982). Inyo maraih gala Doktorandus (Drs.) Sarjana Jurusan Antropologi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, [[Kota Depok|Depok]] pado taun 1989. Inyo panah maikuti ''Internship Program'' bidang Antropologi di School of Oriental and African Studies, [[London]], [[Inggirih|Inggris]] pado musim dingin 1992.<ref name="pidato2" /> Kemudian, inyo mandapek gala ''Doctor Rerum Sozialwissenshaften'' (Dr. rer.soz) bidang Antropologi Sosial dari Fakultät für Soziologie Universität Bielefeld, [[Jerman]], dengan predikat ''Magna Cum Laude'' pada tahun 1999.<ref name="Haluan">[http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/berita/haluan-padang/6080-pertama-sejak-fisip-unand-berdiri "Pertama Sejak FISIP Unand Berdiri"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529052849/http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/berita/haluan-padang/6080-pertama-sejak-fisip-unand-berdiri|date=2014-05-29}} ''[[Harian Haluan]]'', 24-6-2011. Diakses 28-5-2014.</ref><ref name="Unand">[http://antropologi.fisip.unand.ac.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81&Itemid=71 "Nursyirwan Effendi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529085058/http://antropologi.fisip.unand.ac.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81&Itemid=71|date=2014-05-29}} ''Situs Unand'', 5-1-2010. Diakses 28-5-2014.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-az--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gsfu--by--dw-9oUjk8y7f4590j65|title=Direktori Dosen Unand|website=dosen.unand.ac.id|access-date=2024-01-02|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531010955/http://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-az--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gsfu--by--dw-9oUjk8y7f4590j65|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Inyo berhasil mampatahankan disertasinyo nan bajudul ''Minangkabau Rural Markets: Their System, Roles and Functions in the Market Community of West Sumatra'' basamo bimbingan promotor Prof. Dr. Günther Schlee jo Prof. Dr. Hans-Dieter Evers.<ref name="disertasi">https://d-nb.info/960672400/34</ref> == Kahidupan pribadi == Nursyirwan manikahi [[Dr. Eka Fauzihardani]],<ref name="disertasi2">https://d-nb.info/960672400/34</ref> nan juo saurang akademisi nan maaja di Departemen Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomi [[Universitas Negeri Padang]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id/data_dosen/MzE0NEIwQkQtQ0RGMy00QUQxLUE3NTUtQjNBOTc5RENDNDZE/944C206B-A48F-4C1A-9CD5-D8D899BB74F2|title=PDDikti - Pangkalan Data Pendidikan Tinggi|website=pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id|access-date=2024-01-02|archive-date=2022-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828133236/https://pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id/data_dosen/MzE0NEIwQkQtQ0RGMy00QUQxLUE3NTUtQjNBOTc5RENDNDZE/944C206B-A48F-4C1A-9CD5-D8D899BB74F2|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dari panikahannyo tu, Nursyirwan mamparoleh ampek urang anak.<ref name="pidato3">{{cite book|first=Nursyirwan|last=Effendi|year=2011|title=Memahami Konstruksi Budaya Khas Indonesia: Suatu Pandangan Berbasis Riset (research-based insight)|place=Padang|publisher=Labor Antropologi FISIP Unand bekerja sama dengan BPSNT Padang Press|ISBN=978-979-1163-04-0}}</ref> == Karya tulih == * ''Koentjaraningrat dan antropologi di Indonesia'' (1997). * ''Minangkabau rural markets: their system, roles and functions in the market community of West Sumatra'' (Disertasi, 1999). * ''Minangkabau Rural Markets: Trade and Traders in West Sumatra, Indonesia'' (2005). * ''Antropologi dan Pembangunan Masyarakat Lokal: Persembahan untuk Prof. Imran Manan, M.A., M.A., Ph.D.'' (bersama Lucky Zamzami, 2007).<ref>https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Antropologi_dan_pembangunan_di_masyaraka.html?id=65i1oAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y</ref><ref>http://repo.unand.ac.id/5715/</ref> * ''Memahami Konstruksi Budaya ekonomi Khas Indonesia: Suatu Pandangan Berbasis Riset (research-based insight)'' (2011).<ref name="pidato">{{cite book|first=Nursyirwan|last=Effendi|year=2011|title=Memahami Konstruksi Budaya Khas Indonesia: Suatu Pandangan Berbasis Riset (research-based insight)|place=Padang|publisher=Labor Antropologi FISIP Unand bekerja sama dengan BPSNT Padang Press|ISBN=978-979-1163-04-0}}</ref> * ''Identifikasi Strategi Adaptasi Komunitas Indonesia di Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia'' (2011) * ''Analisis Konteks: Pengetahuan Tradisional dan Ekspresi Budaya Tradisional berbasis Muatan Lokal Kebudayaan di Sumatera Barat'' (2014).<ref name="biodata">{{Cite web |url=http://pascasarjana.fisip.unand.ac.id/images/dosen/antro/nursyirwan.pdf |title=archive copy |access-date=2024-01-02 |archive-date=2020-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103034109/http://pascasarjana.fisip.unand.ac.id/images/dosen/antro/nursyirwan.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * ''Komunitas Pembangunan dan Globalisasi'' (bersama Alfan Miko dan Lucky Zamzami, 2017).<ref>https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=1280907{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * {{cite encyclopedia|title=Anthropology in Indonesia|encyclopedia=The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology|first=Nursyirwan|last=Effendi|editor=Hillary Callan|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.|year=2018|DOI=10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea2057}} == Liek pulo == * [[:id:Damsar|Damsar]], paka sosiologi di kampus nan samo. * [[:id:Asrinaldi|Asrinaldi]], paka politik di kampus nan samo. == Rujuakan == [[Kategori:Tokoh Sumatra Barat]] dw2so3suflc70zo05zh89ctzxgxjhs4 HIM Damsyik 0 473163 3347737 3148500 2026-06-11T13:35:53Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |image = |imagesize = |caption = |birth_date = {{birth date|1929|3|14}} |birth_place = Teluk Betung, [[Lampung]], [[Hindia Balando]] |birth_name = Incik Muhammad Damsyik |othername = HIM Damsyik |death_date = {{death date and age|2012|2|3|1929|3|14}} |death_place = [[Depok]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonesia]] |years_active = [[1959]] – [[2012]] |occupation = {{hlist|[[Aktor]]|[[Tari|Panari]]}} |spouse = |partner = |children = |parents = Intji Djaafar (ayah) |influences = |influenced = |website = }} '''Haji Incik Muhammad Damsyik''' ({{lahirmati|Teluk Betung, [[Lampung]]|14|3|1929|[[Depok]]|3|2|2012}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/02/03/0611201/him.damsyik.tutup.usia |title= HIM Damsyik Tutup Usia|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 3 Februari 2012|website=kompas.com |publisher= |access-date=5 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref>), atau labiah dikana jo namo '''HIM Damsyik''', adolah [[aktor]] sanior jo panari [[Indonesia]]. Inyo mulai dikana sajak mamainkan tokoh [[Datuk Maringgih]] dalam sinetron ''[[Siti Nurbaya]]'' nan ditayangan dek [[TVRI]] pado taun 1992, sahinggo namo '''Datuk Maringgih''' iko malakek ka inyo. Inyo acok pulo dijuluaki ''Datuk Dansa'' karano kapandaiannyo manari. == Biografi == === Maso ketek === Kaduo urang tuonyo barasa dari [[Minangkabau]] nan tamasuak urang cadiak pado maso itu, nan bakarajo di parusahaan-parusahaan [[Balando]].<ref name=Damsyik>{{cite web |url=https://tirto.id/berdansa-dengan-datuk-maringgih-cid7#google_vignette|title= Berdansa dengan Datuk Maringgih|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 3 Februari 2012|website=tirto.id |publisher= |access-date=5 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref> Sajak ketek, anak laki-laki dari kapalo pagawai di parusahaan palayaran Balando, [[Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij]] (KPM), alah manyukoi manari. Tiok ado pesta atau parayaan, Damsyik acok turuik sarato dalam manyanyi jo manari. Bakatnyo samakin tarasah katiko marantau ka [[Jakarta]] untuak kuliah. Katiko itu, masih banyak urang Balando nan tingga di Jakarta, sahinggo budayo dansa masih dominan sabagai alaik pargaulan, tamasuak di kalangan mahasiswa. Samaso kuliah, Damsyik aktif sabagai anggota Ikatan Mahasiswa Jakarta (Imada).<ref name=dansa>{{cite web |url=https://entertainment.kompas.com/read/2012/02/03/07014036/Dunia.Dansa.Si.Datuk.Maringgih|title= Dunia Dansa Si Datuk Maringgih|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 3 Februari 2012|website=kompas.com |publisher= |access-date=5 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref> == Karier == === Karier manari === Samanjak manjuarai Lomba Dansa Ballroom di Jakarta, Damsyik mamutuihan untuak manakuni dansa sacaro profesional. Inyo mandalami dansa salamo ampek taun di Rellum Dancing School, [[Balando]], kamudian manjadi salah saurang instruktur dansa Indonesia nan barhasil mangantongi ijazah dansa bakelas internasional. Damsyik parnah manjadi juara duo lomba dansa internasional di [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fimela.com/entertainment/read/3258897/mengenang-6-tahun-meninggal-dunia-him-damsyik?page=6|title= Mengenang 6 Tahun Meninggal Dunia Him Damsyik|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 5 Februari 2018|website=fimela.com |publisher= |access-date=5 Januari 2024 |language={{en}}|quote=}}</ref> Inyo dikana sabagai guru dansa ballroom Amerika Latin pado taun 1950-an. Katanaran dansa manurun pado akhia 1950-an, katiko [[Partai Komunis Indonesia]] manyabuik dansa sabagai gaya iduik imperialis. Hal iko turuik bapangaruah pado kaidupan Damsyik. Damsyik manjadi guru dansa di sakolah-sakolah tari nan banyak baserak di Jakarta sarato mangaja privat. Inyo kamudian mandirian sakolah dansa surang banamo Damsyik School of Dance.<ref name=dansa/> Salapeh Komite Olahraga Nasional Indonesia ([[Komite Olahraga Nasional Indonesia|KONI]]) maakui dansa sabagai olahrago, didirianlah Ikatan Olahraga Dansa Indonesia nan banauang di bawah kaanggotaan KONI. Damsyik manjadi katua umum partamonyo sajak tanggal 12 Juli 2002.<ref name=dansa/> === Karier akting === Damsyik mulai bamain film pado taun 1959 malalui film ''Bertamasja''. Awalnyo, Damsyik diajak bamain sabagai aktor dek sutradaro [[Wim Umboh]], nan sabalumnyo alah biaso maajaknyo sabagai koreografer untuak film-filmnyo. Damsyik sampek baranti dari dunia film, tapi ikuik bamain film baliak pado taun 1981. Namonyo mulai dikana urang katiko bamain sabagai [[Datuk Maringgih]] dalam sinetron ''[[Siti Nurbaya]]'' (1992). Damsyik awalnyo sempat manulak mamerankan Datuk Maringgih, karano manuruik inyo jiko salah mamerankannyo, mako saluruah kru produksi bisa diprotes dek pemirsa, tapi akhianyo inyo berhasil mamerankannyo dan karakter tu diidentikan jo dirinyo. Hinggo taun 1994, Damsyik tacatat alah bamain dalam 62 film bioskop.<ref name=obituari>{{cite web |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/02/04/obituary-dancing-actor-him-damsyik.html |title=Obituary: Dancing actor HIM Damsyik |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=4 Februari 2012 |website=thejakartapost.com |publisher= |access-date=5 Januari 2024 |language={{en}} |quote= |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127071706/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/02/04/obituary-dancing-actor-him-damsyik.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>{{sfn|Eneste|2001|p=48}} == Maningga dunia == Pado tanggal 3 Februari 2012, HIM Damsyik maningga dunia di Rumah Sakik Cinere, Depok, Jawa Barat. Sabalumnyo, inyo dirawaik salamo sabulan di Rumah Sakik MMC Kuningan. Janazahnyo dikubuan di [[TPU Karet Bivak]] isuak arinyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.republika.co.id/berita/lyt1m8/him-damsyik-dimakamkan-di-tpu-karet-bivak-siang-ini|title= Him Damsyik Dimakamkan Di TPU Karet Bivak Siang Ini|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 4 Februari 2012|website=republika.co.id |publisher= |access-date=5 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref> == Kahidupan pribadi == Damsyik manikah jo Linda Damsyik, saurang instruktur dansa. Pasangan iko punyo limo urang anak.<ref name=obituari/> Anak-anaknyo mangalola sajumlah studio dansa di Jakarta. Sabalum kamatiannyo, Damsyik mamiliki tinggi 1,8 m jo barek 55 kg.<ref name=dansa/> == Filmografi == === Film === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taun ! Judul ! Peran ! Catatan |- | 1965 | ''[[Langkah-Langkah di Persimpangan]]'' | | Karya debut |- | 1968 | ''[[Djampang Mentjari Naga Hitam]]'' | | |- | 1976 | ''[[Rajawali Sakti]]'' | | |- | 1980 | ''[[Pengabdi Setan (film 1980)|Pengabdi Setan]]'' | Karto | |- | rowspan="7"|1981 | ''[[Ratu Ilmu Hitam (film 1981)|Ratu Ilmu Hitam]]'' | | |- | ''[[Hati Selembut Salju]]'' | | |- | ''[[Gundala Putra Petir (film 1981)|Gundala Putra Petir]]'' | | |- | ''[[Sundelbolong]]'' | | |- | ''[[Koboi Sutra Ungu]]'' | | |- | ''[[Kereta Api Terakhir]]'' | | |- | ''[[Jaka Sembung Sang Penakluk]]'' | Ki Bidin | |- | rowspan="5"|1982 | ''[[Sangkuriang (film)|Sangkuriang]]'' | | |- | ''[[Lebak Membara]]'' | | |- | ''[[Perawan Rimba]]'' | | |- | ''[[Pasukan Berani Mati]]'' | | |- | ''[[Nyi Blorong]]'' | Raden Cokro | |- | rowspan="8"|1983 | ''[[Pengantin Pantai Biru (film 1983)|Pengantin Pantai Biru]]'' | | |- | ''[[Barang Terlarang]]'' | | |- | ''[[Senjata Rahasia Nona]]'' | Pak Kempul | |- | ''[[Nyi Ageng Ratu Pemikat]]'' | Raden Permana | |- | ''[[Terjebak dalam Dosa]]'' | | |- | ''[[Golok Setan]]'' | | |- | ''[[Perkawinan Nyi Blorong]]'' | | |- | ''[[Pelayan Gedongan]]'' | Badrun | |- | rowspan="8"|1984 | ''[[Gadis Berwajah Seribu]]'' | Eyang | |- | ''[[Dalam Pelukan Dosa]]'' | | |- | ''[[Merindukan Kasih Sayang]]'' | | |- | ''[[Permata Biru (film)|Permata Biru]]'' | | |- | ''[[Asmara di Balik Pintu]]'' | | |- | ''[[Bercinta dalam Badai]]'' | | |- | ''[[Kerikil-Kerikil Tajam]]'' | | |- | ''[[Gawang Gawat]]'' | | |- | rowspan="7"|1985 | ''[[Ratu Sakti Calon Arang]]'' | | |- | ''[[Opera Jakarta]]'' | | |- | ''[[Romantika (film)|Romantika]]'' | | |- | ''[[Kulihat Cinta di Matanya (film)|Kulihat Cinta di Matanya]]'' | | |- | ''[[Darah Perjaka]]'' | | |- | ''[[Si Buta dari Gua Hantu: Neraka Perut Bumi]]'' | | |- | ''[[Melintas Badai]]'' | | |- | rowspan="8"|1986 | ''[[Suka Sama Suka]]'' | | |- | ''[[Terjebak Penari Erotis]]'' | | |- | ''[[Boleh Rujuk Asal...]]'' | | |- | ''[[Ketika Musim Semi Tiba]]'' | | |- | ''[[Langganan]]'' | | |- | ''[[Memburu Makelar Mayat]]'' | | |- | ''[[Cinta yang Terjual]]'' | | |- | ''[[Biarkan Bulan Itu]]'' | | |- | rowspan="4"|1987 | ''[[Depan Bisa Belakang Bisa]]'' | | |- | ''[[Samson dan Delilah]]'' | | |- | ''[[Cewek-Cewek Genit]]'' | | |- | ''[[Malaikat Bayangan]]'' | Burisrawa | |- | rowspan="7"|1988 | ''[[Ratu Buaya Putih]]'' | | |- | ''[[Santet (film)|Santet]]'' | | |- | ''[[Pembalasan Ratu Laut Selatan]]'' | | |- | ''[[Akibat Guna-Guna Isteri Muda]]'' | | |- | ''[[Malu Malu Mau]]'' | | |- | ''[[Malaikat Bayangan]]'' | | |- | ''[[Brahma Manggala]]'' | | |- | rowspan="8"|1989 | ''[[Syech Siti Kobar Membangkang]]'' | | |- | ''[[Pengantin Rimba Hitam]]'' | Kakek Roan | |- | ''[[Dorce Sok Akrab]]'' | | |- | ''[[Kemesraan (film)|Kemesraan]]'' | | |- | ''[[Sabar Dulu Dong...]]'' | | |- | ''[[Jago-Jago Bayaran (Si Gobang II)]]'' | | |- | ''[[Giliran Saya Mana]]'' | | |- | ''[[Kanan Kiri OK II]]'' | | |- | rowspan="4"|1990 | ''[[Ikut-Ikutan]]'' | | |- | ''[[Di Sana Senang Di Sini Senang]]'' | | |- | ''[[Jaka Sembung dan Dewi Samudra]]'' | | |- | ''[[Rebo & Robby]]'' | | |- | rowspan="2"|1991 | ''[[Misteri Janda Kembang]]'' | | |- | ''[[Tiada Titik Balik]]'' | | |- | rowspan="7"|1992 | ''[[Kembalinya Si Janda Kembang]]'' | Pak Kosmin | |- | ''[[Masuk Kena Keluar Kena]]'' | Pak Dokter | |- | ''[[Kuberikan Segalanya]]'' | | |- | ''[[Selembut Wajah Anggun]]'' | | |- | ''[[Ramadhan dan Ramona]]'' | | |- | ''[[Boleh Dong Untung Terus]]'' | | |- | ''[[Salah Pencet]]'' | |- | 1993 | ''[[Gara-Gara (film 1993)|Gara-Gara]]'' | | |- | rowspan="3"|1994 | ''[[Kapan di Dalam Kapan di Luar]]'' | | |- | ''[[Saya Duluan Dong]]'' | Pak Soleh | |- | ''[[Pemburu Teroris]]'' | | |- | 2002 | ''[[Peti Mati (film)|Peti Mati]]'' | Peng An | |- | 2003 | ''[[Cinta 24 Karat]]'' | | |- | 2005 | ''[[Banyu Biru]]'' | | |- | 2007 | ''[[Suster N: Dendam Suster Ngesot]]'' | Bob | |- | rowspan="2"|2008 | ''[[Tarzan ke Kota]]'' | Pak Hajat | |- | ''[[Karma (film 2008)|Karma]]'' | Thiong Guan tua | |- | 2009 | ''[[Jeritan Kuntilanak]]'' | Kakek | |- | 2010 | ''[[Jinx]]'' | Anwar Gozali | |- | rowspan="2"|2011 | ''[[13 Cara Memanggil Setan]]'' | Guru | |- | ''[[Milli & Nathan]]'' | | |} === Sinetron === * ''[[Warkop DKI]]'' * ''[[Si Buta dari Goa Hantu (sinetron)|Si Buta dari Goa Hantu]]'' * ''[[Si Toloy Bocah Sakti]]'' * ''[[Tersanjung (sinetron)|Tersanjung]]'' * ''[[Mahkota Mayangkara]]'' * ''[[Siti Nurbaya]]'' * ''[[Wah Cantiknya]]'' * ''[[Titipan Ilahi]]'' * ''Maha Kasih'' * ''[[Anakku Bukan Anakku]]'' * ''[[Aku Bukan Untukmu (sinetron)|Aku Bukan Untukmu]]'' * ''[[Lia (sinetron)|Lia]]'' * ''[[Mister Olga]]'' == Rujuakan == ;Catatan kaki {{reflist}} ;Daftar pustaka {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Eneste | first = Pamusuk | year = 2001 | title = Bibliografi Sastra Indonesia | location = Magelang, Indonesia | publisher = Yayasan Indonesiatera | isbn = 978-979-9375-17-9 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=6hApcTtOsQMC | ref = harv }} {{refend}} == Pautan lua == * {{id}} [http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/d/damsyik/index.shtml Profil di situs web Tokoh Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217005135/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/d/damsyik/index.shtml |date=2007-12-17 }} * {{imdb nama|nama=H.I.M. Damsyik|id=0198994}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Damsyik}} [[Kategori:Semua orang yang sudah meninggal]] [[Kategori:Maningga umua 82]] [[Kategori:Pemeran laki-laki Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Seniman Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh perfilman Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Bandar Lampung]] [[Kategori:Panari Indonesia]] acse4mj6c7zwn6wuydlh9pv3t03b0h9 Novesar Jamarun 0 473193 3347753 3345639 2026-06-11T20:48:44Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Profesor|Prof.]] [[Doktor|Dr.]] | name = {{PAGENAME}} | native_name = <!--The person's name in their own language, if different.--> | native_name_lang = <!--ISO 639-1 code, e.g., "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} in |native_name= instead.--> | honorific_suffix = [[Magister|M.S.]] | image = Novesar Jamarun.jpg | image_size = | image_upright = | smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> | alt = | caption = | order = | office = Rektor [[Universitas Dharma Andalas]] | term_start = 13 Maret 2023 | term_end = | alongside = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)--> |predecessor = Prof. Dr. apt. Deddi Prima Putra{{br}}Dr. Dodi Devianto, S.Si., M.Sc. (Plt.) |successor = | office1 = Rektor [[Institut Seni Indonesia Padang Panjang]] | term_start1 = 14 Oktober 2014 | term_end1 = 22 Desember 2022 | alongside1 = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)--> | monarch1 = | president1 = |predecessor1 = Prof. Dr. Mahdi Bahar, M.Hum.{{br}}Herwan Fakhrizal, M.Hum. (Plt.) |successor1 = Dr. [[Febri Yulika]], S.Ag., M.Hum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2022/12/sesjen-kemendikbudristek-lantik-28-pejabat-tekankan-peningkatan-kualitas-layanan-pendidikan|title=Sesjen Kemendikbudristek Lantik 28 Pejabat, Tekankan Peningkatan Kualitas Layanan Pendidikan|date=22 Des 2022|website=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2023-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617192912/https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2022/12/sesjen-kemendikbudristek-lantik-28-pejabat-tekankan-peningkatan-kualitas-layanan-pendidikan|dead-url=no}}</ref> | pronunciation = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|5|6}} | birth_place = Silantai, [[Sumpur Kudus, Sijunjung|Sumpur Kudus]], [[Sijunjung]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | citizenship = | nationality = [[Indonesia]] | party = | otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations--> | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --> | spouse = | partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--> | relations = | children = | parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters --> | mother = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> Jamariah | father = <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> Jamarun | relatives = | residence = | education = | alma_mater = [[Universitas Andalas]]{{br}}[[Institut Teknologi Bandung]]{{br}}[[Universiti Sains Malaysia]] | occupation = [[Dosen]], [[pengajar]], [[akademisi]] | profession = | known_for = | salary = | net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --> | cabinet = | committees = | portfolio = | awards = <!-- For civilian awards - appears as "Awards" if |mawards= is not set --> | blank1 = | data1 = | blank2 = | data2 = | blank3 = | data3 = | blank4 = | data4 = | blank5 = | data5 = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = }} '''Novesar Jamarun''' ({{lahirmati|Silantai, [[Sumpur Kudus, Sijunjung|Sumpur Kudus]], [[Sijunjung]], [[Sumatera Barat]]|6|5|1962}}) adolah akademisi jo guru besar kimia Indonesia. Inyo manjabat sabagai Rektor [[Universitas Dharma Andalas]] pariode 2023–2027 sajak 13 Maret 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unidha.ac.id/prof-dr-novesar-jamarun-ms-resmi-dilantik-menjadi-rektor-unidha-2023-2027/a|title=Prof. Dr. Novesar Jamarun, MS Resmi Dilantik Menjadi Rektor UNIDHA 2023-2027 {{!}} Universitas Dharma Andalas|date=20 April 2021|website=unidha.ac.id|access-date=4 Desember 2024}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topsatu.com/wakil-rektor-ii-3-dekan-dan-wakil-dekan-universitas-dharma-andalas-dilantik-2/|title=Wakil Rektor II, 3 Dekan dan Wakil Dekan Universitas Dharma Andalas Dilantik -|last=rahmatzikri|date=2023-05-12|language=id|access-date=2024-01-04}}</ref> Sabalumnyo inyo manjabaik jabatan nan samo di [[Institut Seni Indonesia Padang Panjang]] duo pariode sajak 2014 hinggo 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isi-padangpanjang.ac.id/menteri-pendidikan-dan-kebudayaan-lantik-rektor-isi-padangpanjang/|title=Menteri Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan Lantik Rektor ISI Padangpanjang|last=UPT PUSINDOK SBM|date=15 Oktober 2014|website=ISI Padangpanjang|language=id-ID|access-date=4 Januari 2024|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721025101/https://www.isi-padangpanjang.ac.id/menteri-pendidikan-dan-kebudayaan-lantik-rektor-isi-padangpanjang/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.m.klikpositif.com/baca/43467/menristek-dikti-lantik-prof-novesar-jamarun-jadi-rektor-isi-padang-panjang|title=Menristek Dikti Lantik Prof Novesar Jamarun Jadi Rektor ISI Padang Panjang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504030339/http://news.m.klikpositif.com/baca/43467/menristek-dikti-lantik-prof-novesar-jamarun-jadi-rektor-isi-padang-panjang|archive-date=4 Mei 2019|dead-url=yes|access-date=6 Maret 2020}}</ref> Inyo pernah manjabat sabagai Pembantu Rektor III [[Universitas Andalas]] (Unand) peariode 2010—2014 jo Pembantu Rektor I Unand pariode 2006–2010.<ref name="langgam">{{Cite web|url=https://langgam.id/pilrek-unand-dua-kali-nyalon-novesar-jamarun-patok-unand-masuk-world-class-university/|title=Pilrek Unand: 2 Kali Nyalon, Novesar Jamarun Patok Unand Masuk World Class University|last=Faisal|first=Heri|date=2019-05-14|website=Langgam.id|language=id|access-date=2024-01-04}}</ref> Inyo juo marupokan guru besar Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (FMIPA) Universitas Andalas.<ref name="unand">{{Cite web|url=http://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-az--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gscx--fu--ir-9oUjk8y7f4590j65|title=Direktori Dosen Unand|website=dosen.unand.ac.id|access-date=2024-01-04|archive-date=2023-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401052852/http://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-az--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gscx--fu--ir-9oUjk8y7f4590j65|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Latar belakang jo pandidikan == Novesar Jamarun dilahiakan di Nagari Silantai, [[Sumpur Kudus, Sijunjung|Kecamatan Sumpur Kudus]], [[Kabupaten Sijunjung]] pado 6 Mei 1962. Inyo marupakan anak laki-laki dari pasangan Jamarun jo Jamariah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topsumbar.co.id/2020/03/cerita-dibalik-kesuksesan-rektor-insitut-seni-indonesia-novesar-jamarun/|title=Cerita Dibalik Kesuksesan Rektor Insitut Seni Indonesia Novesar Jamarun|last=Sumbar|first=Top|date=2020-03-01|website=Top Sumbar|language=id|access-date=2024-01-04}}</ref> Inyo manganyam pandidikan saklah dasar di SD Negeri I/38/VIII Sumpur Kudus (luluih 1974) jo pandidikan manangah di SMP Negeri Tanjung Ampalu (luluih 1977).<ref name="unand" /> Pado 1982, inyo bakuliah S1 Kimia di Universitas Andalas nan mandapekan gela Sarjana (Drs.) pado 1987. Inyo langsuang malanjuikan S2 Kimia Analisis di [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]] nan mandapekan gala Magister Sains (M.S) pado 1989. Kamudian pado 1996, inyo maambiak studi S3 Kimia Material di [[Universiti Sains Malaysia]] nan siap tu mandapekan gala Doktor pado 2001.<ref name="isi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isi-padangpanjang.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BIODATA-Rektor.pdf|title=Biodata Novesar Jamarun|website=isi-padangpanjang.ac.id|publisher=ISI Padang Panjang|access-date=4 Januari 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topsumbar.co.id/2020/03/cerita-dibalik-kesuksesan-rektor-insitut-seni-indonesia-novesar-jamarun/|title=Cerita Dibalik Kesuksesan Rektor Insitut Seni Indonesia Novesar Jamarun|last=Sumbar|first=Top|date=2020-03-01|website=Top Sumbar|language=id|access-date=2024-01-04}}</ref> == Karier == Novesar Jamarun tacatat manjabatik Ketua Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan [[Akademi Teknik Industri Padang]] (kini Politeknik ATI Padang) sajak 1995 hinggo 1997. Satalah tu nyo manjabaik Sekretaris Jurusan Kimia FMIPA Unand sajak 2000 hinggo 2003 jo kamudian manjadi Ketua Jurusan Kimia FMIPA Unand marangkok Ketua Prodi S2 jo S3 Kimia hinggo 2006. Salain tu, inyo juo manjabaik Ketua Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pertanian (STIPER) Sijunjung (kini bagabung ka dalam [[Universitas Negeri Padang]]) antaro 2005 jo 2006. Inyo juo manjadi Kapala Laboratorium Jasa Analisis FMIPA sajak 2003 hinggo 2010.<ref name="langgam" /> Pado 2006, Novesar ditunjuak manjadi Pembantu Rektor I Unand. Kamudian pado 2010, inyo ditunjuak manjadi Pembantu Rektor III Unand. Pado 2014, inyo tapiliah manjadi Rektor ISI Padang Panjang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isi-padangpanjang.ac.id/sejarah-isi/|title=Sejarah|date=2014-08-27|website=ISI Padangpanjang|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-01-04}}</ref> Satalah tu inyo baliak tapiliah terpilih pada 2018.<ref name="langgam" /> == Penghargaan == Novesar Jamarun sajak bakiprah sabagai akademisi tacatat babarapo kali mandapekan penghargaan, baiak dari temapeknyo maaja maupun dari lua kampus nyo maaja tu. Pado 2001, inyo mandapek penghargaan dari Unand sabagai Dosen Teladan II FMIPA kampus tu. Tigo tahun satalah tu inyo mandapekan Satyalancana Karya Satya X Tahun dari Presiden Republik Indonesia, iolah taun 2004. Satyalancana Karya Satya adolah tando kahormatan nan diagiah dek Pamarintah Republik Indonesia kapado Pagawai Negeri Sipil nan alah malaksanakan tugasnyo jo caro manunjuakan kasetiaan, pangabdian, kacakapan, kajujuran, kadisiplinan, sarato alah bakarajo taruih-manaruih dalam jangka wakatu tatantu. Satyalancana Karya Satya X Tahun artinyo Novesar Jamarun alah mangabdi sabagai Pagawai Negeri Sipil salamo 10 tahun.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://jdihn.go.id/files/4/1959pp031.pdf|title=Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 1959 tentang Tanda Kehormatan Satyalancana Karya Satya|website=Jaringan Dokumentasi dan Informasi Hukum Nasional|access-date=4 Januari 2024|archive-date=2022-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130003045/https://jdihn.go.id/files/4/1959pp031.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.setneg.go.id/_multimedia/document/20171031/17291729s7._satyalancana_karya_satya.pdf|title=Satyalancana Karya Satya|last=Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia|website=Kementerian Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia|access-date=4 Januari 2024}}</ref> Kamudian 13 taun kamudian atau pado 2017, inyo mandapekan Satyalancana Karya Satya XX Tahun dari Presiden Republik Indonesia.<ref name="isi" /> Pado 2016, Novesar Jamarun mandapekan medali dari International Association of Advanced Materials, iolah sabuah organisasi penelitian ilmiah internasional nirlaba terkenal nan aktif di dunia material canggih. == Tulisan == Novesar Jamarun sangaik aktiv manulis tentang kimia material yang marupoan fokus studinyo sabagai pangaja di kampus. Babarapo jurnal yang inyo tulis dapek diakses sacaro gratis di Google Scholar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.id/citations?user=cWmiL_AAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Prof. Dr. H. Novesar Jamarun, MS.|website=scholar.google.co.id|access-date=2024-01-04}}</ref> Babarapo diantaronyo adolah ''Facile synthesis of hydroxyapatite particles from cockle shells (Anadaragranosa) by hydrothermal method; Microstructural analysis and optical properties of nanocrystalline cerium oxides synthesized by precipitation method; Corrosion Inhibitor of Mild Steel by Polar Extract of Theobroma cacao Peels in Hydrochloric Acid Solution; Synthesis of zeolite-X from rice husk silica and aluminum metal as a catalyst for transesterification of palm oil;'' jo ''Effect of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on fermentability, microbial population and digestibility of low quality roughage in vitro.<ref name=":0" />'' == Pranala luar == * {{Instagram|novesar62}} == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Sumatera Barat]] 7vzcuqqchzod70rw1xfgzyf9os9zcxw Junas Miradiarsyah 0 473215 3347744 3162594 2026-06-11T15:30:43Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Junas Miradiarsyah''' ({{Lahiamati|[[Jakarta]]|11|6|1980}}) adolah surang profesional mudo [[Indonesia]]. Pado 24 Juli 2019, inyo mandapek kapicayoan sabagai [[Liga Bola Basket Indonesia|Direktur Utama Liga Bola Basket Indonesia]], jo [[Liga Mahasiswa|Direktur Utamo Liga Mahasiswa]] di bawah bendera [[Mahakax|Mahaka Group]].<ref name="IBL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/990144/junas-miradiarsyah-gantikan-hasan-gozali-jabat-dirut-ibl|title=Junas Miradiarsyah gantikan Hasan Gozali jabat Dirut IBL|last=Galiartha|first=Gilang|date=2019-08-02|website=Antara News|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://iblindonesia.com/news/perubahan-manajemen-ibl|title=Perubahan Manajemen IBL|date=2019-08-02|website=iblindonesia.com|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref> Pado maso nan talah jauah inyo pernah manjabat sabagai Chief Operating Officer dari '''''[[Mahakax|Mahaka Sports Group]]'''''.<ref name="LinkedIn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/junas-miradiarsyah-99525221/|title=Halaman LinkedIn Junas Miradiarsyah|last=|first=|date=|website=LinkedIn|publisher=|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref> Junas, juo marupokan bagian dalam mancapai kasuksesannyo dalam acara akbar [[Alek Olahraga Asia 2018|Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018]] sabagai Staff Khusus Presiden Komite Panamunan Asian Games Indonesia (INASGOC).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/asiangames2018/511138-junas-miradiarsyah-sosok-dibalik-sukses-asian-games-2018.html|title=Junas Miradiarsyah, Generasi Milenial Dibalik Sukses Asian Games 2018|last=Rahman Cahyadi|first=Iman|date=2018-09-18|website=Berita Satu.com|publisher=Berita Satu|access-date=2024-01-06|archive-date=2019-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331204350/https://www.beritasatu.com/asiangames2018/511138-junas-miradiarsyah-sosok-dibalik-sukses-asian-games-2018.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Salain itu, salamo sajarah karirnyo, Junas pernah dinobatkan sabagai GM, General Manager, nan mudo dalam sajarah [[Prambors]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://nova.grid.id/read/05486209/junas-miradiarsyah-sukses-beradaptasi-di-tiga-generasi-1|title=Junas Miradiarsyah Sukses Beradaptasi Di Tiga Generasi (1) - Semua Halaman - Nova|website=nova.grid.id|language=id|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref> Dalam karir basketbolnyo, inyo juo manyatokan pamain gadang sabagai Ketua Panitia FIBA Asia Cup 2022 nan marupoan kaduo kalinyo di Indonesia, sarato sabagai Sekretaris Jenderal pado pamain Championship Dunia Basketbol (FIBA World Cup 2023).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://sports.sindonews.com/read/1192995/51/indonesia-banjir-pujian-usai-sukses-gelar-fiba-world-cup-2023-1693818552|title=Indonesia Banjir Pujian usai Sukses Gelar FIBA World Cup 2023|last=Gazza Roosaryatama|first=Muhammad|date=2023-09-04|website=SINDOnews Sports|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Gelino|first=Gregorius|date=2023-09-02|title=Penyelenggaraan FIBA World Cup 2023 Tunjang Perkembangan IBL|url=https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/KYVCJ3Od-penyelenggaraan-fiba-world-cup-2023-tunjang-perkembangan-ibl|work=Metro TV|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kemenpora.go.id/detail/3987/tonton-tes-even-fiba-world-cup-2023-menpora-dito-optimis-basket-tanah-air-akan-bangkit|title=Tonton Tes Even FIBA World Cup 2023, Menpora Dito Optimis Basket Tanah Air Akan Bangkit|last=|first=|date=2020-07-23|website=KEMENPORA|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref> == Karir jo aktifitas == Sasudah kuliah di jurusan [[Hubungan internasional]] (HI), [[Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Religio)|Universitas Moestopo]] pado taun 2002, Junas mulai karir di Sport Magazine jo posisi sabagai staf promosi dari bulan Mei 2002 sampai bulan September 2004. Kariernyo kamudian balanjuik ka [[Prambors]] pado Oktober 2004, dan ditempatkan di divisi promosi.<ref name=":5" /> Di grup [[Prambors]], inyo mandapek kepercayaan baru sabagai promotion manager dari Juni 2006 sampai Desember 2009 untuak tigo radio, iyolah Prambors , [[Delta]] , jo [[Radio FeMale|FeMale]], nan digabuang dalam ciek grup usaha namun bauperasi dalam segmen nan balain.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaya.tempo.co/read/233967/hampir-empat-dasawarsa-radio-prambors-mengudara|title=Hampir Empat Dasawarsa Radio Prambors Mengudara|last=P.|first=Hadriani|date=2010-03-19|website=Tempo|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref> Tigo radio iko mampunyoi tingga panarimo surang-surang. [[Prambors]] punyo pandangar nan umua 15-25 taun. [[Delta]] punyo segmen pandangar jo umur 35 tahun jo labiah jo [[Radio FeMale|FeMale]] jo umur 25 - 35 tahun, di mano iko mambuek tantangannyo untuak inyo.<ref name=":5" /> Jikok mangecek di [[Prambors]], inyo musti mangecek jo gaya mudo. Kutiko inyo basuwo jo pandangaronyo, inyo biasonyo mangecek jo Ibu-ibu barisan, jo acara khususnyo, [[Radio FeMale|FeMale]] Business Club. Dan jo pandangar [[Delta]] labiah ka arah managerial.<ref name=":5" /> Pado bulan Desember 2009 sampai Oktober 2011, masih di radio [[Prambors]], inyo diyakini sabagai General Manager (GM), sabuah jabatan puncak di radio Pramors.<ref name=":5" /> Di umua nan baru bajalan 29 tahun, inyo manjadi GM mudo dalam sajarah [[Prambors]].<ref name="LinkedIn" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://gaya.tempo.co/read/233967/hampir-empat-dasawarsa-radio-prambors-mengudara|title=Hampir Empat Dasawarsa Radio Prambors Mengudara|date=2010-03-19|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref><ref name="thejakartapost.com">[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/07/radio-streaming-future.html "Radio: streaming into the future"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331220053/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/07/radio-streaming-future.html |date=2019-03-31 }} ''[[The Jakarta Post]]'', 07 Desember 2011. Diakses 2024-01-06.</ref> Dalam panobatan 100 Young Talent Inc. versi majalah [[SWA]] pado taun 2010, Junas adolah salah surang nan hak untuak manggambarkan judul tasabuik.<ref name=":6" /> Salain itu, palatiahan nan pernah ditampa dek inyo antaro lain dari ''Rolling Stone Editor's Award'' untuak inovasi program radio [[Prambors]], pangajén Inovasi Program malalui gerakan "''"Hits Without Violence"''" pado taun 2013 dan ditarimo sacaro serentak di 8 kota gadang di [[Indonesia]] sampai mandapek perhatian jo apresiasi dari [[MURI]].<ref name=":0" /> Gerakan iko diulah jo tujuan untuak mamuatkan anak-anak mudo [[Indonesia]] untuak berani malakuan babarapo tindakan positif nan dapek dimulai dari diri surang, sarupo malawan kekerasan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swa.co.id/swa/trends/marketing/rayakan-ultah-prambors-ajak-12-ribu-anak-muda-joget-harlem-shake|title=Rayakan Ultah, Prambors Ajak 12 Ribu Anak Muda Joget Harlem Shake|last=Intana|first=Lila|date=2013-03-18|website=SWA.co.id|publisher=SWA.co.id|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref> Pado bulan November 2011 inyo dijamin sabagai Integrated Promotion Manager [[Prambors]] jo Delta FM Network. Pajabat iko diranjangannyo sampai November 2013, di mana kamudian, inyo mulai karir baru di grup [[Mahakasi media|Mahaka]], nan tagolong [[Erick Thohir]].<ref name="LinkedIn" /> == Komite Panyalanggaroan Asian Games Indonesia (INASGOC) == Pado taun 2018, inyo mandapek tugas gadang, dek bantuak persiapan [[Alek Olahraga Asia 2018|Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018]] dalam kaadaan Komite Panamukan Olahraga Asia Indonesia ([[Alek Olahraga Asia 2018|INASGOC]]) sabagai Staf Khusus Presiden INASGOC. Sebagai staf khusus, inyo mampunyoi tugas jo tanggung jawab untuak mangaluwakan saluruah bidang karajo panitia dalam manandam acara olahraga di bamacam-macam cabang, paliang gadang di [[Asia]], [[Alek Olahraga Asia 2018|Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018]].<ref name=":0" /> == [[:id:Piala_Dunia_Bola_Basket_FIBA_2023|Piala Dunia Bola Basket FIBA 2023]] == Pado taun 2023, Junas ditunjuk sabagai Sekretaris Jenderal LOC Piala Dunia Basketbola FIBA 2023 nan untuak partamo kalinyo dalam sijarah, diadokan di tigo nagara, [[Indonesia]], [[Japang]] jo [[Filipina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/sport/2023/08/24/junas-miradiarsyah-sebut-seluruh-peserta-takjub-fiba-world-cup-2023-pada-fasilitas-indonesia-arena|title=Junas Miradiarsyah Sebut Seluruh Peserta Takjub FIBA World Cup 2023 pada Fasilitas Indonesia Arena|last=Majid|first=Abdul|date=2023-10-20|website=Tribunnews.com|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bola.com/ragam/read/5328822/junas-miradiarsyah-bicara-tantangan-indonesia-jadi-tuan-rumah-piala-dunia-fiba-2023|title=Junas Miradiarsyah Bicara Tantangan Indonesia Jadi Tuan Rumah Piala Dunia FIBA 2023|last=Harahap|first=Zulfirdaus|date=2023-06-25|website=bola.com|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref> Acara iko tajadi pado tanggal 25 Agustus - 10 September 2023, dan di Indonesia, tajadi di [[Arena Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport.detik.com/basket/d-5217739/sambangi-fiba-erick-thohir-lapor-kesiapan-timnas-dan-piala-dunia-2023|title=Sambangi FIBA, Erick Thohir Lapor Kesiapan Timnas dan Piala Dunia 2023|last=Raya|first=Mercy|date=2020-10-17|website=detiksport|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Satumbaga|first=Kristel|date=11 Mei 2020|title=Dates set for 2023 World Cup|url=https://sports.mb.com.ph/2020/05/11/dates-set-for-2023-fiba-world-cup/|work=Manila Bulletin|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913085320/https://sports.mb.com.ph/2020/05/11/dates-set-for-2023-fiba-world-cup/|archive-date=13 September 2020|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref> Acara iko diikuti dek 32 tim dari 5 konfederasi, di mano dalam kasempatan iko tim [[Jerman]] marupoan pacuang nan partamo, diikuti dek [[Serbia]], [[Kanada]] jo [[Amerika Sarikat|Amerika Serikat]] sabagai juara ka ampek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2023/news/game-report-germany-v-serbia|title=Schroder delivers, Germany win the World Cup|date=10 September 2023|publisher=FIBA|language=en|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2023/news/game-report-usa-v-canada|title=Overtime drama: Canada win bronze after a Bridges miracle|date=10 September 2023|publisher=FIBA|language=en|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref> Pesta Olahraga Bola Basket Dunia iko manuai banyak pujian, khususnya dari Frank Leenders sabagai Director General FIBA Media dan Marketing, khususnya tantang kasadiaan nan luar biasa jo organisasinyo nan hebat, sahinggo diucapkan baso Indonesia alah manantukan standar baru nan baiak untuak acara kelas iko.<ref name=":2" /> Dalam ajang iko Junas jo tim Liga Basket Indonesia banyak mandapek palajaran nan baharga, untuak mangorganisirakan acara senada nan bateh nasional bahkan internasional, labiah dalam panyelenggaraannyo kali iko manuai banyak pujian dari [[Federasi Bola Basket Internasional]] dunia.<ref name=":3" /> Panggaraan nan pantiang iko didukung dek pangalaman dalam simulasi panyalanggaran Bola Basket Dunia nan diadokan jauh sabalunnyo dan didukung sacaro langsung dek [[Kamentrian Pemuda jo Olahraga Republik Indonesia]].<ref name=":4" /> == Rujuakan == pli0e6uanrv949zbvnguk32fhlsnb7d Iwan Tirta 0 473225 3347739 3149487 2026-06-11T15:03:43Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Iwan Tirta | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|4|18}} | birth_place = {{Flagicon|Belanda}} [[Kabupaten Blora|Blora]], [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Hindia Balando]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|7|31|1935|4|18}} | death_place = {{Flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] | nationality = [[Indonesia]] | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = [[Parancang busana]] }} '''Iwan Tirta''' ({{lahirmati||18|4|1935||31|7|2010}}) adolah saurang [[parancang busana]] [[batiak]] [[Indonesia]]. Iwan awalnyo dididiak untuak manjadi saurang pangacara, tapi akhianyo inyo manjadi parancang nan tanamo di dunia internasional. Inyo dianggap sabagai urang partamo nan mamulai kabangkitan desain batiak pado taun 1970-an jo 1980-an.<ref name="jp">{{cite news|first=Bruce|last=Emond|title=Iwan Tirta, a man of many talents|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/01/iwan-tirta-a-man-many-talents.html|work=[[Jakarta Post]]|date=1 Agustus 2010|access-date=9 Januari 2024|language=en|archive-date=2024-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906210614/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/01/iwan-tirta-a-man-many-talents.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Salain sabagai parancang, inyo dikana juo sabagai advokat budayo Indonesia jo [[Suku Jawa|Jawa]], sarato pangamat kuliner. ==Biografi== ===Kahidupan awal=== Iwan Tirta lahia jo namo Nusjirwan Tirtaamidjaja pado tanggal 18 April 1935 di [[Blora]], [[Jawa Tengah]]. Iwan adolah anak paliang ketek di kaluarganyo, inyo punyo tigo kakak padusi. Apaknyo, [[Mohamad Husein Tirtaamidjaja]], adolah saurang hakim di [[Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia]] dari taun 1950 sampai 1958, sadangkan amaknyo badarah [[Suku Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] nan barasa dari [[Sumatra Barat]].<ref name=jp/><ref>{{cite web |title=Iwan Tirta Meninggal Karena Sakit|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/214237/iwan-tirta-meninggal-karena-sakit|work=[[Antara|Antara]] |website=Antaranews.com|date=31 Juli 2010 |access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> Iwan awalnyo nio manjadi diplomat katiko ketek, tapi apaknyo manyuruahnyo untuak baraja [[hukum]]. Iwan mandapek gala sarjana hukum dari [[Universitas Indonesia]] pado taun 1958. Inyo manjadi dosen hukum internasional satalah lulus. Iwan kamudian pindah ka [[Inggirih]] untuak manaruihan pandidikannyo di [[London School of Economics]] jo [[School of Oriental and African Studies]].<ref name=bp>{{cite news |title=Top batik Fashion Designer Iwan Tirta dies |url=http://issuu.com/epaper-kmb/docs/bpi_02082010|work=[[Antara]] |publisher=[[Bali Post]] hlm. 7 |date=2 Agustus 2010 |access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> Inyo mandapek beasiswa Adlai Stevenson Fellowship untuak baraja di [[Yale Law School]] di [[Connecticut]] pado taun 1964. Iwan kamudian pindah ka [[New York City]] satalah manyalasaian gala sarjana di bidang hukum pado taun 1965. Di sinan, inyo bakarajo di markas besar [[PBB]] salamo babarapo taun.<ref name=jp/> === Desain batiak === Iwan babaliak ka Indonesia dari New York City pado taun 1970.<ref name=time>{{cite news |first=Jason|last=Tedjasukmana |title=Iwan Tirta's Short List |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1927138,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006072127/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1927138,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 Oktober 2009 |language=en|work=[[Time Magazine]] |date=12 Oktober 2009|access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> Bukannyo mamanfaatkan gala sarjananyo untuak bakarajo di bidang hukum, inyo malah mamulai kariernyo sabagai parancang busana, nan mamanfaatkan kain [[batiak]] tradisional buatan tangan. Inyo mulai mampalajari desain, motif, jo proses pambuatan batiak.<ref name=jp/> Iwan manulih sajumlah buku tanamo manganai batiak. Sabagai urang partamo nan mamopulerkan batiak, desain inyo mandapek paratian, baiak di Indonesia maupun internasional. Inyo marancang pakaian batiak untuak Presiden Amerika Sarikek [[Ronald Reagan]] jo ibu negara Nancy Reagan katiko bakunjuang ka Indonesia pado taun 1980-an. Karya Iwan mandapek pangakuan dunia pado taun 1994 katiko inyo mandesain kameja batiak nan dipakai dek pamimpin dunia pado KTT Kerjasama Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik di [[Bogor]], Indonesia. Salah saurang kliennyo manuruiknyo adolah [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref name=antara>{{cite news |title=A tribute to Iwan Tirta's legacy|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/07/28/a-tribute-iwan-tirta-s-legacy.html|work=[[Jakarta Post]] |date=28 Juli 2013 |access-date=9 Januari 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name=jakartaglobe>{{cite news|first=Sylviana|last=Hamdani|title=Get Back to Batiks With Iwan Tirta's Tableware|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/get-back-to-batiks-with-iwan-tirtas-tableware/359635|work=[[Jakarta Globe]]|date=19 Februari 2010|access-date=9 Januari 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725155604/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/get-back-to-batiks-with-iwan-tirtas-tableware/359635|archive-date=25 Juli 2010}}</ref> Inyo dikana sabagai urang nan mampromosian batiak ka industri mode internasional, tamasuak ka majalah-majalah jo [[paragaan busana]].<ref name=time/> Maskipun baitu, Iwan mangkritik kabangkitan batiak pado abad ke-21. Inyo amek kritis tahadap pangusaho batiak cap nan mamproduksi batiak sacaro massal, bukannyo dibuek jo tangan.<ref name=jp/> Iwan mangambangkan usahonyo dari pakaian batiak ka produk batiak lainnyo pado taun-taun tarakhia hiduiknyo. Inyo mamparkenalkan produk karamik jo paralatan perak nan dihieh jo motif batiak tradisional.<ref name=jp/> Iwan bakarajo pulo sabagai konsultan jo pangamat kuliner untuak restoran-restoran kelas ateh di Indonesia.<ref name=jp2>{{cite news|title=Mataguru: A tribute to batik maestro Iwan Tirta|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/12/12/mataguru-a-tribute-to-batik-maestro-iwan-tirta.html.|work=[[Jakarta Post]]|date=12 Desember 2019|access-date=9 Januari 2024|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pado taun 2007, Iwan bakarajo samo jo Lydia Kusuma Hendra, katua parusahaan karamik PT. Tri Marga Jaya Hutama untuak maluncuaan PT. Pusaka Iwan Tirta, janamo paralatan makan karamik nan tarinspirasi dari batiak. Merek karamik tu diagiah namo Pusaka Maha Karya, nan tabagi manjadi duo koleksi, yaitu Hokokai jo Modang. Koleksi Hokokai tarinspirasi dari batiak Hokokai, bantuak batiak nan diciptaan pado awal taun 1940-an pado maso panduduakan [[Japang]], nan dibuek dek palukis dari [[Pekalongan]], [[Jawa Tengah]], sadangkan koleksi Modang tarinspirasi dari motif batiak nan dipakai dek kaluarga [[Kasultanan Yogyakarta]].<ref name=jakartaglobe/> Dalam wawancara pado taun 2009 jo Majalah ''Time'', Iwan manyabuik urang-urang nan bapangaruah bagi inyo, tamasuak [[Pakubuwono X]] jo sajumlah bangsawan Jawa lainnyo, novelis [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]], palukis [[Raden Saleh]] jo [[Srihadi]], [[Yves Saint Laurent (parancang)|Yves Saint Laurent]], [[Halston]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], sarato [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]].<ref name=time/> ===Kamatian=== Iwan Tirta maningga dunia pado tanggal 31 Juli 2010 di Rumah Sakit Abdi Waluyo di [[Menteng]], [[Jakarta Pusat]], pado umua 75 taun.<ref name=jp/><ref name=bp/> Inyo mangidap diabetes jo stroke bataun-taun sabalumnyo.<ref name=jp2/> Inyo dikubuan di TPU Karet Bivak, Jakarta, di sabalah kubua ibunyo.<ref name=bp/> Mamparingati 1.000 hari kamatiannyo pado taun 2013, panghormatan diadokan untuak manganang inyo, di antaronyo mamamerkan koleksi seni instalasi bajudul Hasta Brata di Senayan City, nan diadokan dek PT. Iwan Tirta.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://swa.co.id/swa/business-strategy/misi-bangun-luxurious-batik-house-ekspansi-ritel-iwan-tirta-tak-tergesa|title= Misi Bangun Luxurious Batik House, Ekspansi Ritel Iwan Tirta Tak Tergesa|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=4 Juni 2013 |website=swa.co.id |publisher= |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *[http://www.iwantirtabatik.com/ Iwan Tirta batik, situs remi] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tirta, Iwan}} [[Kategori:Parancang busana Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Jawa Tengah]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Jawa]] 4owotj4rxdch695bu5vhpl7b1uoh7jq Tifatul Sembiring 0 473230 3347779 3152360 2026-06-12T03:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Tifatul Sembiring |image = Tifatul-sembiring.jpg |imagesize = 180 px |caption = |office = Anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia]] |term_start = 1 October 2014 |term_start1 = 1 October 2009 |term_end1 = 22 October 2009 |constituency1 = North Sumatra I |office2 = [[Minister of Communication and Information of Indonesia]] |order2 = |term_start2 = 22 October 2009 |term_end2 =1 October 2014 |president2 = [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] |predecessor2 = [[Muhammad Nuh]] |successor2 =[[Rudiantara]] |office3 = President of [[Prosperous Justice Party]] |order3 = |term_start3 = 11 October 2004 |term_end3 = 22 October 2009 |president3= |predecessor3 = [[Hidayat Nur Wahid]] |successor3 = [[Luthfi Hasan Ishaaq]] |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|9|28|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Bukittinggi]], [[Sumatra Barat]], [[Indonesia]] |death_date = |death_place = |nationality = Indonesia |party = [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]] |spouse = Sri Rahayu |relations = |children = 7 |alma_mater = |occupation = |profession = |signature = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Tifatul Sembiring''' ({{lahirmati|Bukittinggi|2|9|1961}}) adolah saurang politikus [[Indonesia]]. Inyo marupokan mantan katua [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]] jo Mantari Komunikasi jo Informatika pado [[Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu]]. == Biografi == === Kahidupan jo kaluarga === Ayahnyo adolah katurunan [[Suku Karo|Karo]] bamarga Sembiring nan pindah ka [[Bukittinggi]]. Di sinan inyo manikah jo saurang padusi [[Suku Minangkabau|Minangkabau]].<ref name=merdeka>{{cite web |url=https://www.merdeka.com/tifatul-sembiring |title=Profil Tifatul Sembiring |last= |first= |date= |website=merdeka.com |publisher= |access-date=9 Januari 2024|quote=}}</ref> Tifatul adolah saurang datuak di kampuangnyo di Guguak Tabek Sarojo, [[Kabupaten Agam]], Sumatra Barat, nan bagala Datuak Tumangguang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/132515-tifatul-diangkat-datuk-di-minangkabau|title=Tifatul Diangkat Datuk di Minangkabau |last= |first= |date= 27 Februari 2010|website=viva.co.id |publisher= |access-date=9 Januari 2024|quote=}}</ref> Inyo manikah jo Sri Rahayu, nan dikaruniai tujuah urang anak, yaitu Sabriana, Fathan, Ibrahim, Yusuf, Fatimah, Muhammad jo Abdurrahman Sembiring.<ref name=merdeka/> === Pandidikan === Tifatul mandapek gala sarjana teknik komputer dari Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Manajemen Informatika dan Komputer (STI&K) Jakarta, sarato manjadi aktivis di sajumlah organisasi Islam samanjak bakuliah, contohnyo di Pelajar Islam Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tokoh.id/tokoh/ensiklopedi/tifatul-sembiring/|title=Tifatul Sembiring; Ensiklopedi Tokoh Indonesia |last= |first= |date= |website=tokoh.id |publisher= |access-date=9 Januari 2024|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title= United Indonesia Cabinet 2009-2014|newspaper= [[The Jakarta Post]]|date= 22 Oktober 2009|page= 3|url= https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/10/22/united-indonesia-cabinet-20092014.html|access-date= 9 Januari 2024|language= en|archive-date= 2025-07-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250709185010/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/10/22/united-indonesia-cabinet-20092014.html|dead-url= yes}}</ref> === Karier === Sabalum tajun ka politik, Tifatul sampek bakarajo sabagai karyawan [[PLN]] di bagian telekomunikasi jo pemrosesan data. Salain tu, inyo mamiliki usaho panarbitan banamo Asahuddin Pres., nan manjabek sabagai direktur sakaligus panulis. Pado taun 2004, inyo diangkek sabagai katua [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]]. Pado taun 2009, inyo ditunjuak dek Presiden [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] sabagai Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika pado Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu. Inyo mangundurkan diri sabagai Menkominfo pado tanggal 30 September 2014.<ref name=merdeka/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2014/09/140930_indonesia_tifatul_mundur |title=Tifatul lepaskan jabatan Menkominfo |last= |first= |date=30 September 2014 |website=bbc.com |publisher= |access-date=9 Januari 2024|quote=}}</ref> Tifatul alah tigo kali tapiliah sabagai anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, nan partamo pado pamilu 2009 mawakili daerah pemilihan Sumatera Utara I. Inyo tapiliah baliak pado taun 2014 mawakili dapil nan samo, jo sakali lai tapiliah pado taun 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tifatul Sembiring, Mantan Menteri yang Kembali Menjadi Caleg di Pemilihan Umum 2019 |url=https://kumparan.com/berita-caleg/tifatul-sembiring-mantan-menteri-yang-kembali-menjadi-caleg-di-pemilihan-umum-2019-1543998060313658930 |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |work=Kumparan |date=5 Desember 2018 |language=}}</ref> Pado pamilu legislatif 2019, Tifatul manjabek sabagai Katua Fraksi Partai Keadilan Sejahtera.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudah Dilobi Golkar dan Gerindra, PKS Belum Tentukan Dukungan Calon Ketua MPR |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/10/03/11380691/sudah-dilobi-golkar-dan-gerindra-pks-belum-tentukan-dukungan-calon-ketua-mpr |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |website=kompas.com |date=3 Oktober 2019 |language=}}</ref> == Kontroversi == Pado taun 2009, inyo menyalahan tindakan idak bamoral sabagai panyabek tajadinyo [[Gampo bumi Sumatra 2009|gampo bumi jo bancano alam lainnyo]]. Katiko maagiah caramah ka jamaah salat Jumek di Padang, Tifatul mangatokan "banyak program televisi yang merusak akhlak. Oleh karena itu, bencana alam akan terus terjadi."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8384827.stm|title=Indonesia minister says immorality causes disasters|access-date=9 Januari 2024 |website=bbc.co.uk |date=28 November 2009 |language=en}}</ref> Kainginannyo untuak manyariang konten negatif di internet mandapek panantangan sacaro malueh. Langkah iko samakin mangamuko samanjak munculnyo skandal seks artis [[Nazril Irham|Ariel]], nan sacaro kontroversial dikaitkannyo jo panyaliban [[Yesus Kristus]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Para Tokoh Desak Tifatul Minta Maaf |url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/257254/para-tokoh-desak-tifatul-minta-maaf|access-date=9 Januari 2024 |website=tempo.co |date=21 Juni 2010 2019 |language=}}</ref> Langkah Tifatul untuak manyariang konten di internet didukuang dek presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, nan kamudian malahiakan program "Internet Positif" nan kontroversial.<ref name=liputan6>{{cite news |url=https://www.liputan6.com/tekno/read/2090934/5-aksi-kontroversial-tifatul-sembiring-di-twitter|title=5 Aksi Kontroversial Tifatul Sembiring di Twitter|access-date=9 Januari 2024 |website=liputan6.com |date=14 Agustus 2014 |language=en}}</ref> Pado bulan Mei 2014, Kemenkominfo manyatokan akan mamblokir situs babagi video, [[Vimeo]]. Di Twitter, Tifatul manulih bahwasonyo inyo alah manghubuangi Vimeo takaik pamblokiran iko. Manganai alasan pamblokiran, Tifatul mangklaim kalau manuruik laporan, Vimeo sacaro eksplisit banyak barisi konten pornografi.<ref name=liputan6/> Inyo juo mangaikkan pornografi jo [[HIV/AIDS]], mangatokan bahwasonyo panyakik tu disabekan dek kaum homoseksual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tekno.tempo.co/read/281743/tweet-tifatul-soal-aids-jadi-perbincangan-di-twitter |title=Tweet Tifatul Soal AIDS Jadi Perbincangan di Twitter |last= |first= |date=30 September 2010 |website=tempo.co |publisher= |access-date=9 Januari 2024|quote=}}</ref> Inyo dikritik pulo karano mangutip parkataan [[Adolf Hitler]] di akun Twitternyo, mamposting "Pertemuan antara dua anak manusia, kemudian keduanya saling melengkapi, ini adalah sebuah keajaiban - Adolf Hitler".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/04/09/tifatul-quotes-adolf-hitler-twitter.html |title=Tifatul quotes Adolf Hitler on Twitter |last= |first= |date=9 April 2010 |website=thejakartapost.com |publisher= |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003031329/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/04/09/tifatul-quotes-adolf-hitler-twitter.html |dead-url=yes |archivedate=3 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003031329/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/04/09/tifatul-quotes-adolf-hitler-twitter.html |deadurl= }}</ref> Karagu-raguannyo dalam mangutuak panculikan 276 padusi dek kalompok teroris [[Boko Haram]] di [[Nigeria]] manuai kritik jo manimbulkan partanyaan tantang kakompetenannyo untuak manjabek sabagai menteri.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/04/09/tifatul-quotes-adolf-hitler-twitter.html |title=Soal Boko Haram, Tifatul Sembiring Dihujat Tweeple |last= |first= |date=12 Mei 2014 |website=liputan6.com |publisher= |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |language= |archive-date=2014-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003031329/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/04/09/tifatul-quotes-adolf-hitler-twitter.html |dead-url=yes |archivedate=2014-10-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003031329/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/04/09/tifatul-quotes-adolf-hitler-twitter.html |deadurl= }}</ref> ==Rujuakan== <references/> {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Nuh]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika|years=2009–2014}} {{s-aft|after=[[Rudiantara]]}} {{s-ppo}} {{succession box | title = Ketua [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]] | before = [[Hidayat Nur Wahid]] | after = [[Luthfi Hasan Ishaaq]] | years = 2004–2009 }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sembiring, Tifatul}} [[Kategori:Politikus Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Bukittinggi]] [[Kategori:Menteri Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Batak]] h9gujh918pzcw0m4t1bjxxsw2p6qaix Sherina Munaf 0 473253 3347765 3159642 2026-06-12T01:31:11Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang }} '''Sinna Sherina Munaf''' ({{lahirmati|[[Banduang]], [[Jawa Barat]]|11|6|1990}}) adolah saurang panyanyi, panulih lagu, komposer, jo pemeran Indonesia katurunan [[Suku Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]. Inyo adolah anak padusi dari musikus jo politikus Indonesia, [[Triawan Munaf]], sakaligus kamanakan dari panyanyi [[Fariz RM|Fariz Rustam Munaf]]. ==Biografi == Sinna Sherina Munaf lahia pada tanggal 11 Juni 1990,<ref>{{cite news|date=February 2013|title=Biogafi Sherina Munaf – Singer and Multitalented Artist|work=Biografi Tokoh|url=http://www.biografi-tokoh.com/2013/02/biografi-sherina-munaf-penyanyi-dan.html|url-status=dead|access-date=9 Januari 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190506/http://www.biografi-tokoh.com/2013/02/biografi-sherina-munaf-penyanyi-dan.html|archive-date=October 29, 2013}}</ref> anak kaduo dari pasangan [[Triawan Munaf]] nan badarah Minangkabau jo Luki Ariani nan badarah [[Suku Sunda|Sunda]]. Katiko ketek, inyo alah manyukoi malukih jo manyanyi. Urang tuonyo mamasuakannyo ka sakolah manyanyi punyo Elfa Secioria. Pado taun 1997, inyo manjuarai lomba karaoke di [[Jakarta]], diikuiki dek kamanangannyo nan kaduo pado taun 1998.