Gynoplistia (Gynoplistia) princeps

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    <title>Gynoplistia (Gynoplistia) princeps</title>
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| name = Gynoplistia (Gynoplistia) princeps
| status = 
| image = Gynoplistia princeps - Sebastian Doak - 616886449.jpeg
| image_caption = 
| domain = 
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Arthropoda
| classis = Insecta
| ordo = Diptera
| familia = Limoniidae| genus = | species = Gynoplistia (Gynoplistia) princeps
| taxon_authority = | range_map = 
| range_map_caption = 
| image2 = 
| image2_caption = 
| synonyms = 
}}

'''''Gynoplistia (Gynoplistia) princeps''''' adolah langau dari famili [[Limoniidae]]. Langau ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo [[Diptera]], kelas [[Insecta]], filum [[Arthropoda]], dan kingdom [[Animalia]].

Langau iko biasonyo tingga di tampek lambok. Larvanyo biasonyo dapek ditamukan habitatnyo di paraiaran ataupun semi parairan.

== Rujuakan ==

* {{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/Limoniidae|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.)|year= 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 September 2012}}

{{taxonbar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gynoplistia (Gynoplistia) princeps}}

[[Kategori:Limoniidae]]


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    <title>Margareth Angelina</title>
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|name = Margareth Angelina
|image = 
|imagesize = 
|caption = 
|birthdate = {{birth date and age|1990|10|5}}
|birthplace = {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
|birthname = 
|othername = Angel
|deathdate = 
|deathplace = 
|yearsactive = 2011-sekarang
|occupation = [[Aktris]],[[Penyanyi]],[[Penari]],[[Model (pekerjaan)|Model]]
|spouse =
|partner = [[Cherrybelle]] (2011-2015)&lt;br /&gt;[[Ming Works]] (laki)
|children =  
|parents = 
|influences =
|influenced = 
|almamater = [[Universitas Tarumanagara]]
|twitter = Angel_Chibi
|religion = [[Kristen]]
}}
'''Margareth Angelina''' atau nan biaso disabuik '''Angel''' ({{lahirmati|[[Jakarta]]|5|10|1990}}) adolah model. Pado tanggal [[15 November]] [[2015]] Angel maubah statusnya dari lanjang manjadi saurang istri dan manikah jo [[Ming Works]].
== Biografi ==
Angel punyo tinggi badannyo 158&amp;nbsp;cm jo bareknyo 42&amp;nbsp;kg. Angel baragamo Kristen. Hobinyo adolah manari, bamain pamainan video, mambaco komik, jo mambaco novel. Warna favoritnyo adolah mirah jambu, putiah, jo hitam. Hewan favoritnyo adolah anak anjing. Makanan favoritnyo adolah nasi goreng spesial. Tokoh kasukoannyo adolah Doraemon dan Hello Kitty. Angka favoritnyo adolah 5 (limo). Awalnyo pado bulan Desember 2010, inyo ikuik seleksi pamilihan anggota Cherrybelle, dan pado bulan Pebruari 2011 inyo tapiliah basamo 8 kontestan lainnyo dari 400 calon. Angel adolah saurang mahasiswi juruihan akuntansi/uruihan pitih di Universitas Tarumanegara angkatan 2008, dan maraih wisuda untuak gelar sarjana pado tanggal 13 Oktober 2012. Namo paminaiknyo adolah Angelous.

Pado tanggal [[15 November]] [[2015]] Angel manikah jo Rudy Ming (&quot;Ming Works&quot;), saurang pangusaho mudo di bidang ''event organizer'', satalah inyo bapole salamo 6 tahun.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tabloidbintang.com/articles/berita/gosip/29067-selamat-angel-cherrybelle-menikah-hari-ini Angel Cherrybelle Menikah Hari Ini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119144436/http://www.tabloidbintang.com/articles/berita/gosip/29067-selamat-angel-cherrybelle-menikah-hari-ini |date=2015-11-19 }} - Tabloid Bintang. 15 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.solopos.com/2015/11/15/kabar-artis-angel-chibi-menikah-fans-malah-kaget-661378 Kabar Artis Angel Chibi Menikah, Fans Malah Kaget] - Solo Pos. 15 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Satalah manikah, Angel tatok aktif dalam Cherrybelle.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hot.detik.com/read/2015/11/16/083513/3071756/230/usai-menikah-angel-tetap-tergabung-dalam-cherrybelle Usai Menikah Angel Tetap Tergabung Dalam Cherrybelle] - Detik.com. 16 November 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karier ==
* [[Cherrybelle]] (2011-2015)
* [[Aktris]]
* [[model (pekerjaan)|Model]]
* [[penyanyi]]

== Diskografi ==
* ''[[Love is You]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Diam Diam Suka]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Reborn (Album Cherrybelle)|Reborn]]'' (2015)

=== FTV ===
* ''Happy 21''
* ''Mengejar 1 Cinta Di antara9 Cherrybelle''
* ''Buka Cinderella''
* ''24 Kali Bilang Cinta''
* ''Battle With Love''
* ''Salon Madam: Rambut Keriting Ular''
* ''Satpam Pejuang Cinta''

== Film ==
* ''[[Love is U]]''
* ''[[Crush (film 2014)|Crush]]''
* ''[[99% Muhrim: Get Married 5]]''

== Sinetron ==
* ''[[Diam-Diam Suka: Cinta Lama Bersemi Kembali]]''
* ''[[ABG Jadi Manten]]''

== Seri televisi ==
* ''[[Chibi Chibi Burger]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Chibi Chibi Burger Season 2]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Chibi Chibi Burger Season 3]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Go Go Chibi!]]'' (2012)

== Acara realitas ==
* ''[[Cherrybelle Cari Chibi]]'' (2012)

== Pranala luar ==
* {{id}} [http://www.cherrybelle.info/profile/2/angel/ Profil di situs web resmi Cherrybelle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804035558/http://www.cherrybelle.info/profile/2/angel |date=2012-08-04 }}
* {{twitter|angel_chibi}}

{{Cherrybelle}}

[[Kategori:Cherrybelle]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Cherrybelle]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Layla</title>
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      <text bytes="5414" sha1="1ivsrp5uyupk6h7o5kdgwn26sbta75k" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox song
| name       = Layla
| cover      = Layla (Derek and the Dominoes) coverart.jpg
| alt        =
| caption    = German vinyl single
| type       = single
| artist     = [[Derek and the Dominos]]
| album      = [[Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs]]
| released   = 1971
| format     = Vinyl
| recorded   = 9 September 1970
| studio     = [[Criteria Studios]], [[Miami]]
| venue      =
| genre      = {{hlist|[[Blues rock]]|[[hard rock]]}}
| length     = 7:08 &lt;small&gt;(album / 1972 single version)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;3:55 &lt;small&gt;(Piano exit ''[[Goodfellas]]'' film version)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;2:43 &lt;small&gt;(1971 single version)&lt;/small&gt;
| label      = {{hlist|[[Atco Records|Atco]] &lt;small&gt;(US)&lt;/small&gt;|[[RSO Records|RSO]]|[[Polydor Records|Polydor]]}}
| writer     = {{hlist|[[Eric Clapton]]|[[Jim Gordon (musician)|Jim Gordon]]}}
| producer   = {{hlist|[[Tom Dowd]]|Derek and the Dominos}}
| prev_title =
| prev_year  =
| next_title =
| next_year  =
}}
&quot;'''Layla'''&quot; ({{lang-fa|لیلا}}) adolah sabuah lagu nan ditulis dek [[Eric Clapton]] jo [[Jim Gordon (pamusik)|Jim Gordon]]. Lagu ko asalnyo dikaluaan dek band ''[[blues rock]]'' Clapton jo Gordon [[Derek and the Dominos]] subagai bagian dari album studio satu-satunyo, ''[[Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs]]'' (November 1970). Musiknyo yang saliang kontras dikataui dibuek sacaro tapisah dek Clapton jo Gordon. Bagian piano juo dikataui dibuek dek [[Rita Coolidge]], pasangan Gordon pado maso tu.

Lagu ko tainspirasi dari kisah cinto nan barasa pado abaik ka-7 di [[Arabia]] nan manjadi dasar dari carito [[Laila jo Majnun]] dek panyaia [[Persia]] abaik ka-12 [[Nizami Ganjavi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/leyli-o-majnun-narrative-poem |title=Leyli o Majnun |last=Seyed-Gohrab |first=A. A. |date=15 July 2009 |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |access-date=27 November 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ian Dallas]] maagiah buku carito ko pado Clapton, nan bapangaruah pado dirinyo sacaro kuek, dek sebab caritonyo tantang surang mudo nan jatuah cinto pado surang gadih mudo nan rancak, tapi kasudahannyo manjadi gilo dek sabab indak dapek mangawini si gadih.{{sfn|McKeen|2000|p=127}}{{sfn|Santoro|1995|p=62}}{{sfn|Clapton|2007|p=107}} Lagu ko tapangaruah pulo dek cinto Clapton nan batapuak subalah tangan pado [[Pattie Boyd]], nan pado maso tu adolah istri dari kawannyo sasamo pamusik [[George Harrison]] dari [[the Beatles]]. Clapton jo Boyd kudian bajodoh pulo.

&quot;Layla&quot; indak cukuik barasia pado maso awal dikaluakan,&lt;ref name=&quot;gambaccini&quot;&gt;Paul Gambaccini et al. [http://www.superseventies.com/spderekdominoes.html ''Derek and the Dominoes (sic)&amp;nbsp;– Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211214339/http://www.superseventies.com/spderekdominoes.html |date=2009-12-11 }}. Retrieved 6 July 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; namun kudian dipuji sacara luas subagai salah satu lagu ''rock'' nan paliang lamak supanjang maso. Duo versi dari lagu ko alah mamuncak-i tangga lagu: versi tahun 1972 jo versi kaduo tahun 1992 (nan indak ba[[koda piano]]) dari pasambahan akustik ''[[MTV Unplugged|Unplugged]]'' dek Clapton. Pado tahun 2004, &quot;Layla&quot; diuruikkan pado nomor ka-27 pado [[Daftar 500 Lagu nan Paliang Rancak Supanjang Maso versi Rolling Stone|Daftar 500 Lagu nan Paliang Rancak Supanjang Maso]] versi ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. Versi akustik dari &quot;Layla&quot; mamanangan [[Pangaragoan Grammy untuak Lagu Rock Paliang Rancak]] pado tahun 1993.

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

=== Daftar pustaka ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|first=Luciano|last=Armani|title=Premi della FIMI italiana|trans-title=FIMI certifications|language=it|date=December 2008|location=Milan, Italy|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|first=Eric|last=Clapton|authorlink=Eric Clapton|title=The Autobiography|publisher=Broadway Books|location=New York City|year=2007|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|first=Ray|last=Coleman|authorlink=Ray Coleman|title=Clapton!|url=https://archive.org/details/claptonauthorize0000cole|publisher=Warner Books|year=1985|ref=harv}} &lt;!-- 179–192 --&gt;
*{{cite book|first=William J.|last=Fuld|title=The New Zealand Charts – A Red Chart?|edition=2|year=1998|publisher=Fuld Pressings|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|first=Kerry|last=Keane|title=Crossroads Guitar Auction – Eric Clapton and Friends for the Crossroads Centre|work=Christie's|publisher=Christie's New York|location=Rockefeller Plaza, New York City, United States|date=24 June 2004|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|first=Dave|last=Marsh|authorlink=Dave Marsh|title=The Book of Rock Lists|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofrocklists00mars|publisher=Dell Books|date=November 1982|isbn=978-0440575801|ref=harv|url-access=registration}}
*{{Cite book|first=William|last=McKeen|title=Rock and roll is here to stay: an anthology|url=https://archive.org/details/rockrollishereto00mcke|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company|year=2000|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|first=Jan|last=Reid|title=Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs by Derek and the Dominos|publisher=Rock of Ages|year=2007|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book |first=Gene|last=Santoro|title=Dancing in Your Head: Jazz, Blues, Rock, and Beyond|url=https://archive.org/details/dancinginyourhea0000sant|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=1995|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|first=Ren|last=Tatsaku|title=The Oricon Sales Report|date=December 2011|location=Tokyo, Japan|publisher=Oricon Style – Recording Industry Association of Japan|language=ja|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}</text>
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    <title>Andani Eka Putra</title>
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{{Infobox urang}}
'''Dr. dr. Andani Eka Putra, M.Sc.''' ({{lahirmati|Tarusan, [[Sumatra Barat]]|15|8|1972}}) adolah [[dotor]] [[Indonesia]] nan kini manjabaik sabagai Kepala Laboratorium Pusat Diagnostik dan Riset Penyakit Infeksi [[Universitas Andalas]] (Unand), [[Padang]]. Salain itu, inyo marupoan salah saurang direksi Rumah Sakit (RS) Unand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://rsp.unand.ac.id/direksi|title=RS Unand - Direksi Rumah Sakit Universitas Andalas|website=rsp.unand.ac.id|access-date=2020-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andani banyak urang nan tau tantang jasonyo pado maso [[Pandemi koronavirus di Sumatra Barat|pandemi COVID-19 di Sumatra Barat]] sarato disabuik dalam rilis [[Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana]] (BNPB) sabagai &quot;Patriot Militan di Tengah Pandemi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bnpb.go.id/berita/patriot-militan-di-tengah-pandemi|title=Patriot Militan di Tengah Pandemi|last=Ariansyah|first=Aldi|website=BNPB|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-07|archive-date=2022-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804035204/https://bnpb.go.id/berita/patriot-militan-di-tengah-pandemi|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Andani awalnyo batugas di bagian mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran (FK) Unand sarato bakarajo di bidang [[bioteknologi medis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-by--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gsby--jq--ev-9oUjk8y7f4590j65|title=Direktori Dosen Unand|last=|first=|date=|website=dosen.unand.ac.id|publisher=|access-date=2020-06-29|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610155438/http://dosen.unand.ac.id/web/detail?kode=-by--d3y5xc632bn12gd72gsby--jq--ev-9oUjk8y7f4590j65|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katiko pandemi koronavirus 2019 mulai manjangkik, inyo mangambangan laboratorium mikrobiologi FK  manjadi pusek palayanan diagnostik panyakik inpeksi sampai akhianyo manjadi  Laboratorium Infeksi Biomedik. Sajak Maret 2020, laboratorium tu mandapek ijin dari Kementrian Kasihatan untuak malakuan uji sampel swab urang nan disangko kanai koronavirus 2019. Iko sabalumnyo hanyo dikaji di Litbangkes Kemenkes RI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://covesia.com/news/baca/93152/laboratorium-universitas-andalas-dapat-izin-kemenkes-uji-sampel-pasien-suspect-covid-19-di-sumbar|title=Laboratorium Universitas Andalas Dapat Izin Kemenkes Uji Sampel Pasien Suspect Covid-19 di Sumbar|website=covesia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-06-29|archive-date=2020-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412150950/https://covesia.com/news/baca/93152/laboratorium-universitas-andalas-dapat-izin-kemenkes-uji-sampel-pasien-suspect-covid-19-di-sumbar|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.harianhaluan.com/news/detail/90733/update-bertambah-sudah-7-orang-dipastikan-terinfeksi-corona-di-sumbar|title=UPDATE: Bertambah, Sudah 7 Orang Dipastikan Terinfeksi Corona di Sumbar|website=www.harianhaluan.com|access-date=2020-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Pandidikan ==
Tamat dari [[SMA Negeri 3 Padang]] pado taun 1991, Andani masuak ka Fakultas Kedokteran (FK) [[Universitas Andalas]]. Samaso manjadi mahasiswaa, inyo aktif dalam dunia kampus. Andani lulus dari Unand taun 1996. Sasudah tamat, inyo maambiak pandidikan magister Jurusan Kedokteran Tropis di Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]] (UGM). Inyo salasai di UGM taun 2009. Kamudian inyo mandapekan gala doktor di Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]] (UGM) pado tahun 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;[https://ugm.ac.id/id/berita/12097-17-1-juta-penduduk-dunia-terkena-tb 17,1 Juta Penduduk Dunia Terkena TB]. ''ugm.ac.id.'' 21 Juli 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Disertasi Andani di UGM mambahas tantang genotyping ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' isolat lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Panghargaan ==
Andani Putra pernah mandapekan panghargaan dari Wali Kota Padang [[Mahyeldi Ansharullah]] sabagai masarakaik taladan. Panghargaan itu diagiahan katiko hari ulang taun Kota Padang nan ka 351 pado tangga 7 Agustus 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/padang/07/08/2020/dianugerahi-warga-teladan-andani-penghargaan-bagi-tim-lab-dan-medis/|title=Dianugerahi Warga Teladan, Andani: Penghargaan bagi Tim Lab dan Medis|last=padek|date=2020-08-07|website=Padek.co|language=id|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816045800/https://padek.jawapos.com/sumbar/padang/07/08/2020/dianugerahi-warga-teladan-andani-penghargaan-bagi-tim-lab-dan-medis/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Salain itu, Andani Putra parnah pulo mandapekan panghargaan dari iNews  sabagai Tokoh Profesional di ajang Indonesia Awards 2020 nan bertajuk &quot;Kebanggaan Indonesia&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://padangkita.com/dr-andani-eka-putra-raih-penghargaan-sebagai-tokoh-profesional-dalam-ajang-indonesia-awards-2020/|title=dr Andani Eka Putra Raih Penghargaan sebagai Tokoh Profesional dalam Ajang Indonesia Awards 2020|date=2020-10-07|website=Padangkita.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Penanganan COVID-19 ==

{{caliak pulo|Pandemi koronavirus di Sumatra Barat}}
[[Berkas:Rumah Sakit Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas 2020.jpg|jmpl|270x270px|Rumah Sakit Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Andalas]]]]

Sabalum pandemi koronavirus manjangkik di bumi ko, Andani biasonyo bakarajo di bagian mikrobiologi FK Universitas Andalas. Inyo banyak bakontribusi di bidang bioteknologi medis. Katiko bakarajo di situ, Andani punyo kainginan kuat baa caronyo nantik laboratorium tu  bisa maagiahan palayanan ka diagnostik panyakik infeksi nan bisa digunokan dek masarakaik. Sajak 2016, inyo malangkokan fasilitas di laboratorium jo pitih siso panalitian inyo surang sarato bantuan dari banyak pihak kamudian mangambangkannyo untuak diagnostik [[rotavirus]] dan [[virus papiloma manusia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:id:Dahlan_Iskan|Dahlan Iskan]]. [https://radarsolo.jawapos.com/read/2020/05/04/192260/tirani-minoritas Tirani Minoritas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609174319/https://radarsolo.jawapos.com/read/2020/05/04/192260/tirani-minoritas |date=2020-06-09 }} ''[[:id:Radar_Solo|Radar Solo]]''. 04 Mei 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/353577/kiprah-laboratorium-biomedik-unand-mengabdi-di-tengah-pandemi-covid-19|title=Kiprah Laboratorium Biomedik Unand mengabdi di tengah pandemi COVID-19|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News Sumbar|access-date=2020-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pado akhia tahun 2019, laboratorium mandapek bantua pitih dari universitas untuak mambangun fasilitas laboratorium nan ado kini, walaupun realisasi anggaran pitih baru 60%. Awal tahun 2020, Andani mulai bapikia baa caro bisa ikuik sato dalam mangambangkan diagnostik koronavirus 2019 nan alah banyak manyeba. 

Di awal bulan Pebruari 2020, inyo maambiak kaputusan untuak maagiahkan babarapo alat nan inyo punyo ka laboratorium. Jikok barang-barang tu diganti jo pitih, pitih nyo kiro-kiro Rp 2 miliar. Bantuan paralatan lainnyo banyak pulo nan masuak, tamasuak masin ''real time polymerase chain reaction'' (RT-PCR) dari [[Wali Kota Padang]] [[Mahyeldi Ansharullah]] jo urang nan punyo [[Paragon Technology and Innovation|Wardah]],  [[Nurhayati Subakat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Pado 24 Maret 2020, laboratorium FK Unand mandapek ijin dari Kementerian Kasihatan untuak malakuan uji sampel swab untuak urang nan disangko takanai COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://covesia.com/news/baca/93152/laboratorium-universitas-andalas-dapat-izin-kemenkes-uji-sampel-pasien-suspect-covid-19-di-sumbar|title=Laboratorium Universitas Andalas Dapat Izin Kemenkes Uji Sampel Pasien Suspect Covid-19 di Sumbar|website=covesia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=2020-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412150950/https://covesia.com/news/baca/93152/laboratorium-universitas-andalas-dapat-izin-kemenkes-uji-sampel-pasien-suspect-covid-19-di-sumbar|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabalumnyo pangujian sampel swab hanyo tapusat di [[Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan|Litbangkes Kemenkes RI]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.harianhaluan.com/news/detail/90733/update-bertambah-sudah-7-orang-dipastikan-terinfeksi-corona-di-sumbar|title=UPDATE: Bertambah, Sudah 7 Orang Dipastikan Terinfeksi Corona di Sumbar|website=www.harianhaluan.com|access-date=2020-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Untuak mambantu pamaresoan sampel swab di laboratorium, Andani maminta karajo samo jo mahasiswa sarato dosen kedokteran Unand sampai takumpua 40 atau 50 urang nan barasa dari bidang nan babeda-beda, yaitu biologi, kimia, pertanian. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/4269567/mengintip-kesibukan-tenaga-medis-di-lab-unand-periksa-ribuan-spesimen-covid-19-tiap-hari|title=Mengintip Kesibukan Tenaga Medis di Lab Unand Periksa Ribuan Spesimen Covid-19 Tiap Hari|last=Liputan6.com|date=2020-06-04|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2020-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di laboratorium FK Unand, ratusan sampel dipareso satiok harinyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://langgam.id/kepala-labor-unand-sebut-sumbar-berhasil-putus-penularan-corona/|title=Kepala Labor Unand Sebut Sumbar Berhasil Putus Penularan Corona|date=2020-06-05|website=Langgam.id|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awalnyo, laboratorium mambuek target pamaresian 200 sampel tiok hari, tapi palaksanaannyo labiah dari target yaitu sampai 320 sampel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sampai tanggal 18 - 30 Mai 2020, alah sampai  9.631 sampel nan alah dipareso. Jadi rato-rato sampel nan dipareso satiok hari 803 sampel. Untuak rato-rato tu, fakultas FK Unand marupoan laboratorium tatatinggi nan mamareso di Indonesia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unand.ac.id/id/berita-peristiwa/berita/item/3586-fk-unand-laboratorium.html|title=Universitas Andalas - Lab FK Unand Terbanyak Periksa Sampel Corona di Indonesia|website=www.unand.ac.id|language=id-id|access-date=2020-06-08|archive-date=2020-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608141353/https://www.unand.ac.id/id/berita-peristiwa/berita/item/3586-fk-unand-laboratorium.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pancapaian tu mandapek apresisasi dek Kapalo BNPB, [[Doni Monardo]]. BNPB dalam rilis pers nyo manyabuikan nan dikarajoan dek Andani jo tim adolah kaba elok katiko bangsa ko sadang rusuah dek pandemi. Namo Andani dinilai layak dicatat sabagai ciek dari banyak pahlawan COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://langgam.id/kinerja-terbaik-se-indonesia-gugus-tugas-nasional-apresiasi-dr-andani-dan-labor-unand/|title=Kinerja Terbaik se-Indonesia, Gugus Tugas Nasional Apresiasi Dr. Andani dan Labor Unand|date=2020-06-08|website=Langgam.id|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kabanyakan urang nan kanai positif COVID-19 di Sumatra Barat adolah urang nan indak ado gajala atau disingkek OTG. Kasus iko babeda jo kasus nan di daerah lain nan banyak barasa dari pasien dalam pagawasan (PDP). Banyaknyo OTG nan disobokan nan positif koronavirus mambuek sumber panularan bisa dikatahui. Manuruik Andani, kondisi ko manunjukan upayo tracking nan dilakuan pamarintah berhasil, khususnyo dalam mamutuih mato rantai panularan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/355203/peningkatan-kasus-positif-covid-19-di-sumbar-pertanda-baik-begini-penjelasan-ahli|title=Peningkatan kasus positif COVID-19 di Sumbar pertanda baik, begini penjelasan ahli|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News Sumbar|access-date=2020-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://irwan-prayitno.com/2020/04/penanganan-covid-19-di-sumbar-mirip-korsel-diprediksi-berakhir-juli/|title=Penanganan Covid-19 di Sumbar Mirip Korsel, Diprediksi Berakhir Juli {{!}} Irwan Prayitno, Prof., Dr., Psi, Msc,|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-08|archive-date=2023-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330133833/http://irwan-prayitno.com/2020/04/penanganan-covid-19-di-sumbar-mirip-korsel-diprediksi-berakhir-juli/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sumatra Barat alah mandeteksi OTG katiko daerah lain masih bakutat mamareso PDP.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sampai tangga 6 Juni 2020, presentase urang nan takonfimasi koronavirus di Sumatra Barat hanyo 25% dari PDP, sabalabiahnyo adolah OTG.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Identifikasi awal untuak urang OTG dipareso malalui pamaresoan ''polymerase chain reaction'' (PCR). Saketeknyo 24.000 dari  5 juta panduduak Sumatra Barat alah malakuan tes PCR. Rasionyo 0.43%, iko barado di ateh angko nasional nan masih 0.08%. Di Indonesia, Sumatra Barat mancatat angko paliang tinggi untuak rasio tes PCR jo jumlah panduduak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  Urang nan positif koronavirus di Sumatra Barat ditangani sacaro sistematis sahinggo indak manumpuak di rumah sakik. Presentase urang nan positif koronavirus nan dirawat di rumah sakik hanyo 16%, samantaro nasional mancapai 66%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Paran Laboratorium Infeksi Biomedik FK Unand sangaik dirasoan masarakaik Sumatra Barat di tangah pandemi ko. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Di tingkek nasional, laboratorium tu mamparoleh prestasi dalam kapasitas pamaresoan sampel untuak mandeteksi COVID-19. katiko laboratorium lain hanyo bisa manyalasaian 100 sampai 200 sampai dalam sahari, laboratorium tu bisa manyalasaian rato-rato 800 sampel sahari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;


