Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 260 3352777 3351675 2026-09-25T09:41:38Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotak info provinsi | nama = Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta | settlement_type = ibu kota | singkatan = DKI Jakarta | nama lain = {{hlist|Sunda Kelapa|Jayakarta|Batavia}} | julukan = ''The Big Durian'', ''J-Town''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1/|title=A Day in J-Town|publisher=Jetstar Magazine|date=Ap2012|accessdate=2 January 2013|archive-date=2013-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801063908/http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | lambang = Coat of arms of Jakarta.svg | foto = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 2/2/2/1 |image1=Museum fatahillah.jpg |image2=Museum Nasional Indonesia.jpg |image3=Istana-Merdeka.jpg |image4=Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, Asia Cup 2007.jpg |image5=Stasiun Jakartakota 2018.jpg |image6= |image7=Jakarta Skyline Part 2.jpg }} | caption = Dari ateh, saarah jarum jam: [[Museum Fatahillah]], [[Museum Nasional Indonesia]], [[Stadion Gelora Bung Karno]], [[Monas]], Panorama Jakarta, [[Stasiun Jakarta Kota]], dan [[Istana Merdeka]]. | motto = "Jaya Raya"{{br}}<small>("Jayo jo Basa (Aguang)")</small> | peta = {{Infobox mapframe|zoom=7}} | tanggal = [[22 Juni]] [[1527]] (umur {{umur|1527|6|22|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}) | dasar hukum = UU Nomor 29 Tahun 2007 | ibukota = [[Kota Administrasi Jakarta Pusat|Jakarta Pusat]]{{efn|Secara ''[[de facto]]'', [[Kota Administrasi Jakarta Pusat|Jakarta Pusat]] menjadi pusat bagi banyak gedung [[Pemerintah|pemerintahan]]. Secara ''[[de jure]]'', DKI Jakarta tidak memiliki [[ibu kota]].}} | luas = 7659,02 | peringkat populasi = <!-- peringkat berdasarkan jumlah penduduk --> | tahun populasi = [[2020]] | populasi ref = <ref name="DKI">{{cite document|url= https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/bb7fa6dd5e90b534e3fa6984/provinsi-dki-jakarta-dalam-angka-2021.html|title=Provinsi DKI Jakarta Dalam Angka 2021|publisher=[[Badan Pusat Statistik]] Provinsi DKI Jakarta|accessdate=11 April 2021|pages=74|format=pdf}}</ref> | penduduk = 10562088 | kepadatan = 14555 | nama gubernur = [[Pramono Anung]] | nama wakil gubernur = [[Rano Karno]] | nama ketua DPRD = [[Prasetyo Edi Marsudi]] | nama sekretaris daerah = [[Marullah Matali]] | kabupaten = 1 | kota = 5 | kecamatan = 44 | kelurahan = 267 | total APBD = Rp 89.088.351.842.504,-<ref name="APBD">[http://apbd.jakarta.go.id/main/pub/2019/6/1 jakarta.go.id: APBD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920093338/http://apbd.jakarta.go.id/main/pub/2019/6/1 |date=2020-09-20 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | tahun APBD = 2019 | PAD = Rp 50.624.330.153.998,-<ref name="APBD"/> | DAU = | IPM = {{increase}} 81,11 ([[2021]])<br> {{fontcolor|DarkGreen|Sangat Tinggi}}<ref name="IPM">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/494/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-provinsi.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Menurut Provinsi 2019-2021|website=www.bps.go.id|accessdate=26 November 2021}}</ref> | agama = [[Islam]] (83,68%)<br> [[Kristen]] (12,53%)<br>—[[Protestan]] (8,60%)<br>—[[Katolik]] (3,93%)<br> [[Agamo Buddha|Buddha]] (3,59%)<br> [[Hindu]] (0,18%)<br> [[Agamo Konghucu|Konghucu]] (0,02%)<ref name="AGAMA">{{cite web|url=https://jakarta.bps.go.id/indicator/108/844/1/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama-dan-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-dki-jakarta.html|title=Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama dan Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2020|webiste=jakarta.bps.go.id|accessdate=15 Oktober 2021}}</ref> | bahasa = {{collapsible list|[[Bahaso Indonesia|Indonesia]] (resmi)<br>[[bahaso Betawi|Betawi]] (utama)<br> [[bahaso Jawa|Jawa]]<br> [[bahaso Sunda|Sunda]]<br> [[bahaso Tionghoa|Tionghoa]]<br> [[bahaso Batak|Batak]]<br> [[bahaso Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]<br> [[bahaso Madura|Madura]]<br> [[bahaso Malayu|Malayu]]<br> [[bahaso Banjar|Banjar]]<br> [[bahaso Inggirih|Inggirih]]<br> [[bahaso Aceh|Aceh]]<br> [[Bahaso Bugih|Bugih]]<br> [[Bahaso Bali|Bali]]<br> [[bahaso Arab|Arab]]<br> [[bahaso Tamil|Tamil]]<br> [[Bahaso Ambon|Ambon]]<br> [[Bahaso Pecok|Pecok]]<br> [[Bahaso Ulando|Ulando]]<br> [[Bahaso Portugih|Portugih]]}} | lagu = [[Kicir-Kicir]]<br>[[Jali-Jali]] | rumah = [[Rumah kebaya|Rumah Kebaya]] | senjata = [[Golok]] | catatan = <ref name="DKI 2017">{{cite web|url=https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2018/01/05/44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0/statistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html|title=Statistik Daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2017|last=|first=|publisher=BPS DKI Jakarta|accessdate=11 Agustus 2018}}</ref><ref name="kependudukan DKI 2013">BPS: Jakarta Dalam Angka [http://jakarta.bps.go.id/backend/pdf_publikasi/Jakarta-Dalam-Angka-2014.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107153540/https://jakarta.bps.go.id/backend/pdf_publikasi/Jakarta-Dalam-Angka-2014.pdf |date=2022-01-07 }}, diakses pada 12 Agustus 2015</ref> | ref luas = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/v2/news/category/geografis-jakarta|title=GEOGRAFIS JAKARTA|publisher=jakarta.go.id|date=1 Januari 2008|accessdate=12 April 2016|archive-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419041245/http://www.jakarta.go.id/v2/news/category/geografis-jakarta|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | TNKB = B | ISO = ID-JK | kode pos = 10''xxx''-14''xxx'' | kode area = 021 | flora = [[Salak|Salak condet]] | fauna = [[Alang bondo]] | utc = +07:00 | zona waktu = [[Wakatu Indonesia Barat|WIB]] | bendera = Flag of Jakarta (vectorised).svg | catatankaki = {{notelist}} | web = {{url|jakarta.go.id/}} | luas perairan = 6997,50 | luas daratan = 664,01 | slogan = +Jakarta Kota Kolaborasi<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-17|title=Anies: Branding Kota Jakarta Sekarang Kota Kolaborasi|url=https://republika.co.id/share/qlhb6u428|website=Republika Online|language=id|access-date=2022-01-07}}</ref> }} '''Jakarta''' {{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|k|ɑr|t|ə}},<ref group="note">Palafalan dalam [[bahaso Batawi]]: {{IPA-id|dʒaˈkarte}}.</ref> sacaro rasmi banamo '''Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta''', adolah ibukota dan kota nan paliang gadang di [[Indonesia]]. Talatak di bagia pasisia barat lauik [[Pulau Jawa]], Jakarta adolah ibu kota parekonomian, kabudayoan dan politik, dan tampek tingga dari 10,187,595 juta urang pado November 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kependudukancapil.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=63 |title=''Jumlah Penduduk Provinsi DKI Jakarta'' |work=Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil |accessdate=19 April 2012 |archive-date=8 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408101949/http://www.kependudukancapil.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=63 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> kota ko adolah [[Daftar daerah urban manuruik populasi|kota bapanduduak paliang banyak]] di Indonesia dan [[Asia Tenggara]], dan marupoan [[Daftar kota manuruik populasi|kota katigobaleh paliang banyak panduduaknyo]] di dunia. Daerah metropolitan rasmi, nan acok disabuik [[Jabodetabek]] (panyingkekan dari Jakarta, [[Bogor]], [[Depok]], [[Tangerang]] jo [[Bekasi]]), adolah [[Daftar daerah urban manuruik populasi|nan kaduo paliang gadang]] di dunia. Jakarta manjadi [[kota global]] manuruik panalitian Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) pado taun 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2008|work=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC)|publisher=[[Loughborough University]]|accessdate=7 December 2009|archive-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811203314/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan mamiliaki wilayah darek sagadang {{convert|661|km2}}. Area ko manjadi tampek tingga labiah dari 28 juta urang.