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 29, 2008|title=Sherina on High End Teen|work=[[Blogger (service)|Blogger]]|url=http://indonesianheartthrob.blogspot.com/2008/05/sherina-on-high-end-teen.html|access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=January 8, 2011|title=Renowned musician Elfa Secioria dies at 51|work=[[Jakarta Post]]|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/08/renowned-musician-elfa-secioria-dies-51.html|url-status=dead|access-date=9 Januari 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210171910/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/08/renowned-musician-elfa-secioria-dies-51.html|archive-date=February 10, 2011}}</ref> Pado taun 1999, katiko baumua sambilan taun, Sherina maluncuan album partamonyo bajudul ''[[Andai Aku Besar Nanti]]'' di bawah label Ceepee Productions punyo [[Tantowi Yahya]]. Album iko maraih sertifikat Platinum, tajua labiah dari 250.000 kapiang jo mamanangkan duo [[Anugerah Musik Indonesia]] kategori Lagu Anak Terbaik jo Album Anak Terbaik. Pado taun 2000, apak Sherina, Triawan Munaf, bakolaborasi jo [[Mira Lesmana]] untuak mamproduksi film ''[[Petualangan Sherina]]'' nan disutradarai dek [[Riri Riza]].<ref>{{cite news|date=June 20, 2010|title=Stay on the right track|work=[[The Jakarta Post]]|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/06/20/stay-right-track.html|access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> Film iko dirilis sacaro lueh di bioskop di Indonesia. Lagu-lagu dalam film ''Petualangan Sherina'' juo laris di pasa. Manuruik parusahaan rekaman Ceepee Productions, album tu maraih Platinum pado akhir Agustus, jo panjualan labiah dari 200.000 kapiang, nan pandapatannyo kiro-kiro $387.000.<ref>{{cite news |title=A redefining year for Indonesian cinema |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/12/22/a-redefining-year-indonesian-cinema.html |work=[[Jakarta Post]] |date=December 22, 2008 |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505001436/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/12/22/a-redefining-year-indonesian-cinema.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Album ''Petualangan Sherina'' mamanangkan Anugerah Musik Indonesia untuak kategori Lagu Anak Terbaik jo Album Anak Terbaik sarato Penyanyi Anak Terbaik. Sherina juo mandapekan pangharagoan Artis Cilik Terfavorit dari majalah ''[[Bobo majalah)|Bobo]]'' salamo duo kali baturuik-turuik taun 1999 jo 2000. Pado taun 2000, [[Festival Film Asia Pasifik]] manganugerahinyo pangharagoan khusus sabagai Aktris Cilik Berbakat. Meski babakat di layar lebar, Sherina labiah suko dikana sabagai 'penyanyi'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sherina, The Phenomenon Child Actress Indonesia |url=http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t20965.html |work=Furansizuka |date=October 25, 2004 |access-date=9 Januari 2024 }}</ref> Sabuah artikel di majalah ''[[Asiaweek]]'' manggambarkannyo sabagai ''Asian News Maker of the year 2000''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Best Indonesian Movies in 1990s and 2000s |url=http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=21095 |work=Furansizuka |date=October 27, 2004 |access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> Inyo turuik diwawancarai dek [[BBC London]], nan manariak paratian grup vokal [[Westlife]], nan kamudian baduet jo inyo dalam lagu "[[I Have a Dream (lagu)|I Have a Dream]]" untuak pasa Asia. Gumilang Ramadhan (manajer umum [[Sony BMG]] Indonesia) mangatoan, "sabagian kauntuangan panjualan album akan diagiahan kapado anak-anak Indonesia malalui yayasan amal internasional".<ref>{{cite news |title=Latest Westlife News |url=http://www.westlife.org/news/news0801.shtml |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |archive-date=2014-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225145439/http://www.westlife.org/news/news0801.shtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pado taun 2001, Sherina diwawancarai dek jaringan TV [[Hong Kong]] [[STAR TV (Asia)|Star TV]] pado program "Focus Asia", jo inyo dinobatan sabagai ''Princess of Pop'' dek Adrian Brown.<ref>{{cite news |title=All About Sherina |url=http://forumm.wgaul.com/showthread.php?t=61842&page=26 |date=October 17, 2008 |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |archive-date=December 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193323/http://forumm.wgaul.com/showthread.php?t=61842&page=26 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Inyo muncul dalam babagai iklan TV jo dikirim dek WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) ka [[Japang]] untuak kampanye kasadaran [[orangutan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Efforts afoot to save orangutans from extinction |url=http://www.atimes.com/se-asia/BK30Ae03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010221184529/http://www.atimes.com/se-asia/BK30Ae03.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=February 21, 2001 |work=Richel Dursin |access-date=9 Januari 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Environment-Indonesia: Orangutan Trade Destroying Species |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/envorum@ypb.or.id/msg01425.html |work=Fitri |date=December 1, 2000 |access-date=9 Januari 2024 }}</ref> Sherina dinominasian sabagai Aktris Anak-Anak Paling Disukai badasarkan Survei Pasar Anak Nasional dek Konsultan Pemasaran dan Riset Frontier. Pado taun nan samo, inyo marekam kover "I Have A Dream" jo boyband Irlandia Westlife untuak mangumpuan dana bagi [[UNICEF]] jo manarimo pangharagoan khusus kategori "Artis Anak Paling Berbakat" di Festival Film Asia Pasifik 2001 di Hanoi ateh kamampuan aktingnyo. Di panghujuang taun 2001, Sherina dinobatan sabagai Bintang Anak Paling Bersinar dek [[RCTI]].<ref>{{cite news|date=August 15, 2009|title=Sherina: In search of perfection|work=[[The Jakarta Post]]|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/08/15/sherina-in-search-perfection.html|access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> Pado taun 2002, Sherina marilis album katigonyo nan bajudul "Hidupku". Album iko manunjuakan Sherina nan baraliah dari maso anak-anak ka maso remaja. Singel utamo dalam album iko adolah "Hidupku", "Klik Jam", jo "Aku Beranjak Dewasa". Inyo juo manyanyian lagu nan ditulihnyo surang bajudul "Kisah Sang Lebah", sadangkan album katigonyo, ''Primadona'', dirilis pado bulan Maret 2007.<ref name="Sherina Rilis Album Eksklusif Masa Kecil">{{cite news |url=http://www.metrotvnews.com/lifestyle/read/2013/02/03/991/128312/Sherina-Rilis-Album-Eksklusif-Masa-Kecil |title=Sherina Rilis Album Eksklusif Masa Kecil |work=Metro Tv|access-date=9 Januari 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204132321/http://www.metrotvnews.com/lifestyle/read/2013/02/03/991/128312/Sherina-Rilis-Album-Eksklusif-Masa-Kecil |archive-date=February 4, 2013}}</ref> == Diskografi == * ''Andai Aku Besar Nanti'' (1999) * ''[[Petualangan Sherina]]'' (2000) * ''My Life'' (2002) * ''Primadona'' (2007) * ''Gemini'' (2009) * ''Tuna'' (2013) == Filmografi == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Taun ! Judul ! Peran ! class="unsortable" | Sutradara ! Notes |- | 2000 | ''[[Petualangan Sherina]]'' | Sherina | [[Riri Riza]] | Peran utamo |- | 2018 | ''[[Wiro Sableng: Pendekar Kapak Maut Naga Geni 212]]'' | Anggini | [[Angga Dwimas Sasongko]] | |- | 2020 | ''[[Earwig and the Witch]]'' | Earwig's Mother (voice) | [[Gorō Miyazaki]] | Alih suaro Japang |- | 2023 | ''[[Petualangan Sherina 2]]'' | Sherina | Riri Riza | Peran utamo |} == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|30em}} == Pautan lua == *{{imdb nama|nama=Sherina Munaf|id=0612631}} *{{Twitter}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Munaf, Sherina}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Palakon Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Sunda]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Jakarta]] b4aicj5v1qotke657tht622axldt78e Mahendra Siregar 0 473310 3347747 3149588 2026-06-11T18:41:07Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific-prefix = | name = Mahendra Siregar | image = Kemlu - Mahendra Siregar.jpg | office = Kapalo [[Otoritas Jasa Keuangan]] | order = | term_start = 20 Juli 2022 | term_end = | president = [[Joko Widodo]] | predecessor = [[Wimboh Santoso]] | office2 = Indonesian Ambassador to the United States | order2 = | term_start2 = 8 April 2019 | term_end2 = 25 Oktober 2019 | president2 = [[Joko Widodo]] | predecessor2 = [[Budi Bowoleksono]] | successor2 = Muhammad Lutfi | office3 = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)|Deputy Foreign Minister of Indonesia]] | order3 = | term_start3 = 25 October 2019 | term_end3 = 19 July 2022 | president3 = Joko Widodo | predecessor3 = Abdurrahman M. Fachir | successor3 = | 1blankname3 = | 1namedata3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|10|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = [[Indonesia]] | party = | spouse = Ita Siregar | children = | residence = | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Universitas Indonesia]]|[[Universitas Monash]]}} | occupation = Diplomat jo ekonom }} '''Mahendra Siregar''' ({{lahirmati|Jakarta|17|10|1962}}) adolah dilomat jo ekonom Indonesia nan manjabek sabagai Kapalo [[Otoritas Jasa Keuangan]] (OJK). Inyo sabalumnyo manjabek sabagai [[Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia|Wakil Menteri Lua Nagari]] jo mantan Duta Besar Indonesia untuak [[Amerika Sarikat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.embassyofindonesia.org/index.php/2019/04/10/ambassador-mahendra-siregar-handed-over-letter-of-credentials-to-president-donald-trump |title=Ambassador Mahendra Siregar Handed Over Letter of Credentials to President Donald Trump |last= |first= |date=10 April 2019 |website=embassyofindonesia.org |publisher= |access-date=17 Januari 2024 |quote= |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225014221/http://www.embassyofindonesia.org/index.php/2019/04/10/ambassador-mahendra-siregar-handed-over-letter-of-credentials-to-president-donald-trump/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>Indonesian Embassy, United States, '[https://www.embassyofindonesia.org/index.php/the-ambassador/ The Ambassador'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424191038/http://www.embassyofindonesia.org/index.php/the-ambassador/ |date=2021-04-24 }}, accessed 17 October 2019. Indonesian Embassy, United States, '[https://www.embassyofindonesia.org/index.php/2019/04/10/ambassador-mahendra-siregar-handed-over-letter-of-credentials-to-president-donald-trump/ Ambassador Mahendra Siregar Handed Over Letter of Credentials to President Donald Trump'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225014221/http://www.embassyofindonesia.org/index.php/2019/04/10/ambassador-mahendra-siregar-handed-over-letter-of-credentials-to-president-donald-trump/ |date=2021-02-25 }}, ''The Jakarta Post'', 10 April 2019, diakses 17 Januari 2024.</ref> Pado tanggal 25 Oktober 2019, inyo diangkek manjadi Wakil Menteri Lua Nagari untuak mambantu Menteri Luar Negeri [[Retno Marsudi]] dalam kabinet kedua [[Jokowi]] nan dilantiak duo hari sabalumnyo pado tanggal 23 Oktober. Sabalumnyo, inyo ditunjuak sabagai Duta Besar untuak AS dek Presiden Joko Widodo pado taun 2018. Inyo mulai manjabek di [[Washington D.C.]] pado awal taun 2019.<ref>Marguerite Afra Safiie, '[https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/08/envoys-told-boost-economic-diplomacy.html Envoys told to boost economic diplomacy'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916011257/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/08/envoys-told-boost-economic-diplomacy.html |date=2025-09-16 }}, ''The Jakarta Post'', diakses 16 Januari 2024.</ref> Mahendra adolah saurang ekonom takamuko di Indonesia nan alah manduduaki babagai jabatan di pamarentahan Indonesia. ==Kahidupan awal== Kaluarga Mahendra Siregar adolah urang [[Sumatra]]. Urang tuonyo barasa dari [[suku Angkola]] di [[Tapanuli Selatan]] di [[Sumatra Utara]], jo dari [[suku Minangkabau]] di [[Sumatera Barat]]. Inyo manikah jo Ita Ritonga. Mahendra manampuah pandidikan tingginyo di Fakultas Ekonomi [[Universitas Indonesia]], [[Jakarta]]. Inyo kamudian malanjuikan ka [[Universitas Monash]] di [[Australia]], nan lulus jo gala Magister Ekonomi pado taun 1991.<ref>OECD, '[http://www.oecd.org/mcm2010/45227819.pdf Mahendra Siregar'], Report from the 2010 OECD Council at Ministerial Level, Paris, May 2010.</ref> ==Karier== Rangkuman singkek kiprah Mahendra Siregar di pamarentahan adolah sabagai barikuik: * 1986: bagabuang jo Departemen Luar Negeri Indonesia sabagai staf mudo * 1992–1995: Sekretaris Ketiga (ekonomi), KBRI, [[London]], [[Inggirih]] * 1998–2001: Panasihat Informasi, KBRI, Washington DC, [[Amerika Sarikat]] * 2001: Stafsus Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian, Jakarta, tamasuak batugas sabagai asisten khusus [[Dorodjatun Kuntjoro-Jakti]], Menteri Koordinator Perekonomian pado pamarentahan [[Megawati]] * 2005–2009: Wakil Menteri Hubungan Ekonomi dan Keuangan Internasional, Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian dan Keuangan, baturuik-turuik manjabek di bawah Menteri [[Aburizal Bakrie]] (2005-2006), [[Boediono]] (2006-2008), jo [[Sri Mulyani Indrawati]] (2008-2009) nan manjabek sabagai Menteri Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian pado periode iko * 2009: Wakil Menteri Perdagangan, di bawah arahan [[Mari Elka Pangestu]], Menteri Perdagangan * 2011–2013: Wakil Menteri Keuangan * 2013–2015: Ketua Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal (BKPM) Indonesia<ref>Linda Yulisman, '[https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/09/15/mahendra-new-investment-boss.html Mahendra new investment boss'], ''The Jakarta Post'', 15 September 2013. An interview with Mahendra Siregar following his appointment as Chair, BKPM, is at '[https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/03/growing-domestic-investors-offer-more-brass-ring-foreigners.html Growing domestic investors offer more brass ring to foreigners'], ''The Jakarta Post'', diakses 16 Januari 2024.</ref> * 2018: ditunjuak sabagai Duta Besar Indonesia untuak Amerika Sarikat. * 2019: Wakil Menteri Luar Negeri di bawah Menteri Luar Negeri Indonesia [[Retno Marsudi]]<ref>Marchio Irfan Gorbiano, Gisela Swaragita and Riza Roidila Mufti, '[https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/10/26/jokowi-expands-coalition-with-new-deputy-ministers.html?src=mostviewed&pg=academia/2019/10/26/deputies-by-the-dozen.html Jokowi expands coalition with new deputy ministers'], ''The Jakarta Post'', diakses 16 Januari 2024.</ref> Satalah ditunjuak sabagai wakil menlu pado bulan Oktober 2019, dilaporkan baso Presiden Jokowi alah mangindikasian baso inyo mangemban duo tugeh utamo, yaitu manyalasaian negosiasi pardagangan jo Amerika Sarikat, jo maambiak langkah-langkah untuak mandukuang ekspor minyak sawit Indonesia.<ref>Marchio Irfan Gorbiano, '[https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/10/25/mahendra-to-focus-on-us-trade-negotiation-palm-oil-as-deputy-foreign-affairs-minister.html Mahendra to focus on US trade negotiation, palm oil as Deputy foreign affairs minister'], ''The Jakarta Post'', diakses 16 Januari 2024.</ref><ref>'[https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/12/05/indonesia-calls-cnn-report-on-palm-oil-driven-deforestation-absurd.html Indonesia calls CNN report on palm oil-driven deforestation "absurd"'], ''The Jakarta Post'', diakses 16 Januari 2024.</ref> == Jabatan lain== Jabatan lainnyo nan pernah dijabek dek Mahendra Siregar antaro lain sabagai barikuik:<ref>Some details of additional positions, and other activities undertaken by Mahendra, are at Melia Istighfaroh, '[https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2019/10/18/mahendra-siregar Mahendra Siregar'], ''TribuneNews'', diakses 16 Januari 2024.</ref> * 2003–2008: Komisaris PT Dirgantara Indonesia * 2007–2009: Perwakilan Indonesia di UN FCCC (Konvensi Kerangka Kerja PBB tentang Perubahan Iklim). * 2008–2009: Komisaris PT Aneka Tambang * 2009–2010: Ketua dan CEO Eximbank yang baru dibentuk * 2010: Wakil Indonesia ka pertemuan G20, ditunjuak dek presiden [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] * 2012: Komisaris Utama PT Semen Gresik * 2016: Direktur eksekutif Palm Oil Producing Countries * 2016: Direktur dan ketua non-eksekutif, [[Bank Mandiri]] (Europe) Ltd<ref>[https://www.bankmandiri.co.id/documents/20143/32587/AR+2018+%23+Bank+Mandiri+%28e+repoting+INGGRIS%29.pdf/2e2ec5b7-9d71-6e02-7886-11f3587ca254?version=1.0 Bank Mandiri Annual Report 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117084757/https://www.bankmandiri.co.id/documents/20143/32587/AR+2018+%23+Bank+Mandiri+(e+repoting+INGGRIS).pdf/2e2ec5b7-9d71-6e02-7886-11f3587ca254?version=1.0 |date=2024-01-17 }}, p. 128.</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|colwidth=40em}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Siregar, Mahendra}} [[Kategori:Diplomat Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Ekonom Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Batak]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] bkvyca2xvh4v9nwa6pyzwyhp6hpc9xn Nirina Zubir 0 473354 3347752 3154842 2026-06-11T20:43:14Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person |name = Nirina Zubir |image = |imagesize = |caption = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|3|12}} |birth_place = [[Antananarivo]], [[Madagaskar]] |birth_name = Nirina Roudhatul Jannah Zubir |death_date = |death_place = |years_active = 1994 - kini |occupation = [[Artis]], [[Panyanyi]] |spouse = {{marriage|[[Ernest Fardiyan Syarif]]|5 April 2008}} |family = [[Edwin Marshal Syarif]] (ipar) |nationality = [[Indonesia]] |children = 2 |parents = [[Zubir Amin]] (ayah) |alma_mater = | awards = Piala Citra untuk Aktris Terbaik |website = }} '''Nirina Roudatul Jannah Zubir''', labiah dikenal jo namo '''Nirina Zubir,''' ({{lahiamati||12|3|1980}}) adolah saurang [[Palakon]] jo pambao acara Indonesia katurunan [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]. == Kahidupan awal == Nirina Zubir dilahiakan di [[Antananarivo]], Madagaskar, dari urang tuo ekspatriat basuku [[Bangso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] nan barasa dari [[Kota Pariaman|Pariaman]], [[Sumatera Barat]]. Apaknyo, [[Zubir Amin]], bakarajo sabagai diplomat senior di Kedutaan Indonesia di nagara tu. Namonyo adolah namo nan barasa dari bahaso Madagaskar dan didaftarkan sabagai Nirina Roudhatul Jannah Zubir.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/4832128/6-fakta-ayah-nirina-zubir-meninggal-dunia-sempat-menghadapi-masa-kritis-di-rumah-sakit|title= 6 Fakta Ayah Nirina Zubir Meninggal Dunia, Sempat Menghadapi Masa Kritis di Rumah Sakit|last= |first= |date=23 Desember 2021 |website=liputan6.com |publisher= |access-date=20 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref> == Pandidikan == Nirina Zubir mamparoleh gala sarjana Manajemen Perbankan di STIE Perbanas Kuningan, [[Jakarta]] sabalun mamulai karier sabagai VJ.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.suara.com/lifestyle/2024/01/13/221117/beda-pendidikan-nirina-zubir-dan-sarah-sechan-sesama-eks-vj-mtv-banjir-cibiran-usai-senggol-raffi-nagita|title= Beda Pendidikan Nirina Zubir dan Sarah Sechan, Sesama Eks VJ MTV Banjir Cibiran Usai Senggol Raffi-Nagita|last= |first= |date=13 Januari 2024 |website=suara.com |publisher= |access-date=20 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref> Inyo fasiah mangecek [[Bahaso Indonesia|bahasa Indonesia]], [[bahaso Inggirih]] jo [[bahaso Mandarin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.viva.co.id/showbiz/gosip/1557400-5-artis-indonesia-kuasai-lebih-dari-satu-bahasa-asing-ada-maudy-ayunda|title= 5 Artis Indonesia Kuasai Lebih dari Satu Bahasa Asing, Ada Maudy Ayunda|last= |first= |date=21 Desember 2022 |website=viva.co.id |publisher= |access-date=20 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref> ==Karier == Sasudah lulus kuliah, Nirina Zubir akhienyo manantuan pilihan karier lain sasudah lulus. Inyo ma akui, inyo indak pernah mambayangan manjadi saurang DJ radio. Karier partamonyo adolah di stasiun radio MTVonSky (kini MTV Sky) adolah sabuah kabatulan. Manuruik Nirina Zubir, adolah kawan-kawannyo nan malamar di MTVonSky ateh namo inyo. Hal iko manjadi mambao parubahan gadang dalam iduiknyo. Labiah dari harapannyo, MTVonSky manarimo Nirina Zubir dek karano sipaiknyo nan paeboh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kumparan.com/kumparanhits/membandingkan-karier-dua-eks-vj-mtv-nirina-zubir-dan-daniel-mananta|title= Membandingkan Karier Dua EKs VJ MTV, Nirina Zubir dan Daniel Mananta|last= |first= |date=1 Maret 2028 |website=kumparan.com |publisher= |access-date=20 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref> Kasampatan itu lah nan mambao Nirina Zubir ka karier nan labiah lanjuik. Sasudah mandapek karajo sabagai VJ MTV, namo Nirina Zubir sacaro capek mandapek katenaran. Bakat inyo nan lain kamudian dikatahui, tamasuak kamampuannyo untuak mangecek bahaso Mandarin, nan inyo pelajari katiko tingga di Hong Kong jo Cino salamo babarapo taun katiko ketek. Mantan presiden [[Megawati Soekarnoputri|Megawati Sukarnoputri]] bahkan mamintak Nirina Zubir manjadi jurubahaso pribadinyo salamo kunjungan wakil presiden Cino ka Indonesia pado taun 2000. Popularitasnyo kamudian manyebabkan datangnyo tawaran untuak bamain film, tamasuak dalam ''[[30 Hari Mencari Cinta]]'' jo ''[[Mirror]]''.<ref name=jakartapost>{{cite web |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/11/nirina-zubir-juggling-motherhood-and-career.html |title=Nirina Zubir: Juggling Motherhood and Career |last= |first= |date=11 September 2011 |website=thejakartapost.com |publisher= |access-date=20 Januari 2024 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Paningkatan popularitasnyo sabagai VJ MTV Indonesia mandorong inyo untuak bapikir untuak malebarkan sayoknyo ka panggung internasional. Katiko kontraknyo jo [[MTV Indonesia]] hampia barakhia, Nirina Zubir maajuan lamaran untuak manjadi VJ internasional MTV Asia Tenggara. Rencana iko indak pernah tawujudkan. Sasudah maundurkan diri dari MTV Indonesia pado taun 2005, karir VJ internasional Nirina Zubir indak pernah tacapai. Salain itu, inyo mambaoan babarapo acara TV jo mambintangi sajumlah film, tamasuak ''Belahan Jiwa'', ''[[Heart]]'', ''Kamulah Satu-Satunya'', ''Get Married'', jo ''Get Married 2''.<ref name=jakartapost/> Nirina Zubir taruih malanjuikan kariernyo sabagai saurang aktris, mandapek babarapo pangharagoan, tamasuak Festival Film Indonesia 2006 jo Indonesia Movie Award 2008, kaduonyo untuak nominasi aktris tabaik.<ref name=jakartapost/> ==Filmografi== *''[[30 Hari Mencari Cinta]]'' (2004) *''Mirror'' (2005) *''Belahan Jiwa'' (2005) *''[[Heart (film 2006)|Heart]]'' (2006) *''[[Kamulah Satu-Satunya]]'' (2007) *''[[Love Is Cinta]]'' (2007) *''[[Get Married (film)|Get Married]]'' (2007) *''[[Get Married 2]]'' (2010) *''[[Get Married 3]]'' (2011) *''Purple Love'' (2011) *''Bidadari-Bidadari Surga'' (2012) *''[[Keluarga Cemara (film)|Keluarga Cemara]]'' (2018) *''[[Ali & Ratu Ratu Queens]]'' (2021) *''[[Paranoia (film 2021)|Paranoia]]'' (2021) *''Keluarga Cemara 2'' (2022) *''Jatuh Cinta Seperti di Film-Film'' (2023) == Pangharagoan jo nominasi == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taun ! Pangharagoan ! Kategori ! Karya nan dinominasikan ! Hasil |- | 2004 | [[MTV Indonesia Movie Awards 2004|MTV Indonesia Movie Awards]] | ''[[Most Favourite Actress MTV Indonesia Movie Awards|Most Favourite Actress]]'' | ''[[30 Hari Mencari Cinta]]'' | {{won}} |- | rowspan= "3" | 2006 | [[Festival Film Jakarta]] | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terbaik | rowspan= "4" | ''[[Heart (film)|Heart]]'' | {{nom}} |- | [[MTV Indonesia Movie Awards 2006|MTV Indonesia Movie Awards]] | ''Most Favourite Actress'' | {{nom}} |- | [[Festival Film Indonesia 2006|Festival Film Indonesia]] | [[Pemeran Utama Wanita Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Utama Wanita Terbaik]] | {{won}} |- | rowspan= "5" | 2007 | [[Festival Film Bandung]] | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terpuji Film Bioskop | {{won}} |- | [[Festival Film Jakarta]] | rowspan= "3" | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terbaik | rowspan= "2" | ''[[Kamulah Satu-Satunya]]'' | {{nom}} |- | [[Festival Film Indonesia 2007|Festival Film Indonesia]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan= "2" | [[Indonesian Movie Awards 2007|Indonesian Movie Actors Awards]] | rowspan= "2" | ''[[Mirror (film)|Mirror]]'' | {{nom}} |- | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terfavorit | {{won}} |- | rowspan= "6" | 2008 | [[Festival Film Bandung]] | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terpuji Film Bioskop | rowspan= "3" | ''[[Get Married (film)|Get Married]]'' | {{won}} |- | rowspan= "3" | [[Indonesian Movie Awards 2008|Indonesian Movie Actors Awards]] | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terbaik | {{nom}} |- | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terfavorit | {{won}} |- | Soundtrack Terfavorit | rowspan= "3" | "Pandangan Pertama" (bersama [[Slank]]) - (OST. [[Get Married]]) | {{nom}} |- | rowspan= "2" | [[Anugerah Musik Indonesia 2008|Anugerah Musik Indonesia]] | [[Penghargaan AMI untuk Duo atau Grup atau Grup Vokal atau Kolaborasi Rock Terbaik|Duo/Grup/Kolaborasi Rock Terbaik]] | {{nom}} |- | [[Penghargaan AMI untuk Karya Produksi Kolaborasi Terbaik|Karya Produksi Kolaborasi Terbaik]] | {{nom}} |- | 2012 | [[Indonesian Movie Awards 2012|Indonesian Movie Actors Awards]] | Soundtrack Terfavorit | "Cubit-Cubitan" (bersama [[Slank]]) - (OST. [[Get Married 3]]) | {{nom}} |- | rowspan= "2" | 2014 | [[Indonesian Choice Awards 2014|Indonesian Choice Awards]] | colspan= "2" | <center> ''Actress of the Year'' | {{nom}} |- | [[Festival Film Indonesia 2014|Festival Film Indonesia]] | [[Pemeran Pendukung Wanita Terbaik Festival Film Indonesia|Pemeran Pendukung Wanita Terbaik]] | ''[[Silent Hero(es)]]'' | {{nom}} |- | 2015 | [[Festival Film Bandung 2015|Festival Film Bandung]] | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terpuji Film Bioskop | ''[[Get Married 5: 99% Muhrim]]'' | {{nom}} |- | rowspan= "2" | 2017 | rowspan= "2" | [[Indonesian Movie Actors Awards 2017|Indonesian Movie Actors Awards]] | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terbaik | rowspan= "2" | ''[[Aku Ingin Ibu Pulang]]'' | {{nom}} |- | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terfavorit | {{nom}} |- | rowspan= "4" | 2019 | [[Piala Maya 2018|Piala Maya]] | [[Piala Maya untuk Aktris Utama Terpilih|Aktris Utama Terpilih]] | rowspan= "5" | ''[[Keluarga Cemara (film)|Keluarga Cemara]]'' | {{nom}} |- | rowspan= "2" | [[Indonesian Movie Actors Awards 2019|Indonesian Movie Actors Awards]] | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terbaik | {{won}} |- | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terfavorit | {{nom}} |- | [[Festival Film Indonesia 2019|Festival Film Indonesia]] | rowspan= "2" | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terbaik | {{nom}} |- | 2020 | [[Indonesian Box Office Movie Awards 2020|Indonesian Box Office Movie Awards]] | {{nom}} |- | rowspan= "2" | 2021 | [[Festival Film Wartawan Indonesia 2021|Festival Film Wartawan Indonesia]] | [[Aktris Pendukung Terbaik Festival Film Wartawan Indonesia|Aktris Pendukung Terbaik]] - Genre Film Drama | ''[[Ali & Ratu Ratu Queens]]'' | {{won}} |- | [[Festival Film Indonesia 2021|Festival Film Indonesia]] | Pemeran Utama Wanita Terbaik | ''[[Paranoia (film 2021)|Paranoia]]'' | {{nom}} |- | 2022 | [[Festival Film Wartawan Indonesia 2022|Festival Film Wartawan Indonesia]] | [[Aktris Utama Terbaik Festival Film Wartawan Indonesia|Aktris Utama Terbaik]] - Genre Film Drama | ''[[Keluarga Cemara 2]]'' | {{nom}} |- |} == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Pautan lua == * {{imdb nama|nama=Nirina Zubir|id=1533492}} {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Palakon Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonesia]] [[Kategori:VJ MTV Indonesia]] 4iaf8tsjzrrmky4vy3hkdt4g7j9gwaw James Hellyward 0 473367 3347741 3149488 2026-06-11T15:12:26Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = James Hellyward |image = |imagesize = |alt = |caption = |birth_name = |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|7|16}} |birth_place = [[Kota Padang|Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]] |death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (tanggal meninggal diikuti tanggal lahir) --> |death_place = |nationality = [[Indonesia]] |other_names = |alma_mater = [[Institut Pertanian Bogor]]{{br}}[[Universitas Malaya]] |occupation = [[Pengajar]], [[birokrat]] |known_for = - Penggagas ''[[Tour de Singkarak]]''<br>- Kepala Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Sumbar |religion = [[Islam]] |spouse = Mardasuatri |children = Gaby Nuralia{{br}}Steffi Nuralia |parents = }} Prof. Dr. Ir. H. '''James Hellyward''', M.S., IPU., ASEAN.Eng. (lahia 16 Juli 1961) adolah seorang pakar peternakan, akademikus, dan birokrat Indonesia yang pernah manjabaik Dekan Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Andalas periode 2016–2020. Ia juga pernah manjabaik sabagai Kepala Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Sumatera Barat periode 2006–2010 yang dikenal sabagai tokoh yang manggagas ''Tour de Singkarak'' pado 2009, suatu event balap sepeda bertaraf internasional yang dilangsuangkan di Sumatera Barat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://baranews.co/web/read/1164/james.hellyward.sang.penggagas.tour.de.singkarak|title=James Hellyward, Sang Penggagas Tour de Singkarak|date=2014-05-02|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2024-01-21|archive-date=2014-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000018/http://baranews.co/web/read/1164/james.hellyward.sang.penggagas.tour.de.singkarak|dead-url=yes}}</ref> James mengajar sabagai Guru Besar Ilmu Peternakan Universitas Andalas (Unand), Padang. Ia manjabaik sabagai Dekan Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Andalas sajak 18 Agustus 2016 hinggo 2020.<ref>http://www.unand.ac.id/id/berita-peristiwa/berita/item/992-rektor-lantik-5-dekan-baru-di-lingkungan-unand {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204402/http://www.unand.ac.id/id/berita-peristiwa/berita/item/992-rektor-lantik-5-dekan-baru-di-lingkungan-unand |date=2017-09-11 }}. Diakses pada 21-01-2024.</ref> James mencalonkan diri sabagai Wakil Wali Kota Padang dalam pemilihan umum Wali Kota Padang yang digelar pado 30 Oktober 2013. Diikuti 10 pasang calon, James mandampiangi Desri Ayunda barado di posisi kaduo dengan 19,11% suara. Setelah manjalani putaran kaduo pado 5 Maret 2014, mereka kembali kalah dengan perolehan 49,71% suara. Pasangan calon Desri–James yang kalah mengajukan gugatan ke Mahkamah Konstitusi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/561665/pasangan-inkumben-menangi-pilkada-kota-padang|title=Pasangan Inkumben Menangi Pilkada Kota Padang|last=Surabaya|first=Kukuh S. Wibowo|date=2014-03-12|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2024-01-22}}</ref> == Pendidikan == James manamaik-an pendidikan manangahnyo di SMA Don Bosco Padang sabalum malanjuik-an pendidikan tinggi di Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Bogor, dimano ia berhasil meraih gelar S1 dan S2. Sadangkan gelar Doktor (S3) ia dapek-an di Universitas Malaya, Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-az--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gshs--az-9oUjk8y7f4590j65|title=Direktori Dosen Unand|website=dosen.unand.ac.id|access-date=2024-01-22|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028183158/http://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-az--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gshs--az-9oUjk8y7f4590j65|dead-url=yes}}</ref> James ketek digadangan dengan latar belakang keluarga pakarajo kareh. Ayahnyo seorang pengusaha, yang kala itu keluarganyo mampunyai sebuah ekspedisi transportasi yaitu bus. Meskipun bisa dibilang digadangan dari keluarga barado, namun sajak ketek anak bungsu dari 12 bersaudara ini indak pernah dimanjoan oleh urangtuo dan kakak-kakaknyo. Sajak Sekolah Dasar (SD) ia sudah tabiaso barangkek sekolah surang meskipun harus manampuah perjalanan yang jauah sampai harus baganti angkutan umum sampai tigo kali. Kedisiplinan itu terbukti dari ia yang indak pernah sakali pun talambek untuak datang ka sekolah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.poultryindonesia.com/id/prof-dr-ir-james-hellyward-m-s-ipu-asean-eng-kedisiplinan-dan-kejujuran-yang-mengantarkannya-pada-kesuksesan/|title=Prof. Dr. Ir. James Hellyward, M.S., IPU., ASEAN.Eng., Kedisiplinan dan Kejujuran yang Mengantarkannya pada Kesuksesan|last=Khotimah|first=Chusnul|date=2021-04-08|website=Poultry Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-01-22}}</ref> Saat mancariton maso remajanyo, James yang notabene beragama Islam mandapek-an takdir basakolah di SMP dan SMA Katolik. Namun, hal tersebut justru mambueknyo manjadi sosok yang terbuka dan penuh toleransi. Tumbuah manjadi sosok yang mudah bergaul mambueknyo maraso manjadi urang yang indak pernah kesusahan dalam sekolah maupun dalam pergaulan sehari-hari. Prestasi akademiknyo pun indak paralu diragukan lagi, karano dirinyo indak pernah lapeh dari peringkat 5 besar dan itu yang selalu ia gunokan untuak memberi semangat kapado anak, cucu dan keponakannyo untuak dapek termotivasi. Setelah manamaik-an pendidikannyo di SMA Don Bosco Padang, James lulus dengan nilai sangaik bagus, sahinggo ia bisa bebas mamiliah untuak malanjuik-an ka perguruan tinggi. Akhirnyo pilihan James jatuah pado Fakultas Peternakan Institut Pertanian Bogor. Ketertarikannyo pado dunia peternakan juga cukuik menarik. James bacarito bahwa suatu katiko dirinyo maliek ado pedati yang ditarik oleh sapi yang membaok rumpuik di belakangnyo, lalu ado juga yang mambaok kayu.<ref name=":0" /> Sajak mudo, James tabilang sosok pemuda yang aktif dan energik, bahkan jiwa wirausahanyo pun memang alah terlihat. Hal itu terlihat sewaktu kuliah, ia sudah dipacayo untuak mangelola kandang-kandang di kampus basamo dengan kakak kelasnyo. James manyadari betul bahwa Tuhan memberikan otak kiri dan kanan yang harus bisa dipagunoan dengan sebaik mungkin sahingggo ia indak pernah kesulitan mancari pekerjaan salapeh lulus kuliah. Bajalannyo waktu, takdir kamudian mangantarkannyo manjadi seorang pendidik di Universitas Andalas. James lulus S-2 di kampus yang samo yakni IPB. Samantaro gelar doktornyo (S-3) ia raih dari Universitas Malaya, Malaysia. James juga banyak belajar ilmu lain seperti pemasaran, tata niaga, manajemen, agribisnis, dan sosial-ekonomi. Selain itu, ia juga pernah bersekolah di Roma, Italia sahinggo ia pado akhirnyo manguasai ampek bahaso yaitu bahaso Minang, Indonesia, Inggris, dan Italia.<ref name=":0" /> Manuruik Dekan Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Andalas periode 2016-2020 ini, dalam manjalani kehidupan itu butuh modal utama barupo kedisiplinan, kejujuran, dan selalu melakukan yang terbaik. Oleh sebab iu, dirinyo salalu bapasan kapado generasi mudo untuak jangan hanyo mancari ilmu pengetahuan di ruang kuliah, akan tetapi perlu juga mampalajari ilmu bermasyarakat dan bersosialisasi. Guru Besar bidang Sosial Ekonomi Peternakan ini pacayo bahwa satiok individu itu hebat dan ia mayakini juga bahwa jalan hidup semua orang itu sudah ditentukan sejak mereka lahir. Baginyo mampunyoi gelar yang banyak itu bukan sabuah patokan. Manuruiknyo yang paliang penting adolah kapabilitas dan harga diri.<ref name=":0" /> == Karier == Beberapa jabatan yang pernah diduduaki oleh James Hellyward, yaitu di PT Boga Catur Rata (Kem Chicks), Jakarta, Ketua Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Andalas, Padang, Kepala Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Sumbar (2006-2010), Pencetus, penggagas, dan Ketua Panitia Tour de Singkarak (2008-2012), Ketua Panitia Kejuaraan Ski Air Dunia (2013).<ref>https://www.harianhaluan.com/news/1010040208/james-hellyward-ilmuwan-peternakan-sumatera-barat-dan-penggagas-tour-de-singkarak-yang-inspiratif. Diakses pada 22-01-2024.</ref> == Karya == - Pemasaran susu segar lembu tenusu di Sumatera Barat (1999) - Kajian Pemeliharaan Ternak Sapi Dan Peranannya Dalam Rumah Tangga Di Kecamatan Bayang, Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan, Sumatera Barat (2006) - Kondisi Tempat Pemotongan Hewan Bandar Buat Sebagai Penyangga Rumah Pemotongan Hewan (Rph) Kota Padang (2012) - Optimalisasi Produksi dan Maksimalisasi Keuntungan Usaha Ternak Sapi Potong dengan Sistem Integrasi Sapi-Sawit di Kabupaten Dharmasraya (2015) - Pemetaan Tingkat Kematangan Sistem Inovasi Daerah Peternakan di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota (2017) - Bauran Pemasaran Susu Sapi dan Susu Kambing Segar di Kota Padang (2017) == Rujuakan == ga0kwskq3lj4ux05xjbjle92ruva0ck Palabuahan Merak 0 474274 3347757 3153538 2026-06-11T21:38:14Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{untuk|merak [[spesies]] [[buruang]] dalam [[genus]] '''''Pavo''''' jo '''''Afropavo''''' dari [[familiaFamili (biologi)|famili]] [[ayam utan]] (''pheasant''), [[Phasianidae]]|Merak}} {{kagunoan lain|Merak|Merak (disambiguasi)}}{{sadang karajo}} {{Infobox port | name = Palabuahan Panyobarangan Merak<br> | image = Pelabuhan Merak Port of Merak.JPG | imagesize = 250px | caption = {{sadang karajo}} | country = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] | location =[[Pulo Merak, Cilegon|Pulo Merak]], [[Kota Cilegon|Cilegon]], [[Banten|Provinsi Banten]] | coordinates = {{coord|5|55|47.1|S|105|59|39.6|E|scale:50000}} | opened = | operated = [[ASDP Indonesia Ferry]] | owner = | type = Palabuahan [[Ferry|kapa]] panompang untuak panyobarangan | sizewater = | sizeland = | size = | berths = | wharfs = | piers = | employees = | leadershiptitle = | leader = | blankdetailstitle1 = Otoritas palabuahan | blankdetails1 =KSOP kelas II Teluk Bayur | blankdetailstitle2 =Manghubuangkan ka | blankdetails2 =[[Palabuahan Bakauheni]], [[Lampuang]] | blankdetailstitle3 = | blankdetails3 = | arrivals =Satiok ari | cargotonnage = | containervolume = | cargovalue = | passengertraffic = | revenue = | profit = | blankstatstitle1 = | blankstats1 = | blankstatstitle2 = | blankstats2 = | blankstatstitle3 = | blankstats3 = | website =[http://www.indonesiaferry.co.id/ www.indonesiaferry.co.id] }} '''Pelabuhan Merak''' adolah sabuah [[palabuahan panyoberangan]] nan talatak di [[Pulo MerakPulomerak, Cilegon|Pulo Merak]] [[Kota Cilegon]], [[Banten|Provinsi Banten]]. Palabuahan ko manghubuangkan [[Pulau Jawa]] jo [[Pulau Sumatra]] nan dipisahkan dek [[Selat Sunda]]. Satiok arinyo, ratusan pajalanan [[kapa feri]] malayani aruih panompang jo kandaraan dari dan ka Pulau Sumatra malalui [[Palabuahan Bakauheni]] di [[Lampuang]].<ref>Oyos Saroso H.N., '[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/07/ports-paralyzed-traffic-bakauheni-merak-worsens.html Ports paralysed as traffic at Bakauheni, Merak worsens'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003733/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/07/ports-paralyzed-traffic-bakauheni-merak-worsens.html |date=2016-03-05 }}, ''The Jakarta Post'', 7 July 2012. '[https://archive.today/20130204092524/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/indonesia/sumatra-bound-trucks-stuck-again-at-merak-port/430162 Sumatra-Bound Trucks Stuck Again at Merak Port'], ''The Jakarta Globe'', 19 March 2011.</ref> {{colend}} {{Commons category-inline|Port of Merak|{{PAGENAME}}}} [[Kategori:Palabuahan panyobarangan di Indonesia|Merak]] 58vp38tf54qea03b503ce76l17gjq2y Selangor 0 474661 3347764 3183873 2026-06-12T01:25:35Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Selangor | official_name = Kerajaan Negeri Selangor Darul Ehsan{{efn|Kerajaan Negeri Selangor Darul Ehsan adalah nama resmi negara bagian Selangor.}} | native_name = سلاڠور دار الإحسان | native_name_lang = | other_name = | settlement_type = [[Negara bagian dan teritori federal Malaysia|Negara bagian]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 290 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Shah Alam Blue mosque at night.jpg | image2 = Shah Alam - i-City 0005.jpg | image3 = ShahAlamPark.jpg | image4 = Sepang International Circuit.JPG | image5 = Sekinchan Paddy Fields.jpg }} | image_caption = '''Dari ateh, kida ka suok:''' [[Musajik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz]], gemerlap [[i-City]] di malam hari, [[Lapangan]] kota [[Shah Alam]], kawasan [[Batu Caves]] jo patuang tanamonyo Dewa [[Murugan]], tribun panonton di [[Sirkuit Internasional Sepang]], pamatang sawah di [[Sekinchan]] | image_flag = Flag of Selangor.svg | flag_size = | flag_alt = Bandera Selangor {{efn|Satiok nagara bagian mampunyoi bandera surang-surang nan dikibarkan sapangkek jo bandera Malaysia nan dinamokan [[Bandera Malaysia|Jalur gemilang]].}} | image_shield = Coat of arms of Selangor.svg | shield_size = | shield_alt = Lambang Negeri Selangor | nickname = دار الإحسان Darul Ehsan | motto = دڤليهارا الله Dipelihara Allah | anthem = [[Duli Yang Maha Mulia]]<br /><center>[[File:Lagu Rasmi Selangor - Duli Yang Maha Mulia.ogg]]</center> | coordinates = | latd = 3 | latm = 16 | lats = 50 | latNS = n | longd = 101 | longm = 33 | longs = 7 | longEW = e | coordinates_footnotes = | image_map = {{location map+ |Selangor Malaysia |float=center|width=300|caption={{center|Peta administrasi negeri Selangor}}|places= {{location map~ |Selangor Malaysia |lat=2.765556|long=101.724901 |label={{small|[[Sepang (distrik)|Daerah Sepang]]}} |position=bottom}} {{location map~ |Selangor Malaysia |lat=3.759710|long=100.967243 |label={{small|[[Sabak Bernam|Daerah Sabak Bernam]]}} |position=bottom}} {{location map~ |Selangor Malaysia |lat=3.036796|long=101.448210 |label={{small|[[Klang (Daerah)|Daerah Klang]]}} |position=left}} {{location map~ |Selangor Malaysia |lat=3.276374|long=101.657234 |label={{small|[[Gombak, Malaysia|Daerah Gombak]]}} |position=top}} {{location map~ |Selangor Malaysia |lat=3.358143|long=101.279560 |label={{small|[[Kuala Selangor|Daerah Kuala Selangor]]}} |position=top}} {{location map~ |Selangor Malaysia |lat=3.172042|long=101.866257 |label={{small|[[Hulu Langat|Daerah Hulu Langat]]}} |position=bottom}} {{location map~ |Selangor Malaysia |lat=3.088828|long=101.593557 |label={{small|[[Petaling|Daerah Petaling]]}} |position=top}} {{location map~ |Selangor Malaysia |lat=2.831400|long=101.508856 |label={{small|[[Kuala Langat|Daerah Kuala Langat]]}} |position=top}} {{location map~ |Selangor Malaysia |lat=3.565473|long=101.591509 |label={{small|[[Hulu Selangor|Daerah Hulu Selangor]]}} |position=top}} }} | mapsize = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Malaysia | pushpin_label = Negeri Selangor | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi nagari Selangor di [[Malaysia]] | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_name = {{MAS}} | subdivision_type1 = Ibu negeri{{efn|Imbauan ibu kota untuak nagara bagian adolah ''Ibu Nagari''.}} | subdivision_name1 = [[Berkas:Shah Alam Emblem.svg|15px]] [[Shah Alam]] | subdivision_type2 = Kota paliang gadang | subdivision_name2 = [[Subang Jaya]] | subdivision_type3 = Kotaraja{{efn|Kotaraja (Royal Capital) atau di Malaysia biaso disabuik ''Bandar Di Raja'' adolah kota tampek tingga atau istano kadiaman Sultan atau Rajo.}} | subdivision_name4 = [[Berkas:Logo Majlis Perbandaran Klang.svg|15px]] [[Klang]] | established_title = | established_date = | established_title1 = Kasultanan Selangor | established_date1 = 1743 | established_title2 = [[Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu]] | established_title3 = [[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]] | established_date2 = 1895 | established_date3 = 1948 | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = | seat = | seat1_type = | seat1 = | parts_type = | parts_style = | parts = | p1 = | p2 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = Monarki Baparlemen | governing_body = | leader_title = [[Sultan Selangor|Sultan]] | leader_name = [[Sharafuddin dari Selangor|Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah Al-Haj]] | leader_title2 = [[Mantari Basa Selangor|Mantari Basa]]{{efn|''[[Mantari Basa jo Katua Mantari di Malaysia|Mantari Basa]]'' marupokan imbauan untuak Katua Eksekutif nagara bagian/nagari nan mampunyoi Rajo atau Sultan sadangkan untuak anggotanyo disabuik Exco.}} | leader_name2 = [[:ms:Amirudin Shari|Amirudin Shari]]<br>([[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]-[[Parti Keadilan Rakyat|PKR]]) | total_type = Jumlah | area_footnotes = <!-- Place for citing area size of Selangor --> | area_total_km2 = 8,104 | area_water_km2 = | population_footnotes = <ref name="SENSUS 2023"/><ref name="populasi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2019-03-15 |archive-date=2013-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113165406/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_est = 6994423 | pop_est_as_of = 2020 | population_demonym = Selangorian | population_note = | timezone1 = Wakatu Malaysia | utc_offset1 = +8 | demographics_type2 = Indeks Nagara Bagian | demographics2_title1 = [[Indeks Pambangunan Manusia|IPM]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | demographics2_info1 = {{increase}} 0.855&nbsp;(<span style="color:#090;">sangat tinggi</span>) (ke-2) | demographics2_title2 = [[Produk Domestik Bruto|PDB]] {{nobold|(2019)}} | demographics2_info2 = {{increase}} [[Ringgit|RM]] 357,807 miliar ($85,873 miliar) (ke-1)<ref name="GDP">{{Cite web|title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=102&bul_id=TExzYmVmRC83S1hBMEUrUDVzczdLUT09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09|access-date=2020-09-30|website=www.dosm.gov.my|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922091342/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column%2FcthemeByCat&cat=102&bul_id=TExzYmVmRC83S1hBMEUrUDVzczdLUT09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | demographics2_title3 = Per kapita {{nobold|(2019)}} | demographics2_info3 = {{increase}} [[Ringgit|RM]] 54.995 ($13.198) (ke-4)<ref name="GDP"/> | elevation_max_point = Gunuang Semangkok | elevation_max_ft = 5,984 | elevation_max_m = 1,824 | elevation_ft = 315 | elevation_m = 96 | elevation_min_point = [[Selat Malaka]] | elevation_min_ft = 0 | elevation_min_m = 0 | postal_code_type = Kode pos | postal_code = 4xxxx, 55100 ([[Pandan]]), 63xxx ([[Cyberjaya]]), 64000 ([[Bandar Udara Internasional Kuala Lumpur|KLIA]]), 53000 dan 68xxx([[Gombak]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Selangor Postal Codes:Malaysia|url=https://worldpostalcode.com/malaysia/selangor|worldpostalcode.com|accessdate=30 October 2018}}</ref> | area_code_type = Kode telepon | area_code = 03<ref>{{cite web|title=Selangor Area code|url=http://telcode.info/malaysia/selangor|website=telcode.info|accessdate=30 October 2018|archive-date=16 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916015811/http://telcode.info/malaysia/selangor|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | iso_code = KP (MY-10, 41–44)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpn.gov.my/en/kod-negeri/|title=State Code|publisher=Malaysian National Registration Department|accessdate=30 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519030502/http://www.jpn.gov.my/en/kod-negeri/|archivedate=19 May 2017|deadurl=no}}</ref> | registration_plate = B<ref>{{cite news|last1=Soon|first1=Teh Wei|title=Some Little Known Facts On Malaysian Vehicle Registration Plates|url=http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html|accessdate=8 July 2015|publisher=Malaysian Digest|date=23 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708091603/http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html|archivedate=8 July 2015}}</ref> | website = [http://www.selangor.gov.my/ www.selangor.gov.my] | footnotes = {{notelist}} }} '''Selangor''' (disabuik juo '''Selangor Darul Ehsan''') adolah salah satu dari tigo baleh nagara bagian ({{lang-ms|negeri}}) nan mambantuak nagara [[Malaysia]]. Nagari ko talatak di tangah-tangah [[Semenanjung Malaysia]] di pantai barat dan malingkuangi [[Kuala Lumpur]] jo [[Putrajaya]].<ref>[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Selangor%2C+Malaysia Peta negeri Selangor]</ref> Nagara bagian iko juo babatehan jo nagari [[Perak (negara bagian)|Perak]] di utara, nagari [[Pahang (negara bagian)|Pahang]] di timur, [[Negeri Sembilan]] di selatan dan [[Selat Malaka|Selat Melaka]] di sabalah barat. [[Selangor]] marupokan nagara bagian bapanduduak paliang rami di [[Malaysia]]. Selangor juo marupokan nagara bagian paliang kayo di [[Malaysia]], manuruik [[Produk domestik bruto]] (PDB) dan dinyatokan sabagai nagara bagian maju pado [[27 Agustus]] [[2005]]. == Etimologi == Asa namo Selangor alun jaleh, bagopun babarapo sumber manyatokan baso namonyo diambiak dari kato "[[Selangau]]", yaitu sajinih langau, dek jumlah langau nan banyak di dakek [[Sungai Selangor]], di bagian barat laut nagara bagian ko. Teori nan lain mangatokan baso namo nagara bagian ko diambiak dari frasa "Selang Ur" nan aratinyo "tanah selat" ("ur" aratinyo "tanah" dalam bahaso Tamil).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mdks.gov.my/history |title=Latar Belakang Kuala Selangor |access-date=2010-11-11 |archive-date=2010-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023150535/http://www.mdks.gov.my/history |dead-url=yes }}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sel.icu.gov.my/icu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=76&Itemid=90 |title=S E J A R A H N E G E R I S E L A N G O R |access-date=2010-11-11 |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919054025/http://www.sel.icu.gov.my/icu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=76&Itemid=90 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Sijarah == Pado abaik ka-15, Selangor barado di bawah pamarintahan [[Kasultanan Malaka]]. Salapeh kajatuahan Malaka, inyo diparabuikan panjajah Portugih, Johor, Aceh, jo Siam. Salapeh Balando mangalahkan Portugih di Malaka, inyo mambaok masuak tantara bayaran Bugih dari Sulawesi. Iko manyababkan urang [[Minangkabau]] nan datang labiah dulu dari Sumatra tapaso manyingkia. Pado abaik ka-19, kamajuan ekonomi dek adonyo panambangan bijih [[timah]] sarato pananaman [[Gatah|batang gatah]] mambuek rami pandatang dari Cino nan tibo. Suasana nan indak manantu iko mambari kasampatan kapado Inggirih untuak mamaso Sultan Selangor manarimo saurang Residen Inggirih di kota [[Klang]] pado 1874 yaitu JG Davidson. Taktik iko efektif apobilo Inggirih barasia mangandalian kondisi Selangor inggo kaadaan normal baliak. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Malaysia}} aj9soe778xk7k10m9f5p9x3o8yqvwda Ulaanbaatar 0 474904 3347781 3158327 2026-06-12T03:52:48Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347781 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:UB downtown.jpg|thumb|Panorama kota]] '''Ulaanbaatar''' adolah ibu kota jo kota tapadek nagara [[Mongolia]] nan talatak di utara tangah nagara pado katinggian sakitar 1.300 meter di sabuah lambah di [[Sungai Tuul]]. Kota ko bapanduduak 1.672.627 jiwa pado tahun 2021.<ref name="1212.mn">{{cite web |url=https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Ulaanbaatar_XAOCT_Negdsen_dun.pdf&ln=Mn |script-title=mn:Хүн ам, орон сууцны 2020 оны улсын ээлжит тооллого - Нийслэлийн нэгсэн дүн |language=mn |publisher=1212.mn |access-date=2021-04-24 |archive-date=2025-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823120012/https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Ulaanbaatar_XAOCT_Negdsen_dun.pdf&ln=Mn |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Kota ko marupokan kota tadingin di dunia badasarkan suhu rato-rato tahunan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-coldest-capital-cities-in-the-world.html|title=The Coldest Capital Cities In The World|last=Sen Nag|first=Oishimaya|publisher=WorldAtlas|date=2021-01-21|access-date=2022-12-12}}</ref> Wilayah kota ko awalnyo tampek tingga musiman bagi para pangeran Mongolia. Pado tahun 1639, dibangun di daerah tu Biara Da Khure sahinggo wilayah tu manjadi pamukiman permanen. Salamo hampia 200 tahun, biara tu manjadi tampek tingga bagi ''bodgo-gegen'', pamuko agamo tatinggi [[Buddhisme Tibet|Buddha Tibet]] nan dianuik sabagian gadang urang Mongol.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ulaanbaatar|url=https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Ulaanbaatar/277487|website=Britannica Kids}}</ref> Namo awal kota ko iolah Ugra nan pado abaik ka-17 manjadi ibu kota [[Kakaisaran Mongolia]]. Sasudah kakaisaran tu runtuah, Ulaanbaatar manjadi ibu kota nagara Mongolia sajak kamardekaannyo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 April 2023|title=Mengetahui Nama Ibu Kota Mongolia beserta Fakta Uniknya|url=https://m.kumparan.com/sejarah-dan-sosial/mengetahui-nama-ibu-kota-mongolia-beserta-fakta-uniknya-20JJUz4FGVI/2|work=Kumparan}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Ulaanbaatar]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota nagara di Asia]] [[Kategori:Kota di Mongolia]] 2vfxmxzt9ubvqotg9ag61ob6ihcmcb5 Universitas pattimura 0 474990 3347784 3346614 2026-06-12T04:17:39Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Universitas Pattimura''' atau '''UNPATTI''' adolah [[Perguruan tinggi|sabuah universitas]] di Nagari Rumahtiga, [[Koto Ambon|Kota Ambon]] nan didirian pado tanggal 8 Agustus 1962. Pado taun 2023, Kanselir Universitas Pattimura akan manjadi Prof. Dr. Fredy Leiwakabessy, M.Pd<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mimbarrakyatnews.com/|title=MimbarRakyatNews.com|date=2023-09-21|website=MimbarRakyatNews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-27}}</ref> == Sejarah == Universitas Pattimura didirikan ateh inisiatif [[Joseph Batista Sitanala|Dr. JB Sitanala]] jo babarapo tokoh masyarakaik nan mawujuikkan aspirasi masyarakaik untuak sato dalam pambangunan [[bangso]] jo [[nagara]], tarutamo di bidang pandidikan tinggi jo pambangunan ilmiah. Yayasan Pandidikan Tinggi Maluku Irian Barat dibantuak pado tanggal 20 Juli 1955, nan dipimpin dek Cornelis Loppies nan barasil mandirian Fakultas Hukum pado tanggal 3 Oktober 1956. Tanggal 3 Oktober 1956 kudian ditantuan sabagai hari lahia Universitas Pattimura. Pado tanggal 6 Oktober 1959, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial jo Politik dibukak, diikuti jo pambukaan Fakultas Palatihan jo Pandidikan Guru pado tanggal 10 September 1961. Untuak mamanuahi syarat untuak manjadi universitas negeri, duo fakultas ilmu eksakta dibukak, yaitu Fakultas Pertanian, Kehutanan jo Fakultas Peternakan pado tanggal 1 September 1963<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://p4mriunpat.wordpress.com/home/about/|title=Sejarah Universitas Pattimura|date=2009-09-17|website=P4MRI Universitas Pattimura|language=en|access-date=2024-11-27}}</ref> Pado tanggal 1 Agustus 1962, Yayasan Pandidikan Tinggi Maluku Irian Barat diubah manjadi Universitas Negeri jo Kaputusan Menteri PTIP Nomor 99 taun 1962 tanggal 8 Agustus 1962 jo limo fakultas, yaitu: * fakultas Hukum * Fakultas Pelatihan Guru jo Ilmu Pendidikan . * Fakultas Ilmu Sosial jo Politik . * Fakultas Pertanian dan Kehutanan . * Fakultas Peternakan Presiden [[Soekarno]] malalui Kaputusan Presiden Nomor 66 taun 1963 tanggal 23 April 1963 maagiah wewenang pandirian sabuah universitas di Ambon nan dibari namo Universitas Pattimura. Fakultas Ekonomi dibukak pado tanggal 15 September 1965, 1965 Fakultas Teknik dibukak pado 16 April 1970 manggunoan bangunan eksklusif dari proyek Fakultas Teknologi Ambon (FTA). Pado bulan Agustus 1964 Fakultas Pembinaan dan Pendidikan Guru barubah status manjadi IKIP Cabang Jakarta Ambon jo Rektomya Drs. FFH Kapatutan. Kamudian pado tanggal 16 September 1969 Cabang Ambon IKIP Jakarta diintegrasikan baliak ka dalam Universitas Pattimura manjadi duo fakultas yaitu Fakultas Pembinaan Guru jo Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan. Pado taun 1974 Fakultas Peternakan dilangkoki jo jurusan Perikanan dan pado wakatu nan samo diubah namo manjadi Fakultas Peternakan/Perikanan. == Fakultas == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ style="background:#ADD8E6; color:#FFG; font-size:110%"|Fakultas Universitas Pattimura |- !Fakultas !Tanggal Pendirian !Jurusan/Program Studi !Program !Lokasi |- |[https://fh.unpatti.ac.id/ Fakultas Hukum] |3 Oktober 1956 |Keperdataan, Pidana, Tata Negara/Hukum Administrasi Negara, Internasional |Sarjana, Magister dan Doktoral |Jalan. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka, Kec. Tlk. Ambon, Kota Ambon, Maluku |- |[https://fisip.unpatti.ac.id/ Fakultas llmu Sosial dan llmu Politik] |5 Oktober 1959 |Sosiologi, Administrasi Publik, Ilmu Pemerintahan, Ilmu Komunikasi |Sarjana dan Magister |Jalan. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka, Kec. Tlk. Ambon, Kota Ambon, Maluku |- |[https://fkip.unpatti.ac.id/ Fakultas Keguruan dan llmu Pendidikan] |3 November 1961 |Pendidikan Sejarah, Pendidikan Geografi, Pendidikan Ekonomi, Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan (PPKN), Pendidikan Akuntansi, Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, Pendidikan Jasmani Kesehatan dan Rekreasi, Bimbingan dan Konseling, Pendidikan Luar Sekolah/Pendidikan Non Formal, Administrasi Pendidikan, Pendidikan Matematika, Manajemen Pendidikan, Pendidikan Fisika, Pendidikan Kimia, Pendidikan Biologi, Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, Pendidikan Bahasa Jerman, Pendididkan Profesi Guru |Sarjana, Magister dan Doktoral |Jalan. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka, Kec. Tlk. Ambon, Kota Ambon, Maluku |- |[https://faperta.unpatti.ac.id/ Fakultas Pertanian] |11 Nopember 1963 | Agribisnis, Peternakan, Agroteknologi, Teknologi Hasil Pertanian, Kehutanan, Ilmu Lingkungan, Pengelolaan Hutan, Pengelolahan Lahan, Manajemen Hutan, Ilmu Pertanian |Sarjana dan Magister |Jalan. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka, Kec. Tlk. Ambon, Kota Ambon, Maluku |- |[https://feb.unpatti.ac.id/ Fakultas Ekonomi Dan Bisnis]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |1 September 1965 | Akuntansi, Manajemen, Ekonomi Pembangunan |Sarjana dan Magister |Jalan. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka, Kec. Tlk. Ambon, Kota Ambon, Maluku |- | [https://fatek.unpatti.ac.id/ Fakultas Teknik] | 16 April 1970 | Teknik Mesin, Teknik Perkapalan, Teknik Sistem Perkapalan, Teknik Industri, Teknik Sipil, Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah Kota, Teknik Elektro, Teknik Informatika, Teknik Geologi |Sarjana |Jalan. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka, Kec. Tlk. Ambon, Kota Ambon, Maluku |- |[https://fpik.unpatti.ac.id/ Fakultas Perikanan & Ilmu Kelautan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202225028/https://fpik.unpatti.ac.id/ |date=2024-12-02 }} |15 Nopember 1976 |Manajemen Sumber Daya Perairan, Manajemen Sumber Daya Kelautan dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil, Teknologi Hasil Perikanan, Agrobisnis Perikanan, Ilmu Kelautan, Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Perairan, Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Perairan, Budidaya Perairan |Sarjana, Magister dan Doktoral |Jalan Mr, Jl Chr. Soplanit, Poka, Teluk Ambon, Kota Ambon, Maluku |- |[https://fmipa.unpatti.ac.id/ Fakultas MIPA]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |26 Februari 1998 |Matematika, Biologi, Fisika, Kimia, Statistika, Bioteknologi, Ilmu Komputer, Farmasi |Sarjana dan Magister |Jalan. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka, Kec. Tlk. Ambon, Kota Ambon, Maluku |- |[https://fk.unpatti.ac.id/ Fakultas Kedokteran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203054216/https://fk.unpatti.ac.id/ |date=2024-12-03 }} |11 Juli 2008 |Pendidikan Dokter, Profesi Dokter |Sarjana |Jalan. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka, Kec. Tlk. Ambon, Kota Ambon, Maluku |} === '''Universitas Pattimura punyo simbol nan digambarkan sabagai barikuik:''' === Dasar simbol iko adolah perisai limo sisi nan manggambarkan patahanan jo sumangaik Pancasila sabagai landasan jo jiwa sagalo bantuak pajuangan jo Dharma Bhakti di Universitas Pattimura. Obor Pattimura, Pahlawan Nasional dari Wilayah Maluku jo api obor tigo ujuang nan malambangkan Tri Dharma Pandidikan Tinggi. Dharma ko harus dijalankan jo jiwa dan semangat nan heroik. Bungo teratai malambangkan ilimu jo hikmah. Mutiara malambangkan ketekunan dalam mangaja ilimu jo katabahan dalam malaksanakan Tri Dharma Pandidikan Tinggi, untuak mandapekkan hasil nan bakualitas. Tigo mutiara jo sapuluah dasar mahkota jo kelopak daun teratai mawakili hari lahia Universitas Pattimura, yaitu 3 Oktober. Jo dikaluakan Kaputusan Presiden Nomor 66 tanggal 23 April 1963, hari lahia Universitas Pattimura dirayoan satiok 23 April, walaupun lambang tigo mutiara jo sapuluah mahkota dasar sarato kelopak daun teratai masih dipaliharo manuruik data sajarah. == Makna Lambang Bendera == Putiah malambangkan kasucian Kuniang malambangkan ketekunan. === Motto : === ” ''Berkembang Dalam Tantangan ” (Hotumese)'' Bandera Bandera Universitas Pattimura babantuak persegi panjang jo mamiliki warna dasar biru mudo jo lambang Universitas nan dilatakkan di tangah. == Hymne == ''Universitas Pattimura Pelambang kecerdasan Nusa Bangsa;'' ''Lambang Penjelmaan tuntutan sejarah'' ''pewujud idaman Bhineka Tunggal lka'' ''Padamu Kuberjanji, Untukmu Kuberbakti, Bagimu Kumengabdi,'' ''untuk kejayaan lbu Pertiwi,'' ''Universitas Pattimura pembina generasi Pancasila'' ''Pusat Penelitian llmu Pengetahuan untuk pengabdian kemasyarakatan'' == Referensi == mfoo2t3qd602dbuyou5fg48flw231dj PSK (kriptografi) 0 475035 3347755 3158779 2026-06-11T21:31:19Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347755 wikitext text/x-wiki Pado [[kriptografi|ilimu kriptografi]], '''PSK''' (kato basingkek dari [[bahaso Inggirih]]: ''pre-shared key'') adolah [[Sandi (kriptografi)|rahasio basamo]] nan sabalunnyo babagian antaro duo pihak parolu manggunoan babarapo [[Standar Enkripsi Data|saluran aman]] sabalun paguno.