== Rujuakan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Dotor]]
[[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Andalas]]
[[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Gajah Mada]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]]

{{Pandemi koronavirus di Indonesia}}</text>
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    <title>Pandemi Covid-19 di Padang</title>
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{{Infobox pandemic|name=Pandemi koronavirus di Kota Padang
|arrival_date=26 Maret 2020&lt;br&gt;
|total_ili=|territories=11 kecamatan dan 78 keluarahan|deaths=22|recovery_cases=228|severe_cases=|suspected_cases=|confirmed_cases=464|origin=|date=|first_case=2 orang ([[Padang Timur, Padang|Kecamatan Padang Timur]] dan [[Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Lubuk Begalung]])|width=|location=[[Kota Padang]], [[Indonesia]]|virus_strain=[[SARS-CoV-2]]|disease=[[COVID-19]]|caption=|alt=|image_upright=|image_size=|image=|website={{URL|corona.padang.go.id}}}}

'''Pandemi koronavirus di Kota Padang''' partamo sakali dikonfirmasi tanggal 26 Maret 2020 katiko duo urang nan barasa dari  [[Padang Timur, Padang|Kecamatan Padang Timur]] jo [[Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Lubuk Begalung]]  dinyatoan positif mandarito COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.harianhaluan.com/mobile/detailberita/90729/update-dua-warga-padang-positif-corona-salah-satunya-petugas-medis|title=UPDATE: Dua Warga Padang Positif Corona, Salah Satunya Petugas Medis|website=www.harianhaluan.com|language=Indonesia|access-date=2020-06-24|archive-date=2020-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611155702/https://www.harianhaluan.com/mobile/detailberita/90729/update-dua-warga-padang-positif-corona-salah-satunya-petugas-medis|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sampai tangga 11 Juni 2020, ado  464 kasus positif [[Penyakit koronavirus 2019|panyakik koronavirus 2019]] (COVID-19). 228 orang (49,1%) di antaranya cegak, samentaro 22 orang (4,7%) lainnyo maningga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://corona.sumbarprov.go.id/|title=WEBSITE CORONA SUMBAR|website=corona.sumbarprov.go.id|access-date=2020-06-24|archive-date=2020-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624000213/https://corona.sumbarprov.go.id/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://corona.sumbarprov.go.id/details/peta_covid19|title=View Peta Covid19|website=corona.sumbarprov.go.id|access-date=2020-06-24|archive-date=2020-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616081518/https://corona.sumbarprov.go.id/details/peta_covid19|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalam mamutuih mato rantai panularan COVID-19, pamarintah malakuan palacakan sarato malakuan uji sampel jo bakarajo samo jo Laboratorium Biomedik Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Andalas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kompas.id/baca/polhuk/2020/05/12/tes-massif-dan-kedisiplinan-kunci-pengendalian/|title=Tes Masif dan Kedisiplinan Kunci Pengendalian|last=|first=|date=2020-05-12|website=Kompas.id|publisher=|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/355203/peningkatan-kasus-positif-covid-19-di-sumbar-pertanda-baik-begini-penjelasan-ahli|title=Peningkatan kasus positif COVID-19 di Sumbar pertanda baik, begini penjelasan ahli|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|date=|website=Antara News Sumbar|publisher=|access-date=2020-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katiko daerah lain masih basitungkin jo pamaresoan urang nan disabuik Pasien Dalam Pangawasan (PDP), Padang alah mandeteksi kapado urang nan disabuik Orang Tanpa Gelaja (OTG). Identifikasi kapado urang OTG dilakuan jo pamaresoan ''[[polymerase chain reaction]]'' (PCR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bnpb.go.id/berita/patriot-militan-di-tengah-pandemi|title=Patriot Militan di Tengah Pandemi|last=Ariansyah|first=Aldi|date=|website=BNPB|publisher=|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-27|archive-date=2022-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804035204/https://bnpb.go.id/berita/patriot-militan-di-tengah-pandemi|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Kronologi ==
Pado tangga 11 sampai 13 Maret 2020, ado palatihan di hotel di Padang nan instrukturnyo dari [[Kementrian Kasihatan]]. Salasai dari palatihan tu, ado urang nan ikuik palatihan tu barasa dari [[Pesisir Selatan]] tajangkik damam, sasak angok, jo batuak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/04/11/13200701/perjuangan-pasien-positif-corona-di-sumbar-dikabarkan-meninggal-dan-dihibur|title=Perjuangan Pasien Positif Corona di Sumbar, Dikabarkan Meninggal dan Dihibur Cleaning Service Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=|website=KOMPAS.com|publisher=|language=id|access-date=2020-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jurnalsumbar.com/2020/04/ini-kisah-welly-pasien-corona-pertama-di-pesisir-selatan-berjuang-untuk-sembuh/|title=Ini Kisah “Welly” Pasien Corona Pertama di Pesisir Selatan Berjuang untuk Sembuh|last=Saptarius|first=Pemred|date=2020-04-12|website=Jurnal Sumbar|publisher=|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urang tu mamaresokan diri ka rumah sakik tampek tingga sasudah bakonsultasi jo dotor nan kakaknyo di Padang, [[Andani Eka Putra]]. Pado tangga 23 Maret 2020, hasia rontgen manunjuakkan ado bacak putiah di paru-paru urang tu, sahinggo urang tu dirujuak ka [[RSUP M.Djamil]] Padang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://papua.tribunnews.com/2020/04/11/cerita-pasien-corona-yang-sembuh-di-sumbar-terharu-disemangati-tenaga-medis-hingga-cleaning-service|title=Cerita Pasien Corona yang Sembuh di Sumbar, Terharu Disemangati Tenaga Medis hingga Cleaning Service|last=|first=|date=|website=Tribun papua|publisher=|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pado tangga 26 Maret 2020, ado limo kasus positif koronavirus partamo di Sumatra Barat diumumkan. Urang nan dikonfirmasi tu ado surang urang dari Pesisir Selatan (dirawat di RSUP M.Djamil Padang), duo urang dari Padang, surang dari Tanah Datar, sarato surang dari Bukittinggi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4954434/5-warga-sumbar-positif-corona-dirawat-di-padang-dan-bukittinggi|title=5 Warga Sumbar Positif Corona, Dirawat di Padang dan Bukittinggi|last=Kampai|first=Jeka|date=|website=detiknews|publisher=|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-30|archive-date=2022-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522173605/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4954434/5-warga-sumbar-positif-corona-dirawat-di-padang-dan-bukittinggi|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/340094/dua-pasien-positif-corona-di-padang-miliki-riwayat-perjalanan-ke-jakarta|title=Dua pasien positif corona di Padang miliki riwayat perjalanan ke Jakarta|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|date=|website=Antara News Sumbar|publisher=|access-date=2020-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pado tangga 27 Maret 2020, surang lai dari Padang dikonfirasi positif koronavirus, tapi maningga bisuaknyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4957078/pasien-corona-meninggal-di-padang-awalnya-dirawat-dengan-keluhan-mag|title=Pasien Corona Meninggal di Padang Awalnya Dirawat dengan Keluhan Mag|last=Kampai|first=Jeka|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-11|archive-date=2022-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522174229/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4957078/pasien-corona-meninggal-di-padang-awalnya-dirawat-dengan-keluhan-mag|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sumber pasti panularan koronavirus 2019 awal di Padang indak dikatahui sacaro pasti. Namun, duo dari tigo urang dari Padang nan takonfirmasi koronavirus 2019 marupoan tanago kasihatan, tamasuak urang nan maningga dunia tangga 27 Maret 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/05/03/11450081/menyoal-klaster-pasar-raya-padang-36-pedagang-positif-corona-dan-3-di|title=Menyoal Klaster Pasar Raya Padang , 36 Pedagang Positif Corona dan 3 di Antaranya Meninggal Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=|website=KOMPAS.com|publisher=|language=id|access-date=2020-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kawasan [[Pasar Raya Padang]] manjadi [[Daftar kluster pandemi koronavirus di Indonesia|kluster]] panyebaran COVID nan paliang gadang di Sumatra Barat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Parsebaran kasus ==
Per 11 Juni 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://corona.padang.go.id/|title=Covid-19 Kota Padang|last=|first=|date=|website=corona.padang.go.id|publisher=|access-date=2020-06-30|archive-date=2023-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401163044/http://corona.padang.go.id/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Lokasi
!Positif
!Maningga
!Cegak
!Kasus aktif
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Padang Utara, Padang|Padang Utara]]
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |29
| style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |'''11'''
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |16
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |11
|-
|Alai Parak Kopi
|9
|3
|6
|3
|-
|Ulak Karang Selatan
|6
|1
|3
|1
|-
|Gunung Pangilun
|6
|2
|4
|2
|-
|Air Tawar Barat
|3
|1
|2
|1
|-
|Air Tawar Timur
|3
|2
|1
|2
|-
|Lolong Belanti
|2
|2
|0
|2
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Padang Barat, Padang|Padang Barat]]
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |43
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |1
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |23
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |19
|-
|Padang Pasir
|11
|0
|5
|6
|-
|Purus
|10
|0
|5
|5
|-
|Flamboyan Baru
|7
|0
|6
|1
|-
|Ujung Gurun
|5
|0
|5
|0
|-
|Rimbo Kaluang
|5
|0
|2
|3
|-
|Kampung Jao
|3
|1
|0
|2
|-
|Berok Nipah
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|Kampung Pondok
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Padang Timur, Padang|Padang Timur]]
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |70
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |4
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |43
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |23
|-
|Andalas
|14
|1
|8
|5
|-
|Sawahan
|13
|1
|10
|2
|-
|Kubu Dalam Parak Karakah
|10
|0
|6
|4
|-
|Simpang Haru
|7
|1
|3
|3
|-
|Jati
|7
|0
|7
|0
|-
|Jati Baru
|7
|0
|3
|4
|-
|Parak Gadang Timur
|5
|0
|2
|3
|-
|Kubu Marapalam
|3
|1
|2
|0
|-
|Ganting Parak Gadang
|2
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Sawahan Timur
|2
|0
|0
|2
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Padang Selatan, Padang|Padang Selatan]]
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |32
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |3
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |13
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |16
|-
|Mata Air
|19
|1
|8
|10
|-
|Pasa Gadang
|7
|0
|4
|3
|-
|Seberang Padang
|2
|0
|1
|1
|-
|Seberang Palinggam
|2
|0
|0
|2
|-
|Rawang
|1
|1
|0
|0
|-
|Alang Laweh
|1
|1
|0
|0
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Nanggalo, Padang|Nanggalo]]
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |22
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |2
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |9
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |11
|-
|Kurao Pagang
|15
|2
|5
|8
|-
|Surau Gadang
|7
|0
|4
|3
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Kuranji, Padang|Kuranji]]
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |90
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |3
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |38
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |49
|-
|Kuranji
|42
|1
|14
|27
|-
|Lubuk Lintah
|9
|1
|4
|4
|-
|Pasar Ambacang
|9
|0
|5
|4
|-
|Kalumbuk
|9
|0
|4
|5
|-
|Korong Gadang
|7
|0
|2
|5
|-
|Ampang
|6
|1
|4
|1
|-
|Gunung Sarik
|5
|0
|3
|2
|-
|Anduring
|2
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Sungai Sapih
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Pauh, Padang|Pauh]]
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |40
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |0
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |13
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |27
|-
|Piai Tangah
|14
|0
|0
|14
|-
|Pisang
|12
|0
|8
|4
|-
|Limau Manis
|4
|0
|0
|4
|-
|Koto Luar
|3
|0
|2
|1
|-
|Limau Manis Selatan
|3
|0
|1
|2
|-
|Binuang Kampung Dalam
|2
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Cupak Tangah
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|Kapalo koto
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Lubuk Begalung, Padang|Lubuk Begalung]]
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |69
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |2
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |34
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |33
|-
|Pagambiran Ampalu
|20
|0
|11
|9
|-
|Banuaran
|14
|1
|3
|10
|-
|Kampung Baru
|6
|0
|4
|2
|-
|Parak Laweh Pulau Air
|5
|0
|4
|1
|-
|Cengkeh
|5
|0
|1
|4
|-
|Batuang Taba
|4
|1
|2
|1
|-
|Lubuk Begalung
|3
|0
|3
|0
|-
|Gurun Laweh
|3
|0
|2
|1
|-
|Koto Baru
|3
|0
|1
|2
|-
|Tanah Sirah Piai
|3
|0
|1
|2
|-
|Kampung Jua
|2
|0
|1
|1
|-
|Pitameh Tanjung Saba
|1
|0
|1
|0
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Lubuk Kilangan]]
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |18
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |0
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |11
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |7
|-
|Indarung
|10
|0
|6
|4
|-
|Bandar Buat
|5
|0
|3
|2
|-
|Koto Lalang
|2
|0
|1
|1
|-
|Batu Gadang
|1
|0
|1
|0
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Kototangah, Padang|Koto Tangah]]
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |48
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |5
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |27
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |16
|-
|Lubuk Buaya
|10
|1
|6
|3
|-
|Balai Gadang
|8
|1
|5
|2
|-
|Koto Panjang Ikur Koto
|5
|0
|3
|2
|-
|Pasie Nan Tigo
|4
|1
|3
|0
|-
|Parupuk Tabing
|4
|1
|1
|2
|-
|Batipuh Panjang
|4
|0
|3
|1
|-
|Bungo Pasang
|4
|0
|3
|1
|-
|Batang Kabung Ganting
|3
|1
|1
|1
|-
|Dadok Tunggul Hitam
|3
|0
|0
|3
|-
|Lubuk Minturun Sungai Lareh
|2
|0
|1
|1
|-
|Koto Pulai
|1
|0
|1
|0
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Bungus Teluk Kabung, Padang|Bungus Teluk Kabung]]
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |3
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |0
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |1
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |2
|-
|Bungus Barat
|2
|0
|1
|1
|-
|Bungus Timur
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |Total
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |464
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |22
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |228
! style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;text-align:left;&quot; |214
|}

== Rujuakan ==

&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Pandemi]]
[[Kategori:Pandemi koronavirus 2019–2020]]
[[Kategori:Pandemi koronavirus di Indonesia]]

{{Pandemi koronavirus di Indonesia}}</text>
      <sha1>fyjd679z4hhekhtvgwun4kmi5h7m2m1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dorce Gamalama</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-22T23:04:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>12718</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="12730" sha1="o1jgclx4ged049qk34fkdmjau6yc08j" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotak info tokoh
| name               = Dorce Gamalama
| image              = Dorce Gamalama on Interview Halo Selebriti.jpg
| image_size         = 
| caption            = Dorce Gamalama pada tahun 2014
| other_names        = {{ubl|Hj. Dorce Gamalama Halimatussadiyah}}
| birth_name         = Dedi Yuliardi Ashadi
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1963|7|21|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Solok]], [[Sumatera Barat]], Indonesia&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;ttl&quot;/&gt;--&gt;
| death_date         = {{death date and age|2022|2|16|1963|7|21|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wafat&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://hot.detik.com/celeb/d-5944315/dorce-gamalama-meninggal-dunia#scso=_mFcMYv_lK-KArwSvwa-4Bg27:234.6666717529297|title=Dorce Gamalama Meninggal Dunia|date=16 Februari 2022 |work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|access-date=16 Februari 2022|last=Hawari|first=Hanif}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_place        = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
| death_cause        = [[COVID-19]]&lt;ref name=&quot;covid&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=16 Februari 2022 |title=Dorce Gamalama Meninggal Dunia karena Terinfeksi Covid-19 |date=16 Februari 2022 |url=https://www.suara.com/entertainment/2022/02/16/084353/dorce-gamalama-meninggal-dunia-karena-terinfeksi-covid-19|access-date=16 Februari 2022 |work=Suara.com|last=Farouk |first=Yazir |language=id }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| occupation         = {{hlist|aktris|penyanyi|pelawak|presenter}}
| years_active       = 1989–2022
| partner            = 
| children           = 4
| parents            = Achmad {{small|(ayah)}}&lt;br&gt;Dalifah {{small|(ibu)}}
| website            = 
| influences         = 
| influenced         = 
}}
'''Dorce Gammalama''' ({{Lahiamati||21|7|1963||16|02|2022}} - ) adolah surang pambaok acara, panyanyi, pelawak, jo aktris [[transgender]] Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/dorce-gamalama-dimakamkan-sebagai-laki-laki-cerita-lengkap-soal-awal-operasi-kelamin-pernah-menikah-dengan-seorang-pria-di-usia-23-tahun-ea5d89.html|title=Dorce Gamalama Dimakamkan Sebagai Laki-Laki, Cerita Lengkap Soal Awal Operasi Kelamin - Pernah Menikah dengan Seorang Pria di Usia 23 Tahun|website=KapanLagi.com|language=id|access-date=2023-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namo panggung &quot;Dorce&quot; partamo kali disabuik dek Myrna pimpinan grup tari Fantastic Dolls. Untuak mangaluwakan totalitas kapribadian jo penampilannyo di ateh pangguang, Dorce mamutuihan untuak menjalani operasi ganti kalamin di [[Surobayo|Surabaya]] pado taun 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;hari&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dorce: On duty and charity|date=3 Juli 2005|first=Kurniawan|last=Hari|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/Archives/ArchivesDet2.asp?FileID=20050703.C01|access-date=24 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202160825/http://www.thejakartapost.com/Archives/ArchivesDet2.asp?FileID=20050703.C01|archive-date=2 Desember 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inyo salapeh tu labiah dikenal jo namo Dorce Gamalama. Namo Gamalama diambil dari [[Gunung Gamalama]] di [[Pulau Ternate]], [[Kapulauan Maluku]] nan digantuang dek Sultan Ternate wakatu itu, Sultan [[Mudaffar Syah]]. Sasudah pulang dari ibadah [[haji]], inyo juo manambah namo manjadi Dorce Gamalama Halimatussadiyah.

== Biografi ==

=== Kahidupan awal ===
Dorce dilayiekan di [[Kota Solok|Solok]], [[Sumatera Barat]], sabagai surang laki-laki jo namo Dedi Yuliardi Ashadi, dari pasangan Achmad jo Dalifah. Inyo adolah anak bungsu dari anam dunsanak. Kaduo-duo orang gaeknyo maningga pado wakatu Dorce masih ketek sampai inyo ditampuah dek niniaknyo Siti Darama. Di umua duo taun inyo pindah jo niniaknyo ka [[Jakarto|Jakarta]]. Kutiko inyo limo taun, Dorce ditanamkan ka taman anak nan talatak di [[Kramat, Salasa, Jakarta Pusat|Kramat Sentiong]], indak jauah dari rumah pakciknyo. Sataun kemudian inyo disikolah di SMP Salmin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/r7du3z1224000|title=5 Kisah Hidup Dorce Gamalama, dari Transgender Hingga Alami KDRT|date=2022-02-16|website=Republika Online|language=id|access-date=2023-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sekolah dasar|SD]]-sanaknyo, Dorce rancak bamain jo grup Bambang Brothers. Sanak alah alah alah alah ba[[Sekolah Tinggi partamo|SMP]]-samo jo anak-anaknyo nan lain. Salain itu, inyo pun mulai mangarati kecenderungannyo untuak marasokan padusi. Hal iko juo digunokan dek inyo untuak mambuek penampilannyo di panggung manjadi labiah menarik, iyolah ma-comic jo manyamarikan diri sabagai padusi. Inyo mandapek namo [[Limo|waria]] Myrna, pimpinan grup tarian Fantastic Dolls, yaitu Dorce Ashadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Operasi kelamin ===
Dek karano inyo labiah maraso tapancing di dalam tubuah surang laki-laki, Dorce malalui operasi untuak manukar janis laki-laki manjadi padusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.viva.co.id/indepth/sorot/151107-duka-kaum-kelamin-ganda|title=Duka Kaum Kelamin Ganda|date=14 Mei 2010|first=Beno|last=Junianto|access-date=22 Januari 2012|work=[[VIVA.co.id]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iko dilakukan di [[Surobayo|Surabaya]] pado taun 1983 dek ahli bedah plastik dari [[Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah dr. Soetomo|RSUD Dr. Soetomo]], Prof. Dr. Dr. Djohansjah Marzoeki Sp.BP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Perubahan Kelamin karena Sex Ambiguity|url=https://sains.kompas.com/read/2008/09/09/07271871/Perubahan.Kelamin.karena.Sex.Ambiguity.|date=9 September 2008|access-date=7 April 2021|work=[[Kompas.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://hot.detik.com/celeb/d-2680880/ahli-bedah-plastik-djohansjah-marzoeki-dorce-pernah-saya-tangani-ganti-kelamin|title=Ahli Bedah Plastik, Djohansjah Marzoeki: Dorce Pernah Saya Tangani Ganti Kelamin|date=4 September 2014|access-date=8 April 2021|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prosedur untuak menjalani operasi genis pado maso itu indak mudah, karano mamareluakan ahli dari bamacam-macam disiplin ilmu sarupo ahli bedah, ahli andrologi, ahli jiwa, ahli urologi, jo lainnyo. Sasudah ampek bulan mananti, Dorce sacaro medis disabuik layak untuak menjalani operasi parubahan janis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tabloidbintang.com/berita/polah/read/33938/dorce-emosional-saat-ditanya-lgbt-saya-bukan-perempuan-abalabal|title=Dorce Emosional Saat Ditanya LGBT: &quot;Saya Bukan Perempuan Abal-abal&quot;|last=Kurniawan|first=Ari|date=25 Februari 2016|website=Tabloid Bintang|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528204108/https://www.tabloidbintang.com/berita/polah/read/33938/dorce-emosional-saat-ditanya-lgbt-saya-bukan-perempuan-abalabal|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sasudah tampil di [[TVRI Jawa Timur|TVRI stasiun daerah Surabaya]], inyo mulai muncul juo di [[TVRI (saluran televisi)|TVRI pusat Jakarta]] dan diundang untuak tampil di babagai kota di Indonesia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/karier-bunda-dorce-melesat-hingga-amerika.html|title=Karier Bunda Dorce melesat hingga Amerika|date=4 November 2012|first=Dedi|last=Rahmadi|access-date=7 April 2021|work=[[Merdeka.com]]|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karir hiburan ===
Pado taun 1990, inyo pindah baliak ka Jakarta karano akhirnyo tawaran nan paliang banyak datang dari Jakarta. Dorce mandapek tawaran untuak bamain pilem. Indak disadari, inyo manandatangani kontrak untuak duo film pado wakatu nan samo, sahinggo inyo hampir sampai di pengadilan. Untungnyo antaro duo produser ([[Parkit Film|Parkir Film]] jo [[Bola Dunia Film]]) rela diajak damai, supayo dapek diselesaikan sacaro elok. Kaduo perusahaan tasabuik bagawi untuak mambuek duo film samantaro jo pamain utamo Dorce, iyolah Dorce Sok Akrab jo Dorce Ketemu Jodoh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Dorce juo masuak dapur rekaman [[Billboard]] jo mamulai single nan banamo &quot;Cinto Kendur di Jalan&quot;, tapi single tu indak manjual di pasar. Salain mampu mananyanyian baragam lagu dalam baragam irama ([[jazz]], cha-cha-chá, rock, pop, [[dangdut]], jo lain-lain), inyo juo pandai manyanyian lagu dalam babarapo bahaso mancai, sarupo bahaso Inggirih, Tionghoa, Belanda, Jerman, Parancih, Arab, India, jo lain lain-lain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
[[Berkas:Ternate,_Maluku_Islands,_Indonesia_2.jpg|ka|jmpl|Gunuang Gamalama di [[Pulau Ternate]], [[Kapulauan Maluku]] marupokan inspirasi untuak namo panggung Dorce Gamalama sampai kini.]]
Dorce alah bamacam-macam kali maganti namo panggung. Inyo pernah manggunokan namo Dorce Ashadi, Dorce Urang Aring, Dorce Manice, Dorce Elkafeer, sampai akhirnya inyo mantap manggunokan nama Dorce Gamalama. Inyo mandapek inspirasi untuak namo Gamalama dari suatu pajalanan saat mananyanyi di [[Pulau Ternate]] jo [[Benyamin Suaeb]], di mana inyo manampak Gunuang Gamalama. Panggunoan namo iko ditantuan sajak taun 1984. Pado taun 1990, pulang dari malakukan ibadah haji di Mekkah, Dorce manambahkan baliak namo Arab di balakang namonyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;profil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.suarakita.org/2012/06/mengenal-lebih-dekat-dorce-gamalama/|title=Mengenal Lebih Dekat Dorce Gamalama|date=4 Juni 2012|website=Suarakita.org|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628002801/http://www.suarakita.org/2012/06/mengenal-lebih-dekat-dorce-gamalama/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di layar kaca, Dorce dikenal sacaro umum dek inyo mananduak acara [[TV Trans]] TV nan banamo Dorce Show sajak Januari 2005. Bahkan, Dorce acok disabuik sabagai [[Oprah Winfrey]] Indonesia dek gaya di manahnyo judul pidato tu sangaik menarik. Acara iko ditinggaakan pado April 2009 jo digantikan jo ''D'Show''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://celebrity.okezone.com/read/2009/05/21/34/221943/34/d-show-penyebab-dorce-desy-ratnasari-berkonflik|title=D'Show Penyebab Dorce-Desy Ratnasari Berkonflik?|work=[[Okezone.com]]|date=21 Mei 2009|access-date=22 Januari 2012|last=Tresnady|first=Tomi|archive-date=2015-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206061332/http://celebrity.okezone.com/read/2009/05/21/34/221943/34/d-show-penyebab-dorce-desy-ratnasari-berkonflik|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Rayo]]'' maso nan labiah dulu, inyo pernah juo manjadi panyambokan acara Kencan di ''[[Indosiar]]'' jo [[Eko Patrio]] dari taun 2002 sampai 2005. Sasudah indak lai manjadi panyatur, Dorce hanyo sakali-kali tampil sabagai bintang tamu dalam acara realiti jo acara-acara offline.