<ref name="bps">[http://www.bps.go.id/aboutus.php?hasilSP2010=1 ''Sensus Penduduk 2010''. Biro Pusat Statistik]</ref> Pado 2011, Jakarta diuruikkan di paringkek katujuahbaleh di daftar 200 kota nan paliang gadang di dunia. Jakarta alah bakambang jauah labiah maju dibandiangkan kota-kota saroman [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Beijing]] atau [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waspada.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=243533:foke-lebih-yakin-lembaga-survei-asing&catid=17:politik&Itemid=30 |title=Foke lebih yakin lembaga survei asing |date=24 April 2012 |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831024245/http://www.waspada.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=243533:foke-lebih-yakin-lembaga-survei-asing&catid=17:politik&Itemid=30 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Didirikan pado abaik kaampek, kota ko manjadi palabuahan padagangan nan pantiang untuak [[Karajaan Sunda]]. Jakarta kamuadian manjadi ibu kota de facto [[Hindia Balando]] (namonyo kutiko itu masih ''Batavia''), dan sampai kini masih manjadi ibu kota Indonesia sajak diproklamasikannyo kamardekaan nagara tu pado 1945. Kota ko marupoan markas dari Sekretariat [[ASEAN]]. Kota ko dilayani dek [[Palabuahan Kapa Tabang Internasional Soekarno-Hatta]], [[Palabuahan Kapa Tabang Halim Perdanakusuma]] dan [[Palabuahan Tanjung Priok]]; dan juo dilayani dek sambuangan [[kureta api]] dan [[kureta komuter]], sarato babarapo jalur [[TransJakarta|bus kota]]. == Panamoan == Daerah nan kini dinamokan Jakarta juo mamiliaki babarapo namo lamo nan digunoan dek entitas-entitas politik nan mamarintah kota ko sabalunnyo: [[Sunda Kelapa]] (397–1527), Jayakarta (1527–1619), Batavia (1619–1949), dan Djakarta (1949–1972). Namonyo nan kini barasa dari kato "Jayakarta". Aka kato ko barasa dari [[Bahaso Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]] dan [[bahaso Sanskerta|Sanskerta]]. "Jayakarta" baarati "kamanangan", "kasamparonoan" atau "kamanangan nan samparono". Jakarta dijualaki ''[[Durian]] Gadang'', sajinih buah lokal Indonesia nan baduri dan babaun khas.<ref name="Jakartapost"/> Alasan juluakan ko antaro lain karano Jakarta dipandang sabagai padanan Indonesia untuak ''[[New York City|the Big Apple]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/1532 |title=Sojourn In The Big Durian |publisher=ThingsAsian |accessdate=14 March 2011 |archive-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016175716/http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/1532 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==Sajarah== {{Main|Sajarah Jakarta}} [[File:Prasasti tugu.jpg|thumb|160px|left|[[Batu basurek Tugu]] dari abaik kalimo nan ditamuan di daerah Tugu, Jakarta Utara.]] ===Maso pra-kolonial=== Daerah nan kini disabuik Jakarta adolah bagian dari [[Karajaan Tarumanagara]], sabuah karajaan [[Sunda]], nan marupoan salah satu karajaan Hindu nan paliang tuo di Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta|title=Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon|year=2005}}</ref> Satalah kajatuahan Tarumanagara, wilayah-wilayahnyo, tamasuak daerah Jakarta, manjadi bagian dari [[Karajaan Sunda]]. Dari abaik katujuah inggo awal abaik katigobaleh, daerah ko manjadi palabuahan nan pantiang untuak karajaan dan banyak dipangaruahi dek [[Karajaan Sriwijaya]]. Manuruik catatan Cino, ''Chu-fan-chi'', nan ditulih kiro-kiro pado taun 1200, [[Chou Ju-kua]] malaporan baso pado awal abaik katigobaleh, Sriwijaya masih mamarintah Sumatra, [[Samananjuang Malayu]] dan bagian barat Jawa. Catatan ko juo malaporan baso palabuahan Sunda sabagai palabuahan nan "strategis dan bakambang pesat", manjadi pusek padagangan [[lado itam]] dari Sunda nan tanamo dek mutunyo. Panduduak daerah ko bakarajo di bidang agrikultur dan rumah-rumahnyo dibangun dari kayu.<ref>{{cite book | author=Drs. R. Soekmono,| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed. | publisher=Penerbit Kanisius | date= 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 | location =Yogyakarta| page =page 60 }}</ref> Palabuahan ko disabuik [[Sunda Kelapa]], dan pado abaik kaampekbaleh, palabuahan ko alah manjadi pusek padagangan utamo dari karajaan Sunda. Ampek kapa [[Portugis]] dari [[Malaka]] tibo di Sunda Kelapa pado 1513, kutiko Portugis sadang mancari jalur manuju pulau-pulau pangasia lado itam.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Cipta Loka Caraka|title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16|year=1999}}</ref> Karajaan Sunda mambuek sabuah [[Luso Sundanese padrão|pajanjian basakutu]] jo urang-orang Portugis dan mambuliahan mareka mambangun sabuah palabuahan pado 1522, dalam rangko batahan dari ancaman [[Kasultanan Demak]] dari Jawa Tangah.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp |title=History of Jakarta |work=BeritaJakarta}}</ref> Pado 1527, [[Fatahillah]], saurang palimo parang Demak manyarang dan manakluakkan Sunda Kelapa, dan mangusia urang-urang Portugis. Sunda Kelapa diganti namonyo manjadi Jayakarta,<ref name="autogenerated2" /> dan manjadi wilayah kakuasoan [[Kasultanan Banten]]. Malalui hubuangan jo Pangeran Jayawikarta dari Kasultanan Banten, kapa-kapa Balando tibo di Jayakarta pado taun 1596. Pado 1602, [[Parusaoan India Timua Inggirih]] mangirim rombongan nan dipimpin [[Sir James Lancaster]], mambuang sauah di [[Aceh]] dan balaia ka Banten, dimano mareka diagiah izin untuak mambangun sabuah kantua dagang. Wilayah ko kamudian manjadi pusek padagangan Inggirih di Indonesia inggo 1682.<ref name="RICKLEFSp29">{{Cite book|last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 |edition=2nd |publisher=MacMillan |year=1993 |location=London |page=29 |isbn=0-333-57689-6}}</ref> Jayawikarta diduga mampunyoi hubuangan dagang jo padagang-padagang Inggirih nan manjadi rival Balando, jo caro maagiah izin pambangunan rumah-rumah di muko bangunan-bangunan Balando pado 1615.<ref name='1596to1619'>{{Cite book|last=Heuken |first=Adolf|title=Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta Jilid II: Dokumen-dokumen Sejarah Jakarta dari kedatangan kapal pertama Belanda (1596) sampai dengan tahun 1619 (Authentic sources of History of Jakarta part II: Documents of history of Jakarta from the first arrival of Dutch ship (1596) to year 1619) |publisher=Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka |year=2000 |location=Jakarta }}</ref> ===Era kolonial=== [[File:Stadhuis Batavia, Jakarta.jpg|thumb|''Stadhuis Batavia'', kantua Gubernur Jenderal [[Parusaoan Hindia Timua Balando|VOC]] di daerah [[Kota Tua Jakarta]]. Bangunan ko kini manjadi [[Museum Sajarah Jakarta]]]] [[File:Andries Beeckman - The Castle of Batavia.jpg|thumb|left|Batavia dibangun di ateh lahan nan kini manjadi Jakarta. Karya [[Andries Beeckman]] c. 1656]] Kutiko ubuangan antaro Pangeran Jayawikarta dan urang-urang Balando mamburuak, parajurik Jayawikarta manyarang benteng Balando. Pasukan Jayawikarta nan dibantu Inggirih dikalahkan dek Balando, sabagian karano tibonyo [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]] (J.P. Coen). Balado mambaka benteng Inggirih dan mamaso Inggirih untuak mundur ka kapa-kapanyo. Kamanangan ko mampakuek kakuasaan Balando ateh kota ko dan pado taun 1619, Balando mangganti namo Jayakarta manjadi ''Batavia''. Paluang-paluang padagangan di kota ko mambuek banyak imigran tatarik datang, kusuihnyo padagang-padagang Cino. Panambahan jumlah panduduak nan tibo-tibo mambuek barek baban pamarintah kota. Katagangan mamuncak kutiko pamarentah mancubo mambatehi migrasi urang-urang Cino jo caro deportasi. Palawanan pacah dan 5,000 urang Cino [[Pambantaian Batavia 1740|dibantai]] dek pamarentah Balando dan panduduak pribumi pado 9 Oktober 1740, dan taun salanjuiknyo, banyak urang Cino mamiliah pindah ka [[Glodok]] nan talatak di lua tembok kota.