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cookbook.fortinet.com/glossary/pre-shared-key/|title=pre-shared key|first=Victoria|last=Martin|work=[[Fortinet]] Cookbook|accessdate=2019-03-21|archive-date=2018-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513000836/http://cookbook.fortinet.com/glossary/pre-shared-key/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {{Enkripsi-stub}} 50zql27wmrxytypbxthbru6mpjuiani Universitas Nasional Oles Honchar Dnipro 0 475991 3347783 3163313 2026-06-12T04:14:09Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347783 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Перший корпус ДНУ.jpg|thumb]] '''Universitas Nasional Oles Honchar Dnipro''' ('''DNU''') adolah universitas nan [[Universitas nagari|disponsori nagara]] yang balokasi di [[Dnipro]], [[Ukraina]]. Didirian pado tahun 1918. Ampek fakultas patamo iolah [[Sijarah]] jo [[Linguistik]], [[Hukum]], [[Kadokteran]], sarato [[Fisika]] jo [[Matematika]]. Kini ko, DNU, sabagai universitas klasik gadang, mancakuik 14 fakultas dalam bidang formal, alam, jo sosial. Sabanyak 730 akademisi mambari pambalajaran kapado sakitar 10.700 mahasiswa (tamasuak 130 mahasiswa internasional dari hampia 130 nagara). Universitas ko manawarkan 98 program untuak mandapekan gala sarjana jo magister sarato manyelenggaraan palatiahan bagi mahasiswa doktoral di 35 bidang. Pandidikan tinggi kaduo juo dapek diparoleh di DNU. Sabalum [[Parang Rusia-Ukraina|agresi Rusia]] di wilayah timur Ukraina pado tahun 2014, universitas ko mampunyoi 20 fakultas jo 1.300 akademisi. Jumlah mahasiswanyo mancapai sakitar 22.000 (tamasuak 3.000 mahasiswa internasional). Universitas Nasional Dnipro Oles Honchar mampunyoi hubuangan arek jo salah ciek pusek [[roket]] jo [[Lua angkasa|antariksa]] tagadang di dunia – Yuzhnoye SDO [[Biro Desain Pivdenne|Yuzhnoye Design Bureau]], sarato jo organisasi industri jo ilmiah lainnyo di wilayah [[Donetsk-Prydniprovsk]] nan panduduaknyo labiah dari 15 juta urang. Sasuai jo strategi internasionalisasinyo, DNU sacaro aktif manjalin hubuangan ilmiah jo akademik jo institusi-institusi di saluruah dunia. Kini ko, tadapek 93 pajanjian bilateral jo paguruan tinggi jo pusek riset dari Eropa, [[Asia]], [[Amerika Sarikaik]], jo [[Kanada]] nan dijalanan di universitas ko. == Sijarah == Universitas Ekaterynoslavsky (kini Universitas Nasional Dnipro Oles Honchar) didirian di nagara Ukraina pimpinan [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] pado tahun 1918.<ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20141210120630/http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=80 City of Katerynoslav in 1917-20]. [[Dnipropetrovsk]] city portal (2001)</ref> Pado tahun 1920, Universitas Ekaterynoslavsky diubah manjadi Institut Pandidikan Ekaterynoslavsky (kamudian di Dnipropetrovsk), nan baoperasi hinggo tahun 1933. Pado tahun 1933, Universitas Negeri Dnipropetrovsk dipuliahan, namun kabangkitannyo batapekan jo manguaiknyo rezim totaliter [[Josef Stalin|Stalin]], nan manyababan panagkokan massal di lingkuangan universitas sarato kahilangan personel nan indak tagantian. Salamo [[Parang Dunia II]], sabagian dosen jo mahasiswa ikuik mambelan tanah aia dari panjajah [[Jerman Nazi|Nazi]]; nan lain bakarajo dalam pangungsian. Pado September 2000, Universitas Nageri Dnipropetrovsk mandapekan status sabagai institusi nasional. Sadangkan Kota Dnipropetrovsk diubah namonyo manjadi Dnipro pado Mei 2016 sabagai bagian dari undang-undang dekomunisasi nan dibalakuan satahun sabalumnyo.<ref>[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/350680.html MPs appeal against Dnipropetrovsk renaming at Constitutional Court], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (6 June 2016)<br /> [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7123443 Constitutional Court refused to consider renaming Dnipropetrovsk], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (12 October 2016)</ref> == Panghargaan == Universitas Nasional Dnipro manampeki paringkek kasalapan dalam pamaringkekan taintegrasi universitas di Ukraina. Manuruik [[Komsomolskaya Pravda]], paringkek paliang otoritatif nan acok dijadian acuan dek para ahli jo jurnalis iolah paringkek nasional [[Organisasi Pandidikan, Ilmu Pangatahuan, jo Kabudayaan Pasarikatan Banso-Banso|UNESCO]] "Top-200 Ukraine", "Compass", sarato paringkek internasional "Webometrics".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://euroosvita.net/?category=1&id=1092 |title=TOP-200 UKRAINE |access-date=2025-05-09 |archive-date=2020-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001083256/http://euroosvita.net/?category=1&id=1092 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Pranala lua == * http://www.dnu.dp.ua/ -Website rasmi (bahaso Ukraina, Rusia, Inggirih) [[Kategori:Universitas di Ukraina]] l0846z2xax74um2dfvjl37gureixekr Guru Gembul 0 476705 3347736 3342583 2026-06-11T13:24:18Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guru Gembul''' (laia 1985) adolah saurang konten kreator jo guru asa Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2024/10/14/sosok-guru-gembul-viral-kalah-debat-usai-dirujak-muhammad-nuruddin-terungkap-latar-belakangnya|title=Sosok Guru Gembul, Viral Kalah Debat usai 'Dirujak' Muhammad Nuruddin, Terungkap Latar Belakangnya|date=24 Jul 2025|website=Tribunnews.com|access-date=24 Jul 2025}}</ref> == Iduik == Guru Gambuang manutuik sia dirinyo nan sabananyo lalu mambuek saakan-akan manjadi urang nan "misterius". Banyak nan mandugo namo aslinyo adolah Johan Riyadi. Inyo dikatahui tamat dari [[Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia]].<ref name="SUARA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2024/07/15/122405/pendidikan-guru-gembul-youtuber-yang-sering-komentari-dunia-pendidikan|title=Pendidikan Guru Gembul, Youtuber yang Sering Komentari Dunia Pendidikan|last=Suara.Com|first=M. Reza Sulaiman|date=2024-07-15|website=suara.com|language=id|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref> Guru Gambuang manyatakan bahwa inyo salah saurang guru di Banduang samantaro pandapatannyo dari buek konten sampai ratusan juta. Banyak nan picayo inyo bisa manghasilkan ratusan juta sampai milyaran dalam satahun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoindonesia.id/info-ekonomi/96110204586/mengenal-youtuber-guru-gembul-dan-hasil-pendapatannya-di-youtube|title=Mengenal YouTuber Guru Gembul dan Hasil Pendapatannya Di YouTube|last=Rusdi|first=Febriadi|date=2023-09-18|editor-last=Nurhayati|editor-first=Desi|website=Info Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref>Ado babarapo media nan manulih namo asli Guru Gambuang adolah Johan Riadi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.purwakartaonline.com/entertainment/42510042590/debat-dengan-muhammad-husein-gaza-nama-asli-guru-gembul-terungkap-ke-publik|title=Debat dengan Muhammad Husein Gaza, Nama Asli Guru Gembul Terungkap ke Publik! - Purwakarta Online|last=Online 01|first=Tim Purwakarta|website=Debat dengan Muhammad Husein Gaza, Nama Asli Guru Gembul Terungkap ke Publik! - Purwakarta Online|access-date=24 Jul 2025}}</ref> Namo sarato foto Johan Riado sabagai direktur lambago pandidikan Boemi Matohari tasabar lalu nyo parnah manjadi bintang tamu di tv lokal Jawa Baraik iaitu MQTV<ref>https://x.com/boemimatahari/status/702033579769868288?t=97nWIGgf8hNQiRokWIilhw&s=19</ref> lalu inyo maota di acaro unit pers mahasiswa UPI tahun 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isolapos.com/2016/05/sesuaikan-pendidikan-dengan-potensi-anak/|title=Sesuaikan Pendidikan dengan Potensi Anak|date=2 Mei 2016|accessdate=24 Jul 2025}}</ref> Skripsinyo diagiah judul "Dampak Pamikiran Teosofi (1111-1640).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repository.upi.edu/103802/|title=DAMPAK PEMIKIRAN AL-GHAZALI TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN ALIRAN PEMIKIRAN TEOSOFI (1111-1640)|last=Johan Riadi|first=-|date=13 Mar 2008|accessdate=24 Jul 2025|via=repository.upi.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pddikti.kemdiktisaintek.go.id/detail-mahasiswa/3kI-7BmQOcncyaDtUM2yz6OdPYmyov7ECzFcFThUxFEWuVBXrgM2DB__GS2c_CIYv3meIQ==|title=PDDikti|website=pddikti.kemdiktisaintek.go.id|accessdate=24 Jul 2025}}</ref> Johan Riadi parnah manjadi guru honor sajarah jo PKN di SMA Nagari 16 Banduang sajak 1 Juli 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.innnayah.com/2021/09/Siapa-guru-gembul-youtuber.html|title=SIAPA GURU GEMBUL YOUTUBER ?|accessdate=24 Jul 2025|archive-date=17 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617023450/https://www.innnayah.com/2021/09/Siapa-guru-gembul-youtuber.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://id.scribd.com/document/420955539/Laporan-Individu-Ulfah|title=Laporan Individu Ulfah &#124; PDF &#124; Bisnis|website=Scribd|accessdate=24 Jul 2025}}</ref> jo SMP Citra Cemara Banduang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tiktok.com/@ppgpai/video/7529501367833070853|title=TikTok - Make Your Day|accessdate=24 Jul 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citracemara.sch.id/unit_smp/informasi_smp|title=SMP CITRA CEMARA|website=citracemara.sch.id|accessdate=24 Jul 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sekolahloka.com/data/smp-citra-cemara/|title=Profil SMP Citra Cemara, Kota Bandung (PPDB, Biaya Masuk, Pendaftaran) - Sekolahloka|date=7 Okt 2022|accessdate=24 Jul 2025}}</ref> salah saurang pangguno Quora tahun 2021 manulih bahwasanyo Guru Gambuang maaja di SMA Nagari 16 Banduang lalu akatif manjadi pangecek saputa dunio pandidikan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kaskus.co.id/thread/61ef9c541a53ce61a62ff2de/siapa-guru-gumbul-bongkar|title=Siapa Guru Gumbul? Bongkar!|website=KASKUS|accessdate=24 Jul 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://id.quora.com/Apa-yang-kamu-ketahui-tentang-Guru-Gembul/answer/Mahendrayana-Setiawan-Triatmaja?ch=15&oid=307686536&share=a16ebdd7&srid=u2L4xG&target_type=answer|title=Jawaban Mahendrayana Setiawan Triatmaja untuk Apa yang kamu ketahui tentang Guru Gembul? - Quora|accessdate=24 Jul 2025}}</ref> Dalam siniar samo [[Richard Lee]], Guru Gambuang mangaku inyo saorang guru honorer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/471rt0u_BH4|title=guru gembul, beneran guru honorer!|date=6 Jan 2024|accessdate=24 Jul 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Kagiatan == Guru Gambuang mamulai konten YouTube mulonyo mambahas sains, teknologi, filsafaik sarato teori ota-ota, lalu kadang acok pulo mangecek tantang sijarah Indonesia jo dunio. Inyo acok mangkritik komunitas agamo di Indonesia sahinggo namonyo naik daun lo dek itu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ardiansyah|first=Muhammad|date=2024|title=Representasi islam moderat dalam kanal youtube Guru Gembul perspektif teori fungsi interpretasi Hermeneutika Jorge J.E Gracia.|publisher=UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya}}</ref> Guru Gambuang manakankan baso baliau ndak [[Sunni]] ndak pulo [[Syiah|Syi'ah]], inyo indak ikuik sato aliran kaagamaan apopun, inyo independen <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.purwakartaonline.com/entertainment/pr-4254777168/di-podcast-macan-idealis-guru-gembul-sunni-dan-syiah-sama-sama-bidah-saya-tidak-bermazhab|title=Di Podcast Macan Idealis, Guru Gembul: Sunni dan Syiah sama-sama bid'ah, saya tidak bermazhab! - Purwakarta Online|last=Sugianto|first=Enjang|website=Purwakarta Online|language=id|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref> Inyo bacakak muluik samo [[Bahar bin Smith]]. Guru Gambuang manuduah Smith ndak pandai mangaji kitok kuniang nan manjadi dasar anak pondok pasantren dalam balaja agamo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bebasbaru.id/tak-bisa-baca-kitab-kuning-guru-gembul-sebut-bahar-bin-smith-habib-palsu/|title=Tak Bisa Baca Kitab Kuning, Guru Gembul Sebut Bahar Bin Smith Habib Palsu!|date=2024-06-21|website=Bebasbaru|language=id|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.akurat.co/hikmah/1304805043/singgung-kemampuan-baca-kitab-kuning-habib-bahar-bin-smith-guru-gembul-tak-sepenuhnya-percaya-habib-bahar-ulama|title=Singgung Kemampuan Baca Kitab Kuning Habib Bahar bin Smith, Guru Gembul Tak Sepenuhnya Percaya Habib Bahar Ulama|last=Lufaefi|date=Juni 2024|website=Akurat|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref> Guru Gambuang manyabuik Smith "buya palsu" sarato ragu kalau Smith ko cucu nabi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvonenews.com/lifestyle/trend/224138-berani-blak-blakan-bilang-habib-bahar-bin-smith-ulama-gadungan-terungkap-siapa-sosok-guru-gembul-sebenarnya-ternyata|title=Berani Blak-blakan Bilang Habib Bahar bin Smith Ulama Gadungan, Terungkap Siapa Sosok Guru Gembul Sebenarnya, Ternyata…|date=2024-07-03|website=www.tvonenews.com|language=id|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref> Guru Gambuang manyabuik Smith kadang pakai palsu untuk managehan posisinyo sabagai cucu, anak-katurunan nabi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1tulah.com/2024/07/02/heboh-habib-bahar-dan-hadis-palsu-guru-gembul-ungkap-fakta-mengejutkan/|title=Heboh Habib Bahar dan Hadis Palsu: Guru Gembul Ungkap Fakta Mengejutkan {{!}} 1tulah News|date=2024-07-02|language=id|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infopertama.com/parah-demi-bela-silsilah-keturunan-nabinya-habib-bahar-gunakan-hadis-palsu/|title=Parah! Demi Bela Silsilah Keturunan Nabinya, Habib Bahar Gunakan Hadis Palsu|last=Pangul|first=R. J.|date=2024-07-02|website=info pertama|language=id|access-date=2024-08-19|archive-date=2024-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703081627/https://infopertama.com/parah-demi-bela-silsilah-keturunan-nabinya-habib-bahar-gunakan-hadis-palsu/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Panyanyi dangdut [[Rhoma Irama]] jo [[Zein Assegaf]], tokoh masyarakaik nan bacakak muluik samo Smith mandukuang muncuang-muncuang Guru Gambuang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2024/07/03/162937/sosok-ini-ikut-tuding-habib-bahar-bin-smith-sesat-mirip-orang-orang-penyembah-pohon|title=Sosok Ini Ikut Tuding Habib Bahar bin Smith Sesat: Mirip Orang-orang Penyembah Pohon|website=suara.com|language=id|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref> Lalu kudian, Guru Gambuang jo Rhoma Irama manantang sacaro jentel Smith untuak mambuktian kaaslian darah katurunan nabinyo lewaik tes DNA, Smith tasingguang tapi inyo manyanggupi jo babarapo syaraik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvonenews.com/lifestyle/trend/220257-persoalan-nasab-rasulullah-saw-dibahas-lagi-rhoma-irama-setuju-habib-di-tes-dna-bahar-bin-smith-tegas-ajukan-syarat-ini|title=Persoalan Nasab Rasulullah SAW Dibahas lagi, Rhoma Irama Setuju Habib di Tes DNA, Bahar bin Smith Tegas Ajukan Syarat ini|date=2024-06-19|website=www.tvonenews.com|language=id|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref>Di sabuah saminar di Banduang, Guru Gambuang mangkritik sistem pandidikan jo sikolah di Indonesia nan dinilai barek ka administratif ndak jaleh, lalu nyo mandasak aga sistem ko diubah.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wijaya|first=Stefani|date=Mei 2023|editor-last=BW|title=Guru Gembul Dorong Perubahan Dunia Pendidikan|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/1047316/guru-gembul-dorong-perubahan-dunia-pendidikan|work=BeritaSatu|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref> Inyo juo mangkritik gaji guru nan randah di Indonesia, hal iko nan diyakini mambuek kualitas pandidikan Indonesia tu buruak. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/www.akhlis-purnomo.com/6562ed71c57afb71b87c6d42/guru-gembul-saya-gaji-gede-dari-youtube-gaji-ngajar-cuma-200-ribu-per-bulan|title=Guru Gembul: "Saya Gaji Gede dari YouTube, Gaji Ngajar Cuma 200 Ribu per Bulan"|last=|date=2023-11-26|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref> == Kontroversi ==  "Sagalo sistem indrawi ko acok mangicuah awak atau ndak batuah, kalau bektu mako nyo ndak layak, ndak cocok manjadi sumber informasi (pangatahuan) nan bisa kito picayo." === Paringatan === Tahun 2023, karano kritiknyo nan manyabuik guru jo pandidikan Indonesia buruak, limo urang aktivis pandidikan maagiah surek tabuka baisi paringatan ka Guru Gambuang karano muncuangnyo nan manyabuik kuliatas guru jo pandidikan tadi di BTV pado 1 Juni 2023. Palapor manilai muncuang Guru Gambuang manghino profesi guru. Guru Gambuang mambela diri bahwosanyo inyo tu mankritik Limbago Pandidikan jo Tanago Pandidikan (LPTK) nan manyiapkan para tanago guru, inyo manilai kato-katonyo alah diubah-ubah sahinggo tajadi salah paham nan baujuang palaporan iko.<ref>{{Cite news|date=Juni 2023|editor-last=DIN|title=Somasi Guru Gembul Berakhir Damai|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/1053509/somasi-guru-gembul-berakhir-damai|work=BeritaSatu|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref> Masalah iko kudian salasai sacaro mufakaik, sagalo pihak satuju iko hanyo parkaro sabagian guru nan ndak kompeten sajo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koran-gala.id/gala-edu/5879265561/guru-vs-guru-gembul-berakhir-damai-sepakat-hanya-sebagian-yang-tidak-berkompeten|title=Guru vs Guru Gembul Berakhir Damai, Sepakat Hanya Sebagian yang Tidak Berkompeten - Koran Gala|last=Putra|first=Ferdy Soegito|website=Koran Gala|language=id|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref> === Manyatokan baso sistem indrawi mangicuah. === Tahun 2024, Guru Gembuang manyabuik: Kato-kato nan kalua dari muncuang Guru Gambuang mambuek Abdul Muin Banyak (alumni Universitas Minnesota) manjawek bahwosanyo memang indra urang ko tabateh namun katabatehan tu ndak manjadikan indra urang tibo-tibo ndak layak dijadian sumber info tapicayo kayak nan diotaan Guru Gambuang. Justru dek katabatehan itulah nan mandorong urang mambuek alaik bantu nan dapek kito gunokan untuak mampalueh cakrawala manusia, bahkan satalah alaik dibuek, manusia ko masih harus pulo mamakai indranyo untuak mangamati fenomena-fenomena nan tajadi di alam dunia ko, kato Abdul Muin.<ref>{{Citation|title=MISKONSEPSI GURU GEMBUL SAAT BAHAS SCIENCE PART 1}}</ref> Bak kato papatah Minangkabau saisuak, ''"Alam Takambang Jadi Guru".'' === Tanggapan wakatu badebat jo Muhammad Nuruddin. === Guru Gambuang "dibantai" wakatu cakak muluik di debat ilmiah nan batemakan ''"Bisa Ndak Sih Kasahihan Akidah Islam Dibuktian Sacaro Ilmiah?".'' Debat ko lumayan paneh, Guru Gambuang jo [[Muhammad Nuruddin]] cakak muluik di [[Universitas Indonesia]]. [[Muhammad Nuruddin]] nan emang bidangnyo manganai iko mambuek Guru Gambuang kanai bantai karano [[Muhammad Nuruddin]] pakai sumber jo parsiapan nan amaik matang. [[Muhammad Nuruddin]] acok bana mamakai ilmu mantik (logika) saat cakak muluik jo nyo, Muhammad Nuruddin mamakai kaidah ilmu nan langkok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvonenews.com/religi/256068-guru-gembul-akui-kalah-telak-dari-ustaz-nuruddin-berujung-debat-panas-tema-akidah-trending-di-media-sosial|title=Guru Gembul Akui Kalah Telak dari Ustaz Nuruddin Berujung Debat Panas Tema Akidah Trending di Media Sosial|last=tvOneNews.com|last2=tvonenews.com|first2=Tim|date=2024-10-14|website=www.tvonenews.com|language=id|access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref> Katiko debat tangah dimulai, Guru Gambuang nampak ndak siap katiko mandapek "hujjah" argumen jo malimpahnyo referensi nan dipakai Muhammad Nuruddin. Aliah-aliah manjawek jo jawaban nan rancak babasih ilmu pangatahuan bak urang cadiak pandai, Guru Gambuang malah maota nan ndak paralu, bahkan ndak manghormati moderator acara. Gaya mangeceknyo asa malantuang, gadang ota lalu ndak ado titiak pangka malah mambuek inyo tampak ndak mandalami topik nan tangah dibahas.<ref>{{Citation|title=MISKONSEPSI GURU GEMBUL SAAT BAHAS SCIENCE PART 1}}</ref> Bak papatah urang saisuak, ''"mangecek muncuang dahulu, tapikia kudian".'' === Buku nan indak ado rujukan === Guru Gambuang manjadi sasaran kritik karano buku nan inyo tulih ''"50 Muslim Paliang Bapangaruh dalam Sijarah Paradaban Islam: Sajarah nan Dihandok'an"'' ndak mamakai sumber. Wargonet kecewa karano buku ko ndak ado sumber lalu dinilai ndak kredibel. Buku tu mamakai foto nan ndak sesuai samo isinyo. Foto nan diambiak ndak pulo dijalehan dari ma dapeknyo. Misalnyo, dalam buku tu ado gambar nan maambiak lukih-malukihnyo Antoine Jean Gros, palukih dari Parancih, koleksi Musium Sajarah Parancih namun gambar tu katarangannyo justru "Lukih-malukih katiko Napoleon marabuik Mesir", kan iko ndak nyambuang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jatimtimes.com/baca/322809/20241014/091000/siapa-guru-gembul-konten-kreator-kontroversial-yang-disebut-tanpa-referensi|title=Siapa Guru Gembul? Konten Kreator Kontroversial yang Disebut Tanpa Referensi|website=Jatim TIMES|language=id|access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref> == Buku == * ''Mangecek-an Filsafaik, Ah!'' (2025). * ''Di lua kapacayoan: Fakta atau Ota'' (2024). * ''"50 Muslim Paliang Bapangaruh dalam Sijarah Paradaban Islam: Sajarah nan Dihandok'an"'' (2024). == Reperensi == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Sunda]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Islam Indonesia]] kqtevty6g3ky5ip3fd384a9cliffuv6 Agatha Christie 0 476935 3347788 3346008 2026-06-12T10:49:42Z Naval Scene 55 +{{tajamah}} 3347788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tajamah}} {{short description|20th-century English mystery and detective writer}}{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | honorific_prefix = '''Dame''' | name = Agatha Christie<br/><small>Lady Mallowan</small> | honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|DBE}} | image = | caption = Agatha Christie | pseudonym = Mary Westmacott | birth_name = Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1890|9|15}} | birth_place = [[Torquay]], [[Devon]], {{Flag|Inggris}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1976|1|12|1890|9|15}} | death_place = Winterbrook House, Winterbrook, Oxfordshire, {{Flag|Inggris}} | resting_place = Church of St Mary, Cholsey, Oxfordshire, [[Inggris]] | occupation = * [[Novelis]] * Penulis [[cerita pendek]] * [[Puisi]] * [[Memoar]] | genre = * [[Fiksi kejahatan]] * [[Thriller]] * [[Cerita detektif|Detektif]] * [[Romantis]] | movement = [[Golden Age of Detective Fiction|Masa Keemasan Fiksi Detektif]] | notableworks = Pembuat karakter [[Hercule Poirot]] dan [[Miss Marple]], ''[[Pembunuhan di Orient Express]]'', ''[[Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd]]'', ''[[Pembunuhan di Sungai Nil]]'', ''[[Pembunuhan di Wisma Pendeta]]'', ''[[Pembunuhan ABC]]'', ''[[Sepuluh Anak Negro]]'', ''[[The Mousetrap]]'' | signature = Agatha Christie's signature.png | spouses = {{unbulleted list | {{marriage|Archibald Christie|1914|1928|end=div}} {{marriage|[[Max Mallowan|Sir Max Mallowan]]|1930}}}} | children = 1 | relatives = James Watts (keponakan) | website = {{URL|agathachristie.com}} | alt = Christie in 1925 }} '''Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie''', DBE ({{lahirmati||15|9|1890||12|1|1976}}) adolah saurang Panulih [[fiksi kriminal]] [[Inggris]] nan tanamo jo anam puluah anam novel detektif dan ampek baleh koleksi carito pendeknyo. Karyanyo nan paliang tanamo bacarito tantang detektif fiksi [[Hercule Poirot]] dan [[Miss Marple]]. Inyo pun marupoan panulih [[pementasan drama]] paliang lamo di dunia nan bajudul [[The Mousetrap]], nan ditampilan di [[Teater West End]] dari [[1952]] hinggo [[2020]]. Pertunjukan itu ditutuik pado [[Maret 2020]] karano [[Pandemi Covid-19]]. Inyo pun turuik manulih anam novel jo namo samarannyo '''Mary Westmacott'''. pado [[1971]], Inyo diangkek manjadi [[Bintang Kekaisaran Britania Raya|Dame]] (DBE) dek kontribusinya pado dunia sastra. ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' manyantuman Christie subagai Panulih fiksi terlaris sepanjang maso, novelnyo alah tajua labiah dari duo miliar eksemplar. Christie dilahiakan dalam keluarga kelas menengah ateh nan kayo di [[Torquay, Inggris|Torquay, Devon]], dan subagian gadang mendapekkan pendidikannya jo [[Sekolah rumah|bersikola di rumah]]. Di awal kariernyo subagai panulih inyo maalami anam panulakan baturuik-turuik sabalun akhianya pado [[1920]], karyanyo nan bajudul ''[[Misteri di Styles]]'', nan manampilkan detektif Hercule Poirot, ditabikan. Manuruik ''Index Translationum'', inyo tatap manjadi panulih individu jo karyanyo nan paliang banyak ditajamahan. Karyanyo nan bajudul [[Sepuluh Anak Negro|''Lalu Semuanya Lenyap'']] adolah salah satu buku jo panjualan paliang tinggi sapanjang maso, jo panjualan sekitar 100 juta. == Biografi == === maso kecil dan remaja: 1890–1907 === Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller lahir pado [[15 September]] [[1890]] dari keluarga kelas menengah ateh nan kaya di [[Torquay, Inggris|Torquay, Devon]]. Dia adolah anak bungsu dari tiga bersaudara nan lahir dari pasangan Frederick Alvah Miller dan bininyo Clarissa Margaret ("Clara") Miller née Boehmer.<ref name="Morgan1984">{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Janet P.|date=1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4paAAAAMAAJ|title=Agatha Christie: A Biography|location=London|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=978-0-00-216330-9}}</ref><ref name=":1">''Marriage Register''. St Peter's Church, Bayswater [Notting Hill], Middlesex, 1878, No. 399, p. 200.</ref><ref>''Birth Certificate''. General Register Office for England and Wales, 1890 September Quarter, Newton Abbot, volume 5b, p. 151. [Christie's forenames were not registered.]</ref><ref name=":2">''Baptism Register''. Parish of Tormohun, Devon, 1890, No. 267, [n.p.].</ref> amaknyo lahir di [[Dublin]] pado [[1854]] dari saurang perwira Angkatan Darat Inggris Frederick Boehmer dan bininyo Mary Ann Boehmer née West.<ref>''1871 England Census''. Class: RG10; Piece: 3685; Folio: 134; p. 44</ref><ref>[https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C178476 Statement of Services]: Frederick Boehmer, 91st Foot. The National Archives, Kew. WO 76/456, p. 57.</ref><ref name="Goff">{{cite book|last=Goff|first=Gerald Lionel Joseph|year=1891|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalrecord00goffuoft|title=Historical records of the 91st Argyllshire Highlanders, now the 1st Battalion Princess Louise's Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, containing an account of the Regiment in 1794, and of its subsequent services to 1881|publisher=R. Bentley|pages=xv, [https://archive.org/details/historicalrecord00goffuoft/page/218 218–19, 322]}}</ref> Boehmer meninggal di Jersey pado [[1863]], meninggalkan jandanya untuak membesarkan Clara dan saudara laki-lakinya jo penghasilan nan saketek.<ref>{{cite book|last=Robyns|first=Gwen|date=|year=1978|url=|title=The Mystery of Agatha Christie|location=Garden City, NY|publisher=Doubleday (publisher){{!}}Doubleday & Company, Inc|isbn=0-385-12623-9|page=13|pages=|url-status=live}}</ref> Dua minggu sasudah kematian Boehmer, saudara padusi Mary nan bernama Margaret West menikahi saurang duda bernama Nathaniel Frary Miller, saurang warga negara Amerika Serikat. untuak membantu Mary sacaro finansial, mereka setuju untuak mengasuah Clara nan saat itu baumua sembilan taun. Mereka kamudian menetap di Timperley, Cheshire.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|date=1865|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C7314015|title=Naturalisation Papers: Miller, Nathaniel Frary, from the United States. Certificate 4798|location=|publisher=|isbn=|pages=|url-status=live}}</ref> Margaret dan Nathaniel indak mamiliki anak bersama, tapi Nathaniel mamiliki saurang putra baumua tujuh belas taun nan bernama Fred Miller, dari pernikahan sabalunnya. Fred lahir di [[Kota New York]] dan bepaian sacaro ekstensif sasudah meninggalkan sekolah asramanya. Ia dan Clara menikah di London pado [[1878]]. Anak partamo mereka, Margaret Frary ("Madge"), lahir di Torquay pado 1879.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Margaret Frary “Madge” Miller Watts (1879-1950) -...|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/196044102/margaret-frary-watts|website=www.findagrave.com|language=en|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref> Anaknya nan kedua, Louis Montant ("Monty"), lahir di Morristown, [[New Jersey]], pado [[1880]], saat keluarganya sedang berkunjung ke [[Amerika Serikat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Louis Montant “Monty” Miller (1880-1929) - Find A...|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/205176230/louis-montant-miller|website=www.findagrave.com|language=en|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref> katiko ayah Fred meninggal pado [[1869]], dia meninggalkan Clara £2.000 (kira-kira setara jo £190.000 pado [[2019]]). kamudian pado [[1881]] mereka manggunoan uang tasabuik untuak menyewa vila di Torquay bernama Ashfield. Di sinilah anak ketiga dan nan terakhia lahir nan diberi nama Agatha pado [[1890]]. Christie menggambarkan maso keteknyo subagai "sangat bahagia". Keluarga Miller tinggal di Devon tapi sering kali mengunjungi sanak saudaranya, Margaret Miller di Ealing dan nenek dari pihak ibu Mary Boehmer di Bayswater. karano saudara kandungnya jauah lebih tua, dan hanya ada saketek anak seusianya di lingkungan mereka, Christie menghabiskan sebagian besar wakatunya bamain surang jo hewan peliharaan dan teman imajinasinya. Dia akhianya bakawan jo gadis-gadis lain di Torquay, ia mencatat bahwa "salah satu nan manarik dari keberadaan saya" adolah penampilannya bersama mereka dalam produksi remaja ''The Yeomen of the Guard'' karya [[Gilbert dan Sullivan]]. Christie berperan subagai pahlawan bernama Kolonel Fairfax dalam [[opera]] tasabuik.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AbeBooks: The Queen of Crime Writing - Agatha Christie|url=http://www.abebooks.com/books/orient-express-miss-marple-murder-death/agatha-christie.shtml|website=www.abebooks.com|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021|archive-date=2021-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519000119/https://www.abebooks.com/books/orient-express-miss-marple-murder-death/agatha-christie.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Menurut Christie, Clara pacayo dia seharusnya indak belajar mambaco sampai dia berumur delapan taun, tapi berkat rasa ingin taunyo, ia bisa mambaco pado usia empat taun. Walaupun kakak padusinyo telah dikirim ke sekolah asrama, tapi amaknyo bersikeras agar Christie menerima [[Sekolah rumah|pendidikan di rumah]]. sahinggo, urang tuo dan saudara padusinya mengawasi studinya dalam mambaco, manulih, dan aritmetika dasar, mata pelajaran nan sangat dia sukoi. Mereka juga mengajarinya musik, dimana ia belajar memainkan [[piano]] dan [[mandolin]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie in profile: facts about her life|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/agatha-christie-author-disappearance-life-death-miss-marple-poirot-mystery-life-death-husband-marriage/|website=HistoryExtra|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie, Homeschooler|url=https://eurohomeed.org/home/agatha-christie-homeschooler|website=Euro Home Ed|language=en-US|access-date=19 Januari 2021|archive-date=2022-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408034302/https://eurohomeed.org/home/agatha-christie-homeschooler|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Berkas:Agatha Christie as a child No 1.jpg|jmpl|ka|200px|Christe pado saat mudanya]] Christie sangat suko mambaco sajak usia dini. Memorinya nan paliang awal adolah mambaco buku anak-anak dek Mary Louisa Molesworth dan Edith Nesbit. katiko saketek lebih besar, dia beralih ke karya dari [[Edward Lear]] dan [[Lewis Carroll]]. subagai remaja, dia manikmati karya Anthony Hope, [[Walter Scott]], [[Charles Dickens]], dan [[Alexandre Dumas]]. pado April 1901, saat ia baumua 10 taun, dia manulih puisi partamonyo nan bajudul ''The Cowslip''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-15|title=The Story of Agatha Christie, Whose Life Could’ve Been a Plot for One of Her Novels|url=https://brightside.me/wonder-people/the-story-of-agatha-christie-whose-life-couldve-been-a-plot-for-one-of-her-novels-798882/|website=BrightSide — Inspiration. Creativity. Wonder.|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> pado [[1901]], kesehatan ayahnya mamburuak, karano apa nan dia yakini subagai masolah [[jantung]]. Fred meninggal pado November 1901 karano [[pneumonia]] dan panyakik [[ginjal]] kronis. Christie kamudian mengatakan bahwa kematian ayahnya katiko dia baumua sebelas taun menandai akhia maso keteknyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chronological Table [Delicious Death]|url=http://www.deliciousdeath.com/chrono.html|website=www.deliciousdeath.com|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Situasi keuangan keluarganya kamudian mamburuak. Madge menikah setaun sasudah kematian ayah mereka dan pindah ke Cheadle, Cheshire; Monty berada di luar nagari, bertugas di resimen Inggris. Christie kini tinggal surang di Ashfield bersama amaknyo. pado [[1902]], ia mulai bersekolah di ''Miss Guyer's Girls School'' di Torquay tapi merasa sulit untuak menyesuaikan diri. pado 1905, amaknyo mengirimnya ke Paris, tempat ia dididik dalam serangkaian ''pensionnats'' ([[sekolah asrama]]), jo fokus pado pelatihan vokal dan bamain piano. mamutuihan bahwa dia indak mamiliki bakat di bidang terebut, ia kamudian malapehan cito-citonyo untuak tampil sacaro profesional subagai pianis konser atau penyanyi opera.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-24|title=The Life of Dame Agatha Christie|url=https://www.thehotelbalmoral.co.uk/life-dame-agatha-christie/|website=The Balmoral Hotel Torquay|language=en-GB|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-17|title=Bowerland Blog – Saturday Stories – Agatha Christie|url=https://www.bowerlandcottageholidays.co.uk/saturday-stories-agatha-christie/|website=Bowerland Cottage Holidays|language=en-GB|access-date=19 Januari 2021|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127221530/https://www.bowerlandcottageholidays.co.uk/saturday-stories-agatha-christie/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-09|title=Agatha Christie, Novelis yang Dikenal Sebagai 'Ratu Kejahatan'|url=https://www.woke.id/novel-agatha-christie-hercule-poirot/|website=woke.id|language=en-US|access-date=19 Januari 2021|archive-date=2023-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826184854/https://www.woke.id/novel-agatha-christie-hercule-poirot/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Pernikahan dan kesuksesan sastra: 1907–1926 === sasudah menyelesaikan pendidikannya, Christie baliak ke Inggris di mana ia kamudian mengetauhi amaknyo sedang sakit-sakitan. Mereka mamutuihan untuak menghabiskan wakatu musim dingin mereka (akhia [[1907]]– awal [[1908]]) di [[Mesir]] nan mamiliki iklim nan angek. Mesir kamudian manjadi tujuan wisata reguler bagi urang Inggris nan kaya. Mereka tinggal selama tiga bulan di Gezirah Palace di [[Kairo]]. Christie menghadiri banyak acara tari dan acara sosial lainnyo. Ia sangat manikmati manonton pertandingan polo amatir. Mereka mengunjungi beberapa monumen Mesir kuno seperti [[Piramida Agung Giza]], di mana ia indak menunjukkan minat nan besar pado arkeologi dan [[egiptologi]] nan berkembang di taun-taun terakhianya. Saat ia baliak ke Inggris, dia melanjutkan kegiatan sosialnya, manulih dan tampil di teater amatir. Dia juga membantu memainkan drama bajudul ''The Blue Beard of Unhappiness'' jo teman-temannya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie {{!}}|url=https://www.dramaclasses.biz/news/2016/04/13/agatha-christie|website=www.dramaclasses.biz|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> pado usia delapan belas taun, Christie manulih carito pendek partamonyo nan bajudul ''The House of Beauty'', pado saat itu ia sedang memulihkan diri di tempat lalok dari panyakik. Carito pendek tasabuik mamiliki sekitar 6.000 kata tentang "kegilaan dan mimpi", subjek nan manarik baginyo. Panulih biografinya, Janet Morgan, berkomentar bahwa meskipun "gayanya nan indak selaras", carito dari carito pendek tasabuik "manarik". carito ini manjadi kamudian manjadi versi awal dari novelnya nan bajudul [[Selagi Hari Terang]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Dreams|url=https://www.agathachristie.com/stories/the-house-of-dreams|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> carito pendek lainnyo, kebanyakan menggambarkan ketertarikannya pado spiritualisme dan paranormal. Karyanya tasabuik antara lain ''The Call of Wings'' dan ''The Little Lonely God''. Majalah menolak semua kiriman karya awalnya nan dibuat jo nama samaran (tamasuak Mac Miller, Nathaniel Miller, dan Sydney West). Beberapa dari karyanya kamudian direvisi dan ditabikan jo nama aslinyo, sering kali jo judul nan baru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Beauty Quote|url=https://www.iacf-uk.org/quote/the-house-of-beauty-quote/|website=International Agatha Christie Festival|language=en-GB|access-date=19 Januari 2021|archive-date=2022-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310215010/https://www.iacf-uk.org/quote/the-house-of-beauty-quote/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Dreams: An Agatha Christie Short Story|url=https://www.harpercollins.com.au/9780007560233/the-house-of-dreams-an-agatha-christie-short-story|website=HarperCollins Australia|language=en-AU|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> pado wakatu nan bersamaan, Christie mulai mengerjakan novel partamonyo nan bajudul ''Snow Upon the Desert''. untuak karyanya tasabuik ia manulih jo nama samarannya Monosyllaba, novel tasabuik bercarito di Kairo jo memanfaatkan pengalamannya berada di sana. Dia kecewa katiko enam penerbit nan dia hubungi menolak novelnya itu. Clara menyarankan agar putrinya meminta nasihat dari novelis Eden Phillpotts nan juga teman dan tetangganya. Phillpotts menanggapi permintaanya, mendorongnya untuak manulih, dan mengiriminkan surat pengantar untuak Christie kapado agennya sendiri, Hughes Massie. Massie juga menolak ''Snow Upon the Desert'' tapi menyarankan untuak manulih novel keduanya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=…snow upon the desert (FW17-18)|url=https://www.notjustalabel.com/collection/valeorchid/snow-upon-desert-fw17-18|website=www.notjustalabel.com|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021|archive-date=2023-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826184853/https://www.notjustalabel.com/collection/valeorchid/snow-upon-desert-fw17-18|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Mary Westmacott, the real Agatha Christie|url=https://www.peterharrington.co.uk/blog/mary-westmacott-the-real-agatha-christie/|website=Peter Harrington Blog|language=en-GB|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> Christie menyibukan diri jo berpesta, berkuda, berburu, menari, dan juga bersepatu roda. pado Oktober 1912, dia diperkenalkan jo Archibald "Archie" Christie pado sabuah acara tari nan diadakan dek Lord dan Lady Clifford di Ugbrooke nan berlokasi sekitar 12 mil (19 kilometer) dari Torquay. Archie adolah anak dari saurang pengacara di [[Layanan Sipil India|Dinas Sipil India]], ia adolah saurang perwira militer nan bertugas di Korps Penerbang Kerajaan Inggris pado April 1913. Tiga bulan sasudah pertemuan partamo mereka, Archie melamarnya dan Christie menerima lamarannya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Curious Disappearance of Agatha Christie|url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Curious-Disappearance-of-Agatha-Christie/|website=Historic UK|language=en-GB|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-21|title=Agatha Christie's adventurous 'second act' plays out in Mesopotamia|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2017/05-06/agatha-christie-mesopotamia-archaeology-expeditions/|website=History Magazine|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> jo pecahnya [[Perang Dunia I|parang Dunia I]] pado Agustus 1914, Archie dikirim ke Prancis untuak berparang. Archie kamudian mengambil cuti dan mereka menikah pado Malam Natal 1914 di Gereja Emmanuel, Clifton, [[Bristol]] nan berlokasi dekat jo rumah ibu dan ayah tirinya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-24|title=Desert Island Doc: Agatha Christie’s wartime wedding {{!}} Bristol Archives|url=https://www.bristolmuseums.org.uk/blog/archives/desert-island-doc-agatha-christies-wartime-wedding/|website=Bristol Museums|language=en-GB|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> sasudah naik pangkat, ia ditugaskan baliak ke Inggris pado September 1918 subagai kolonel di Kementerian Udara. Christie membantu subagai anggota ''[[Voluntary Aid Detachment]]'' nan merupakan bagian dari [[Palang Merah]]. Dari Oktober 1914 hingga Mei 1915, dan juga dari Juni 1916 hingga September 1918, ia bekerja selama 3.400 jam di Rumah Sakit Palang Merah Balai Kota Torquay, partamo subagai perawat (indak dibayia) kamudian subagai ''dispenser'' dan dibayia sebesar £ 16 (kira-kira setara jo £ 900 di 2019) sasudah memenuhi perssyaratan subagai asisten apoteker. Ia kamudian berhenti dari posisi tasabuik pado September 1918 katiko Archie dipindahkan ke London, dan mereka menyewa sabuah [[apartemen]] di St John's Wood.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Making her own mystery|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/making-her-own-mystery-1.219949|website=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> Christie adolah saurang penggemar novel detektif, tamasuak ''The Woman in White'' dan ''The Moonstone'' karya Wilkie Collins, dan juga [[Sherlock Holmes]] karya [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]. Dia manulih novel detektif partamonyo nan berjusul [[Misteri di Styles]] pado [[1916]]. Novel itu menampilkan [[Hercule Poirot]], mantan petugas polisi Belgia jo "kumis nan luar biasa" dan kepala "persis seperti telur". Poirot dicaritokan telah memilih untuak berlindung di Inggris sasudah [[Jerman]] menginvasi [[Belgia]]. Inspirasi Christie untuak karakter tasabuik datang dari pengungsi Belgia nan tinggal di Torquay, dan tentara Belgia nan dia bantu saat ia bertugas subagai perawat sukorela selama [[Perang Dunia I|parang Dunia I]]. Naskah aslinyo ditolak dek [[Hodder & Stoughton]] dan juga [[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]]. sasudah melakukan pengajuan selama beberapa bulan, [[John Lane (penerbit)|John Lane]] dari [[The Bodley Head]] mamutuihan untuak menerima naskahnya, asalkan Christie maubah carito bagaimana solusinya terungkap. Dia setuju dan kamudian menandatangani kontrak nan mengikatkan untuak lima buku berikuiknya jo The Bodley Head. Ia kamudian merasa bahwa ia [[Eksploitasi buruh|dieksploitasi]]. Novel tasabuik ditabikan pado 1920.<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Tribute to Agatha Christie|url=http://home.insightbb.com/~jsmarcum/agatha20.htm|website=home.insightbb.com|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mysterious Affair at Styles (Hercule Poirot, book 1) by Agatha Christie|url=https://www.fantasticfiction.com/c/agatha-christie/mysterious-affair-at-styles.htm|website=www.fantasticfiction.com|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cofta|first=Mark|title=‘The Mysterious Affair at Styles’ at Hedgerow Theatre|url=https://www.broadstreetreview.com/theater/the-mysterious-affair-at-styles-at-hedgerow-theatre|website=www.broadstreetreview.com|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> Christie malahiaan anak satu-satunya nan bernama Rosalind Margaret Clarissa, pado [[Agustus]] [[1919]] di Ashfield.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Morgan|first=Janet|date=2004-11-20|title=Obituary: Rosalind Hicks|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/nov/20/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Archie meninggalkan Angkatan Udara pado akhia parang dan mulai bekerja di [[City of London|kota]] dalam sektor keuangan jo gaji nan relatif rendah. Mereka masih mempekerjakan saurang pembantu. Novel keduanya nan bajudul [[Musuh Dalam Selimut]] (1922), menampilkan pasangan detektif baru [[Tommy dan Tuppence]]. Novel tasabuik ditabikan dek The Bodley Head dan ia bershasil mendapekkan £ 50 (kira-kira setara jo £ 2.800 pado 2019) untuak karyanya tasabuik. Novel ketiganya nan bajudul [[Lapangan Golf Maut]], baliak menampilkan Poirot. Setalah itu, ia indak lagi mengalami kesulitan untuak menjual karyanya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Secret Adversary by Agatha Christie: Fine Hardcover (1922) 1st Edition {{!}} Brought to Book Ltd|url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Secret-Adversary-Agatha-Christie-Bodley-Head/30236778717/bd|website=www.abebooks.com|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> pado [[1922]], Christie dan suaminya mengikuiki tur promosi keliling dunia untuak Pameran Kerajaan Inggris, nan dipimpin dek Mayor Ernest Belcher. Meninggalkan putri mereka bersama ibu dan saudara padusi dari Christie. Selama sepuluh bulan mereka melakukan perjalanan ke [[Afrika Selatan]], [[Australia]], [[Selandia Baru]], [[Hawaii]], dan [[Kanada]]. Mereka belajar berselancar di Afrika Selatan dan juga di [[Waikiki]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-07-29|title=Agatha Christie's surfing secret revealed|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/29/agatha-christie-hercule-poirot-surfing-secret|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie 'one of Britain's first stand-up surfers'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/8670354/Agatha-Christie-one-of-Britains-first-stand-up-surfers.html|website=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> katiko mereka baliak ke Inggris, Archie baliak [[City of London|bekerja]] dan Christie terus manulih karya-karya lainya. sasudah tinggal di serangkaian apartemen di [[London]], mereka membeli sabuah rumah di Sunningdale, Berkshire.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RBH: History of Sunningdale, Berkshire|url=http://www.berkshirehistory.com/villages/sunningdale.html|website=www.berkshirehistory.com|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> Ibu Christie, Clarissa Miller, meninggal pado April 1926. Kematiannya mambuek Christie mengalami depresi berat. pado Agustus 1926, laporan muncul di media bahwa Christie telah pai ke sabuah desa dekat [[Biarritz]] untuak memulihkan diri dari "kerusakan" nan disebabkan "kerja berlebihan".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Turner|first=Camilla|date=2017-05-08|title=Mystery of Agatha Christie's disappearance is 'solved' as author suggests she considered suicide over husband's affair|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/mystery-agatha-christies-disappearance-solved-author-suggests/|newspaper=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> === Menghilang: 1926 === pado Agustus 1926, Archie meminta cerai dari Christie. Archie telah jatuh cinta jo Nancy Neele, saurang teman dari Mayor Belcher. pado 3 Desember 1926, Archie dan Christie bertengkar sasudah Archie maagiah tau rencananya untuak menghabiskan akhia pekan jo teman-temannya tanpa dirinya. pado malam itu, Christie menghilang dari rumah mereka. Keesokan paginya, mobilnya ditemukan di Newlands Corner, diparkir di ateh tambang kapur jo pakaian dan [[SIM]] nan sudah habis maso berlakunya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weinberg|first=Kate|date=30 Januari 2020|title=Agatha Christie’s Greatest Mystery Was Left Unsolved|url=https://crimereads.com/agatha-christies-greatest-mystery-was-left-unsolved/|website=CrimeReads|language=en-US|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> Kejadian tasabuik jo cepat manjadi berita, karano pers berusaha memuaskan "rasa lapar akan sensasi, bencana, dan skandal" untuak pembacanya. [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Britania Raya|Menteri dalam nagari]] William Joynson-Hicks menekan polisi untuak memecahkan kasus tasabuik. Selain itu, sabuah [[Koran|surat kabar]] menawarkan hadiah £100 (kira-kira setara jo £6.000 pado 2019) untuak nan berhasil memecahkan kasus tasabuik. Lebih dari 1.000 petugas polisi, 15.000 sukorelawan, dan beberapa pesawat terbang memeriksa pedesaan untuak mencarinya. [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] juga berusaha membantu untuak menemukannya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thorpe|first=Vanessa|date=15 Oktober 2006|title=Christie's most famous mystery solved at last|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/15/books.booksnews|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> Hilangnya Christie ditampilkan di halaman muko ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Jordan|first=Tina|date=11 Juni 2019|title=When the World’s Most Famous Mystery Writer Vanished (Published 2019)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/11/books/agatha-christie-vanished-11-days-1926.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> Meskipun jo pencarian nan ekstensif, dia indak ditemukan selama sepuluh hari ka muko.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=15 Desember 1926|title=MRS. CHRISTIE FOUND IN A YORKSHIRE SPA; ....|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/12/15/archives/mrs-christie-found-in-a-yorkshire-spa-missing-novelist-under-an.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=3 Desember 2009|title=Agatha Christie's Harrogate mystery|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/york/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8393000/8393552.stm|work=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> pado 14 Desember 1926, dia diketahui berada di Swan Hydropathic Hotel di [[Harrogate]] nan berlokasi di [[Yorkshire]], manggunoan nama Nyonya Tressa Neele (nama keluarga kekasih suaminya). Keesokan harinya, Christie pai ke kediaman saudara padusinyo di Abney Hall, Cheadle, di mana dia diasingkan "di aula nan dijaga, gerbang dikunci, telepon terputus, dan menolak telepon nan masuk".<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie's Disappearance {{!}} The Old Swan Hotel|url=https://www.classiclodges.co.uk/the-old-swan/agatha-christie/|website=www.classiclodges.co.uk|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> Otobiografi Christie indak mambahas tentang kejadian tasabuik. Dua dokter kamudian mendiagnosisnya jo "kehilangan ingatan nan indak paralu dipertanyakan lagi", tapi masih ada pendapek nan berbeda mengenai alasan mengapa ia menghilang. tamasuak Panulih biografinya Morgan, pacayo dia menghilang dikaranokan [[fugue]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burton|first=Neel|date=17 Maret 2012|title=Dissociative Fugue: The Mystery of Agatha Christie|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201203/dissociative-fugue-the-mystery-agatha-christie|website=Psychology Today|language=en-US|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> Panulih Jared Cade menyimpulkan bahwa Christie merencanakan kejadian tasabuik untuak mempermalukan suaminya tapi indak mengantisipasi melodrama publik nan dihasilkan. Panulih biografi Christie, Laura Thompson, memberikan pandangan alternatif bahwa Christie menghilang karano [[gangguan jiwa]], sadar akan tindakannya tapi indak dalam kendali ateh dirinya sendiri. Reaksi publik pado saat itu sebagian besar negatif, beranggapan aksinya adolah upaya untuak menjebak suaminya ateh pambunuahan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Adams|first=Cecil|date=2 April 1982|title=Why did mystery writer Agatha Christie mysteriously disappear?|url=https://www.straightdope.com/21341542/why-did-mystery-writer-agatha-christie-mysteriously-disappear|website=The Straight Dope|language=en|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> === Pernikahan kedua dan kehidupan selanjutnya: 1927–1976 === pado [[Januari]] [[1927]], Christie tampak sangat pucat saat sedang berlayar jo putri dan sekretarisnya ke [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria|Las Palmas]], [[Kepulauan Canaria]], untuak menyelesaikan proses pemulihannya nan ia jalani selama tiga bulan. Christie kamudian mengajukan petisi cerai pado April 1928, keputusan tasabuik kamudian manjadi mutlak pado Oktober 1928. Archie menikah jo Nancy Neele saminggu kamudian. Christie mempertahankan hak asuah putri mereka, Rosalind, dan juga mempertahankan nama belakang Christie untuak hasil karyanya. Dalam otobiografinya, Christie manyatoan, "sasudah sakit, datanglah kesedihan, keputusasaan, dan patah hati. indak paralu terus menuerus memikirkannya." pado 1928 Christie meninggalkan Inggris jo [[Orient Express]] ke [[Istanbul]] dan kamudian ke [[Bagdad]]. Saat berada Irak, dia bakawan jo [[Arkeologi|arkeolog]] Leonard Woolley dan bininyo, nan mengundangnya untuak baliak ke [[Penggalian (arkeologi)|penggalian]] mereka pado Februari 1930. pado perjalanan itu, ia bertemu jo saurang arkeolog nan tiga belas taun lebih muda darinya jo nama [[Max Mallowan]]. Dalam sabuah wawancara pado 1977, Mallowan mencaritokan pertemuan partamonyo jo Christie, katiko dia membawanya dan sekelompok turis dalam tur situs ekspedisinya di Irak. Christie dan Mallowan menikah di [[Edinburgh]] pado September 1930. Pernikahan mereka bertahan sampai kematian Christie pado [[1976]]. Dia menemani Mallowan dalam [[Penggalian (arkeologi)|ekspedisi arkeologinya]], dek karano itu beberapa novelnya bercarito di [[Timur Tengah]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The World This Weekend - Sir Max Mallowan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/the-world-this-weekend--sir-max-mallowan/zh27rj6|website=BBC Archive|language=en|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Novel lainnyo (seperti [[Hotel Majestic]]) bercarito di dan sekitar Torquay, tempat ia dibesarkan. Christie manggunoan pengalamannya dalam perjalanan kereta api internasional katiko manulih novel pado 1934 nan bajudul [[Pembunuhan di Orient Express|pambunuahan di Orient Express]]. The Pera Palace Hotel di Istanbul, mengklaim novel tasabuik ditulis di sana dan mempertahankan kamar Christie subagai peringatan bagi sang Panulih.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-19|title=(Turkish) Agatha Christie ve Kayıp 11 Gününün Gizemli Hikâyesi|url=https://blog.perapalace.com/en/story-of-pera/agatha-christie-and-the-story-of-her-lost-11-days/|website=Pera Palace Hotel|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Christie dan Mallowan tinggal di Chelsea, partamo di Cresswell Place dan kamudian di Sheffield Terrace. Kedua properti itu kini ditandai jo [[Plak biru|plakat biru]]. pado [[1934]], mereka membeli Winterbrook House di Winterbrook, sabuah dusun dekat Wallingford.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dame Agatha Christie & Sir Max Mallowan: Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Scheme|url=http://www.oxonblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/christie.html|website=www.oxonblueplaques.org.uk|access-date=2021-01-15|archive-date=2020-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529092532/http://www.oxonblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/christie.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ini kamudian manjadi tempat tinggal utama mereka selama sisa hidup mereka dan tempat Christie manulih banyak dari hasil karyanya. Rumah ini juga mamiliki plakat biru. Christie menjalani kehidupan nan tenang meskipun dikenal di Wallingford, dari 1951 hingga [[1976]] ia menjabat subagai presiden untuak [[teater amatir]] lokal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sinodun Players, heritage|url=http://www.sinodunplayers.org.uk/w2011/heritage|website=www.sinodunplayers.org.uk|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Pasangan itu kamudian membeli Greenway Estate nan berlokasi Devon subagai tempat tinggal musim panas pado 1938; properti terebut kamudian diberikan kapado ''National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty'' pado 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha's Greenway|url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/greenway/features/agathas-greenway|website=National Trust|language=en|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Christie banyak menghabiskan wakatu di Abney Hall, Cheshire, nan dimiliki dek saudara iparnya, James Watts. Ia juga manggunoan lokasi terebut subagai latar belakang seindaknya untuak dua carito, yaitu untuak carito pendek [[Skandal Perjamuan Natal]] dan novelnya [[Setelah Pemakaman|sasudah Pemakaman]]. Salah satu [[kompendium]] Christie mencatat bahwa "Abney manjadi inspirasi terbesar Agatha untuak kehidupan rumah pedesaan, jo semua pelayan dan keagungannya nan dituliskan ke dalam plot karya-karyanya."<ref>{{Cite book|last=VANESSA WAGSTAFF|date=2004|url=http://archive.org/details/agathachristiere00wags|title=AGATHA CHRISTIE: A READER'S COMPANION.|publisher=AURUM|isbn=978-1-84513-015-2|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> [[Berkas:Agatha Christie visits the Acropolis, 1958. (7893554162).jpg|jmpl|kiri|190px|Christe pado 1958]] Selama [[Perang Dunia II|parang Dunia II]], Christie bekerja di apotek di University College Hospital (UCH), London, di mana dia memperbarui pengetahuannya tentang racun. Novelnya selanjutnya nan bajudul [[Misteri Penginapan Tua]] merupakan hasil dari saran dek Harold Davis saurang kepala apoteker di UCH. pado [[1977]], sabuah kasus [[keracunan talium]] berhasil dipecahkan dek petugas medis Inggris nan telah mambaco buku Christie dan mengenali gejala nan telah digambarkan dibuku tasabuik.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NOV 2006|first=The Pharmaceutical Journal25|title=Thallium poisoning in fact and in fiction / Vexed question of the geographical origins of the meat-filled pasty / How illegal ch|url=https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/opinion/column/thallium-poisoning-in-fact-and-in-fiction-/-vexed-question-of-the-geographical-origins-of-the-meat-filled-pasty-/-how-illegal-ch/10002699.article|website=Pharmaceutical Journal|language=en|access-date=2021-01-15}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-22|title=The poison prescribed by Agatha Christie: Thanks to the mystery|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-poison-prescribed-by-agatha-christie-thanks-to-the-mystery-writer-the-deadly-properties-of-thallium-sulphate-have-become-common-knowledge-corrected-1534450.html|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Badan intelijen Inggris, [[MI5]], menyelidiki Christie sasudah karakter bernama Major Bletchley muncul dalam karyanya pado 1941 nan bajudul [[N atau M?]], nan bercarito tentang perburuan terhadap [[kolom kelima]] nan mematikan di maso parang Inggris. MI5 prihatin bahwa Christie mamiliki [[mata-mata]] di pusat pemecah kode rahasia Inggris, Bletchley Park. Ketakutan agensi itu mereda katiko Christie memberi tahu temannya nan bernama Dilly Knox, "Saya terjebak di sana dalam perjalanan jo kereta api dari Oxford ke London dan membalas dendam jo memberikan nama tasabuik kapado salah satu karakter saya nan paliang indak menyenangkan."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-04|title=Agatha Christie was investigated by MI5 over Bletchley Park mystery|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/feb/04/agatha-christie-mi5-bletchley|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Christie terpilih subagai [[fellow]] untuak [[Royal Society of Literature]] pado [[1950]]. subagai tanda penghormatan untuak karya sastranya, Christie ditunjuk subagai [[Bintang Kekaisaran Britania Raya|Komandan Ordo Kerajaan Inggris]] (CBE) pado Penghargaan taun Baru [[1956]]. Dia adolah salah satu presiden [[Detection Club|Klub Deteksi]] dari [[1958]] sampai kematiannya pado [[1976]]. pado [[1961]], dia dianugerahi gelar [[Doctor of Letters|Doktor Sastra kehormatan]] dari [[Universitas Exeter]]. pado taun Baru 1971, dia dipromosikan manjadi ''[[Bintang Kekaisaran Britania Raya|Dame Commander]]'' (DBE). Dari 1971 hingga 1974, kesehatan Christie mulai menurun, tapi dia terus manulih. Novel terakhianya adolah [[Gerbang Nasib]] pado [[1973]]. manggunoan [[analisis isi]], peneliti asal Kanada mengatakan pado 2009 bahwa Christie mungkin mulai menderita panyakik [[Penyakit Alzheimer|Alzheimer]] atau [[demensia]] lainnyo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-04-03|title=Study claims Agatha Christie had Alzheimer's|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/apr/03/agatha-christie-alzheimers-research|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> === Personalitas === pado [[1946]], Christie berkata tentang dirinya sendiri: "nan paliang saya indak suko adolah urang banyak, suara keras, gramofon dan bioskop. Saya indak suko rasa alkohol dan indak suko merokok. Saya menyukai matahari, laut, bunga, jalan-jalan, makanan aneh, olahraga, konser, teater, piano, dan juga menyulam."<ref>{{Cite news|date=1946-04-30|title=The Real AGATHA CHRISTIE|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17978243|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954)|pages=6|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Karya fiksi Christie mengandung beberapa karakter [[stereotipe]] nan indak pantas, tapi dalam kehidupan nyata banyak dari padonganan [[bias]]nya nan positif. sasudah empat taun London dilanda parang, Christie berharap untuak baliak ke [[Suriah]] suatu hari nanti, nan dia gambarkan subagai "negara subur nan lembut dan urang-urangnya nan sederhana, nan tahu bagaimana tertawa dan bagaimana manikmati hidup; mereka nan bisa menganggur dan tetap bahagia, dan nan mamiliki martabat, sopan santun, dan selera humor nan tinggi, dan kapado siapa kematian indak mengerikan."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-12|title=Welcome to www.agathachristie.com :: Find a story :: Come, Tell Me How You Live|url=http://us.agathachristie.com/site/find_a_story/stories/Come_Tell_Me_How_You_Live.php|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2021-01-15|archive-date=2007-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212060957/http://us.agathachristie.com/site/find_a_story/stories/Come_Tell_Me_How_You_Live.php|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Christie adolah saurang nan religius, ia adolah anggota [[Gereja Inggris]] dan menghadiri gereja sacaro teratur. Ia menyimpan ''The Imitation of Christ'' di samping tempat laloknya. sasudah perceraiannya, dia berhenti mengambil sakramen persekutuan. ''Agatha Christie Trust For Children'' didirikan pado 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE AGATHA CHRISTIE TRUST FOR CHILDREN - Charity 260295|url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/?p_p_id=uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&_uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet_regId=260295&_uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet_subId=0|website=register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> kamudian, tak lama sasudah kematian Christie, dana amal untuak peringatan kematiannya dibentuk untuak "membantu dua hal nan ia sukoi: urang tuo dan anak-anak". == Kematian dan warisan == === Kematian dan penguburan === [[Berkas:Murder She Wrote - geograph.org.uk - 673766.jpg|jmpl|kanan|100px|Makam Christe]] Christie meninggal jo damai pado 12 Januari 1976 saat ia baumua 85 taun, di rumahnya di Winterbrook House.