Babarapo prestasi alah ditcapai dek Dorce, diantarannyo adolah kasuksesannyo masuk dalam daftar presenter papan atas Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/2119961/dorce-gamalama-artis-transgender-dengan-prestasi-segudang|title=Dorce Gamalama, Artis Transgender dengan Prestasi Segudang|first=Rizkiono Unggul|last=Wibisono|date=16 Oktober 2014|access-date=7 April 2021|work=[[Liputan6.com]]|editor-last=Nurul|editor-first=Meiristica|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dorce bahkan mancatat namonyo dalam rekor [[Museum Rekor Indonesia]] (MURI) dek karano berhasil manyebarkan salapan album sakali dalam wakatu limo bulan dari November 2005 hinggo Maret 2006. Album nan melibatkan 74 seniman tu, mamasuakkan Dorce pado posisi 1883 dalam daftar panarima penghargaan MURI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kapanlagi.com/foto/berita-foto/indonesia/dorce-gamalama.html|title=Dorce Gamalama Pamer Rekor MURI|last=Sugihardiyah|first=Rita|date=20 Maret 2006|website=Kapanlagi.com|access-date=7 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamatian ==
Dorce mahambuian nafasnyo pado Rabu, 16 Februari 2022 pado pukul 07.30 di Rumah Sakit Pusat Pertamina (RSPP) Simprug, Jakarta Selatan karano komplikasi dari panyakit [[Panyakik diabetes|diabetes]] jo [[Panyakik koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dorce Gamalama Meninggal Dunia pada Usia 58 Tahun|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20220124182529-234-750609/dorce-gamalama-meninggal-dunia-pada-usia-58-tahun|work=[[CNN Indonesia]]|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; nan maningga inyo di rumah sakit salamo hampir 3 minggu. Mayat Dorce langsung dimakamkan jo protokol COVID-19 di TPU Bantar Jati, [[Jakarta Timur]] Cipayung, Jakarta Timur sasudah sabalunnyo disalukan di [[Masjid Al Hayyu 63]], [[Lubang Buaya, Cipayung, Jakarta Timur|Lubang buaya]], Jakarta Timur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Jenazah Dorce Gamalama Tetap dalam Ambulans Saat Dishalatkan, Keluarga Tak kuasa Tahan Tangis|url=https://www.kompas.com/hype/read/2022/02/16/150051666/jenazah-dorce-gamalama-tetap-dalam-ambulans-saat-dishalatkan-keluarga-tak|first=Vincentius|last=Mario|editor-first=Andi Muttya Keteng|editor-last=Pangerang|date=16 Februari 2022|access-date=16 Februari 2022|work=[[Kompas.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manuruik kaputusan kaluarga, Dorce dimakamkan sabagai laki-laki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/health/read/4888618/dorce-gamalama-terlahir-dan-akan-dimakamkan-sebagai-laki-laki|title=Dorce Gamalama Terlahir dan Akan Dimakamkan Sebagai Laki-Laki|first=Diviya|last=Agatha|date=16 Februari 2022|access-date=16 Februari 2022|work=[[Liputan6.com]]|editor-last=Prawira|editor-first=Aditya Eka|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujuakan ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Serbia</title>
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      <text bytes="6401" sha1="i9xihrdc03g766j8uroaxihgu1tjky9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Flag of Serbia.svg|thumb|Bandera Serbia]]

'''Serbia''' atau sacaro rasmi '''Republik Serbia''' adolah sabuah [[Nagara takuruang daratan|nagara nan takuruang daratan]] di pasimpangan [[Eropa Tenggara]] jo [[Eropa Tangah|Tangah]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South-Eastern Europe - UNECE |url=https://unece.org/south-eastern-europe |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=unece.org |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Serbia: On the Way to EU Accession |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2013/04/08/serbia-on-the-way-to-eu-accession |date=8 April 2013 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=worldbank.org |publisher=[[World Bank]] |quote=One particular emphasis has been helping Serbia take advantage of its strategic location in central Europe through investments in transport infrastructure. |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028013610/http://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2013/04/08/serbia-on-the-way-to-eu-accession |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; nan talatak di [[Balkan]] jo [[Dataran Pannonia]]. Babatehan jo [[Hungaria]] di utara, [[Rumania]] di timur laut, [[Bulgaria]] di tenggara, [[Makedonia Utara]] di selatan, [[Kroasia]] sarato [[Bosnia jo Herzegovina]] di barat, pulo jo [[Montenegro]] di barat daya.&lt;ref name=&quot;cia_profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/serbia/ |title = The World Factbook: Serbia |publisher = [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date = 20 June 2014 |access-date = 18 December 2014 |archive-date = 4 February 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204144154/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/serbia/ |dead-url = yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Serbia mangklaim babatehan jo [[Albania]] malalui wilayah sengketa [[Kosovo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://demo.paragraf.rs/combined/Old/t/t2011_12/t12_0319.htm |title=Uredba o kontroli prelaska administrativne linije prema Autonomnoj pokrajini Kosovo i Metohija |publisher=Official gazette of the Republic of Serbia |issue=98/2011 |language=sr |access-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108112819/http://demo.paragraf.rs/combined/Old/t/t2011_12/t12_0319.htm |archive-date=8 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibu kota jo kota tagadangnyo iolah [[Beograd]].

Politik Serbia barado dalam karangko [[Republik parlementer|parlemen kesatuan]] nan ditantuan dek [[Konstitusi Serbia]], di mano [[Daftar Presiden Serbia|Presiden]] adolah kapalo nagara sarato [[Daftar Pardana Mantari Serbia|Pardana Mantari]] sabagai kapalo pamarentahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.forumserbia.eu/P42A7C28S6/Political-structure.htm |title=Serbia &gt;&gt; Overview &gt;&gt; Political structure .:: Italy-Serbia: Enhancing Entrepreneurial Development :: |access-date=24 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524194459/http://www.forumserbia.eu/P42A7C28S6/Political-structure.htm |archive-date=24 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuaso legislatif dipacik dek [[Majelis Nasional Serbia|Majelis Nasional]] unikameral nan tadiri dari 250 wakia nan dipiliah sacara proporsional.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.serbia.travel/about-serbia/society/the-political-system/ |title=The political system « National Tourism Organisation of Serbia |access-date=24 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524215851/http://www.serbia.travel/about-serbia/society/the-political-system/ |archive-date=24 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Paradilan basipaik independen nan dipimpin dek [[Mahkamah Aguang Kasasi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vk.sud.rs/en/history-judiciary-serbia|title=History of judiciary in Serbia|website=mreznisistemi.rs|author=Mrežni Sistemi|date=5 June 2014|publisher=Supreme Court of Cassation|language=en|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427235739/https://www.vk.sud.rs/en/history-judiciary-serbia|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ninkovic.rs/news/legal.system.htm|title=Ninkovic Law Office :: News and Publications :: Legal system of Serbia|website=www.ninkovic.rs|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107102717/http://www.ninkovic.rs/news/legal.system.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Badasarkan sensus tahun 2022, Serbia mampunyoi panduduak 6.647.003 jiwa dilua panduduak Kosovo jo kapadekan panduduak sacaro kasaluruahan tagoloang sadang yaitu 85,8 jiwa per kilometer persegi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/ | title=Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022 | publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia | date=28 April 2023 | access-date=28 April 2023 | language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sadangkan Kosovo, nyo manyelenggaraan sensus surang di mano panduduaknyo bajumlah 1.739.825 jiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://esk.rks-gov.net/rekos2011/?cid=2,40|title=REKOS2011|publisher=Esk.rks-gov.net|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110063235/http://esk.rks-gov.net/rekos2011/?cid=2,40|archive-date=10 November 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nagara ko marupokan salah ciek nagara jo panduduak tatuo di dunia, jo umua rato-rato 43,3 tahun,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.srbija.gov.rs/vest/486294/prosecna-starost-stanovnika-srbije-sve-veca.php |title=The average age of the population of Serbia is increasing |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=www.srbija.gov.rs |publisher=The Government of the Republic of Serbia |author-link= |year=2020 |language=sr |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816105704/https://www.srbija.gov.rs/vest/486294/prosecna-starost-stanovnika-srbije-sve-veca.php |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; sarato panduduaknyo taruih manyusuik, salah ciek nan paliang capek panyusuiaknnyo di dunia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2002rank.html?countryName=Serbia&amp;countryCode=ri#ri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514203849/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2002rank.html?countryName=Serbia&amp;countryCode=ri#ri|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 May 2011|title=Country Comparison : Population growth rate|website=The World Factbook, [[CIA]]|year=2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujuakan ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Kategori:Nagara di Eropa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kigali</title>
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      <text bytes="16911" sha1="ng8czofzt1s155x4hp9heirs15tmro7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:My city kigali.jpg|thumb|Panorama kota]]

'''Kigali''' adolah ibu kota jo kota tagadang nagara [[Rwanda]] nan talatak di dakek pusek geografis nagara tu di wilayah babukik, jo sarangkaian lambah sarato pungguang bukik nan dihubuangan dek lereang nan curam. Iko marupokan pusek ekonomi, budaya, jo transportasi nagara sajak didirian. Pado hasial sensus tahun 2022, panduduaknyo dipakiroan bajumlah 1.518.632 jiwa.&lt;ref name=citypopulation&gt;{{cite web|title=Population of Rwanda according to the population and housing censuses|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/admin/|date=2022-08-01|access-date=2023-03-05|website=citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Panduduak paliang awal dari apo nan disabuik Rwanda iolah [[Twa Danau Gadang|Twa]], sakalompok pamburu-pangumpua [[pigmi]] aborigin nan manatap di daerah tu antaro 8000 jo 3000 SM jo tetap tingga di daerah tu hinggo kini.{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=44}}{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=61}} Kamudian baru pado 700 SM jo 1500 M datang sajumlah kalompok [[Suku-suku Bantu|Bantu]], tamasuak [[urang Hutu]] jo [[Urang Tutsi|Tutsi]], nan mulai manabang hutan untuak patanian.{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=61}}{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=58}} Manuruik sijarah lisan, [[Karajaan Rwanda]] didirian pado abaik ka-14 di tapi [[Danau Muhazi]], sakitar 40 kilometer di timur Kigali moderen.{{sfn|Dorsey|1994|p=37}}{{sfn|Munyakazi|Ntagaramba|2005|p=18}}{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=18}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[Rwanda Development Board]] |url=http://www.rwandatourism.com/destinations/muhazi |via=RwandaTourism.com |title=Muhazi |access-date=6 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325004516/http://www.rwandatourism.com/destinations/muhazi |archive-date=25 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sacaro umum, Kigali dipakiroan badiri pado tahun 1907, katiko panjalajah [[Jerman]] [[Richard Kandt]] diangkek sabagai panduduak patamo Rwanda, jo manjadian kota tu sabagai kantua puseknyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;48HoursInKigali&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Kigali city guide: where to eat, drink, shop and stay in Rwanda's charming capital |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/48-hours-in/kigali-city-guide-things-to-do-best-hotels-restaurants-rwanda-a8819566.html |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Heather |last=Richardson |date=13 March 2019 |access-date=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Centenary&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/87691 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |title=Mainstory: Kigali City through history |date=24 November 2007 |access-date=21 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujuakan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliografi ==
* {{cite book |last=Adekunle |first=Julius |year=2007 |title=Culture and customs of Rwanda |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33177-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0FC40EQujwC}}
* {{cite book |author1=[[African Development Bank]] |author2=[[OECD]] |publisher=OECD Publishing |year=2006 |title=African Economic Outlook |edition=5th |isbn=978-92-64-02243-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpEFOR6WmfYC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |last2=Gates |first2=Henry Louis |year=2010 |title=Encyclopedia of Africa |volume=1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533770-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC }}
* {{cite book |last1=Briggs |first1=Philip |last2=Booth |first2=Janice |year=2006 |title=Rwanda – The Bradt Travel Guide |edition=3rd |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-841621-80-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2Sq4S3P5fQC}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cassimon |first1=Danny |last2=Engelen |first2=Peter-Jan |last3=Reyntjens |first3=Filip |title=Rwanda's involvement in Eastern DRC: A criminal real options approach |journal=Crime, Law and Social Change |date=2013 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=39–62 |doi=10.1007/s10611-012-9397-7 |s2cid=145263108 |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/46993/1/MPRA_paper_46993.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Cassimon et al.|2013}}}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDOZDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA106 |title=Rwanda |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-78477-096-9 |first1=Phillip |last1=Briggs |first2=Sean |last2=Connolly}}
* {{cite web |ssrn=2682850 |first1=Tom |last1=Bundervoet |first2=Laban |last2=Maiyo |first3=Apurva |last3=Sanghi |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/912151468188369841/Bright-Lights-Big-Cities-measuring-national-and-subnational-economic-growth-in-Africa-from-outer-space-with-an-application-to-Kenya-and-Rwanda |title=Bright Lights, Big Cities: Measuring National and Subnational Economic Growth in Africa from Outer Space, with an Application to Kenya and Rwanda |date=October 2015}}
* {{cite web |last1=Bundervoet |first1=Tom |last2=Parby |first2=Jonas Ingemann |last3=Nakamura |first3=Shohei |last4=Choi |first4=Narae |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/875101513836698339/pdf/122174-WP-P157637-PUBLIC-Note-1-Rwanda-Urbanization-12-07-17-rev2.pdf |title=Reshaping urbanization in Rwanda: economic and spatial trends and proposals – note 1: urbanization and the evolution of Rwanda's urban landscape |publisher=World Bank Group |access-date=24 January 2021 |date=December 2017}}
* {{cite book |last=Carney |first=J.J. |year=2013 |title=Rwanda Before the Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-998227-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IawzAAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2007 |title=The World Factbook 2007 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-078580-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&amp;pg=PA479 |ref={{sfnref|CIA|2007}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Chrétien |first=Jean-Pierre |year=2003 |title=The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-1-890951-34-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ }}
* {{cite book |first=Roman A. |last=Cybriwsky |title=Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-248-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ |year=2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |publisher=Arrow |isbn=978-0-09-947893-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/shakehandswithde00dall |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |year=2011 |title=Defeat is the only bad news: Rwanda under Musinga, 1896–1931 |author-link=Alison Des Forges |editor=David Newbury |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-28143-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0fo54LxVfoC }}
* {{cite book |last=Dorsey |first=Learthen |year=1994 |title=Historical Dictionary of Rwanda |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000dors |edition=1st |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-2820-9 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cielCwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-49851944-1 |title=A History of Rwandan Identity and Trauma: The Mythmakers' Victims |first=Randall |last=Fegley |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2016}}
* {{cite book |last=Geary |first=Anthony |year=2003 |title=In and Out of Focus: Images from Central Africa, 1885–1960 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-85667-552-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCgz8uSDzF4C}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=David C. |year=2007 |title=Rwanda (Cultures of the World) |publisher=Benchmark Books |isbn=978-0-7614-2333-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC}}
* {{cite book |isbn=978-1-920689-56-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FEZCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA30 |title=The Emerging Data Revolution in Africa: Strengthening the Statistics, Policy and Decision-making Chain |first=Ben |last=Kiregyera |year=2015 |publisher=African Sun Media}}
* {{cite book |title=Mapping research and innovation in the Republic of Rwanda |last1=Lemarchand |first1=Guillermo A. |last2=Tash |first2=April |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOfwCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA162 |isbn=978-92-3-100126-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Linden |first1=Ian |last2=Linden |first2=Jane |year=1977 |title=Church and Revolution in Rwanda |edition=illustrated |publisher=Manchester University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgXoAAAAIAAJ |isbn=978-0-7190-0671-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Louis |first=William Roger |year=1963 |title=Ruanda-Urundi, 1884–1919 |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYKRAAAAIAAJ |isbn=978-0-19-821621-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |author-link=Mahmood Mamdani |year=2002 |title=When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-10280-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC }}
* {{cite web |title=Understanding Dropout and Repetition in Rwanda: Full Report |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (Rwanda)|Ministry of Education, Republic of Rwanda]] (MINEDUC) and [[UNICEF]] |date=20 September 2017 |access-date=20 May 2020 |url=http://www.rencp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/DROPOUT-STUDY-FULL-REPORT.pdf |ref={{sfnRef|MINEDUC|UNICEF|2017|p=xvi}} |archive-date=21 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221223156/http://www.rencp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/DROPOUT-STUDY-FULL-REPORT.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (Rwanda)|Ministry of Education, Republic of Rwanda]] (MINEDUC) |date=December 2018 |title=2018 Education Statistics |url=http://statistics.gov.rw/file/7889/download?token=2YQpU2XL |access-date=11 May 2020 |ref={{sfnRef|MINEDUC|2018}} |format=PDF }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |last1=Munyakazi |first1=Augustine |last2=Ntagaramba |first2=Johnson Funga |year=2005 |title=Atlas of Rwanda |language=fr |publisher=Macmillan Education |isbn=978-0-333-95451-5}}
* {{cite web |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] (NISR) |year=2012a |title=Population size, structure and distribution |url=http://statistics.gov.rw/file/2907/download?token=i09m0Bly |access-date=1 June 2018 |ref={{sfnref|NISR|2012a}} |format=PDF |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119112823/http://statistics.gov.rw/file/2907/download?token=i09m0Bly |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite web |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] (NISR) |year=2012b |title=Final Results: Main indicators report  |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/file/2868/download?token=xjcIMAtB |access-date=18 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|NISR|2012b}} |format=PDF}}
* {{cite report |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/rphc4-thematic-report-socio-cultural-characteristics-population |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] (NISR) |title=Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2012: Socio-cultural characteristics of the population |date=January 2014 |access-date=5 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|NISR|2014}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Prunier |first=Gérard |author-link=Gérard Prunier |year=1999 |title=The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide |edition=2nd |publisher=Fountain Publishers Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3aNPwAACAAJ |isbn=978-9970-02-089-8 }}
* {{Cite web |title=Performance audit report on procurement and management of drugs and medical supplies and its impact on health care at University Teaching Hospital-Kigali |publisher=Office of the Auditor General, Rwanda (OAG) |date=April 2016 |access-date=20 February 2021 |url=https://oag.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Performance_Reports/PROCUREMENT_AND_MANAGEMENT_OF_DRUGS_AND_MEDICAL_SUPPLIES_AND_ITS_IMPACT_ON_QUALITY_OF_HEALTH_CARE_AT_CHUK.pdf |ref={{sfnref|OAG|2016}} |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514173417/https://oag.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Performance_Reports/PROCUREMENT_AND_MANAGEMENT_OF_DRUGS_AND_MEDICAL_SUPPLIES_AND_ITS_IMPACT_ON_QUALITY_OF_HEALTH_CARE_AT_CHUK.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{Cite web |title=Youth development success amongst motorcycle taxi drivers in Kigali |first=Will |last=Rollason |publisher=[[Brunel University]] |year=2012 |access-date=19 February 2021 |url= https://www.brunel.ac.uk/research/Projects/pdf/Urban-development-success.pdf }}
* {{cite web |publisher=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) |year=2013 |title=Kigali: State of Environment and Outlook Report 2013 |url=https://na.unep.net/siouxfalls/publications/Kigali_SOE.pdf |access-date=15 May 2018 |ref={{sfnref|REMA|2013}} |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212070018/https://na.unep.net/siouxfalls/publications/Kigali_SOE.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{Cite web |title=List of FM and TV stations operating in Rwanda and their approximate coverage |publisher=Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA) |date=30 July 2018 |access-date=18 February 2021 |via=Rwanda Governance Board |url=http://www.rgb.rw/fileadmin/Publications/Media/LIST_OF_FM_STATIONS_OPERATING_IN_RWANDA_AND_THEIR_APPROXIMATE_COVERAGE_01.pdf |ref={{sfnref|RURA|2018}} |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713193534/http://www.rgb.rw/fileadmin/Publications/Media/LIST_OF_FM_STATIONS_OPERATING_IN_RWANDA_AND_THEIR_APPROXIMATE_COVERAGE_01.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtDAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA164 |title=A Military History of Africa [3 volumes] |first=Timothy J. |last=Stapleton |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-313-39570-3}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYuNDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA34 |title=A History of Genocide in Africa |first=Timothy J. |last=Stapleton |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4408-3052-5}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rfjw_5JL0DsC&amp;pg=PA22 |title=Rwanda in Pictures |first=Thomas |last=Streissguth |edition=illustrated |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8225-8570-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Twagilimana |first=Aimable |year=2015 |title=Historical Dictionary of Rwanda |edition=2nd |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5591-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9E6xCgAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite web |publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |author-link=United Nations Development Programme |year=2015 |title=Population projections |url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/rwanda/img/pubcovers/UNDP_RW_NHDR-final-March%2031.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |ref={{sfnref|UNDP|2015}} |archive-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516215305/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/rwanda/img/pubcovers/UNDP_RW_NHDR-final-March%2031.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Vansina |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Vansina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgT-lyk40agC |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-2992-0123-4 |title=Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom}}
* {{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=Graeme |last2=Renzi |first2=Barbara Gabriella |last3=Viggiani |first3=Elisabetta |year=2010 |title=Friends and Foes Volume II: Friendship and Conflict from Social and Political Perspectives |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-1993-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=L0MaBwAAQBAJ}}}}
* {{cite web |title=Primary Health Care Systems: Case study from Rwanda |version=abridged |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |year=2017 |access-date=16 February 2021 |url= https://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/projects/AHPSR-PRIMASYS-Rwanda-Abridged.pdf?ua=1 |ref={{sfnref|WHO|2017}}}}
* {{cite book |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=2004 |title=Education in Rwanda: Rebalancing Resources to Accelerate Post-conflict Development and Poverty Reduction |series=Country Studies |doi=10.1596/0-8213-5610-0 |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/0-8213-5610-0 |isbn=978-0-8213-5610-4 |ref={{sfnref|World Bank|2004}} }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite web |title=Rwanda Economic Update |access-date=24 January 2021 |date=February 2016 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/126991468197359041/pdf/103618-WP-P156677-PUBLIC-Rwanda-Economic-Update-Feb-25-2016.pdf |ref={{sfnref|World Bank|2016}}}}
* {{cite web |author=World Resources Report |year=2011 |title=Maintenance of Hydropower Potential in Rwanda Through Ecosystem Restoration |url=http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153346/http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=10 February 2020 }}

[[Kategori:Kigali]]
[[Kategori:Kota di Rwanda]]
[[Kategori:Ibu kota nagara di Afrika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>James Peace</title>
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      <text bytes="11069" sha1="pubg04l8zfqt6c2lcja3uv1f9bq201i" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:James Peace at home in Wiesbaden.jpg|jmpl|370x370px|James  Peace di rumah di Wisbaden]]
'''Kenneth James Peace'''  lahia di Paisley, 28 [[September]] [[1963]]. Barasa dari [[Skotlandia]], inyo adolah surang komponis, pianis konser, sarato seniman visual.