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139">{{Cite book|last=Witton |first=Patrick |title=Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia0000unse_i2g4 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2003 |location=Melbourne |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia0000unse_i2g4/page/138 138]–139|isbn=1-74059-154-2}}</ref> Kota ko mulai bakambang ka arah selatan sasudah wabah panyakik taun 1835 dan 1870, mamaso banyak urang untuak pindah labiah ka arah selatan dari palabuahan. Koningsplein, kini banamo [[Medan Merdeka]] salasai dibangun pado 1818, taman parumahan [[Menteng]] mulai dibangun pado 1913,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090220150339/http://www.bapekojakartapusat.go.id/node/42 Menteng : Pelopor Kota Taman], 3 November 2007</ref> dan [[Kebayoran Baru]] adolah kawasan parumahan taakhia nan dibangun Balando.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/> Pado 1930, Batavia alah punyo labiah dari satangah juta panduduak,<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/13.htm Colonial Economy and Society, 1870–1940]. Source: ''U.S. Library of Congress.''</ref> tamasuak 37,067 urang Eropa.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4T4HJKW-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=949420039&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a406b85e0a44bef9ed9ad2d055bcd62b Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households]. ScienceDirect.</ref> ===Era kamardekaan=== Sasudah parang, kaum republikan Indonesia mamutuihan untuak maninggakan Jakarta nan dikuasai [[Sakutu pado Parang Dunia Kaduo|pasukan Sakutu]] dan manjadikan [[Yogyakarta]] sabagai ibu kota nagara nan baru. Pado 1950, satalah kamardekaan sapanuahnyo dirabuik, ibu kota nagara dibaliakkan ka kota ko.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/> Presiden partamo Indonesia, [[Soekarno]], bacito-cito untuak manjadian Jakarta sabuah kota internasional gadang dan mamarintahkan proyek-proyek pambangunan nan dibiayai dek pamarentah untuak mamasuakkan unsur-unsur nasionalis dan [[arsitektur modern]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kusno |first=Abidin |year=2000 |title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures |location=New York City |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-23615-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=P. |last=Schoppert |coauthor=Damais, S. |title=Java Style |year=1997 |publisher=Didier Millet |location=Paris |isbn= 962-593-232-1}}</ref> Proyek-proyeknyo tamasuak jalan layang, bundaran gadang di Jalan MH Thamrin-Sudirman, [[Monumen Nasional]], [[Hotel Indonesia]], pusek balanjo dan gedung parlemen nan baru. Pado Oktober 1965, Jakarta manjadi saksi [[Pagarakan 30 September|sabuah usao kudeta]] nan mambunuah anam urang jenderal tinggi militer, mamicu [[Pambantaian massal Indonesia 1965-66|pambarasiahan massal urang-urang kuminih]], tamasuak banyak urang Cino,<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm Why ethnic Chinese are afraid]". BBC News. 12 February 1998.</ref> dan bamulonyo [[Paraliahan ka Orde Baru|era Orde Baru di bawah Soeharto]]. Sabuah monumen dibangun di [[Lubang Buaya|tampek mayik jenderal-jenderal tu dibuang]]. Pado 1966, Jakarta dinyatoan sabagai "daerah kusuih ibukota" (''daerah khusus ibukota''), dan mandapek status satingkek provinsi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta |work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta#13148.toc |accessdate=17 September 2007 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc}}</ref> Letnan Jenderal [[Ali Sadikin]] manjadi gubernur dari patangahan 60-an inggo 1977; inyo mamaloki sajumlah jalan jo jambatan, mandukuang pakambangan seni jo budayo, mambangun rumah-rumah sakik jo sakolah-sakolah. Inyo juo manertibkan area-area kumuah untuak proyek-proyek pambangunan modern,<ref>{{Cite journal|first=M. |last=Douglas |year=1989 |title=The Environmental Sustainability of Development. Coordination, Incentives and Political Will in Land Use Planning for the Jakarta Metropolis |journal=Third World Planning Review |volume=11 |issue=2 pages=pp. 211–238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/095624789200400203 |first=M. |last=Douglas |year=1992 |title=The Political Economy of Urban Poverty and Environmental Management in Asia: Access, Empowerment and Community-based Alternatives |url=https://archive.org/details/environment-urbanization_1992-10_4_2/page/9 |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=9–32}}</ref> dan barusao mangapuihan [[becak]] dan malarang padagang kaki limo. Sadikin juo barusao untuak mangandalikan jumlah papindahan dari lua Jakarta untuak mancagah kalabiahan jumlah panduduak dan paningkekan jumlah urang miskin.<ref> {{Cite book | last = Turner | first = Peter | title = Java (1st edition) | url = https://archive.org/details/javalonelyplanet0000turn | publisher=Lonely Planet | year=1997 | location=Melbourne | page=[https://archive.org/details/javalonelyplanet0000turn/page/315 315] | isbn=0-86442-314-4 }}</ref> Investasi dari lua nagari alah mangubah wajah kota ko salamo maso pamarintahan Sadikin dan pangganti-panggantinyo.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Edsel E. |last=Sajor |year=2003 |url=http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00325 |title=Globalization and the Urban Property Boom in Metro Cebu, Philippines |journal=Development and Change |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=713–742 |doi=10.1111/1467-7660.00325}}</ref> Ladakan ekonomi ko baakhia pado maso [[Krisis ekonomi Asia 1997|krisis 1997]], mambuek Jakarta sabagai pusek pagarakan anti-pamarentah. Sasudah 32 bakuaso, dukuangan pado presiden Soeharto mulai manurun. Katagangan mamuncak kutiko ampek mahasiswa [[Universitas Trisakti]] di[[Panembakan Trisakti|tembak mati]] dek aparat kaamanan; [[Karusuahan Mai 1998|karusuahan ampek hari di Jakarta]] mambunuah labiah dari 1,200 urang dan marusak 6,000 bangunan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=Indonesian Destinies |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo/page/331 329]}}</ref> Banyak parusuah mangincar urang [[Cino Indonesia]].<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm Wages of Hatred] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010211122711/http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm |date=2001-02-11 }}. Michael Shari. Business Week.</ref> Soeharto akhianyo mundur dari jabatan presiden, dan Jakarta batahan sabagai pusek krusial dari pagarakan demokrasi di Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Friend |first=T. |title=Indonesian Destinies |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6}}</ref> Bom dan sarangan teroris tajadi hampia tiok taun di kota ko antaro 2000 inggo 2005,<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/> dan ciek bom lai pado [[bom Jakarta 2009|taun 2009]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Minggu, 19 Juli 2009 – 13:16 WIB |url=http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-di-jakarta |title=Daftar Serangan Bom di Jakarta |publisher=Poskota |accessdate=27 April 2010 |archive-date=12 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812063627/http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-di-jakarta |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==Pamarentahan== ===Kotamadya jo kabupaten di Jakarta=== <center>[[File:Jakarta subdistrict.png|thumb|left|500px|Peta [[kotamadya]] di Jakarta. Tiok kotamadya tadiri ateh babarapo [[kecamatan]].]]