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1976-01-12|title=1976: Crime writer Agatha Christie dies|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/12/newsid_4440000/4440120.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> katiko kematiannya diumumkan, dua [[Teater West End]], meredupkan lampu luar mereka untuak menghormatinya. Dia dimakamkan di dekat halaman gereja St Mary's, Cholsey, dalam sabuah lahan nan dia pilih jo suaminya sepuluh taun sabalunnya. Upacara pemakaman sederhana dihadiri dek sekitar 20 reporter surat kabar dan TV, beberapa telah melakukan perjalanan jauah dari Amerika Selatan. Tiga puluh karangan bunga menghiasi makam Christie, tamasuak satu dari para pemeran drama ''[[The Mousetrap]]'' dan satu nan bertuliskan "ateh nama banyak pembaca nan berterima kasih" nan diberikan dari Penerbit Buku Ulverscroft. Mallowan, nan menikah lagi pado 1977, meninggal pado 1978 dan dimakamkan di samping Christie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Marys Cholsey {{!}} Agatha Christie|url=https://www.stmaryscholsey.org/history/agatha-christie/|website=www.stmaryscholsey.org|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> === Harta dan kepemilikan karyanya === Christie indak senang manjadi "buruh pekerja" dan juga karano alasan kebutuhan pajak maka ia mendirikan perusahaan nan bernama Agatha Christie Limited pado 1955. Dimana perusahaan ini memegang hak ateh hasil karyanya. pado sekitar 1959, ia memindahkan hak ateh rumahnya jo luas 278 hektar kapado putrinya, Rosalind Hicks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rosalind Hicks|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1476488/Rosalind-Hicks.html|website=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> pado 1968, katiko Christie hampir baumua 80 taun, dia menjual 51% saham dari Agatha Christie Limited (dan karya nan dimilikinya) kapado ''Booker Books,'' nan kamudian pado 1977 meningkatkan kepemilikannya manjadi 64%. Agatha Christie Limited masih mamiliki [[hak cipta]] untuak lebih dari delapan puluh novel dan carito pendek, sembilan belas [[Sandiwara panggung|drama]], dan hampir empat puluh film TV di seluruh dunia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-29|title=Acorn Media buys stake in Agatha Christie estate|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/feb/29/acorn-media-bys-stake-agatha-christie|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> pado akhia 1950-an, Christie dikatakan telah menghasilkan sekitar £ 100.000 (kira-kira setara jo £ 2.400.000 pado 2019) per taun. Christie menjual sekitar 300 juta buku selama hidupnya. pado saat kematiannya pado 1976, "dia adolah novelis terlaris dalam sejarah."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bernthal|first=J. C.|date=2016-09-02|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=gYL2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Queering Agatha Christie: Revisiting the Golden Age of Detective Fiction|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-33533-9|language=en}}</ref> Salah satu perkiraan pendapekan totalnya dari lebih dari setengah abad manulih adolah $ 20 juta (sekitar $ 89,9 juta pado taun 2019).<ref>{{Cite news|date=1976-01-26|title=Books: Dame Agatha: Queen of the Maze|url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,913961-1,00.html|newspaper=Time|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> subagai hasil dari perencanaannya, wasiatnya hanya menyisakan £ 106.683 (kira-kira setara jo £ 773.000 pado 2019) bersih, nan sebagian besar diberikan kapado suami dan putrinya. Saham sejumlah 35% nan tersisa dari Agatha Christie Limited diwarisi dek Hicks. Hicks kamudian menjaga karya, citra, dan warisan amaknyo sampai kematiannya 28 taun kamudian. jo kepemilikan perusahaan tasabuik, keluarga Cristie dapek menunjuk 50% dari dewan dan ketua, dan mempertahankan hak veto ateh versi terbaru, dan juga publikasi ulang.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie begins new chapter after pounds 10m selff. - Free Online Library|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Agatha+Christie+begins+new+chapter+after+pounds+10m+selff.-a060775079|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> pado 2004, obituari Hicks di ''[[The Telegraph]]'' mencatat bahwa dia telah "bertekad untuak tetap setia pado visi amaknyo dan untuak melindungi integritas ciptaannya" dan indak menyetujui aktivitas "''merchandising''". sasudah kematiannya pado [[28 Oktober]] [[2004]], Greenway Estate diberikan kapado putranya Mathew Prichard. sasudah kematian ayah tirinya pado 2005, Prichard menyumbangkan Greenway dan isinya ke National Trust.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-25|title=The Big Question: How big is the Agatha Christie industry, and what|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/big-question-how-big-agatha-christie-industry-and-what-explains-her-enduring-appeal-1631296.html|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Keluarga dan perwalian keluarga Christie, tamasuak cicitnya, James Prichard, terus mamiliki saham sebesar 36% di Agatha Christie Limited, [80] dan tetap terlibat jo perusahaan tasabuik. pado 2020, James Prichard manjadi ketua perusahaan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Agatha Christie Limited|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/about-agatha-christie-limited|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Mathew Prichard juga memegang hak cipta ateh beberapa karya sastra neneknya tamasuak [[The Mousetrap]]. Karya Christie terus dikembangkan dalam berbagai adaptasi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-14|title=Why do we still love the 'cosy crime' of Agatha Christie?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/agatha-christie-cosy-crime-novels-murder-mystery-writer-why-we-love-a7942901.html|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> pado 1998, Booker menjual sahamnya di Agatha Christie Limited (pado saat itu menghasilkan £ 2.100.000, kira-kira setara jo £ 3.700.000 dalam pendapekan taunan 2019) seharga £ 10.000.000 (kurang lebih setara jo £ 17.700.000 pado 2019) kapado ''Chorion'', nan portofolio Panulihnya tamasuak [[Enid Blyton]] dan Dennis Wheatley. pado Februari 2012, Chorion mulai menjual aset sastranya, nan tamasuak penjualan 64% saham Chorion di Agatha Christie Limited kapado ''Acorn Media'' UK. pado 2014, ''RLJ Entertainment Inc.'' (RJLE) mengakuisisi Acorn Media UK, menamainya Acorn Media Enterprises. pado akhia [[Februari 2014]], media manyatoan bahwa [[BBC]] telah memperdek hak TV eksklusif untuak karya Christie di Inggris (sabalunnya jo [[Independent Television|ITV]]) dan berencana untuak bekerja sama jo Acorn untuak menyiarkan produksi terbarunya untuak ulang taun ke-125 kelahiran Christie pado 2015. subagai bagian dari kesepakatan itu, BBC menyiarkan ''Partners in Crime,''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=partners in crime|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02vf6rn/episodes/guide|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> dan ''And Then There Were None'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=and then there were none|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06v2v52|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> keduanya pado 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-08-24|title=BBC One mines Agatha Christie novels for seven more TV dramas|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37174913|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Produksi selanjutnya tamasuak ''The Witness for the Prosecution'' tapi rencana untuak menyiarkan ''Ordeal by Innocence'' pado Natal 2017 ditunda karano kontroversi dari salah satu pemeran.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=the witness for the prosecution|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b086z959|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-01-05|title=Ed Westwick removed from BBC Agatha Christie drama Ordeal By Innocence|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-42577505|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Karya tasabuik kamudian ditanankan pado April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Ordeal by Innocence|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09ytrgg|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Adaptasi tiga bagian dari [[Pembunuhan ABC|pambunuahan ABC]] nan dibintangi dek John Malkovich dan Rupert Grint mulai syuting pado Juni 2018 dan partamo kali disiarkan pado Desember 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=All-star cast announced for new BBC One Agatha Christie thriller The ABC Murders|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2018/abc-murders|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The ABC Murders|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/the-abc-murders|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Adaptasi dua bagian dari ''The Pale Horse'' disiarkan di [[BBC1]] pado [[Februari 2020]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Purkiss|first=Brian|date=2019-06-24|title=BBC One announces new Agatha Christie thriller The Pale Horse|url=http://www.mammothscreen.com/company-news/bbc-one-announces-new-agatha-christie-thriller-the-pale-horse/|website=Mammoth Screen|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2020-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925042653/http://www.mammothscreen.com/company-news/bbc-one-announces-new-agatha-christie-thriller-the-pale-horse/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Death Comes as the End|''Ledakan Dendam'']] akan manjadi adaptasi BBC berikuiknya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hirons|first=Paul|date=2018-12-29|title=Death Comes As The End to be the next BBC Agatha Christie adaptation|url=https://thekillingtimestv.wordpress.com/2018/12/29/death-comes-as-the-end-to-be-the-next-bbc-agatha-christie-adaptation/|website=The Killing Times|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> == Karya dan legasi == === Karya fiksi === ==== Hercule Poirot dan Miss Marple ==== Buku partamo Christie nan ditabikan bajudul [[Misteri di Styles]] dirilis pado [[1920]] dan memperkenalkan detektif [[Hercule Poirot]], nan muncul dalam tiga puluh tiga novelnya dan lebih dari lima puluh carito pendek. carito Poirot dilanjutkan dek Sophie Hannah jo karyanya nan bajudul ''The Monogram Murders'', ''Closed Casket'', dan ''The Mystery of Three Quarters''. sasudah bertaun-taun, Christie kamudian bosan jo Poirot, seperti nan dirasakan [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Conan Doyle]] jo [[Sherlock Holmes]]. pado akhia 1930-an, Christie manulih dalam buku hariannya bahwa dia menganggap Poirot "indak tertahankan", dan pado taun 1960-an dia merasa Poriot adolah "urang nan egosentris". indak seperti Conan Doyle, dia menolak untuak membunuh detektifnya saat dia masih populer.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gross|first=John J.|date=2006|url=http://archive.org/details/newoxfordbooklit00gros_551|title=The new Oxford book of literary anecdotes|publisher=Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280468-6|others=Library Genesis}}</ref> [[Miss Marple|Miss Jane Marple]] diperkenalkan dalam serangkaian carito pendek nan mulai ditabikan pado Desember 1927 dan kamudian kumpulan cerpennya diterbutkan jo judul [[Tiga Belas Kasus|The Thirteen Problems.]] Marple adolah perawan tua sopan nan memecahkan kejahatan manggunoan analogi kehidupan desa Inggris. Christie berkata, "Miss Marple sama sekali bukan gambaran dari nenek saya; Miss Marple jauah lebih cerewet daripado nenek saya dan juga saurang [[perawan tua]]," tapi otobiografinya menetapkan hubungan nan kuat antara karakter Miss Marple dan nenek tiri Christie, Margaret Mille. Baik Marple dan Miller "selalu mengharapkan nan terburuk dari semua urang dan segalanya, dan nan, jo akurasi nan menakutkan, biasanya terbukti benar." Marple muncul dalam dua belas novel dan dua puluh carito pendek.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2008-09-15|title=Dusty clues to Christie unearthed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7612000/7612534.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Selama [[Perang Dunia II|parang Dunia II]], Christie manulih dua novel nan bajudul [[Tirai (novel)|Tirai]] dan [[Pembunuhan Terpendam|pambunuahan Terpendam]], masing-masing menampilkan Hercule Poirot dan Miss Marple. Kedua buku itu disegel di dalam lemari besi bank, dan dia memberikan hak ciptanya putrinya dan suaminya subagai [[asuransi]]. Christie menderita serangan jantung pado [[1974]] dan sasudah itu dia indak dapek manulih. Putrinya mengizinkan penerbitan Tirai pado [[1975]], dan pambunuahan Terpendam ditabikan sacaro [[anumerta]] pado [[1976]]. Publikasi ini mengikuiki keberhasilan film pambunuahan di Orient Express pado [[1974]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=susanvaughan|date=2018-01-25|title=Dame Agatha and Her Orient Express|url=https://mainecrimewriters.com/2018/01/25/dame-agatha-and-her-orient-express/|website=Maine Crime Writers|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Sesaat sabalun penerbitan [[Tirai (novel)|Tirai]], Poirot manjadi tokoh fiksi partamo nan mamiliki obituari di ''[[The New York Times]]'', nan dicetak pado halaman satu pado [[6 Agustus]] [[1975]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poirot's Obituary|url=http://www.poirot.us/obituary.php|website=www.poirot.us|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lask|first=Thomas|date=1975-08-06|title=Hercule Poirot Is Dead; Famed Belgian Detective (Published 1975)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/06/archives/hercule-poirot-is-dead-famed-belgian-detective-hercule-poirot-the.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Christie indak pernah manulih novel atau carito pendek nan menampilkan Poirot dan Miss Marple sacaro bersamaan. Dalam rekaman nan ditemukan dan dirilis pado [[2008]], Christie mengungkapkan alasannya: "Hercule Poirot, saurang nan sangat egois, indak suko diajari atau seiberi saran dari saurang perawan tua. Hercule Poirot - detektif profesional - sama sekali indak akan betah di dunia Miss Marple."<ref name=":0" /> pado [[2013]], keluarga Christie mendukung peluncuran carito baru Poirot jo judul ''The Monogram Murders'', nan ditulis dek Panulih Inggris Sophie Hannah.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-03|title=The Monogram Murders {{!}} Agatha Christie - The official information and community site|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/the-monogram-murders/|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2015-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403183934/http://www.agathachristie.com/the-monogram-murders/|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Hannah kamudian manabikan dua lagi carito misteri Poirot, ''Closed Casket'' pado [[2016]] dan ''The Mystery of Three Quarters'' pado [[2018]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mystery of Three Quarters|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-mystery-of-three-quarters-sophie-hannah|website=HarperCollins|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> ==== Plot carito ==== Christie telah disebut subagai ''Duchess of Death'', ''Mistress of Mystery'', dan juga ''Queen of Crime''. Di awal kariernya, saurang reporter mencatat bahwa "plot caritonya sangat realistik, masuk akal, dan selalu baru." Menurut Hannah," Di awal setiap novel, dia menunjukkan kapado kita situasi nan tampaknya indak mungkin dan kita kamudian bertanya-tanya 'Bagaimana ini bisa terjadi?' kamudian, perlahan, dia mengungkapkan bagaimana nan indak mungkin, adolah satu-satunya hal nan bisa terjadi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An interview with Sophie Hannah|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/news/2016/an-interview-with-sophie-hannah|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Dia mengembangkan teknik bercaritonya selama apa nan disebut maso keemaso untuak carito fiksi detektif. Panulih Dilys Winn menyebut Christie subagai ''doyenne of Coziness.''<ref>{{cite book|last=Winn|first=Dilys|date=|year=1977|url=https://archive.org/details/murderinkmystery00winnrich|title=Murder Ink: The Mystery Reader's Companion|location=New York|publisher=Workman Publishing Company|isbn=|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderinkmystery00winnrich/page/3 3]|pages=|url-status=live}}</ref> pado akhianya, nan kamudian manjadi ciri khas karya Christie, karakter detektifnya biasa mangumpuaan tersangka nan masih hidup ke dalam satu ruangan, menjelaskan jalannya penalaran deduktif mereka, dan mengungkapkan pihak nan basalah; ada pengecualian di mana diserahkan kapado pihak nan basalah untuak menjelaskan semuanya (seperti [[Sepuluh Anak Negro]] dan [[Malam Tanpa Akhir|Malam Tanpa akhia]]).<ref name="me">{{cite journal|last=Mezel|first=Kathy|date=2007|title=Spinsters, Surveillance, and Speech: The Case of Miss Marple, Miss Mole, and Miss Jekyll|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-literature_winter-2007_30_2/page/103|journal=The Journal of Modern Literature|volume=30|issue=2|pages=103–20|doi=10.2979/JML.2007.30.2.103|jstor=4619330|s2cid=162411534}}</ref> Christie indak membatehi dirinya pado carito berlatar belakang di desa-desa Inggris. Pilihan latar belakang lainnyo tamasuak di sabuah pulau kecil ([[Sepuluh Anak Negro]]), pesawat terbang ([[Maut di Udara]]), kereta api ([[Pembunuhan di Orient Express|pambunuahan di Orient Express]]), kapal uap ([[Pembunuhan di Sungai Nil|pambunuahan di Sungai Nil]]), [[Apartemen|flat]] di London ([[Kartu-Kartu di Meja]]), dan juga sabuah resor di Hindia Barat ([[Misteri Karibia]]), ataupun juga di penggalian arkeologi ([[Pembunuhan di Mesopotamia|pambunuahan di Mesopotamia]]). Walaupun lingkaran potensial tersangka biasanya tertutup dan intim, seperti anggota keluarga, teman, pelayan, rekan bisnis, ataupun sesama pelancong. Banyak dari karakternya mamiliki [[stereotipe]] ([[femme fatale]], polisi nan keras, pelayan nan setia, kolonel nan membosankan). untuak memberikan alur carito nan manarik, penyamaran dan rahasia banyak ada di karyanya. Motif nan paliang sering digunakan adolah uang, "Ada sangat saketek pembunuh di karyanya nan manikmati proses pambunuahan tanpa motif lainnyo."<ref name="be">{{cite journal|last=Beehler|first=Sharon A.|date=1998|title=Close vs. Closed Reading: Interpreting the Clues|url=|journal=The English Journal|volume=77|issue=6|pages=39–43|doi=10.2307/818612|jstor=818612}}</ref> Profesor [[Farmakologi]] Michael C. Gerald mencatat bahwa "di lebih dari setengah novelnya, satu atau lebih korbannya diracuni." Senjata, pisau, garrottes, tripwires, instrumen tumpul, dan bahkan kapak juga digunakan dalam caritonya, tapi "Christie indak pernah manggunoan cara mekanis atau ilmiah rumit untuak menjelaskan caritonya," menurut Panulih John Curran. Banyak dari petunjuknya merupakan benda-benda nan dapek diketemukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, seperti kalender, [[cangkir]] kopi, bunga, botol bir, dan juga [[perapian]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Curran|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/blogs/authors/john-curran|website=HarperCollins|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Menurut Panulih P. D. James, Christie cenderung manjadian karakter nan paliang indak disukoi subagai pihak nan basalah. Pembaca nan waspado terkadang dapek mengidentifikasi pelakunya jo mengidentifikasi tersangka nan paliang indak mungkin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=P. D.|date=2009-12-01|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=fcGke2wlt0UC&pg=PT26&redir_esc=y|title=Talking About Detective Fiction|publisher=Knopf Canada|isbn=978-0-307-39882-6|language=en}}</ref> Christie mengejek komentar tasabuik dalam kata pengantar novelnya nan bajudul [[Kartu-Kartu di Meja|Kartu-kartu di Meja]]: "Temukan urang nan paliang indak mungkin melakukan kejahatan dan dalam sembilan dari sepuluh kali tugas anda selesai. karano saya indak ingin pembaca setia saya membuang buku ini karano indak puas, saya lebih suko memperingatkan mereka sabalunnya bahwa ini bukan jenis buku itu. Hanya ada empat karakter di buku ini dan salah satu dari mereka, jo keadaan nan tepat bisa manjadi pembunuhnya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|date=2009-12-06|title=Mysteries of Crime Fiction? P. D. James Is on the Case (Published 2009)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/07/books/07book.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Card on the table|url=https://www.coursehero.com/file/6346626/Cards-On-The-Table-By-Agatha-Christie/|website=www.coursehero.com|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Di acara ''Desert Island Disc'' pado [[2007]], Brian Aldiss mengatakan Christie telah maagiah taunyo bahwa dia manulih bukunyo hinggo bab akhia, kamudian mamutuihan siapa tersangka nan paliang indak mungkin, sasudah itu inyo akan baliak dan mambuek perubahan nan diparalukan untuak "membingkai" urang itu . Berdasarkan studi ateh buku kerjanya, Curran menjelaskan bagaimana Christie partamo-tama mambuek karakter untuak karyanya, memilih latar belakang, dan kamudian mambuek daftar adegan di mana petunjuk akan diberikan. sasudah itu, urutan adegan akan direvisi saat dia mengembangkan plotnya. Christie harus mengetahui karakter si pembunuh sabalun urutan caritonya dapek ia selesaikan, kamudian inyo mulai mengetik atau mendiktekan draf partamo novelnya. Sebagian besar pekerjaan, terutama dialog, dilakukan di kapalonyo sabalun malatakannyo di ateh karateh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Desser Island Disc|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0093tnd|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado [[2013]], 600 anggota dari ''Crime Writers 'Association'' mamiliah [[Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd|pambunuahan ateh Roger Ackroyd]] subagai "carito detektif tabaiak ... nan pernah ditulih".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-11-06|title=Agatha Christie's The Murder of Roger Ackroyd voted best crime novel|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/agatha-christie-s-murder-roger-ackroyd-voted-best-crime-novel-ever-8923395.html|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Kritikus Sutherland Scott manyatoan, "Kok Agatha Christie indak maagiah kontribusi lain pado literatur fiksi detektif, inyo masih pantas mendapekkan ucapan tarimo kasih karano manulih novel ko."<ref>{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Sutherland|date=|year=1953|url=|title=Blood in Their Ink|work=Cited in Fitzgibbon (1980). p. 19.|location=London|publisher=Stanley Paul|isbn=|pages=|url-status=live}}</ref> Pado [[September 2015]], untuak mamparingati ulang taunnyo nan ka-125, [[Sepuluh Anak Negro]] dinobatkan subagai "Christie Favorit di Dunia" dalam pamiliahan suaro nan disponsori dek keluarganyo. Pado kritikus pun satuju jo hasil tasabuik dan bakato, "Christie kali ko berhasil menaklukan kecerdikannya surang ... sahinggo indak mangajuikan kalau sakironyo karyanyo ko mandapekkan ulasan nan elok."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2015-09-01|title=And Then There Were None declared world's favourite Agatha Christie novel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/sep/01/and-then-there-were-none-declared-worlds-favourite-agatha-christie-novel|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> ==== Stereotipe karakter dan rasisme ==== Christie banyak manggunoan stereotipe katiko mandeskripsikan karakternyo, tarutamo sabalun 1945 (katiko sikap mode itu labiah umum diekspresikan di muko umum), khususnyo stereotipe nan bakaitan jo [[Italia]], [[Yahudi]], dan non-Eropa. subagai contoh, inyo mandeskripsikan "laki-laki keturunan [[Ibrani]] nan pucek jo hiduang bengkok, mamakai perhiasan nan agak flamboyan" dalam carito pendeknyo nan bajudul ''The Soul of the Croupier'' dari koleksi ''[[Mr. Quin yang Misterius|Mr. Quin nan Misterius]]''. Pado 1947, [[Liga Anti-Fitnah]] di Amerika Serikat mangiriman surek pangaduan resmi kapado penerbit Christie di Amerika yaitu [[Dodd, Mead and Company]], manganai [[antisemitisme]] nan dirasoan dalam karyanyo. Agen Christie kamudian manulih kapado perwakilannyo di Amerika Serikat nan kamudian maagiah otorisasi kapado penerbit di Amerika Serikat untuak mailangan kato '[[Yahudi]]' katiko kato itu mengacu pado karakter nan indak lamak tabaco di karyanyo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allmendinger|first=Blake|date=2019-01-02|title=The erasure of race in Agatha Christie’s And Then There Were None|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0895769X.2018.1469087|journal=ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews|volume=32|issue=1|pages=60–64|doi=10.1080/0895769X.2018.1469087|issn=0895-769X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=García|first=Beatriz|date=2020-08-27|title=Agatha Christie under the anti-racist spotlight: Her most famous novel changes titles|url=https://aldianews.com/articles/culture/literature/agatha-christie-under-anti-racist-spotlight-her-most-famous-novel|website=AL DÍA News|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Jim Davis|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00rk8sp|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Taube|first=Michael|date=2020-01-23|title=Taube: Was Agatha Christie an anti-Semite?|url=https://www.cjnews.com/perspectives/opinions/taube-was-agatha-christie-an-anti-semite|website=The Canadian Jewish News|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Dalam karyanyo nan bajudul ''[[Rumah Gema]]'', nan ditabikan pado [[1946]], salah satu karakternyo adolah "saurang wanita Yahudi ''Whitechapel'' jo rambuik dicat dan basuaro mode [[Rallidae|buruang]].. saurang padusi ketek jo hiduang gadang, rambuik bawarna merah dan suaro nan indak manyanangkan untuak didanga". Christie manggambarkan babarapo karakter "asiang" subagai korban, atau calon korban, di tangan panjahek laki-laki Inggrih, mode Olga Seminoff (''[[Pesta Hallowe'en]]'') dan Katrina Reiger (dalam carito pendek bajudul ''How Does Your Garden Grow?''). Karakter Yahudi acok dianggap "asiang" (mode Oliver Manders dalam ''[[Tragedi Tiga Babak]]''), tapi mereka jarang manjadi pelakunyo.<ref>{{Citation|last=Pendergast|first=Bruce|title=Everyman's Guide to the Mysteries of Agatha Christie|page=399|year=2004|location=Victoria, BC, Canada|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=1-4120-2304-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=On the mystery of Agatha Christie and reshaping childhood heroes|url=https://www.dukechronicle.com/article/2019/11/the-mystery-of-agatha-christie-reshaping-childhood-heroes|website=The Chronicle|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Bukunyo nan bajudul ''[[Sepuluh Anak Negro]]'' diganti manjadi ''Lalu Semuanya Lenyap''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|title=N-word dropped from French edition of Agatha Christie novel|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/08/27/n-word-dropped-from-french-edition-of-agatha-christie-novel.html|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> ==== Detektif Lainnyo ==== Salain Poirot jo Marple, Christie pun mambuek detektif amatir Thomas Beresford jo bininyo, Prudence "Tuppence" née Cowley, nan muncua dalam ampek novel dan ciek kumpulan carito pendek nan ditabikan antaro [[1922]] jo [[1974]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Crompton|first=Sarah|date=2015-07-20|title=Perfect partners in crime: Tommy and Tuppence|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/20/partners-in-crime-tommy-and-tuppence-agatha-christie|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Indak samo jo detektif lainnyo, Beresford baumua di awal duo puluahan katiko diperkenalkan di ''The Secret Adversary'' dan ikuik batambah umua basamoan jo Christie. Inyo memperlakukan carito mereka jo santuahan nan labiah ringan, maagiah mereka "''dash and verve''" nan indak dikagumi sacaro universal dek kritikus. Petualangan akhianyo bajudul ''Postern of Fate'' adolah novel akhia dari Christie.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1953-04-10|title=Richard Attenborough and Sheila Sim in 'PARTNERS IN CRIME'|url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/fc21f2c47c4841c9897476bf6d2c20af|newspaper=The Radio Times|language=en-GB|issue=1535|pages=18|issn=0033-8060|access-date=2021-01-19|archive-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221222447/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/fc21f2c47c4841c9897476bf6d2c20af|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Tommy and Tuppence were Agatha Christie's greatest creation|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/11751127/Why-Tommy-and-Tuppence-were-Agatha-Christies-greatest-creation.html|website=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-06-29|title=David Walliams on playing 'damsel in distress' in Agatha Christie drama|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33310764|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> [[Mr. Harley Quin|Harley Quin]] adolah karakter "nan paliang indak [[ortodoks]]" dari detektif fiksi dek Christie. Terinspirasi dek kasih sanan Christie tahadok tokoh-tokoh dari ''Harlequinade'', Quin jo kamampuan semi-supernatural acok bakarajo jo apak-apak tuo [[konvensi]]onal banamo Satterthwaite. Pasangan ko muncua dalam ampek baleh carito pendek, duo baleh di antaronyo dikumpuaan pado 1930 manjadi [[Mr. Quin yang Misterius|Mr. Quin nan Misterius]]. Mallowan manggambarkan kisah-kisah ko subagai "produk imajinasi aneh dek Cristie." Satterthwaite pun muncua dalam novel Tragedi Tiga Babak, dan sabuah carito pendek bajudul pambunuahan di Lorong nan kaduonyo menghadirkan Poirot.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harley Quin Series by Agatha Christie|url=https://www.goodreads.com/series/98728-harley-quin|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Afternoon reading|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tpsml|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Karakter lainnyo nan kurang tanamo adolah [[Parker Pyne]], saurang pensiunan pegawai nagari nan manolong urang nan indak bahagia jo caro nan indak konvensional. Duo baleh carito pendeknyo nan bajudul [[Parker Pyne Menyelidiki]] ditabikan pado [[1934]]. Caritonyo nan paliang diingek adolah ''The Case of the Discontented Soldier'', nan manampilkan Ariadne Oliver, "potret diri Agatha Christie nan lucu dan menyindir". Salamo babarapo dekade barikuiknyo, Oliver muncul baliak dalam tujuah novel, nan dimano inyo acok manolong Poirot.<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Tribute to Agatha Christie|url=http://home.insightbb.com/~jsmarcum/agatha30.htm|website=home.insightbb.com|access-date=2021-01-19|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018115756/http://home.insightbb.com/~jsmarcum/agatha30.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The Case of the Discontented Soldier|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0506918/|date=1982-10-05|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=William|last=Gaunt|first2=Angela|last2=Easterling|first3=Maurice|last3=Denham|first4=Lally|last4=Bowers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=www.reviewingtheevidence.com {{!}} PARKER PYNE INVESTIGATES, by Agatha Christie|url=http://www.reviewingtheevidence.com/review.html?id=6346|website=www.reviewingtheevidence.com|access-date=2021-01-19|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706184923/http://www.reviewingtheevidence.com/review.html?id=6346|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==== Sandiwara Pangguang ==== Pado [[1928]], Michael Morton maadaptasi [[Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd|pambunuahan ateh Roger Ackroyd]] untuak sandiwara pangguang jo judul ''Alibi''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1932-02-27|title=IRVING BERLIN FINDS EAST SIDE CHANGED; Impressed by Visit to Boys Club -- Plays His Tunes, Learns Old Ones Are Best Liked. (Published 1932)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/02/27/archives/irving-berlin-finds-east-side-changed-impressed-by-visit-to-boys.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Drama tasabuik mandapekkan respons nan elok, tapi Christie indak manyukoi parubahan karyanyo tasabuik. Inyo kamudian mulai manulih untuak sandiwara pangguang. Karya pangguangnyo nan partamo adolah [[Black Coffee (drama)|''Black Coffee'']], nan mendapek ulasan rancak katiko dibukak di [[West End of London|West End]] pado akhia [[1930]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Coffee|url=https://www.concordtheatricals.com/p/1120/black-coffee|website=Concord Theatricals|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Inyo kamudian malanjuikannyo jo adaptasi novel detektifnyo nan bajudul ''[[And Then There Were None (drama 1943)|And Then There Were None]]'' pado [[1943]], ''[[Appointment with Death (drama)|Appointment with Death]]'' pado [[1945]], dan [[The Hollow (drama)|''The Hollow'']] pado [[1951]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=And Then There Were None (Play) Plot & Characters|url=https://stageagent.com/shows/play/15073/and-then-there-were-none|website=StageAgent|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Appointment With Death|url=https://www.concordtheatricals.com/p/1974/appointment-with-death|website=Concord Theatricals|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hollow|url=https://www.concordtheatricals.com/p/1385/the-hollow|website=Concord Theatricals|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Pado [[1950-an]], "teater ... manarik banyak perhatian Christie." Inyo kamudian maadaptasi drama radio pendeknyo manjadi [[The Mousetrap]], nan dimainkan perdana di West End pado [[25 November]] [[1952]] dan diproduksi dek Peter Saunders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://uk.the-mousetrap.co.uk/|website=The Mousetrap|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-20|title=The Mousetrap at 60: why is this the world's longest-running play?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/nov/20/mousetrap-60-years-agatha-christie|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Editors|first=History com|title="The Mousetrap" opens in London|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mousetrap-opens-in-london|website=HISTORY|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Inyo indak mamiliki harapan nan terlalu tinggi untuak drama tasabuik, mayakini baso karyanyo indak akan dimainkan labiah dari delapan bulan. Drama ko alah mambuek sajarah di dalam dunia teater, mamentasan penampilan ka 27.500 pado September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brantley|first=Ben|date=2012-01-26|title=London Theater Journal: Comfortably Mousetrapped|url=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/26/london-theater-journal-comfortably-mousetrapped/|website=ArtsBeat|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-20|title=The Mousetrap at 60: why is this the world's longest-running play?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/nov/20/mousetrap-60-years-agatha-christie|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The History|url=https://uk.the-mousetrap.co.uk/the-history/|website=The Mousetrap|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2019-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121315/https://uk.the-mousetrap.co.uk/the-history/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Drama tasabuik ditutuik pado [[Maret 2020]], katiko sadoalah bioskop di Inggrih ditutuik karano [[pandemi]] [[koronavirus]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Limited|first=London Theatre Direct|date=2020-03-17|title=The West End and UK Theatre venues shut down until further notice due to coronavirus|url=https://www.londontheatredirect.com/news/the-west-end-and-uk-theatre-venues-shut-down-until-further-notice-due-to-coronavirus|website=www.londontheatredirect.com|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Thompson|first=Jessie|date=2020-06-10|title=The London theatres that are closed due to coronavirus|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/theatre/london-theatres-west-end-closed-coronavirus-a4388676.html|website=www.standard.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado [[1953]], inyo manciptaan [[Witness for the Prosecution (drama)|''Witness for the Prosecution'']]. Drama tasabuik diproduksi Broadway dan berhasil mamanangan penghargaan ''New York Drama Critics 'Circle'' untuak drama asiang paliang rancak[[1954]] dan mendapekkan Penghargaan Edgar dari Mystery Writers of America.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pratt|first=Sean|title=Witness for the Prosecution {{!}} SBIFF|url=https://sbiff.org/witness-for-the-prosecution/|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Kamudian, drama pangguang [[Spider's Web (drama)|Spider's Web]] nan marupoan karya original nan ditulih untuak aktris [[Margaret Lockwood]] ateh permintaannyo, dimainkan perdana pado [[1954]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alley Theatre Official Website - Agatha Christie's Spider's Web|url=https://www.alleytheatre.org/plays/production-detail/spiders-web|website=www.alleytheatre.org|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Production of Spider’s Web {{!}} Theatricalia|url=https://theatricalia.com/play/442/spiders-web/production/p9r|website=theatricalia.com|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Inyo pun panulih drama wanita partamo nan mampunyoi tigo drama nan dimainkan sacaro basamo-samo di [[Teater West End|West End]]. Tigo drama tasabuik adolah ''[[The Mousetrap]]'', ''Witness for the Prosecution'' dan ''Spider's Web.''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Phukan|first=Vikram|date=2018-12-04|title=Everyone loves an old-fashioned murder mystery|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/everyone-loves-an-old-fashioned-murder-mystery/article25664054.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Christie bakato, "Drama jauah labiah mudah untuak ditulis daripado buku, karano awak bisa mancaliaknyo di mato pikiran awak surang dan indak tahambek dek sadoalah deskripsi nan ado dalam sabuah buku nan kamudian mambuek awak untuak mangarati apo nan tajadi." Dalam sabuah surek kapado anak padusinyo, Christie mangatokan manjadi Panulih naskah "sangaik manyanangkan!".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sullivan|first=Brian|date=2016-09-05|title=Content Strategy of Agatha Christie|url=https://medium.com/big-design-magazine/content-strategy-of-agatha-christie-34156f309007|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ro|first=Christine|title=Agatha Christie shaped how the world sees Britain|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180907-agatha-christie-shaped-how-the-world-sees-britain|website=www.bbc.com|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=An Introduction to “The Collection” – Agatha Christie’s Lost Plays|url=https://www.breakingcharacter.com/home/2018/11/27/an-introduction-to-the-collection-agatha-christies-lost-plays|website=Breaking Character|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=M. A.|first=Literature|last2=B. A.|first2=Creative Writing|title=Yes, Agatha Christie Wrote Plays, Too|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/agatha-christie-mystery-plays-2713615|website=ThoughtCo|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> ==== Subagai Mary Westmacott ==== Christie manabikan anam novel jo manggunoan [[Nama pena|nama]] Mary Westmacott, namo samaran nan maagiahnyo kebebasan untuak manjalajahi "imajinasinyo nan paliang pribadi dan baharago". Buku-buku ko biasonyo mendapek ulasan nan labiah rancak daripado fiksi detektif dan thrillernyo. Novelnyo nan bajudul ''[[Giant's Bread]]'' ditabikan pado [[1930]], nan dimano ado saurang reviewer untuak ''[[The New York Times]]'' manulih, "bukunyo jauah di ateh rato-rato fiksi wakatu itu."<ref>{{Cite news|date=1934-12-09|title=A Life in Retrospect; UNFINISHED PORTRAIT. By Mary Westmacott. 323 pp. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co., Inc. $2. (Published 1934)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1934/12/09/archives/a-life-in-retrospect-unfinished-portrait-by-mary-westmacott-323-pp.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bosman|first=Julie|date=2008-09-14|title=Tapes Offer New Clues to a Master of Mystery (Published 2008)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/15/books/15agatha.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rothstein|first=Mervyn|date=1990-09-15|title=All Aboard! The Agatha Christie Centennial Is Rolling (Published 1990)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/15/arts/all-aboard-the-agatha-christie-centennial-is-rolling.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> pado [[1949]], sasudah ampek novel Westmacott partamonyo, saurang jurnalis mangatokan bahwa inyo dan Christie adolah panulih nan samo. Inyo kamudian manulih duo novel baliak mamakai namo Westmacott jo karyanyo nan tarakhia pado [[1956]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mary Westmacotts|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/about-christie/family-memories/the-mary-westmacotts|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> === Karya non-fiksi === Christie manabikan babarapo karya [[Nonfiksi|non-fiksi]]. Salah satunyo, ''Come, Tell Me How You Live'' bacarito tantang panggalian arkeologi nan diambiak dari kahidupan basamo Mallowan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-20|title=Agatha Christie's little-known Syrian memoir to be republished|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/20/agatha-christie-syrian-memoir-to-be-republished|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> ''The Grand Tour: Around the World with the Queen of Mystery'' adolah kumpulan korespondensi salamo Grand Tour taun [[1922]]-nya di kerajaan Inggrih.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Corrigan|first=Maureen|date=2013-01-18|title=‘The Grand Tour: Around the World with the Queen of Mystery’ by Agatha Christie|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinion/the-grand-tour-around-the-world-with-the-queen-of-mystery-by-agatha-christie/2013/01/18/343db518-58f2-11e2-beee-6e38f5215402_story.html|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> [[Agatha Christie: An Autobiography]] ditabikan sacaro [[anumerta]] pado [[1977]] dan dinilai subagai Karya Kritis / Biografi Terbaik pado Penghargaan Edgar [[1978]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Edgars Database|url=http://theedgars.com/awards/|website=|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2020-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731232503/http://theedgars.com/awards/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|date=2014-03-21|title=The Reading Life: 'Agatha Christie: An Autobiography'|url=https://www.latimes.com/books/la-ca-agatha-christie-20111127-story.html|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19|last3=|first3=|last4=|last5=|last6=|last7=|last8=|first8=|last9=}}</ref> === Legasi === Christie acok dosabuik subagai "Ratu Kejahatan" atau "Ratu Misteri", dan dianggap subagai ahli dalam mambangun plot, sarato karakter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Riley|first=Dick|last2=McAllister|first2=Pam|last3=Cassiday|first3=Bruce|date=2001-09-01|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=zd3yIaoBjrMC&redir_esc=y|title=The Bedside, Bathtub & Armchair Companion to Agatha Christie|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-1375-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wagoner|first=Mary|date=1986|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0olaAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Agatha Christie|publisher=Twayne Publishers|isbn=978-0-8057-6936-4|language=en}}</ref> Pado 1955, inyo manjadi panarimo partamo Mystery Writers of America's Grand Master Award. Inyo dinobatkan subagai "Panulih Terbaik Abad Ini" dan seri novel Hercule Poirot-nya dinobatkan subagai "Seri Terbaik Abad Ini" di Konvensi Misteri Dunia Bouchercon taun 2000. Pado 2013, inyo tapiliah subagai "Panulih kriminal terbaik" dalam survei dari 600 anggota Asosiasi Panulih Kejahatan novelis profesional. Panulih Raymond Chandler mangkritik artifisialitas bukunyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Simple Art of Murder|url=https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20140930|website=www.fadedpage.com|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Kritikus sastra Edmund Wilson manggambarkan prosa dan karakternya dangkal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wilson|first=Edmund|title=Why Do People Read Detective Stories?|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1944/10/14/why-do-people-read-detective-stories|website=The New Yorker|language=en-us|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Edmund Wilson on Crime Fiction|url=http://www.crazyoik.co.uk/workshop/edmund_wilson_on_crime_fiction.htm|website=www.crazyoik.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado 2011 Christie dinobatkan subagai Panulih kriminal paliang sukses sacaro finansial kaduo sapanjang maso di [[Inggris Raya]], sasudah [[Ian Fleming]], dek saluran TV drama kriminal digital ''Alibi'' jo pendapekan total sekitar £ 100 juta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crime Writer Rich List {{!}} Alibi News {{!}} Alibi Channel|url=https://alibi.uktv.co.uk/articles/article/crime-writer-rich-list/|website=alibi.uktv.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919160514/https://alibi.uktv.co.uk/articles/article/crime-writer-rich-list/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado 2012, Christie tamasuak di antara urang-urang nan dipiliah dek seniman Peter Blake untuak tampil dalam versi baru karyanyo nan paliang tanamo, ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'', "untuak marayoan tokoh budaya Inggrih nan paliang nyo kagumi".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-01|title=New faces on Sgt Pepper album cover for artist Peter Blake's 80th birthday|url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/apr/02/peter-blake-sgt-pepper-cover-revisited|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Peter Blake's new Sgt Pepper's cover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-17583026|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado 2015, untuak mamparingati hari kelahirannyo 125 taun taun nan lalu, duo puluah limo panulih misteri kontemporer dan ciek panabik maagiahan pandangan mereka tantang karya Christie. Banyak panulih nan alah mambaco novel Christie, sabalun panulih misteri lainnyo, dalam bahaso Inggrih atau dalam bahaso asli mereka nan kamudian mampangaruhi hasil karyanyo masiang-masiang. Hampia sadoalahnyo nan masih mamandangnyo subagai "Ratu Kejahatan" dan juga dianggap subagai pancipta [[Plot twist|alur carito]] nan banyak digunakan dek Panulih misteri. Hampia sadoalahnyo mamiliki satu atau labiah novel favorit karyanyo dan manyatoan bahwa bukunyo masih rancak untuak dibaco hampia 100 taun sasudah novel partamonyo ditabikan. Hanyo ciek dari duo puluah limo panulih nan indak punyo pandangan nan sarupo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Doyle|first=Martin|title=Agatha Christie: genius or hack? Crime writers pass judgment and pick favourites|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/agatha-christie-genius-or-hack-crime-writers-pass-judgment-and-pick-favourites-1.2351699|website=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado 2016, saratuih taun sasudah Christie manulih kisah detektif partamonyo, [[Royal Mail]] marilih anam prangko untuak manghormatinyo, manampilkan [[Misteri di Styles]], [[Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd|pambunuahan ateh Roger Ackroyd]], [[Pembunuhan di Orient Express|pambunuahan di Orient Express]], [[Sepuluh Anak Negro]], [[Mayat dalam Perpustakaan]], dan [[Iklan Pembunuhan|Iklan pambunuahan]]. ''[[The Guardian]]'' malaporkan bahwa, "Satiok desain manggabuangkan mikroteks, tinta UV dan tinta termokromik. Dalam satiok parangko tadapek patunjuak tasambunyi nan dapek diungkap manggunoan kaca pembesar, sinar UV nan dapek maagiah patunjuak ka solusi misteri."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-15|title=New Agatha Christie stamps deliver hidden clues|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/15/new-agatha-christie-stamps-deliver-hidden-clues|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Royal Mail issues Special Stamps to celebrate Agatha Christie|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/news/2016/royal-mail-issues-special-stamps-to-celebrate-agatha-christie|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Karakter dan wajahnyo muncua di parangko di banyak negara mode [[Dominika]] dan [[Somalia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-07|title=Agatha Christie Postage Stamps, 1996 – 2016 {{!}} LIteraryLadiesGuide|url=https://www.literaryladiesguide.com/literary-musings/agatha-christie-postage-stamps-1996-2016/|website=Literary Ladies Guide|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado 2020, Christie dihormati jo koin £ 2 dek Royal Mint untuak partamo kalinyo untuak manandoi saratuih taun novel partamonyo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=P. A.|date=2020-01-01|title=New coins to celebrate Agatha Christie and Tokyo Olympians|url=http://www.theguardian.com/money/2020/jan/01/new-coins-2020-celebrate-agatha-christie-tokyo-olympians-george-iii-ve-day|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado 2023, sabuah patuang parunggu saukuran manusia nan manggambarkan Christie duduak di bangku taman sambia mamagang buku diresmikan di Wallingford, Oxfordshire.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Creamer|first=Ella|date=2023-09-11|title=Agatha Christie statue takes seat on bench in Oxfordshire town|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/11/agatha-christie-statue-takes-seat-on-bench-in-oxfordshire-town|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref> === Panjualan Buku === Inyo adolah Panulih kriminal partamo nan mamiliki 100.000 eksemplar dari sepuluh judulnyo nan ditabikan dek [[Penguin Books|Penguin]] pado [[1948]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=And Then There Were 75 Facts About The Queen Of Crime - Agatha Christie|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/and-then-there-were-75-facts-about-the-queen-of-crime-agatha-christie|website=GamesIndustry.biz|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie|url=https://rmspecialstamps.com/collections/agatha-christie/#:~:text=Since%20her%20debut%20in%201920,in%201948%20-%20A%20Penguin%20Million.|website=rmspecialstamps.com|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2021-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301135136/https://rmspecialstamps.com/collections/agatha-christie/#:~:text=Since%20her%20debut%20in%201920,in%201948%20-%20A%20Penguin%20Million.|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Original 10 - Penguin Books USA|url=https://www.penguin.com/penguin80/original-10/|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919165531/https://www.penguin.com/penguin80/original-10/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado [[2018]], [[Guinness World Records]] mendaftarkan Christie subagai Panulih fiksi terlaris sepanjang maso.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-04|title=Five record-breaking book facts for National Bookshop Day|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2018/10/5-page-turning-book-facts|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> pado 2020, novelnya telah terjual lebih dari dua miliar kopi dalam ampek puluah ampek bahaso. Saparo panjualannyo adolah edisi babahaso Inggrih.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Agatha Christie - The world&#039;s best-selling novelist|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/about-christie|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Manuruik Index Translationum, pado [[2020]], inyo adolah panulih individu nan paliang banyak ditajamahkan karyanyo ka babagai bahaso.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is the world’s most translated author?|url=https://thewordpoint.com/blog/worlds-most-translated-author|website=thewordpoint.com|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Christie adolah salah satu panulih nan paliang banyak dipinjam di perpustakaan Inggris.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Gary|date=2013-02-08|title=Lists: The Most Borrowed Library Books and Authors in UK 2011-2012; Children’s Library Borrowing Continues to Increase|url=https://www.infodocket.com/2013/02/08/list-the-most-borrowed-library-books-in-uk-2011-2012-childrens-library-borrowing-continues-to-increase/|website=LJ infoDOCKET|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2016-02-05|title=Crime fiction steals top slots in UK library loans|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/05/fiction-runs-away-with-uk-library-loans-lee-child|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-02-12|title=Children's writer tops UK loans|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8512613.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-23|title=Danielle Steel more popular than Harry Potter with UK library readers|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/harry-potter-danielle-steel-most-borrowed-uk-library-books-225966|website=inews.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado [[2002]], 117.696 [[buku audio]] Christie tajua, dibandiangkan jo 97.755 untuak [[J.K. Rowling|J.K.Rowling]], 78.770 untuak [[Roald Dahl]] dan 75.841 untuak [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R.Tolkien]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie Inspires Video Game|url=https://www.writerswrite.com/agatha-christie-inspires-video-game-102605177|website=Writers Write|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.audible.com/ep/article-best-sellers-all-time-fiction|title=Best Sellers of All Time: Fiction|language=en}}</ref> Pado 2015, keluarga Christie mangklaim [[Sepuluh Anak Negro]] subagai "novel kriminal terlaris sapanjang maso", jo sekitar 100 juta panjualan nan manjadiannyo salah satu buku jo panjualan paliang tinggi sapanjang maso.<ref>{{Cite web|title=125 Years of Agatha Christie|url=https://www.agathachristie.com/about-christie/125-years-of-agatha-christie|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McClurg|first=Jocelyn|title=Agatha Christie hits USA TODAY's list|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2016/05/18/agatha-christie-and-then-there-were-none-fall-books-usa-today-best-selling-books/84500896/|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> ==== Adaptasi ==== Karya Christie alah diadaptasi untuak manjadi film [[layar lebar]] dan juga untuak televisi. Film partamonyo adolah film Inggrih pado 1928 bajudul ''The Passing of Mr. Quin''. Panampilan partamo Poirot adolah pado [[1931]] dalam film bajudul ''[[Alibi (film 1931)|Alibi]]'', nan dibintangi dek Austin Trevor. Margaret Rutherford mamarankan Marple dalam sarangkaian film nan dirilis pado [[1960-an]]. Christie manyukoi aktingnyo, tapi maanggap film partamonyo subagai fil paliang buruak dan film lainnyo indak lebih baik. Inyo maraso babeda tantang film [[Murder on the Orient Express (film 1974)|Murder on the Orient Express]] pado 1974, nan disutradarai dek Sidney Lumet, nan manampilkan bintang-bintang gadang dan nilai-nilai produksi nan labiah baiak. Inyo mahadiri pamutaran perdananyo di London, nan manjadi salah satu acara publik tarakhianya. Pado 2016, film tasabuik dirilis jo versi barunyo nan disutradarai dek Kenneth Branagh, nan turuik mambintangi, manganakan "kumis nan paliang boros panonton bioskop nan pernah dicaliak."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Debruge|first=Peter|last2=Debruge|first2=Peter|date=2017-11-02|title=Film Review: ‘Murder on the Orient Express’|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/murder-on-the-orient-express-review-1202605173/|website=Variety|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Adaptasi televisi Poirot dek Christie ([[1989]]-[[2013]]) diperankan dek David Suchet subagai Poirot. Serial telivisi ko bajalan salamo tujuah puluah episode untuak tigo balehseri. Film tasabuik manarimo sambilan nominasi [[penghargaan BAFTA]] dan mamanangkan ampek panghargaan BAFTA pado [[1990]]-[[1992]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BAFTA Awards Search {{!}} BAFTA Awards|url=http://awards.bafta.org/keyword-search?keywords=poirot|website=awards.bafta.org|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Serial televisi Miss Marple ([[1984]]–[[1992]]), jo Joan Hickson subagai "Miss Marple nan tak tatandiangi", maadaptasi sadoalahnyo, duo baleh novel Marple. Serial televisi Prancis ''Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie'' (2009–2012, [[2013]]–[[2020]]), maadaptasi ttigo puluah anam carito karya Christie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Petits Meurtres d&#039;Agatha Christie|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/film-and-tv/les-petits-meurtres-dagatha-christie|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Les petits meurtres d'Agatha Christie|url=https://www.france.tv/france-2/les-petits-meurtres-d-agatha-christie/|website=www.france.tv|language=fr|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Buku-buku Christie pun alah diadaptasi untuak [[BBC Radio]], serial [[permainan video]], dan [[novel grafik]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Hercule Poirot|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03js5pl/episodes/guide|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Miss Marple|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03p87br/episodes/guide|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Games|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/games|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie Graphic Novels Series by François Rivière|url=https://www.goodreads.com/series/61511-agatha-christie-graphic-novels|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> == Penggambaran == pado [[2004]], [[BBC]] marilih ''Agatha Christie: A Life in Pictures,'' di mano inyo diparanan dek Olivia Williams, Anna Massey, dan Bonnie Wright (pado babagai tahap dalam hiduiknyo).<ref>{{Citation|title=Agatha Christie: A Life in Pictures|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0426394/|date=2004-09-22|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=Olivia|last=Williams|first2=Anna|last2=Massey|first3=Raymond|last3=Coulthard|first4=Stephen|last4=Boxer}}</ref> Pado 2013, [[Independent Television|ITV]] marilih ''The Mystery of Agatha Christie'' nan dipandu dek David Suchet.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Mystery of Agatha Christie with David Suchet {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/show/mystery-agatha-christie-david-suchet/|accessdate=2021-01-19|language=en|archive-date=2023-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416180214/https://www.pbs.org/show/mystery-agatha-christie-david-suchet/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=David Suchet: The Mystery of Agatha Christie|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2797170/|date=2013-03-17|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=David|last=Suchet|first2=Mathew|last2=Prichard|first3=Rosalind|last3=Christie|first4=Agatha|last4=Christie}}</ref> Babarapo panggambaran karakter fiksional Christie alah dieksplorasi dan bercarito tantang keberadaannyo pado 1926. Pado film nan bajudul [[Agatha (film 1979)|Agatha]] (1979), Vanessa Redgrave bamain subagai Christie nan manyalinok pai untuak mambuek rencana baleh dandam tahadok lakinyo. Ahli waris Christie indak berhasil manggugat untuak mancegah distribusi film tasabuik.<ref>{{Citation|title=Agatha|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078736/|date=1979-02-09|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=Dustin|last=Hoffman|first2=Vanessa|last2=Redgrave|first3=Timothy|last3=Dalton|first4=Helen|last4=Morse}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Arnold|first=Gary|date=1979-03-02|title='Agatha': The Picture of Elegance|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/03/02/agatha-the-picture-of-elegance/884f7419-5250-48b1-bd94-37686ae072af/|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Times|first=Aljean Harmetz Special to The New York|date=1979-01-27|title=Hoffman Finishes ‘Agatha’ Film (Published 1979)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/01/27/archives/hoffman-finishes-agatha-film-lawsuit-on-two-films-pending.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Pado [[17 Mei]] [[2018]], salah satu episode dari [[Doctor Who]] jo judul "''The Unicorn and the Wasp''" bacarito tantang Christie (diparnanan dek Fenella Woolgar) di awal karier manulihnyo dan manjalehan tantang mailangnyo inyo subagai akibaik dari gangguan samentara karano hubungan psikis singkek antaro inyo jo tawon alien nan disabuik Vespiform.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Unicorn and the Wasp|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1208130/|date=2008-05-17|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=David|last=Tennant|first2=Catherine|last2=Tate|first3=Fenella|last3=Woolgar|first4=Felicity|last4=Kendal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie Stories Referenced in The Unicorn and the Wasp|url=https://www.doctorwho.tv/news/?article=agatha-christie-stories-referenced-in-the-unicorn-and-the-wasp|website=Doctor Who|language=en-gb|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Masih pado taun nan samo, dalam film nan bajudul Agatha and the Truth of Murder inyo manyalasaian kasus pambunuahan putri baptis [[Florence Nightingale]] nan banamo Florence Nightingale Shore.