== Biografi ==
James Peace lahia in Paisley, [[Skotlandia]], 28 September 1963. Ampia sapanjang maso keteknyo inyo di Helensburgh, kota wisata di tapi pantai di bagian barat [[Skotlandia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110527164145/http://www.wiesbadener-tagblatt.de/region/wiesbaden/meldungen/10206548.htm Birgitta Lamparth. &quot;Keine ‘stacheligen’ Klänge&quot;, Wiesbadener Tagblatt (Surek kaba Jerman), 10 Pebrurari 2011]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Julia Anderton. &quot;Tango wie eine süß-saure Geschichte&quot;. Wiesbadener Kurier  (Surek kaba Jerman), 24 Maret 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-entrevista-al-compositor-james-peace/ Soledad Carrizo-Araya. &quot;Una entrevista al compositor James Peace&quot;. Hoja de Ruta Digital. Desember 2022]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaluarganyo banyak nan seniman (misalnyo John McGhie), inyo badunsanak pulo jo Felix Burns, komponis nan tasabuik dek musik dansa gubahannyo pado awal [[abaik]] ka-20.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Sabine Klein. &quot;Meine Musik ist wie ich - sehr romantisch&quot;. Frankfurter Rundschau (Surek kaba Jerman), 1992, edisi 254, halaman 2&lt;/ref&gt; James baraja piano sajak umua salapan taun. Umua ampek baleh taun inyo alah mampatontonkan kapandaiannyo di muko urang banyak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Wakatu tu, James mamainkan musik karya Scott Joplin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

Wakatu baumua anam baleh, James ditarimo di ''the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama'' (kini disabuik ''Royal Conservatoire of Scotland'') sarato manjadi murik paliang mudo nan pernah ado.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;G. Müller. &quot;Die Seele des Klaviers tanzt Tango&quot;. Kulturspiegel Wetterau (Majalah Jerman). 17 Maret 2001, halaman 5&lt;/ref&gt; Wakatu taun 1983, inyo luluih dari [[Universitas]] Glasgow, manyandang gala sarjana dalam maaja piano.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Taun barikuiknyo James manarimo gala diploma dalam patunjuakan musik satalah inyo mamainkan ''Piano Concerto'' No.1 karya Mendelssohn, basamo jo orkestra RSAMD.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;&quot;James Peace&quot;. ''FRIZZ'' (Majala Jerman). Januari 2001, halaman 5&lt;/ref&gt; Sasudah maninggaan tampek baraja formal, inyo bakarajo manjadi pianis, barumah di Edinburgh 1988-1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Pado taun 1991-2009, James Peace tingga di Bad Nauheim, [[Jerman]] ([[bahaso Jerman]]: ''Bundesrepublik Deutschland'').&lt;ref&gt;Manfred Merz. &quot;Virtuose, gefühlsbetonte Welt der Romantik&quot;, Wetterauer Zeitung (Surek kaba Jerman), 12 Nopember, 1992, halaman 19&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;James Peace&quot;. The Tango Times (Majalah New York). Edisi 2002/2003 (39). Halaman 1 - 5&lt;/ref&gt; Sajak 1998 inyo mampalajari musik tango, maasiakan album ''Tango escocés'' (Tango urang Skotlandia) nan baisi gubahan piano ciptaannyo nan tainspirasi dari musik tango.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44NLS_ALMA21615957400004341&amp;context=L&amp;vid=44NLS_VU1&amp;lang=en_US&amp;search_scope=SCOPE1&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;query=any,contains,Tango%20escoc%C3%A9s&amp;mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Tango escocés'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano |title=Philharmonie de Paris. ''Tango escocés'' |access-date=2025-12-07 |archive-date=2025-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928140339/https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;[https://www.muziekweb.nl/Link/KHX3103/Tango-escoc%C3%A9s de bibliotheek. ''Tango escocés'']&lt;/ref&gt; Kudian, pado taun 2002, James manjadi anggota kaormatan ''the Victoria College of Music''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;&quot;James Peace&quot;. La Cadena (Majalah Walanda). September 2002, kaca 26&lt;/ref&gt; Pado taun nan samo, inyo bakuliliang maadoan konser tungga: September-Oktober di Jerman utara, November ka Timur Jauah, sarato mampatunjuakan ''Tango XVII'' karyanyo untuak partamo kali di [[Hong Kong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''TangoTang'', Hong Kong (香港). Buletin, 8 Oktober 2002&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.scmp.com/article/393890/james-peace &quot;James Peace&quot;. 南華早報 (Surek kaba Hong Kong). 9 Oktober 2002]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Berkas:Tango Milonga op. 26.wav|kiri|jmpl|260x260px|Tango Milonga op. 26 no. 3]]
[[Berkas:Tango XVIII by James Peace (James Peace, piano).wav|kiri|jmpl|251x251px|Tango XVIII by James Peace (James Peace, piano)]]
Pado taun-taun salanjuiknyo, patunjuakan James labiah tapusek di [[Eropa]]. Inyo alah mampatontonkan tango hasia gubahannyo di ibukota-ibukota barikuik ko:  [[Amsterdam]], [[Athena]],&lt;ref&gt;Program konser ''{Για σένα Αγγελική}''. Aténa, 27 April 2016&lt;/ref&gt; [[Berlin]],&lt;ref&gt;Tangodanza (Majalah Jerman). Édisi nomer 1/2002 - 9&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kota Brussels]], [[Helsinki]],&lt;ref&gt;Poster iklan konser (konser tur tungga, Finlandia, 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lisbon]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Poster iklan konser (konser tur tungga, Portugal, 2016)&lt;/ref&gt; [[London]], [[Madrid]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Poster iklan konser (konser tur tungga, Spaniul ''¡Feliz Cincuenta Cumpleaños - 2013!'')&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oslo]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608114526/https://listen.no/event/konsert-kl-13-00-james-peace-flygel-tangos-romanticos-musikk-av-peace-piazzolla-albeniz-utstillingssalene-er-stengt Listen.no. James Peace (flygel). Munch Museet. Oslo, 16 Oktober 2004]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Reykjavík]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mbl.is/greinasafn/grein/823608/ Ríkarður Ö. Pálsson. &quot;Skozkir Slaghörputangoár&quot;. Morgunblaðið (Surek kaba Islandia). 14 Oktober 2004]&lt;/ref&gt; jo [[Wina]].&lt;ref&gt;Program konser (Wina). 23 Januari 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakatu taun 2008, inyo manjadi anggota kaormatan ''the London College of Music''. Iko bantuak pangakuan ateh jasonyo dalam musik tango.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=44NLS_VU1&amp;tab=default_tab&amp;docid=44NLS_ALMA21438757900004341&amp;lang=en_US&amp;context=L&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;query=any,contains,K.%20James%20Peace&amp;mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://portal.dnb.de/opac/simpleSearch?query=K.+James+Peace Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;[https://whittakerlive.blogspot.com/2012/05/new-dvd-interview-with-wiesbaden.html Whittaker Live. &quot;Wiesbadener Highlander K. James Peace - New DVD&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sasudah sempat tingga sabanta di Edinburgh, pado Pebruari 2010 James baliak ka Jerman, inyo tingga di Wiesbaden.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Di siko tabik kreativitasnyo nan baru untuak mambuek film-film pendek dari babarapo musik gubahannyo. Di antaronyo adolah film ''James Peace in Wiesbaden''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

== Hadiah sarato Pangaragoan ==
●       Juara Satu, ''Agnes Millar Kompetisi''. [[Glasgow]], 1983&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
[[Berkas:James Peace - Idylls Op.4b.webm|jmpl|335x335px|James Peace - Idylls Op.4b]]
●      Juara Satu, ''Dunbartonshire EIS Kompetisi''. Glasgow, 1984&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

●      Juara Satu, ''Sibelius Essay Kompetisi''. Glasgow, 1985&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

●       Diploma Kaormatan, ''TIM Kompetisi''. [[Roma]], 2000&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

●      Diploma Kaormatan, ''IBLA Foundation''. [[New York]], 2002&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

●       Medali Paringatan (Kelas Satu), ''International Piano Duo Association''. [[Tokyo]], 2002&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html |title=International Piano Duo Association (東京), Tokio. Daftar pamanang hadiah, 2002 |access-date=2025-12-07 |archive-date=2020-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527164059/http://www.ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

●      Medali Ameh, ''Académie Internationale de Lutèce''. [[Paris]], 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Gubahan Utamo ==
[[Berkas:Cover page, Eternal Song Op.32 by James Peace (study score).png|jmpl|350x350px|Halaman sampul, Lagu Abadi Op.32 dek James Damai (partitur kajian)]]
●     ''The Waterfall'' (Aia Tajun)&lt;ref&gt;Hessisches Staatstheater. Program konser 12/19 September 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

●     ''Idylls'' (Lagu Damai)

●     ''Silent Tears'' (Aia Mato Sunyi)

●     ''Forgotten Leaves'' (Daun-Daun nan Talupoan)

●     ''Sonata for Oboe and Piano'' (Sonata untuak Oboe jo Piano)

●     ''Ballade'' (Balada)

●     ''Ceremonial March no.1'' (Mars Seremonial no. 1)

●      ''Ceremonial March no.2'' (Mars Seremonial no. 2)

●     ''Autumn Gold'' (Ameh Musim Lareh)&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;&quot;Violine schwebt über das Orchester&quot;. Schwäbische Post (Surek kaba Jerman). 4 Juni, 1994&lt;/ref&gt;

●     ''Eternal Song'' (Sananduang Abadi)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9935400923804341&amp;context=L&amp;vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&amp;lang=en&amp;search_scope=MainCatalogue&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;query=any,contains,James%20peace&amp;mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Eternal Song Op.32, Peace, K. James'']&lt;/ref&gt;

●     &quot;Untuak Georgia&quot; (bahaso Georgia: საქართველოსთვის)

         (lirik: Tamar Chikvaidze, Zurab Chikvaidze, jo James Peace)

●     24 Tango untuak piano tungga&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britishviolasociety.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Latest-news-from-the-British-Viola-Society.-August-2023-compressed.pdf British Viola Society Newsletter, Agustus 2023]

&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135254/https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-corta-historia-del-tango/ Hoja de Ruta Digital, México. &quot;Una corta historia del tango&quot;, 22 Maret 2024]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9941547953804341&amp;context=L&amp;vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&amp;lang=en&amp;search_scope=MainCatalogue&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;query=any,contains,James%20peace&amp;mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Tangos op.33, Peace, K. James'']&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pautan Lua ==
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcMRNnwNJhk&amp;list=RDZcMRNnwNJhk&amp;start_radio=1 Lento Lacrimoso - ''youtube'']

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSX1c8EUukg&amp;list=RDsSX1c8EUukg&amp;start_radio=1 Souvenir de Buenos Aires - ''youtube'']

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VKxG2dmQn4&amp;list=RD_VKxG2dmQn4&amp;start_radio=1 Autumn Gold - ''youtube'']

== Rujuakan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Kategori:Musik]]
[[Kategori:Lahia 1963]]
[[Kategori:Mabieng tau]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kakhalifahan Umayyah</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Firman Rusda</username>
        <id>21345</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Firman Rusda mamindahan laman [[Kekhalifahan Umayyah]] ka [[Kakhalifahan Umayyah]]</comment>
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| native_name                = {{native name|ar|ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|{{transliteration|ar|Al-Khilāfah al-Umawiyyah}}}}
| conventional_long_name     = Kakhalifahan Umayyah
| status                     = [[Kakhalifahan]]
| government_type            = [[Kakhalifahan]] [[monarki herediter]]
| year_start                 = 661
| life_span                  = 661–750
| year_end                   = 750
| year_exile_start           = 756
| year_exile_end             = 1031
| image_flag                 = Umayyad Flag.svg
| flag_caption               = Panji-panji putiah Bani Umayyah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Beckwith|first=Christopher I.|year=1993 |title=The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-02469-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oeI9DwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| p1                         = Kakhalifahan Rasyidin
| p2                         = Eksarkat Afrika
| p3                         = Karajaan Visigoth
| p4                         = Karajaan Aurès
| p5                         = Karajaan Altava
| s1                         = Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah
| s2                         = Keamiran Kordoba
| s3                         = Barghawata
| s4                         = Keamiran Nekor
| s5                         = Keamiran Tlemcen
| s6                         = Dinasti Bavand
| s7                         = Bagratid Armenia
| image_map                  = Umayyad Caliphate 750 AD (orthographic projection).svg
| image_map_caption          = Wilayah Kakhalifahan Umayyah pado puncak kajayaannyo, salamo maso pamarintahan Khalifah [[Umar bin Abdul Aziz]], {{kira-kira|720}}
| capital                    = {{plainlist|
* [[Damaskus]] (661–744)
* [[Harran]] (744–750)}}
| official_languages         = [[Bahaso Arab]]
| religion                   = [[Islam]] ([[agamo nagara|resmi]])
| common_languages           = {{Hlist|[[Bahaso Persia Patangahan|Persia Patangahan]]|[[Bahaso Koptik|Koptik]]|[[Bahaso Yunani Abad Patangahan|Yunani Patangahan]]|[[Bahaso Latin|Latin]] (resmi di daerah tatentu sampai tahun 700)|babagai bahaso daerah}}
| GDP_PPP                    =
| currency                   = *[[Dinar ameh|Dinar]] (koin ameh)
* [[Dirham]] (koin perak)
* [[Fals]] (koin parunggu)
| title_leader               = [[Daftar khalifah|Khalifah]]
| leader1                    = [[Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan]] {{small|(patamo)}}
| year_leader1               = 661–680
| leader2                    = [[Marwan bin Muhammad]] {{small|(tarakhia)}}
| year_leader2               = 744–750
| event_start                = [[Perjanjian Hasan–Mu'awiyah]]
| event_end                  = [[Revolusi Abbasiyah]]
| stat_year1                 = 720
| stat_area1                 = 11100000
| ref_area1                  = &lt;ref name=&quot;Taagepera496&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|first=Rein |last=Taagepera|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|page=496|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|jstor=2600793|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119114740/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| today                      = {{flag|Afganistan}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Aljazair}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Andorra}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Arab Saudi}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Armenia}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Azerbaijan}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Bahrain}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Georgia}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|India}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Irak}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Iran}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Kazakhstan}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Kirgizstan}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Kuwait}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Lebanon}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Libya}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Maroko}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Mesir}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Oman}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Palestina}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Pakistan}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Portugal}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Prancis}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Qatar}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Siprus}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Spanyol}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Suriah}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Tajikistan}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Tiongkok}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Tunisia}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Turki}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Turkmenistan}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Uni Emirat Arab}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Uzbekistan}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Yaman}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Yordania}}
}}

'''Kakhalifahan Umayyah''' ({{lang-ar|الخلافة الأموية}}, ''al-Khilāfah al-Umawiyyah''), atau '''Daulah Umayyah''', adolah kakhalifahan Islam kaduo nan badiri sasudah maso Kakhalifahan Rasyidin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Hitti, Philip K. |title=History of the Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Otoritatif Sejarah Peradaban Islam |publisher=Qaf |year=2023 |pages=230–235 |isbn=9786025547485}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakhalifahan ko diparentah dek '''Dinasti Umayyah''' (Bani Umayyah), sabuah kaluarga aristokrat dari suku Quraisy di Makah nan dipimpin dek '''Mu'awiyah bin Abu Sufyan''' sabagai pendiri utamonyo pado tahun 661 Masehi (41 Hijriah).&lt;ref name=&quot;UPI_Factum_2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Syaepu, Indra Latif |author2=Sauki, M. |title=Mu'awiyah bin Abu Sufyan: Peletak Dasar Pemerintahan Islam Monarki 661-680 M |journal=Factum: Jurnal Sejarah dan Pendidikan Sejarah |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=115–124 |year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daulah Umayyah manjadikan [[Damaskus]] sabagai pusek pamarintahan atau ibukotanyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt; Pado maso puncak kajayaannyo, Kakhalifahan Umayyah alah bakambang manjadi salah satu imperium tapanjang dan tagadang dalam sijarah dunia, nan wilayahnyo mambantang dari tapian Sungai Indus di Asia Salatan, Transoxiana di Asia Tengah, Timur Tengah, Afrika Utara, hinggo ka semenanjung Iberia ([[Al-Andalus]] atau Spanyol) di Eropa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zainudin_Umayyah_2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Zainudin, Ely |title=Perkembangan Islam pada Masa Bani Umayyah |journal=Jurnal Intelegensia |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=28–38 |year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sijarah jo Asa Usul ==
=== Pandirian (661 M) ===
Bani Umayyah maambiak namo dari Umayyah bin Abdu Syams, kakek buyuik dari khalifah Umayyah patamo, Mu'awiyah bin Abu Sufyan. Sabalum masuak Islam pado paristiwa [[Panakluakan Makah|Fathu Makkah]] (630 M), kaluarga ko marupokan pimpinan faksi elit pagan Quraisy nan paliang gigiah manantang Nabi Muhammad SAW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;

Katurunan Umayyah mulai mandapek posisi penting dalam pamarintahan Islam katiko Yazid bin Abu Sufyan ditunjuak sabagai panglima parang di Syam, nan salanjuiknyo ditaruihan dek adiaknyo, Mu'awiyah bin Abu Sufyan, sabagai gubernur Syam di maso Khalifah [[Umar bin Khattab]] jo [[Utsman bin Affan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt; Sasudah tajadi [[Fitnah Patamo]] (perang sudaro antaro faksi Khalifah [[Ali bin Abi Thalib]] jo faksi Mu'awiyah) nan barakhia jo tabunuahnyo Khalifah Ali pado tahun 661 M, Hasan bin Ali nan diangkek dek panduduak Kufah mamiliah untuak badamai. Hasan manyarahan mandat kakuasaan kapado Mu'awiyah demi manghindari patumpahan darah umaik Islam. Paristiwa ko dikenal dalam sijarah subagai '''Am al-Jama'ah''' (Tahun Pasatuan), nan manjadi tando dimulainyo kakuasaan Daulah Umayyah sacaro resmi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zainudin_Umayyah_2015&quot;/&gt;

=== Parubahan Sistem Pamarintahan ===
Salah satu parubahan paliang radikal nan dibao dek Mu'awiyah I adolah maubah sistem pamarintahan Kakhalifahan Rasyidin nan bersifat republik-musyawarah (pemilihan sahabat) manjadi sistem monarki herediter (karajaan turun-tamurun).&lt;ref name=&quot;UPI_Factum_2020&quot;/&gt; Hal ko ditandoi jo panunjuakan anaknyo, Yazid I, sabagai putra mahkota pado tahun 679 M.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt; Parubahan ko ditantang kareh dek babarapo tokoh terkemuka di Madinah, takah Husain bin Ali (cucu Nabi Muhammad) jo Abdullah bin Zubair, nan memicu pacahnyo Fitnah Kadua.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;

=== Maso Kaamasan (685–743 M) ===
Maso kaamasan Kakhalifahan Umayyah tajadi pado periode Marwani (katurunan Marwan bin al-Hakam), tarutamo di bawah pamarintahan duo khalifah gadang: '''Abd al-Malik bin Marwan''' (685–705 M) jo anaknyo '''al-Walid I''' (705–715 M).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;

* '''Reformasi Abd al-Malik''': Abd al-Malik barasia mamatakan pamandangan politik oposisi dari Ibnu Zubair dan mampasatukan baliak imperium. Baliau mambangun sistem administrasi nagara nan rapi jo menetapkan [[Bahasa Arab|bahaso Arab]] sabagai bahaso resmi administrasi pamarintahan (''ta'rib''). Baliau juo mancetak mato pitih [[Dinar]] ameh Islam pertamo untuak manggantikan mato pitih Bizantium jo Persia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt; Di bidang arsitektur, baliau mandirikan monumen monumental '''[[Kubah Shakhrah]]''' (''Dome of the Rock'') di [[Yerusalem]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;
* '''Ekspansi Al-Walid I''': Di bawah al-Walid I, kakuasaan Islam mancapai perluasan wilayah tagadang. Pasukan Islam dipimpin dek panglima-panglima uluang takah [[Qutaibah bin Muslim]] (manakluakan Transoxiana di Asia Tengah), [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] (manakluakan wilayah Sindh, India), sarato '''[[Thariq bin Ziyad]]''' jo [[Musa bin Nushair]] nan barasia manyubarang tabek Gibraltar dan manakluakan Spanyol (Al-Andalus) pado tahun 711 M.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zainudin_Umayyah_2015&quot;/&gt;

Salain itu, salah satu khalifah nan paliang dihormati adolah '''[[Umar bin Abdul Aziz]]''' (Umar II, 717–720 M). Walaupun hanyo mamarintah salamo tigo tahun, baliau dikenal dek karano kaasuliahan, kaaslian, jo kahaditannyo nan mampatahankan hak-hak rakyat tanpa mamandang agamo maupun etnis (mawali/non-Arab).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;

=== Kamunduran jo Karuntuahan (743–750 M) ===
Sasudah wafatnyo Khalifah Hisham bin Abd al-Malik pado tahun 743 M, Kakhalifahan Umayyah mulia mangalami krisis internal nan parah. Faktor-faktor utamo kamunduran Daulah Umayyah antaro lain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;
# '''Konflik Suku Internal''': Parasaingan kuno antaro faksi kabilah Arab Qais (Arab Utara) jo Yaman (Arab Selatan) baliak mambaro di dalam militer jo elite istana.
# '''Diskriminasi taadok Kaum Mawali''': Kabijakan pamberian pajak tinggi taadok muslim non-Arab (Mawali, takah etnis Persia jo Berber) manimbulkan raso indak pueh dan mamicu pambarontakan.
# '''Gerakan oposisi Syiah jo Bani Abbasiyah''': Kakacauan politik ko dimanfaatkan dek kalompok Bani Abbasiyah nan beraliansi jo faksi Syiah untuak manggalang kakuatan di wilayah Khurasan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tasamuh_IAIN_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Fadhila, Riza |title=Situasi Politik Pemerintahan Dinasti Umayyah dan Abbasiyah |journal=Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=65–79 |year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Puncak pambarontakan ko ditandoi jo '''Revolusi Abbasiyah''' pado tahun 747 M nan dipimpin dek Abu Muslim al-Khurasani. Pasukan Daulah Umayyah di bawah khalifah tarakhia, Marwan II, dikalahkan sacaro telak dek pasukan Abbasiyah dalam '''[[Patampuran Zab]]''' pado tahun 750 M. Marwan II malarikan diri ka Mesir, namun barasia ditangkok jo dibunuah. Sadolah katurunan Bani Umayyah di Damaskus dibantai, tamasuak makam-makam para khalifah Umayyah dibungkar dek Abbasiyah, tando runtuhnyo pamarintahan Umayyah di Timur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tasamuh_IAIN_2019&quot;/&gt;

=== Daulah Umayyah II di Al-Andalus (756–1031 M) ===
Ciek-cieknyo pangeran Bani Umayyah nan barasia salamaik dari pambantaian adolah '''[[Abdurrahman I|Abdurrahman bin Mu'awiyah]]''' (digala ''Ad-Dakhil'' atau &quot;Sang Panjalajah&quot;). Inyo manempuh pajalanan dakek hinggo ka Afrika Utara, manyubarang ka Spanyol, jo barasia managakkan baliak kakuasaan Bani Umayyah pado tahun 756 M sabagai '''Keamiran Cordoba'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;UINSA_Andalus_2023&quot;&gt;{{cite conference |author=Sufiyan, Ahmad |title=Analysis of Leadership Strategy and Intellectual Transmission: Cordoba as a Beacon of Umayyad Civilization in Al-Andalus |booktitle=Proceedings of International Conference on Islamic History and Civilisation (ICONFAHUM) |pages=142–155 |year=2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pado abaik ka-10 (929 M), katurunannyo Abdurrahman III sacaro rasmi memproklamirkan diri sabagai Khalifah, mandirikan '''Kakhalifahan Cordoba''' untuak manantang dominasi Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah di Baghdad.&lt;ref name=&quot;UINSA_Andalus_2023&quot;/&gt;

== Sistem Pamarintahan jo Administrasi ==
Kakhalifahan Umayyah mamparkanalkan struktur birokrasi sentralistik nan diadaptasi dari tatanan administrasi Kekaisaran Bizantium jo Sasaniyah nan labiah dukuang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt; Salain pambagian wilayah administratif (''Imarah'') nan dipimpin dek saurang gubernur (''Amir''), Daulah Umayyah mambantuak tigo departemen sentral (''Diwan'') utamo:&lt;ref name=&quot;Indah_Ekonomi_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Indah, M. |author2=Gaffar, A. A. |title=Sistem Ekonomi Bani Umayyah: Perkembangan dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Perekonomian Islam |journal=Al-Mikhraj: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Humaniora |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=345–361 |year=2025 |doi=10.37680/almikraj.v5i2.6826}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Diwan al-Kharaj''' (Departemen Pajak jo Keuangan): Departemen nan mangalola sadoalah sumber pandapatan negara, tamasuak pajak tanah (''Kharaj'') jo upeti, nan dibayarkan ka Baitul Mal.
# '''Diwan al-Rasa'il''' (Departemen Surat-menyurat): Departemen sekretariat nagara nan batugas manyusun petunjuk, maklumat, jo instruksi rasmi khalifah untuak parwakilan di daerah.
# '''Diwan al-Khatam''' (Departemen Registrasi jo Arsip): Didirikan dek Mu'awiyah I untuak malindungi keaslian dokumen rasmi kakuasaan, dima sadoalah salinan surat rasmi musti ditandotangani jo dipaliahara sacaro ketat.
# '''Diwan al-Barid''' (Departemen Pos): Jaringan pos kakuasaan baguno untuak mamparcaun panyampaian informasi, intelijen, jo komunikasi militer di saluruah panuru nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;

== Kamajuan Kabudayaan jo Arsitektur ==
Pado maso ko, bakambang pesat karya arsitektur monumental Islam nan masih tagak megah hinggo kini. Ciri khas arsitektur Umayyah adolah asimilasi teknik seni Bizantium-Kristen jo estetika Arab-Islam, takah panggunaan mozaik ameh nan detail jo pola geometris.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;

Duo monumen paling terkenal nan dibangun dek Bani Umayyah adolah:
* '''Masjid Agung Umayyah (Damaskus)''': Dibangun di bawah instruksi Khalifah al-Walid I jo mamanfaatkan batih bangunan gareja kuno Santo Yohanes Pembaptis. Masjid ko dikanal dek karano mozaik dindingnyo nan sangaik ancak.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;
* '''Kubah Shakhrah (Yerusalem)''': Dibangun dek Abd al-Malik bin Marwan pado tahun 691 M di kompleks Masjid Al-Aqsa, nan marupokan salah satu rancangan arsitektur Islam paliang tuo nan batih kubah ameh megah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;

Pado maso ko juo dikambangkan sistem baris tando baco (tasykil, harakat, jo tando titiak) untuak abjad bahaso Arab dek Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali jo murid-muridnyo, nan mampamudah urang-urang non-Arab mambaco kitab suci [[Al-Qur'an]] jo rancak.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;

== Daftar Khalifah Daulah Umayyah di Damaskus ==
Berikut adolah daftar 14 khalifah Bani Umayyah nan mamarintah dari Damaskus:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;/&gt;
# '''Mu'awiyah I bin Abu Sufyan''' (661–680 M) — Pendiri dinasti.
# '''Yazid I bin Mu'awiyah''' (680–683 M)
# '''Mu'awiyah II bin Yazid''' (683–684 M)
# '''Marwan I bin al-Hakam''' (684–685 M)
# '''Abd al-Malik bin Marwan''' (685–705 M) — Unifikasi pamarintahan jo moneterisasi dinar.
# '''Al-Walid I bin Abd al-Malik''' (705–715 M) — Puncak ekspansi wilayah.
# '''Sulayman bin Abd al-Malik''' (715–717 M)
# '''Umar bin Abdul Aziz''' (717–720 M) — Khalifah nan zuhud jo adia.
# '''Yazid II bin Abd al-Malik''' (720–724 M)
# '''Hisham bin Abd al-Malik''' (724–743 M) — Stabilitas pertahanan tarakhia.
# '''Al-Walid II bin Yazid II''' (743–744 M)
# '''Yazid III bin al-Walid I''' (744 M)
# '''Ibrahim bin al-Walid''' (744 M)
# '''Marwan II bin Muhammad''' (744–750 M) — Kalah pado Patampuran Zab.