</center> Sacaro rasmi, Jakarta bukanlah sabuah kota, tapi [[Provinsi Indonesia|sabuah provinsi]] nan bastatus istimewa sabagai ibu kota nagara. Provinsi ko dipimpin dek surang gubernur, bukannyo walikota, dan dibagi manjadi babarapo kotamadya dan kabupaten. Sabagai provinsi, namo rasmi Jakarta adolah ''Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta'' ("Daerah Kusuih Ibukota Jakarta"), disingkek DKI Jakarta. Jakarta dibagi manjadi limo kota atau kotamadya, nan dipimpin dek surang wali kota dan ciek [[kabupaten]], nan dipimpin dek [[bupati]]. Pado Agustus 2007, provinsi ko manyalanggarokan pamiliahan umum partamo untuak mamiliah gubernur, karano sabalunnyo gubernur dipiliah dek Dewan Pawakilan Rakyaik Daerah. Pamiliahan ko marupokan bagian dari program desentralisasi kakuasaan nan maagiah jalan bagi pamiliahan kapalo daerah langsuang di sadoalah kabupaten jo kota di Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6936276.stm |title=Jakarta holds historic election |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=8 August 2007}}</ref> Kota-kota di Jakarta adolah: * [[Kota Jakarta Pusat|Jakarta Pusat]] adolah kota nan paliang ketek dan tampek duduak bagi banyak fasilitas pamarentahan provinsi. Kota ko didominasi dek taman-taman gadang dan bangunan paninggalan kolonial Balando. Tando tanahnyo antaro lain [[Monumen Nasional]], [[Musajik Istiqlal]], [[Katedral Jakarta]] dan museum-museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakpus/default.asp|title=Central Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|accessdate=19 December 2009|archive-date=11 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911220356/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakpus/default.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * [[Kota Jakarta Barat|Jakarta Barat]] didominasi dek industri skala ketek nan taseba di saluruah panjuru kota. Tando tanahnyo antaro lain kawasan Pecinan Jakarta bangunan-bangunan tuo paninggalan Balando. Jakarta Barat juo maliputi sabagian [[Kota Tuo Jakarta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakbar/default.asp|title=West Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|accessdate=24 February 2010|archive-date=11 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911220346/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakbar/default.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * [[Kota Jakarta Selatan|Jakarta Selatan]], aslinyo dirancang sabagai sabuah kota satelit nan tapisah, tapi kini alah manjadi tampek bagi pusek-pusek balanjo modern dan kompleks parumahan elit. Daerah ko bafungsi sabagai panyangga aia untuak Jakarta,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaksel/|title=South Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|accessdate=19 December 2009|archive-date=5 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705203755/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaksel/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> tapi kini daerah hijau alah mulai diancam dek proyek pambangunan baru. Sabagian gadang distrik bisnis Jakarta talatak di kota ko, iyolah di Setia Budi nan babateh jo daerah Tanah Abang/Sudirman di Jakarta Pusat. * [[Kota Jakarta Timur|Jakarta Timur]] didominasi dek kawasan industri dan pabrik.<ref name="Jaktim go id">{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaktim/default.asp|title=East Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|accessdate=19 December 2009|archive-date=14 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014184630/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaktim/default.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Di kota ko talatak [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]] dan [[Palabuahan Kapa Tabang Halim Perdanakusuma]]. * [[Kota Jakarta Utara|Jakarta Utara]] adolah satu-satunyo kota di Jakarta nan mamiliaki area lauik, babateh jo [[Lauik Jawa]]. Kota ko mamiliaki [[Palabuahan Tanjug Priok]]. Industri skala gadang dan manangah dikonsentrasikan di kota ko, tapi juo punyoi sabagian daerah Kota Tuo Jakarta. Di kota ko juo talatak [[Taman Impian Jaya Ancol]], kini kompleks hiburan tapadu paliang gadang di Asia Tenggara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakut/default.asp|title=North Jakarta Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|accessdate=19 December 2009|archive-date=13 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913084331/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakut/default.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Satu-satunyo kabupaten di Jakarta adolah: * [[Kabupaten Kepulauan Seribu|Kepulauan Seribu]], dulunyo marupokan bagian dari Jakarta Utara, adolah himpunan dari 105 pulau ketek di Lauik Jawa. Kabupaten ko banyak dikunjuangi untuak pariwisata maritim saroman mandayuang, baranang dan lain-lain. Moda transportasi utamo di kabupaten ko adolah kapa bot atau feri ketek.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/kepseribu|title="Thousand Island" Profile|work=The City Jakarta Administration|publisher=Jakarta.go.id|accessdate=19 December 2009|archive-date=16 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616124511/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/kepseribu/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Kapalo pamarentahan === {{See also|Daftar Gubernur DKI Jakarta}} Pado Septemmber 1945, bantuak pamarentahan kota Jakarta diubah dari pamarentahan ''Djakarta Toku-Betsu Shi'' nan dibantuak Japang manjadi model Indonesia. Pamarentahan partamo dikatuai dek surang wali kota inggo 1960, kutiko jabatan wali kota diganti manjadi gubernur. Wali kota taakhia Jakarta adolah [[Sudiro]], nan diganti dek Dr [[Sumarno]] sabagai Gubernur Jakarta nan partamo.<ref name="Statistics">{{Cite book|publisher=Statistics DKI Jakarta Provincial Office, Jakarta|title=Jakarta in Figures |year=2008}}</ref> ==Geografi dan iklim== ===Geografi=== Jakarta talatak di pasisia barat lauik [[Pulau Jawa]], di muaro [[Sungai Ciliwung]] di [[Teluk Jakarta]], nan marupoan taluak ketek dari [[Lauik Jawa]]. Sacaro rasmi, laweh daerah Daerah Kusuih Ibu Kota Jakarta adolah {{convert|662|km2|0|abbr=on}} bagian darek dan {{convert|6,977|km2|0|abbr=on}} kawasan lauik.<ref>Based on Governor Decree in 2007, No. 171. taken from Statistics DKI Jakarta Provincial Office, ''Jakarta in Figures'', 2008, BPS, Province of DKI Jakarta</ref> [[Kabupaten Kepulauan Seribu|Kepulauan Seribu]], nan sacaro rasmi marupokan bagian dari Jakarta, talatak di Teluk Jakarta, bagian utara dari daratan utamo. Jakarta talatak pado dataran randah dan data, bakisa dari {{convert|-2|m|0}} inggo {{convert|50|m|0}} dan tinggi rato-ratonyo {{convert|8|m|0}} [[di ateh pamukaan lauik]]; 40% bagian darek Jakarta, utamonyo di bagian utara, talatak di bawah pamukaan lauik,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thejakartaglobe.com/waterworries/the-tides-efforts-never-end-to-repel-an-invading-sea/320034 |title=The Tides: Efforts Never End to Repel an Invading Sea |work=Jakarta Globe |accessdate=14 March 2011 |archive-date=20 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220130644/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/waterworries/the-tides-efforts-never-end-to-repel-an-invading-sea/320034 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> samantaro bagian salatannyo babukik-bukik. Sungai mangalia dari tanah tinggi [[Puncak]] ka bagian selatan kota, malintehi kota ka arah utara manuju Lauik Jawa; salah satu sungai nan paliang gadang adolah [[Sungai Ciliwung]] nan mambalah Jakarta Barat jo Jakarta Timur. Sungai-sungai lain antaro lain Sungai Pesanggarahan jo Sungai Sunter. Sadoalah sungai ko, disatukan jo musim hujan dan sistem drainase nan buruak dan acok tasumbek, mambuek Jakarta rawan dilando banjia. Jakarta tabanam sakitar 5 inggo 10 sentimeter tiok taun, bahkan labiah dari 20 sentimeter di daerah utara. Untuak mambantu mancagah bancano banjia nan tibo ampia tiok taun, Balando maagiah sakitar $4&nbsp;juta untuak studi kalayakan pambangunan tanggul di Teluk Jakarta. Cincin tanggul akan dilengkapi jo sistem pompa dan daerah retensi untuak manahan amuakan aia lauik. Proyek ko akan dibangun pado 2025.