<ref>{{Citation|title=Agatha and the Truth of Murder|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9381998/|date=2019-04-19|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=Dean|last=Andrews|first2=Ruth|last2=Bradley|first3=Bebe|last3=Cave|first4=Amelia|last4=Dell}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Agatha and the Truth of Murder (2018)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/agatha_and_the_truth_of_murder|accessdate=2021-01-19|language=en}}</ref> Sabuah kisah fiksi tantang hilangnyo Christie pun marupoan tema sentral dari musikal Korea nan diagiah judul ''Agatha''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visit Seoul - EVENTS > Performances & Tickets > Musicals & Plays|url=http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&m=0004009001001&p=06&art_id=78125&lang=en|website=web.archive.org|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19|archive-date=2015-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416100240/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&m=0004009001001&p=06&art_id=78125&lang=en|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Pado [[1980]], dalam film Hungaria bajudul ''Kojak Budapesten'' nan marupoan skenario original malibaikkan kamampuan kriminal Christie.<ref>{{Citation|title=Kojak Budapesten|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0081006/|date=1980-06-05|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=László|last=Inke|first2=Cecília|last2=Esztergályos|first3=Gábor|last3=Harsányi|first4=Ádám|last4=Szirtes}}</ref> Dalam drama televisi jo judul Murder by the Book ([[1986]]), Christie (diperankan Dame [[Peggy Ashcroft]]) mambunuah salah satu karakter fiksinyo nan barubah manjadi nyato, yaitu Poirot.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|date=1990-06-16|title=TV REVIEW : Poirot Meets His Maker in A&E;'s 'Murder by the Book'|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-06-16-ca-309-story.html|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19|last3=|first3=|last4=|last5=|last6=|last7=|last8=|first8=|last9=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Murder by the Book|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0201788/|date=1987-05-25|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=Peggy|last=Ashcroft|first2=Ian|last2=Holm|first3=Richard|last3=Wilson|first4=Michael|last4=Aldridge}}</ref> Karakter Christie turuik tampil dalam Dorothy and Agatha dek Gaylord Larsen dan ''The London Blitz Murders'' dek Max Allan Collins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Larsen|first=Gaylord|date=1990|url=http://archive.org/details/dorothyagatha00lars|title=Dorothy and Agatha|publisher=New York, N.Y., U.S.A. : Dutton|isbn=978-0-525-24865-1|others=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical Mystery Review: The London Blitz Murders - Women in World History Curriculum|url=http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/mystery-26.html|website=www.womeninworldhistory.com|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Agatha pado maso mudonyo digambarkan dalam serial televisi sejarah Spanyol bajudul ''Gran Hotel'' (2011) di mano inyo mandapekan inspirasi untuak manulih novel barunyo sumbari manolong detektif lokal.<ref>{{Citation|title=Gran Hotel (TV Series 2011–2013) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2006421/|accessdate=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=yggdrasille|date=2020-11-24|title=Gran Hotel – TV Review|url=https://yggdrasille.com/2020/11/24/gran-hotel-tv-review/|website=yggdrasille|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Dalam film televisi [[sejarah alternatif]] nan bajudul ''Agatha and the Curse of Ishtar'' (2018), Christie talibaik dalam kasus pambunuahan di sabuah panggalian arkeologi di Irak.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hogan|first=Michael|date=2019-12-15|title=Agatha and the Curse of Ishtar review - A cut-price Christie for Christmas is still quite a treat|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2019/12/15/agatha-curse-ishtar-review-a-cut-price-christie-christmas-still/|newspaper=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Agatha and the Curse of Ishtar|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10964992/|date=2019-12-15|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=Jonah|last=Hauer-King|first2=Lyndsey|last2=Marshal|first3=Bronagh|last3=Waugh|first4=Jack|last4=Deam}}</ref> Pado 2019, Honeysuckle Weeks mamarankan Christie dalam sabuah episode bajudul ''No Friends Like Old Friends'', dalam sabuah drama Kanada [[Frankie Drake Mysteries]].<ref>{{Citation|title=No Friends Like Old Friends|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10643150/|date=2019-09-16|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=Lauren Lee|last=Smith|first2=Chantel|last2=Riley|first3=Rebecca|last3=Liddiard|first4=Sharron|last4=Matthews}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Frankie Drake Mysteries {{!}} No Friends Like Old Friends {{!}} Season 3 {{!}} Episode 1|url=https://www.pbs.org/video/no-friends-like-old-friends-dyp1gx/|accessdate=2021-01-19|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Frankie Drake Mysteries - S3 - Episode 1: No Friends Like Old Friends|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/ktvd44/frankie-drake-mysteries--s3-e1-no-friends-like-old-friends/|website=Radio Times|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Pado 2017, novelnyo baliak diangkek ka layar leba jo judul [[Murder on the Orient Express (film 2017)|Murder on the Orient Express]]. Film tasabuik dibintangi dek Branagh subagai [[Hercule Poirot]], jo [[Penélope Cruz]], [[Willem Dafoe]], [[Judi Dench]], [[Johnny Depp]], [[Josh Gad]], [[Derek Jacobi]], [[Leslie Odom Jr.]], [[Michelle Pfeiffer]] dan [[Daisy Ridley]] dalam paran pandukuang.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|title=‘Murder on the Orient Express’ assembles all-star cast|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/05/17/murder-on-the-orient-express-assembles-all-star-cast.html|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-01|title='Murder on the Orient Express' Cast and Characters: Who's Who?|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/murder-orient-express-cast-characters-whos-who-1009271|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref> Film ko adolah adaptasi kaampek dari novel Christie tasabuik.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Robert|last2=Mitchell|first2=Robert|date=2017-05-05|title=All-Star ‘Murder on the Orient Express’ Cast Assembles in London|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/global/murder-on-the-orient-express-cast-london-1202410262/|website=Variety|language=en-US|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-02|title='Murder on the Orient Express': Film Review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/murder-orient-express-review-1053433|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref> Sekuel dari film ko nan bajudul [[Death on the Nile (film 2021)|Death on the Nile]] dijadwalkan tayang pado 2020, tapi harus diundur baliak dikaranokan pandemi covid-19.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Film Free Guy dan Death on the Nile Tunda Rilis|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20201109101013-220-567461/film-free-guy-dan-death-on-the-nile-tunda-rilis|work=[[CNN Indonesia]]|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=developer|first=mediaindonesia com|date=2020-11-06|title=Disney Tunda Rilis Death on the Nile|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/hiburan/358859/disney-tunda-rilis-death-on-the-nile|work=[[Media Indonesia]]|language=id|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref> Film ko manampilkan Branagh nan baliak baparan subagai [[Hercule Poirot]], beserta [[Gal Gadot]], [[Letitia Wright]], [[Armie Hammer]], [[Annette Bening]], [[Rose Leslie]], [[Ali Fazal]], [[Sophie Okonedo]], [[Tom Bateman (aktor)|Tom Bateman]], [[Emma Mackey]], [[Dawn French]], [[Jennifer Saunders]], dan [[Russell Brand]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kreps|first=Daniel|last2=Kreps|first2=Daniel|date=2020-08-19|title='Death on the Nile' Trailer: All-Star Cast Assembles for Agatha Christie Adaptation|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/death-on-the-nile-trailer-1046629/|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref> == Bibliografi == Barikuik adolah daftar karya Agatha Christie nan disaratoi judul versi [[bahasa Indonesia|bahasa Indonesianyo]] jikok ado: * [[1920]] ''The Mysterious Affair at Styles'' (buku partamonyo, nan memperkenalkan Hercule Poirot) – [[Misteri di Styles]] * [[1922]] ''The Secret Adversary'' (memperkenalkan [[Tommy and Tuppence]]) – [[Musuh Dalam Selimut]] * [[1923]] ''Murder on the Links'' – [[Lapangan Golf Maut]] * [[1924]] ''The Man in the Brown Suit'' – [[Pria Bersetelan Cokelat]] * [[1924]] ''Poirot Investigates'' - [[Poirot Menyelidiki]] * [[1925]] ''The Secret of Chimneys'' – [[Rahasia Chimneys]] * [[1926]] ''The Murder of Roger Ackroyd'' – [[Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd|pambunuahan ateh Roger Ackroyd]] * [[1927]] ''The Big Four'' – [[Empat Besar (novel)|Empat Besar]] * [[1928]] ''The Mystery of the Blue Train'' – [[Misteri Kereta Api Biru]] * [[1929]] ''Partners in Crime'' – [[Pasangan Detektif]] * [[1929]] ''The Seven Dials Mystery'' – [[Misteri Tujuh Lonceng]] * [[1930]] ''The Murder at the Vicarage'' (memperkenalkan Jane Marple) – [[Pembunuhan di Wisma Pendeta|pambunuahan di Wisma Pendeta]] * [[1930]] ''The Mysterious Mr Quin'' (memperkenalkan Mr Harley Quin) – [[Mr. Quin yang Misterius|Mr. Quin nan Misterius]] * [[1931]] ''The Sittaford Mystery'' – [[Misteri Sittaford]] * [[1932]] ''Peril at End House'' – [[Hotel Majestic]] * [[1933]] ''The Hound of Death'' – [[Anjing Kematian]] * [[1933]] ''The Thirteen Problems'' - [[Tiga Belas Kasus]] * [[1933]] ''Lord Edgware Dies'' – [[Matinya Lord Edgware]] * [[1934]] ''Murder on the Orient Express'' – [[Pembunuhan di Orient Express|pambunuahan di Orient Express]] * [[1934]] ''Parker Pyne investigates'' – [[Parker Pyne Menyelidiki]] * [[1934]] ''The Listerdale Mystery'' - [[Misteri Listerdale]] * [[1935]] ''Three Act Tragedy'' – [[Tragedi Tiga Babak]] * [[1935]] ''Why Didn't They Ask Evans?'' – [[Pembunuh di Balik Kabut]] * [[1935]] ''Death in the Clouds'' (partamo kali terbit jo judul ''Death in the Air'') – [[Maut di Udara]] * [[1936]] ''The A.B.C. Murders'' – [[Pembunuhan ABC|pambunuahan ABC]] * [[1936]] ''Murder in Mesopotamia'' – [[Pembunuhan di Mesopotamia|pambunuahan di Mesopotamia]] * [[1936]] ''Cards on the Table'' – [[Kartu-Kartu di Meja]] * [[1937]] ''Death on the Nile'' – [[Pembunuhan di Sungai Nil|pambunuahan di Sungai Nil]] * [[1937]] ''Dumb Witness'' – [[Saksi Bisu]] * [[1937]] ''Murder in the Mews'' - [[Pembunuhan di Lorong|pambunuahan di Lorong]] * [[1938]] ''Appointment with Death'' – [[Perjanjian dengan Maut|Perjanjian jo Maut]] * [[1939]] ''Ten Little Niggers'' (juga terbit jo judul ''And Then There Were None'', ''Ten Little Indians'') – [[Sepuluh Anak Negro]] * [[1939]] ''Murder is Easy'' – [[Membunuh Itu Gampang]] * [[1939]] ''Hercule Poirot's Christmas'' – [[Pembunuhan di Malam Natal|pambunuahan di Malam Natal]] *[[1940]] ''Sad Cypress'' – [[Mawar Tak Berduri]] * [[1941]] ''Evil Under the Sun'' – [[Pembunuhan di Teluk Pixy|pambunuahan di Teluk Pixy]] * [[1941]] ''N or M?'' – [[N atau M?]] * [[1941]] ''One, Two, Buckle My Shoe'' – [[Satu, Dua, Pasang Gesper Sepatunya]] * [[1942]] ''The Body in the Library'' – [[Mayat dalam Perpustakaan]] * [[1942]] ''Five Little Pigs'' (juga terbit jo judul ''Murder in Retrospect'') – [[Mengungkit Pembunuhan|Mengungkit pambunuahan]] * [[1942]] ''The Moving Finger'' – [[Pena Beracun]] * [[1944]] ''Towards Zero'' – [[Menuju Titik Nol]] * [[1944]] ''Sparkling Cyanide'' – [[Kenangan Kematian]] * [[1945]] ''Death Comes as the End'' – [[Ledakan Dendam]] * [[1946]] ''The Hollow'' – [[Rumah Gema]] * [[1947]] ''The Labours of Hercules'' – [[Tugas-tugas Hercules]] * [[1948]] ''There is a Tide'' (juga terbit jo judul ''Taken at the Flood'') – [[Mengail di Air Keruh]] * [[1949]] ''Crooked House'' – [[Buku Catatan Josephine]] * [[1950]] ''A Murder is Announced'' – [[Iklan Pembunuhan|Iklan pambunuahan]] * [[1951]] ''They Came to Baghdad'' – [[Mereka Datang ke Baghdad]] * [[1952]] ''Mrs McGinty's Dead'' – [[Mrs. McGinty Sudah Mati]] *[[1952]] ''The Do It with Mirrors'' ''–'' [[Muslihat dengan Cermin|Muslihat jo Cermin]] * [[1953]] ''A Pocket Full of Rye'' – [[Misteri Burung Hitam]] * [[1953]] ''After the Funeral'' (juga tabik jo judul ''Funerals are Fatal'') – [[Setelah Pemakaman|sasudah Pemakaman]] * [[1955]] ''Hickory Dickory Dock'' (juga tabik jo judul ''Hickory Dickory Death'') – [[Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa|pambunuahan di Pondokan Mahasiswa]] * [[1955]] ''Destination Unknown'' – [[Menuju Negeri Antah Berantah|Menuju nagari Antah Berantah]] * [[1956]] ''Dead Man's Folly'' – [[Kubur Berkubah]] * [[1957]] ''4.50 from Paddington'' (juga tabikjo judul ''What Mrs. McGillycuddy Saw!'') – [[Kereta 4.50 dari Paddington]] * [[1957]] ''Ordeal by Innocence'' – [[Mata Rantai yang Hilang|Mata Rantai nan Hilang]] * [[1959]] ''Cat Among the Pigeons'' – [[Kucing di Tengah Burung Dara]] * [[1960]] ''The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding'' - [[Skandal Perjamuan Natal]] * [[1961]] ''The Pale Horse -'' [[Misteri Penginapan Tua]] * [[1962]] ''The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side'' – [[Dan Cermin Pun Retak]] * [[1963]] ''The Clocks'' – [[Mayat Misterius]] * [[1964]] ''A Caribbean Mystery'' – [[Misteri Karibia]] * [[1965]] ''At Bertram's Hotel'' – [[Hotel Bertram]] * [[1966]] ''Third Girl'' – [[Gadis Ketiga]] * [[1967]] ''Endless Night'' - [[Malam Tanpa Akhir|Malam Tanpa akhia]] * [[1968]] ''By the Pricking of My Thumbs'' – [[Rumah di Tepi Kanal]] * [[1969]] ''Hallowe'en Party'' – [[Pesta Hallowe'en]] * [[1970]] ''Passenger to Frankfurt'' – [[Penumpang ke Frankfurt]] * [[1971]] ''Nemesis'' – [[Nemesis (novel Christie)|Nemesis]] * [[1972]] ''Elephants Can Remember'' – [[Gajah Selalu Ingat]] * [[1973]] ''Postern of Fate'' (kisah terakhia Tommy and Tuppence, novel terakhia Christie) – [[Gerbang Nasib]] * [[1974]] ''Poirot's Early Cases'' – [[Kasus-Kasus Perdana Poirot]] * [[1975]] ''Curtain'' (kasus terakhia Poirot, ditulih empat dekade sabalunnya) – [[Tirai (novel)|Tirai]] * [[1976]] ''Sleeping Murder'' (kasus terakhia Miss Marple, ditulih ampek dekade sabalunnyo) – [[Pembunuhan Terpendam|pambunuahan Terpendam]] * [[1979]] ''Miss Marple's Final Cases'' - [[Kasus-Kasus Terakhir Miss Marple|Kasus-Kasus Terakhia Miss Marple]] * [[1991]] ''Problem at Pollensa Bay'' - [[Masalah di Teluk Pollensa|masolah di Teluk Pollensa]] * [[1997]] ''While the Light Lasts'' - [[Saat Hari Terang]] Karya basamo: * [[1931]] ''The Floating Admiral'' ditulis jo G. K. Chesterton, Dorothy L. Sayers dan anggota lain ''Detection Club''. Karya di bawah nama Mary Westmacott: * [[1930]] ''[[Giant's Bread]]'' * [[1934]] ''[[Unfinished Portrait (novel)|Unfinished Portrait]]'' *[[1944]] ''[[Absent in the Spring]]'' * [[1947]] ''[[The Rose and the Yew Tree]]'' * [[1952]] ''[[A Daughter's a Daughter]]'' * [[1956]] ''[[The Burden]]'' == Pranala Lua == * {{en}} [http://www.agathachristie.com/ Situs resmi Agatha Christie] * {{en}} [http://www.lokerseni.web.id/2011/05/kumpulan-novel-terjemahan-karya-agatha.html Novel Terjemahan Agatha Christie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101153234/http://www.lokerseni.web.id/2011/05/kumpulan-novel-terjemahan-karya-agatha.html |date=2012-01-01 }} * {{en}} [[Project Gutenberg]]: ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/863 The Mysterious Affair at Styles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041009124838/http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/863 |date=2004-10-09 }}'' * {{en}} [[Project Gutenberg]]: ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1155 The Secret Adversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041111023827/http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1155 |date=2004-11-11 }}'' {{lifetime|1890|1976|Christie, Agatha}} == Referensi == <references responsive="" /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Agatha Christie| ]] [[Kategori:Penulis Inggris|Christie, Agatha]] [[Kategori:Novelis Inggris|Christie, Agatha]] [[Kategori:Otodidak|Christie]] [[Kategori:Penulis perempuan]] [[Kategori:Tokoh wanita]] icq8yrtr0o5h9mbwghskpvhebco1n07 3347789 3347788 2026-06-12T10:52:20Z Naval Scene 55 +gamba 3347789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tajamah}} {{short description|20th-century English mystery and detective writer}}{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | honorific_prefix = '''Dame''' | name = Agatha Christie<br/><small>Lady Mallowan</small> | honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|DBE}} | image = Agatha Christie in Nederland (detectiveschrijfster), bij aankomst op Schiphol me, Bestanddeelnr 916-8898 (cropped).jpg | caption = Agatha Christie | pseudonym = Mary Westmacott | birth_name = Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1890|9|15}} | birth_place = [[Torquay]], [[Devon]], {{Flag|Inggris}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1976|1|12|1890|9|15}} | death_place = Winterbrook House, Winterbrook, Oxfordshire, {{Flag|Inggris}} | resting_place = Church of St Mary, Cholsey, Oxfordshire, [[Inggris]] | occupation = * [[Novelis]] * Penulis [[cerita pendek]] * [[Puisi]] * [[Memoar]] | genre = * [[Fiksi kejahatan]] * [[Thriller]] * [[Cerita detektif|Detektif]] * [[Romantis]] | movement = [[Golden Age of Detective Fiction|Masa Keemasan Fiksi Detektif]] | notableworks = Pembuat karakter [[Hercule Poirot]] dan [[Miss Marple]], ''[[Pembunuhan di Orient Express]]'', ''[[Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd]]'', ''[[Pembunuhan di Sungai Nil]]'', ''[[Pembunuhan di Wisma Pendeta]]'', ''[[Pembunuhan ABC]]'', ''[[Sepuluh Anak Negro]]'', ''[[The Mousetrap]]'' | signature = Agatha Christie's signature.png | spouses = {{unbulleted list | {{marriage|Archibald Christie|1914|1928|end=div}} {{marriage|[[Max Mallowan|Sir Max Mallowan]]|1930}}}} | children = 1 | relatives = James Watts (keponakan) | website = {{URL|agathachristie.com}} | alt = Christie in 1925 }} '''Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie''', DBE ({{lahirmati||15|9|1890||12|1|1976}}) adolah saurang Panulih [[fiksi kriminal]] [[Inggris]] nan tanamo jo anam puluah anam novel detektif dan ampek baleh koleksi carito pendeknyo. Karyanyo nan paliang tanamo bacarito tantang detektif fiksi [[Hercule Poirot]] dan [[Miss Marple]]. Inyo pun marupoan panulih [[pementasan drama]] paliang lamo di dunia nan bajudul [[The Mousetrap]], nan ditampilan di [[Teater West End]] dari [[1952]] hinggo [[2020]]. Pertunjukan itu ditutuik pado [[Maret 2020]] karano [[Pandemi Covid-19]]. Inyo pun turuik manulih anam novel jo namo samarannyo '''Mary Westmacott'''. pado [[1971]], Inyo diangkek manjadi [[Bintang Kekaisaran Britania Raya|Dame]] (DBE) dek kontribusinya pado dunia sastra. ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' manyantuman Christie subagai Panulih fiksi terlaris sepanjang maso, novelnyo alah tajua labiah dari duo miliar eksemplar. Christie dilahiakan dalam keluarga kelas menengah ateh nan kayo di [[Torquay, Inggris|Torquay, Devon]], dan subagian gadang mendapekkan pendidikannya jo [[Sekolah rumah|bersikola di rumah]]. Di awal kariernyo subagai panulih inyo maalami anam panulakan baturuik-turuik sabalun akhianya pado [[1920]], karyanyo nan bajudul ''[[Misteri di Styles]]'', nan manampilkan detektif Hercule Poirot, ditabikan. Manuruik ''Index Translationum'', inyo tatap manjadi panulih individu jo karyanyo nan paliang banyak ditajamahan. Karyanyo nan bajudul [[Sepuluh Anak Negro|''Lalu Semuanya Lenyap'']] adolah salah satu buku jo panjualan paliang tinggi sapanjang maso, jo panjualan sekitar 100 juta. == Biografi == === maso kecil dan remaja: 1890–1907 === Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller lahir pado [[15 September]] [[1890]] dari keluarga kelas menengah ateh nan kaya di [[Torquay, Inggris|Torquay, Devon]]. Dia adolah anak bungsu dari tiga bersaudara nan lahir dari pasangan Frederick Alvah Miller dan bininyo Clarissa Margaret ("Clara") Miller née Boehmer.<ref name="Morgan1984">{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Janet P.|date=1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4paAAAAMAAJ|title=Agatha Christie: A Biography|location=London|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=978-0-00-216330-9}}</ref><ref name=":1">''Marriage Register''. St Peter's Church, Bayswater [Notting Hill], Middlesex, 1878, No. 399, p. 200.</ref><ref>''Birth Certificate''. General Register Office for England and Wales, 1890 September Quarter, Newton Abbot, volume 5b, p. 151. [Christie's forenames were not registered.]</ref><ref name=":2">''Baptism Register''. Parish of Tormohun, Devon, 1890, No. 267, [n.p.].</ref> amaknyo lahir di [[Dublin]] pado [[1854]] dari saurang perwira Angkatan Darat Inggris Frederick Boehmer dan bininyo Mary Ann Boehmer née West.<ref>''1871 England Census''. Class: RG10; Piece: 3685; Folio: 134; p. 44</ref><ref>[https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C178476 Statement of Services]: Frederick Boehmer, 91st Foot. The National Archives, Kew. WO 76/456, p. 57.</ref><ref name="Goff">{{cite book|last=Goff|first=Gerald Lionel Joseph|year=1891|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalrecord00goffuoft|title=Historical records of the 91st Argyllshire Highlanders, now the 1st Battalion Princess Louise's Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, containing an account of the Regiment in 1794, and of its subsequent services to 1881|publisher=R. Bentley|pages=xv, [https://archive.org/details/historicalrecord00goffuoft/page/218 218–19, 322]}}</ref> Boehmer meninggal di Jersey pado [[1863]], meninggalkan jandanya untuak membesarkan Clara dan saudara laki-lakinya jo penghasilan nan saketek.<ref>{{cite book|last=Robyns|first=Gwen|date=|year=1978|url=|title=The Mystery of Agatha Christie|location=Garden City, NY|publisher=Doubleday (publisher){{!}}Doubleday & Company, Inc|isbn=0-385-12623-9|page=13|pages=|url-status=live}}</ref> Dua minggu sasudah kematian Boehmer, saudara padusi Mary nan bernama Margaret West menikahi saurang duda bernama Nathaniel Frary Miller, saurang warga negara Amerika Serikat. untuak membantu Mary sacaro finansial, mereka setuju untuak mengasuah Clara nan saat itu baumua sembilan taun. Mereka kamudian menetap di Timperley, Cheshire.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|date=1865|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C7314015|title=Naturalisation Papers: Miller, Nathaniel Frary, from the United States. Certificate 4798|location=|publisher=|isbn=|pages=|url-status=live}}</ref> Margaret dan Nathaniel indak mamiliki anak bersama, tapi Nathaniel mamiliki saurang putra baumua tujuh belas taun nan bernama Fred Miller, dari pernikahan sabalunnya. Fred lahir di [[Kota New York]] dan bepaian sacaro ekstensif sasudah meninggalkan sekolah asramanya. Ia dan Clara menikah di London pado [[1878]]. Anak partamo mereka, Margaret Frary ("Madge"), lahir di Torquay pado 1879.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Margaret Frary “Madge” Miller Watts (1879-1950) -...|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/196044102/margaret-frary-watts|website=www.findagrave.com|language=en|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref> Anaknya nan kedua, Louis Montant ("Monty"), lahir di Morristown, [[New Jersey]], pado [[1880]], saat keluarganya sedang berkunjung ke [[Amerika Serikat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Louis Montant “Monty” Miller (1880-1929) - Find A...|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/205176230/louis-montant-miller|website=www.findagrave.com|language=en|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref> katiko ayah Fred meninggal pado [[1869]], dia meninggalkan Clara £2.000 (kira-kira setara jo £190.000 pado [[2019]]). kamudian pado [[1881]] mereka manggunoan uang tasabuik untuak menyewa vila di Torquay bernama Ashfield. Di sinilah anak ketiga dan nan terakhia lahir nan diberi nama Agatha pado [[1890]]. Christie menggambarkan maso keteknyo subagai "sangat bahagia". Keluarga Miller tinggal di Devon tapi sering kali mengunjungi sanak saudaranya, Margaret Miller di Ealing dan nenek dari pihak ibu Mary Boehmer di Bayswater. karano saudara kandungnya jauah lebih tua, dan hanya ada saketek anak seusianya di lingkungan mereka, Christie menghabiskan sebagian besar wakatunya bamain surang jo hewan peliharaan dan teman imajinasinya. Dia akhianya bakawan jo gadis-gadis lain di Torquay, ia mencatat bahwa "salah satu nan manarik dari keberadaan saya" adolah penampilannya bersama mereka dalam produksi remaja ''The Yeomen of the Guard'' karya [[Gilbert dan Sullivan]]. Christie berperan subagai pahlawan bernama Kolonel Fairfax dalam [[opera]] tasabuik.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AbeBooks: The Queen of Crime Writing - Agatha Christie|url=http://www.abebooks.com/books/orient-express-miss-marple-murder-death/agatha-christie.shtml|website=www.abebooks.com|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021|archive-date=2021-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519000119/https://www.abebooks.com/books/orient-express-miss-marple-murder-death/agatha-christie.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Menurut Christie, Clara pacayo dia seharusnya indak belajar mambaco sampai dia berumur delapan taun, tapi berkat rasa ingin taunyo, ia bisa mambaco pado usia empat taun. Walaupun kakak padusinyo telah dikirim ke sekolah asrama, tapi amaknyo bersikeras agar Christie menerima [[Sekolah rumah|pendidikan di rumah]]. sahinggo, urang tuo dan saudara padusinya mengawasi studinya dalam mambaco, manulih, dan aritmetika dasar, mata pelajaran nan sangat dia sukoi. Mereka juga mengajarinya musik, dimana ia belajar memainkan [[piano]] dan [[mandolin]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie in profile: facts about her life|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/agatha-christie-author-disappearance-life-death-miss-marple-poirot-mystery-life-death-husband-marriage/|website=HistoryExtra|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie, Homeschooler|url=https://eurohomeed.org/home/agatha-christie-homeschooler|website=Euro Home Ed|language=en-US|access-date=19 Januari 2021|archive-date=2022-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408034302/https://eurohomeed.org/home/agatha-christie-homeschooler|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Berkas:Agatha Christie as a child No 1.jpg|jmpl|ka|200px|Christe pado saat mudanya]] Christie sangat suko mambaco sajak usia dini. Memorinya nan paliang awal adolah mambaco buku anak-anak dek Mary Louisa Molesworth dan Edith Nesbit. katiko saketek lebih besar, dia beralih ke karya dari [[Edward Lear]] dan [[Lewis Carroll]]. subagai remaja, dia manikmati karya Anthony Hope, [[Walter Scott]], [[Charles Dickens]], dan [[Alexandre Dumas]]. pado April 1901, saat ia baumua 10 taun, dia manulih puisi partamonyo nan bajudul ''The Cowslip''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-15|title=The Story of Agatha Christie, Whose Life Could’ve Been a Plot for One of Her Novels|url=https://brightside.me/wonder-people/the-story-of-agatha-christie-whose-life-couldve-been-a-plot-for-one-of-her-novels-798882/|website=BrightSide — Inspiration. Creativity. Wonder.|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> pado [[1901]], kesehatan ayahnya mamburuak, karano apa nan dia yakini subagai masolah [[jantung]]. Fred meninggal pado November 1901 karano [[pneumonia]] dan panyakik [[ginjal]] kronis. Christie kamudian mengatakan bahwa kematian ayahnya katiko dia baumua sebelas taun menandai akhia maso keteknyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chronological Table [Delicious Death]|url=http://www.deliciousdeath.com/chrono.html|website=www.deliciousdeath.com|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Situasi keuangan keluarganya kamudian mamburuak. Madge menikah setaun sasudah kematian ayah mereka dan pindah ke Cheadle, Cheshire; Monty berada di luar nagari, bertugas di resimen Inggris. Christie kini tinggal surang di Ashfield bersama amaknyo. pado [[1902]], ia mulai bersekolah di ''Miss Guyer's Girls School'' di Torquay tapi merasa sulit untuak menyesuaikan diri. pado 1905, amaknyo mengirimnya ke Paris, tempat ia dididik dalam serangkaian ''pensionnats'' ([[sekolah asrama]]), jo fokus pado pelatihan vokal dan bamain piano. mamutuihan bahwa dia indak mamiliki bakat di bidang terebut, ia kamudian malapehan cito-citonyo untuak tampil sacaro profesional subagai pianis konser atau penyanyi opera.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-24|title=The Life of Dame Agatha Christie|url=https://www.thehotelbalmoral.co.uk/life-dame-agatha-christie/|website=The Balmoral Hotel Torquay|language=en-GB|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-17|title=Bowerland Blog – Saturday Stories – Agatha Christie|url=https://www.bowerlandcottageholidays.co.uk/saturday-stories-agatha-christie/|website=Bowerland Cottage Holidays|language=en-GB|access-date=19 Januari 2021|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127221530/https://www.bowerlandcottageholidays.co.uk/saturday-stories-agatha-christie/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-09|title=Agatha Christie, Novelis yang Dikenal Sebagai 'Ratu Kejahatan'|url=https://www.woke.id/novel-agatha-christie-hercule-poirot/|website=woke.id|language=en-US|access-date=19 Januari 2021|archive-date=2023-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826184854/https://www.woke.id/novel-agatha-christie-hercule-poirot/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Pernikahan dan kesuksesan sastra: 1907–1926 === sasudah menyelesaikan pendidikannya, Christie baliak ke Inggris di mana ia kamudian mengetauhi amaknyo sedang sakit-sakitan. Mereka mamutuihan untuak menghabiskan wakatu musim dingin mereka (akhia [[1907]]– awal [[1908]]) di [[Mesir]] nan mamiliki iklim nan angek. Mesir kamudian manjadi tujuan wisata reguler bagi urang Inggris nan kaya. Mereka tinggal selama tiga bulan di Gezirah Palace di [[Kairo]]. Christie menghadiri banyak acara tari dan acara sosial lainnyo. Ia sangat manikmati manonton pertandingan polo amatir. Mereka mengunjungi beberapa monumen Mesir kuno seperti [[Piramida Agung Giza]], di mana ia indak menunjukkan minat nan besar pado arkeologi dan [[egiptologi]] nan berkembang di taun-taun terakhianya. Saat ia baliak ke Inggris, dia melanjutkan kegiatan sosialnya, manulih dan tampil di teater amatir. Dia juga membantu memainkan drama bajudul ''The Blue Beard of Unhappiness'' jo teman-temannya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie {{!}}|url=https://www.dramaclasses.biz/news/2016/04/13/agatha-christie|website=www.dramaclasses.biz|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> pado usia delapan belas taun, Christie manulih carito pendek partamonyo nan bajudul ''The House of Beauty'', pado saat itu ia sedang memulihkan diri di tempat lalok dari panyakik. Carito pendek tasabuik mamiliki sekitar 6.000 kata tentang "kegilaan dan mimpi", subjek nan manarik baginyo. Panulih biografinya, Janet Morgan, berkomentar bahwa meskipun "gayanya nan indak selaras", carito dari carito pendek tasabuik "manarik". carito ini manjadi kamudian manjadi versi awal dari novelnya nan bajudul [[Selagi Hari Terang]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Dreams|url=https://www.agathachristie.com/stories/the-house-of-dreams|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> carito pendek lainnyo, kebanyakan menggambarkan ketertarikannya pado spiritualisme dan paranormal. Karyanya tasabuik antara lain ''The Call of Wings'' dan ''The Little Lonely God''. Majalah menolak semua kiriman karya awalnya nan dibuat jo nama samaran (tamasuak Mac Miller, Nathaniel Miller, dan Sydney West). Beberapa dari karyanya kamudian direvisi dan ditabikan jo nama aslinyo, sering kali jo judul nan baru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Beauty Quote|url=https://www.iacf-uk.org/quote/the-house-of-beauty-quote/|website=International Agatha Christie Festival|language=en-GB|access-date=19 Januari 2021|archive-date=2022-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310215010/https://www.iacf-uk.org/quote/the-house-of-beauty-quote/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Dreams: An Agatha Christie Short Story|url=https://www.harpercollins.com.au/9780007560233/the-house-of-dreams-an-agatha-christie-short-story|website=HarperCollins Australia|language=en-AU|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> pado wakatu nan bersamaan, Christie mulai mengerjakan novel partamonyo nan bajudul ''Snow Upon the Desert''. untuak karyanya tasabuik ia manulih jo nama samarannya Monosyllaba, novel tasabuik bercarito di Kairo jo memanfaatkan pengalamannya berada di sana. Dia kecewa katiko enam penerbit nan dia hubungi menolak novelnya itu. Clara menyarankan agar putrinya meminta nasihat dari novelis Eden Phillpotts nan juga teman dan tetangganya. Phillpotts menanggapi permintaanya, mendorongnya untuak manulih, dan mengiriminkan surat pengantar untuak Christie kapado agennya sendiri, Hughes Massie. Massie juga menolak ''Snow Upon the Desert'' tapi menyarankan untuak manulih novel keduanya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=…snow upon the desert (FW17-18)|url=https://www.notjustalabel.com/collection/valeorchid/snow-upon-desert-fw17-18|website=www.notjustalabel.com|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021|archive-date=2023-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826184853/https://www.notjustalabel.com/collection/valeorchid/snow-upon-desert-fw17-18|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Mary Westmacott, the real Agatha Christie|url=https://www.peterharrington.co.uk/blog/mary-westmacott-the-real-agatha-christie/|website=Peter Harrington Blog|language=en-GB|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> Christie menyibukan diri jo berpesta, berkuda, berburu, menari, dan juga bersepatu roda. pado Oktober 1912, dia diperkenalkan jo Archibald "Archie" Christie pado sabuah acara tari nan diadakan dek Lord dan Lady Clifford di Ugbrooke nan berlokasi sekitar 12 mil (19 kilometer) dari Torquay. Archie adolah anak dari saurang pengacara di [[Layanan Sipil India|Dinas Sipil India]], ia adolah saurang perwira militer nan bertugas di Korps Penerbang Kerajaan Inggris pado April 1913. Tiga bulan sasudah pertemuan partamo mereka, Archie melamarnya dan Christie menerima lamarannya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Curious Disappearance of Agatha Christie|url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Curious-Disappearance-of-Agatha-Christie/|website=Historic UK|language=en-GB|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-21|title=Agatha Christie's adventurous 'second act' plays out in Mesopotamia|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2017/05-06/agatha-christie-mesopotamia-archaeology-expeditions/|website=History Magazine|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> jo pecahnya [[Perang Dunia I|parang Dunia I]] pado Agustus 1914, Archie dikirim ke Prancis untuak berparang. Archie kamudian mengambil cuti dan mereka menikah pado Malam Natal 1914 di Gereja Emmanuel, Clifton, [[Bristol]] nan berlokasi dekat jo rumah ibu dan ayah tirinya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-24|title=Desert Island Doc: Agatha Christie’s wartime wedding {{!}} Bristol Archives|url=https://www.bristolmuseums.org.uk/blog/archives/desert-island-doc-agatha-christies-wartime-wedding/|website=Bristol Museums|language=en-GB|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> sasudah naik pangkat, ia ditugaskan baliak ke Inggris pado September 1918 subagai kolonel di Kementerian Udara. Christie membantu subagai anggota ''[[Voluntary Aid Detachment]]'' nan merupakan bagian dari [[Palang Merah]]. Dari Oktober 1914 hingga Mei 1915, dan juga dari Juni 1916 hingga September 1918, ia bekerja selama 3.400 jam di Rumah Sakit Palang Merah Balai Kota Torquay, partamo subagai perawat (indak dibayia) kamudian subagai ''dispenser'' dan dibayia sebesar £ 16 (kira-kira setara jo £ 900 di 2019) sasudah memenuhi perssyaratan subagai asisten apoteker. Ia kamudian berhenti dari posisi tasabuik pado September 1918 katiko Archie dipindahkan ke London, dan mereka menyewa sabuah [[apartemen]] di St John's Wood.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Making her own mystery|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/making-her-own-mystery-1.219949|website=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> Christie adolah saurang penggemar novel detektif, tamasuak ''The Woman in White'' dan ''The Moonstone'' karya Wilkie Collins, dan juga [[Sherlock Holmes]] karya [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]. Dia manulih novel detektif partamonyo nan berjusul [[Misteri di Styles]] pado [[1916]]. Novel itu menampilkan [[Hercule Poirot]], mantan petugas polisi Belgia jo "kumis nan luar biasa" dan kepala "persis seperti telur". Poirot dicaritokan telah memilih untuak berlindung di Inggris sasudah [[Jerman]] menginvasi [[Belgia]]. Inspirasi Christie untuak karakter tasabuik datang dari pengungsi Belgia nan tinggal di Torquay, dan tentara Belgia nan dia bantu saat ia bertugas subagai perawat sukorela selama [[Perang Dunia I|parang Dunia I]]. Naskah aslinyo ditolak dek [[Hodder & Stoughton]] dan juga [[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]]. sasudah melakukan pengajuan selama beberapa bulan, [[John Lane (penerbit)|John Lane]] dari [[The Bodley Head]] mamutuihan untuak menerima naskahnya, asalkan Christie maubah carito bagaimana solusinya terungkap. Dia setuju dan kamudian menandatangani kontrak nan mengikatkan untuak lima buku berikuiknya jo The Bodley Head. Ia kamudian merasa bahwa ia [[Eksploitasi buruh|dieksploitasi]]. Novel tasabuik ditabikan pado 1920.<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Tribute to Agatha Christie|url=http://home.insightbb.com/~jsmarcum/agatha20.htm|website=home.insightbb.com|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mysterious Affair at Styles (Hercule Poirot, book 1) by Agatha Christie|url=https://www.fantasticfiction.com/c/agatha-christie/mysterious-affair-at-styles.htm|website=www.fantasticfiction.com|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cofta|first=Mark|title=‘The Mysterious Affair at Styles’ at Hedgerow Theatre|url=https://www.broadstreetreview.com/theater/the-mysterious-affair-at-styles-at-hedgerow-theatre|website=www.broadstreetreview.com|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> Christie malahiaan anak satu-satunya nan bernama Rosalind Margaret Clarissa, pado [[Agustus]] [[1919]] di Ashfield.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Morgan|first=Janet|date=2004-11-20|title=Obituary: Rosalind Hicks|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/nov/20/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Archie meninggalkan Angkatan Udara pado akhia parang dan mulai bekerja di [[City of London|kota]] dalam sektor keuangan jo gaji nan relatif rendah. Mereka masih mempekerjakan saurang pembantu. Novel keduanya nan bajudul [[Musuh Dalam Selimut]] (1922), menampilkan pasangan detektif baru [[Tommy dan Tuppence]]. Novel tasabuik ditabikan dek The Bodley Head dan ia bershasil mendapekkan £ 50 (kira-kira setara jo £ 2.800 pado 2019) untuak karyanya tasabuik. Novel ketiganya nan bajudul [[Lapangan Golf Maut]], baliak menampilkan Poirot. Setalah itu, ia indak lagi mengalami kesulitan untuak menjual karyanya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Secret Adversary by Agatha Christie: Fine Hardcover (1922) 1st Edition {{!}} Brought to Book Ltd|url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Secret-Adversary-Agatha-Christie-Bodley-Head/30236778717/bd|website=www.abebooks.com|language=en|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> pado [[1922]], Christie dan suaminya mengikuiki tur promosi keliling dunia untuak Pameran Kerajaan Inggris, nan dipimpin dek Mayor Ernest Belcher. Meninggalkan putri mereka bersama ibu dan saudara padusi dari Christie. Selama sepuluh bulan mereka melakukan perjalanan ke [[Afrika Selatan]], [[Australia]], [[Selandia Baru]], [[Hawaii]], dan [[Kanada]]. Mereka belajar berselancar di Afrika Selatan dan juga di [[Waikiki]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-07-29|title=Agatha Christie's surfing secret revealed|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/29/agatha-christie-hercule-poirot-surfing-secret|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie 'one of Britain's first stand-up surfers'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/8670354/Agatha-Christie-one-of-Britains-first-stand-up-surfers.html|website=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> katiko mereka baliak ke Inggris, Archie baliak [[City of London|bekerja]] dan Christie terus manulih karya-karya lainya. sasudah tinggal di serangkaian apartemen di [[London]], mereka membeli sabuah rumah di Sunningdale, Berkshire.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RBH: History of Sunningdale, Berkshire|url=http://www.berkshirehistory.com/villages/sunningdale.html|website=www.berkshirehistory.com|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> Ibu Christie, Clarissa Miller, meninggal pado April 1926. Kematiannya mambuek Christie mengalami depresi berat. pado Agustus 1926, laporan muncul di media bahwa Christie telah pai ke sabuah desa dekat [[Biarritz]] untuak memulihkan diri dari "kerusakan" nan disebabkan "kerja berlebihan".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Turner|first=Camilla|date=2017-05-08|title=Mystery of Agatha Christie's disappearance is 'solved' as author suggests she considered suicide over husband's affair|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/mystery-agatha-christies-disappearance-solved-author-suggests/|newspaper=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> === Menghilang: 1926 === pado Agustus 1926, Archie meminta cerai dari Christie. Archie telah jatuh cinta jo Nancy Neele, saurang teman dari Mayor Belcher. pado 3 Desember 1926, Archie dan Christie bertengkar sasudah Archie maagiah tau rencananya untuak menghabiskan akhia pekan jo teman-temannya tanpa dirinya. pado malam itu, Christie menghilang dari rumah mereka. Keesokan paginya, mobilnya ditemukan di Newlands Corner, diparkir di ateh tambang kapur jo pakaian dan [[SIM]] nan sudah habis maso berlakunya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weinberg|first=Kate|date=30 Januari 2020|title=Agatha Christie’s Greatest Mystery Was Left Unsolved|url=https://crimereads.com/agatha-christies-greatest-mystery-was-left-unsolved/|website=CrimeReads|language=en-US|access-date=19 Januari 2021}}</ref> Kejadian tasabuik jo cepat manjadi berita, karano pers berusaha memuaskan "rasa lapar akan sensasi, bencana, dan skandal" untuak pembacanya. [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Britania Raya|Menteri dalam nagari]] William Joynson-Hicks menekan polisi untuak memecahkan kasus tasabuik. Selain itu, sabuah [[Koran|surat kabar]] menawarkan hadiah £100 (kira-kira setara jo £6.000 pado 2019) untuak nan berhasil memecahkan kasus tasabuik. Lebih dari 1.000 petugas polisi, 15.000 sukorelawan, dan beberapa pesawat terbang memeriksa pedesaan untuak mencarinya. [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] juga berusaha membantu untuak menemukannya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thorpe|first=Vanessa|date=15 Oktober 2006|title=Christie's most famous mystery solved at last|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/15/books.booksnews|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> Hilangnya Christie ditampilkan di halaman muko ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Jordan|first=Tina|date=11 Juni 2019|title=When the World’s Most Famous Mystery Writer Vanished (Published 2019)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/11/books/agatha-christie-vanished-11-days-1926.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> Meskipun jo pencarian nan ekstensif, dia indak ditemukan selama sepuluh hari ka muko.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=15 Desember 1926|title=MRS. CHRISTIE FOUND IN A YORKSHIRE SPA; ....|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/12/15/archives/mrs-christie-found-in-a-yorkshire-spa-missing-novelist-under-an.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=3 Desember 2009|title=Agatha Christie's Harrogate mystery|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/york/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8393000/8393552.stm|work=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> pado 14 Desember 1926, dia diketahui berada di Swan Hydropathic Hotel di [[Harrogate]] nan berlokasi di [[Yorkshire]], manggunoan nama Nyonya Tressa Neele (nama keluarga kekasih suaminya). Keesokan harinya, Christie pai ke kediaman saudara padusinyo di Abney Hall, Cheadle, di mana dia diasingkan "di aula nan dijaga, gerbang dikunci, telepon terputus, dan menolak telepon nan masuk".<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie's Disappearance {{!}} The Old Swan Hotel|url=https://www.classiclodges.co.uk/the-old-swan/agatha-christie/|website=www.classiclodges.co.uk|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> Otobiografi Christie indak mambahas tentang kejadian tasabuik. Dua dokter kamudian mendiagnosisnya jo "kehilangan ingatan nan indak paralu dipertanyakan lagi", tapi masih ada pendapek nan berbeda mengenai alasan mengapa ia menghilang. tamasuak Panulih biografinya Morgan, pacayo dia menghilang dikaranokan [[fugue]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burton|first=Neel|date=17 Maret 2012|title=Dissociative Fugue: The Mystery of Agatha Christie|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201203/dissociative-fugue-the-mystery-agatha-christie|website=Psychology Today|language=en-US|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> Panulih Jared Cade menyimpulkan bahwa Christie merencanakan kejadian tasabuik untuak mempermalukan suaminya tapi indak mengantisipasi melodrama publik nan dihasilkan. Panulih biografi Christie, Laura Thompson, memberikan pandangan alternatif bahwa Christie menghilang karano [[gangguan jiwa]], sadar akan tindakannya tapi indak dalam kendali ateh dirinya sendiri. Reaksi publik pado saat itu sebagian besar negatif, beranggapan aksinya adolah upaya untuak menjebak suaminya ateh pambunuahan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Adams|first=Cecil|date=2 April 1982|title=Why did mystery writer Agatha Christie mysteriously disappear?|url=https://www.straightdope.com/21341542/why-did-mystery-writer-agatha-christie-mysteriously-disappear|website=The Straight Dope|language=en|access-date=15 Januari 2021}}</ref> === Pernikahan kedua dan kehidupan selanjutnya: 1927–1976 === pado [[Januari]] [[1927]], Christie tampak sangat pucat saat sedang berlayar jo putri dan sekretarisnya ke [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria|Las Palmas]], [[Kepulauan Canaria]], untuak menyelesaikan proses pemulihannya nan ia jalani selama tiga bulan. Christie kamudian mengajukan petisi cerai pado April 1928, keputusan tasabuik kamudian manjadi mutlak pado Oktober 1928. Archie menikah jo Nancy Neele saminggu kamudian. Christie mempertahankan hak asuah putri mereka, Rosalind, dan juga mempertahankan nama belakang Christie untuak hasil karyanya. Dalam otobiografinya, Christie manyatoan, "sasudah sakit, datanglah kesedihan, keputusasaan, dan patah hati. indak paralu terus menuerus memikirkannya." pado 1928 Christie meninggalkan Inggris jo [[Orient Express]] ke [[Istanbul]] dan kamudian ke [[Bagdad]]. Saat berada Irak, dia bakawan jo [[Arkeologi|arkeolog]] Leonard Woolley dan bininyo, nan mengundangnya untuak baliak ke [[Penggalian (arkeologi)|penggalian]] mereka pado Februari 1930. pado perjalanan itu, ia bertemu jo saurang arkeolog nan tiga belas taun lebih muda darinya jo nama [[Max Mallowan]]. Dalam sabuah wawancara pado 1977, Mallowan mencaritokan pertemuan partamonyo jo Christie, katiko dia membawanya dan sekelompok turis dalam tur situs ekspedisinya di Irak. Christie dan Mallowan menikah di [[Edinburgh]] pado September 1930. Pernikahan mereka bertahan sampai kematian Christie pado [[1976]]. Dia menemani Mallowan dalam [[Penggalian (arkeologi)|ekspedisi arkeologinya]], dek karano itu beberapa novelnya bercarito di [[Timur Tengah]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The World This Weekend - Sir Max Mallowan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/the-world-this-weekend--sir-max-mallowan/zh27rj6|website=BBC Archive|language=en|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Novel lainnyo (seperti [[Hotel Majestic]]) bercarito di dan sekitar Torquay, tempat ia dibesarkan. Christie manggunoan pengalamannya dalam perjalanan kereta api internasional katiko manulih novel pado 1934 nan bajudul [[Pembunuhan di Orient Express|pambunuahan di Orient Express]]. The Pera Palace Hotel di Istanbul, mengklaim novel tasabuik ditulis di sana dan mempertahankan kamar Christie subagai peringatan bagi sang Panulih.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-19|title=(Turkish) Agatha Christie ve Kayıp 11 Gününün Gizemli Hikâyesi|url=https://blog.perapalace.com/en/story-of-pera/agatha-christie-and-the-story-of-her-lost-11-days/|website=Pera Palace Hotel|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Christie dan Mallowan tinggal di Chelsea, partamo di Cresswell Place dan kamudian di Sheffield Terrace. Kedua properti itu kini ditandai jo [[Plak biru|plakat biru]]. pado [[1934]], mereka membeli Winterbrook House di Winterbrook, sabuah dusun dekat Wallingford.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dame Agatha Christie & Sir Max Mallowan: Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Scheme|url=http://www.oxonblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/christie.html|website=www.oxonblueplaques.org.uk|access-date=2021-01-15|archive-date=2020-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529092532/http://www.oxonblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/christie.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ini kamudian manjadi tempat tinggal utama mereka selama sisa hidup mereka dan tempat Christie manulih banyak dari hasil karyanya. Rumah ini juga mamiliki plakat biru. Christie menjalani kehidupan nan tenang meskipun dikenal di Wallingford, dari 1951 hingga [[1976]] ia menjabat subagai presiden untuak [[teater amatir]] lokal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sinodun Players, heritage|url=http://www.sinodunplayers.org.uk/w2011/heritage|website=www.sinodunplayers.org.uk|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Pasangan itu kamudian membeli Greenway Estate nan berlokasi Devon subagai tempat tinggal musim panas pado 1938; properti terebut kamudian diberikan kapado ''National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty'' pado 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha's Greenway|url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/greenway/features/agathas-greenway|website=National Trust|language=en|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Christie banyak menghabiskan wakatu di Abney Hall, Cheshire, nan dimiliki dek saudara iparnya, James Watts. Ia juga manggunoan lokasi terebut subagai latar belakang seindaknya untuak dua carito, yaitu untuak carito pendek [[Skandal Perjamuan Natal]] dan novelnya [[Setelah Pemakaman|sasudah Pemakaman]]. Salah satu [[kompendium]] Christie mencatat bahwa "Abney manjadi inspirasi terbesar Agatha untuak kehidupan rumah pedesaan, jo semua pelayan dan keagungannya nan dituliskan ke dalam plot karya-karyanya."<ref>{{Cite book|last=VANESSA WAGSTAFF|date=2004|url=http://archive.org/details/agathachristiere00wags|title=AGATHA CHRISTIE: A READER'S COMPANION.|publisher=AURUM|isbn=978-1-84513-015-2|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> [[Berkas:Agatha Christie visits the Acropolis, 1958. (7893554162).jpg|jmpl|kiri|190px|Christe pado 1958]] Selama [[Perang Dunia II|parang Dunia II]], Christie bekerja di apotek di University College Hospital (UCH), London, di mana dia memperbarui pengetahuannya tentang racun. Novelnya selanjutnya nan bajudul [[Misteri Penginapan Tua]] merupakan hasil dari saran dek Harold Davis saurang kepala apoteker di UCH. pado [[1977]], sabuah kasus [[keracunan talium]] berhasil dipecahkan dek petugas medis Inggris nan telah mambaco buku Christie dan mengenali gejala nan telah digambarkan dibuku tasabuik.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NOV 2006|first=The Pharmaceutical Journal25|title=Thallium poisoning in fact and in fiction / Vexed question of the geographical origins of the meat-filled pasty / How illegal ch|url=https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/opinion/column/thallium-poisoning-in-fact-and-in-fiction-/-vexed-question-of-the-geographical-origins-of-the-meat-filled-pasty-/-how-illegal-ch/10002699.article|website=Pharmaceutical Journal|language=en|access-date=2021-01-15}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-22|title=The poison prescribed by Agatha Christie: Thanks to the mystery|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-poison-prescribed-by-agatha-christie-thanks-to-the-mystery-writer-the-deadly-properties-of-thallium-sulphate-have-become-common-knowledge-corrected-1534450.html|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Badan intelijen Inggris, [[MI5]], menyelidiki Christie sasudah karakter bernama Major Bletchley muncul dalam karyanya pado 1941 nan bajudul [[N atau M?]], nan bercarito tentang perburuan terhadap [[kolom kelima]] nan mematikan di maso parang Inggris. MI5 prihatin bahwa Christie mamiliki [[mata-mata]] di pusat pemecah kode rahasia Inggris, Bletchley Park. Ketakutan agensi itu mereda katiko Christie memberi tahu temannya nan bernama Dilly Knox, "Saya terjebak di sana dalam perjalanan jo kereta api dari Oxford ke London dan membalas dendam jo memberikan nama tasabuik kapado salah satu karakter saya nan paliang indak menyenangkan."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-04|title=Agatha Christie was investigated by MI5 over Bletchley Park mystery|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/feb/04/agatha-christie-mi5-bletchley|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Christie terpilih subagai [[fellow]] untuak [[Royal Society of Literature]] pado [[1950]]. subagai tanda penghormatan untuak karya sastranya, Christie ditunjuk subagai [[Bintang Kekaisaran Britania Raya|Komandan Ordo Kerajaan Inggris]] (CBE) pado Penghargaan taun Baru [[1956]]. Dia adolah salah satu presiden [[Detection Club|Klub Deteksi]] dari [[1958]] sampai kematiannya pado [[1976]]. pado [[1961]], dia dianugerahi gelar [[Doctor of Letters|Doktor Sastra kehormatan]] dari [[Universitas Exeter]]. pado taun Baru 1971, dia dipromosikan manjadi ''[[Bintang Kekaisaran Britania Raya|Dame Commander]]'' (DBE). Dari 1971 hingga 1974, kesehatan Christie mulai menurun, tapi dia terus manulih. Novel terakhianya adolah [[Gerbang Nasib]] pado [[1973]]. manggunoan [[analisis isi]], peneliti asal Kanada mengatakan pado 2009 bahwa Christie mungkin mulai menderita panyakik [[Penyakit Alzheimer|Alzheimer]] atau [[demensia]] lainnyo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-04-03|title=Study claims Agatha Christie had Alzheimer's|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/apr/03/agatha-christie-alzheimers-research|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> === Personalitas === pado [[1946]], Christie berkata tentang dirinya sendiri: "nan paliang saya indak suko adolah urang banyak, suara keras, gramofon dan bioskop. Saya indak suko rasa alkohol dan indak suko merokok. Saya menyukai matahari, laut, bunga, jalan-jalan, makanan aneh, olahraga, konser, teater, piano, dan juga menyulam."<ref>{{Cite news|date=1946-04-30|title=The Real AGATHA CHRISTIE|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17978243|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954)|pages=6|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> Karya fiksi Christie mengandung beberapa karakter [[stereotipe]] nan indak pantas, tapi dalam kehidupan nyata banyak dari padonganan [[bias]]nya nan positif. sasudah empat taun London dilanda parang, Christie berharap untuak baliak ke [[Suriah]] suatu hari nanti, nan dia gambarkan subagai "negara subur nan lembut dan urang-urangnya nan sederhana, nan tahu bagaimana tertawa dan bagaimana manikmati hidup; mereka nan bisa menganggur dan tetap bahagia, dan nan mamiliki martabat, sopan santun, dan selera humor nan tinggi, dan kapado siapa kematian indak mengerikan."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-12|title=Welcome to www.agathachristie.com :: Find a story :: Come, Tell Me How You Live|url=http://us.agathachristie.com/site/find_a_story/stories/Come_Tell_Me_How_You_Live.php|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2021-01-15|archive-date=2007-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212060957/http://us.agathachristie.com/site/find_a_story/stories/Come_Tell_Me_How_You_Live.php|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Christie adolah saurang nan religius, ia adolah anggota [[Gereja Inggris]] dan menghadiri gereja sacaro teratur. Ia menyimpan ''The Imitation of Christ'' di samping tempat laloknya. sasudah perceraiannya, dia berhenti mengambil sakramen persekutuan. ''Agatha Christie Trust For Children'' didirikan pado 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE AGATHA CHRISTIE TRUST FOR CHILDREN - Charity 260295|url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/?p_p_id=uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&_uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet_regId=260295&_uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet_subId=0|website=register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> kamudian, tak lama sasudah kematian Christie, dana amal untuak peringatan kematiannya dibentuk untuak "membantu dua hal nan ia sukoi: urang tuo dan anak-anak". == Kematian dan warisan == === Kematian dan penguburan === [[Berkas:Murder She Wrote - geograph.org.uk - 673766.jpg|jmpl|kanan|100px|Makam Christe]] Christie meninggal jo damai pado 12 Januari 1976 saat ia baumua 85 taun, di rumahnya di Winterbrook House.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1976-01-12|title=1976: Crime writer Agatha Christie dies|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/12/newsid_4440000/4440120.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> katiko kematiannya diumumkan, dua [[Teater West End]], meredupkan lampu luar mereka untuak menghormatinya. Dia dimakamkan di dekat halaman gereja St Mary's, Cholsey, dalam sabuah lahan nan dia pilih jo suaminya sepuluh taun sabalunnya. Upacara pemakaman sederhana dihadiri dek sekitar 20 reporter surat kabar dan TV, beberapa telah melakukan perjalanan jauah dari Amerika Selatan. Tiga puluh karangan bunga menghiasi makam Christie, tamasuak satu dari para pemeran drama ''[[The Mousetrap]]'' dan satu nan bertuliskan "ateh nama banyak pembaca nan berterima kasih" nan diberikan dari Penerbit Buku Ulverscroft. Mallowan, nan menikah lagi pado 1977, meninggal pado 1978 dan dimakamkan di samping Christie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Marys Cholsey {{!}} Agatha Christie|url=https://www.stmaryscholsey.org/history/agatha-christie/|website=www.stmaryscholsey.org|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> === Harta dan kepemilikan karyanya === Christie indak senang manjadi "buruh pekerja" dan juga karano alasan kebutuhan pajak maka ia mendirikan perusahaan nan bernama Agatha Christie Limited pado 1955. Dimana perusahaan ini memegang hak ateh hasil karyanya. pado sekitar 1959, ia memindahkan hak ateh rumahnya jo luas 278 hektar kapado putrinya, Rosalind Hicks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rosalind Hicks|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1476488/Rosalind-Hicks.html|website=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> pado 1968, katiko Christie hampir baumua 80 taun, dia menjual 51% saham dari Agatha Christie Limited (dan karya nan dimilikinya) kapado ''Booker Books,'' nan kamudian pado 1977 meningkatkan kepemilikannya manjadi 64%. Agatha Christie Limited masih mamiliki [[hak cipta]] untuak lebih dari delapan puluh novel dan carito pendek, sembilan belas [[Sandiwara panggung|drama]], dan hampir empat puluh film TV di seluruh dunia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-29|title=Acorn Media buys stake in Agatha Christie estate|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/feb/29/acorn-media-bys-stake-agatha-christie|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> pado akhia 1950-an, Christie dikatakan telah menghasilkan sekitar £ 100.000 (kira-kira setara jo £ 2.400.000 pado 2019) per taun. Christie menjual sekitar 300 juta buku selama hidupnya. pado saat kematiannya pado 1976, "dia adolah novelis terlaris dalam sejarah."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bernthal|first=J. C.|date=2016-09-02|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=gYL2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Queering Agatha Christie: Revisiting the Golden Age of Detective Fiction|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-33533-9|language=en}}</ref> Salah satu perkiraan pendapekan totalnya dari lebih dari setengah abad manulih adolah $ 20 juta (sekitar $ 89,9 juta pado taun 2019).<ref>{{Cite news|date=1976-01-26|title=Books: Dame Agatha: Queen of the Maze|url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,913961-1,00.html|newspaper=Time|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> subagai hasil dari perencanaannya, wasiatnya hanya menyisakan £ 106.683 (kira-kira setara jo £ 773.000 pado 2019) bersih, nan sebagian besar diberikan kapado suami dan putrinya. Saham sejumlah 35% nan tersisa dari Agatha Christie Limited diwarisi dek Hicks. Hicks kamudian menjaga karya, citra, dan warisan amaknyo sampai kematiannya 28 taun kamudian. jo kepemilikan perusahaan tasabuik, keluarga Cristie dapek menunjuk 50% dari dewan dan ketua, dan mempertahankan hak veto ateh versi terbaru, dan juga publikasi ulang.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie begins new chapter after pounds 10m selff. - Free Online Library|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Agatha+Christie+begins+new+chapter+after+pounds+10m+selff.