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pautan lua ==
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/umay/hd_umay.htm The Art of the Umayyads (661–750)] - Metropolitan Museum of Art.
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Umayyad-dynasty Umayyad Dynasty] - Encyclopaedia Britannica.
[[Kategori:Sejarah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Dinasti Arab]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah</title>
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      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;'''Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah''' ({{lang-ar|الخلافة العباسية}}, ''al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah''), atau '''Daulah Abbasiyah''', adolah kakhalifahan Islam katigo nan badiri sasudah maruntuahaan [[Kakhalifahan Umayyah]] pado tahun 750 Masehi (132 Hijriah).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Hitti, Philip K.|title=History of the Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Otoritatif Sejarah Peradaban Islam|publisher=Qaf|year=2023|pages=358–365|isbn=978602554748...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="10758" sha1="2zdgozlz6akvqoqy250cqcf4ll6294d" xml:space="preserve">'''Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah''' ({{lang-ar|الخلافة العباسية}}, ''al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah''), atau '''Daulah Abbasiyah''', adolah kakhalifahan Islam katigo nan badiri sasudah maruntuahaan [[Kakhalifahan Umayyah]] pado tahun 750 Masehi (132 Hijriah).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Hitti, Philip K.|title=History of the Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Otoritatif Sejarah Peradaban Islam|publisher=Qaf|year=2023|pages=358–365|isbn=9786025547485}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakhalifahan ko didirikan dek kaluarga katurunan Al-Abbas bin Abdul Muthalib, salah surang paman dari Nabi Muhammad SAW, sahinggo dinasti ko mamakai namo Bani Abbasiyah.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Istiqomah|author2=Nadalina, M. L.|author3=Ibadi, Y. L.|author4=Hudaidah|year=2025|title=Kejayaan Bani Abbasiyah: Membangun Peradaban Islam yang Berkembang|journal=Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin - Lumbung Pare Cendekia|volume=1|issue=2|pages=24–33}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daulah Abbasiyah mamindahkan pusek pamarintahan imperium Islam dari [[Damaskus]] di Syam ka kota '''[[Baghdad]]''' di [[Mesopotamia]] (kini Irak).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Di bawah pamarintahan para khalifah gadang takah '''[[Harun al-Rashid]]''' jo anaknyo '''[[Al-Ma'mun]]''', Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah mancapai puncak kajayaan intelektual, sains, budayo, jo ekonomi nan dikenal dalam sijarah dunia sabagai Zaman Keemasan Islam (''The Golden Age of Islam'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Herdianti_Joecy_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Herdianti, Devi|author2=Komariah, Nining Syamsi|year=2025|title=Golden Age Of Islam: Kejayaan Abbasiyah Dalam Budaya Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan|journal=Journal of Innovative and Creativity|volume=5|issue=2|pages=19798–19807}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pado maso ko, Baghdad bakambang manjadi metropolis tagadang jo pusek peradaban dunia nan manarik paratian para ilmuwan, filsuf, jo saniman dari babagai banua jo latar balakang agamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunzairina_UINSU_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Nunzairina|year=2019|title=Dinasti Abbasiyah: Kemajuan Peradaban Islam, Pendidikan, dan Kebangkitan Kaum Intelektual|journal=Juspi: Jurnal Sejarah Peradaban Islam|volume=3|issue=2|pages=120–135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sijarah jo Asa Usul ==

=== Revolusi jo Pendirian (750 M) ===
Pendirian Daulah Abbasiyah diawali dek parasaan indak pueh di kalangan umaik Islam non-Arab (kaum Mawali, utamonyo etnis Persia) taadok kabijakan diskriminatif dinasti Umayyah di Damaskus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Katurunan Abbasiyah mamanfaatkan momentum ko dangan manggalang gerakan bawah tanah babasis di Khurasan mamasuak slogan pambelaan taadok katurunan keluarga Nabi (''Ahlul Bait'').&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt;

Garakan revolusioner ko dipimpin sacaro militer dek '''[[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]]''' nan barasia manyatukan faksi Syiah jo Mawali Persia untuak mairuntuahhan kakuasaan khalifah Umayyah tarakhia, Marwan II, pado [[Patampuran Zab]] (750 M).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Kamudian, '''[[Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah]]''' dibaiat sabagai khalifah Abbasiyah patamo di Kufah.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt; Walaupun al-Saffah adolah pendiri dinasti, peletak fondasi dindiang kakuasaan kakhalifahan sabananyo adolah saudaranyo, '''[[Abu Ja'far al-Mansur]]''' (754–775 M), nan mambangun kota rantiang bulek Baghdad sabagai ibukota baru pado tahun 762 M.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunzairina_UINSU_2019&quot; /&gt;

=== Zaman Kaamasan (786–833 M) ===
Zaman Kaamasan Islam bagarih luruih dangan duo pamarintahan khalifah tagadang:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

* '''Harun al-Rashid (786–809 M)''': Pado maso pamarintahannyo, Baghdad mancapai puncak kemakmuran ekonomi sabagai pusek padagangan global antaro Timur jo Barat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muntu_Economic_2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Muntu, A. Tenri Sri|author2=Siradjuddin|year=2024|title=Islamic Golden Age: Analisis Kebijakan Daulah Abbasiyah dalam Bidang Ekonomi dan Relevansi pada Masa Kini|journal=Journal of Innovative Studies|volume=4|issue=3|pages=13–24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baliau mandirikan rintisan perpustakaan karajaan kuno nan kelak dikanal sabagai Baitul Hikmah sarto manyokong penerjemahan buku-buku sains.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Ruzakki|author2=Eliwatis|year=2021|title=Peranan Baitul Hikmah dalam Menghantarkan Kejayaan Daulah Abbasiyah|journal=Jurnal As-Salam|volume=5|issue=1|pages=55–67}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisah kemegahan istana Harun al-Rashid diabadikan dalam sastra legendaris dunia ''[[Saribu Satu Malam]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;
* '''Al-Ma'mun (813–833 M)''': Al-Ma'mun memformalkan '''[[Bayt al-Hikmah]]''' (Baitul Hikmah) manjadi institusi akademik, akademi penerjemahan, sarto observatorium astronomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot; /&gt; Baliau dikenal sabagai patron aguang gerakan rasionalis teologi Islam ([[Mu'tazilah]]) nan sangaik mandukuang kabebasan bapikia ilmiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

=== Kemunduran jo Kajatuahan (1258 M) ===
Kajayaan Abbasiyah mulia marasot sasudah abad ka-9 masehi. Faktor-faktor utamo kemunduran ko antaro lain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''Dominasi Militer Asing''': Khalifah mulia tagantuang pado pangawal militer bayaran dari etnis Turki (fase Samarra) nan lambek laun manguasai istana jo manantukan hulu-hilir kepemimpinan khalifah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''De-sentralisasi Kakuasaan''': Lahianyo dinasti-dinasti otonom regional nan hanyo tunduak sacaro formalitas sajo, takah dinasti [[Buwayhiyah]], [[Kekaisaran Seljuk|Seljuk]], [[Samanid]], jo [[Fatimiyah]] di Mesir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''Krisis Keuangan jo Sektarian''': Konflik internal antaro faksi Sunni, Syiah, sarto krisis kas negara akibat pambarontakan lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt;

Puncak karuntuahan dinasti ko tajadi pado awal tahun 1258 M katiko tentara [[Kekaisaran Mongol]] di bawah pimpinan '''[[Hulagu Khan]]''' (cucu Genghis Khan) mangingek kota Baghdad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Khalifah tarakhia, '''Al-Musta'sim''', dihukum mati sacaro kejam, jutaan panduduak dibantai, jo jutaan manuskrip berharga di Baitul Hikmah dibuang ka Sungai Tigris hinggo aie batang aie ko manjadi hitam pakat dek tinta buku.&lt;ref name=&quot;EDU_Research_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Istiqomah|author2=Nadalina, M. L.|author3=Ibadi, Y. L.|author4=Hudaidah|year=2025|title=Gemilang di Balik Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah: Dari Kejayaan Ilmu Hingga Runtuhnya Peradaban|journal=EDU RESEARCH|volume=6|issue=4|pages=1251–1261}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamajuan Sains jo Filsafat (Intelektual) ==
Era Abbasiyah dipandang sabagai puncak pancerahan intelektual dalam peradaban manusia. Melalui '''Gerakan Penerjemahan''' (''Translation Movement'') nan boseh, karya-karya filsafat, matematika, astronomi, sarto kedokteran dari peradaban Yunani kuno, Persia, Sanskerta (India), jo Suryani ditranslasikan sacaro sistematis ka dalam bahaso Arab.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot; /&gt;

Babarapo ilmuwan gadang nan lahia pado maso ko jo sumbangsihnyo antaro lain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Herdianti_Joecy_2025&quot; /&gt;

* '''[[Al-Khwarizmi]]''': Ahli matematika panamu konsep [[Aljabar]] (''al-jabr'') sarto angka [[Algoritma]] (diadaptasi dari namonyo).
* '''[[Ibnu Sina]]''' (Avicenna): Bapak kedokteran modern nan manulih kitab medis monumental *[[Qanun Kedokteran|Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb]]* nan manjadi rujukan utama universitas-universitas Eropa salamo ratusan tahun.
* '''[[Al-Razi]]''' (Rhazes): Dokter klinis pionir panamu silsilah panyakik cacar jo campak, sarto panulih ensiklopedia kedokteran *Al-Hawi*.
* '''[[Jabir bin Hayyan]]''' (Geber): Ilmuwan gadang nan dipandang sabagai Bapak Ilmu Kimia moderen dangan pancerahan metodologi eksperimental ilmiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;
* '''[[Al-Farabi]]''' jo '''[[Ibnu Rusyd]]''' (Averroes): Filsuf gadang nan mampatamuankan filsafat Aristoteles jo ajaran tauhid Islam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

== Sistem Pamarintahan jo Administrasi ==
Sistem administrasi Abbasiyah sangaik dipangaruhi dek tradisi birokrasi [[Kekaisaran Sasaniyah]] (Persia) nan taratur rapi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Jabatan perdana menteri ('''Wazir''') dibantuak untuak mamimpin sadoalah urusan sipil jalannya pamarintahan di bawah khalifah, dangan kaluarga Persia terkemuka takah '''Bani Barmak''' (Keluarga Barmakid) mamegang peranan kunci pado maso awal dinasti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

Departemen administrasi (''Diwan'') diparlowas untuak boseh tatanan nagara:&lt;ref name=&quot;Muntu_Economic_2024&quot; /&gt;

# '''Diwan al-Kharaj''': Departemen Pajak jo Kas Negara.
# '''Diwan al-Jund''': Departemen Pertahanan jo Kepangkatan Militer.
# '''Diwan al-Azimah''': Departemen Audit jo Akuntansi Negara.
# '''Diwan al-Barid''': Departemen Pelayanan Pos, Transportasi, sarto Intelijen Nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

== Daftar Khalifah Daulah Abbasiyah di Baghdad ==
Barikuik adolah daftar para khalifah Bani Abbasiyah nan mamarintah dari kota Baghdad (fase utamo 750–1258 M):&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

# '''Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah''' (750–754 M) — Pendiri dinasti.
# '''Abu Ja'far al-Mansur''' (754–775 M) — Pendiri kota Baghdad.
# '''Al-Mahdi''' (775–785 M)
# '''Al-Hadi''' (785–786 M)
# '''Harun al-Rashid''' (786–809 M) — Puncak kemakmuran jo sains.
# '''Al-Amin''' (809–813 M)
# '''Al-Ma'mun''' (813–833 M) — Pendiri resmi Baitul Hikmah.
# '''Al-Mu'tashim''' (833–842 M) — Mamulai panggunaan militer Turki; mamindahkan ibukota ka Samarra.
# '''Al-Watiq''' (842–847 M)
# '''Al-Mutawakkil''' (847–861 M)
# '''Al-Muntashir''' (861–862 M)
# '''Al-Musta'in''' (862–866 M)
# '''Al-Mu'tazz''' (866–869 M)
# '''Al-Muhtadi''' (869–870 M)
# '''Al-Mu'tamid''' (870–892 M) — Ibukota baliak ka Baghdad.
# '''Al-Mu'tadid''' (892–902 M)
# '''Al-Muktafi''' (902–908 M)
# '''Al-Muqtadir''' (908–932 M)
# '''Al-Qahir''' (932–934 M)
# '''Ar-Radi''' (934–940 M)
# '''Al-Muttaqi''' (940–944 M)
# '''Al-Mustakfi''' (944–946 M)
# '''Al-Muti'''' (946–974 M)
# '''At-Ta'i'''' (974–991 M)
# '''Al-Qadir''' (991–1031 M)
# '''Al-Qa'im''' (1031–1075 M)
# '''Al-Muqtadi''' (1075–1094 M)
# '''Al-Mustazhir''' (1094–1118 M)
# '''Al-Mustarshid''' (1118–1135 M)
# '''Ar-Rashid''' (1135–1136 M)
# '''Al-Muqtafi''' (1136–1160 M)
# '''Al-Mustanjid''' (1160–1170 M)
# '''Al-Mustadi'''' (1170–1180 M)
# '''An-Nasir''' (1180–1225 M)
# '''Az-Zahir''' (1225–1226 M)
# '''Al-Mustansir''' (1226–1242 M) — Pandiri Universitas Mustansiriya.
# '''Al-Musta'sim''' (1242–1258 M) — Khalifah tarakhia nan dieksekusi tentara Mongol.

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pautan lua ==

* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abbasid-dynasty Abbasid Dynasty] - Encyclopaedia Britannica.
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/abba/hd_abba.htm The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258)] - Metropolitan Museum of Art.</text>
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      <text bytes="15996" sha1="fjcboagl2s7pqylgu1vq1rim4a34vy0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| native_name                = {{native name|ar|الْخِلَافَة الْعَبَّاسِيَّة}}&lt;br&gt;{{transl|ar|Al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah}}
| conventional_long_name     = Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah
| common_name                = Abbasiyah
| status                     = [[Kakhalifahan]]
| government_type            = [[Kakhalifahan]] [[monarki herediter|monarki herediter]]
| life_span                  = {{plainlist|
*  750–1258
*  1261–1517}}
| event_start                = [[Revolusi Abbasiyah]]
| year_start                 = 750
| event1                     = Badirinyo [[Kota Bulat Baghdad|Bagdad]]
| date_event1                = 762
| event2                     = Al-Ma'mun mamanangan [[Perang Saudara Islam IV|parang sudaro]]
| date_event2                = 813
| event3                     = Badirinyo [[Samarra Abbasiyah|Samarra]]
| date_event3                = 836
| event4                     = [[Anarki di Samarra]]
| date_event4                = 861–870
| event5                     = [[Dinasti Buwaihi|Buwaihi]] manguasai Bagdad
| date_event5                = 945
| event6                     = Abbasiyah mamproklamasikan kamardikaan dari [[Kesultanan Seljuk Raya|Seljuk]]
| date_event6                = 1165
| year_end                   = 1517
| event_end                  = [[Perang Utsmaniyah-Mamluk (1516–1517)|Utsmaniyah manaklukan Kairo]]
| image_flag                 = Abbasid banner.svg
| flag_caption               = [[Standar Hitam|Panji-panji hitam Bani Abbas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{citation | title=Abbāsid Authority Affirmed | author=Tabari | year=1995 | publisher=SUNY | volume=28 |editor1=Jane McAuliffe |page=124|mode=cs1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| p1                         = Kakhalifahan Umayyah
| p2                         = Dinasti Dabuyid
| s1                         = Dinasti Samaniyah
| s2                         = Dinasti Saffariyah
| s3                         = Dinasti Sajiyah
| s4                         = Kakhalifahan Fathimiyah
| s5                         = Dinasti Ziyariyah
| s6                         = Dinasti Buwaihi
| s7                         = Kekaisaran Mongol
| s8                         = Qaramitah
| s9                         = Dinasti Habbari
| s10                        = Keamiran Multan
| image_map                  = Abbasid Caliphate 850AD.png
| image_map_caption          = Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah {{kira-kira|850}} M.
| capital                    = {{plainlist|
*  [[Kufah]]&lt;br /&gt;(750–762){{refn|group=nb|Kufah tatap manjadi ibukota administratif sacaro kasaluruhan, tapi para khalifah tingga di babarapo lokasi lain salamo tahun-tahun tasabuik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kufa&quot;&gt;{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition|volume=5|article=al-Kūfa|first=Hichem|last=Djaït|page=347}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lihat artikel untuak detailnyo.}}
*  [[Bagdad]]&lt;br /&gt;(762–836, 892–1258)
*  [[Samarra Abbasiyah|Samarra]]&lt;br /&gt;(836–892)
*  [[Kairo]]&lt;br /&gt;(1261–1517){{refn|group=nb|Bani Abbasiyah tingga di Kairo sabagai tokoh seremonial di bawah kakuasaan sultan Mamluk sasudah jatuahnyo Bagdad pado tahun 1258. Lihat artikel untuak detailnyo.}} }}
| official_languages         = [[Bahaso Arab|Bahaso Arab Klasik]] (administrasi pusat); babagai bahaso daerah
| religion                   = [[Islam]] ([[agamo nagara|resmi]])
| currency                   = {{plainlist|
*  [[Dinar ameh|Dinar]] (koin ameh)
*  [[Dirham]] (koin perak)
*  [[Fals]] (koin timbago)}}
| title_leader               = [[Daftar Khalifah Abbasiyah|Khalifah]]
| leader1                    = [[as-Saffah]] {{small|(patamo)}}
| year_leader1               = 750–754
| leader2                    = [[al-Musta'shim]] {{small|(khalifah tarakhia di Bagdad)}}
| year_leader2               = 1242–1258
| leader3                    = [[Al-Mustansir II]] {{small|(khalifah patamo di Kairo)}}
| year_leader3               = 1261–1262
| leader4                    = [[Al-Mutawakkil III]] {{small|(khalifah tarakhia di Kairo)}}
| year_leader4               = 1508–1517
| title_representative       = [[Wazir (Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah)|Wazir]]
| representative1            = [[Ya'qub bin Dawud]]
| year_representative1       = 779–782
| representative2            = Ibnu al-Alqami
| year_representative2       = 1258
| area_rank                  =
| area_km2                   =
| demonym                    = Abbasiyah
| flag_size                  = 130px
| alt_coat                   = Panji-panji Abbasiyah
| today                      = {{flag|Afganistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Aljazair}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Arab Saudi}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Armenia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Azerbaijan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Bahrain}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Georgia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|India}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Irak}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Iran}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Israel}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Italia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kazakhstan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kirgizstan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kuwait}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Lebanon}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Libya}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Malta}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Maroko}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Mesir}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Negara Palestina}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Oman}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Pakistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Portugal}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Qatar}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Siprus}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Spanyol}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Suriah}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Tajikistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Tunisia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Turki}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Turkmenistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Uni Emirat Arab}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Uzbekistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yaman}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yordania}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yunani}}
}}

'''Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah''' ({{lang-ar|الخلافة العباسية}}, ''al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah''), atau '''Daulah Abbasiyah''', adolah kakhalifahan Islam katigo nan badiri sasudah maruntuahaan [[Kakhalifahan Umayyah]] pado tahun 750 Masehi (132 Hijriah).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Hitti, Philip K.|title=History of the Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Otoritatif Sejarah Peradaban Islam|publisher=Qaf|year=2023|pages=358–365|isbn=9786025547485}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakhalifahan ko didirikan dek kaluarga katurunan Al-Abbas bin Abdul Muthalib, salah surang paman dari Nabi Muhammad SAW, sahinggo dinasti ko mamakai namo Bani Abbasiyah.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Istiqomah|author2=Nadalina, M. L.|author3=Ibadi, Y. L.|author4=Hudaidah|year=2025|title=Kejayaan Bani Abbasiyah: Membangun Peradaban Islam yang Berkembang|journal=Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin - Lumbung Pare Cendekia|volume=1|issue=2|pages=24–33}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daulah Abbasiyah mamindahkan pusek pamarintahan imperium Islam dari [[Damaskus]] di Syam ka kota '''[[Baghdad]]''' di [[Mesopotamia]] (kini Irak).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Di bawah pamarintahan para khalifah gadang takah '''[[Harun al-Rashid]]''' jo anaknyo '''[[Al-Ma'mun]]''', Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah mancapai puncak kajayaan intelektual, sains, budayo, jo ekonomi nan dikenal dalam sijarah dunia sabagai Zaman Keemasan Islam (''The Golden Age of Islam'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Herdianti_Joecy_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Herdianti, Devi|author2=Komariah, Nining Syamsi|year=2025|title=Golden Age Of Islam: Kejayaan Abbasiyah Dalam Budaya Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan|journal=Journal of Innovative and Creativity|volume=5|issue=2|pages=19798–19807}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pado maso ko, Baghdad bakambang manjadi metropolis tagadang jo pusek peradaban dunia nan manarik paratian para ilmuwan, filsuf, jo saniman dari babagai banua jo latar balakang agamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunzairina_UINSU_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Nunzairina|year=2019|title=Dinasti Abbasiyah: Kemajuan Peradaban Islam, Pendidikan, dan Kebangkitan Kaum Intelektual|journal=Juspi: Jurnal Sejarah Peradaban Islam|volume=3|issue=2|pages=120–135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sijarah jo Asa Usul ==

=== Revolusi jo Pendirian (750 M) ===
Pendirian Daulah Abbasiyah diawali dek parasaan indak pueh di kalangan umaik Islam non-Arab (kaum Mawali, utamonyo etnis Persia) taadok kabijakan diskriminatif dinasti Umayyah di Damaskus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Katurunan Abbasiyah mamanfaatkan momentum ko dangan manggalang gerakan bawah tanah babasis di Khurasan mamasuak slogan pambelaan taadok katurunan keluarga Nabi (''Ahlul Bait'').&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt;

Garakan revolusioner ko dipimpin sacaro militer dek '''[[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]]''' nan barasia manyatukan faksi Syiah jo Mawali Persia untuak mairuntuahhan kakuasaan khalifah Umayyah tarakhia, Marwan II, pado [[Patampuran Zab]] (750 M).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Kamudian, '''[[Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah]]''' dibaiat sabagai khalifah Abbasiyah patamo di Kufah.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt; Walaupun al-Saffah adolah pendiri dinasti, peletak fondasi dindiang kakuasaan kakhalifahan sabananyo adolah saudaranyo, '''[[Abu Ja'far al-Mansur]]''' (754–775 M), nan mambangun kota rantiang bulek Baghdad sabagai ibukota baru pado tahun 762 M.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunzairina_UINSU_2019&quot; /&gt;

=== Zaman Kaamasan (786–833 M) ===
Zaman Kaamasan Islam bagarih luruih dangan duo pamarintahan khalifah tagadang:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

* '''Harun al-Rashid (786–809 M)''': Pado maso pamarintahannyo, Baghdad mancapai puncak kemakmuran ekonomi sabagai pusek padagangan global antaro Timur jo Barat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muntu_Economic_2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Muntu, A. Tenri Sri|author2=Siradjuddin|year=2024|title=Islamic Golden Age: Analisis Kebijakan Daulah Abbasiyah dalam Bidang Ekonomi dan Relevansi pada Masa Kini|journal=Journal of Innovative Studies|volume=4|issue=3|pages=13–24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baliau mandirikan rintisan perpustakaan karajaan kuno nan kelak dikanal sabagai Baitul Hikmah sarto manyokong penerjemahan buku-buku sains.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Ruzakki|author2=Eliwatis|year=2021|title=Peranan Baitul Hikmah dalam Menghantarkan Kejayaan Daulah Abbasiyah|journal=Jurnal As-Salam|volume=5|issue=1|pages=55–67}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisah kemegahan istana Harun al-Rashid diabadikan dalam sastra legendaris dunia ''[[Saribu Satu Malam]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;
* '''Al-Ma'mun (813–833 M)''': Al-Ma'mun memformalkan '''[[Bayt al-Hikmah]]''' (Baitul Hikmah) manjadi institusi akademik, akademi penerjemahan, sarto observatorium astronomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot; /&gt; Baliau dikenal sabagai patron aguang gerakan rasionalis teologi Islam ([[Mu'tazilah]]) nan sangaik mandukuang kabebasan bapikia ilmiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

=== Kemunduran jo Kajatuahan (1258 M) ===
Kajayaan Abbasiyah mulia marasot sasudah abad ka-9 masehi. Faktor-faktor utamo kemunduran ko antaro lain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''Dominasi Militer Asing''': Khalifah mulia tagantuang pado pangawal militer bayaran dari etnis Turki (fase Samarra) nan lambek laun manguasai istana jo manantukan hulu-hilir kepemimpinan khalifah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''De-sentralisasi Kakuasaan''': Lahianyo dinasti-dinasti otonom regional nan hanyo tunduak sacaro formalitas sajo, takah dinasti [[Buwayhiyah]], [[Kekaisaran Seljuk|Seljuk]], [[Samanid]], jo [[Fatimiyah]] di Mesir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''Krisis Keuangan jo Sektarian''': Konflik internal antaro faksi Sunni, Syiah, sarto krisis kas negara akibat pambarontakan lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt;

Puncak karuntuahan dinasti ko tajadi pado awal tahun 1258 M katiko tentara [[Kekaisaran Mongol]] di bawah pimpinan '''[[Hulagu Khan]]''' (cucu Genghis Khan) mangingek kota Baghdad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Khalifah tarakhia, '''Al-Musta'sim''', dihukum mati sacaro kejam, jutaan panduduak dibantai, jo jutaan manuskrip berharga di Baitul Hikmah dibuang ka Sungai Tigris hinggo aie batang aie ko manjadi hitam pakat dek tinta buku.&lt;ref name=&quot;EDU_Research_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Istiqomah|author2=Nadalina, M. L.|author3=Ibadi, Y. L.|author4=Hudaidah|year=2025|title=Gemilang di Balik Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah: Dari Kejayaan Ilmu Hingga Runtuhnya Peradaban|journal=EDU RESEARCH|volume=6|issue=4|pages=1251–1261}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamajuan Sains jo Filsafat (Intelektual) ==
Era Abbasiyah dipandang sabagai puncak pancerahan intelektual dalam peradaban manusia. Melalui '''Gerakan Penerjemahan''' (''Translation Movement'') nan boseh, karya-karya filsafat, matematika, astronomi, sarto kedokteran dari peradaban Yunani kuno, Persia, Sanskerta (India), jo Suryani ditranslasikan sacaro sistematis ka dalam bahaso Arab.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot; /&gt;