<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/27/dutch-study-new-dike-jakarta-bay.html Dutch to study new dike for Jakarta Bay | The Jakarta Post<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {{wide image|View of Jakarta from Monas.jpg|1800px|Pamandangan Jakarta Pusat dari manaro pamantau di Monas}} === Iklim === Jakarta mamiliaki [[iklim musim tropis]] (''Am'')<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|title=Climate: Jakarta - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/714756/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|accessdate=20 September 2013}}</ref> manuruik [[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]]. Walaupun talatak realtif dakek dari khatulistiwa, kota ko punyo [[musim hujan]] dan [[musim kariang]] nan lain bana. Musim hujan di Jakarta malando sabagian gadang wakatu sapanjang tahun, balansuang sapanjang November inggo Juni. Ampek bulan sisonyo adolah musim kariang. Talatak di bagian barat pulau Jawa, musim hujan di Jakarta mancapai puncaknyo pado bulan Januari jo ratoan curah hujan {{convert|389|mm}}, dan titiak tarandah musim kariang adolah pado September, jo ratoan {{convert|30|mm|abbr=on}}. {{Weather box |location = Jakarta |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 29.9 |Feb high C = 30.3 |Mar high C = 31.5 |Apr high C = 32.5 |May high C = 32.5 |Jun high C = 31.4 |Jul high C = 32.3 |Aug high C = 32.0 |Sep high C = 33.0 |Oct high C = 32.7 |Nov high C = 31.3 |Dec high C = 32.0 |year high C = 31.8 |Jan low C = 24.2 |Feb low C = 24.3 |Mar low C = 25.2 |Apr low C = 25.1 |May low C = 25.4 |Jun low C = 24.8 |Jul low C = 25.1 |Aug low C = 24.9 |Sep low C = 25.5 |Oct low C = 25.5 |Nov low C = 24.9 |Dec low C = 24.9 |year low C = 25.0 |Jan precipitation mm = 384.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 309.8 |Mar precipitation mm = 100.3 |Apr precipitation mm = 257.8 |May precipitation mm = 133.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 83.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 30.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 34.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 29.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 33.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 175.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 84.0 |year precipitation mm = 1655.2 |Jan rain days = 26 |Feb rain days = 20 |Mar rain days = 15 |Apr rain days = 18 |May rain days = 13 |Jun rain days = 17 |Jul rain days = 5 |Aug rain days = 24 |Sep rain days = 6 |Oct rain days = 9 |Nov rain days = 22 |Dec rain days = 12 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]] <ref>{{Cite web | url =http://worldweather.wmo.int/043/c00310.htm | title =World Weather Information Service - Jakarta | access-date =2013-10-09 | archive-date =2022-12-19 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221219175850/https://worldweather.wmo.int/043/c00310.htm | dead-url =yes }}</ref> |date=August 2010 }} == Budayo == [[File:Keong Emas.jpg|left|thumb|''Keong Emas'', dibuek pado 1970 dek pamarentahan Orde Baru, adolah sabuah teater IMAX nan talatak di [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], Jakarta Timur.]] Sabagai ibu kota ekonomi jo politik Indonesia, Jakarta alah manarik banyak imigran domestik nan mambao masuak bahaso, dialek, makanan jo adaik nan balain-lain pulo. [[Urang Betawi]] (''Orang Betawi'', atau "warga Batavia") adoah katurunan urang-urang nan tingga di dalam dan sakita Batavia lamo dan diakui sabagai sabuah suku banso nan barasa dari abaik ka-18 inggo ka-19. Urang Betawi kabanyakannyo adolah katurunan dari suku-suku banso Asia Tenggara nan tibo di Batavia untuak mamanuahi kaparaluan buruah kasa, tamasuak urang-urang dari palosok Indonesia.<ref name="Knorr"/> [[Bahaso Betawi|Bahaso]] jo budayo Betawi hampia samo jo bahaso nan dipakai dek [[urang Sunda]] atau [[urang Jawa]]. Bahaso ko kabanyakan badasa pado [[bahaso Malayu Kuno]] dialek timur dan dipakayo dek kato-kato pinjaman dari bahaso Balando, Portugih, Sunda, Jawa, Cino jo Arab. Kini, dialek Jakarta (''bahasa Jakarta''), dipakai sacarao laweh dek urang-urang Jakarta, dan kabanyakannyo badasa pado bahaso Betawi nan dimodernkan. Kasanian Betawi indak talalu populer di Jakarta, karano banyak urang Betawi alah bapindah ka pinggiran kota, digantian dek imigran-imigran. Kini di Jakarta labiah mudah untuak manamuan upacaro baralek baadaik Jawa atau Minang dibandiang baralek baadaik Betawi di Jakarta. Labiah mudah untuak manamuan [[gamelan]] asa Jawa dibandiang ''[[gambang kromong]]'', sajinih musik nan mancampua budayo Betawi jo Cino, atau ''[[tanjidor]]'', campuran musik Betawi jo Portugih, atau juo ''[[marawis]]'', campuran musik Betawi jo Arab. Walau baitu, babarapo festival saroman Festival Jalan Jaksa atau Festival Kemang kini alah bausao untuak manampilan dan malestarikan budayo-budayo Betawi, jo caro mangundang artis-artis tradisional untuak tampil.<ref name="Knorr">{{Cite book|last=Knörr |first=Jacqueline |title=Kreolität und postkoloniale Gesellschaft. Integration und Differenzierung in Jakarta |publisher=Campus Verlag |location=Frankfurt |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-593-38344-6}}</ref> [[File:Festival beach Ancol Jakarta.jpg|right|thumb|Pantai Festival di [[Taman Impian Jaya Ancol]], Jakarta Utara.]] Sajak baabaik-abaik nan lampau, alah ado komunitas [[Cino Indonesia]] di Jakarta. Urang Cino di Indonesia sacaro tradisional tingga di sakita daerah parumahan lamo, sarupo [[Pinangsia]], [[Pluit]] atau [[Glodok]]. Komunitas ko juo dapek ditamui di area [[Chinatown]] di [[Senen]] jo [[Jatinegara]]. Ado kurang labiah 6% urang Cino di Jakarta.<ref name='BBC'>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4312805.stm |title=Chinese diaspora: Indonesia |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |author=Johnston, Tim |date=3 March 2005}}</ref> Budayo Cino alah juo mampangaruahi budayo Betawi, saroman tanamonyo kue jo manisan Cino, [[kambang api]], inggo baralek baadaik Betawi nan manampilan pangaruah budayo Cino jo Arab. Jakarta punyo banyak pusek kasanian, sarupo tampek konser klasik Aula Simfonia Jakarta di Kemayoran, [[Taman Ismail Marzuki]] (TIM) di Cikini, [[Gedung Kesenian Jakarta]] dakek Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini di daerah Plaza Semanggi, [[Bentara Budaya Jakarta]] di Palmerah, ''Pasar Seni'' di [[Ancol]], jo panampilan kasanian tradisional Indonesia di paviliun-paviliun sajumlah provinsi nan talatak di daerah [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]]. Musik tradisional dapek ditamuan di hotel-hotal bintang limo, tamasuak pasambahan [[wayang]] jo gamelan. Pasambahan [[wayang orang]] dari Jawa dapek ditonton di teater Wayang Urang Bharata dakek terminal bus Senen. Sabagai ibu kota dan kota tagadang, Jakarta alah mangasiakan banyak talenta musik nasional. Jakarta adolah tuan rumah dari babarapo festival atau pameranbudayo jo kasanian nan prestisius, sarupo [[Jakarta International Film Festival]] (JiFFest), [[Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival]], [[Jakarta Fashion Week]], Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (JFFF), Jakarta Fair,jo Indonesia Creative Products. Jakarta Arts and Crafts Flona Jakarta adolah pameran flora jo fauna nan diadoan sakali sataun di taman [[Lapangan Banteng]], mamamerkan bungo-bungoan, tumbuah-tumbuahan, caro parawatan tanaman jo hewan paliaroan. [[Jakarta Fair]] diadoan sakali sataun dari patangahan Juni inggo patangahan Juli untuak marayoan ulang taun provinsi ko dan sabagian gadang tapusek untuak kagiatan padagangan. Walau baitu, pameran ko juo manampilan hiburan jo kasanian, tamasuak patunjuakan budayo dan lagu-lagu nan dibaokan dek grup musik lokal. === Musium === [[File:Museum Nasional Indonesia.jpg|thumb|[[Musium Nasional Indonesia]] di Jakarta Pusat]] Musium-musium di Jakarta kabanyakan tadapek di sakuliliang area Medan Merdeka di Jakarta Pusat, [[Kota Tua Jakarta]] jo [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]]. Ado banyak gaduang-gaduang bakeh pamarintahan kolonial Balando di area Kota Tuo. Babarapo diantaronyo kini manjadi musium, saroman [[Musium Sajarah Jakarta]] (sabalunnyo balai kota Batavia), [[Musium Wayang]] (sabalunnyo Garejo Batavia), Musium Kasanian jo Karamik (sabalunnyo pangadilan tinggi Batavia), [[Musium Maritim (Indonesia)|Musium Maritim]] (sabalunnyo gudang palabuahan Sunda Kelapa), Musium Bank Indonesia (sabalunnyo gaduang De Javasche Bank), jo Musium Bank Mandiri (sabalunnyo gaduang ''Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij''). Babarapo musium talatak di daerah Medan Merdeka, Jakarta Pusat, antaro lain: [[Musium Nasional Indonesia]] (juo tanamo jo sebutan ''Gedung Gajah''), [[Monumen Nasional (Indonesia)|Monas]], Musium Islam Istiqlal di [[Musajik Istiqlal]] (1978) jo Musium [[Katedral Jakarta]] (1901) nan talatak di lantai duo katedral tu. Musium lain tamasuaklah [[Musium Taman Prasasti]] jo [[Musium Tekstil (Jakarta)|Musium Tekstil]] di daerah Tanah Abang.