-a060775079|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> pado 2004, obituari Hicks di ''[[The Telegraph]]'' mencatat bahwa dia telah "bertekad untuak tetap setia pado visi amaknyo dan untuak melindungi integritas ciptaannya" dan indak menyetujui aktivitas "''merchandising''". sasudah kematiannya pado [[28 Oktober]] [[2004]], Greenway Estate diberikan kapado putranya Mathew Prichard. sasudah kematian ayah tirinya pado 2005, Prichard menyumbangkan Greenway dan isinya ke National Trust.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-25|title=The Big Question: How big is the Agatha Christie industry, and what|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/big-question-how-big-agatha-christie-industry-and-what-explains-her-enduring-appeal-1631296.html|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Keluarga dan perwalian keluarga Christie, tamasuak cicitnya, James Prichard, terus mamiliki saham sebesar 36% di Agatha Christie Limited, [80] dan tetap terlibat jo perusahaan tasabuik. pado 2020, James Prichard manjadi ketua perusahaan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Agatha Christie Limited|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/about-agatha-christie-limited|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Mathew Prichard juga memegang hak cipta ateh beberapa karya sastra neneknya tamasuak [[The Mousetrap]]. Karya Christie terus dikembangkan dalam berbagai adaptasi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-14|title=Why do we still love the 'cosy crime' of Agatha Christie?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/agatha-christie-cosy-crime-novels-murder-mystery-writer-why-we-love-a7942901.html|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> pado 1998, Booker menjual sahamnya di Agatha Christie Limited (pado saat itu menghasilkan £ 2.100.000, kira-kira setara jo £ 3.700.000 dalam pendapekan taunan 2019) seharga £ 10.000.000 (kurang lebih setara jo £ 17.700.000 pado 2019) kapado ''Chorion'', nan portofolio Panulihnya tamasuak [[Enid Blyton]] dan Dennis Wheatley. pado Februari 2012, Chorion mulai menjual aset sastranya, nan tamasuak penjualan 64% saham Chorion di Agatha Christie Limited kapado ''Acorn Media'' UK. pado 2014, ''RLJ Entertainment Inc.'' (RJLE) mengakuisisi Acorn Media UK, menamainya Acorn Media Enterprises. pado akhia [[Februari 2014]], media manyatoan bahwa [[BBC]] telah memperdek hak TV eksklusif untuak karya Christie di Inggris (sabalunnya jo [[Independent Television|ITV]]) dan berencana untuak bekerja sama jo Acorn untuak menyiarkan produksi terbarunya untuak ulang taun ke-125 kelahiran Christie pado 2015. subagai bagian dari kesepakatan itu, BBC menyiarkan ''Partners in Crime,''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=partners in crime|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02vf6rn/episodes/guide|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> dan ''And Then There Were None'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=and then there were none|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06v2v52|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> keduanya pado 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-08-24|title=BBC One mines Agatha Christie novels for seven more TV dramas|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37174913|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Produksi selanjutnya tamasuak ''The Witness for the Prosecution'' tapi rencana untuak menyiarkan ''Ordeal by Innocence'' pado Natal 2017 ditunda karano kontroversi dari salah satu pemeran.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=the witness for the prosecution|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b086z959|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-01-05|title=Ed Westwick removed from BBC Agatha Christie drama Ordeal By Innocence|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-42577505|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Karya tasabuik kamudian ditanankan pado April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Ordeal by Innocence|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09ytrgg|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Adaptasi tiga bagian dari [[Pembunuhan ABC|pambunuahan ABC]] nan dibintangi dek John Malkovich dan Rupert Grint mulai syuting pado Juni 2018 dan partamo kali disiarkan pado Desember 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=All-star cast announced for new BBC One Agatha Christie thriller The ABC Murders|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2018/abc-murders|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The ABC Murders|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/the-abc-murders|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Adaptasi dua bagian dari ''The Pale Horse'' disiarkan di [[BBC1]] pado [[Februari 2020]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Purkiss|first=Brian|date=2019-06-24|title=BBC One announces new Agatha Christie thriller The Pale Horse|url=http://www.mammothscreen.com/company-news/bbc-one-announces-new-agatha-christie-thriller-the-pale-horse/|website=Mammoth Screen|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2020-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925042653/http://www.mammothscreen.com/company-news/bbc-one-announces-new-agatha-christie-thriller-the-pale-horse/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Death Comes as the End|''Ledakan Dendam'']] akan manjadi adaptasi BBC berikuiknya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hirons|first=Paul|date=2018-12-29|title=Death Comes As The End to be the next BBC Agatha Christie adaptation|url=https://thekillingtimestv.wordpress.com/2018/12/29/death-comes-as-the-end-to-be-the-next-bbc-agatha-christie-adaptation/|website=The Killing Times|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> == Karya dan legasi == === Karya fiksi === ==== Hercule Poirot dan Miss Marple ==== Buku partamo Christie nan ditabikan bajudul [[Misteri di Styles]] dirilis pado [[1920]] dan memperkenalkan detektif [[Hercule Poirot]], nan muncul dalam tiga puluh tiga novelnya dan lebih dari lima puluh carito pendek. carito Poirot dilanjutkan dek Sophie Hannah jo karyanya nan bajudul ''The Monogram Murders'', ''Closed Casket'', dan ''The Mystery of Three Quarters''. sasudah bertaun-taun, Christie kamudian bosan jo Poirot, seperti nan dirasakan [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Conan Doyle]] jo [[Sherlock Holmes]]. pado akhia 1930-an, Christie manulih dalam buku hariannya bahwa dia menganggap Poirot "indak tertahankan", dan pado taun 1960-an dia merasa Poriot adolah "urang nan egosentris". indak seperti Conan Doyle, dia menolak untuak membunuh detektifnya saat dia masih populer.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gross|first=John J.|date=2006|url=http://archive.org/details/newoxfordbooklit00gros_551|title=The new Oxford book of literary anecdotes|publisher=Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280468-6|others=Library Genesis}}</ref> [[Miss Marple|Miss Jane Marple]] diperkenalkan dalam serangkaian carito pendek nan mulai ditabikan pado Desember 1927 dan kamudian kumpulan cerpennya diterbutkan jo judul [[Tiga Belas Kasus|The Thirteen Problems.]] Marple adolah perawan tua sopan nan memecahkan kejahatan manggunoan analogi kehidupan desa Inggris. Christie berkata, "Miss Marple sama sekali bukan gambaran dari nenek saya; Miss Marple jauah lebih cerewet daripado nenek saya dan juga saurang [[perawan tua]]," tapi otobiografinya menetapkan hubungan nan kuat antara karakter Miss Marple dan nenek tiri Christie, Margaret Mille. Baik Marple dan Miller "selalu mengharapkan nan terburuk dari semua urang dan segalanya, dan nan, jo akurasi nan menakutkan, biasanya terbukti benar." Marple muncul dalam dua belas novel dan dua puluh carito pendek.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2008-09-15|title=Dusty clues to Christie unearthed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7612000/7612534.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Selama [[Perang Dunia II|parang Dunia II]], Christie manulih dua novel nan bajudul [[Tirai (novel)|Tirai]] dan [[Pembunuhan Terpendam|pambunuahan Terpendam]], masing-masing menampilkan Hercule Poirot dan Miss Marple. Kedua buku itu disegel di dalam lemari besi bank, dan dia memberikan hak ciptanya putrinya dan suaminya subagai [[asuransi]]. Christie menderita serangan jantung pado [[1974]] dan sasudah itu dia indak dapek manulih. Putrinya mengizinkan penerbitan Tirai pado [[1975]], dan pambunuahan Terpendam ditabikan sacaro [[anumerta]] pado [[1976]]. Publikasi ini mengikuiki keberhasilan film pambunuahan di Orient Express pado [[1974]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=susanvaughan|date=2018-01-25|title=Dame Agatha and Her Orient Express|url=https://mainecrimewriters.com/2018/01/25/dame-agatha-and-her-orient-express/|website=Maine Crime Writers|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Sesaat sabalun penerbitan [[Tirai (novel)|Tirai]], Poirot manjadi tokoh fiksi partamo nan mamiliki obituari di ''[[The New York Times]]'', nan dicetak pado halaman satu pado [[6 Agustus]] [[1975]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poirot's Obituary|url=http://www.poirot.us/obituary.php|website=www.poirot.us|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lask|first=Thomas|date=1975-08-06|title=Hercule Poirot Is Dead; Famed Belgian Detective (Published 1975)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/06/archives/hercule-poirot-is-dead-famed-belgian-detective-hercule-poirot-the.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Christie indak pernah manulih novel atau carito pendek nan menampilkan Poirot dan Miss Marple sacaro bersamaan. Dalam rekaman nan ditemukan dan dirilis pado [[2008]], Christie mengungkapkan alasannya: "Hercule Poirot, saurang nan sangat egois, indak suko diajari atau seiberi saran dari saurang perawan tua. Hercule Poirot - detektif profesional - sama sekali indak akan betah di dunia Miss Marple."<ref name=":0" /> pado [[2013]], keluarga Christie mendukung peluncuran carito baru Poirot jo judul ''The Monogram Murders'', nan ditulis dek Panulih Inggris Sophie Hannah.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-03|title=The Monogram Murders {{!}} Agatha Christie - The official information and community site|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/the-monogram-murders/|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2015-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403183934/http://www.agathachristie.com/the-monogram-murders/|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Hannah kamudian manabikan dua lagi carito misteri Poirot, ''Closed Casket'' pado [[2016]] dan ''The Mystery of Three Quarters'' pado [[2018]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mystery of Three Quarters|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-mystery-of-three-quarters-sophie-hannah|website=HarperCollins|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> ==== Plot carito ==== Christie telah disebut subagai ''Duchess of Death'', ''Mistress of Mystery'', dan juga ''Queen of Crime''. Di awal kariernya, saurang reporter mencatat bahwa "plot caritonya sangat realistik, masuk akal, dan selalu baru." Menurut Hannah," Di awal setiap novel, dia menunjukkan kapado kita situasi nan tampaknya indak mungkin dan kita kamudian bertanya-tanya 'Bagaimana ini bisa terjadi?' kamudian, perlahan, dia mengungkapkan bagaimana nan indak mungkin, adolah satu-satunya hal nan bisa terjadi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An interview with Sophie Hannah|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/news/2016/an-interview-with-sophie-hannah|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Dia mengembangkan teknik bercaritonya selama apa nan disebut maso keemaso untuak carito fiksi detektif. Panulih Dilys Winn menyebut Christie subagai ''doyenne of Coziness.''<ref>{{cite book|last=Winn|first=Dilys|date=|year=1977|url=https://archive.org/details/murderinkmystery00winnrich|title=Murder Ink: The Mystery Reader's Companion|location=New York|publisher=Workman Publishing Company|isbn=|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderinkmystery00winnrich/page/3 3]|pages=|url-status=live}}</ref> pado akhianya, nan kamudian manjadi ciri khas karya Christie, karakter detektifnya biasa mangumpuaan tersangka nan masih hidup ke dalam satu ruangan, menjelaskan jalannya penalaran deduktif mereka, dan mengungkapkan pihak nan basalah; ada pengecualian di mana diserahkan kapado pihak nan basalah untuak menjelaskan semuanya (seperti [[Sepuluh Anak Negro]] dan [[Malam Tanpa Akhir|Malam Tanpa akhia]]).<ref name="me">{{cite journal|last=Mezel|first=Kathy|date=2007|title=Spinsters, Surveillance, and Speech: The Case of Miss Marple, Miss Mole, and Miss Jekyll|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-literature_winter-2007_30_2/page/103|journal=The Journal of Modern Literature|volume=30|issue=2|pages=103–20|doi=10.2979/JML.2007.30.2.103|jstor=4619330|s2cid=162411534}}</ref> Christie indak membatehi dirinya pado carito berlatar belakang di desa-desa Inggris. Pilihan latar belakang lainnyo tamasuak di sabuah pulau kecil ([[Sepuluh Anak Negro]]), pesawat terbang ([[Maut di Udara]]), kereta api ([[Pembunuhan di Orient Express|pambunuahan di Orient Express]]), kapal uap ([[Pembunuhan di Sungai Nil|pambunuahan di Sungai Nil]]), [[Apartemen|flat]] di London ([[Kartu-Kartu di Meja]]), dan juga sabuah resor di Hindia Barat ([[Misteri Karibia]]), ataupun juga di penggalian arkeologi ([[Pembunuhan di Mesopotamia|pambunuahan di Mesopotamia]]). Walaupun lingkaran potensial tersangka biasanya tertutup dan intim, seperti anggota keluarga, teman, pelayan, rekan bisnis, ataupun sesama pelancong. Banyak dari karakternya mamiliki [[stereotipe]] ([[femme fatale]], polisi nan keras, pelayan nan setia, kolonel nan membosankan). untuak memberikan alur carito nan manarik, penyamaran dan rahasia banyak ada di karyanya. Motif nan paliang sering digunakan adolah uang, "Ada sangat saketek pembunuh di karyanya nan manikmati proses pambunuahan tanpa motif lainnyo."<ref name="be">{{cite journal|last=Beehler|first=Sharon A.|date=1998|title=Close vs. Closed Reading: Interpreting the Clues|url=|journal=The English Journal|volume=77|issue=6|pages=39–43|doi=10.2307/818612|jstor=818612}}</ref> Profesor [[Farmakologi]] Michael C. Gerald mencatat bahwa "di lebih dari setengah novelnya, satu atau lebih korbannya diracuni." Senjata, pisau, garrottes, tripwires, instrumen tumpul, dan bahkan kapak juga digunakan dalam caritonya, tapi "Christie indak pernah manggunoan cara mekanis atau ilmiah rumit untuak menjelaskan caritonya," menurut Panulih John Curran. Banyak dari petunjuknya merupakan benda-benda nan dapek diketemukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, seperti kalender, [[cangkir]] kopi, bunga, botol bir, dan juga [[perapian]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Curran|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/blogs/authors/john-curran|website=HarperCollins|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Menurut Panulih P. D. James, Christie cenderung manjadian karakter nan paliang indak disukoi subagai pihak nan basalah. Pembaca nan waspado terkadang dapek mengidentifikasi pelakunya jo mengidentifikasi tersangka nan paliang indak mungkin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=P. D.|date=2009-12-01|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=fcGke2wlt0UC&pg=PT26&redir_esc=y|title=Talking About Detective Fiction|publisher=Knopf Canada|isbn=978-0-307-39882-6|language=en}}</ref> Christie mengejek komentar tasabuik dalam kata pengantar novelnya nan bajudul [[Kartu-Kartu di Meja|Kartu-kartu di Meja]]: "Temukan urang nan paliang indak mungkin melakukan kejahatan dan dalam sembilan dari sepuluh kali tugas anda selesai. karano saya indak ingin pembaca setia saya membuang buku ini karano indak puas, saya lebih suko memperingatkan mereka sabalunnya bahwa ini bukan jenis buku itu. Hanya ada empat karakter di buku ini dan salah satu dari mereka, jo keadaan nan tepat bisa manjadi pembunuhnya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|date=2009-12-06|title=Mysteries of Crime Fiction? P. D. James Is on the Case (Published 2009)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/07/books/07book.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Card on the table|url=https://www.coursehero.com/file/6346626/Cards-On-The-Table-By-Agatha-Christie/|website=www.coursehero.com|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Di acara ''Desert Island Disc'' pado [[2007]], Brian Aldiss mengatakan Christie telah maagiah taunyo bahwa dia manulih bukunyo hinggo bab akhia, kamudian mamutuihan siapa tersangka nan paliang indak mungkin, sasudah itu inyo akan baliak dan mambuek perubahan nan diparalukan untuak "membingkai" urang itu . Berdasarkan studi ateh buku kerjanya, Curran menjelaskan bagaimana Christie partamo-tama mambuek karakter untuak karyanya, memilih latar belakang, dan kamudian mambuek daftar adegan di mana petunjuk akan diberikan. sasudah itu, urutan adegan akan direvisi saat dia mengembangkan plotnya. Christie harus mengetahui karakter si pembunuh sabalun urutan caritonya dapek ia selesaikan, kamudian inyo mulai mengetik atau mendiktekan draf partamo novelnya. Sebagian besar pekerjaan, terutama dialog, dilakukan di kapalonyo sabalun malatakannyo di ateh karateh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Desser Island Disc|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0093tnd|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado [[2013]], 600 anggota dari ''Crime Writers 'Association'' mamiliah [[Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd|pambunuahan ateh Roger Ackroyd]] subagai "carito detektif tabaiak ... nan pernah ditulih".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-11-06|title=Agatha Christie's The Murder of Roger Ackroyd voted best crime novel|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/agatha-christie-s-murder-roger-ackroyd-voted-best-crime-novel-ever-8923395.html|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Kritikus Sutherland Scott manyatoan, "Kok Agatha Christie indak maagiah kontribusi lain pado literatur fiksi detektif, inyo masih pantas mendapekkan ucapan tarimo kasih karano manulih novel ko."<ref>{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Sutherland|date=|year=1953|url=|title=Blood in Their Ink|work=Cited in Fitzgibbon (1980). p. 19.|location=London|publisher=Stanley Paul|isbn=|pages=|url-status=live}}</ref> Pado [[September 2015]], untuak mamparingati ulang taunnyo nan ka-125, [[Sepuluh Anak Negro]] dinobatkan subagai "Christie Favorit di Dunia" dalam pamiliahan suaro nan disponsori dek keluarganyo. Pado kritikus pun satuju jo hasil tasabuik dan bakato, "Christie kali ko berhasil menaklukan kecerdikannya surang ... sahinggo indak mangajuikan kalau sakironyo karyanyo ko mandapekkan ulasan nan elok."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2015-09-01|title=And Then There Were None declared world's favourite Agatha Christie novel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/sep/01/and-then-there-were-none-declared-worlds-favourite-agatha-christie-novel|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> ==== Stereotipe karakter dan rasisme ==== Christie banyak manggunoan stereotipe katiko mandeskripsikan karakternyo, tarutamo sabalun 1945 (katiko sikap mode itu labiah umum diekspresikan di muko umum), khususnyo stereotipe nan bakaitan jo [[Italia]], [[Yahudi]], dan non-Eropa. subagai contoh, inyo mandeskripsikan "laki-laki keturunan [[Ibrani]] nan pucek jo hiduang bengkok, mamakai perhiasan nan agak flamboyan" dalam carito pendeknyo nan bajudul ''The Soul of the Croupier'' dari koleksi ''[[Mr. Quin yang Misterius|Mr. Quin nan Misterius]]''. Pado 1947, [[Liga Anti-Fitnah]] di Amerika Serikat mangiriman surek pangaduan resmi kapado penerbit Christie di Amerika yaitu [[Dodd, Mead and Company]], manganai [[antisemitisme]] nan dirasoan dalam karyanyo. Agen Christie kamudian manulih kapado perwakilannyo di Amerika Serikat nan kamudian maagiah otorisasi kapado penerbit di Amerika Serikat untuak mailangan kato '[[Yahudi]]' katiko kato itu mengacu pado karakter nan indak lamak tabaco di karyanyo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allmendinger|first=Blake|date=2019-01-02|title=The erasure of race in Agatha Christie’s And Then There Were None|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0895769X.2018.1469087|journal=ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews|volume=32|issue=1|pages=60–64|doi=10.1080/0895769X.2018.1469087|issn=0895-769X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=García|first=Beatriz|date=2020-08-27|title=Agatha Christie under the anti-racist spotlight: Her most famous novel changes titles|url=https://aldianews.com/articles/culture/literature/agatha-christie-under-anti-racist-spotlight-her-most-famous-novel|website=AL DÍA News|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Jim Davis|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00rk8sp|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Taube|first=Michael|date=2020-01-23|title=Taube: Was Agatha Christie an anti-Semite?|url=https://www.cjnews.com/perspectives/opinions/taube-was-agatha-christie-an-anti-semite|website=The Canadian Jewish News|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Dalam karyanyo nan bajudul ''[[Rumah Gema]]'', nan ditabikan pado [[1946]], salah satu karakternyo adolah "saurang wanita Yahudi ''Whitechapel'' jo rambuik dicat dan basuaro mode [[Rallidae|buruang]].. saurang padusi ketek jo hiduang gadang, rambuik bawarna merah dan suaro nan indak manyanangkan untuak didanga". Christie manggambarkan babarapo karakter "asiang" subagai korban, atau calon korban, di tangan panjahek laki-laki Inggrih, mode Olga Seminoff (''[[Pesta Hallowe'en]]'') dan Katrina Reiger (dalam carito pendek bajudul ''How Does Your Garden Grow?''). Karakter Yahudi acok dianggap "asiang" (mode Oliver Manders dalam ''[[Tragedi Tiga Babak]]''), tapi mereka jarang manjadi pelakunyo.<ref>{{Citation|last=Pendergast|first=Bruce|title=Everyman's Guide to the Mysteries of Agatha Christie|page=399|year=2004|location=Victoria, BC, Canada|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=1-4120-2304-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=On the mystery of Agatha Christie and reshaping childhood heroes|url=https://www.dukechronicle.com/article/2019/11/the-mystery-of-agatha-christie-reshaping-childhood-heroes|website=The Chronicle|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Bukunyo nan bajudul ''[[Sepuluh Anak Negro]]'' diganti manjadi ''Lalu Semuanya Lenyap''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|title=N-word dropped from French edition of Agatha Christie novel|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/08/27/n-word-dropped-from-french-edition-of-agatha-christie-novel.html|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> ==== Detektif Lainnyo ==== Salain Poirot jo Marple, Christie pun mambuek detektif amatir Thomas Beresford jo bininyo, Prudence "Tuppence" née Cowley, nan muncua dalam ampek novel dan ciek kumpulan carito pendek nan ditabikan antaro [[1922]] jo [[1974]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Crompton|first=Sarah|date=2015-07-20|title=Perfect partners in crime: Tommy and Tuppence|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/20/partners-in-crime-tommy-and-tuppence-agatha-christie|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Indak samo jo detektif lainnyo, Beresford baumua di awal duo puluahan katiko diperkenalkan di ''The Secret Adversary'' dan ikuik batambah umua basamoan jo Christie. Inyo memperlakukan carito mereka jo santuahan nan labiah ringan, maagiah mereka "''dash and verve''" nan indak dikagumi sacaro universal dek kritikus. Petualangan akhianyo bajudul ''Postern of Fate'' adolah novel akhia dari Christie.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1953-04-10|title=Richard Attenborough and Sheila Sim in 'PARTNERS IN CRIME'|url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/fc21f2c47c4841c9897476bf6d2c20af|newspaper=The Radio Times|language=en-GB|issue=1535|pages=18|issn=0033-8060|access-date=2021-01-19|archive-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221222447/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/fc21f2c47c4841c9897476bf6d2c20af|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Tommy and Tuppence were Agatha Christie's greatest creation|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/11751127/Why-Tommy-and-Tuppence-were-Agatha-Christies-greatest-creation.html|website=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-06-29|title=David Walliams on playing 'damsel in distress' in Agatha Christie drama|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33310764|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> [[Mr. Harley Quin|Harley Quin]] adolah karakter "nan paliang indak [[ortodoks]]" dari detektif fiksi dek Christie. Terinspirasi dek kasih sanan Christie tahadok tokoh-tokoh dari ''Harlequinade'', Quin jo kamampuan semi-supernatural acok bakarajo jo apak-apak tuo [[konvensi]]onal banamo Satterthwaite. Pasangan ko muncua dalam ampek baleh carito pendek, duo baleh di antaronyo dikumpuaan pado 1930 manjadi [[Mr. Quin yang Misterius|Mr. Quin nan Misterius]]. Mallowan manggambarkan kisah-kisah ko subagai "produk imajinasi aneh dek Cristie." Satterthwaite pun muncua dalam novel Tragedi Tiga Babak, dan sabuah carito pendek bajudul pambunuahan di Lorong nan kaduonyo menghadirkan Poirot.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harley Quin Series by Agatha Christie|url=https://www.goodreads.com/series/98728-harley-quin|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Afternoon reading|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tpsml|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Karakter lainnyo nan kurang tanamo adolah [[Parker Pyne]], saurang pensiunan pegawai nagari nan manolong urang nan indak bahagia jo caro nan indak konvensional. Duo baleh carito pendeknyo nan bajudul [[Parker Pyne Menyelidiki]] ditabikan pado [[1934]]. Caritonyo nan paliang diingek adolah ''The Case of the Discontented Soldier'', nan manampilkan Ariadne Oliver, "potret diri Agatha Christie nan lucu dan menyindir". Salamo babarapo dekade barikuiknyo, Oliver muncul baliak dalam tujuah novel, nan dimano inyo acok manolong Poirot.<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Tribute to Agatha Christie|url=http://home.insightbb.com/~jsmarcum/agatha30.htm|website=home.insightbb.com|access-date=2021-01-19|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018115756/http://home.insightbb.com/~jsmarcum/agatha30.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The Case of the Discontented Soldier|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0506918/|date=1982-10-05|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=William|last=Gaunt|first2=Angela|last2=Easterling|first3=Maurice|last3=Denham|first4=Lally|last4=Bowers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=www.reviewingtheevidence.com {{!}} PARKER PYNE INVESTIGATES, by Agatha Christie|url=http://www.reviewingtheevidence.com/review.html?id=6346|website=www.reviewingtheevidence.com|access-date=2021-01-19|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706184923/http://www.reviewingtheevidence.com/review.html?id=6346|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==== Sandiwara Pangguang ==== Pado [[1928]], Michael Morton maadaptasi [[Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd|pambunuahan ateh Roger Ackroyd]] untuak sandiwara pangguang jo judul ''Alibi''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1932-02-27|title=IRVING BERLIN FINDS EAST SIDE CHANGED; Impressed by Visit to Boys Club -- Plays His Tunes, Learns Old Ones Are Best Liked. (Published 1932)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/02/27/archives/irving-berlin-finds-east-side-changed-impressed-by-visit-to-boys.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Drama tasabuik mandapekkan respons nan elok, tapi Christie indak manyukoi parubahan karyanyo tasabuik. Inyo kamudian mulai manulih untuak sandiwara pangguang. Karya pangguangnyo nan partamo adolah [[Black Coffee (drama)|''Black Coffee'']], nan mendapek ulasan rancak katiko dibukak di [[West End of London|West End]] pado akhia [[1930]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Coffee|url=https://www.concordtheatricals.com/p/1120/black-coffee|website=Concord Theatricals|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Inyo kamudian malanjuikannyo jo adaptasi novel detektifnyo nan bajudul ''[[And Then There Were None (drama 1943)|And Then There Were None]]'' pado [[1943]], ''[[Appointment with Death (drama)|Appointment with Death]]'' pado [[1945]], dan [[The Hollow (drama)|''The Hollow'']] pado [[1951]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=And Then There Were None (Play) Plot & Characters|url=https://stageagent.com/shows/play/15073/and-then-there-were-none|website=StageAgent|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Appointment With Death|url=https://www.concordtheatricals.com/p/1974/appointment-with-death|website=Concord Theatricals|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hollow|url=https://www.concordtheatricals.com/p/1385/the-hollow|website=Concord Theatricals|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Pado [[1950-an]], "teater ... manarik banyak perhatian Christie." Inyo kamudian maadaptasi drama radio pendeknyo manjadi [[The Mousetrap]], nan dimainkan perdana di West End pado [[25 November]] [[1952]] dan diproduksi dek Peter Saunders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://uk.the-mousetrap.co.uk/|website=The Mousetrap|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-20|title=The Mousetrap at 60: why is this the world's longest-running play?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/nov/20/mousetrap-60-years-agatha-christie|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Editors|first=History com|title="The Mousetrap" opens in London|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mousetrap-opens-in-london|website=HISTORY|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Inyo indak mamiliki harapan nan terlalu tinggi untuak drama tasabuik, mayakini baso karyanyo indak akan dimainkan labiah dari delapan bulan. Drama ko alah mambuek sajarah di dalam dunia teater, mamentasan penampilan ka 27.500 pado September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brantley|first=Ben|date=2012-01-26|title=London Theater Journal: Comfortably Mousetrapped|url=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/26/london-theater-journal-comfortably-mousetrapped/|website=ArtsBeat|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-20|title=The Mousetrap at 60: why is this the world's longest-running play?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/nov/20/mousetrap-60-years-agatha-christie|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The History|url=https://uk.the-mousetrap.co.uk/the-history/|website=The Mousetrap|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2019-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121315/https://uk.the-mousetrap.co.uk/the-history/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Drama tasabuik ditutuik pado [[Maret 2020]], katiko sadoalah bioskop di Inggrih ditutuik karano [[pandemi]] [[koronavirus]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Limited|first=London Theatre Direct|date=2020-03-17|title=The West End and UK Theatre venues shut down until further notice due to coronavirus|url=https://www.londontheatredirect.com/news/the-west-end-and-uk-theatre-venues-shut-down-until-further-notice-due-to-coronavirus|website=www.londontheatredirect.com|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Thompson|first=Jessie|date=2020-06-10|title=The London theatres that are closed due to coronavirus|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/theatre/london-theatres-west-end-closed-coronavirus-a4388676.html|website=www.standard.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado [[1953]], inyo manciptaan [[Witness for the Prosecution (drama)|''Witness for the Prosecution'']]. Drama tasabuik diproduksi Broadway dan berhasil mamanangan penghargaan ''New York Drama Critics 'Circle'' untuak drama asiang paliang rancak[[1954]] dan mendapekkan Penghargaan Edgar dari Mystery Writers of America.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pratt|first=Sean|title=Witness for the Prosecution {{!}} SBIFF|url=https://sbiff.org/witness-for-the-prosecution/|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Kamudian, drama pangguang [[Spider's Web (drama)|Spider's Web]] nan marupoan karya original nan ditulih untuak aktris [[Margaret Lockwood]] ateh permintaannyo, dimainkan perdana pado [[1954]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alley Theatre Official Website - Agatha Christie's Spider's Web|url=https://www.alleytheatre.org/plays/production-detail/spiders-web|website=www.alleytheatre.org|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Production of Spider’s Web {{!}} Theatricalia|url=https://theatricalia.com/play/442/spiders-web/production/p9r|website=theatricalia.com|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Inyo pun panulih drama wanita partamo nan mampunyoi tigo drama nan dimainkan sacaro basamo-samo di [[Teater West End|West End]]. Tigo drama tasabuik adolah ''[[The Mousetrap]]'', ''Witness for the Prosecution'' dan ''Spider's Web.''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Phukan|first=Vikram|date=2018-12-04|title=Everyone loves an old-fashioned murder mystery|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/everyone-loves-an-old-fashioned-murder-mystery/article25664054.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Christie bakato, "Drama jauah labiah mudah untuak ditulis daripado buku, karano awak bisa mancaliaknyo di mato pikiran awak surang dan indak tahambek dek sadoalah deskripsi nan ado dalam sabuah buku nan kamudian mambuek awak untuak mangarati apo nan tajadi." Dalam sabuah surek kapado anak padusinyo, Christie mangatokan manjadi Panulih naskah "sangaik manyanangkan!".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sullivan|first=Brian|date=2016-09-05|title=Content Strategy of Agatha Christie|url=https://medium.com/big-design-magazine/content-strategy-of-agatha-christie-34156f309007|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ro|first=Christine|title=Agatha Christie shaped how the world sees Britain|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180907-agatha-christie-shaped-how-the-world-sees-britain|website=www.bbc.com|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=An Introduction to “The Collection” – Agatha Christie’s Lost Plays|url=https://www.breakingcharacter.com/home/2018/11/27/an-introduction-to-the-collection-agatha-christies-lost-plays|website=Breaking Character|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=M. A.|first=Literature|last2=B. A.|first2=Creative Writing|title=Yes, Agatha Christie Wrote Plays, Too|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/agatha-christie-mystery-plays-2713615|website=ThoughtCo|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> ==== Subagai Mary Westmacott ==== Christie manabikan anam novel jo manggunoan [[Nama pena|nama]] Mary Westmacott, namo samaran nan maagiahnyo kebebasan untuak manjalajahi "imajinasinyo nan paliang pribadi dan baharago". Buku-buku ko biasonyo mendapek ulasan nan labiah rancak daripado fiksi detektif dan thrillernyo. Novelnyo nan bajudul ''[[Giant's Bread]]'' ditabikan pado [[1930]], nan dimano ado saurang reviewer untuak ''[[The New York Times]]'' manulih, "bukunyo jauah di ateh rato-rato fiksi wakatu itu."<ref>{{Cite news|date=1934-12-09|title=A Life in Retrospect; UNFINISHED PORTRAIT. By Mary Westmacott. 323 pp. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co., Inc. $2. (Published 1934)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1934/12/09/archives/a-life-in-retrospect-unfinished-portrait-by-mary-westmacott-323-pp.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bosman|first=Julie|date=2008-09-14|title=Tapes Offer New Clues to a Master of Mystery (Published 2008)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/15/books/15agatha.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rothstein|first=Mervyn|date=1990-09-15|title=All Aboard! The Agatha Christie Centennial Is Rolling (Published 1990)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/15/arts/all-aboard-the-agatha-christie-centennial-is-rolling.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> pado [[1949]], sasudah ampek novel Westmacott partamonyo, saurang jurnalis mangatokan bahwa inyo dan Christie adolah panulih nan samo. Inyo kamudian manulih duo novel baliak mamakai namo Westmacott jo karyanyo nan tarakhia pado [[1956]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mary Westmacotts|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/about-christie/family-memories/the-mary-westmacotts|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> === Karya non-fiksi === Christie manabikan babarapo karya [[Nonfiksi|non-fiksi]]. Salah satunyo, ''Come, Tell Me How You Live'' bacarito tantang panggalian arkeologi nan diambiak dari kahidupan basamo Mallowan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-20|title=Agatha Christie's little-known Syrian memoir to be republished|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/20/agatha-christie-syrian-memoir-to-be-republished|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> ''The Grand Tour: Around the World with the Queen of Mystery'' adolah kumpulan korespondensi salamo Grand Tour taun [[1922]]-nya di kerajaan Inggrih.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Corrigan|first=Maureen|date=2013-01-18|title=‘The Grand Tour: Around the World with the Queen of Mystery’ by Agatha Christie|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinion/the-grand-tour-around-the-world-with-the-queen-of-mystery-by-agatha-christie/2013/01/18/343db518-58f2-11e2-beee-6e38f5215402_story.html|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> [[Agatha Christie: An Autobiography]] ditabikan sacaro [[anumerta]] pado [[1977]] dan dinilai subagai Karya Kritis / Biografi Terbaik pado Penghargaan Edgar [[1978]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Edgars Database|url=http://theedgars.com/awards/|website=|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2020-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731232503/http://theedgars.com/awards/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|date=2014-03-21|title=The Reading Life: 'Agatha Christie: An Autobiography'|url=https://www.latimes.com/books/la-ca-agatha-christie-20111127-story.html|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19|last3=|first3=|last4=|last5=|last6=|last7=|last8=|first8=|last9=}}</ref> === Legasi === Christie acok dosabuik subagai "Ratu Kejahatan" atau "Ratu Misteri", dan dianggap subagai ahli dalam mambangun plot, sarato karakter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Riley|first=Dick|last2=McAllister|first2=Pam|last3=Cassiday|first3=Bruce|date=2001-09-01|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=zd3yIaoBjrMC&redir_esc=y|title=The Bedside, Bathtub & Armchair Companion to Agatha Christie|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-1375-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wagoner|first=Mary|date=1986|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0olaAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Agatha Christie|publisher=Twayne Publishers|isbn=978-0-8057-6936-4|language=en}}</ref> Pado 1955, inyo manjadi panarimo partamo Mystery Writers of America's Grand Master Award. Inyo dinobatkan subagai "Panulih Terbaik Abad Ini" dan seri novel Hercule Poirot-nya dinobatkan subagai "Seri Terbaik Abad Ini" di Konvensi Misteri Dunia Bouchercon taun 2000. Pado 2013, inyo tapiliah subagai "Panulih kriminal terbaik" dalam survei dari 600 anggota Asosiasi Panulih Kejahatan novelis profesional. Panulih Raymond Chandler mangkritik artifisialitas bukunyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Simple Art of Murder|url=https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20140930|website=www.fadedpage.com|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Kritikus sastra Edmund Wilson manggambarkan prosa dan karakternya dangkal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wilson|first=Edmund|title=Why Do People Read Detective Stories?|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1944/10/14/why-do-people-read-detective-stories|website=The New Yorker|language=en-us|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Edmund Wilson on Crime Fiction|url=http://www.crazyoik.co.uk/workshop/edmund_wilson_on_crime_fiction.htm|website=www.crazyoik.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado 2011 Christie dinobatkan subagai Panulih kriminal paliang sukses sacaro finansial kaduo sapanjang maso di [[Inggris Raya]], sasudah [[Ian Fleming]], dek saluran TV drama kriminal digital ''Alibi'' jo pendapekan total sekitar £ 100 juta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crime Writer Rich List {{!}} Alibi News {{!}} Alibi Channel|url=https://alibi.uktv.co.uk/articles/article/crime-writer-rich-list/|website=alibi.uktv.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919160514/https://alibi.uktv.co.uk/articles/article/crime-writer-rich-list/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado 2012, Christie tamasuak di antara urang-urang nan dipiliah dek seniman Peter Blake untuak tampil dalam versi baru karyanyo nan paliang tanamo, ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'', "untuak marayoan tokoh budaya Inggrih nan paliang nyo kagumi".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-01|title=New faces on Sgt Pepper album cover for artist Peter Blake's 80th birthday|url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/apr/02/peter-blake-sgt-pepper-cover-revisited|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Peter Blake's new Sgt Pepper's cover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-17583026|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado 2015, untuak mamparingati hari kelahirannyo 125 taun taun nan lalu, duo puluah limo panulih misteri kontemporer dan ciek panabik maagiahan pandangan mereka tantang karya Christie. Banyak panulih nan alah mambaco novel Christie, sabalun panulih misteri lainnyo, dalam bahaso Inggrih atau dalam bahaso asli mereka nan kamudian mampangaruhi hasil karyanyo masiang-masiang. Hampia sadoalahnyo nan masih mamandangnyo subagai "Ratu Kejahatan" dan juga dianggap subagai pancipta [[Plot twist|alur carito]] nan banyak digunakan dek Panulih misteri. Hampia sadoalahnyo mamiliki satu atau labiah novel favorit karyanyo dan manyatoan bahwa bukunyo masih rancak untuak dibaco hampia 100 taun sasudah novel partamonyo ditabikan. Hanyo ciek dari duo puluah limo panulih nan indak punyo pandangan nan sarupo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Doyle|first=Martin|title=Agatha Christie: genius or hack? Crime writers pass judgment and pick favourites|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/agatha-christie-genius-or-hack-crime-writers-pass-judgment-and-pick-favourites-1.2351699|website=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado 2016, saratuih taun sasudah Christie manulih kisah detektif partamonyo, [[Royal Mail]] marilih anam prangko untuak manghormatinyo, manampilkan [[Misteri di Styles]], [[Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd|pambunuahan ateh Roger Ackroyd]], [[Pembunuhan di Orient Express|pambunuahan di Orient Express]], [[Sepuluh Anak Negro]], [[Mayat dalam Perpustakaan]], dan [[Iklan Pembunuhan|Iklan pambunuahan]]. ''[[The Guardian]]'' malaporkan bahwa, "Satiok desain manggabuangkan mikroteks, tinta UV dan tinta termokromik. Dalam satiok parangko tadapek patunjuak tasambunyi nan dapek diungkap manggunoan kaca pembesar, sinar UV nan dapek maagiah patunjuak ka solusi misteri."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-15|title=New Agatha Christie stamps deliver hidden clues|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/15/new-agatha-christie-stamps-deliver-hidden-clues|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Royal Mail issues Special Stamps to celebrate Agatha Christie|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/news/2016/royal-mail-issues-special-stamps-to-celebrate-agatha-christie|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Karakter dan wajahnyo muncua di parangko di banyak negara mode [[Dominika]] dan [[Somalia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-07|title=Agatha Christie Postage Stamps, 1996 – 2016 {{!}} LIteraryLadiesGuide|url=https://www.literaryladiesguide.com/literary-musings/agatha-christie-postage-stamps-1996-2016/|website=Literary Ladies Guide|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado 2020, Christie dihormati jo koin £ 2 dek Royal Mint untuak partamo kalinyo untuak manandoi saratuih taun novel partamonyo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=P. A.|date=2020-01-01|title=New coins to celebrate Agatha Christie and Tokyo Olympians|url=http://www.theguardian.com/money/2020/jan/01/new-coins-2020-celebrate-agatha-christie-tokyo-olympians-george-iii-ve-day|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado 2023, sabuah patuang parunggu saukuran manusia nan manggambarkan Christie duduak di bangku taman sambia mamagang buku diresmikan di Wallingford, Oxfordshire.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Creamer|first=Ella|date=2023-09-11|title=Agatha Christie statue takes seat on bench in Oxfordshire town|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/11/agatha-christie-statue-takes-seat-on-bench-in-oxfordshire-town|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref> === Panjualan Buku === Inyo adolah Panulih kriminal partamo nan mamiliki 100.000 eksemplar dari sepuluh judulnyo nan ditabikan dek [[Penguin Books|Penguin]] pado [[1948]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=And Then There Were 75 Facts About The Queen Of Crime - Agatha Christie|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/and-then-there-were-75-facts-about-the-queen-of-crime-agatha-christie|website=GamesIndustry.biz|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie|url=https://rmspecialstamps.com/collections/agatha-christie/#:~:text=Since%20her%20debut%20in%201920,in%201948%20-%20A%20Penguin%20Million.|website=rmspecialstamps.com|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2021-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301135136/https://rmspecialstamps.com/collections/agatha-christie/#:~:text=Since%20her%20debut%20in%201920,in%201948%20-%20A%20Penguin%20Million.|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Original 10 - Penguin Books USA|url=https://www.penguin.com/penguin80/original-10/|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919165531/https://www.penguin.com/penguin80/original-10/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado [[2018]], [[Guinness World Records]] mendaftarkan Christie subagai Panulih fiksi terlaris sepanjang maso.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-04|title=Five record-breaking book facts for National Bookshop Day|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2018/10/5-page-turning-book-facts|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> pado 2020, novelnya telah terjual lebih dari dua miliar kopi dalam ampek puluah ampek bahaso. Saparo panjualannyo adolah edisi babahaso Inggrih.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Agatha Christie - The world&#039;s best-selling novelist|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/about-christie|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Manuruik Index Translationum, pado [[2020]], inyo adolah panulih individu nan paliang banyak ditajamahkan karyanyo ka babagai bahaso.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is the world’s most translated author?|url=https://thewordpoint.com/blog/worlds-most-translated-author|website=thewordpoint.com|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Christie adolah salah satu panulih nan paliang banyak dipinjam di perpustakaan Inggris.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Gary|date=2013-02-08|title=Lists: The Most Borrowed Library Books and Authors in UK 2011-2012; Children’s Library Borrowing Continues to Increase|url=https://www.infodocket.com/2013/02/08/list-the-most-borrowed-library-books-in-uk-2011-2012-childrens-library-borrowing-continues-to-increase/|website=LJ infoDOCKET|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2016-02-05|title=Crime fiction steals top slots in UK library loans|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/05/fiction-runs-away-with-uk-library-loans-lee-child|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-02-12|title=Children's writer tops UK loans|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8512613.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-23|title=Danielle Steel more popular than Harry Potter with UK library readers|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/harry-potter-danielle-steel-most-borrowed-uk-library-books-225966|website=inews.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Pado [[2002]], 117.696 [[buku audio]] Christie tajua, dibandiangkan jo 97.755 untuak [[J.K. Rowling|J.K.Rowling]], 78.770 untuak [[Roald Dahl]] dan 75.841 untuak [[J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R.Tolkien]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie Inspires Video Game|url=https://www.writerswrite.com/agatha-christie-inspires-video-game-102605177|website=Writers Write|language=en|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.audible.com/ep/article-best-sellers-all-time-fiction|title=Best Sellers of All Time: Fiction|language=en}}</ref> Pado 2015, keluarga Christie mangklaim [[Sepuluh Anak Negro]] subagai "novel kriminal terlaris sapanjang maso", jo sekitar 100 juta panjualan nan manjadiannyo salah satu buku jo panjualan paliang tinggi sapanjang maso.<ref>{{Cite web|title=125 Years of Agatha Christie|url=https://www.agathachristie.com/about-christie/125-years-of-agatha-christie|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McClurg|first=Jocelyn|title=Agatha Christie hits USA TODAY's list|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2016/05/18/agatha-christie-and-then-there-were-none-fall-books-usa-today-best-selling-books/84500896/|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> ==== Adaptasi ==== Karya Christie alah diadaptasi untuak manjadi film [[layar lebar]] dan juga untuak televisi. Film partamonyo adolah film Inggrih pado 1928 bajudul ''The Passing of Mr. Quin''. Panampilan partamo Poirot adolah pado [[1931]] dalam film bajudul ''[[Alibi (film 1931)|Alibi]]'', nan dibintangi dek Austin Trevor. Margaret Rutherford mamarankan Marple dalam sarangkaian film nan dirilis pado [[1960-an]]. Christie manyukoi aktingnyo, tapi maanggap film partamonyo subagai fil paliang buruak dan film lainnyo indak lebih baik. Inyo maraso babeda tantang film [[Murder on the Orient Express (film 1974)|Murder on the Orient Express]] pado 1974, nan disutradarai dek Sidney Lumet, nan manampilkan bintang-bintang gadang dan nilai-nilai produksi nan labiah baiak. Inyo mahadiri pamutaran perdananyo di London, nan manjadi salah satu acara publik tarakhianya. Pado 2016, film tasabuik dirilis jo versi barunyo nan disutradarai dek Kenneth Branagh, nan turuik mambintangi, manganakan "kumis nan paliang boros panonton bioskop nan pernah dicaliak."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Debruge|first=Peter|last2=Debruge|first2=Peter|date=2017-11-02|title=Film Review: ‘Murder on the Orient Express’|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/murder-on-the-orient-express-review-1202605173/|website=Variety|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Adaptasi televisi Poirot dek Christie ([[1989]]-[[2013]]) diperankan dek David Suchet subagai Poirot. Serial telivisi ko bajalan salamo tujuah puluah episode untuak tigo balehseri. Film tasabuik manarimo sambilan nominasi [[penghargaan BAFTA]] dan mamanangkan ampek panghargaan BAFTA pado [[1990]]-[[1992]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BAFTA Awards Search {{!}} BAFTA Awards|url=http://awards.bafta.org/keyword-search?keywords=poirot|website=awards.bafta.org|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Serial televisi Miss Marple ([[1984]]–[[1992]]), jo Joan Hickson subagai "Miss Marple nan tak tatandiangi", maadaptasi sadoalahnyo, duo baleh novel Marple. Serial televisi Prancis ''Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie'' (2009–2012, [[2013]]–[[2020]]), maadaptasi ttigo puluah anam carito karya Christie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Petits Meurtres d&#039;Agatha Christie|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/film-and-tv/les-petits-meurtres-dagatha-christie|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Les petits meurtres d'Agatha Christie|url=https://www.france.tv/france-2/les-petits-meurtres-d-agatha-christie/|website=www.france.tv|language=fr|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Buku-buku Christie pun alah diadaptasi untuak [[BBC Radio]], serial [[permainan video]], dan [[novel grafik]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Hercule Poirot|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03js5pl/episodes/guide|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Miss Marple|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03p87br/episodes/guide|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Games|url=http://www.agathachristie.com/games|website=www.agathachristie.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie Graphic Novels Series by François Rivière|url=https://www.goodreads.com/series/61511-agatha-christie-graphic-novels|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> == Penggambaran == pado [[2004]], [[BBC]] marilih ''Agatha Christie: A Life in Pictures,'' di mano inyo diparanan dek Olivia Williams, Anna Massey, dan Bonnie Wright (pado babagai tahap dalam hiduiknyo).<ref>{{Citation|title=Agatha Christie: A Life in Pictures|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0426394/|date=2004-09-22|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=Olivia|last=Williams|first2=Anna|last2=Massey|first3=Raymond|last3=Coulthard|first4=Stephen|last4=Boxer}}</ref> Pado 2013, [[Independent Television|ITV]] marilih ''The Mystery of Agatha Christie'' nan dipandu dek David Suchet.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Mystery of Agatha Christie with David Suchet {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/show/mystery-agatha-christie-david-suchet/|accessdate=2021-01-19|language=en|archive-date=2023-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416180214/https://www.pbs.org/show/mystery-agatha-christie-david-suchet/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=David Suchet: The Mystery of Agatha Christie|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2797170/|date=2013-03-17|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=David|last=Suchet|first2=Mathew|last2=Prichard|first3=Rosalind|last3=Christie|first4=Agatha|last4=Christie}}</ref> Babarapo panggambaran karakter fiksional Christie alah dieksplorasi dan bercarito tantang keberadaannyo pado 1926. Pado film nan bajudul [[Agatha (film 1979)|Agatha]] (1979), Vanessa Redgrave bamain subagai Christie nan manyalinok pai untuak mambuek rencana baleh dandam tahadok lakinyo. Ahli waris Christie indak berhasil manggugat untuak mancegah distribusi film tasabuik.<ref>{{Citation|title=Agatha|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078736/|date=1979-02-09|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=Dustin|last=Hoffman|first2=Vanessa|last2=Redgrave|first3=Timothy|last3=Dalton|first4=Helen|last4=Morse}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Arnold|first=Gary|date=1979-03-02|title='Agatha': The Picture of Elegance|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/03/02/agatha-the-picture-of-elegance/884f7419-5250-48b1-bd94-37686ae072af/|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Times|first=Aljean Harmetz Special to The New York|date=1979-01-27|title=Hoffman Finishes ‘Agatha’ Film (Published 1979)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/01/27/archives/hoffman-finishes-agatha-film-lawsuit-on-two-films-pending.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Pado [[17 Mei]] [[2018]], salah satu episode dari [[Doctor Who]] jo judul "''The Unicorn and the Wasp''" bacarito tantang Christie (diparnanan dek Fenella Woolgar) di awal karier manulihnyo dan manjalehan tantang mailangnyo inyo subagai akibaik dari gangguan samentara karano hubungan psikis singkek antaro inyo jo tawon alien nan disabuik Vespiform.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Unicorn and the Wasp|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1208130/|date=2008-05-17|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=David|last=Tennant|first2=Catherine|last2=Tate|first3=Fenella|last3=Woolgar|first4=Felicity|last4=Kendal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agatha Christie Stories Referenced in The Unicorn and the Wasp|url=https://www.doctorwho.tv/news/?article=agatha-christie-stories-referenced-in-the-unicorn-and-the-wasp|website=Doctor Who|language=en-gb|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Masih pado taun nan samo, dalam film nan bajudul Agatha and the Truth of Murder inyo manyalasaian kasus pambunuahan putri baptis [[Florence Nightingale]] nan banamo Florence Nightingale Shore.<ref>{{Citation|title=Agatha and the Truth of Murder|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9381998/|date=2019-04-19|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=Dean|last=Andrews|first2=Ruth|last2=Bradley|first3=Bebe|last3=Cave|first4=Amelia|last4=Dell}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Agatha and the Truth of Murder (2018)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/agatha_and_the_truth_of_murder|accessdate=2021-01-19|language=en}}</ref> Sabuah kisah fiksi tantang hilangnyo Christie pun marupoan tema sentral dari musikal Korea nan diagiah judul ''Agatha''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visit Seoul - EVENTS > Performances & Tickets > Musicals & Plays|url=http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&m=0004009001001&p=06&art_id=78125&lang=en|website=web.archive.org|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19|archive-date=2015-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416100240/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&m=0004009001001&p=06&art_id=78125&lang=en|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Pado [[1980]], dalam film Hungaria bajudul ''Kojak Budapesten'' nan marupoan skenario original malibaikkan kamampuan kriminal Christie.<ref>{{Citation|title=Kojak Budapesten|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0081006/|date=1980-06-05|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=László|last=Inke|first2=Cecília|last2=Esztergályos|first3=Gábor|last3=Harsányi|first4=Ádám|last4=Szirtes}}</ref> Dalam drama televisi jo judul Murder by the Book ([[1986]]), Christie (diperankan Dame [[Peggy Ashcroft]]) mambunuah salah satu karakter fiksinyo nan barubah manjadi nyato, yaitu Poirot.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|date=1990-06-16|title=TV REVIEW : Poirot Meets His Maker in A&E;'s 'Murder by the Book'|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-06-16-ca-309-story.html|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-19|last3=|first3=|last4=|last5=|last6=|last7=|last8=|first8=|last9=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Murder by the Book|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0201788/|date=1987-05-25|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=Peggy|last=Ashcroft|first2=Ian|last2=Holm|first3=Richard|last3=Wilson|first4=Michael|last4=Aldridge}}</ref> Karakter Christie turuik tampil dalam Dorothy and Agatha dek Gaylord Larsen dan ''The London Blitz Murders'' dek Max Allan Collins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Larsen|first=Gaylord|date=1990|url=http://archive.org/details/dorothyagatha00lars|title=Dorothy and Agatha|publisher=New York, N.Y., U.S.A. : Dutton|isbn=978-0-525-24865-1|others=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical Mystery Review: The London Blitz Murders - Women in World History Curriculum|url=http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/mystery-26.html|website=www.womeninworldhistory.com|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Agatha pado maso mudonyo digambarkan dalam serial televisi sejarah Spanyol bajudul ''Gran Hotel'' (2011) di mano inyo mandapekan inspirasi untuak manulih novel barunyo sumbari manolong detektif lokal.<ref>{{Citation|title=Gran Hotel (TV Series 2011–2013) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2006421/|accessdate=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=yggdrasille|date=2020-11-24|title=Gran Hotel – TV Review|url=https://yggdrasille.com/2020/11/24/gran-hotel-tv-review/|website=yggdrasille|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Dalam film televisi [[sejarah alternatif]] nan bajudul ''Agatha and the Curse of Ishtar'' (2018), Christie talibaik dalam kasus pambunuahan di sabuah panggalian arkeologi di Irak.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hogan|first=Michael|date=2019-12-15|title=Agatha and the Curse of Ishtar review - A cut-price Christie for Christmas is still quite a treat|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2019/12/15/agatha-curse-ishtar-review-a-cut-price-christie-christmas-still/|newspaper=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Agatha and the Curse of Ishtar|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10964992/|date=2019-12-15|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=Jonah|last=Hauer-King|first2=Lyndsey|last2=Marshal|first3=Bronagh|last3=Waugh|first4=Jack|last4=Deam}}</ref> Pado 2019, Honeysuckle Weeks mamarankan Christie dalam sabuah episode bajudul ''No Friends Like Old Friends'', dalam sabuah drama Kanada [[Frankie Drake Mysteries]].