Babarapo ilmuwan gadang nan lahia pado maso ko jo sumbangsihnyo antaro lain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Herdianti_Joecy_2025&quot; /&gt;

* '''[[Al-Khwarizmi]]''': Ahli matematika panamu konsep [[Aljabar]] (''al-jabr'') sarto angka [[Algoritma]] (diadaptasi dari namonyo).
* '''[[Ibnu Sina]]''' (Avicenna): Bapak kedokteran modern nan manulih kitab medis monumental *[[Qanun Kedokteran|Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb]]* nan manjadi rujukan utama universitas-universitas Eropa salamo ratusan tahun.
* '''[[Al-Razi]]''' (Rhazes): Dokter klinis pionir panamu silsilah panyakik cacar jo campak, sarto panulih ensiklopedia kedokteran *Al-Hawi*.
* '''[[Jabir bin Hayyan]]''' (Geber): Ilmuwan gadang nan dipandang sabagai Bapak Ilmu Kimia moderen dangan pancerahan metodologi eksperimental ilmiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;
* '''[[Al-Farabi]]''' jo '''[[Ibnu Rusyd]]''' (Averroes): Filsuf gadang nan mampatamuankan filsafat Aristoteles jo ajaran tauhid Islam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

== Sistem Pamarintahan jo Administrasi ==
Sistem administrasi Abbasiyah sangaik dipangaruhi dek tradisi birokrasi [[Kekaisaran Sasaniyah]] (Persia) nan taratur rapi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Jabatan perdana menteri ('''Wazir''') dibantuak untuak mamimpin sadoalah urusan sipil jalannya pamarintahan di bawah khalifah, dangan kaluarga Persia terkemuka takah '''Bani Barmak''' (Keluarga Barmakid) mamegang peranan kunci pado maso awal dinasti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

Departemen administrasi (''Diwan'') diparlowas untuak boseh tatanan nagara:&lt;ref name=&quot;Muntu_Economic_2024&quot; /&gt;

# '''Diwan al-Kharaj''': Departemen Pajak jo Kas Negara.
# '''Diwan al-Jund''': Departemen Pertahanan jo Kepangkatan Militer.
# '''Diwan al-Azimah''': Departemen Audit jo Akuntansi Negara.
# '''Diwan al-Barid''': Departemen Pelayanan Pos, Transportasi, sarto Intelijen Nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

== Daftar Khalifah Daulah Abbasiyah di Baghdad ==
Barikuik adolah daftar para khalifah Bani Abbasiyah nan mamarintah dari kota Baghdad (fase utamo 750–1258 M):&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

# '''Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah''' (750–754 M) — Pendiri dinasti.
# '''Abu Ja'far al-Mansur''' (754–775 M) — Pendiri kota Baghdad.
# '''Al-Mahdi''' (775–785 M)
# '''Al-Hadi''' (785–786 M)
# '''Harun al-Rashid''' (786–809 M) — Puncak kemakmuran jo sains.
# '''Al-Amin''' (809–813 M)
# '''Al-Ma'mun''' (813–833 M) — Pendiri resmi Baitul Hikmah.
# '''Al-Mu'tashim''' (833–842 M) — Mamulai panggunaan militer Turki; mamindahkan ibukota ka Samarra.
# '''Al-Watiq''' (842–847 M)
# '''Al-Mutawakkil''' (847–861 M)
# '''Al-Muntashir''' (861–862 M)
# '''Al-Musta'in''' (862–866 M)
# '''Al-Mu'tazz''' (866–869 M)
# '''Al-Muhtadi''' (869–870 M)
# '''Al-Mu'tamid''' (870–892 M) — Ibukota baliak ka Baghdad.
# '''Al-Mu'tadid''' (892–902 M)
# '''Al-Muktafi''' (902–908 M)
# '''Al-Muqtadir''' (908–932 M)
# '''Al-Qahir''' (932–934 M)
# '''Ar-Radi''' (934–940 M)
# '''Al-Muttaqi''' (940–944 M)
# '''Al-Mustakfi''' (944–946 M)
# '''Al-Muti'''' (946–974 M)
# '''At-Ta'i'''' (974–991 M)
# '''Al-Qadir''' (991–1031 M)
# '''Al-Qa'im''' (1031–1075 M)
# '''Al-Muqtadi''' (1075–1094 M)
# '''Al-Mustazhir''' (1094–1118 M)
# '''Al-Mustarshid''' (1118–1135 M)
# '''Ar-Rashid''' (1135–1136 M)
# '''Al-Muqtafi''' (1136–1160 M)
# '''Al-Mustanjid''' (1160–1170 M)
# '''Al-Mustadi'''' (1170–1180 M)
# '''An-Nasir''' (1180–1225 M)
# '''Az-Zahir''' (1225–1226 M)
# '''Al-Mustansir''' (1226–1242 M) — Pandiri Universitas Mustansiriya.
# '''Al-Musta'sim''' (1242–1258 M) — Khalifah tarakhia nan dieksekusi tentara Mongol.

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pautan lua ==

* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abbasid-dynasty Abbasid Dynasty] - Encyclopaedia Britannica.
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/abba/hd_abba.htm The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258)] - Metropolitan Museum of Art.</text>
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      <text bytes="15966" sha1="5mh41yk1x48bpe26rqvxequazsgm2ao" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| native_name                = {{native name|ar|الْخِلَافَة الْعَبَّاسِيَّة}}&lt;br&gt;{{transl|ar|Al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah}}
| conventional_long_name     = Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah
| common_name                = Abbasiyah
| status                     = [[Kakhalifahan]]
| government_type            = [[Kakhalifahan]] [[monarki herediter|monarki herediter]]
| life_span                  = {{plainlist|
*  750–1258
*  1261–1517}}
| event_start                = [[Revolusi Abbasiyah]]
| year_start                 = 750
| event1                     = Badirinyo [[Kota Bulat Baghdad|Bagdad]]
| date_event1                = 762
| event2                     = Al-Ma'mun mamanangan [[Perang Saudara Islam IV|parang sudaro]]
| date_event2                = 813
| event3                     = Badirinyo [[Samarra Abbasiyah|Samarra]]
| date_event3                = 836
| event4                     = [[Anarki di Samarra]]
| date_event4                = 861–870
| event5                     = [[Dinasti Buwaihi|Buwaihi]] manguasai Bagdad
| date_event5                = 945
| event6                     = Abbasiyah mamproklamasikan kamardikaan dari [[Kesultanan Seljuk Raya|Seljuk]]
| date_event6                = 1165
| year_end                   = 1517
| event_end                  = [[Perang Utsmaniyah-Mamluk (1516–1517)|Utsmaniyah manaklukan Kairo]]
| image_flag                 = Abbasid banner.svg
| flag_caption               = [[Standar Hitam|Panji-panji hitam Bani Abbas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{citation | title=Abbāsid Authority Affirmed | author=Tabari | year=1995 | publisher=SUNY | volume=28 |editor1=Jane McAuliffe |page=124|mode=cs1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| p1                         = Kakhalifahan Umayyah
| p2                         = Dinasti Dabuyid
| s1                         = Dinasti Samaniyah
| s2                         = Dinasti Saffariyah
| s3                         = Dinasti Sajiyah
| s4                         = Kakhalifahan Fathimiyah
| s5                         = Dinasti Ziyariyah
| s6                         = Dinasti Buwaihi
| s7                         = Kekaisaran Mongol
| s8                         = Qaramitah
| s9                         = Dinasti Habbari
| s10                        = Keamiran Multan
| image_map                  = Abbasid Caliphate 850AD.png
| image_map_caption          = Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah {{kira-kira|850}} M.
| capital                    = {{plainlist|
*  [[Kufah]]&lt;br /&gt;(750–762){{refn|group=nb|Kufah tatap manjadi ibukota administratif sacaro kasaluruhan, tapi para khalifah tingga di babarapo lokasi lain salamo tahun-tahun tasabuik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kufa&quot;&gt;{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition|volume=5|article=al-Kūfa|first=Hichem|last=Djaït|page=347}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lihat artikel untuak detailnyo.}}
*  [[Bagdad]]&lt;br /&gt;(762–836, 892–1258)
*  [[Samarra Abbasiyah|Samarra]]&lt;br /&gt;(836–892)
*  [[Kairo]]&lt;br /&gt;(1261–1517){{refn|group=nb|Bani Abbasiyah tingga di Kairo sabagai tokoh seremonial di bawah kakuasaan sultan Mamluk sasudah jatuahnyo Bagdad pado tahun 1258. Lihat artikel untuak detailnyo.}} }}
| official_languages         = [[Bahaso Arab|Bahaso Arab Klasik]] (administrasi pusat); babagai bahaso daerah
| religion                   = [[Islam]] ([[agamo nagara|resmi]])
| currency                   = {{plainlist|
*  [[Dinar ameh|Dinar]] (koin ameh)
*  [[Dirham]] (koin perak)
*  [[Fals]] (koin timbago)}}
| title_leader               = [[Daftar Khalifah Abbasiyah|Khalifah]]
| leader1                    = [[as-Saffah]] {{small|(patamo)}}
| year_leader1               = 750–754
| leader2                    = [[al-Musta'shim]] {{small|(khalifah tarakhia di Bagdad)}}
| year_leader2               = 1242–1258
| leader3                    = [[Al-Mustansir II]] {{small|(khalifah patamo di Kairo)}}
| year_leader3               = 1261–1262
| leader4                    = [[Al-Mutawakkil III]] {{small|(khalifah tarakhia di Kairo)}}
| year_leader4               = 1508–1517
| title_representative       = [[Wazir (Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah)|Wazir]]
| representative1            = [[Ya'qub bin Dawud]]
| year_representative1       = 779–782
| representative2            = Ibnu al-Alqami
| year_representative2       = 1258
| area_rank                  =
| area_km2                   =
| demonym                    = Abbasiyah
| flag_size                  = 130px
| alt_coat                   = Panji-panji Abbasiyah
| today                      = {{flag|Afganistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Aljazair}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Arab Saudi}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Armenia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Azerbaijan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Bahrain}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Georgia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|India}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Irak}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Iran}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Israel}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Italia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kazakhstan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kirgizstan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kuwait}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Lebanon}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Libya}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Malta}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Maroko}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Mesir}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Oman}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Pakistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Portugal}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Qatar}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Siprus}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Spanyol}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Suriah}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Tajikistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Tunisia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Turki}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Turkmenistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Uni Emirat Arab}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Uzbekistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yaman}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yordania}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yunani}}
}}

'''Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah''' ({{lang-ar|الخلافة العباسية}}, ''al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah''), atau '''Daulah Abbasiyah''', adolah kakhalifahan Islam katigo nan badiri sasudah maruntuahaan [[Kakhalifahan Umayyah]] pado tahun 750 Masehi (132 Hijriah).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Hitti, Philip K.|title=History of the Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Otoritatif Sejarah Peradaban Islam|publisher=Qaf|year=2023|pages=358–365|isbn=9786025547485}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakhalifahan ko didirikan dek kaluarga katurunan Al-Abbas bin Abdul Muthalib, salah surang paman dari Nabi Muhammad SAW, sahinggo dinasti ko mamakai namo Bani Abbasiyah.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Istiqomah|author2=Nadalina, M. L.|author3=Ibadi, Y. L.|author4=Hudaidah|year=2025|title=Kejayaan Bani Abbasiyah: Membangun Peradaban Islam yang Berkembang|journal=Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin - Lumbung Pare Cendekia|volume=1|issue=2|pages=24–33}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daulah Abbasiyah mamindahkan pusek pamarintahan imperium Islam dari [[Damaskus]] di Syam ka kota '''[[Baghdad]]''' di [[Mesopotamia]] (kini Irak).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Di bawah pamarintahan para khalifah gadang takah '''[[Harun al-Rashid]]''' jo anaknyo '''[[Al-Ma'mun]]''', Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah mancapai puncak kajayaan intelektual, sains, budayo, jo ekonomi nan dikenal dalam sijarah dunia sabagai Zaman Keemasan Islam (''The Golden Age of Islam'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Herdianti_Joecy_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Herdianti, Devi|author2=Komariah, Nining Syamsi|year=2025|title=Golden Age Of Islam: Kejayaan Abbasiyah Dalam Budaya Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan|journal=Journal of Innovative and Creativity|volume=5|issue=2|pages=19798–19807}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pado maso ko, Baghdad bakambang manjadi metropolis tagadang jo pusek peradaban dunia nan manarik paratian para ilmuwan, filsuf, jo saniman dari babagai banua jo latar balakang agamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunzairina_UINSU_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Nunzairina|year=2019|title=Dinasti Abbasiyah: Kemajuan Peradaban Islam, Pendidikan, dan Kebangkitan Kaum Intelektual|journal=Juspi: Jurnal Sejarah Peradaban Islam|volume=3|issue=2|pages=120–135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sijarah jo Asa Usul ==

=== Revolusi jo Pendirian (750 M) ===
Pendirian Daulah Abbasiyah diawali dek parasaan indak pueh di kalangan umaik Islam non-Arab (kaum Mawali, utamonyo etnis Persia) taadok kabijakan diskriminatif dinasti Umayyah di Damaskus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Katurunan Abbasiyah mamanfaatkan momentum ko dangan manggalang gerakan bawah tanah babasis di Khurasan mamasuak slogan pambelaan taadok katurunan keluarga Nabi (''Ahlul Bait'').&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt;

Garakan revolusioner ko dipimpin sacaro militer dek '''[[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]]''' nan barasia manyatukan faksi Syiah jo Mawali Persia untuak mairuntuahhan kakuasaan khalifah Umayyah tarakhia, Marwan II, pado [[Patampuran Zab]] (750 M).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Kamudian, '''[[Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah]]''' dibaiat sabagai khalifah Abbasiyah patamo di Kufah.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt; Walaupun al-Saffah adolah pendiri dinasti, peletak fondasi dindiang kakuasaan kakhalifahan sabananyo adolah saudaranyo, '''[[Abu Ja'far al-Mansur]]''' (754–775 M), nan mambangun kota rantiang bulek Baghdad sabagai ibukota baru pado tahun 762 M.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunzairina_UINSU_2019&quot; /&gt;

=== Zaman Kaamasan (786–833 M) ===
Zaman Kaamasan Islam bagarih luruih dangan duo pamarintahan khalifah tagadang:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

* '''Harun al-Rashid (786–809 M)''': Pado maso pamarintahannyo, Baghdad mancapai puncak kemakmuran ekonomi sabagai pusek padagangan global antaro Timur jo Barat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muntu_Economic_2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Muntu, A. Tenri Sri|author2=Siradjuddin|year=2024|title=Islamic Golden Age: Analisis Kebijakan Daulah Abbasiyah dalam Bidang Ekonomi dan Relevansi pada Masa Kini|journal=Journal of Innovative Studies|volume=4|issue=3|pages=13–24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baliau mandirikan rintisan perpustakaan karajaan kuno nan kelak dikanal sabagai Baitul Hikmah sarto manyokong penerjemahan buku-buku sains.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Ruzakki|author2=Eliwatis|year=2021|title=Peranan Baitul Hikmah dalam Menghantarkan Kejayaan Daulah Abbasiyah|journal=Jurnal As-Salam|volume=5|issue=1|pages=55–67}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisah kemegahan istana Harun al-Rashid diabadikan dalam sastra legendaris dunia ''[[Saribu Satu Malam]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;
* '''Al-Ma'mun (813–833 M)''': Al-Ma'mun memformalkan '''[[Bayt al-Hikmah]]''' (Baitul Hikmah) manjadi institusi akademik, akademi penerjemahan, sarto observatorium astronomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot; /&gt; Baliau dikenal sabagai patron aguang gerakan rasionalis teologi Islam ([[Mu'tazilah]]) nan sangaik mandukuang kabebasan bapikia ilmiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

=== Kemunduran jo Kajatuahan (1258 M) ===
Kajayaan Abbasiyah mulia marasot sasudah abad ka-9 masehi. Faktor-faktor utamo kemunduran ko antaro lain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''Dominasi Militer Asing''': Khalifah mulia tagantuang pado pangawal militer bayaran dari etnis Turki (fase Samarra) nan lambek laun manguasai istana jo manantukan hulu-hilir kepemimpinan khalifah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''De-sentralisasi Kakuasaan''': Lahianyo dinasti-dinasti otonom regional nan hanyo tunduak sacaro formalitas sajo, takah dinasti [[Buwayhiyah]], [[Kekaisaran Seljuk|Seljuk]], [[Samanid]], jo [[Fatimiyah]] di Mesir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''Krisis Keuangan jo Sektarian''': Konflik internal antaro faksi Sunni, Syiah, sarto krisis kas negara akibat pambarontakan lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt;

Puncak karuntuahan dinasti ko tajadi pado awal tahun 1258 M katiko tentara [[Kekaisaran Mongol]] di bawah pimpinan '''[[Hulagu Khan]]''' (cucu Genghis Khan) mangingek kota Baghdad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Khalifah tarakhia, '''Al-Musta'sim''', dihukum mati sacaro kejam, jutaan panduduak dibantai, jo jutaan manuskrip berharga di Baitul Hikmah dibuang ka Sungai Tigris hinggo aie batang aie ko manjadi hitam pakat dek tinta buku.&lt;ref name=&quot;EDU_Research_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Istiqomah|author2=Nadalina, M. L.|author3=Ibadi, Y. L.|author4=Hudaidah|year=2025|title=Gemilang di Balik Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah: Dari Kejayaan Ilmu Hingga Runtuhnya Peradaban|journal=EDU RESEARCH|volume=6|issue=4|pages=1251–1261}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamajuan Sains jo Filsafat (Intelektual) ==
Era Abbasiyah dipandang sabagai puncak pancerahan intelektual dalam peradaban manusia. Melalui '''Gerakan Penerjemahan''' (''Translation Movement'') nan boseh, karya-karya filsafat, matematika, astronomi, sarto kedokteran dari peradaban Yunani kuno, Persia, Sanskerta (India), jo Suryani ditranslasikan sacaro sistematis ka dalam bahaso Arab.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot; /&gt;

Babarapo ilmuwan gadang nan lahia pado maso ko jo sumbangsihnyo antaro lain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Herdianti_Joecy_2025&quot; /&gt;

* '''[[Al-Khwarizmi]]''': Ahli matematika panamu konsep [[Aljabar]] (''al-jabr'') sarto angka [[Algoritma]] (diadaptasi dari namonyo).
* '''[[Ibnu Sina]]''' (Avicenna): Bapak kedokteran modern nan manulih kitab medis monumental *[[Qanun Kedokteran|Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb]]* nan manjadi rujukan utama universitas-universitas Eropa salamo ratusan tahun.
* '''[[Al-Razi]]''' (Rhazes): Dokter klinis pionir panamu silsilah panyakik cacar jo campak, sarto panulih ensiklopedia kedokteran *Al-Hawi*.
* '''[[Jabir bin Hayyan]]''' (Geber): Ilmuwan gadang nan dipandang sabagai Bapak Ilmu Kimia moderen dangan pancerahan metodologi eksperimental ilmiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;
* '''[[Al-Farabi]]''' jo '''[[Ibnu Rusyd]]''' (Averroes): Filsuf gadang nan mampatamuankan filsafat Aristoteles jo ajaran tauhid Islam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

== Sistem Pamarintahan jo Administrasi ==
Sistem administrasi Abbasiyah sangaik dipangaruhi dek tradisi birokrasi [[Kekaisaran Sasaniyah]] (Persia) nan taratur rapi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Jabatan perdana menteri ('''Wazir''') dibantuak untuak mamimpin sadoalah urusan sipil jalannya pamarintahan di bawah khalifah, dangan kaluarga Persia terkemuka takah '''Bani Barmak''' (Keluarga Barmakid) mamegang peranan kunci pado maso awal dinasti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

Departemen administrasi (''Diwan'') diparlowas untuak boseh tatanan nagara:&lt;ref name=&quot;Muntu_Economic_2024&quot; /&gt;

# '''Diwan al-Kharaj''': Departemen Pajak jo Kas Negara.
# '''Diwan al-Jund''': Departemen Pertahanan jo Kepangkatan Militer.
# '''Diwan al-Azimah''': Departemen Audit jo Akuntansi Negara.
# '''Diwan al-Barid''': Departemen Pelayanan Pos, Transportasi, sarto Intelijen Nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

== Daftar Khalifah Daulah Abbasiyah di Baghdad ==
Barikuik adolah daftar para khalifah Bani Abbasiyah nan mamarintah dari kota Baghdad (fase utamo 750–1258 M):&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

# '''Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah''' (750–754 M) — Pendiri dinasti.
# '''Abu Ja'far al-Mansur''' (754–775 M) — Pendiri kota Baghdad.
# '''Al-Mahdi''' (775–785 M)
# '''Al-Hadi''' (785–786 M)
# '''Harun al-Rashid''' (786–809 M) — Puncak kemakmuran jo sains.
# '''Al-Amin''' (809–813 M)
# '''Al-Ma'mun''' (813–833 M) — Pendiri resmi Baitul Hikmah.
# '''Al-Mu'tashim''' (833–842 M) — Mamulai panggunaan militer Turki; mamindahkan ibukota ka Samarra.
# '''Al-Watiq''' (842–847 M)
# '''Al-Mutawakkil''' (847–861 M)
# '''Al-Muntashir''' (861–862 M)
# '''Al-Musta'in''' (862–866 M)
# '''Al-Mu'tazz''' (866–869 M)
# '''Al-Muhtadi''' (869–870 M)
# '''Al-Mu'tamid''' (870–892 M) — Ibukota baliak ka Baghdad.
# '''Al-Mu'tadid''' (892–902 M)
# '''Al-Muktafi''' (902–908 M)
# '''Al-Muqtadir''' (908–932 M)
# '''Al-Qahir''' (932–934 M)
# '''Ar-Radi''' (934–940 M)
# '''Al-Muttaqi''' (940–944 M)
# '''Al-Mustakfi''' (944–946 M)
# '''Al-Muti'''' (946–974 M)
# '''At-Ta'i'''' (974–991 M)
# '''Al-Qadir''' (991–1031 M)
# '''Al-Qa'im''' (1031–1075 M)
# '''Al-Muqtadi''' (1075–1094 M)
# '''Al-Mustazhir''' (1094–1118 M)
# '''Al-Mustarshid''' (1118–1135 M)
# '''Ar-Rashid''' (1135–1136 M)
# '''Al-Muqtafi''' (1136–1160 M)
# '''Al-Mustanjid''' (1160–1170 M)
# '''Al-Mustadi'''' (1170–1180 M)
# '''An-Nasir''' (1180–1225 M)
# '''Az-Zahir''' (1225–1226 M)
# '''Al-Mustansir''' (1226–1242 M) — Pandiri Universitas Mustansiriya.
# '''Al-Musta'sim''' (1242–1258 M) — Khalifah tarakhia nan dieksekusi tentara Mongol.