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indonesia West|first=|publisher=Nelles Guides|year=1990|location=Amerika Serikat|pages=78|last=Robertson McCarta & Nelles Verlag}}</ref> Daerah rekreasi kaluargo [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]] di Jakarta Timur juo mamiliaki ampek baleh musium, tamasuak [[Musium Indonesia]], [[Musium Purna Bhakti Pertiwi]], [[Musium Asmat]], Musium Islam Bayt al-Qur'an, Musium Pusaka jo babarapo musium batema sains saroman Pusek Informasi Teknologi jo Panalitian, Musium Fauna Indonesia Komodo, Musium Saranggo, Musium Minyak jo Gas, sarato Musium Transportasi. Musium lain nan tadapek di provinsi ko antaro lain [[Musium Militer Satria Mandala]], Musium Sumpah Pemuda, jo [[Lubang Buaya]]. === Kuliner === [[File:Gado-gado in Jakarta.JPG|thumb|left|[[Gado-gado]] adolah makanan nan tanamo di Jakarta.]] Jakarta mamiliaki baragam makanan dan minuman nan tasadio di ratusan pusek makan di provinsi ko, mulai dari lapak kaki limo di jalanan inggo restoran maha babintang limo. Salah satu masakan nan paliang populer antaro lain [[soto Betawi]], nan manganduangi santan jo dagiang sapi. Namun baito, karano Jakarta dianggap sabagai tampek bacampuanyo suku-suku di Indonesia, banyak masakan tradisional dari suku lain nan mudah ditamui di Jakarta. Contohnyo, [[masakan Padang]] dari Minangkabau jo [[masakan Jawa]] nan murah di ''warung tegal'' (''warteg'') di pinggia jalan. Kuliner lain nan tasadio antaro lain [[masakan Cino]], [[masakan Japang|Japang]], [[masakan Korea|Korea]], [[masakan Thai|Thai]], [[masakan India|India]], [[masakan Amerika|Amerika]], [[masakan Parancih|Parancih]] inggo [[masakan Timua Tangah|Timua Tangah]].<ref>{{cite web |author=By A Yahoo! Contributor, 17 May 2009 |url=http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-2881278-haveli_indian_cuisine_bar_jakarta-i |title=Haveli Indian Cuisine & Bar, Jakarta, Indonesia – Yahoo! Travel |publisher=Travel.yahoo.com |accessdate=27 April 2010 |archive-date=16 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216030417/http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-2881278-haveli_indian_cuisine_bar_jakarta-i |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Masakan nan populer lainnyo antaro lain [[kerak telor]], [[gado-gado]], [[sate]], [[nasi goreng]] jo kue cucur. ==Ekonomi, pamarintahan jo infrastruktur== ===Ekonomi=== [[File:Kuningan-rasuna-hariadhi.jpg|right|thumb|Daerah bisnis Rasuna Said di Kuningan]] Parekonomian Jakarta sangek bagantuang pado sektor kauangan, padagangan jo manufaktur. Industri di Jakarta tamasuaklah elektronik, otomotif, pamasinan jo manufaktur sains biomedik. Patumbuahan ekonomi Jakarta pado taun 2007 adolah 6.44%, labiah banyak dari 5.95% pado taun sabalunnyo. Pakambangan nan paliang signifikan tamasuaklah di bidang paubuangan jo angkutan (15.25%), konstruksi (7.81%) jo padagangan, sarato hotel jo restoran (6.88%).<ref name="Statistics" /> Pado 2007, GRP (''Gross Regional Domestic Product'') mancapai Rp. 566&nbsp;triliun (labiah kurang $US 56&nbsp;milya). Panyumbang nan paliang gadang untuak GDRP ko adolah sektor kauangan, kapamalikian jo bisnis (29%); padagangan, hotel jo restoran (20%), jo sektor industri manufaktur (16%).<ref name="Statistics" /> Pado 2007, kanaikan GRDP pakapita di DKI Jakarta adolah sagadang 11.6%.<ref name="Statistics" /> === Pamarintahan === Paraturan taun 2007 malarang untuak maagiah sumbangan pado pangamih, pangamen jo padagang jalanan, malarang pamukiman indak sah di pinggia sungai atau jalan tol, sarato malarang maludah atau maisok rokok di transportasi umum. Urang-urang nan mambarasiahan kaco oto tanpa pamintaan/izin atau mamintak pitih dari maarahan aruih lalu-linteh juo akan dikanaian dando. Salah satu kritik nan padeh tahadok paraturan ko baalasan baso paraturan ko sulik ditarapkan jo labiah candaruang pado manulak kanyatoan adonyo kamiskinan di antaro panduduak.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6989211.stm "Jakarta bans beggars and buskers"] ''[[BBC]]'', 11 September 2007. Diakses 5 November 2013</ref> Maniru gagasan nan ditarapkan di [[Orchard Road]], [[Singapura]], pado 2011, pamarintah provinsi mambatehi parkir di Jalan Hayam Wuruk jo Jalan Gajah Mada di Jakarta Pusat. Pamarintah juo manyatoan akan manggusur padagang indak sah jo pangamih di kaduo jalan tu.<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/14/jakartas-hayam-wuruk-gajah-mada-follow-orchard-road-model.html Jakarta's Hayam Wuruk, Gajah Mada to follow Orchard Road model | The Jakarta Post<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Dalam palaksanaannyo, larangan-larangan ko hampia indak pernah barasia. ==== Daftar Gubernur ==== <onlyinclude>Berikuik iko marupoan daftar [[Gubernur]] [[Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://interaktif.kompas.id/baca/gubernur-jakarta/|title=Jakarta, 1945–kini|access-date=7 Januari 2022|work=[[Kompas (surat kabar)|Kompas.id]]|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919182736/https://interaktif.kompas.id/baca/gubernur-jakarta/|dead-url=no}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="background:#ffffef; float:center; text-align:center" ! {{Abbr|No.|Nomor}} ! colspan="2"| Gubernur<br/>(lahia–maningga) ! Potret ! Mulai manjabat ! Akhia manjabat ! Partai ! colspan="2"| [[Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta|Wakia Gubernur]] ! Periode ! Ref. |- | colspan="11"| Pemimpin Pemerintahan Kota Jakarta |- ! 1 ! style="background:#660000"| | [[Suwiryo|Soewirjo]]<br>(1903–1967) | [[Berkas:Suwirjo, Republik Indonesia, Kotapradja Djakarta-Raja, p187 (cropped).jpg|90px]] | 7 September 1945 | 23 September 1945 | [[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | [[Bagindo Dahlan Abdullah]] | 1 | |- | colspan="11"| Wali Kota Jakarta |- ! (1) ! style="background:#660000"| | colspan="2" |[[Suwiryo|Soewirjo]] | 23 September 1945 | 21 Juli 1947 | [[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | N/A | (1) | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://jakarta.go.id/web/encyclopedia/detail/3047/Suwiryo|title=Eksiklopedia: Suwiryo|website=Portal Resmi Provinsi DKI Jakarta|publisher=Dinas Komunikasi DKI Jakarta|access-date=18 Maret 2017|archive-date=2017-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816092200/http://www.jakarta.go.id/web/encyclopedia/detail/3047/Suwiryo|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | colspan="11"| ''[[Daftar Kepala Daerah Batavia (1947-1950)|Pendudukan Belanda (1947–1948)<br>Bagian dari Negara Pasundan (1948–1950)]]'' |- ! (1) ! style="background:#660000"| | colspan="2" |[[Suwiryo|Soewirjo]] | 30 Maret 1950 | 2 Mei 1951 | [[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | N/A | 2 | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.okezone.com/read/2012/06/28/507/655216/raden-suwiryo-walikota-pertama-jakarta|title=Raden Suwiryo, Walikota Pertama Jakarta|date=28 Juni 2012|access-date=17 Oktober 2012|publisher=Okezone|work=[[Okezone.com]]|last=Suryana|first=Dede|archive-date=2017-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614030005/http://news.okezone.com/read/2012/06/28/507/655216/raden-suwiryo-walikota-pertama-jakarta|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- ! 2 ! style="background:#003200"| | [[Sjamsuridjal]]<br>(1903–1964) | [[Berkas:Sjamsuridjal, Republik Indonesia, Kotapradja Djakarta-Raja, p187 (cropped).jpg|90px]] | 17 Juli 1951{{efn|Sjamsuridjal melakukan serah terima jabatan pada 29 Juni 1951 dan secara resmi dilantik di Dewan Perwakilan Kota Sementara Jakarta Raya pada 17 Juli 1951 melalui suatu sidang.