<ref>{{Citation|title=No Friends Like Old Friends|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10643150/|date=2019-09-16|accessdate=2021-01-19|first=Lauren Lee|last=Smith|first2=Chantel|last2=Riley|first3=Rebecca|last3=Liddiard|first4=Sharron|last4=Matthews}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Frankie Drake Mysteries {{!}} No Friends Like Old Friends {{!}} Season 3 {{!}} Episode 1|url=https://www.pbs.org/video/no-friends-like-old-friends-dyp1gx/|accessdate=2021-01-19|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Frankie Drake Mysteries - S3 - Episode 1: No Friends Like Old Friends|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/ktvd44/frankie-drake-mysteries--s3-e1-no-friends-like-old-friends/|website=Radio Times|language=en|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> Pado 2017, novelnyo baliak diangkek ka layar leba jo judul [[Murder on the Orient Express (film 2017)|Murder on the Orient Express]]. Film tasabuik dibintangi dek Branagh subagai [[Hercule Poirot]], jo [[Penélope Cruz]], [[Willem Dafoe]], [[Judi Dench]], [[Johnny Depp]], [[Josh Gad]], [[Derek Jacobi]], [[Leslie Odom Jr.]], [[Michelle Pfeiffer]] dan [[Daisy Ridley]] dalam paran pandukuang.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|title=‘Murder on the Orient Express’ assembles all-star cast|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/05/17/murder-on-the-orient-express-assembles-all-star-cast.html|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-01|title='Murder on the Orient Express' Cast and Characters: Who's Who?|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/murder-orient-express-cast-characters-whos-who-1009271|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref> Film ko adolah adaptasi kaampek dari novel Christie tasabuik.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Robert|last2=Mitchell|first2=Robert|date=2017-05-05|title=All-Star ‘Murder on the Orient Express’ Cast Assembles in London|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/global/murder-on-the-orient-express-cast-london-1202410262/|website=Variety|language=en-US|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-02|title='Murder on the Orient Express': Film Review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/murder-orient-express-review-1053433|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref> Sekuel dari film ko nan bajudul [[Death on the Nile (film 2021)|Death on the Nile]] dijadwalkan tayang pado 2020, tapi harus diundur baliak dikaranokan pandemi covid-19.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Film Free Guy dan Death on the Nile Tunda Rilis|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20201109101013-220-567461/film-free-guy-dan-death-on-the-nile-tunda-rilis|work=[[CNN Indonesia]]|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=developer|first=mediaindonesia com|date=2020-11-06|title=Disney Tunda Rilis Death on the Nile|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/hiburan/358859/disney-tunda-rilis-death-on-the-nile|work=[[Media Indonesia]]|language=id|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref> Film ko manampilkan Branagh nan baliak baparan subagai [[Hercule Poirot]], beserta [[Gal Gadot]], [[Letitia Wright]], [[Armie Hammer]], [[Annette Bening]], [[Rose Leslie]], [[Ali Fazal]], [[Sophie Okonedo]], [[Tom Bateman (aktor)|Tom Bateman]], [[Emma Mackey]], [[Dawn French]], [[Jennifer Saunders]], dan [[Russell Brand]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kreps|first=Daniel|last2=Kreps|first2=Daniel|date=2020-08-19|title='Death on the Nile' Trailer: All-Star Cast Assembles for Agatha Christie Adaptation|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/death-on-the-nile-trailer-1046629/|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref> == Bibliografi == Barikuik adolah daftar karya Agatha Christie nan disaratoi judul versi [[bahasa Indonesia|bahasa Indonesianyo]] jikok ado: * [[1920]] ''The Mysterious Affair at Styles'' (buku partamonyo, nan memperkenalkan Hercule Poirot) – [[Misteri di Styles]] * [[1922]] ''The Secret Adversary'' (memperkenalkan [[Tommy and Tuppence]]) – [[Musuh Dalam Selimut]] * [[1923]] ''Murder on the Links'' – [[Lapangan Golf Maut]] * [[1924]] ''The Man in the Brown Suit'' – [[Pria Bersetelan Cokelat]] * [[1924]] ''Poirot Investigates'' - [[Poirot Menyelidiki]] * [[1925]] ''The Secret of Chimneys'' – [[Rahasia Chimneys]] * [[1926]] ''The Murder of Roger Ackroyd'' – [[Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd|pambunuahan ateh Roger Ackroyd]] * [[1927]] ''The Big Four'' – [[Empat Besar (novel)|Empat Besar]] * [[1928]] ''The Mystery of the Blue Train'' – [[Misteri Kereta Api Biru]] * [[1929]] ''Partners in Crime'' – [[Pasangan Detektif]] * [[1929]] ''The Seven Dials Mystery'' – [[Misteri Tujuh Lonceng]] * [[1930]] ''The Murder at the Vicarage'' (memperkenalkan Jane Marple) – [[Pembunuhan di Wisma Pendeta|pambunuahan di Wisma Pendeta]] * [[1930]] ''The Mysterious Mr Quin'' (memperkenalkan Mr Harley Quin) – [[Mr. Quin yang Misterius|Mr. Quin nan Misterius]] * [[1931]] ''The Sittaford Mystery'' – [[Misteri Sittaford]] * [[1932]] ''Peril at End House'' – [[Hotel Majestic]] * [[1933]] ''The Hound of Death'' – [[Anjing Kematian]] * [[1933]] ''The Thirteen Problems'' - [[Tiga Belas Kasus]] * [[1933]] ''Lord Edgware Dies'' – [[Matinya Lord Edgware]] * [[1934]] ''Murder on the Orient Express'' – [[Pembunuhan di Orient Express|pambunuahan di Orient Express]] * [[1934]] ''Parker Pyne investigates'' – [[Parker Pyne Menyelidiki]] * [[1934]] ''The Listerdale Mystery'' - [[Misteri Listerdale]] * [[1935]] ''Three Act Tragedy'' – [[Tragedi Tiga Babak]] * [[1935]] ''Why Didn't They Ask Evans?'' – [[Pembunuh di Balik Kabut]] * [[1935]] ''Death in the Clouds'' (partamo kali terbit jo judul ''Death in the Air'') – [[Maut di Udara]] * [[1936]] ''The A.B.C. Murders'' – [[Pembunuhan ABC|pambunuahan ABC]] * [[1936]] ''Murder in Mesopotamia'' – [[Pembunuhan di Mesopotamia|pambunuahan di Mesopotamia]] * [[1936]] ''Cards on the Table'' – [[Kartu-Kartu di Meja]] * [[1937]] ''Death on the Nile'' – [[Pembunuhan di Sungai Nil|pambunuahan di Sungai Nil]] * [[1937]] ''Dumb Witness'' – [[Saksi Bisu]] * [[1937]] ''Murder in the Mews'' - [[Pembunuhan di Lorong|pambunuahan di Lorong]] * [[1938]] ''Appointment with Death'' – [[Perjanjian dengan Maut|Perjanjian jo Maut]] * [[1939]] ''Ten Little Niggers'' (juga terbit jo judul ''And Then There Were None'', ''Ten Little Indians'') – [[Sepuluh Anak Negro]] * [[1939]] ''Murder is Easy'' – [[Membunuh Itu Gampang]] * [[1939]] ''Hercule Poirot's Christmas'' – [[Pembunuhan di Malam Natal|pambunuahan di Malam Natal]] *[[1940]] ''Sad Cypress'' – [[Mawar Tak Berduri]] * [[1941]] ''Evil Under the Sun'' – [[Pembunuhan di Teluk Pixy|pambunuahan di Teluk Pixy]] * [[1941]] ''N or M?'' – [[N atau M?]] * [[1941]] ''One, Two, Buckle My Shoe'' – [[Satu, Dua, Pasang Gesper Sepatunya]] * [[1942]] ''The Body in the Library'' – [[Mayat dalam Perpustakaan]] * [[1942]] ''Five Little Pigs'' (juga terbit jo judul ''Murder in Retrospect'') – [[Mengungkit Pembunuhan|Mengungkit pambunuahan]] * [[1942]] ''The Moving Finger'' – [[Pena Beracun]] * [[1944]] ''Towards Zero'' – [[Menuju Titik Nol]] * [[1944]] ''Sparkling Cyanide'' – [[Kenangan Kematian]] * [[1945]] ''Death Comes as the End'' – [[Ledakan Dendam]] * [[1946]] ''The Hollow'' – [[Rumah Gema]] * [[1947]] ''The Labours of Hercules'' – [[Tugas-tugas Hercules]] * [[1948]] ''There is a Tide'' (juga terbit jo judul ''Taken at the Flood'') – [[Mengail di Air Keruh]] * [[1949]] ''Crooked House'' – [[Buku Catatan Josephine]] * [[1950]] ''A Murder is Announced'' – [[Iklan Pembunuhan|Iklan pambunuahan]] * [[1951]] ''They Came to Baghdad'' – [[Mereka Datang ke Baghdad]] * [[1952]] ''Mrs McGinty's Dead'' – [[Mrs. McGinty Sudah Mati]] *[[1952]] ''The Do It with Mirrors'' ''–'' [[Muslihat dengan Cermin|Muslihat jo Cermin]] * [[1953]] ''A Pocket Full of Rye'' – [[Misteri Burung Hitam]] * [[1953]] ''After the Funeral'' (juga tabik jo judul ''Funerals are Fatal'') – [[Setelah Pemakaman|sasudah Pemakaman]] * [[1955]] ''Hickory Dickory Dock'' (juga tabik jo judul ''Hickory Dickory Death'') – [[Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa|pambunuahan di Pondokan Mahasiswa]] * [[1955]] ''Destination Unknown'' – [[Menuju Negeri Antah Berantah|Menuju nagari Antah Berantah]] * [[1956]] ''Dead Man's Folly'' – [[Kubur Berkubah]] * [[1957]] ''4.50 from Paddington'' (juga tabikjo judul ''What Mrs. McGillycuddy Saw!'') – [[Kereta 4.50 dari Paddington]] * [[1957]] ''Ordeal by Innocence'' – [[Mata Rantai yang Hilang|Mata Rantai nan Hilang]] * [[1959]] ''Cat Among the Pigeons'' – [[Kucing di Tengah Burung Dara]] * [[1960]] ''The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding'' - [[Skandal Perjamuan Natal]] * [[1961]] ''The Pale Horse -'' [[Misteri Penginapan Tua]] * [[1962]] ''The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side'' – [[Dan Cermin Pun Retak]] * [[1963]] ''The Clocks'' – [[Mayat Misterius]] * [[1964]] ''A Caribbean Mystery'' – [[Misteri Karibia]] * [[1965]] ''At Bertram's Hotel'' – [[Hotel Bertram]] * [[1966]] ''Third Girl'' – [[Gadis Ketiga]] * [[1967]] ''Endless Night'' - [[Malam Tanpa Akhir|Malam Tanpa akhia]] * [[1968]] ''By the Pricking of My Thumbs'' – [[Rumah di Tepi Kanal]] * [[1969]] ''Hallowe'en Party'' – [[Pesta Hallowe'en]] * [[1970]] ''Passenger to Frankfurt'' – [[Penumpang ke Frankfurt]] * [[1971]] ''Nemesis'' – [[Nemesis (novel Christie)|Nemesis]] * [[1972]] ''Elephants Can Remember'' – [[Gajah Selalu Ingat]] * [[1973]] ''Postern of Fate'' (kisah terakhia Tommy and Tuppence, novel terakhia Christie) – [[Gerbang Nasib]] * [[1974]] ''Poirot's Early Cases'' – [[Kasus-Kasus Perdana Poirot]] * [[1975]] ''Curtain'' (kasus terakhia Poirot, ditulih empat dekade sabalunnya) – [[Tirai (novel)|Tirai]] * [[1976]] ''Sleeping Murder'' (kasus terakhia Miss Marple, ditulih ampek dekade sabalunnyo) – [[Pembunuhan Terpendam|pambunuahan Terpendam]] * [[1979]] ''Miss Marple's Final Cases'' - [[Kasus-Kasus Terakhir Miss Marple|Kasus-Kasus Terakhia Miss Marple]] * [[1991]] ''Problem at Pollensa Bay'' - [[Masalah di Teluk Pollensa|masolah di Teluk Pollensa]] * [[1997]] ''While the Light Lasts'' - [[Saat Hari Terang]] Karya basamo: * [[1931]] ''The Floating Admiral'' ditulis jo G. K. Chesterton, Dorothy L. Sayers dan anggota lain ''Detection Club''. Karya di bawah nama Mary Westmacott: * [[1930]] ''[[Giant's Bread]]'' * [[1934]] ''[[Unfinished Portrait (novel)|Unfinished Portrait]]'' *[[1944]] ''[[Absent in the Spring]]'' * [[1947]] ''[[The Rose and the Yew Tree]]'' * [[1952]] ''[[A Daughter's a Daughter]]'' * [[1956]] ''[[The Burden]]'' == Pranala Lua == * {{en}} [http://www.agathachristie.com/ Situs resmi Agatha Christie] * {{en}} [http://www.lokerseni.web.id/2011/05/kumpulan-novel-terjemahan-karya-agatha.html Novel Terjemahan Agatha Christie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101153234/http://www.lokerseni.web.id/2011/05/kumpulan-novel-terjemahan-karya-agatha.html |date=2012-01-01 }} * {{en}} [[Project Gutenberg]]: ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/863 The Mysterious Affair at Styles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041009124838/http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/863 |date=2004-10-09 }}'' * {{en}} [[Project Gutenberg]]: ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1155 The Secret Adversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041111023827/http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1155 |date=2004-11-11 }}'' {{lifetime|1890|1976|Christie, Agatha}} == Referensi == <references responsive="" /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Agatha Christie| ]] [[Kategori:Penulis Inggris|Christie, Agatha]] [[Kategori:Novelis Inggris|Christie, Agatha]] [[Kategori:Otodidak|Christie]] [[Kategori:Penulis perempuan]] [[Kategori:Tokoh wanita]] alambrom8dt8splbd3tlwid8fqoj6im Mambantai adaik 0 477267 3347748 3347295 2026-06-11T18:52:38Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mambantai adaik''' adolah tradisi mandabiah kabau atau jawi sacaro basamo-samo, nan diamalkan dek masyarakaik [[Urang Minang|Minangkabau]] manjalang [[puaso]], hari rayo, atau upacara adaik sarupo turun kasawah. Tradisi iko marupoan bantuak raso syukur, raso kabarsamaan, jo usaho untuak manjago budayo sarato mamastian kabutuhan dagiang masyarakaik bisa dipanuhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bandalakun.wordpress.com/2009/12/12/mambantai-kabau-nan-gadang-upacara-adat-turun-kesawah-masyarakat-alam-surambi-sungai-pagu/|title=Mambantai Kabau Nan Gadang : Upacara Adat Turun Kesawah Masyarakat Alam Surambi Sungai Pagu|date=2009-12-12|website=Kualo Banda Lakun - Alam Surambi Sungai Pagu|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/178707/mambantai-adat-tradisi-sambut-ramadhan-di-sijunjung|title=Mambantai Adat, Tradisi Sambut Ramadhan di Sijunjung|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|date=2016-06-06|website=Antara News Sumbar|language=id|access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|url=http://scholar.unand.ac.id/488780/|title=Tradisi “Mambantai” Kerbau Dalam Tarekat Syattariyah (Kasus Di Nagari Ulakan, Kec. Ulakso Tapakis Kab. Padang Pariaman)|last=RANDA|first=ISRA' AGUNG|date=2013-02-22|language=en|access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref> Masyarakaik biasonyo malakukan ''[[barantam]]'' (iuran basamo) untuak mambali kabau atau jawi, lalu mandabiahnyo sacaro basamo-samo (bagotong-royong). Dagiang hasia sambalihan dibagikan kapado anggota kalompok/[[kaum]] dan ado juo nan dijua sacaro eceran kapado masyarakaik satampek jo harago nan tajangkau. Tradisi iko masih sangaik kental di [[Sumatera Barat]] (sarupo [[Kabupaten Solok Selatan|Solok Selatan]], [[Kabupaten Agam|Agam]], [[Kabupaten Padang Pariaman|Pariaman]], [[Sijunjung|Sijunjuang]], [[Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota|Limapuluh Kota]]) dan juo dilakukan dek masyarakaik Batin V, Rantau Panjang di [[Jambi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pasbana.com/2022/05/mengenal-tradisi-mambantai-di-agam-yang.html|title=Mengenal Tradisi Mambantai di Agam yang Menghidupkan Ekonomi Warga|language=id|access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kurniadi|first=Muhammad Dwi Kurniadi|last2=Putri|first2=Husmayani Muny|date=2021-12-31|title=Tradisi Bantai Adat: Kearifan Lokal Menyambut Bulan Ramadhan Masyarakat Merangin Jambi|url=https://jlka.kemenag.go.id/lektur/article/view/961|journal=Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan|language=id|volume=19|issue=2|pages=388–418|doi=10.31291/jlka.v19i2.961|issn=2620-522X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://langgam.id/tradisi-mambantai-cara-masyarakat-taram-limapuluh-kota-peringati-nuzulul-quran/|title=Tradisi "Mambantai", Cara Masyarakat Taram Limapuluh Kota Peringati Nuzulul Quran|last=Redaksi|first=Tim|date=2021-04-28|website=Langgam.id|language=id|access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://posmetropadang.co.id/tradisi-mambantai-kabau-nan-gadang-turun-ka-sawah-diusulkan-jadi-warisan-budaya-220818/|title=Tradisi Mambantai Kabau nan Gadang Turun ka Sawah, Diusulkan jadi Warisan Budaya|last=Redaksi|date=2022-10-18|language=id|access-date=2026-06-05}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:Wiki Cinto Ramadan 2026]] [[Kategori:Tradisi di Minangkabau]] k8h66p44mdrsp5u01v9ctorkv7zmmex Pulau Sempu 0 477376 3347760 3344132 2026-06-12T00:01:13Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347760 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" id="4" |- id="9" | colspan="2" id="10" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 100%;" |<div id="11" style="background-color: #E7AF97;">[[:id:IUCN|IUCN]] Kategori Ia ([[:id:Cagar_alam|Cagar Alam Lindung]])</div> |- id="15" | colspan="2" id="16" class="infobox-image" |[[Berkas:Pulau_Sempu.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Pulau_Sempu.jpg|284x284px]]<div id="17" class="infobox-caption">Segara Anakan di Pulau Sempu</div> |- id="19" | colspan="2" id="20" class="infobox-image" |<div id="22" class="center"><div id="23" class="locmap" style="width:280px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div id="24" style="width:280px;padding:0"><div id="25" style="position:relative;width:280px">[[Berkas:Java_location_map_plain.svg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Java_location_map_plain.svg|280x280px|Map showing the location of Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu]]<div id="26" class="od" style="top:76.318%;left:67.506%"><div id="27" class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Berkas:Red_pog.svg|pra=|al=Map showing the location of Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu|8x8px|Pulau Sempu]]</div></div></div><div id="28" style="padding-top:0.2em">Lokasi di Jawa</div></div></div></div> |- id="30" class="locality" ! scope="row" id="31" class="infobox-label" |Lokasi | id="33" class="infobox-data" |[[:id:Kabupaten_Malang|Kabupaten Malang]], [[:id:Jawa_Timur|Jawa Timur]], [[:id:Indonesia|Indonesia]] |- id="38" class="note" ! scope="row" id="39" class="infobox-label" |Kota terdekat | id="41" class="infobox-data" |[[:id:Kota|Kota]] [[:id:Kepanjen,_Malang|Kepanjen]] |- id="45" ! scope="row" id="46" class="infobox-label" |Luas | id="48" class="infobox-data" |877 Ha |- id="50" class="note" ! scope="row" id="51" class="infobox-label" |Didirikan | id="53" class="infobox-data" |1928 |- id="55" ! scope="row" id="56" class="infobox-label" |Badan&nbsp;pengelola | id="58" class="infobox-data" |BBKSDA Jatim |} '''Pulau Sempu''' adolah sabuah pulau ketek nan talatak [[Jawa|di selatan Pulau Jawa]] ; sacaro administratif talatak di [[Tambakrejo, Sumbermanjing Wetan, Malang|Nagari Tambakrejo]], [[Sumbermanjing Wetan, Malang|Kecamatan Wetan Sumbermanjing]], [[Kabupaten Malang]], [[Jawa Timur]] . Pulau ko, nan tatutuik jo pohon-pohon tropis, marupoan [[cagar alam]] nan dikelola dek [[Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam|Pusek Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam]] Jawa Timur (BBKSDA) di bawah [[Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia]] . Sacaro rasmi, tampek iko dinyatoan sabagai [[cagar alam]] sajak 1928 pado maso pamarintahan Hindia Balando, malalui Kaputusan Gubernur Jenderal ( ''Besluit van den Governeur General van Nederlandsch Indie'' ) ''No. Sempoe'' nan lawehnyo 877 ha. <ref name="bbksda">BBKSDA Jatim: [http://bbksdajatim.org/cagar-alam-pulau-sempu ''Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913141930/https://bbksdajatim.org/cagar-alam-pulau-sempu |date=2022-09-13 }}, diakses 26/IX/2018</ref> Sacaro geografis, Pulau Sempu talatak antaro 112°40′45′′ - 112°42′45′′ Garih Bujur Timur jo 8°27′24′′ - 8°24′54′′ Garih Lintang Selatan. Pulau ko babatehan jo Selat Sempu (Sendang Biru) di utara dan dikuliliangi dek [[Samudera Indonesia|Samudra Hindia]] di selatan, timur, jo barat. == Keanekaraagaman hayati == Pulau Sempu mampunyoi babagai jinih [[ekosistem]] mulai dari [[Hutan pantai|hutan pasisia]], [[hutan bakau]], jo [[Hutan tropis dataran rendah|hutan tropis dataran randah]] nan manguasoi saluruah pulau. Di tangah-tangah pulau ko tadapek samacam [[laguna]] atau danau aia asin nan disabuik Segara Anakan, nan bahubuangan jo [[lauik]] malalui celah karang. <ref name="bbksda2">BBKSDA Jatim: [http://bbksdajatim.org/cagar-alam-pulau-sempu ''Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913141930/https://bbksdajatim.org/cagar-alam-pulau-sempu |date=2022-09-13 }}, diakses 26/IX/2018</ref> [[Flora]] nan tadapek di Pulau Sempu tamasuak bendo ( ''[[Tarok|Artocarpus elasticus]]'' ), kuarter ( ''[[Terminalia]]'' sp. ), wadang ( ''[[Pterocarpus javanicus]]'' ), ketapang ( ''[[Terminalia catappa]]'' ), waru lauik ( ''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]'' ), pandan ( ''[[Pandanus tectorius]]'' ), bakau ( ''[[Rhizophora mucronata]]'' ''[[Rhizophora apiculata|)]]'', jo banyak lai api. Nan menarik, namo Sempu ko kabanyo diambiak dari namo salah satu jinih pohon ( pohon [[Simpur|sempu]] ) nan tadapek di pulau tu, tapi pohon iko alah sulik dicari di zaman kini. == Salah paham == Pulau Sempu dilinduangi dek ekosistemnyo nan unik jo murni. Kaindahan alamnyo nan manarik alah mandorong babarapo kalompok dalam babarapo taun balakangan untuak mampromosikan Pulau Sempu sabagai tujuan wisata; bahkan iklan online nan manawarkan paket wisata ka pulau tu banyak bana. Hal iko manyasekkan jo manyimpang, karano sabagai cagar alam, Pulau Sempu sangaik dilua bateh untuak tujuan pariwisata. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malang.merdeka.com/pariwisata/pulau-sempu-cagar-alam-di-selatan-malang-yang-dijajah-wisatawan-170118n.html|title=Malang - Merdeka.com {{!}} Pulau Sempu, cagar alam di selatan Malang yang 'dijajah' wisatawan|website=https://malang.merdeka.com|access-date=2026-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suryamalang.tribunnews.com/2017/09/13/wisata-ke-pulau-sempu-adalah-ilegal-karena-cagar-alam-hanya-untuk-pendidikan-dan-penelitian|title=Wisata ke Pulau Sempu Adalah Ilegal, Karena Cagar Alam Hanya untuk Pendidikan dan Penelitian|website=Suryamalang.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-03-02}}</ref> Penunjukannyo sabagai cagar alam bararti sumber daya Pulau Sempu hanyo dapek digunoan untuak panalitian jo pengembangan ilmiah, pandidikan jo kasadaran masyarakaik, panyatoan atau panyimpanan karbon, jo pamanfaatan sumber daya germplasma untuak tujuan budidaya. Untuak maluruihkan salah paham ko, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan jo Badan Pelestarian Sumber Daya Alam Jawa Timur (BBKSDA) mangaluaan edaran pado tanggal 25/IX/2017, nan mangulangi larangan pariwisata ka cagar alam ko. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mongabay.co.id/2017/10/13/bbksda-jawa-timur-larang-kegiatan-wisata-di-cagar-alam-pulau-sempu-kenapa/|title=BBKSDA Jawa Timur Larang Kegiatan Wisata di Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu. Kenapa?|last=Fajar|first=Jay|date=2017-10-13|website=Mongabay.co.id|language=id|access-date=2026-03-02}}</ref> == Rujuakan == 77xle4rxft2sr4fcvl3i7q6v4qwn78i Parang Iran 2026 0 477583 3347759 3345540 2026-06-11T22:18:11Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347759 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Abraham_Lincoln_Carrier_Strike_Group_Conducts_Photo_Exercise.jpg|jmpl|[[Kelompok Tempur Induk 3|Kelompok Serangan Pembawa 3]] balayia dalam formasi di [[Laut Arab|Lauik Arab]] salamo [[Penumpukan militer Amerika Serikat di Timur Tengah 2026|panumpuakan militer Amerika Serikat di Timur Tangah 2026]], 6 Februari 2026 .]] Pado 28 Februari 2026, [[Israel]] jo [[Amerika Sarikaik|Amerika Serikat]] malancarkan serangan basamo taradok babagai sasaran di [[Iran]] . Operasi nan diagiah namo kode '''Singo Mangaum''' dek Israel <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm60zpmz001v3b6pkd1t046n|title=Israel names operation against Iran "Roaring Lion"|last=Tal Shalev|date=28 February 2026|website=[[CNN]]|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602288170|title=Israel names operation against Iran 'Lion's Roar'|date=28 February 2026|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> jo '''Operasi Epik Fury''' dek [[Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Departemen Partahanan Amerika Serikat]], <ref>{{Cite tweet|number=2027662002219302929|user=DeptOfWar|title=Operation Epic Fury|date=28 February 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602280838|title=Pentagon names Iran mission 'Operation Epic Fury'|website=[[Iran International]]|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> dimulai jo serangan udaro ka kota-kota [[Tehran|Teheran]], [[Isfahan]], [[Qom]], [[Karaj]], jo [[Kermanshah]]. Presiden [[Donald Trump]] mangumumkan dalam sabuah video nan diposting di [[Truth Social]] baso Amerika Sarikat alah malancarkan panyarangan ka Iran basamo-samo jo Israel. Inyo maimbau anggota [[Korps Garda Revolusi Islam|Korps Pengawal Revolusi Islam]] (IRGC) untuak malatakkan sanjatonyo sabagai imbalan [[Kekebalan dari penuntutan (hukum internasional)|kekebalan]], jo mamperingatkan baso panulakan akan bararti "kamatian nan pasti". <ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|last=Magid|first=Jacob|date=28 February 2026|title=Trump indicates goal of Iran strikes is to topple regime; tells Iranian people: 'When we're finished, take over your government'|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/trump-indicates-goal-of-iran-strikes-is-to-topple-regime-tells-iranian-people-when-we-are-finished-take-over-your-government/|access-date=04-01-2026|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> Panyarangan awal ditargetkan pado pejabat kunci, komandan militer, jo babarapo fasilitas, tamasuak komplek parumahan Pamimpin Agung [[Ali Khamenei]], nan ditunjukkan dek pencitraan satelit rusak parah atau hancua. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Fabian|first=Emanuel|date=28 February 2026|title=Satellite image shows destruction of Khamenei's compound|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/satellite-image-shows-destruction-of-khameneis-compound/|access-date=04-01-2026|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> Manuruik Trump, babarapo pejabat Israel, jo sakurang-kurangnyo surang pejabat intelijen A.S., <ref name="usintelligenceofficialcbsnews">{{Cite news|title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei killed in strikes, led theocratic regime for decades|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ayatollah-khamenei-dead-iranian-supreme-leader-us-israel-military-mission/|work=CBS News|date=28 February 2026|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Boxerman|first=Aaron|last2=Pager|first2=Tyler|last3=Fassihi|first3=Farnaz|last4=Bergman|first4=Ronen|last5=Pérez-Peña|first5=Richard|title=Trump Says Khamenei, Iran's Supreme Leader, Is Dead: Live Updates|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump#several-rounds-of-us-iran-nuclear-talks-failed-to-stave-off-strikes|work=The New York Times|date=28 February 2026|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Khamenei [[Pembunuhan Ali Khamenei|tabunuah dalam panyarangan]] pado komplek tasabuik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/liveblog/202602288143|title=Live - Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei killed in Saturday airstrikes|date=28 February 2026|website=[[Iran International]]|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=28 February 2026|title=The rise and fall of Iran's ruthless and pragmatic Ayatollah Ali Khamenei|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/feb/28/iran-ayatollah-ali-khamenei|access-date=04-01-2026|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-killed-senior-israeli-official-says-2026-02-28/|title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei killed, senior Israeli official says|date=28 February 2026|website=Reuters|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Sabagai pambalasan, Iran maluncuakan puluahan [[Paluru kandali balistik|rudal balistik]] jo [[Kendaraan udara tak berawak di militer Iran|drone]] di saluruah wilayah [[Taluak Persia]] salain manargetkan Israel <ref name=":1" /> jo pangkalan militer AS <ref name=":1" /> di [[Yordania]], [[Kuwait]], <ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media|url=https://apnews.com/video/smoke-seen-over-manama-doha-and-kuwait-city-39297a607e944aa2988a92d34efd6c5a|title=Smoke seen in Bahrain, Qatar and Kuwait as Iran retaliates against strikes|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026|via=AP News}}</ref> [[Bahrain]], <ref name=":0" /> [[Qatar]], <ref name=":0" /> [[Irak]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/896910/slug|title=Kurdistan Announces Safety, Supply and Power Measures as Missiles Intercepted Over Erbil|last=|date=28 February 2026|website=Kurdistan24|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> [[Arab Saudi]] [[Uni Emirat Arab|Unit]]. Salanjuiknyo, kalompok [[Houthi]] nan barado di [[Yaman]] mangumumkan baso mareka akan malanjuikan [[Krisis Laut Merah|panyarangan mareka di Lauik Merah]] . <ref name="How Trump's deportation plan could affect the US economy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c204px4zddro|title=Iran says it has hit US base in Bahrain, as it launches strikes across region|last=Bennett|first=Tom|date=28 February 2026|website=BBC News|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|agency=AP|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian-backed Houthis say they'll resume attacks on Israel and on shipping routes|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/iranian-backed-houthis-say-theyll-resume-attacks-on-israel-and-on-shipping-routes/|access-date=04-01-2026|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> Salain itu, laporan manunjuakan baso eskalasi ko malaweh ka kajadian nan mampangaruahi fasilitas panerbangan sipil, tamasuak bandara internasional di Kuwait jo UEA. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1855878-%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-4-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A|title=إصابة 4 أشخاص في حادث بمطار دبي الدولي|website=Sky News Arabia}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.factjo.com/news/133437|title=إصابة 4 أشخاص إثر حادث في مطار دبي الدولي|website=FactJo}}</ref> Trump manyatoan baso tujuan dari panyarangan tu adolah untuak marusak [[Militer Iran|kapasitas]] [[Program rudal balistik Iran|rudal jo militer Iran]], managah [[Program nuklir Iran|Iran mandapekkan sanjato nuklir]], jo akhianyo [[Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat dalam pergantian rezim|manggulingakan rezim]] . <ref name="auto1" /> Panyarangan iko dikutuk dek [[Pasarikatan Banso-Banso|PBB]] jo babarapo nagara nan indak talibaik sabagai nan mandestabilisasi wilayah tasabuik, samantaro nan lain mangutuak sarangan pambalasan Iran taradok nagara-nagara lain di wilayah tasabuik. <ref name="auto8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yj9kr31y7o|title=How the world has reacted to US and Israeli strikes on Iran|date=28 February 2026|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Para kritikus sarangan iko juo manyabuiknyo ilegal di bawah hukum dalam nagari jo [[Hukum antarobanso|internasional]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/pressroom/2026-02/illegal-us-israel-attacks-not-justifiable-nonproliferation-grounds|title=Illegal U.S.-Israel Attacks Not Justifiable on Nonproliferation Grounds|date=28 February 2026|website=Arms Control Association|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Israel jo Iran sabalunnyo alah [[Konflik Iran–Israel 2024|manggaleh sarangan tit-untuak-tat]] pado April jo Oktober 2024, jo malakuan [[Perang Dua Belas Hari|parang singkek]] pado 2025 nan juo tamasuak [[Serangan Amerika Serikat ke situs nuklir Iran|sarangan udaro AS]] nan batujuan untuak marusak fasilitas nuklir Iran. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/confrontation-between-united-states-and-iran|title=Iran's Conflict With Israel and the United States|website=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Sajak 6 Februari 2026, Iran jo AS alah dalam parundiangan nuklir indak langsuang nan dimediasi dek [[Oman]], jo putaran kaduo parundiangan nuklir dijadwalkan balangsuang di Jenewa. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/2026/02/14/iran-nuclear-trump-geneva-us|title=U.S. and Iran set to hold second round of nuclear talks in Geneva|last=Ravid|first=Barak|date=14 February 2026|website=[[Axios (situs web)|Axios]]|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> == Latar balakang == [[Penarikan diri Amerika Serikat dari Rencana Aksi Komprehensif Bersama|Panarikan Amerika Sarikat dari Rencana Tindakan Komprehensif Basamo]] pado 2018 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44045957|title=Iran nuclear deal: Trump pulls US out in break with Europe allies|date=9 May 2018|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> manyababkan pambarian baliak [[Sanksi internasional terhadap Iran|sanksi]] taradok Iran jo pageseran ka arah panggunoan kakuatan daripado diplomasi dalam hubungan antaro AS jo sekutunyo jo Iran. Pamarintahan Trump maadopsi strategi "takanan maksimal". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/trump-tightens-the-screws-on-irans-oil/|title=Trump tightens the screws on Iran's oil|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Pamaksaan baliak sanksi AS mampunyoi dampak nan sangaik buruak pado ekonomi Iran. Nilai tukar [[rial Iran]] anjlok 20%, <ref>Congressional Research Service.</ref> dari 35.000 ka dolar manjadi 42.000 pado 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xe.com/currencycharts/?from=USD&to=IRR|title=US Dollar to Iranian Rial Exchange Rate Chart {{!}} Xe|website=www.xe.com|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bank-bank internasional nan baurusan jo Iran mambayia dando nan barek. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebulletin.org/2021/02/foreign-commercial-banks-the-essential-partner-in-future-discussions-of-the-iran-nuclear-deal/|title=Foreign commercial banks: The essential partner in future discussions of the Iran nuclear deal|last=Mecklin|first=John|date=19 February 2021|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Sagalo parusahaan gadang Eropa baranti bausaho jo Iran karano takuik jo sanksi AS. <ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Sharafedin|first=Bozorgmehr|date=8 May 2019|title=Iran rolls back pledges under nuclear pact abandoned by Washington|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-rouhani-idUSKCN1SE0I5|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Sanksi mandorong jutaan panduduak Iran manjadi miskin jo mangurangi daya balinyo untuak barang-barang pantiang impor sarupo makanan jo ubek-ubek <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/08/iran-sanctions-are-unjust-and-harmful-says-un-expert-warning-against|title=Iran sanctions are unjust and harmful, says UN expert warning against generalised economic war|website=OHCHR|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> sambia mambaka inflasi, pangangguran, jo karusakan infrastruktur. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world/in-depth-irans-raging-protests-expose-its-economic-pressures-9267661.html|title=In-Depth {{!}} Iran's raging protests expose its economic pressures|website=Moneycontrol|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309231836/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world/in-depth-irans-raging-protests-expose-its-economic-pressures-9267661.html|archive-date=2025-03-09|access-date=2026-04-01|dead-url=no}}</ref> Katagangan antaro Iran jo Amerika Sarikat sarato Israel alah maningkek sajak [[Serangan 7 Oktober|panyarangan 7 Oktober ka Israel]] jo dimulainyo [[Perang Gaza|Parang Gaza]] pado 2023 di mano Israel alah malamahkan milisi nan didukuang Iran di saluruah Timur Tangah, tamasuak [[Hamas]] di Gaza, [[Hizbullah]] di Lebanon, jo lain-lain. Israel jo Iran [[Konflik Iran–Israel 2024|manggaleh sarangan tit-untuak-tat]] pado April jo Oktober 2024, jo malakuan [[Perang Dua Belas Hari|parang singkek]] pado 2025 nan juo mancaliak [[Serangan Amerika Serikat ke situs nuklir Iran|sarangan udaro Amerika Serikat]] nan batujuan untuak marusak fasilitas nuklir Iran. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/confrontation-between-united-states-and-iran|title=Iran's Conflict With Israel and the United States|website=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Parotes anti pamarentah Iran == Mulai akhia Desember 2025, [[Protes Iran 2025–2026|protes anti-pamarintah masif di saluruah nagara]] malatuih di Iran, nan sabagian gadang didorong dek krisis ekonomi, karuntuahan [[Rial Iran|rial]], jo harago nan malayang. Protes nan dicirikan jo panggilan untuak parubahan rezim, marupoan nan paliang gadang dalam skala sajak [[Revolusi Iran|revolusi 1979]], <ref>{{Cite news|date=13 January 2026|title=Iranian regime rallies supporters in bid to quell unrest|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2026/01/13/iranian-regime-rallies-supporters-in-bid-to-quell-unrest_6749359_4.html|access-date=2026-04-01|work=[[Le Monde]]|language=en}}</ref> manyebar ka labiah dari 100 kota di saluruah nagara. <ref name=":232">{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/reza-pahlavi-iran-revolution-exiled-prince-plan-regime-change/|title=Inside an exiled prince's plan for regime change in Iran|date=13 January 2026|website=[[Politico]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Pamarintah Iran mananggapi jo panindasan kekerasan, tamasuak [[Pembantaian Iran 2026|pambantaian para demonstran]], jo kajadian nan paliang mambunuah tajadi pado 8 jo 10 Januari 2026; <ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/01/23/middleeast/iran-internet-blackout-violent-crackdown-intl-cmd|title=The night Iran went dark: Witness accounts and video reveal violence inflicted during Iran's internet blackout|last=Mostafa Salem|last2=Jomana Karadsheh|date=23 January 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01|last3=Sarah Dean|last4=Florence Davey-Attlee|last5=Adam Pourahmadi}}</ref> [[Kantor Berita Aktivis Hak Asasi Manusia|Kantua Berita Aktivis Hak Asasi Manusia]] nan barado di AS mampakiroan jumlah korban maningga adolah 7.000 urang, pamarintah Iran manyatoan baso jumlah korban maningga adolah 3.117 urang, sadangkan Donald Trump jo urang lain malatakkan jumlah korban maningga adolah 32.000 urang. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Iran anti-government student protests spread to more universities|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyxrv8z0vdo|work=BBC|date=23 February 2026|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> [[AP News]] malaporan baso panggunoan kakarasan nan bakalabiahan dek pamarintah alah mambangkikkan putuih aso di kalangan panduduak Iran jo maningkekan harapan di kalangan sabagian dari mareka untuak sarangan Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-protests-memorials-chehelom-71e5db503a287126a2d31cb32a2809eb|title=Iranians grieve defiantly for thousands killed in last month's crackdown|date=19 February 2026|website=[[Associated Press News]]|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Babarapo sarjana bapandapek baso pamarintah Iran kini maadoki nagara nan rapuh nan dapek manyababkan jatuahnyo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2026/01/how-much-longer-can-irans-islamic-republic-survive|title=How much longer can Iran's Islamic Republic survive?|last=Ansari|first=Ali|date=14 January 2026|website=[[New Statesman]]|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Pado 13 Januari 2026, Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Donald Trump]] manyatoan dukuangannyo kapado para demonstran anti-pamarentah Iran, <ref name=":132">{{Cite news|last=Elwelly|first=Elwely|last2=Erickson|first2=Bo|date=14 January 2026|title=Trump urges Iranians to keep protesting, saying 'help is on its way'|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/iranian-mp-warns-greater-unrest-urging-government-address-grievances-2026-01-13/|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> dan kamudian, pado tanggal 23 Januari, Trump mangumumkan baso sabuah "armada" Amerika Serikat manuju ka [[Timur Tangah]], tamasuak kapa induk [[USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)|USS Abraham- Lincoln jo CVN-82]] [[USS Gerald R. Ford|.]] baitu juo babarapo kapa parusak rudal-pandu. <ref name=":022">{{Cite news|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|date=24 January 2026|title=Trump says US 'armada' heading to Middle East as Iran death toll put above 5,000|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/23/trump-says-us-armada-heading-middle-east-iran-death-toll|access-date=2026-04-01|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Live updates: U.S. and Israel launch attack on Iran as Trump calls for regime change|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/02/28/israel-strikes-iran-live-updates/|access-date=2026-04-01|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Pajabat AS jo Eropa mangatoan baso Washington alah mambuek tigo tuntutan utamo dari Iran: pambatasan permanen sadoalah pangayaan uranium, pambatasan kareh pado program rudal balistik Iran, jo pambatasan sapanuahnyo dukuangan untuak kalompok-kalompok proksi regional sarupo [[Hamas]], [[Hizbullah]], jo [[Houthi|Houthis]] . <ref>{{Cite news|first=David E.|last=Sanger|first2=Tyler|last2=Pager|first3=Farnaz|last3=Fassihi|date=28 January 2026|title=Trump Threatens Iran with 'Massive Armada' and Presses a Set of Demands|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/28/us/politics/trump-iran-armada.html|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Parencanaan untuak sarangkaian sarangan nan diusulkan juo dimulai jo koordinasi jo lembaga intelijen Israel. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/28/world-reacts-to-us-israel-attack-on-iran-tehran-retaliation|title=World reacts to US, Israel attack on Iran, Tehran retaliation|date=28 February 2026|website=Al Jazeera English|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> == Parundiangan nuklir jo panumpuakan kahadiran militer AS == Pado 6 Februari 2026, Iran jo AS maadoan parundiangan nuklir indak langsuang di ibu kota [[Oman]] [[Muskat|Muscat]] . Iran manakankan baso kamajuan tagantuang pado konsultasi nan dibarui di ibukota masiang-masiang. <ref name=":522">{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/2026/02/14/iran-nuclear-trump-geneva-us|title=U.S. and Iran set to hold second round of nuclear talks in Geneva|last=Ravid|first=Barak|date=14 February 2026|website=[[Axios (situs web)|Axios]]|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Putaran kaduo parundiangan nuklir dijadwalkan untuak balangsuang di Jenewa. <ref name=":522" /> Salamo 15–20 Februari, Iran maningkekan ekspor minyaknyo tigo kali lipek jo mangurangi simpanan minyaknyo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Iran-Rushes-to-Ship-Oil-Ahead-of-Possible-US-Strike.html|title=Iran Rushes to Ship Oil Ahead of Possible U.S. Strike|last=Paraskova|first=Tsvetana|date=26 Februari 2026|website=OilPrice.com|language=en}}</ref> Tapek sabalun panyarangan dimulai, pado 27 Februari 2026, Mantari Lua Nagari Oman [[Badr Albusaidi|Badr Al-Busaidi]] mangatokan baso "terobosan" alah dicapai jo baso Iran alah satuju untuak indak pernah manyimpan uranium nan diperkaya jo manarimo verifikasi panuah dek [[Badan Tenaga Atom Internasional|Badan Energi Atom Internasional (IAEA)]] <ref name="busaidi">{{Cite news|title=Peace 'within reach' as Iran agrees no nuclear material stockpile: Oman FM|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/28/peace-within-reach-as-iran-agrees-no-nuclear-material-stockpile-oman-fm|language=en}}</ref> Iran labiah lanjuik alah satuju untuak mangurangi kadar uraniumnyo nan diperkaya kini sacaro indak dapek dibaliakkan sampai "tingkek nan paliang randah". Al-Busaidi mangatoan kadamaian alah "tampak". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-iran-deal-within-our-reach-oman-mediator-says/|title=U.S.-Iran deal is 'within our reach,' Omani mediator says|last=Brennan|first=Margaret|last2=Walsh|first2=Joe|date=27 February 2026|website=[[CBS News]]|language=en-US|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> <ref name="busaidi" /> Pado awal Februari 2026, AS juo manyebarkan kapa induk kaduo, USS ''Gerald R. Ford'', ka Timur Tangah untuak maningkekan takanan kapado Iran. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Sabbagh|first=Dan|date=13 February 2026|title=Trump sends second aircraft carrier to Middle East in effort to increase pressure on Iran|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/feb/13/trump-sends-second-aircraft-carrier-middle-east-iran|access-date=04-01-2026|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Pado 11 Februari 2026, ulang tahun ka-47 revolusi 1979 ditandoi jo rapek-rapek pro-pamarentah jo [[Sentimen anti-Amerika di Iran|retorika anti-Amerika]] nan kareh . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-revolution-anniversary-us-nuclear-talks-protests-4ffab53ef628073ca90b9c8707485577|title=Iran commemorates 1979 revolution as nation is squeezed by anger over crackdown and tensions with US|last=Gambrell|first=Jon|date=11 February 2026|website=[[Associated Press News]]|language=en|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Pado 13 Februari 2026, Trump manyatoan baso parubahan rezim di Iran akan manjadi "hal nan paliang rancak nan bisa tajadi." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8egwywkkd1o|title=Trump: Iran regime change 'would be the best thing to ever happen'|date=14 February 2026|website=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Sahari kamudian, pado 14 Februari, pajabat AS mangatoan ka [[Reuters]] baso militer AS sadang basiap-siap untuak kampanye luas nan malibaikkan minggu-minggu operasi balanjuik malawan Iran nan dapek manargetkan infrastruktur jo kaamanan nagara tasabuik. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Ali|first2=Idrees|date=14 February 2026|title=Exclusive: US military preparing for potentially weeks-long Iran operations|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-military-preparing-potentially-weeks-long-iran-operations-2026-02-13/|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=04-01-2026}}</ref> Pado 24 Februari 2026, dalam [[Pidato Kenegaraan (Amerika Serikat)|Pidato Negara Uninyo]], Trump manuduah Iran mambangkikkan baliak usaho untuak mambangun sanjato nuklir, mancela ambisi-ambisi nan diduga ko sabagai "jahek" jo mangaku baso Iran juo alah mangambangkan kamampuan rudal nan samakin canggih, AS jo Eropa th. Inyo mamperingatkan baso AS siap batindak jikok paralu. <ref>{{Cite news|date=24 February 2026|title=Donald Trump condemns Iran's 'sinister' nuclear ambitions in State of the Union|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9194e1f5-d191-414a-ab9f-e271a32b8b78|work=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> [[Gang of Eight (intelijen)|Geng Lapan]], kalompok lapan pamimpin di Kongres AS nan biasonyo diagiah taklimat tantang hal-hal intelijen rahasio, alah diagiah taklimat tantang panyarangan sabalun dimulai. <ref>{{Cite news|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/news/gang-of-eight-iran-attack-congress-members-trump-b2929458.html|title='Gang of Eight' was briefed on Iran attack by Trump admin before strikes|last=Harriette Boucher|date=28 February 2026|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Pado akhia Februari, pejabat pamarintahan Trump alah mambuek banyak klaim nan indak badasar baso Iran alah mamulai baliak program nuklirnyo, punyo bahan nan cukuik untuak mambangun bom dalam wakatu babarapo hari, jo sadang mangambangkan rudal jarak jauah nan sabanta lai akan manembak Amerika Serikat. Pernyataan-pernyataan iko dibantah dek pejabat pamarintah Amerika jo Eropa, kalompok-kalompok pamantau sanjato internasional, jo lembaga intelijen Amerika. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Mazzetti|first=Mark|last2=Wong|first2=Edward|last3=Barnes|first3=Julian E.|author-link=Mark Mazzetti|author-link2=Edward Wong|date=26 February 2025|title=In Trump's Case for War, a Series of False or Unproven Claims|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/26/us/politics/trump-iran-claims-nuclear-weapons.html?searchResultPosition=1|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> [[Badan Intelijen Pertahanan|Badan Intelijen Partahanan]] sabalunnyo alah manyimpulkan baso paralu wakatu sakurang-kurangnyo sadekade sabalun Iran mandapekkan katarampilan teknis untuak manghasilkan rudal nan mampu mancapai Amerika Serikat; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Sanger|date=28 February 2025|title=For Trump, the Iran Attack Is the Ultimate War of Choice|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/us/politics/trump-iran-attack.html|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> [[Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Departemen Partahanan Amerika Serikat]] mampakiroan baso program nuklir Iran alah mangalami kamunduran salamo duo taun sasudah [[Serangan Amerika Serikat ke situs nuklir Iran|sarangan sabalunnyo pado situs nuklir Iran]] pado Juni 2025. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2025/07/03/us-strikes-set-back-irans-nuclear-program-up-to-2-years-dod-says/|title=US strikes set back Iran's nuclear program up to 2 years, DOD says|last=Noah Robertson|date=3 July 2025|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Namun, pado 27 Februari dilaporkan baso [[Badan Tenaga Atom Internasional|IAEA]] alah manamuan baso Iran alah manyambunyikan fasilitas uranium nan sangaik dikayai di babak sabalunnyo bacakak. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-stored-highly-enriched-uranium-underground-site-iaea-report-says-2026-02-27/|title=IAEA report says Iran must allow inspections, points at Isfahan|last=Murphy|first=Francois|date=27 February 2026|website=Reuters|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602274548|title=IAEA says Iran stored highly enriched uranium at underground Isfahan site|date=27 February 2026|website=[[Iran International]]|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> == Pamusuahan == === Serangan awal Israel jo Amerika === [[Berkas:U.S._Forces_Launch_Operation_Epic_Fury.webm|ka|jmpl|250x250px|Serangan diluncuakan dari kapa-kapa AS .]] Serangan udaro ka Iran dimulai kiro-kiro pukua 9:45 pagi [[Waktu Standar Iran|IRST]] (1:15 pagi [[Waktu Standar Timur|EST]] ) pado hari Sabtu, 28 Februari; Hari Sabtu adolah hari partamo dalam saminggu di Iran dan marupoan hari karajo biaso. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/28/middleeast/israel-attack-iran-intl-hnk|title=What we know about the US-Israeli attack on Iran and Tehran's retaliation|last=|first=|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> Kombinasi rudal, drone, jo [[Angkatan Udara Israel#Inventaris saat ini|kapa tempur Israel]] digunoan dalam panyarangan-panyarangan tu. <ref name="businessinsider">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-weapons-used-to-attack-iran-fend-off-retaliation-2026-2?IR=T|title=Here are the weapons America used to strike Iran — and shield against retaliation|last=Jake Epstein|date=28 February 2026|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> [[Sistem Serangan Tempur Tak Berawak Berbiaya Rendah|Drone panyarangan nan biayanyo murah, tunggal]] dari [[Satuan Tugas Scorpion Strike|Satgas Serangan Kalajengking]] digunoan untuak partamo kalinyo dalam pajuangan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2026/02/28/u-s-israel-launch-operation-epic-fury-against-iran-tehran-retaliates-across-region|title=UPDATED: U.S., Israel Launch Strikes Against Iran, Tehran Retaliates Across Region|date=28 February 2026|publisher=[[USNI]]|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Kapa parang AS maluncuakan [[rudal Tomahawk]], sadangkan [[Angkatan Darat AS|Tantara AS]] manggunoan paluncua [[HIMARS]] . Babarapo [[Senjata serang jarak jauh|sanjato serangan jarak jauah]] nan alun diungkapkan juo digunoan. <ref name="businessinsider" /> Rangkaian latusan iko dilaporkan sasudah Mantari Patahanan [[Israel Katz]] mamastian . sarangan urang Israel. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/israel-launches-preemptive-strike-on-iran-explosions-reported-in-tehran|title=Israel Launches 'Preemptive Strike' On Iran; Explosions Reported In Tehran|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/explosions-rock-tehran-as-israel-launches-preventive-attack-on-iran-defence-minister-says-2875809-2026-02-28|title=Explosions rock Tehran as Israel launches 'preventive attack' on Iran|date=28 February 2026|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/world/middleeast/iran-us-attacks-military-targets.html|title=Initial Focus of U.S. Strikes in Iran Is Military Targets|last=Cooper|first=Helene|last2=Schmitt|first2=Eric|date=28 February 2026|website=The New York Times|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> ''[[The Times of Israel|Times of Israel]]'' malaporan baso Katz manyabuik sarangan tasabuik sabagai "serangan pancegahan" nan batujuan untuak "mahilangkan ancaman kapado Nagara Israel". <ref name="LiebermannCNNIsraelStrikeIran">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/28/middleeast/israel-attack-iran-intl-hnk?post-id=cmm5xzk1y00003b6pin7tql07|title=Israel launches strike against Iran, declares state of emergency across country|last=Liebermann|first=Oren|date=28 February 2026|website=[[CNN]]|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Di antaro sasarannyo adolah sabuah kabupaten Teheran nan marupoan tampek tingga biaso pamimpin tatinggi Iran [[Ali Khamenei]], daerah iko juo marupoan tampek istano presiden jo [[Dewan Keamanan Nasional Tertinggi|Dewan Kaamanan Nasional]] . <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Update from Erica Solomon and Farnaz Fassihi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/4b4cefc7-c909-59ae-a5ff-17a3742f68f3?smid=url-share|access-date=2026-04-02|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Tujuah rudal dikonfirmasi alah kanai daerah ko. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm5z7xcn0000356rmo74ffpk|title=Explosions were heard near Iran's Supreme Leader's residence and office|last=Salem|first=Mostafa|last2=Pourahmadi|first2=Adam|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Pajabat Amerika managakan baso panyarangan iko dikoordinasikan jo AS. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm5ydcj6000m3b6peace502g|title=Attack coordinated with the United States, Israeli source tells CNN|last=Shalev|first=Tal|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> [[Angkatan Udara Israel]] (IAF) manyatoan baso inyo alah manembak 500 sasaran militer di Iran barat jo tangah, tamasuak sistem patahanan udaro jo paluncua rudal, manggunoan labiah kurang 200 kapa tabang tempur, dalam panyabaran tempur tagadang dalam sajarahnyo. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Fabian|first=Emanuel|date=28 February 2026|title=IDF says 200 jets involved in Air Force's largest-ever attack sortie|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-200-jets-involved-in-air-forces-largest-ever-attack-sortie/|access-date=2026-04-02|work=The Times of Israel|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> Israel manindaklanjuti jo manyatoan [[Keadaan darurat|kaadaan darurat]], jo mangutip antisipasi sarangan Iran. <ref name="LiebermannCNNIsraelStrikeIran" /> Sirene maratok di saluruah Israel katiko pamarintah mamperingatkan warganyo untuak tatap barado di zona palinduang. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|title=Israel Attacks Iran|last=Mohamed|first=Edna|last2=Marsi|first2=Federica|website=Al Jazeera English|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Duta Besar AS untuak Israel [[Mike Huckabee]] mandorong warga AS di Israel untuak maambiak "tindakan sacaro capek" katiko mandanga sirene, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm5zo2b800003b6r26telgez|title=US Ambassador to Israel encourages US citizens to take "immediate action" at sound of sirens|last=Waldenberg|first=Samantha|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> jo Presiden AS [[Donald Trump]] mamperingatkan baso hiduik AS dapek hilang. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm60pihp00003b6sojlguzxz|title=Trump warns US lives may be lost in mission in Iran|last=Liptak|first=Kevin|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> [[Kementerian Kesehatan (Israel)|Kementerian Kesehatan Israel]] mamindahan rumah sakiknyo ka bawah tanah. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm5zx2ic00003b6rvnargvaq|title=Israeli hospitals shift underground as Health Ministry orders highest readiness level|last=Yosef|first=Eugenia|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Manuruik Iran International, juru bicara militer Israel nan babahaso Persia, Letnan Kolonel Kamal Penhasi, mangaluaan paringatan mandasak kapado warga sipil Iran nan tingga di dakek infrastruktur industri jo militer untuak sacapeknyo maevakuasi, manyatoan "Kahadiran Sanak di daerah-daerah iko mambahayokan diri." <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/liveblog/202602288143|title=Live – Israel and US launch strikes on Iran as Tehran prepares retaliation|date=28 February 2026|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Manuruik surang pejabat AS, puluahan serangan AS sadang diluncuakan dek kapa tabang serangan nan barado di sakitar [[Timur Tangah]] dari ciek atau labiah kapa induk. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Update from Eric Schmitt|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/5df7d9a6-2d1a-577e-9c63-d40948472442?smid=url-share|access-date=2026-04-02|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ''Reuters'' malaporan baso panyarangan akan dilakukan malalui udaro jo lauik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/iran-crisis-live-explosions-tehran-israel-announces-strike-2026-02-28/|title=Iran crisis live: Explosions in Tehran as Israel announces strike|date=28 February 2026|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Pajabat militer Israel mangatoan baso babarapo bulan parencanaan alah mandahului panyarangan mareka, nan mamungkinkan mareka untuak manunjuakan sasaran sacaro akurat, mancapai "kajuik taktis", jo maamankan dukuangan AS. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602286942|title=Israel says months of planning led to surprise Iran strikes|date=28 February 2026|website=[[Iran International]]|publisher=Volant Media UK Ltd|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Kantua Barita [[Fars News Agency|Fars]] jo [[CNN]] malaporkan labiah banyak ledakan di kota-kota lain di Iran, tamasuak [[Qom]], [[Kermanshah]], [[Isfahan]], jo [[Karaj]] . <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Update from Erika Solomon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/c913328f-5d1c-5841-af49-5b94acc97324?smid=url-share|access-date=2026-04-02|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm5zbxlf00053b6pfbdgp516|title=Strikes reported in multiple Iranian cities, state media says|last=Lendon|first=Brad|date=28 February 2026|website=[[CNN]]|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Di Tehran, sarangan rudal dilaporkan di Jalan Universitas, parak [[Jalan Jomhuri Eslami|Jomhouri]], jo di parak [[Seyed Khandan]] bagian utara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/28/explosions-in-downtown-tehran-smoke-seen-rising|title=US, Israel launch attack on Iran, explosions across Tehran <--Not duplicate citation-->|website=[[Al Jazeera English]]|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Layanan komunikasi di saluruah Teheran taganggu sasudah panyarangan-panyarangan tu, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|title=Israel Attacks Iran; US Official Says US Took Part in Strikes|last=Edna Mohamed|last2=Federica Marsi|website=Al Jazeera English|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> jo Netblocks malaporkan pamadaman internet nan ampia total. <ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t|title=US and Israel launch attack on Iran, as Trump says 'major combat operations' under way|date=28 February 2026|website=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> <ref name="Mastodon-NetBlocks">{{Cite web|url=https://mastodon.social/@netblocks/116147264437940657|title=NetBlocks (@netblocks@mastodon.social)|date=28 February 2026|website=Mastodon}}</ref> <ref name="ia28feb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/fa/202602281170|title=نت‌بلاکس از خاموشی اینترنت در ایران خبر داد|date=28 February 2026|website=Iran International}}</ref> Manuruik BBC, kantua Pamimpin Tatinggi [[Ali Khamenei]], jo kantua presiden [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] di Teheran kanai sarangan-sarangan tu. <ref name="auto6" /> [[Saluran 12 (Israel)|Saluran 12]], mangutip sumber-sumber Israel nan indak dinamokan, mangatoan Israel manilai baso ado "indikasi nan bakambang" baso Khamenei kamungkinan gadang tabunuah dalam sarangan Israel, atau "paliang indak luko-luko".<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Israeli TV report, citing unnamed Israeli sources: Growing indications that Khamenei killed|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-tv-report-citing-unnamed-israeli-sources-growing-indications-that-khamenei-killed/|access-date=2026-04-02|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> [[Reuters]] mangutip saurang pejabat Israel nan indak dinamokan manyatoan baso mayik Khamenei alah ditamukan, nan managakan kamatiannyo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-killed-senior-israeli-official-says-2026-02-28/|title=Iran&#x27;s Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei killed, senior Israeli official says {{!}} Reuters|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Juru bicara [[Pasukan Mobilisasi Populer|Pasukan Mobilisasi Rakyat]] Irak mangatoan baso duo pajuangnyo alah tabunuah samantaro tigo urang lainnyo luko-luko salamo sarangan di [[Jurf al-Sakhar]], selatan [[Bagdad|Baghdad]] . <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|title=US and Israel Attack Iran; Tehran Fires Back, Explosions Across Region|last=Siddiqui|first=Usaid|last2=Varshalomidze|first2=Tamila|website=[[Al Jazeera English]]|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02|last3=Mohamed|first3=Edna|last4=Marsi|first4=Federica}}</ref> Manuruik Iran International, mangutip [[Kantor Berita Mahasiswa Iran|Kantua Berita Mahasiswa Iran]], ribuan personil IRGC, tamasuak babarapo pejabat tinggi, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602284254|title=Senior Revolutionary Guards commanders killed in US-Israel strikes – Reuters|date=28 February 2026|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> tabunuah atau luko-luko katiko babarapo pangkalan militer disarang. <ref name=":03" /> Dilaporkan juo baso kota palabuahan [[Bushehr]] juo alah disarang; namun, indak jaleh apokah [[Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Bushehr|reaktor nuklir tu]] rusak. <ref name=":03" /> CNN malaporan baso wakatu panyarangan tu sacaro simbolis signifikan dalam agamo Yahudi karano datang manjalang hari rayo Yahudi nan akan datang, [[Purim]], pado 2 Maret <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm60wotj001m3b6pawhvknhc|title=Timing of US-Israel attack on Iran bears symbolic meaning in Judaism|last=Shalev|first=Tal|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> === Pernyataan pamimpin AS jo Israel manganai tujuan panyarangan tu === [[Berkas:President_Donald_J._Trump_on_the_United_States_Military_Major_Combat_Operations_in_Iran.webm|jmpl|Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Donald Trump]] mangumumkan panyarangan tasabuik dalam sabuah parnyataan video.]]Pado pukua 2:30 pagi EST pado 28 Februari, Presiden AS [[Donald Trump]] mangaluaan parnyataan video salamo 8 minik, nan manyatoan baso tujuan serangan AS ka Iran sacaro efektif adolah parubahan rezim. Trump mangatoan baso "aktivitas nan maancam" Iran mambahayoan AS jo sekutunyo. Inyo mangutip [[krisis sandera Iran]], dukuangannyo kapado proxy sarupo Hamas jo Hizbullah, pambunuahannyo pado para demonstran, jo dugaan mangaja sanjato nuklirnyo. Inyo managaskan baso dalam konflik, "Pahlawan-pahlawan Amerika nan gagah mungkin kahilangan dan kami mungkin mandapek korban. Itu tajadi taruih dalam parang." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-full-statement-on-us-iran-attack-major-combat-operations/|title=Trump announces "major combat operations" in Iran. Watch the full video and read his statement.|website=CBS News|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Inyo mandesak [[Korps Garda Revolusi Islam|Korps Pengawal Revolusi Islam]] (IRGC) untuak "malatakkan sanjato jo manikmati indak dihukum langkok, atau sabagai alternatif, maadoki kamatian nan tatantu." Sambia manuju ka rakyaik Iran, inyo bakato, "Katiko kami salasai, ambiak alih pamarintahan kalian. Itu akan manjadi miliak kalian untuak pangambilan. Iko mungkin satu-satunyo kasampatan kalian dalam generasi-generasi." Inyo manambahkan, "Salamo batahun-tahun, waang mamintak bantuan ka Amerika, tapi waang indak pernah manarimonyo."... Jadi kito caliak baa tanggapan sanak. Amerika mandukuang awak jo kakuatan nan balabiah-labiah dan kakuatan nan mahancuakan," simpulnyo,"Kini adolah wakatu untuak manguasoi takdir awak.&nbsp;... Ikolah saatnyo untuak batindak. Jan sampai saat ko balalu." <ref name="auto1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timescall.com/2026/02/27/explosions-rock-northern-israel-as-the-country-works-to-intercept-incoming-iranian-missiles/|title=Explosions rock northern Israel as the country works to intercept incoming Iranian missiles|date=28 February 2026|website=Longmont Times-Call|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Indak lamo sasudah tu, Benjamin Netanyahu mangaluaan panyatoan video nan mangatoan baso Israel jo Amerika Sarikat alah malancarkan panyarangan ka Iran "untuak mailangkan ancaman eksistensial" nan ditimbulkan dek apo nan disabuiknyo "rezim teror di Iran." Netanyahu manuduah kapamimpinan Iran jo puluahan taun bamusuahan, manyabuik baso "salamo 47 taun, rezim Ayatollah alah maimbau ' [[Kematian bagi Israel|Mati untuak Israel]] ' jo ' [[Kematian bagi Amerika|Mati untuak Amerika]] ' , jo manggambarkannyo sabagai "rezim teror pambunuah" nan "indak buliah dibuliahan untuak manyanjatokan dirinyo jo sanjato nuklir". Inyo mangatoan tindakan basamo AS-Israel akan "manciptakan kondisi untuak rakyaik Iran nan gagah untuak manantuan takdirnyo surang", jo maimbau rakyaik Iran untuak "mambuang diri dari belenggu tirani". <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Netanyahu says Israel, US launched strikes to 'remove the existential threat' posed by Iran|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-says-israel-us-launched-strikes-to-remove-the-existential-threat-posed-by-iran/|access-date=28 February 2026|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> === Tanggapan Iran jo sarangan rudal di teater Taluak Persia === Iran manargetakan babagai pangkalan militer AS di saluruah [[Teater (peperangan)|wilayah]] [[Taluak Persia]] . <ref name="persian-gulf-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602282948|title=Iran targets US bases across Persian Gulf states, IRGC-aligned outlet says|date=28 February 2026|website=Iran International|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> [[Bahrain]] maaktifkan sirene serangan udaro untuak mamperingatkan sarangan Iran pado pangkalan militer AS di dalam nagara tasabuik, jo media babahaso Arab malaporkan ledakan jo asok nan tampak di ibu kota, [[Manama]] . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Lehmann|first=Noam|date=28 February 2026|title=Bahrain: Sirens activated as Iran targets US bases|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/bahrain-sirens-activated-as-iran-targets-us-bases/|access-date=2026-04-02|language=en-US|issn=0040-7909}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm64k1hv00003b6rj8g5hm4u|title=Videos show smoke rising near US Navy facility in Bahrain|last=Yee|first=Isaac|last2=Rebane|first2=Teele|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Bahrain kudian mamastian panyarangan tasabuik jo manyatoan baso markas [[Armada Kelima Amerika Serikat|Armada Kalimo]] AS alah manjadi sasaran. <ref name="WRAL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wral.com/news/ap/c2f11-bahrain-says-a-missile-attack-targeted-the-us-navys-5th-fleet-headquarters-in-the-island-kingdom/|title=Bahrain says a missile attack targeted the US Navy's 5th Fleet headquarters in the island kingdom|website=[[WRAL-TV]]|language=en-US|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Latusan juo dilaporkan di [[Bandara Internasional Kuwait]] jo [[Abu Dhabi]] di [[Uni Emirat Arab]]. Sasudah panyarangan rudal jo drone ka Kuwait, Kamantarian Lua Nagari nagara tasabuik maimbau Mohammad Toutounchi, duta besar Iran untuak Kuwait. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602289377|title=Kuwait summons Iran envoy after missile, drone attacks|date=28 February 2026|website=www.iranintl.com|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Manuruik CNN, IRGC mangklaim baso Iran alah manargetkan ampek pangkalan AS di Timur Tangah: [[Pangkalan Udara Al Udeid]] di Qatar, [[Pangkalan Udara Ali Al Salem]] di Kuwait (nan juo manampuang pasukan Italia), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2026/02/28/-significant-damage-to-runway-at-kuwait-base-hosting-italian-troops-italy-|title='Significant damage' to runway at Kuwait base hosting Italian troops: Italy|website=Al Arabiya|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> [[Pangkalan Udara Al Dhafra]] di UEA adolah markas pos Angkatan Lauik AS di UEA, jo markas gadang Angkatan Laut AS F Bahf a. manunjuakkan asok naiak dari arah pangkalan Bahrain. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm64boa9000m356rh4can18y|title=Iran's IRGC targeted four US bases in the Middle East, Iranian media reports|last=Salem|first=Mostafa|date=28 February 2026|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Arab Saudi managakan baso alah tajadi sarangan Iran ka [[Riyadh]] jo [[Provinsi Timur, Arab Saudi|Provinsi Timurnyo]] . <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Update from Ismaeel Naar|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/c23471fd-1ceb-5a75-93a8-a56a199d6b1f?smid=url-share|access-date=2026-04-02|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Nagara ko mangaku alah mancegat sarangan Iran nan diarahkan ka daerah-daerah tasabuik jo manyatoan baso Karajaan akan "maambiak sadoalah langkah nan diparaluan" untuak mampatahankan dirinyo, "tamasuak pilihan untuak mananggapi agresi". Laporan tambahan manyatoan baso sasudah sukses mancegat sajumlah rudal Iran, UEA manyatoan baso saurang warga sipil Asia tabunuah dek puing-puing dari pancegat nan jatuah ka daerah parumahan. <ref name=":7" /> Qatar mangatoan baso inyo alah mancegat sakurang-kurangnyo duo galombang sarangan rudal, jo manyatoan baso indak ado korban atau karusakan harato nan dilaporkan. <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Abdi Latif Dahir|date=28 February 2026|title=Iran Hits Back Across the Mideast, Targeting U.S. Bases and Allies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/world/middleeast/iran-retaliatory-strikes-region.html?smid=url-share|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Sabuah bangunan 9 lantai kanai rudal di utara Israel, manyababkan surang urang luko. <ref name="auto42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|title=US and Israel Attack Iran; Tehran Fires Back, Explosions Across Region|last=Siddiqui|first=Usaid|last2=Varshalomidze|first2=Tamila|website=[[Al Jazeera English]]|language=en|access-date=28 February 2026|last3=Mohamed|first3=Edna|last4=Marsi|first4=Federica}}</ref> Sarangan juo dilaporkan di [[Haifa]] jo [[Tel Aviv]] . Babagai laporan mangaku rudal dari Iran alah manyarang wilayah [[Yordania]] jo ibu kota [[Amman]] . ordan manyatoan baso pasukan basanjatonyo alah manembak jatuah duo rudal balistik Iran nan manargetakan wilayahnyo jo baso mareka alah manangani 54 laporan puing-puing jatuah nan manyababkan karusakan material tapi indak ado korban jiwa. Di [[Suriah]], puing-puing dari rudal balistik Iran jatuah ka ateh bangunan parumahan di kota [[Suwayda]], mambunuah sakurang-kurangnyo ampek warga sipil. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Report: At least four killed in Iranian missile strike in As-Suwayda, Syria|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/8snmn9r7o}}</ref> Kawasan pamukiman [[Dubai]] di sakitar [[Burj Khalifa]], [[Dubai Marina]], jo [[Kepulauan Palm|Palm Dubai]] kanai panyakik, nan manyababkan hotel [[Fairmont The Palm]] tabaka, malukoi ampek urang, sarato sabuah bangunan parumahan Doha di outski. Sumber-sumber satampek mangatoan Iran manggunoan [[Pesawat nirawak Shahed|drone Shahed]], nan marupoan salah satu sanjato paliang mamatikan nan digunoan dek rezim jo wakilnyo sarupo [[Hamas]] jo [[Hizbullah]] . UEA mangatoan baso inyo alah mancegat "galombang baru" rudal Iran jo baso "pacahan dari pancegahan" alah jatuah di Abu Dhabi jo Dubai, manyababkan karusakan pado [[Burj Al Arab]] . Panyarangan [[Bandara Internasional Kuwait]] manyababkan babarapo urang luko-luko, jumlah pastinyo indak langsuang dikatahui. Di Bahrain pado malam hari, sabuah menara di sabuah kawasan parumahan dilaporkan kanai drone Iran. Di [[Wilayah Kurdistan Irak]], serangan udaro Iran manargetkan infrastruktur parumahan tantara jo sipil AS, tamasuak [[Bandara Internasional Erbil]] jo [[Konsulat Jenderal Amerika Serikat di Erbil|Konsulat Jenderal AS di Erbil]] . Namun, manuruik laporan media lokal, sabagian gadang rudal jo drone tu dicegat. Pado hari nan samo, Israel manyatoan baso inyo alah malancarkan galombang sarangan lain pado sistem patahanan udaro jo paluncua rudal Iran di Iran tangah. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Update from Aaron Boxerman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/bdadf1b3-5fc2-586e-8cbc-1099528b3080?smid=url-share|access-date=2026-04-02|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> === Panyatoan kaadaan darurat di Israel === Israel manyatoan [[Keadaan darurat|kaadaan darurat]] di saluruah nagara, manyatoan baso sarangan ka Iran adolah nan tagadang nan pernah ado. Israel Katz mangaluaan sabuah parnyataan nan mangatoan, "Di bawah otoritas ambo di bawah Pasal 9C(b)(1) Undang-undang Pertahanan Sipil, 5711-1951, dan sasudah manantuan baso ado kamungkinan tinggi untuak panyarangan pado panduduak sipil, ambo jo iko manyatoan kaadaan darurat muko di saluruah nagara." <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/896765/slug|title=Israel Begins Attacks on Iran, Explosions Reported in Tehran Amid Preemptive Strike Declaration|date=28 February 2026|website=Kurdistan24|language=en|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' manyatoan baso sakolah jo tampek karajo di Israel juo akan ditutuik jo patamuan umum akan dibatalkan. Di tangah [[Pemadaman internet di Iran 2026|pamadaman internet "ampia total" nan dibarui di Iran]], [[NetBlocks]] malaporan baso koneksi internet di Iran alah turun manjadi 4% dari tingkek normal. <ref name="ia28feb2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/fa/202602281170|title=نت‌بلاکس از خاموشی اینترنت در ایران خبر داد|date=28 February 2026|website=Iran International}}</ref> === Panutupan wilayah udaro === Wilayah udaro Iran sabagian gadang kosong dari kapa tabang sipil sasudah panyarangan-panyarangan tu karano nagara-nagara di wilayah tasabuik manutup wilayah udaronyo. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 February 2026|title=Iran Shutters Airspace After Israel Strikes, Trackers Show Planes Rerouting|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iran-israel-war-iran-shutters-airspace-after-israel-strikes-trackers-show-planes-rerouting-11148580|work=[[NDTV World]]}}</ref> Bahrain, Irak, Israel, Kuwait, Qatar, Suriah, jo UEA manutuik wilayah udaro masiang-masiang sasudah panyarangan tasabuik, jo sajumlah [[Pesawat penumpang|kapa tabang panumpang]] nan dialiahkan ka tujuan lain. Maskapai panerbangan internasional sarupo [[Air India]], [[Biman Bangladesh Airlines]], [[British Airways]], [[Cathay Pacific Airways]], [[IndiGo]], [[Lufthansa]], [[Virgin Atlantic]], jo [[Wizz Air]] manangguang palayanannyo ka Timur Tangah untuak wakatu nan babeda-beda di wilayah Kuliit nan barado di [[Kuwait Airways|aif]] . [[Kuwait Airways|Jalur Udara]] jo [[Qatar Airways|Jalur Udara Qatar]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/46mwakjn9t|title=Biman suspends Middle East flights amid conflict|date=28 February 2026|website=[[Prothom Alo]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/airlines-suspend-middle-east-flights-after-us-israel-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/|title=Travel in chaos as airlines cancel flights after US, Israel strikes on Iran|last=Maccioni|first=Frederico|last2=Plucinska|first2=Joanna|date=28 February 2026|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> === Panutupan Selat Hormuz === Sabuah laporan Reuters mangutip saurang pejabat [[Operasi Aspides]] nan mangatoan baso IRGC alah manutup [[Selat Hormuz]] untuak palayaran, badasarkan pancegahan radio [[Frekuensi sangat tinggi|frekuensi sangaik tinggi]] (VHF). Saurang pejabat Uni Eropa malaporan baso kapa-kapa alah manarimo pasan nan manyatoan "indak ado kapa nan dibuliahan malalui Selat Hormuz". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602288034|title='No ship allowed to pass Strait of Hormuz,' Iran warns vessels – Reuters|website=[[Iran International]]|publisher=Volant Media UK Ltd|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> == Rujuakan == ro69aaqvkzoa1hbofneaawlihfun3a1 Krismadinata 0 477598 3347746 3346145 2026-06-11T17:39:00Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Krismadinata''' ({{lahirmati|[[Padang]]|11|9|1977}}) adolah akademisi jo panaliti teknik Indonesia nan manjabat sabagai [[Rektor Universitas Negeri Padang|Rektor]] [[Universitas Negeri Padang]] (UNP) sajak 5 Juni 2024 manggantian [[Ganefri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364727515/krismadinata-resmi-jadi-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-terima-kasih-prof-ganefri|title=Krismadinata Resmi Jadi Rektor UNP Periode 2024-2029, Terima Kasih Prof Ganefri - Padek Jawapos|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091416/https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364727515/krismadinata-resmi-jadi-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-terima-kasih-prof-ganefri|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2024/05/08/210759278/gantikan-ganefri-krismadinata-terpilih-jadi-rektor-unp-2024-2029|title=Gantikan Ganefri, Krismadinata Terpilih Jadi Rektor UNP 2024-2029|accessdate=21 Jun 2025}}</ref> Sabalunnyo inyo manjabat sabagai Dekan Fakultas Teknik UNP sajak 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unp.ac.id/news/28-07-2023/rektor-unp-lantik-dekan-dan-direktur-sekolah-vokasi-unp|title=Rektor UNP Lantik Dekan Dan Direktur Sekolah Vokasi UNP|first=Universitas Negeri|last=Padang|website=Universitas Negeri Padang &#124; Official Website|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091413/https://unp.ac.id/news/28-07-2023/rektor-unp-lantik-dekan-dan-direktur-sekolah-vokasi-unp|dead-url=no}}</ref> <!---Istri Krismadinata bersepupu dengan Ganefri.---> Krismadinata dilahiaan di [[Kota Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]] pado 11 September 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sipeg.unp.ac.id/laman/detail/816|title=SiPeg UNP|website=sipeg.unp.ac.id|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605092918/http://sipeg.unp.ac.id/laman/detail/816|dead-url=no}}</ref> Satalah lulus dari [[SMK SMAK Padang|Sekolah Menengah Analisis Kimia (SMAK) Padang]] pado 1996,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C6z5Tvrxu9b/|title=Instagram|website=www.instagram.com|accessdate=18 Jun 2025}}</ref> inyo maraih gala [[Sarjana Teknik]] Elektro dari [[Universitas Andalas]] Paso 2000, [[Magister]] Teknik Elektro dari [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]] (ITB) pado 2004, [[Doktor]] Teknik Elektro dari [[Universitas Malaya]] pado 2012, jo [[Insinyur]] dari ITB pado 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rccc.lp2m.unp.ac.id/peneliti/krismadinata-s-t-m-t-ph-d/|title=Krismadinata, S.T., M.T., Ph.D|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605092918/https://rccc.lp2m.unp.ac.id/peneliti/krismadinata-s-t-m-t-ph-d/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pddikti.kemdiktisaintek.go.id/detail-dosen/xTZ8FJijzxIHMormTODKUMl_Ag1grEUCgKk79Uj_v9e8cqYGoJ_017qdbaZVT4XKCgguxA==|title=PDDikti|website=pddikti.kemdiktisaintek.go.id|accessdate=21 Jun 2025|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091408/https://pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id/data_dosen/QUI4REM4NzAtM0I4MS00QjFELTg4NkUtNUVBOUE4NkVDNzRD/3835649B-95FD-480B-9046-538D5DA48AC1|dead-url=no}}</ref> Disertasi doktoralnyo bajudul ''"Modified H-bridge multilevel inverter for photovoltaic system"''.<ref>https://pendeta.um.edu.my/client/en_US/default/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:869953/ada?qu=Krismadinat&d=ent%3A%2F%2FSD_ILS%2F0%2FSD_ILS%3A869953%7EILS%7E0&h=8{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Inyo manyalasaian program post-doctoral di Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC) pado 2014.<ref name=padek>{{Cite web|url=https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364633741/profil-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-krismadinata-dosen-berprestasi-dan-pernah-masuk-top-500-scientist|title=Profil Rektor UNP Periode 2024-2029 Krismadinata: Dosen Berprestasi dan Pernah Masuk Top 500 Scientist - Padek Jawapos|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091414/https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/2364633741/profil-rektor-unp-periode-2024-2029-krismadinata-dosen-berprestasi-dan-pernah-masuk-top-500-scientist|dead-url=no}}</ref> Krismadinata diangkek sabagai dosen [[Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil]] di Universitas Negeri Padang pado Desember 2000. Salain itu, inyo pernah juo manjadi dosen indak tetap di Universitas Andalas jo [[Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat]] antaro 2000 jo 2001, kamudian di [[Universitas Subang]] antaro 2001 jo 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/krismadinata/|title=Krismadinata|accessdate=18 Jun 2025}}</ref> Krismadinata pernah manjabat sabagai Ketua Program Studi S1 Teknik Elektro UNP, Kapalo Pusat Penelitian Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LPPM) UNP, Kapalo Pusat Publikasi dan HKI LPPM UNP, Kapalo Laboratorium Energi Terbarukan UNP, Kapalo Laboratorium Rangkaian Listrik dan Pengukuran UNP, jo Direktur Pusat Penelitian Energi dan Elektronika Daya UNP. Ia talibat aktif juo manjadi aktivis lembaga swadaya masyarakat, aktivis mahasiswa, atlet tenis meja jo pencak silek. Salain itu ia bagabuang juo manjadi pangurus organisasi pemuda jo kemasyarakatan, seperti [[Komite Nasional Pemuda Indonesia]], [[Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia]] Sumatera Barat, [[Gebu Minang]], Keluarga Alumni [[Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam]] Sumatera Barat, jo Masyarakat Ketenagalistrikan Indonesia Sumatera Barat.<ref name=padek/> Pado 2015, inyo maraih panghargaan dosen berprestasi terbaik II UNP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ganto.co/berita/1625/dosen-berprestasi-unp.html|title=Dosen Berprestasi UNP|website=Ganto.co|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091415/https://www.ganto.co/berita/1625/dosen-berprestasi-unp.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Inyo menerima pulo panghargaan [[Satyalancana Karya Satya]] XX Tahun dari [[Presiden Republik Indonesia]] pado 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/520987548/Keputusan-Presiden-33-2021|title=Keputusan Presiden 33-2021 &#124; PDF|website=Scribd|accessdate=16 Agu 2024|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605092109/https://www.scribd.com/document/520987548/Keputusan-Presiden-33-2021|dead-url=no}}</ref> Krismadinata mamiliki saurang bini banamo Hilma Raimona Zadry,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unp.ac.id/news/17-12-2024/dwp-universitas-negeri-padang-gelar-seminar-kesehatan-untuk-peringati-hut-ke25-dan-hari-ibu|title=DWP Universitas Negeri Padang Gelar Seminar Kesehatan Untuk Peringati HUT Ke-25 Dan Hari Ibu|first=Universitas Negeri|last=Padang|website=Universitas Negeri Padang &#124; Official Website|accessdate=18 Jun 2025}}</ref> nan baprofesi sabagai dosen teknik industri di Fakultas Teknik Universitas Andalas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-by--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gsev--az--ir-9oUjk8y7f4590j65 |title=archive copy |access-date=2026-04-03 |archive-date=2026-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260311092706/https://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-by--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gsev--az--ir-9oUjk8y7f4590j65 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} ==Pranala luar == * {{Instagram|krismadinatasulaiman}} * {{LinkedIn|krismadinata-ph-d-41046134}} * {{Google scholar id|srCPU0sAAAAJ}} * {{ResearchGate|Krismadinata-Krismadinata}} {{indo-bio-stub}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Rektor Universitas Negeri Padang]] [[Kategori:Dosen Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Akademikus Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Andalas]] [[Kategori:Alumni Institut Teknologi Bandung]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Malaya]] [[Kategori:Penerima Satyalancana Karya Satya]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Padang]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] o2tamm5lzey5viuk2dhamwm3f42fs9n Universitas Dharma Andalas 0 477677 3347782 3345938 2026-06-12T04:02:35Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347782 wikitext text/x-wiki Universitas Dharma Andalas (UNIDHA) marupoan salah satu universitas swasta yang ado di kota Padang, tapek nyo barado di kawasan [[Simpang Haru, Padang Timur, Padang|Simpang Haru]], kurang labiah bajarak 100 meter dari stasiun utamo kereta api [[Sumatera Barat]]. Umumnyo, kampus ko terkenal untuak para visioner dan entrepreneur muda dengan memiliki 3 fakultas yaitu [https://unidha.ac.id/ Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Fakultas Farmasi, Sains, dan Teknologi, Fakultas Hukum, Ilmu Sosial, dan Humaniora.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260311135038/https://unidha.ac.id/ |date=2026-03-11 }}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unidha.ac.id/|title=Universitas Dharma Andalas {{!}}|website=unidha.ac.id|access-date=2026-04-22}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sajarah == Universitas Dharma Andalas barado di bawah Yayasan Pendidikan Dharma Andalas (YPDA) yang mano yayasan ko didirian dan dibino langsuang oleh Ikatan Alumni [[Universitas Andalas]] pado 27 Agustus 1993, [https://langgam.id/data-pt-sumbar-universitas-dharma-andalas/ dengan nomor Surat Keputusan Mendikbud Nomor: 254/E/O/2014]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://langgam.id/data-pt-sumbar-universitas-dharma-andalas/|title=Data PT Sumbar: Universitas Dharma Andalas|last=Palanta|first=Admin|date=2020-05-20|website=Langgam.id|language=id|access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref>. Awalnyo, Universitas ko banamo STIE Dharma Andalas dengan babarapo program studi yaitu DIII Manajemen, DIII Akuntansi berdasarkan [https://unidha.ac.id/sejarah-unidha/ SK Dirjen Dikti  No.415/DIKTI/Kep/1992 tanggal 26 Agustus 1992] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120092134/https://unidha.ac.id/sejarah-unidha/ |date=2026-01-20 }} dan S1 Manajemen [https://unidha.ac.id/sejarah-unidha/ SK Dirjen Dikti No.356/DIKTI/Kep/1999 tanggal  22 Juli 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120092134/https://unidha.ac.id/sejarah-unidha/ |date=2026-01-20 }} dengan peringkat akreditasi BAN PT (B). Tacataik sajak tahun 2010, lulusan SMA/sederajat yang nio malanjuikkan ka janjang paguruan tinggi taruih maningkek, sadangkan daya tampuang PTN/PTS tabateh. Hal itu dikaranoan pulo banyaknyo minat lulusan yang nio ka program studi baru yang baguno untuak dunia karajo atau untuak manciptoan lapangan karajo baru, oleh faktor tasabuik STIE Dharma Andalas pada tahun 2014 diubah manjadi Universitas Dharma Andalas dengan manambah 11 Program Studi Baru. Hingga kini Universitas Dharma Andalas mamiliki 18 Program Studi dengan 3 Fakultas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unidha.ac.id/sejarah-unidha/|title=Sejarah Unidha {{!}}|website=unidha.ac.id|access-date=2026-04-22|archive-date=2026-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120092134/https://unidha.ac.id/sejarah-unidha/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> kjavo6gzznw85vy8x6lkx7j35zmdbzh Rumah Panjang 0 477977 3347761 3347443 2026-06-12T00:55:08Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 10 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347761 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rumah Panjang''' (Rumah Radank) adolah salah satu [[rumah]] adaik dari wilayah [[Kalimantan Barat|Kalbar]] . <ref name="Indonesia">{{Cite web|url=http://kebudayaanindonesia.net/id/culture/1034/rumah-panjang|title=Rumah Panjang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220232/http://kebudayaanindonesia.net/id/culture/1034/rumah-panjang|archive-date=2014-05-12|dead-url=yes|access-date=11 Mei 2014}}</ref> sarato Sarawak jo [[Sabah]], [[Malaysia]] . Rumah Panjang marupokan ciri khas urang [[Dayak]] nan tingga di wilayah Kalbar, Sabah jo Sarawak. <ref name="Indonesia" /> Hal iko dikaranoan rumah panjang marupokan gambaran sosial dari kahidupan masyarakaik Dayak di Kalimantan Barat jo Sarawak. <ref name="Indonesia" /> Rumah panjang juo marupoan pusek kahidupan urang [[Dayak]] . <ref name="Indonesia" /> Di Sarawak, dipakiroan ado labiah dari 4.500 rumah gadang nan tacataik. Namun, jumlah rumah gadang di Sarawak dipacayo labiah dari jumlah itu karano data nan dikumpuakan indak mancakuik saluruah wilayah Sarawak. <ref>https://www.malaysiasite.nl/longhousems.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Samantaro itu, rumah-rumah panjang di Kalimantan Barat dapek dikatokan ampia punah karano jumlahnyo nan saketek. <ref name="Indonesia" /> Pado taun 1960, pamarintah marusak babarapo rumah panjang karano dicurigai mamaluak [[Kuminih|komunisme]] . <ref name="Bewara">{{Cite web|url=http://bewara.co/read/2014/05/radakng-saham-rumah-panjang-yang-dibangun-pada-1875/|title=Rumah Panjang|access-date=12 Mei 2014}}{{Dead link}}</ref> Rumah gadang panjang di wilayah Kalbar identik jo rumah panjang di [[Kalimantan Tengah]] . <ref name="Invonesia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.invonesia.com/keberagaman-rumah-adat-di-indonesia-dengan-ciri-khas-masing-masing.html|title=Rumah Adat Indonesia dengan Ciri Khasnya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092909/http://www.invonesia.com/keberagaman-rumah-adat-di-indonesia-dengan-ciri-khas-masing-masing.html|archive-date=2014-04-07|dead-url=yes|access-date=12 Mei 2014}}</ref> Hal iko dek karano latak geografis [[Kalimantan Barat|Kalbar]] jo [[Kalimantan Tengah|Kaltangah]] sangaik dakek. <ref name="Indonesia" /> Kaduonyo dikenal jo namo Rumah Betang . <ref name="Indonesia" /> Di Sarawak, rumah panjang iko disabuik jo " Rumah Panjai " dek urang Dayak Lauik, iyolah urang Iban jo " Ntayan " dek urang Dayak Darek, iyolah urang Bidayuh . Di [[Sabah]], rumah panjang ko disabuik " Vinata'an " dek suku Dayak Rungus atau suku Dusun Rungus. Rumah Panjang sabagaimano namonyo, marupokan bangunan mamanjang nan di huni dek banyak kaluarga jo komunitas. Bangunan iko alah ado alah ado sajak ratusan tahun nan lalu nan manjadi ciri budayo Suku Dayak, khususnyo Dayak Iban, Dayak Kanayatn, jo babarapo suku nan lain di Kalimantan Barat. Manuruik sajarah, Rumah Panjang lahia dari kabutuhan untuak hiduik bakalompok sacaro aman di tangah hutan lia Kalimantan. Rumah iko bukan Hanyo manyadiokan tampek tingga, tapi juo palinduangan, ruang musyawarah, sarato tampek upacara adaik jo kagiatan kolektif lainnyo.<ref name="Nas">J.M.Nas. 2009. Masa Lalu dalam masa Kini: Arsitektur Indonesia. Jakarta:PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Hlm 38.</ref> == '''Arsitektur jo Ciri Khas''' == Pado zaman saisuak, rumah panjang Kalimantan Barat tabuek dari [[kayu]] . <ref name="Nas" /> Rumah-rumah panjang [[Kalimantan Barat]] tingginyo 5 inggo 8 [[meter]] . <ref name="Dayak">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dayakonline.com/2013/08/nama-lain-rumah-adat-kalimantan.html|title=Nama Lain Rumah Adat Kalimantan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224654/http://www.dayakonline.com/2013/08/nama-lain-rumah-adat-kalimantan.html|archive-date=2014-05-12|dead-url=yes|access-date=12 Mei 2014}}</ref> Katinggian rumah gadang tagantuang tingginyo tiang-tiang nan manopang rumah gadang. <ref name="Dayak" /> Rumah-rumah panjang Kalimantan Barat panjang sakitar 180 meter jo leba 6 meter. <ref name="Dayak" /> Rumah-rumah panjang tu mampunyoi sakitar 50 biliak. <ref name="Dayak" /> Ruangan-ruangan iko umumnyo dihuni dek banyak kaluarga, tamasuak kaluarga inti . <ref name="Dayak" /> Untuak masuak ka dalam rumah panjang, kaluarga mamakai ''tangka'' atau janjang. <ref name="Dayak" /> Rumah-rumah panjang Kalimantan Barat mampunyoi bantuak nan sampik tapi jo panjang nan ekstrim. <ref name="Nas" /> Rumah ko hanyo tadiri dari ciek biliak. <ref name="Nas" /> Rumah-rumah panjang tadiri dari babarapo bagian, yaitu teras atau biaso disabuik ''pante'', ruang tamu nan biasonyo disabuik ''samik'', jo ruang keluarga. <ref name="Bewara2">{{Cite web|url=http://bewara.co/read/2014/05/radakng-saham-rumah-panjang-yang-dibangun-pada-1875/|title=Rumah Panjang|access-date=12 Mei 2014}}{{Dead link}}</ref> Di ruang tamu tadapek meja nan banamo ''pene'' nan bafungsi sabagai tampek mangecek atau manarimo tamu. <ref name="Bewara2" /> ''Pene'' babantuak malingkar dan digunoan untuak malatakkan makanan atau minuman untuak manyambuik tamu. <ref name="Bewara2" /> Ruang keluarga adolah ruangan sederhana nan panjangnyo 6 meter jo lebanyo 6 meter. <ref name="Bewara2" /> Bagian balakang rumah panjang dijadikan tampek dapua untuak kaluarga. <ref name="Bewara2" /> Umumnyo, satiok kaluarga punyo dapua surang. <ref name="Bewara2" /> '''Rumah Panjang Iban''' marupoan tampek tingga tradisional urang Iban di Sarawak, [[Malaysia]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sarawak.gov.my|title=Rumah Panjang di Sarawak|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}</ref> Iko marupoan struktur nan dibangun lamo dan dihuni dek babarapo kaluarga dalam satu komunitas nan babagi ruang basamo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katamalaysia.my/culture/harmoni-di-bawah-satu-bumbung/|title=Kehidupan Rumah Panjang|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}</ref> Rumah panjang bafungsi indak hanyo sabagai tampek tingga tapi juo sabagai pusek kahidupan sosial jo budayo masyarakaik Iban. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adatresammasyarakatiban.blogspot.com/p/tempat-tinggal.html|title=Adat Resam Masyarakat Iban|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}</ref> Rumah panjang tradisional Iban dibangun manggunoan kayu kareh sarupo Kayu Belian, alang-alang, jo atok rumpuik . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sarawakheritage.com/|title=Bahan Binaan Tradisional Rumah Panjang|access-date=7 Februari 2025|archive-date=2025-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624162738/http://sarawakheritage.com/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Namun, rumah panjang modern kini manggunoan bahan-bahan sarupo atok [[beton]] jo seng untuak maningkekan daya tahan strukturnyo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architectureborneomalaysia.com|title=Perkembangan Rumah Panjang Moden|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}</ref> * '''Tanju''' – Beranda tabukak nan digunoan untuak mangariangkan hasia pertanian jo sabagai tampek untuak malapeh taragak. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dayakculture.com|title=Peranan Tanju dalam Rumah Panjang|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''Ruai''' – Ruang tabukak nan panjang, digunoan untuak bakumpua, maadoan upacara jo kagiatan sahari-hari. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sarawakculturalvillage.com|title=Kegunaan Ruai dalam Rumah Panjang|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}</ref> * '''Kamar''' – Ruang pribadi untuak satiok kaluarga, bafungsi sabagai tampek tidua jo tampek panyimpanan barang-barang. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibantraditionalsociety.com|title=Struktur Dalaman Rumah Panjang|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''Sadau''' – Loteng nan talatak di ateh kamar jo kamar, digunoan untuak manyimpan tanaman, paralatan, atau sabagai tampek tidua anak gadih. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaysianethnography.org|title=Fungsi Sadau dalam Rumah Panjang|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rumah panjang marupokan pusek kagiatan masyarakaik Iban. Hal iko digunoan untuak acara umum sarupo Gawai Dayak, upacara kaagamoan, panikahan, jo patamuan masyarakaik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibanfestival.com|title=Gawai Dayak dan Rumah Panjang|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Salain itu, rumah panjang mancaminkan semangat saliang bakarajo samo jo kahidupan basamo masyarakaik Iban. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sarawakcultureboard.com|title=Gotong-Royong dalam Budaya Iban|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sairiang jo parubahan zaman, rumah gadang kini sadang mangalami modernisasi dalam hal bahan bangunan jo fasilitas dasar sarupo listrik jo pasokan aia barasiah. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernibanarchitecture.com|title=Pemodenan Rumah Panjang|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Walaupun baitu, rumah panjang masih tatap manjadi simbol identitas budayo urang Iban dan taruih dihuni dek babarapo komunitas padusunan di Sarawak. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sarawakheritagepreservation.com|title=Kepentingan Pemuliharaan Rumah Panjang|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Guno == Sairiang jo parubahan zaman, rumah gadang kini sadang mangalami modernisasi dalam hal bahan bangunan jo fasilitas dasar sarupo listrik jo pasokan aia barasiah. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernibanarchitecture.com|title=Pemodenan Rumah Panjang|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Walaupun baitu, rumah panjang masih tatap manjadi simbol identitas budayo urang Iban dan taruih dihuni dek babarapo komunitas padusunan di Sarawak. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sarawakheritagepreservation.com|title=Kepentingan Pemuliharaan Rumah Panjang|access-date=7 Februari 2025}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:Rumah adat di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Kopdar Wikipedia Minangkabau 2026]] 3wavq7thxjg45z4q2laj7kefftwcpoy Rumah adat Sao Mario 0 477981 3347762 3347573 2026-06-12T00:57:08Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3347762 wikitext text/x-wiki Rumah Adik Sao Mario adolah rumah adaik dan jugo kawasan wisata budaya nan talatak di kalurahan Manorang Salo, Kecamatan Mario Riawa, Kampung Awakaluku, Kabupaten Soppeng, Sulawesi Selatan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visit.soppeng.go.id/destinasi/detail/17|title=Visit Soppeng - Disparpora Kab. Soppeng|website=visit.soppeng.go.id|access-date=2026-06-06}}</ref> Jarak kawasan wisata budaya iko samo kota Watangsoppeng kurang lebih sekitar 32 Km. Dalam kawasan Rumah Adat Mario iko tadapek bamacam jenis rumah adat yang bergaya arsitektur Bugis, Makassar, Mandar, Toraja hingga Minangkabau dan Batak.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/budaya/d-6048337/rumah-adat-sao-mario-soppeng-jejak-peninggalan-tokoh-bugis-sukses-di-padang|title=Rumah Adat Sao Mario Soppeng, Jejak Peninggalan Tokoh Bugis-Sukses di Padang|last=Pramono|first=Agung|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-06-06}}</ref> Fungsi rumah adaik iko diantaranyo : * Sacari umum rumah adaik iko bafungsi sabagai museum tampek manyimpan barang-barang antik yang banilai tinggi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/6-Rumah-Adat-Sao-Mario/|title=6_Rumah Adat Sao Mario » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|access-date=2026-06-06}}</ref> * Tapek iko digunokan sabagai lokasi katiko ado acara adaik dan perayaan seperti perayaan hari ulang tahun Kabupaten Soppeng * Untuak acara pernikahan dan tampek tingga bagi pemilik dan beberapa urang lainnyo. * Dahulu tampek iko jugo digunakan untuak rapek oleh rajo-rajo seperti rajo Mandar nan akan tingga di rumah adaik Mandar dalam kawasan kompleks bilo bakunjuang.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Rumah Adat Bugis Di Berbagai Daerah (Sejarah,Keunikan+Gambar) - NEHANESIA|url=https://nehanesia.com/rumah-adat-bugis/|newspaper=NEHANESIA|date=2018-07-17|access-date=2026-06-06|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407154435/https://nehanesia.com/rumah-adat-bugis/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dalam bahaso bugis rumah adaik iko juga bisa disabuik "bola seratu" yang artinyo adolah rumah seratus. Disabuik rumah saratuih karano rumah iko punyo 119 tiang.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rumah Adat Sao Mario Soppeng Ditopang 119 Tiang - Tribun-timur.com|url=https://makassar.tribunnews.com/2018/12/18/rumah-adat-sao-mario-soppeng-ditopang-119-tiang|newspaper=Tribun-timur.com|access-date=2026-06-06|language=id-ID}}</ref>Rumah adaik iko diketahui dibangun pado Desember 1989 oleh Prof Mustari. Tokoh Bugis nan pernah manjadi Rektor Unversitas Eka Sakti Padang (UNES) Sumatera Barat, hinggo tutuik usia72 tahun pado 2019 silam.<ref name=":0" /> Kini ko kawasan Rumah Adat Sao Mario alah manjadi cagar budayo sakaligus museum. Museum iko manyimpan banyakbarang-barang kuno sarato pusako nan banilai tinggi nan dikumpuakan dek Prof. Mustari, takah karis, badik, tombak, payuang kerajaan, pakaian rajo-rajo, perhiasan basi, ameh, dan batu pamato. Koleksi iko barasa dari saluruah panjuru Nusantara (dari Sabang sampai Merauke) malahan ado nan dari lua nagari. <ref name=":0" /> Arsitek tunggal nan marancang rumah adaik iko adolah Dr.Ir. H Bakharani A. Rauf, MT. Salain sabagai arsitek beliau jugo adolah sorang dosen di Universitas Negeri Makassar (UNM). Pado akhir tahun 1989 rumah adaik iko mulai dibangun.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:Rumah adat di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Kopdar Wikipedia Minangkabau 2026]] 8ou3fhqybl00kyxhlitx2utn0zjqit7 Templat:Taxonomy/Tetanurae 10 478073 3347714 2026-06-11T11:59:06Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Tetanurae |parent=Averostra }}" 3347714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Tetanurae |parent=Averostra }} lkyxopuh2liwned8yumegaug9pean9g Templat:Taxonomy/Averostra 10 478074 3347715 2026-06-11T11:59:37Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Averostra |parent=Neotheropoda |extinct= |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" 3347715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Averostra |parent=Neotheropoda |extinct= |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} hwwp8khneer8tjmv4zq9sdiuu6m3afi Templat:Taxonomy/Neotheropoda 10 478075 3347716 2026-06-11T12:00:08Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Neotheropoda |parent=Theropoda }}" 3347716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Neotheropoda |parent=Theropoda }} 7odjk1onae64461xjbyqkl0uw82skle Templat:Taxonomy/Theropoda 10 478076 3347717 2026-06-11T12:00:41Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}<!-- {{High-use}} not yet 2000 --> </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=Theropoda |parent=Saurischia |always_display=true }}" 3347717 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}<!-- {{High-use}} not yet 2000 --> </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=Theropoda |parent=Saurischia |always_display=true }} hu60fiqdyxh59zp3pzqaifxcg6hpxnj Templat:Taxonomy/Saurischia 10 478077 3347718 2026-06-11T12:01:22Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=Saurischia |parent=Dinosauria |always_display=yes }}" 3347718 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=Saurischia |parent=Dinosauria |always_display=yes }} jb8e8w2n47v2egf4h6vxpa1a3do6c0n Templat:Taxonomy/Dinosauria 10 478078 3347719 2026-06-11T12:02:13Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |parent=Dinosauromorpha |link=Dinosaurus|Dinosauria |always_display=true }}" 3347719 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |parent=Dinosauromorpha |link=Dinosaurus|Dinosauria |always_display=true }} q9x1fksj44z49kzxpi3ms4pvh9fvtz5 Templat:Taxonomy/Dinosauromorpha 10 478079 3347720 2026-06-11T12:03:20Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Dinosauromorpha |parent=Ornithodira }}" 3347720 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Dinosauromorpha |parent=Ornithodira }} 12s4u9c1etan2orq8wtlnvdfjj5wff8 Templat:Taxonomy/Ornithodira 10 478080 3347721 2026-06-11T12:04:03Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Avemetatarsalia|Ornithodira |parent=Avemetatarsalia }}" 3347721 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Avemetatarsalia|Ornithodira |parent=Avemetatarsalia }} pqrgmnj1cjj8yw3d8fei6air6zigf9q Templat:Taxonomy/Avemetatarsalia 10 478081 3347722 2026-06-11T12:04:42Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Avemetatarsalia |parent=Archosauria }}" 3347722 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Avemetatarsalia |parent=Archosauria }} 32qpzye5gl98lnhcbtcpe6dt1tbqxi5 Templat:Taxonomy/Archosauria 10 478082 3347723 2026-06-11T12:05:22Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Archosaur|Archosauria |parent=Eucrocopoda }}" 3347723 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Archosaur|Archosauria |parent=Eucrocopoda }} 15qln80ajwvcspd2bnukklup9jjxq0m Templat:Taxonomy/Eucrocopoda 10 478083 3347724 2026-06-11T12:05:55Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Eucrocopoda |parent=Archosauriformes |extinct=<!--leave blank for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" 3347724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Eucrocopoda |parent=Archosauriformes |extinct=<!--leave blank for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} fki927qxy2soiej26lu387aazpp55px Templat:Taxonomy/Archosauriformes 10 478084 3347725 2026-06-11T12:06:36Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Archosauriformes |parent=Crocopoda |always_display= }}<noinclude>{{pp-semi-indef}}</noinclude>" 3347725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Archosauriformes |parent=Crocopoda |always_display= }}<noinclude>{{pp-semi-indef}}</noinclude> ovy6ox3sqyi5zhro6dfxewzme48asap Templat:Taxonomy/Crocopoda 10 478085 3347726 2026-06-11T12:07:53Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Crocopoda |parent=Archosauromorpha |extinct=<!--leave blank for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" 3347726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Crocopoda |parent=Archosauromorpha |extinct=<!--leave blank for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} lu7ta9olsioy72mwxz0kx6kgc83gkff Templat:Taxonomy/Archosauromorpha 10 478086 3347727 2026-06-11T12:11:47Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Archosauromorpha |parent=Archelosauria |always_display= }}<noinclude>{{pp-semi-indef}}</noinclude>" 3347727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Archosauromorpha |parent=Archelosauria |always_display= }}<noinclude>{{pp-semi-indef}}</noinclude> m05cqa45pey5og48gh9qyqt1z3fzrj8 Templat:Taxonomy/Archelosauria 10 478087 3347728 2026-06-11T12:12:25Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Archelosauria |parent=Sauria |extinct= |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" 3347728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Archelosauria |parent=Sauria |extinct= |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} lg1k9sbfzhidmlvguvq929buclyhci2 Archelosauria 0 478088 3347729 2026-06-11T12:19:56Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Automatic taxobox | name = Archelosaurs | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|260|0|earliest=265.8}} {{Small|Kamungkinan catatan [[Kapitanium]].}} | image = {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Caiman crocodilus in Barbados Wildlife Reserve 06.jpg|desired_width=250|crop_left_perc=15|crop_right_perc=15|crop_top_perc=35|crop_bottom_perc=10}} | image_caption = ''[[Podocnemis unifilis]]'' pado ''[[Caiman crocodilus]]'' | image_alt = A crocodile-relative swims mostly submerged in mur..." 3347729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Archelosaurs | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|260|0|earliest=265.8}} {{Small|Kamungkinan catatan [[Kapitanium]].}} | image = {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Caiman crocodilus in Barbados Wildlife Reserve 06.jpg|desired_width=250|crop_left_perc=15|crop_right_perc=15|crop_top_perc=35|crop_bottom_perc=10}} | image_caption = ''[[Podocnemis unifilis]]'' pado ''[[Caiman crocodilus]]'' | image_alt = A crocodile-relative swims mostly submerged in murky water, with a smooth-shelled pig-nosed turtle sitting on its upper back. Both are slightly muddy. | taxon = Archelosauria | authority = Crawford et al., 2015<ref name="Crawford2015"/> | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups | subdivision = * [[Pantestudines]]<br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[kura-kura]] jo karabaik tadakeknyo)}} * [[Archosauromorpha]]<br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[archosaur]] jo karabaiknyo nan alah punah)}} * ? {{extinct}}[[Ichthyosauromorpha]] <br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[Ichthyosauria|ichthyosaur]] jo karabaiknyo)}} * ? {{extinct}}[[Sauropterygia]] <br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[plesiosaur]] jo karabaiknyo)}} * ? {{extinct}}[[Thalattosauria]] <br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[thalattosaur]])}} }} Archelosauria adolah klad nan mangalompokan kura-kura jo archosauria (buruang jo buayo) sarato kabaik tadakeknyo, indak tamasuak lepidosaurus (klad nan baisi bingkaruang, ula, jo tuatara). Sabagian gadang analisis filogenetik badasarkan data molekuler (misalnyo DNA jo protein) alah mandukuang hubuangan kalompok sudaro antaro kura-kura jo archosauria. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} b985druce3ozu9fxknt7c9c9h3875tz 3347730 3347729 2026-06-11T12:21:09Z Rang Djambak 14874 /* */ 3347730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Archelosaurs | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|260|0|earliest=265.8}} {{Small|Kamungkinan catatan [[Kapitanium]].}} | image = {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Caiman crocodilus in Barbados Wildlife Reserve 06.jpg|desired_width=250|crop_left_perc=15|crop_right_perc=15|crop_top_perc=35|crop_bottom_perc=10}} | image_caption = ''[[Podocnemis unifilis]]'' pado ''[[Caiman crocodilus]]'' | image_alt = A crocodile-relative swims mostly submerged in murky water, with a smooth-shelled pig-nosed turtle sitting on its upper back. Both are slightly muddy. | taxon = Archelosauria | authority = Crawford et al., 2015<ref name="Crawford2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=N. G. |last2=Parham |first2=J. F. |last3=Sellas |first3=A. B. |last4=Faircloth |first4=B. C. |last5=Glenn |first5=T. C. |last6=Papenfuss |first6=T. J. |last7=Henderson |first7=J. B. |last8=Hansen |first8=M. H. |last9=Simison |first9=W. B. |date=2015-02-01 |title=A phylogenomic analysis of turtles |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790314003819 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=83 |pages=250–257 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.021 |pmid=25450099 |bibcode=2015MolPE..83..250C |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups | subdivision = * [[Pantestudines]]<br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[kura-kura]] jo karabaik tadakeknyo)}} * [[Archosauromorpha]]<br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[archosaur]] jo karabaiknyo nan alah punah)}} * ? {{extinct}}[[Ichthyosauromorpha]] <br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[Ichthyosauria|ichthyosaur]] jo karabaiknyo)}} * ? {{extinct}}[[Sauropterygia]] <br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[plesiosaur]] jo karabaiknyo)}} * ? {{extinct}}[[Thalattosauria]] <br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[thalattosaur]])}} }} Archelosauria adolah klad nan mangalompokan kura-kura jo archosauria (buruang jo buayo) sarato kabaik tadakeknyo, indak tamasuak lepidosaurus (klad nan baisi bingkaruang, ula, jo tuatara). Sabagian gadang analisis filogenetik badasarkan data molekuler (misalnyo DNA jo protein) alah mandukuang hubuangan kalompok sudaro antaro kura-kura jo archosauria. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} di89k3ipbor33xj8jjzsk4411lgyb6m 3347733 3347730 2026-06-11T12:26:54Z Rang Djambak 14874 /* */ 3347733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Archelosaurs | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|260|0|earliest=265.8}} {{Small|Kamungkinan catatan [[Kapitanium]].}} | image = Caiman crocodilus in Barbados Wildlife Reserve 06.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Podocnemis unifilis]]'' pado ''[[Caiman crocodilus]]'' | image_alt = A crocodile-relative swims mostly submerged in murky water, with a smooth-shelled pig-nosed turtle sitting on its upper back. Both are slightly muddy. | taxon = Archelosauria | authority = Crawford et al., 2015<ref name="Crawford2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=N. G. |last2=Parham |first2=J. F. |last3=Sellas |first3=A. B. |last4=Faircloth |first4=B. C. |last5=Glenn |first5=T. C. |last6=Papenfuss |first6=T. J. |last7=Henderson |first7=J. B. |last8=Hansen |first8=M. H. |last9=Simison |first9=W. B. |date=2015-02-01 |title=A phylogenomic analysis of turtles |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790314003819 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=83 |pages=250–257 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.021 |pmid=25450099 |bibcode=2015MolPE..83..250C |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups | subdivision = * [[Pantestudines]]<br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[kura-kura]] jo karabaik tadakeknyo)}} * [[Archosauromorpha]]<br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[archosaur]] jo karabaiknyo nan alah punah)}} * ? {{extinct}}[[Ichthyosauromorpha]] <br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[Ichthyosauria|ichthyosaur]] jo karabaiknyo)}} * ? {{extinct}}[[Sauropterygia]] <br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[plesiosaur]] jo karabaiknyo)}} * ? {{extinct}}[[Thalattosauria]] <br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[thalattosaur]])}} }} Archelosauria adolah klad nan mangalompokan kura-kura jo archosauria (buruang jo buayo) sarato kabaik tadakeknyo, indak tamasuak lepidosaurus (klad nan baisi bingkaruang, ula, jo tuatara). Sabagian gadang analisis filogenetik badasarkan data molekuler (misalnyo DNA jo protein) alah mandukuang hubuangan kalompok sudaro antaro kura-kura jo archosauria. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} jkqlvqh427d40afeegvik4yus5wpp47 3347734 3347733 2026-06-11T12:28:39Z Rang Djambak 14874 /* */ 3347734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Archelosaurs | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|260|0|earliest=265.8}} {{Small|Kamungkinan catatan [[Kapitanium]].}} | image = Caiman crocodilus in Barbados Wildlife Reserve 06.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Podocnemis unifilis]]'' pado ''[[Caiman crocodilus]]'' | image_alt = A crocodile-relative swims mostly submerged in murky water, with a smooth-shelled pig-nosed turtle sitting on its upper back. Both are slightly muddy. | taxon = Archelosauria | authority = Crawford et al., 2015<ref name="Crawford2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=N. G. |last2=Parham |first2=J. F. |last3=Sellas |first3=A. B. |last4=Faircloth |first4=B. C. |last5=Glenn |first5=T. C. |last6=Papenfuss |first6=T. J. |last7=Henderson |first7=J. B. |last8=Hansen |first8=M. H. |last9=Simison |first9=W. B. |date=2015-02-01 |title=A phylogenomic analysis of turtles |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790314003819 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=83 |pages=250–257 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.021 |pmid=25450099 |bibcode=2015MolPE..83..250C |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups | subdivision = * [[Pantestudines]]<br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[kura-kura]] jo karabaik tadakeknyo)}} * [[Archosauromorpha]]<br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[archosaur]] jo karabaiknyo nan alah punah)}} * ? {{extinct}}[[Ichthyosauromorpha]] <br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[Ichthyosauria|ichthyosaur]] jo karabaiknyo)}} * ? {{extinct}}[[Sauropterygia]] <br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[plesiosaur]] jo karabaiknyo)}} * ? {{extinct}}[[Thalattosauria]] <br />{{Small|(Tamasuak [[thalattosaur]])}} }} '''Archelosauria''' adolah klad nan mangalompokan [[kura-kura]] jo [[archosauria]] ([[buruang]] jo [[buayo]]) sarato karabaik tadakeknyo, indak tamasuak [[lepidosaurus]] (klad nan baisi [[bingkaruang]], [[ula]], jo [[tuatara]]). Sabagian gadang analisis [[filogenetik]] badasarkan data molekuler (misalnyo [[DNA]] jo [[protein]]) alah mandukuang hubuangan kalompok sudaro antaro kura-kura jo archosauria. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} lsa60synhaheii62g0rv3j3kx6d3peu Templat:Easy CSS image crop 10 478089 3347731 2026-06-11T12:21:56Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{CSS image crop |Image = {{{Image|{{{image|}}}}}} |bSize = {{Easy CSS image crop/bSize|{{{desired_width|220}}}|{{{crop_left_perc|0}}}|{{{crop_right_perc|0}}}}} |cWidth = {{{desired_width|220}}} |cHeight = {{#expr:{{Easy CSS image crop/bSize|{{{desired_width|220}}}|{{{crop_left_perc|0}}}|{{{crop_right_perc|0}}}}}/{{#invoke:ImageRatio|ratio|{{{Image|{{{image|}}}}}}}}*(100-0{{{crop_top_perc|0}}}-0{{{crop_bottom_perc|0}}})/100 round 0}}<!--..." 3347731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CSS image crop |Image = {{{Image|{{{image|}}}}}} |bSize = {{Easy CSS image crop/bSize|{{{desired_width|220}}}|{{{crop_left_perc|0}}}|{{{crop_right_perc|0}}}}} |cWidth = {{{desired_width|220}}} |cHeight = {{#expr:{{Easy CSS image crop/bSize|{{{desired_width|220}}}|{{{crop_left_perc|0}}}|{{{crop_right_perc|0}}}}}/{{#invoke:ImageRatio|ratio|{{{Image|{{{image|}}}}}}}}*(100-0{{{crop_top_perc|0}}}-0{{{crop_bottom_perc|0}}})/100 round 0}}<!--A space isn't the same as a null, but they're ignored before numbers. Since 01 = 1, they only matter if a space ''was'' sent, and handle the pseudo-null. --> |oTop = {{#expr:{{Easy CSS image crop/bSize|{{{desired_width|220}}}|{{{crop_left_perc|0}}}|{{{crop_right_perc|0}}}}}/{{#invoke:ImageRatio|ratio|{{{Image|{{{image|}}}}}}}}*0{{{crop_top_perc|0}}}/100 round 0}} |oLeft = {{#expr:{{Easy CSS image crop/bSize|{{{desired_width|220}}}|{{{crop_left_perc|0}}}|{{{crop_right_perc|0}}}}}*0{{{crop_left_perc|0}}}/100 round 0}} |Location = {{{Location|{{{location|{{{align|{{{Align|}}}}}}}}}}}} |Description = {{{Description|{{{description|{{{caption|}}}}}}}}} |Link = {{{Link|{{{link|}}}}}} |Alt = {{{Alt|{{{alt|}}}}}} |Page = {{{Page|{{{page|}}}}}} |magnify-link = {{{magnify-link|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <templatedata> { "params": { "Image": { "type": "wiki-file-name", "required": true }, "desired_width": { "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "250" ] }, "crop_left_perc": { "type": "number" }, "crop_right_perc": { "type": "number" }, "crop_top_perc": { "type": "number" }, "crop_bottom_perc": { "type": "number" }, "Location": {}, "align": {}, "Description": {}, "caption": {}, "Link": {}, "Alt": {}, "Page": {}, "magnify-link": {} } } </templatedata></noinclude> cv9k4sfmgiywd33eyhp9i9v764ul803 Templat:Easy CSS image crop/bSize 10 478090 3347732 2026-06-11T12:23:49Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{#expr:{{{1|220}}} * 100 / (100 - 0{{{2|0}}} - 0{{{3|0}}} ) round 0}} <noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" 3347732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#expr:{{{1|220}}} * 100 / (100 - 0{{{2|0}}} - 0{{{3|0}}} ) round 0}} <noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> omlbakldb0pwhnz6mht4svoaoev4jif Templat:Taxonomy/Neodiapsida 10 478091 3347769 2026-06-12T02:35:02Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=Neodiapsida |parent=Parapleurota }}" 3347769 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=Neodiapsida |parent=Parapleurota }} gn6f7t96mb1yb9357fz4b4l220i456k Templat:Taxonomy/Parapleurota 10 478092 3347770 2026-06-12T02:35:44Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Parapleurota |parent=Neoreptilia |extinct=no |refs={{cite journal |last1=Jenkins |first1=Xavier A |last2=Benson |first2=Roger BJ |last3=Ford |first3=David P |last4=Browning |first4=Claire |last5=Fernandez |first5=Vincent |last6=Dollman |first6=Kathleen |last7=Gomes |first7=Timothy |last8=Griffiths |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Choiniere |first9=Jonah N |last10=Peecook |first10=Brandon R |title=Evolutionary asse..." 3347770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Parapleurota |parent=Neoreptilia |extinct=no |refs={{cite journal |last1=Jenkins |first1=Xavier A |last2=Benson |first2=Roger BJ |last3=Ford |first3=David P |last4=Browning |first4=Claire |last5=Fernandez |first5=Vincent |last6=Dollman |first6=Kathleen |last7=Gomes |first7=Timothy |last8=Griffiths |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Choiniere |first9=Jonah N |last10=Peecook |first10=Brandon R |title=Evolutionary assembly of crown reptile anatomy clarified by late Paleozoic relatives of Neodiapsida |journal=Peer Community Journal |date=28 August 2025 |volume=5 |article-number=e89 |doi=10.24072/pcjournal.620 |eissn=2804-3871 |s2cid=274305322 |doi-access=free}} }} 81qxtc1420h9rlwiy6l7g2q6kb0sye8 Templat:Taxonomy/Neoreptilia 10 478093 3347771 2026-06-12T02:36:16Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Neoreptilia |parent=Diapsida |extinct=no |refs={{cite journal |last1=Ford |first1=David P. |last2=Benson |first2=Roger B. J. |year=2020 |title=The phylogeny of early amniotes and the affinities of Parareptilia and Varanopidae |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=4 |pages=57-65 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-1047-3}} }}" 3347771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Neoreptilia |parent=Diapsida |extinct=no |refs={{cite journal |last1=Ford |first1=David P. |last2=Benson |first2=Roger B. J. |year=2020 |title=The phylogeny of early amniotes and the affinities of Parareptilia and Varanopidae |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=4 |pages=57-65 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-1047-3}} }} 2w004gv0sazyfdq5140e13jk95e14ii Templat:Taxonomy/Diapsida 10 478094 3347772 2026-06-12T02:37:06Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Diapsida |parent=Romeriida }}" 3347772 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Diapsida |parent=Romeriida }} d9vrf8krcgorauje5l2epxy0gfzwthh Templat:Taxonomy/Romeriida 10 478095 3347773 2026-06-12T02:37:41Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Romeriida |parent=Eureptilia }}" 3347773 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Romeriida |parent=Eureptilia }} h6aolzw5fmfv799q7od54j3mbk9bv5t Templat:Taxonomy/Eureptilia 10 478096 3347774 2026-06-12T02:38:20Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=Eureptilia |parent=Reptilia }}" 3347774 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=cladus |link=Eureptilia |parent=Reptilia }} o490sp8rym9sgt7ny0m9p5im8o8jzbo Templat:Taxonomy/Reptilia 10 478097 3347775 2026-06-12T02:39:00Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=classis |parent=Sauropsida |link=Reptile|Reptilia }}" 3347775 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=classis |parent=Sauropsida |link=Reptile|Reptilia }} 915eibe5hrdqudsv03ylkhm1y2k1ct3 3347776 3347775 2026-06-12T02:39:11Z Rang Djambak 14874 /* */ 3347776 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=classis |parent=Sauropsida |link=Reptil|Reptilia }} 6v5w5wfmuh25vzer4ajqzsfyw1ts06b Templat:Taxonomy/Sauropsida 10 478098 3347777 2026-06-12T02:39:45Z Rang Djambak 14874 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Sauropsida |parent=Amniota |always_display= |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" 3347777 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template}}{{High-use}} </noinclude>{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=clade |link=Sauropsida |parent=Amniota |always_display= |refs=<!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} m35e1eeauy4fdo5q5gbp20de4odd9cl