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pautan lua ==

* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abbasid-dynasty Abbasid Dynasty] - Encyclopaedia Britannica.
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/abba/hd_abba.htm The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258)] - Metropolitan Museum of Art.</text>
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      <text bytes="16011" sha1="ac8l80nl0qe6h4x2t5xcozeb6d6b6af" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| native_name                = {{native name|ar|الْخِلَافَة الْعَبَّاسِيَّة}}&lt;br&gt;{{transl|ar|Al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah}}
| conventional_long_name     = Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah
| common_name                = Abbasiyah
| status                     = [[Kakhalifahan]]
| government_type            = [[Kakhalifahan]] [[monarki herediter|monarki herediter]]
| life_span                  = {{plainlist|
*  750–1258
*  1261–1517}}
| event_start                = [[Revolusi Abbasiyah]]
| year_start                 = 750
| event1                     = Badirinyo [[Kota Bulat Baghdad|Bagdad]]
| date_event1                = 762
| event2                     = Al-Ma'mun mamanangan [[Perang Saudara Islam IV|parang sudaro]]
| date_event2                = 813
| event3                     = Badirinyo [[Samarra Abbasiyah|Samarra]]
| date_event3                = 836
| event4                     = [[Anarki di Samarra]]
| date_event4                = 861–870
| event5                     = [[Dinasti Buwaihi|Buwaihi]] manguasai Bagdad
| date_event5                = 945
| event6                     = Abbasiyah mamproklamasikan kamardikaan dari [[Kesultanan Seljuk Raya|Seljuk]]
| date_event6                = 1165
| year_end                   = 1517
| event_end                  = [[Perang Utsmaniyah-Mamluk (1516–1517)|Utsmaniyah manaklukan Kairo]]
| image_flag                 = Abbasid banner.svg
| flag_caption               = [[Standar Hitam|Panji-panji hitam Bani Abbas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{citation | title=Abbāsid Authority Affirmed | author=Tabari | year=1995 | publisher=SUNY | volume=28 |editor1=Jane McAuliffe |page=124|mode=cs1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| p1                         = Kakhalifahan Umayyah
| p2                         = Dinasti Dabuyid
| s1                         = Dinasti Samaniyah
| s2                         = Dinasti Saffariyah
| s3                         = Dinasti Sajiyah
| s4                         = Kakhalifahan Fathimiyah
| s5                         = Dinasti Ziyariyah
| s6                         = Dinasti Buwaihi
| s7                         = Kekaisaran Mongol
| s8                         = Qaramitah
| s9                         = Dinasti Habbari
| s10                        = Keamiran Multan
| image_map                  = Abbasid Caliphate 850AD.png
| image_map_caption          = Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah {{kira-kira|850}} M.
| capital                    = {{plainlist|
*  [[Kufah]]&lt;br /&gt;(750–762){{refn|group=nb|Kufah tatap manjadi ibukota administratif sacaro kasaluruhan, tapi para khalifah tingga di babarapo lokasi lain salamo tahun-tahun tasabuik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kufa&quot;&gt;{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition|volume=5|article=al-Kūfa|first=Hichem|last=Djaït|page=347}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lihat artikel untuak detailnyo.}}
*  [[Bagdad]]&lt;br /&gt;(762–836, 892–1258)
*  [[Samarra Abbasiyah|Samarra]]&lt;br /&gt;(836–892)
*  [[Kairo]]&lt;br /&gt;(1261–1517){{refn|group=nb|Bani Abbasiyah tingga di Kairo sabagai tokoh seremonial di bawah kakuasaan sultan Mamluk sasudah jatuahnyo Bagdad pado tahun 1258. Lihat artikel untuak detailnyo.}} }}
| official_languages         = [[Bahaso Arab|Bahaso Arab Klasik]] (administrasi pusat); babagai bahaso daerah
| religion                   = [[Islam]] ([[agamo nagara|resmi]])
| currency                   = {{plainlist|
*  [[Dinar ameh|Dinar]] (koin ameh)
*  [[Dirham]] (koin perak)
*  [[Fals]] (koin timbago)}}
| title_leader               = [[Daftar Khalifah Abbasiyah|Khalifah]]
| leader1                    = [[as-Saffah]] {{small|(patamo)}}
| year_leader1               = 750–754
| leader2                    = [[al-Musta'shim]] {{small|(khalifah tarakhia di Bagdad)}}
| year_leader2               = 1242–1258
| leader3                    = [[Al-Mustansir II]] {{small|(khalifah patamo di Kairo)}}
| year_leader3               = 1261–1262
| leader4                    = [[Al-Mutawakkil III]] {{small|(khalifah tarakhia di Kairo)}}
| year_leader4               = 1508–1517
| title_representative       = [[Wazir (Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah)|Wazir]]
| representative1            = [[Ya'qub bin Dawud]]
| year_representative1       = 779–782
| representative2            = Ibnu al-Alqami
| year_representative2       = 1258
| area_rank                  =
| area_km2                   =
| demonym                    = Abbasiyah
| flag_size                  = 130px
| alt_coat                   = Panji-panji Abbasiyah
| today                      = {{flag|Afganistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Aljazair}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Arab Saudi}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Armenia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Azerbaijan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Bahrain}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Georgia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|India}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Irak}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Iran}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Israel}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Italia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kazakhstan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kirgizstan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kuwait}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Lebanon}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Libya}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Malta}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Maroko}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Mesir}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Oman}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Pakistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Portugal}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Qatar}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Siprus}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Spanyol}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Suriah}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Tajikistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Tunisia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Turki}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Turkmenistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Uni Emirat Arab}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Uzbekistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yaman}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yordania}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yunani}}
}}

'''Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah''' ({{lang-ar|الخلافة العباسية}}, ''al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah''), atau '''Daulah Abbasiyah''', adolah kakhalifahan Islam katigo nan badiri sasudah maruntuahaan [[Kakhalifahan Umayyah]] pado tahun 750 Masehi (132 Hijriah).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Hitti, Philip K.|title=History of the Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Otoritatif Sejarah Peradaban Islam|publisher=Qaf|year=2023|pages=358–365|isbn=9786025547485}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakhalifahan ko didirikan dek kaluarga katurunan Al-Abbas bin Abdul Muthalib, salah surang paman dari Nabi Muhammad SAW, sahinggo dinasti ko mamakai namo Bani Abbasiyah.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Istiqomah|author2=Nadalina, M. L.|author3=Ibadi, Y. L.|author4=Hudaidah|year=2025|title=Kejayaan Bani Abbasiyah: Membangun Peradaban Islam yang Berkembang|journal=Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin - Lumbung Pare Cendekia|volume=1|issue=2|pages=24–33}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daulah Abbasiyah mamindahkan pusek pamarintahan imperium Islam dari [[Damaskus]] di Syam ka kota '''[[Baghdad]]''' di [[Mesopotamia]] (kini Irak).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Di bawah pamarintahan para khalifah gadang takah '''[[Harun al-Rashid]]''' jo anaknyo '''[[Al-Ma'mun]]''', Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah mancapai puncak kajayaan intelektual, sains, budayo, jo ekonomi nan dikenal dalam sijarah dunia sabagai Zaman Keemasan Islam (''The Golden Age of Islam'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Herdianti_Joecy_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Herdianti, Devi|author2=Komariah, Nining Syamsi|year=2025|title=Golden Age Of Islam: Kejayaan Abbasiyah Dalam Budaya Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan|journal=Journal of Innovative and Creativity|volume=5|issue=2|pages=19798–19807}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pado maso ko, Baghdad bakambang manjadi metropolis tagadang jo pusek peradaban dunia nan manarik paratian para ilmuwan, filsuf, jo saniman dari babagai banua jo latar balakang agamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunzairina_UINSU_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Nunzairina|year=2019|title=Dinasti Abbasiyah: Kemajuan Peradaban Islam, Pendidikan, dan Kebangkitan Kaum Intelektual|journal=Juspi: Jurnal Sejarah Peradaban Islam|volume=3|issue=2|pages=120–135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sijarah jo Asa Usul ==

=== Revolusi jo Pendirian (750 M) ===
Pendirian Daulah Abbasiyah diawali dek parasaan indak pueh di kalangan umaik Islam non-Arab (kaum Mawali, utamonyo etnis Persia) taadok kabijakan diskriminatif dinasti Umayyah di Damaskus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Katurunan Abbasiyah mamanfaatkan momentum ko dangan manggalang gerakan bawah tanah babasis di Khurasan mamasuak slogan pambelaan taadok katurunan keluarga Nabi (''Ahlul Bait'').&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt;

Garakan revolusioner ko dipimpin sacaro militer dek '''[[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]]''' nan barasia manyatukan faksi Syiah jo Mawali Persia untuak mairuntuahhan kakuasaan khalifah Umayyah tarakhia, Marwan II, pado [[Patampuran Zab]] (750 M).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Kamudian, '''[[Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah]]''' dibaiat sabagai khalifah Abbasiyah patamo di Kufah.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt; Walaupun al-Saffah adolah pendiri dinasti, peletak fondasi dindiang kakuasaan kakhalifahan sabananyo adolah saudaranyo, '''[[Abu Ja'far al-Mansur]]''' (754–775 M), nan mambangun kota rantiang bulek Baghdad sabagai ibukota baru pado tahun 762 M.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunzairina_UINSU_2019&quot; /&gt;

=== Zaman Kaamasan (786–833 M) ===
Zaman Kaamasan Islam bagarih luruih dangan duo pamarintahan khalifah tagadang:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

* '''Harun al-Rashid (786–809 M)''': Pado maso pamarintahannyo, Baghdad mancapai puncak kemakmuran ekonomi sabagai pusek padagangan global antaro Timur jo Barat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muntu_Economic_2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Muntu, A. Tenri Sri|author2=Siradjuddin|year=2024|title=Islamic Golden Age: Analisis Kebijakan Daulah Abbasiyah dalam Bidang Ekonomi dan Relevansi pada Masa Kini|journal=Journal of Innovative Studies|volume=4|issue=3|pages=13–24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baliau mandirikan rintisan perpustakaan karajaan kuno nan kelak dikanal sabagai Baitul Hikmah sarto manyokong penerjemahan buku-buku sains.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Ruzakki|author2=Eliwatis|year=2021|title=Peranan Baitul Hikmah dalam Menghantarkan Kejayaan Daulah Abbasiyah|journal=Jurnal As-Salam|volume=5|issue=1|pages=55–67}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisah kemegahan istana Harun al-Rashid diabadikan dalam sastra legendaris dunia ''[[Saribu Satu Malam]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;
* '''Al-Ma'mun (813–833 M)''': Al-Ma'mun memformalkan '''[[Bayt al-Hikmah]]''' (Baitul Hikmah) manjadi institusi akademik, akademi penerjemahan, sarto observatorium astronomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot; /&gt; Baliau dikenal sabagai patron aguang gerakan rasionalis teologi Islam ([[Mu'tazilah]]) nan sangaik mandukuang kabebasan bapikia ilmiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

=== Kemunduran jo Kajatuahan (1258 M) ===
Kajayaan Abbasiyah mulia marasot sasudah abad ka-9 masehi. Faktor-faktor utamo kemunduran ko antaro lain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''Dominasi Militer Asing''': Khalifah mulia tagantuang pado pangawal militer bayaran dari etnis Turki (fase Samarra) nan lambek laun manguasai istana jo manantukan hulu-hilir kepemimpinan khalifah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''De-sentralisasi Kakuasaan''': Lahianyo dinasti-dinasti otonom regional nan hanyo tunduak sacaro formalitas sajo, takah dinasti [[Buwayhiyah]], [[Kekaisaran Seljuk|Seljuk]], [[Samanid]], jo [[Fatimiyah]] di Mesir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''Krisis Keuangan jo Sektarian''': Konflik internal antaro faksi Sunni, Syiah, sarto krisis kas negara akibat pambarontakan lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt;

Puncak karuntuahan dinasti ko tajadi pado awal tahun 1258 M katiko tentara [[Kekaisaran Mongol]] di bawah pimpinan '''[[Hulagu Khan]]''' (cucu Genghis Khan) mangingek kota Baghdad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Khalifah tarakhia, '''Al-Musta'sim''', dihukum mati sacaro kejam, jutaan panduduak dibantai, jo jutaan manuskrip berharga di Baitul Hikmah dibuang ka Sungai Tigris hinggo aie batang aie ko manjadi hitam pakat dek tinta buku.&lt;ref name=&quot;EDU_Research_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Istiqomah|author2=Nadalina, M. L.|author3=Ibadi, Y. L.|author4=Hudaidah|year=2025|title=Gemilang di Balik Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah: Dari Kejayaan Ilmu Hingga Runtuhnya Peradaban|journal=EDU RESEARCH|volume=6|issue=4|pages=1251–1261}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamajuan Sains jo Filsafat (Intelektual) ==
Era Abbasiyah dipandang sabagai puncak pancerahan intelektual dalam peradaban manusia. Melalui '''Gerakan Penerjemahan''' (''Translation Movement'') nan boseh, karya-karya filsafat, matematika, astronomi, sarto kedokteran dari peradaban Yunani kuno, Persia, Sanskerta (India), jo Suryani ditranslasikan sacaro sistematis ka dalam bahaso Arab.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot; /&gt;

Babarapo ilmuwan gadang nan lahia pado maso ko jo sumbangsihnyo antaro lain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Herdianti_Joecy_2025&quot; /&gt;

* '''[[Al-Khwarizmi]]''': Ahli matematika panamu konsep [[Aljabar]] (''al-jabr'') sarto angka [[Algoritma]] (diadaptasi dari namonyo).
* '''[[Ibnu Sina]]''' (Avicenna): Bapak kedokteran modern nan manulih kitab medis monumental *[[Qanun Kedokteran|Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb]]* nan manjadi rujukan utama universitas-universitas Eropa salamo ratusan tahun.
* '''[[Al-Razi]]''' (Rhazes): Dokter klinis pionir panamu silsilah panyakik cacar jo campak, sarto panulih ensiklopedia kedokteran *Al-Hawi*.
* '''[[Jabir bin Hayyan]]''' (Geber): Ilmuwan gadang nan dipandang sabagai Bapak Ilmu Kimia moderen dangan pancerahan metodologi eksperimental ilmiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;
* '''[[Al-Farabi]]''' jo '''[[Ibnu Rusyd]]''' (Averroes): Filsuf gadang nan mampatamuankan filsafat Aristoteles jo ajaran tauhid Islam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

== Sistem Pamarintahan jo Administrasi ==
Sistem administrasi Abbasiyah sangaik dipangaruhi dek tradisi birokrasi [[Kekaisaran Sasaniyah]] (Persia) nan taratur rapi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Jabatan perdana menteri ('''Wazir''') dibantuak untuak mamimpin sadoalah urusan sipil jalannya pamarintahan di bawah khalifah, dangan kaluarga Persia terkemuka takah '''Bani Barmak''' (Keluarga Barmakid) mamegang peranan kunci pado maso awal dinasti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

Departemen administrasi (''Diwan'') diparlowas untuak boseh tatanan nagara:&lt;ref name=&quot;Muntu_Economic_2024&quot; /&gt;

# '''Diwan al-Kharaj''': Departemen Pajak jo Kas Negara.
# '''Diwan al-Jund''': Departemen Pertahanan jo Kepangkatan Militer.
# '''Diwan al-Azimah''': Departemen Audit jo Akuntansi Negara.
# '''Diwan al-Barid''': Departemen Pelayanan Pos, Transportasi, sarto Intelijen Nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

== Daftar Khalifah Daulah Abbasiyah di Baghdad ==
Barikuik adolah daftar para khalifah Bani Abbasiyah nan mamarintah dari kota Baghdad (fase utamo 750–1258 M):&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

# '''Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah''' (750–754 M) — Pendiri dinasti.
# '''Abu Ja'far al-Mansur''' (754–775 M) — Pendiri kota Baghdad.
# '''Al-Mahdi''' (775–785 M)
# '''Al-Hadi''' (785–786 M)
# '''Harun al-Rashid''' (786–809 M) — Puncak kemakmuran jo sains.
# '''Al-Amin''' (809–813 M)
# '''Al-Ma'mun''' (813–833 M) — Pendiri resmi Baitul Hikmah.
# '''Al-Mu'tashim''' (833–842 M) — Mamulai panggunaan militer Turki; mamindahkan ibukota ka Samarra.
# '''Al-Watiq''' (842–847 M)
# '''Al-Mutawakkil''' (847–861 M)
# '''Al-Muntashir''' (861–862 M)
# '''Al-Musta'in''' (862–866 M)
# '''Al-Mu'tazz''' (866–869 M)
# '''Al-Muhtadi''' (869–870 M)
# '''Al-Mu'tamid''' (870–892 M) — Ibukota baliak ka Baghdad.
# '''Al-Mu'tadid''' (892–902 M)
# '''Al-Muktafi''' (902–908 M)
# '''Al-Muqtadir''' (908–932 M)
# '''Al-Qahir''' (932–934 M)
# '''Ar-Radi''' (934–940 M)
# '''Al-Muttaqi''' (940–944 M)
# '''Al-Mustakfi''' (944–946 M)
# '''Al-Muti'''' (946–974 M)
# '''At-Ta'i'''' (974–991 M)
# '''Al-Qadir''' (991–1031 M)
# '''Al-Qa'im''' (1031–1075 M)
# '''Al-Muqtadi''' (1075–1094 M)
# '''Al-Mustazhir''' (1094–1118 M)
# '''Al-Mustarshid''' (1118–1135 M)
# '''Ar-Rashid''' (1135–1136 M)
# '''Al-Muqtafi''' (1136–1160 M)
# '''Al-Mustanjid''' (1160–1170 M)
# '''Al-Mustadi'''' (1170–1180 M)
# '''An-Nasir''' (1180–1225 M)
# '''Az-Zahir''' (1225–1226 M)
# '''Al-Mustansir''' (1226–1242 M) — Pandiri Universitas Mustansiriya.
# '''Al-Musta'sim''' (1242–1258 M) — Khalifah tarakhia nan dieksekusi tentara Mongol.

== Catatan di Bawah ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pautan lua ==

* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abbasid-dynasty Abbasid Dynasty] - Encyclopaedia Britannica.
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/abba/hd_abba.htm The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258)] - Metropolitan Museum of Art.</text>
      <sha1>ac8l80nl0qe6h4x2t5xcozeb6d6b6af</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3351970</id>
      <parentid>3351969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T13:59:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Firman Rusda</username>
        <id>21345</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3351970</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15889" sha1="mturt8wp0qjnk1bcnu903pnf18edmqu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| native_name                = {{native name|ar|الْخِلَافَة الْعَبَّاسِيَّة}}&lt;br&gt;{{transl|ar|Al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah}}
| conventional_long_name     = Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah
| common_name                = Abbasiyah
| status                     = [[Kakhalifahan]]
| government_type            = [[Kakhalifahan]] [[monarki herediter|monarki herediter]]
| life_span                  = {{plainlist|
*  750–1258
*  1261–1517}}
| event_start                = [[Revolusi Abbasiyah]]
| year_start                 = 750
| event1                     = Badirinyo [[Kota Bulat Baghdad|Bagdad]]
| date_event1                = 762
| event2                     = Al-Ma'mun mamanangan [[Perang Saudara Islam IV|parang sudaro]]
| date_event2                = 813
| event3                     = Badirinyo [[Samarra Abbasiyah|Samarra]]
| date_event3                = 836
| event4                     = [[Anarki di Samarra]]
| date_event4                = 861–870
| event5                     = [[Dinasti Buwaihi|Buwaihi]] manguasai Bagdad
| date_event5                = 945
| event6                     = Abbasiyah mamproklamasikan kamardikaan dari [[Kesultanan Seljuk Raya|Seljuk]]
| date_event6                = 1165
| year_end                   = 1517
| event_end                  = [[Perang Utsmaniyah-Mamluk (1516–1517)|Utsmaniyah manaklukan Kairo]]
| image_flag                 = Abbasid banner.svg
| flag_caption               = [[Standar Hitam|Panji-panji hitam Bani Abbas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{citation | title=Abbāsid Authority Affirmed | author=Tabari | year=1995 | publisher=SUNY | volume=28 |editor1=Jane McAuliffe |page=124|mode=cs1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| p1                         = Kakhalifahan Umayyah
| p2                         = Dinasti Dabuyid
| s1                         = Dinasti Samaniyah
| s2                         = Dinasti Saffariyah
| s3                         = Dinasti Sajiyah
| s4                         = Kakhalifahan Fathimiyah
| s5                         = Dinasti Ziyariyah
| s6                         = Dinasti Buwaihi
| s7                         = Kekaisaran Mongol
| s8                         = Qaramitah
| s9                         = Dinasti Habbari
| s10                        = Keamiran Multan
| image_map                  = Abbasid Caliphate 850AD.png
| image_map_caption          = Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah {{kira-kira|850}} M.
| capital                    = {{plainlist|
*  [[Kufah]]&lt;br /&gt;(750–762){{refn|group=nb|Kufah tatap manjadi ibukota administratif sacaro kasaluruhan, tapi para khalifah tingga di babarapo lokasi lain salamo tahun-tahun tasabuik. Lihat artikel untuak detailnyo.}}
*  [[Bagdad]]&lt;br /&gt;(762–836, 892–1258)
*  [[Samarra Abbasiyah|Samarra]]&lt;br /&gt;(836–892)
*  [[Kairo]]&lt;br /&gt;(1261–1517){{refn|group=nb|Bani Abbasiyah tingga di Kairo sabagai tokoh seremonial di bawah kakuasaan sultan Mamluk sasudah jatuahnyo Bagdad pado tahun 1258. Lihat artikel untuak detailnyo.}} }}
| official_languages         = [[Bahaso Arab|Bahaso Arab Klasik]] (administrasi pusat); babagai bahaso daerah
| religion                   = [[Islam]] ([[agamo nagara|resmi]])
| currency                   = {{plainlist|
*  [[Dinar ameh|Dinar]] (koin ameh)
*  [[Dirham]] (koin perak)
*  [[Fals]] (koin timbago)}}
| title_leader               = [[Daftar Khalifah Abbasiyah|Khalifah]]
| leader1                    = [[as-Saffah]] {{small|(patamo)}}
| year_leader1               = 750–754
| leader2                    = [[al-Musta'shim]] {{small|(khalifah tarakhia di Bagdad)}}
| year_leader2               = 1242–1258
| leader3                    = [[Al-Mustansir II]] {{small|(khalifah patamo di Kairo)}}
| year_leader3               = 1261–1262
| leader4                    = [[Al-Mutawakkil III]] {{small|(khalifah tarakhia di Kairo)}}
| year_leader4               = 1508–1517
| title_representative       = [[Wazir (Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah)|Wazir]]
| representative1            = [[Ya'qub bin Dawud]]
| year_representative1       = 779–782
| representative2            = Ibnu al-Alqami
| year_representative2       = 1258
| area_rank                  =
| area_km2                   =
| demonym                    = Abbasiyah
| flag_size                  = 130px
| alt_coat                   = Panji-panji Abbasiyah
| today                      = {{flag|Afganistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Aljazair}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Arab Saudi}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Armenia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Azerbaijan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Bahrain}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Georgia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|India}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Irak}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Iran}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Israel}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Italia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kazakhstan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kirgizstan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kuwait}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Lebanon}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Libya}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Malta}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Maroko}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Mesir}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Oman}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Pakistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Portugal}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Qatar}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Siprus}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Spanyol}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Suriah}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Tajikistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Tunisia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Turki}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Turkmenistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Uni Emirat Arab}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Uzbekistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yaman}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yordania}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yunani}}
}}

'''Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah''' ({{lang-ar|الخلافة العباسية}}, ''al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah''), atau '''Daulah Abbasiyah''', adolah kakhalifahan Islam katigo nan badiri sasudah maruntuahaan [[Kakhalifahan Umayyah]] pado tahun 750 Masehi (132 Hijriah).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Hitti, Philip K.|title=History of the Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Otoritatif Sejarah Peradaban Islam|publisher=Qaf|year=2023|pages=358–365|isbn=9786025547485}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakhalifahan ko didirikan dek kaluarga katurunan Al-Abbas bin Abdul Muthalib, salah surang paman dari Nabi Muhammad SAW, sahinggo dinasti ko mamakai namo Bani Abbasiyah.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Istiqomah|author2=Nadalina, M. L.|author3=Ibadi, Y. L.|author4=Hudaidah|year=2025|title=Kejayaan Bani Abbasiyah: Membangun Peradaban Islam yang Berkembang|journal=Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin - Lumbung Pare Cendekia|volume=1|issue=2|pages=24–33}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daulah Abbasiyah mamindahkan pusek pamarintahan imperium Islam dari [[Damaskus]] di Syam ka kota '''[[Baghdad]]''' di [[Mesopotamia]] (kini Irak).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Di bawah pamarintahan para khalifah gadang takah '''[[Harun al-Rashid]]''' jo anaknyo '''[[Al-Ma'mun]]''', Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah mancapai puncak kajayaan intelektual, sains, budayo, jo ekonomi nan dikenal dalam sijarah dunia sabagai Zaman Keemasan Islam (''The Golden Age of Islam'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Herdianti_Joecy_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Herdianti, Devi|author2=Komariah, Nining Syamsi|year=2025|title=Golden Age Of Islam: Kejayaan Abbasiyah Dalam Budaya Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan|journal=Journal of Innovative and Creativity|volume=5|issue=2|pages=19798–19807}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pado maso ko, Baghdad bakambang manjadi metropolis tagadang jo pusek peradaban dunia nan manarik paratian para ilmuwan, filsuf, jo saniman dari babagai banua jo latar balakang agamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunzairina_UINSU_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Nunzairina|year=2019|title=Dinasti Abbasiyah: Kemajuan Peradaban Islam, Pendidikan, dan Kebangkitan Kaum Intelektual|journal=Juspi: Jurnal Sejarah Peradaban Islam|volume=3|issue=2|pages=120–135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sijarah jo Asa Usul ==

=== Revolusi jo Pendirian (750 M) ===
Pendirian Daulah Abbasiyah diawali dek parasaan indak pueh di kalangan umaik Islam non-Arab (kaum Mawali, utamonyo etnis Persia) taadok kabijakan diskriminatif dinasti Umayyah di Damaskus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Katurunan Abbasiyah mamanfaatkan momentum ko dangan manggalang gerakan bawah tanah babasis di Khurasan mamasuak slogan pambelaan taadok katurunan keluarga Nabi (''Ahlul Bait'').&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt;

Garakan revolusioner ko dipimpin sacaro militer dek '''[[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]]''' nan barasia manyatukan faksi Syiah jo Mawali Persia untuak mairuntuahhan kakuasaan khalifah Umayyah tarakhia, Marwan II, pado [[Patampuran Zab]] (750 M).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Kamudian, '''[[Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah]]''' dibaiat sabagai khalifah Abbasiyah patamo di Kufah.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt; Walaupun al-Saffah adolah pendiri dinasti, peletak fondasi dindiang kakuasaan kakhalifahan sabananyo adolah saudaranyo, '''[[Abu Ja'far al-Mansur]]''' (754–775 M), nan mambangun kota rantiang bulek Baghdad sabagai ibukota baru pado tahun 762 M.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunzairina_UINSU_2019&quot; /&gt;

=== Zaman Kaamasan (786–833 M) ===
Zaman Kaamasan Islam bagarih luruih dangan duo pamarintahan khalifah tagadang:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

* '''Harun al-Rashid (786–809 M)''': Pado maso pamarintahannyo, Baghdad mancapai puncak kemakmuran ekonomi sabagai pusek padagangan global antaro Timur jo Barat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muntu_Economic_2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Muntu, A. Tenri Sri|author2=Siradjuddin|year=2024|title=Islamic Golden Age: Analisis Kebijakan Daulah Abbasiyah dalam Bidang Ekonomi dan Relevansi pada Masa Kini|journal=Journal of Innovative Studies|volume=4|issue=3|pages=13–24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baliau mandirikan rintisan perpustakaan karajaan kuno nan kelak dikanal sabagai Baitul Hikmah sarto manyokong penerjemahan buku-buku sains.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Ruzakki|author2=Eliwatis|year=2021|title=Peranan Baitul Hikmah dalam Menghantarkan Kejayaan Daulah Abbasiyah|journal=Jurnal As-Salam|volume=5|issue=1|pages=55–67}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisah kemegahan istana Harun al-Rashid diabadikan dalam sastra legendaris dunia ''[[Saribu Satu Malam]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;
* '''Al-Ma'mun (813–833 M)''': Al-Ma'mun memformalkan '''[[Bayt al-Hikmah]]''' (Baitul Hikmah) manjadi institusi akademik, akademi penerjemahan, sarto observatorium astronomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot; /&gt; Baliau dikenal sabagai patron aguang gerakan rasionalis teologi Islam ([[Mu'tazilah]]) nan sangaik mandukuang kabebasan bapikia ilmiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