}} | 9 November 1953 | [[Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | N/A | 3 | <ref>{{cite book |last1=Sedyawati |first1=Edi |last2=Rahardjo |first2=Supratnikno |last3=Johan |first3=Irmawati Marwoto |last4=Ohorella |first4=G. A. Manilet- |title=Sejarah Kota Jakarta 1950-1980 |date=1986 |publisher=Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan |page=139 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?redir_esc=y&id=do2KCgAAQBAJ |language=id |quote=Kekosongan tersebut kemudian diisi oleh Syamsurizal yang menjabat walikota mulai tanggal 29 Juni 1951 |access-date=2019-02-14 |archive-date=2023-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319062701/https://books.google.co.uk/books?redir_esc=y&id=do2KCgAAQBAJ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Jakarta Batavia: Socio-Cultural Essays">{{cite book|last=Golden|first=Daan Van|date=Januari 2001|title=Jakarta Batavia: Socio-Cultural Essays (Verhandelingen Van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde)|trans-title=|url=|language=|location=Leiden|publisher=Koninklijk Institute of Linguistic vor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|isbn=9789067181396}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=M.|first=Zaenuddin H.|date=2013|title=Banjir Jakarta: dari zaman Jenderal J.P. Coen (1621) sampai Gubernur Jokowi (2013)|trans-title=|url=|language=|location=Jakarta|publisher=Change Publisher|isbn=6021781511}}</ref><br><ref name="Sejarah Jakarta">{{cite book|last1= Sedyawati|first2=Supratnikno|last2= Rahardjo|first3=Irmawati Marwoto|last3= Johan|first4= G.A.|last4=Manilet|first=Edi|date=1987|title=Sejarah Kota Jakarta 1950-1980|trans-title=|url=|language=|location=Jakarta|publisher=Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia|isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Soetanto|first=Himawan|date=2006|title= Yogyakarta: Jendral Spoor (Operatie Kraai) versus Jendral Sudirman (Perintah Siasat no. 1)|trans-title=|url=|language=|location=|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|isbn=9792221786|page=150}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2"| 3 ! style="background:#660000" rowspan="2"| | rowspan="2"| [[Sudiro]]<br>(1911–1992) | rowspan="2"| [[Berkas:Sudiro, Kami Perkenalkan (1954), p54.jpg|90px]] | 9 November 1953 | 25 Februari 1958 | rowspan="2"| [[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | N/A | 4 | rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://jakarta.go.id/web/encyclopedia/detail/3016/Sudiro-Raden|title=Ensiklopedia: Sudiro, Raden|access-date=18 Maret 2017|website=Portal Resmi Provinsi DKI Jakarta|publisher=Dinas Komunikasi DKI Jakarta|archive-date=2017-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122071127/http://www.jakarta.go.id/web/encyclopedia/detail/3016/Sudiro-Raden|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kementerian Penerangan Indonesia|title=Kami Perkenalkan|date=1954|publisher=Archipel|page=54|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kami_Perkenalkan_(1954).pdf|language=id|quote=Anggota partai : Partai Nasional Indonesia (P.N.I.)|access-date=2019-09-24|archive-date=2022-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609075411/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kami_Perkenalkan_(1954).pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- | 25 Februari 1958 | 29 Januari 1960 | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | N/A | 5 |- | colspan="11"| Gubernur Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta |- ! 4 ! style="background:#7b8738"| | [[Soemarno Sosroatmodjo]]<br>(1911–1991) | [[Berkas:Soemarno Sosroatmodjo as Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 8 Februari 1960 | 26 Agustus 1964 | [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | [[Henk Ngantung]] | rowspan="2"| 6 | <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.okezone.com/read/2012/04/17/507/613050/soemarno-sosroatmodjo-gubernur-yang-merangkap-mendagri |title=Soemarno Sosroatmodjo, Gubernur yang Merangkap Mendagri |date=17 April 2012 |access-date=19 Maret 2017 |work=[[Okezone.com]] |first=Stella |last=Chrisfanni |editor-first= |editor-last=DED |archive-date=2017-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607065330/http://news.okezone.com/read/2012/04/17/507/613050/soemarno-sosroatmodjo-gubernur-yang-merangkap-mendagri |dead-url=no }}</ref> |- ! 5 ! style="background:#d3d3d3"| | [[Henk Ngantung]]<br>(1927–1991) | [[Berkas:Governor Jakarta Henk Ngantung (cropped).png|90px]] | 26 Agustus 1964 | 15 Juli 1965 | Non Partai | colspan="2"|1964–1966: [[Soewondo]] [[Satoto Hoepoedio]] | <ref>Tempo Interaktif: [http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/narasi/2004/04/01/nrs,20040401-01,id.html Biografi singkat Henk Ngantung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518145734/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/narasi/2004/04/01/nrs,20040401-01,id.html |date=2009-05-18 }}, diakses 8 Juni 2017</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/13257/Keppres2171964.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2017-11-04 |archive-date=2017-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023541/http://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/13257/Keppres2171964.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- ! 6 ! style="background:#7b8738"| | colspan="2" |[[Soemarno Sosroatmodjo]] | 15 Juli 1965 | 18 Maret 1966 | [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2"|1966: [[Soewondo]] [[Sapi’ie]] [[Prajogo]] | 7 | {{refn|group=ket.|Soemarno Sosroatmodjo kembali menjabat sebagai gubernur dan merangkap jabatan [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia]].}} |- ! rowspan="2"| 7 ! style="background:#7b8738" rowspan="2"| | rowspan="2"| [[Ali Sadikin]]<br>(1927–2008)<br/> | rowspan="2"| [[Berkas:Official Portrait of Ali Sadikin as the Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 28 April 1966 | 14 Februari 1972 | rowspan="2"| [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Pemerintahan''': [[Wiriadinata]] '''Kesejahteraan rakyat''': [[Soewondo]] & [[Urip Widodo]] '''Ekonomi''': [[Sapi'ie]] '''Pembangunan''': [[Prajogo]] & [[Padmowihardjo]] | 8 | rowspan="2"| <ref>Tokoh Indonesia: [http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/a/ali-sadikin/index.shtml Ali Sadikin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121104956/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/a/ali-sadikin/index.shtml |date=2006-11-21 }}, diakses 8 Juni 2017</ref> |- | 14 Februari 1972 | 11 Juli 1977 | 9 |- ! 8 ! style="background:#7b8738"| | [[Tjokropranolo]]<br>(1924–1998)<br />[[Berkas:Signature of Tjokropranolo.svg|90px]] | [[Berkas:Tjokropranolo as Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 29 September 1977 | 29 September 1982 | [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2"|'''Pemerintahan''': Wiriadinata & Abdul Chourmain '''Kesejahteraan rakyat''': Urip Widodo & Sardjono Soeprapto '''Ekonomi''': Sapi'ie & Asmawi Manaf '''Pembangunan''': Prajogo, Padmowihardjo & Piek Mulyadi | 10 | <ref>[http://soeharto.co/petunjuk-presiden-dlm-membangun-jakarta-utamakan-kepentingan-rakyat-banyak/ Petunjuk Presiden Dalam Membangun Jakarta:Utamakan Kepentingan Rakyat Banyak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612064640/http://soeharto.co/petunjuk-presiden-dlm-membangun-jakarta-utamakan-kepentingan-rakyat-banyak/ |date=2020-06-12 }} Soeharto, 1979. Diakses tanggal 30 Mei 2020</ref><ref>Tjokropranolo. 1992. Panglima Besar TNI Jenderal Soedirman pemimpin pendobrak terakhir penjajahan di Indonesia. PT Surya Persindo. ISBN 979-8329-00-7</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://soeharto.co/petunjuk-presiden-dlm-membangun-jakarta-utamakan-kepentingan-rakyat-banyak |title=Petunjuk Presiden Dalam Membangun Jakarta: Utamakan Kepentingan Rakyat Banyak |date=30 Januari 1979 |access-date=4 November 2017 |newspaper=Suara Karya |first= |last= |editor-first= |editor-last= |archive-date=2017-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021801/http://soeharto.co/petunjuk-presiden-dlm-membangun-jakarta-utamakan-kepentingan-rakyat-banyak |dead-url=yes }}</ref><br><ref>Restu Gunawan, Gagalnya Sistem Kanal: Pengendalian Banjir Jakarta dari Masa ke Masa, 2010:106</ref><ref>[https://soeharto.co/1979-01-29-menerima-gubernur-dki-presiden-soeharto-perhatikan-aspek-spiritual-disamping-kejar-pertumbuhan/ Menerima Gubernur DKI, Presiden Soeharto: Perhatikan Aspek Spiritual Disamping Kejar Pertumbuhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623132701/https://soeharto.co/1979-01-29-menerima-gubernur-dki-presiden-soeharto-perhatikan-aspek-spiritual-disamping-kejar-pertumbuhan/ |date=2020-06-23 }} Soeharto (29/1/1979). Diakses tanggal 22 Juni 2020</ref> |- ! 