=== Kemunduran jo Kajatuahan (1258 M) ===
Kajayaan Abbasiyah mulia marasot sasudah abad ka-9 masehi. Faktor-faktor utamo kemunduran ko antaro lain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''Dominasi Militer Asing''': Khalifah mulia tagantuang pado pangawal militer bayaran dari etnis Turki (fase Samarra) nan lambek laun manguasai istana jo manantukan hulu-hilir kepemimpinan khalifah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''De-sentralisasi Kakuasaan''': Lahianyo dinasti-dinasti otonom regional nan hanyo tunduak sacaro formalitas sajo, takah dinasti [[Buwayhiyah]], [[Kekaisaran Seljuk|Seljuk]], [[Samanid]], jo [[Fatimiyah]] di Mesir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''Krisis Keuangan jo Sektarian''': Konflik internal antaro faksi Sunni, Syiah, sarto krisis kas negara akibat pambarontakan lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt;

Puncak karuntuahan dinasti ko tajadi pado awal tahun 1258 M katiko tentara [[Kekaisaran Mongol]] di bawah pimpinan '''[[Hulagu Khan]]''' (cucu Genghis Khan) mangingek kota Baghdad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Khalifah tarakhia, '''Al-Musta'sim''', dihukum mati sacaro kejam, jutaan panduduak dibantai, jo jutaan manuskrip berharga di Baitul Hikmah dibuang ka Sungai Tigris hinggo aie batang aie ko manjadi hitam pakat dek tinta buku.&lt;ref name=&quot;EDU_Research_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Istiqomah|author2=Nadalina, M. L.|author3=Ibadi, Y. L.|author4=Hudaidah|year=2025|title=Gemilang di Balik Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah: Dari Kejayaan Ilmu Hingga Runtuhnya Peradaban|journal=EDU RESEARCH|volume=6|issue=4|pages=1251–1261}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamajuan Sains jo Filsafat (Intelektual) ==
Era Abbasiyah dipandang sabagai puncak pancerahan intelektual dalam peradaban manusia. Melalui '''Gerakan Penerjemahan''' (''Translation Movement'') nan boseh, karya-karya filsafat, matematika, astronomi, sarto kedokteran dari peradaban Yunani kuno, Persia, Sanskerta (India), jo Suryani ditranslasikan sacaro sistematis ka dalam bahaso Arab.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot; /&gt;

Babarapo ilmuwan gadang nan lahia pado maso ko jo sumbangsihnyo antaro lain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Herdianti_Joecy_2025&quot; /&gt;

* '''[[Al-Khwarizmi]]''': Ahli matematika panamu konsep [[Aljabar]] (''al-jabr'') sarto angka [[Algoritma]] (diadaptasi dari namonyo).
* '''[[Ibnu Sina]]''' (Avicenna): Bapak kedokteran modern nan manulih kitab medis monumental *[[Qanun Kedokteran|Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb]]* nan manjadi rujukan utama universitas-universitas Eropa salamo ratusan tahun.
* '''[[Al-Razi]]''' (Rhazes): Dokter klinis pionir panamu silsilah panyakik cacar jo campak, sarto panulih ensiklopedia kedokteran *Al-Hawi*.
* '''[[Jabir bin Hayyan]]''' (Geber): Ilmuwan gadang nan dipandang sabagai Bapak Ilmu Kimia moderen dangan pancerahan metodologi eksperimental ilmiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;
* '''[[Al-Farabi]]''' jo '''[[Ibnu Rusyd]]''' (Averroes): Filsuf gadang nan mampatamuankan filsafat Aristoteles jo ajaran tauhid Islam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

== Sistem Pamarintahan jo Administrasi ==
Sistem administrasi Abbasiyah sangaik dipangaruhi dek tradisi birokrasi [[Kekaisaran Sasaniyah]] (Persia) nan taratur rapi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Jabatan perdana menteri ('''Wazir''') dibantuak untuak mamimpin sadoalah urusan sipil jalannya pamarintahan di bawah khalifah, dangan kaluarga Persia terkemuka takah '''Bani Barmak''' (Keluarga Barmakid) mamegang peranan kunci pado maso awal dinasti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

Departemen administrasi (''Diwan'') diparlowas untuak boseh tatanan nagara:&lt;ref name=&quot;Muntu_Economic_2024&quot; /&gt;

# '''Diwan al-Kharaj''': Departemen Pajak jo Kas Negara.
# '''Diwan al-Jund''': Departemen Pertahanan jo Kepangkatan Militer.
# '''Diwan al-Azimah''': Departemen Audit jo Akuntansi Negara.
# '''Diwan al-Barid''': Departemen Pelayanan Pos, Transportasi, sarto Intelijen Nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

== Daftar Khalifah Daulah Abbasiyah di Baghdad ==
Barikuik adolah daftar para khalifah Bani Abbasiyah nan mamarintah dari kota Baghdad (fase utamo 750–1258 M):&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

# '''Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah''' (750–754 M) — Pendiri dinasti.
# '''Abu Ja'far al-Mansur''' (754–775 M) — Pendiri kota Baghdad.
# '''Al-Mahdi''' (775–785 M)
# '''Al-Hadi''' (785–786 M)
# '''Harun al-Rashid''' (786–809 M) — Puncak kemakmuran jo sains.
# '''Al-Amin''' (809–813 M)
# '''Al-Ma'mun''' (813–833 M) — Pendiri resmi Baitul Hikmah.
# '''Al-Mu'tashim''' (833–842 M) — Mamulai panggunaan militer Turki; mamindahkan ibukota ka Samarra.
# '''Al-Watiq''' (842–847 M)
# '''Al-Mutawakkil''' (847–861 M)
# '''Al-Muntashir''' (861–862 M)
# '''Al-Musta'in''' (862–866 M)
# '''Al-Mu'tazz''' (866–869 M)
# '''Al-Muhtadi''' (869–870 M)
# '''Al-Mu'tamid''' (870–892 M) — Ibukota baliak ka Baghdad.
# '''Al-Mu'tadid''' (892–902 M)
# '''Al-Muktafi''' (902–908 M)
# '''Al-Muqtadir''' (908–932 M)
# '''Al-Qahir''' (932–934 M)
# '''Ar-Radi''' (934–940 M)
# '''Al-Muttaqi''' (940–944 M)
# '''Al-Mustakfi''' (944–946 M)
# '''Al-Muti'''' (946–974 M)
# '''At-Ta'i'''' (974–991 M)
# '''Al-Qadir''' (991–1031 M)
# '''Al-Qa'im''' (1031–1075 M)
# '''Al-Muqtadi''' (1075–1094 M)
# '''Al-Mustazhir''' (1094–1118 M)
# '''Al-Mustarshid''' (1118–1135 M)
# '''Ar-Rashid''' (1135–1136 M)
# '''Al-Muqtafi''' (1136–1160 M)
# '''Al-Mustanjid''' (1160–1170 M)
# '''Al-Mustadi'''' (1170–1180 M)
# '''An-Nasir''' (1180–1225 M)
# '''Az-Zahir''' (1225–1226 M)
# '''Al-Mustansir''' (1226–1242 M) — Pandiri Universitas Mustansiriya.
# '''Al-Musta'sim''' (1242–1258 M) — Khalifah tarakhia nan dieksekusi tentara Mongol.

== Catatan di Bawah ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pautan lua ==

* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abbasid-dynasty Abbasid Dynasty] - Encyclopaedia Britannica.
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/abba/hd_abba.htm The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258)] - Metropolitan Museum of Art.</text>
      <sha1>mturt8wp0qjnk1bcnu903pnf18edmqu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3351971</id>
      <parentid>3351970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-22T14:00:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Firman Rusda</username>
        <id>21345</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3351971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15884" sha1="iskw1ahqbpooy15bshjje5c4jjxzdxr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| native_name                = {{native name|ar|الْخِلَافَة الْعَبَّاسِيَّة}}&lt;br&gt;{{transl|ar|Al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah}}
| conventional_long_name     = Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah
| common_name                = Abbasiyah
| status                     = [[Kakhalifahan]]
| government_type            = [[Kakhalifahan]] [[monarki herediter|monarki herediter]]
| life_span                  = {{plainlist|
*  750–1258
*  1261–1517}}
| event_start                = [[Revolusi Abbasiyah]]
| year_start                 = 750
| event1                     = Badirinyo [[Kota Bulat Baghdad|Bagdad]]
| date_event1                = 762
| event2                     = Al-Ma'mun mamanangan [[Perang Saudara Islam IV|parang sudaro]]
| date_event2                = 813
| event3                     = Badirinyo [[Samarra Abbasiyah|Samarra]]
| date_event3                = 836
| event4                     = [[Anarki di Samarra]]
| date_event4                = 861–870
| event5                     = [[Dinasti Buwaihi|Buwaihi]] manguasai Bagdad
| date_event5                = 945
| event6                     = Abbasiyah mamproklamasikan kamardikaan dari [[Kesultanan Seljuk Raya|Seljuk]]
| date_event6                = 1165
| year_end                   = 1517
| event_end                  = [[Perang Utsmaniyah-Mamluk (1516–1517)|Utsmaniyah manaklukan Kairo]]
| image_flag                 = Abbasid banner.svg
| flag_caption               = [[Standar Hitam|Panji-panji hitam Bani Abbas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{citation | title=Abbāsid Authority Affirmed | author=Tabari | year=1995 | publisher=SUNY | volume=28 |editor1=Jane McAuliffe |page=124|mode=cs1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| p1                         = Kakhalifahan Umayyah
| p2                         = Dinasti Dabuyid
| s1                         = Dinasti Samaniyah
| s2                         = Dinasti Saffariyah
| s3                         = Dinasti Sajiyah
| s4                         = Kakhalifahan Fathimiyah
| s5                         = Dinasti Ziyariyah
| s6                         = Dinasti Buwaihi
| s7                         = Kekaisaran Mongol
| s8                         = Qaramitah
| s9                         = Dinasti Habbari
| s10                        = Keamiran Multan
| image_map                  = Abbasid Caliphate 850AD.png
| image_map_caption          = Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah {{kira-kira|850}} M.
| capital                    = {{plainlist|
*  [[Kufah]]&lt;br /&gt;(750–762){{refn|group=nb|Kufah tatap manjadi ibukota administratif sacaro kasaluruhan, tapi para khalifah tingga di babarapo lokasi lain salamo tahun-tahun tasabuik. Lihat artikel untuak detailnyo.}}
*  [[Bagdad]]&lt;br /&gt;(762–836, 892–1258)
*  [[Samarra Abbasiyah|Samarra]]&lt;br /&gt;(836–892)
*  [[Kairo]]&lt;br /&gt;(1261–1517){{refn|group=nb|Bani Abbasiyah tingga di Kairo sabagai tokoh seremonial di bawah kakuasaan sultan Mamluk sasudah jatuahnyo Bagdad pado tahun 1258. Lihat artikel untuak detailnyo.}} }}
| official_languages         = [[Bahaso Arab|Bahaso Arab Klasik]] (administrasi pusat); babagai bahaso daerah
| religion                   = [[Islam]] ([[agamo nagara|resmi]])
| currency                   = {{plainlist|
*  [[Dinar ameh|Dinar]] (koin ameh)
*  [[Dirham]] (koin perak)
*  [[Fals]] (koin timbago)}}
| title_leader               = [[Daftar Khalifah Abbasiyah|Khalifah]]
| leader1                    = [[as-Saffah]] {{small|(patamo)}}
| year_leader1               = 750–754
| leader2                    = [[al-Musta'shim]] {{small|(khalifah tarakhia di Bagdad)}}
| year_leader2               = 1242–1258
| leader3                    = [[Al-Mustansir II]] {{small|(khalifah patamo di Kairo)}}
| year_leader3               = 1261–1262
| leader4                    = [[Al-Mutawakkil III]] {{small|(khalifah tarakhia di Kairo)}}
| year_leader4               = 1508–1517
| title_representative       = [[Wazir (Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah)|Wazir]]
| representative1            = [[Ya'qub bin Dawud]]
| year_representative1       = 779–782
| representative2            = Ibnu al-Alqami
| year_representative2       = 1258
| area_rank                  =
| area_km2                   =
| demonym                    = Abbasiyah
| flag_size                  = 130px
| alt_coat                   = Panji-panji Abbasiyah
| today                      = {{flag|Afganistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Aljazair}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Arab Saudi}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Armenia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Azerbaijan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Bahrain}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Georgia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|India}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Irak}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Iran}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Israel}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Italia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kazakhstan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kirgizstan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kuwait}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Lebanon}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Libya}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Malta}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Maroko}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Mesir}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Oman}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Pakistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Portugal}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Qatar}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Siprus}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Spanyol}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Suriah}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Tajikistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Tunisia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Turki}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Turkmenistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Uni Emirat Arab}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Uzbekistan}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yaman}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yordania}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Yunani}}
}}

'''Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah''' ({{lang-ar|الخلافة العباسية}}, ''al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah''), atau '''Daulah Abbasiyah''', adolah kakhalifahan Islam katigo nan badiri sasudah maruntuahaan [[Kakhalifahan Umayyah]] pado tahun 750 Masehi (132 Hijriah).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Hitti, Philip K.|title=History of the Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Otoritatif Sejarah Peradaban Islam|publisher=Qaf|year=2023|pages=1004|isbn=9786025547485}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakhalifahan ko didirikan dek kaluarga katurunan Al-Abbas bin Abdul Muthalib, salah surang paman dari Nabi Muhammad SAW, sahinggo dinasti ko mamakai namo Bani Abbasiyah.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Istiqomah|author2=Nadalina, M. L.|author3=Ibadi, Y. L.|author4=Hudaidah|year=2025|title=Kejayaan Bani Abbasiyah: Membangun Peradaban Islam yang Berkembang|journal=Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin - Lumbung Pare Cendekia|volume=1|issue=2|pages=24–33}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daulah Abbasiyah mamindahkan pusek pamarintahan imperium Islam dari [[Damaskus]] di Syam ka kota '''[[Baghdad]]''' di [[Mesopotamia]] (kini Irak).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Di bawah pamarintahan para khalifah gadang takah '''[[Harun al-Rashid]]''' jo anaknyo '''[[Al-Ma'mun]]''', Kakhalifahan Abbasiyah mancapai puncak kajayaan intelektual, sains, budayo, jo ekonomi nan dikenal dalam sijarah dunia sabagai Zaman Keemasan Islam (''The Golden Age of Islam'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Herdianti_Joecy_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Herdianti, Devi|author2=Komariah, Nining Syamsi|year=2025|title=Golden Age Of Islam: Kejayaan Abbasiyah Dalam Budaya Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan|journal=Journal of Innovative and Creativity|volume=5|issue=2|pages=19798–19807}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pado maso ko, Baghdad bakambang manjadi metropolis tagadang jo pusek peradaban dunia nan manarik paratian para ilmuwan, filsuf, jo saniman dari babagai banua jo latar balakang agamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunzairina_UINSU_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Nunzairina|year=2019|title=Dinasti Abbasiyah: Kemajuan Peradaban Islam, Pendidikan, dan Kebangkitan Kaum Intelektual|journal=Juspi: Jurnal Sejarah Peradaban Islam|volume=3|issue=2|pages=120–135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sijarah jo Asa Usul ==

=== Revolusi jo Pendirian (750 M) ===
Pendirian Daulah Abbasiyah diawali dek parasaan indak pueh di kalangan umaik Islam non-Arab (kaum Mawali, utamonyo etnis Persia) taadok kabijakan diskriminatif dinasti Umayyah di Damaskus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Katurunan Abbasiyah mamanfaatkan momentum ko dangan manggalang gerakan bawah tanah babasis di Khurasan mamasuak slogan pambelaan taadok katurunan keluarga Nabi (''Ahlul Bait'').&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt;

Garakan revolusioner ko dipimpin sacaro militer dek '''[[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]]''' nan barasia manyatukan faksi Syiah jo Mawali Persia untuak mairuntuahhan kakuasaan khalifah Umayyah tarakhia, Marwan II, pado [[Patampuran Zab]] (750 M).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Kamudian, '''[[Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah]]''' dibaiat sabagai khalifah Abbasiyah patamo di Kufah.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt; Walaupun al-Saffah adolah pendiri dinasti, peletak fondasi dindiang kakuasaan kakhalifahan sabananyo adolah saudaranyo, '''[[Abu Ja'far al-Mansur]]''' (754–775 M), nan mambangun kota rantiang bulek Baghdad sabagai ibukota baru pado tahun 762 M.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunzairina_UINSU_2019&quot; /&gt;

=== Zaman Kaamasan (786–833 M) ===
Zaman Kaamasan Islam bagarih luruih dangan duo pamarintahan khalifah tagadang:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

* '''Harun al-Rashid (786–809 M)''': Pado maso pamarintahannyo, Baghdad mancapai puncak kemakmuran ekonomi sabagai pusek padagangan global antaro Timur jo Barat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Muntu_Economic_2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Muntu, A. Tenri Sri|author2=Siradjuddin|year=2024|title=Islamic Golden Age: Analisis Kebijakan Daulah Abbasiyah dalam Bidang Ekonomi dan Relevansi pada Masa Kini|journal=Journal of Innovative Studies|volume=4|issue=3|pages=13–24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baliau mandirikan rintisan perpustakaan karajaan kuno nan kelak dikanal sabagai Baitul Hikmah sarto manyokong penerjemahan buku-buku sains.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Ruzakki|author2=Eliwatis|year=2021|title=Peranan Baitul Hikmah dalam Menghantarkan Kejayaan Daulah Abbasiyah|journal=Jurnal As-Salam|volume=5|issue=1|pages=55–67}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisah kemegahan istana Harun al-Rashid diabadikan dalam sastra legendaris dunia ''[[Saribu Satu Malam]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;
* '''Al-Ma'mun (813–833 M)''': Al-Ma'mun memformalkan '''[[Bayt al-Hikmah]]''' (Baitul Hikmah) manjadi institusi akademik, akademi penerjemahan, sarto observatorium astronomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot; /&gt; Baliau dikenal sabagai patron aguang gerakan rasionalis teologi Islam ([[Mu'tazilah]]) nan sangaik mandukuang kabebasan bapikia ilmiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

=== Kemunduran jo Kajatuahan (1258 M) ===
Kajayaan Abbasiyah mulia marasot sasudah abad ka-9 masehi. Faktor-faktor utamo kemunduran ko antaro lain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''Dominasi Militer Asing''': Khalifah mulia tagantuang pado pangawal militer bayaran dari etnis Turki (fase Samarra) nan lambek laun manguasai istana jo manantukan hulu-hilir kepemimpinan khalifah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''De-sentralisasi Kakuasaan''': Lahianyo dinasti-dinasti otonom regional nan hanyo tunduak sacaro formalitas sajo, takah dinasti [[Buwayhiyah]], [[Kekaisaran Seljuk|Seljuk]], [[Samanid]], jo [[Fatimiyah]] di Mesir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; 

# '''Krisis Keuangan jo Sektarian''': Konflik internal antaro faksi Sunni, Syiah, sarto krisis kas negara akibat pambarontakan lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumbungPare_Abbasiyah_2025&quot; /&gt;

Puncak karuntuahan dinasti ko tajadi pado awal tahun 1258 M katiko tentara [[Kekaisaran Mongol]] di bawah pimpinan '''[[Hulagu Khan]]''' (cucu Genghis Khan) mangingek kota Baghdad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Khalifah tarakhia, '''Al-Musta'sim''', dihukum mati sacaro kejam, jutaan panduduak dibantai, jo jutaan manuskrip berharga di Baitul Hikmah dibuang ka Sungai Tigris hinggo aie batang aie ko manjadi hitam pakat dek tinta buku.&lt;ref name=&quot;EDU_Research_2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Istiqomah|author2=Nadalina, M. L.|author3=Ibadi, Y. L.|author4=Hudaidah|year=2025|title=Gemilang di Balik Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah: Dari Kejayaan Ilmu Hingga Runtuhnya Peradaban|journal=EDU RESEARCH|volume=6|issue=4|pages=1251–1261}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamajuan Sains jo Filsafat (Intelektual) ==
Era Abbasiyah dipandang sabagai puncak pancerahan intelektual dalam peradaban manusia. Melalui '''Gerakan Penerjemahan''' (''Translation Movement'') nan boseh, karya-karya filsafat, matematika, astronomi, sarto kedokteran dari peradaban Yunani kuno, Persia, Sanskerta (India), jo Suryani ditranslasikan sacaro sistematis ka dalam bahaso Arab.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsSalam_BaitulHikmah_2021&quot; /&gt;

Babarapo ilmuwan gadang nan lahia pado maso ko jo sumbangsihnyo antaro lain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Herdianti_Joecy_2025&quot; /&gt;

* '''[[Al-Khwarizmi]]''': Ahli matematika panamu konsep [[Aljabar]] (''al-jabr'') sarto angka [[Algoritma]] (diadaptasi dari namonyo).
* '''[[Ibnu Sina]]''' (Avicenna): Bapak kedokteran modern nan manulih kitab medis monumental *[[Qanun Kedokteran|Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb]]* nan manjadi rujukan utama universitas-universitas Eropa salamo ratusan tahun.
* '''[[Al-Razi]]''' (Rhazes): Dokter klinis pionir panamu silsilah panyakik cacar jo campak, sarto panulih ensiklopedia kedokteran *Al-Hawi*.
* '''[[Jabir bin Hayyan]]''' (Geber): Ilmuwan gadang nan dipandang sabagai Bapak Ilmu Kimia moderen dangan pancerahan metodologi eksperimental ilmiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;
* '''[[Al-Farabi]]''' jo '''[[Ibnu Rusyd]]''' (Averroes): Filsuf gadang nan mampatamuankan filsafat Aristoteles jo ajaran tauhid Islam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

== Sistem Pamarintahan jo Administrasi ==
Sistem administrasi Abbasiyah sangaik dipangaruhi dek tradisi birokrasi [[Kekaisaran Sasaniyah]] (Persia) nan taratur rapi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt; Jabatan perdana menteri ('''Wazir''') dibantuak untuak mamimpin sadoalah urusan sipil jalannya pamarintahan di bawah khalifah, dangan kaluarga Persia terkemuka takah '''Bani Barmak''' (Keluarga Barmakid) mamegang peranan kunci pado maso awal dinasti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

Departemen administrasi (''Diwan'') diparlowas untuak boseh tatanan nagara:&lt;ref name=&quot;Muntu_Economic_2024&quot; /&gt;

# '''Diwan al-Kharaj''': Departemen Pajak jo Kas Negara.
# '''Diwan al-Jund''': Departemen Pertahanan jo Kepangkatan Militer.
# '''Diwan al-Azimah''': Departemen Audit jo Akuntansi Negara.
# '''Diwan al-Barid''': Departemen Pelayanan Pos, Transportasi, sarto Intelijen Nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

== Daftar Khalifah Daulah Abbasiyah di Baghdad ==
Barikuik adolah daftar para khalifah Bani Abbasiyah nan mamarintah dari kota Baghdad (fase utamo 750–1258 M):&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitti_Master_2023&quot; /&gt;

# '''Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah''' (750–754 M) — Pendiri dinasti.
# '''Abu Ja'far al-Mansur''' (754–775 M) — Pendiri kota Baghdad.
# '''Al-Mahdi''' (775–785 M)
# '''Al-Hadi''' (785–786 M)
# '''Harun al-Rashid''' (786–809 M) — Puncak kemakmuran jo sains.
# '''Al-Amin''' (809–813 M)
# '''Al-Ma'mun''' (813–833 M) — Pendiri resmi Baitul Hikmah.
# '''Al-Mu'tashim''' (833–842 M) — Mamulai panggunaan militer Turki; mamindahkan ibukota ka Samarra.
# '''Al-Watiq''' (842–847 M)
# '''Al-Mutawakkil''' (847–861 M)
# '''Al-Muntashir''' (861–862 M)
# '''Al-Musta'in''' (862–866 M)
# '''Al-Mu'tazz''' (866–869 M)
# '''Al-Muhtadi''' (869–870 M)
# '''Al-Mu'tamid''' (870–892 M) — Ibukota baliak ka Baghdad.
# '''Al-Mu'tadid''' (892–902 M)
# '''Al-Muktafi''' (902–908 M)
# '''Al-Muqtadir''' (908–932 M)
# '''Al-Qahir''' (932–934 M)
# '''Ar-Radi''' (934–940 M)
# '''Al-Muttaqi''' (940–944 M)
# '''Al-Mustakfi''' (944–946 M)
# '''Al-Muti'''' (946–974 M)
# '''At-Ta'i'''' (974–991 M)
# '''Al-Qadir''' (991–1031 M)
# '''Al-Qa'im''' (1031–1075 M)
# '''Al-Muqtadi''' (1075–1094 M)
# '''Al-Mustazhir''' (1094–1118 M)
# '''Al-Mustarshid''' (1118–1135 M)
# '''Ar-Rashid''' (1135–1136 M)
# '''Al-Muqtafi''' (1136–1160 M)
# '''Al-Mustanjid''' (1160–1170 M)
# '''Al-Mustadi'''' (1170–1180 M)
# '''An-Nasir''' (1180–1225 M)
# '''Az-Zahir''' (1225–1226 M)
# '''Al-Mustansir''' (1226–1242 M) — Pandiri Universitas Mustansiriya.
# '''Al-Musta'sim''' (1242–1258 M) — Khalifah tarakhia nan dieksekusi tentara Mongol.

== Catatan di Bawah ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pautan lua ==

* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abbasid-dynasty Abbasid Dynasty] - Encyclopaedia Britannica.
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/abba/hd_abba.htm The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258)] - Metropolitan Museum of Art.</text>
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