9 ! style="background:#7b8738"| | [[R. Soeprapto (gubernur)|Soeprapto]]<br>(1924–2009)<br/><small>[[Berkas:Signature of Soeprapto (governor).svg|90px]]</small> | [[Berkas:Soeprapto as Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 29 September 1982 | 6 Oktober 1987 | [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2"|'''Pemerintahan''': Abdul Chourmain & Eddie Marzuki Nalapraya '''Kesejahteraan rakyat''': Sardjono Soeprapto & Anwar Ilmar '''Ekonomi''': Asmawi Manaf '''Pembangunan''': Piek Mulyadi '''Ekonomi dan Pembangunan''': Bunyamin Ramto | 11<br/><small>(1982)</small> | <ref>[https://majalah.tempo.co/read/pokok-dan-tokoh/42647/pelantikan Pelantikan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828015307/https://majalah.tempo.co/read/pokok-dan-tokoh/42647/pelantikan |date=2020-08-28 }} Tempo.co (14/4/1984). Diakses tanggal 30 Mei 2020</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perpusnas.go.id/collections-detail.php?lang=id&id=Bahan%20Campuran&link=1114466|title=Tanggal 29 Sept 1982 [gambar] : upacara serah terima jabatan Gubernur DKI dari Tjoropranolo kepada pengganti R. Soeprapto disaksikan Menteri dalam Negeri Amir Machmud di balai Sidang DKI|author=Yayasan Idayu|date=29 September 1982|website=[[Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia]]|access-date=15 Desember 2019|archive-date=2020-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226021602/https://www.perpusnas.go.id/collections-detail.php?lang=id&id=Bahan%20Campuran&link=1114466|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>Tempo Interaktif: [http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/jakarta/2009/09/26/brk,20090926-199435,id.html Mantan Gubernur Jakarta R Soeprapto Meninggal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130161546/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/jakarta/2009/09/26/brk,20090926-199435,id.html |date=2009-11-30 }}, diakses 8 Juni 2017</ref> |- ! 10 ! style="background:#7b8738"| | [[Wiyogo Atmodarminto]]<br>(1922–2012)<br/><small>[[Berkas:Signature of Wiyogo Atmodarminto.svg|90px]]</small> | [[Berkas:Wiyogo Atmodarminto as Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 6 Oktober 1987 | 6 Oktober 1992 | [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2"|'''Pemerintahan''': Eddie Marzuki, Nalapraya & Basofi Sudirman '''Kesejahteraan rakyat''': Anwar Ilmar & Susilo Museno '''Ekonomi dan Pembangunan''': Bunyamin Ramto & Herbowo | 12<br/><small>(1987)</small> | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=493447|title=Mendagri Soepardjo Roestam hari selasa (6 Oktober 1987) di ruang sidang DPRD DKI Jaya melantik Wiyogo Atmodarminto menjadi Gubernur DKI Jaya periode 1987-1992 menggantikan R. Soeprapto, tampak Wiyogo ketika menandatangani naskah pelantikan disaksikan Mendagri|author=Yayasan Idayu|date=6 Oktober 1987|website=Perpusnas|access-date=15 Desember 2019|archive-date=2020-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128023702/https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=493447|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>Tokoh Indonesia: [http://www.tokohindonesia.com/tokoh/article/283-direktori/1863-wiyogo-atmodarminto Profil: Wiyogo Atmodarminto – Gubernur DKI Jakarta 1987–1982] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011190151/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/tokoh/article/283-direktori/1863-wiyogo-atmodarminto |date=2015-10-11 }}, Diakses tanggal 31 Januari 2016</ref> |- ! 11 ! style="background:#7b8738"| | [[Soerjadi Soedirdja]]<br>(1939–2021) | [[Berkas:Soerjadi Soedirdja as Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 6 Oktober 1992 | 6 Oktober 1997 | [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2"|'''Pemerintahan''': Basofi Sudirman & M. Idroes '''Kesejahteraan rakyat''': Susilo Museno '''Ekonomi dan Pembangunan:''' Herbowo & Muhammad Rais | 13<br/><small>(1992)</small> | <ref>{{Cite news|last=Februana|first=Ngarto|date=1 April 2004|title=Profil Gubernur DKI Jakarta|url=http://tempo.co.id/hg/narasi/2004/04/01/nrs,20040401-01,id.html|work=[[Tempo.co]]|location=Jakarta|access-date=31 Januari 2016|language=id|archive-date=2015-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221145437/http://tempo.co.id/hg/narasi/2004/04/01/nrs,20040401-01,id.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2"| 12 ! style="background:#7b8738" rowspan="2"| | rowspan="2"| [[Sutiyoso]]<br>({{Abbr|l.|Lahir}} 1944)<br/> | rowspan="2"| [[Berkas:Sutiyoso as Governor of Jakarta.jpg|90px]] | 6 Oktober 1997 | 7 Oktober 2002 | rowspan="2"| [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | colspan="2"|'''Pemerintahan''': Abdul Kahfi '''Kesejahteraan rakyat''': Djailani '''Ekonomi''': Harun Al Rasyid, Budiharjo Sukmadi & Fauzi Alvie Yasin '''Pembangunan''': Muhammad Rais & Budiharjo Sukmadi | 14<br/><small>(1997)</small> | <ref>[https://metro.tempo.co/read/13632/tidak-ada-rivalitas-sutiyoso-dengan-para-wakilnya Tidak Ada Rivalitas Sutiyoso dengan Para Wakilnya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908132829/https://metro.tempo.co/read/13632/tidak-ada-rivalitas-sutiyoso-dengan-para-wakilnya |date=2020-09-08 }} Tempo.co, Rabu (27/8/2003) Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020</ref><ref>[https://m.merdeka.com/jakarta/alasan-sutiyoso-pilih-didampingi-4-wagub-saat-pimpin-dki.html Alasan Sutiyoso Pilih Didampingi 4 Wagub Saat Pimpin DKI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812162421/https://m.merdeka.com/jakarta/alasan-sutiyoso-pilih-didampingi-4-wagub-saat-pimpin-dki.html |date=2020-08-12 }} Merdeka, Selasa (19/9/2019) Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020</ref><ref>[https://amp.kompas.com/megapolitan/read/2020/02/04/10504781/ini-cerita-sutiyoso-pindah-haluan-dari-tentara-menjadi-gubernur Ini Cerita Sutiyoso Pindah Haluan Dari Tentara Menjadi Gubernur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422165705/https://amp.kompas.com/megapolitan/read/2020/02/04/10504781/ini-cerita-sutiyoso-pindah-haluan-dari-tentara-menjadi-gubernur |date=2020-04-22 }} Kompas, Selasa (4/2/2020) Diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020</ref> |- | 7 Oktober 2002 | 7 Oktober 2007 | bgcolor="#ffff00"| | [[Fauzi Bowo]] | 15<br/><small>([[Pemilihan Gubernur DKI Jakarta 2002|2002]])</small> | <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2002/09/11/05728962/sutiyoso-kembali-terpilih-sebagai-gubernur-dki-jakarta |title=Sutiyoso Kembali Terpilih Sebagai Gubernur DKI Jakarta |date=11 September 2002 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Tempo.co]] |first=FX Dimas |last=Adityo |editor-first= |editor-last= |language=id |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112628/https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2002/09/11/05728962/sutiyoso-kembali-terpilih-sebagai-gubernur-dki-jakarta |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.liputan6.com/read/41264/sutiyoso-kembali-menjabat-gubernur-dki |title=Sutiyoso Kembali Menjabat Gubernur DKI |date=12 September 2002 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Liputan6.com]] |first= |last=PIN |editor-first= |editor-last= |language=id |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319195752/http://news.liputan6.com/read/41264/sutiyoso-kembali-menjabat-gubernur-dki |dead-url=no }}</ref><br><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.liputan6.com/read/42777/pelantikan-sutiyoso-berjalan-lancar |title=Pelantikan Sutiyoso Berjalan Lancar |date=8 Oktober 2002 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Liputan6.com]] |first= |last=ANS |editor-first= |editor-last= |language=id |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112611/http://news.liputan6.com/read/42777/pelantikan-sutiyoso-berjalan-lancar |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2002/10/07/05729219/sutiyoso-wewenang-dan-tugas-deputi-gubernur-harus-jelas |title=Sutiyoso: Wewenang dan Tugas Deputi Gubernur Harus Jelas |date=7 Oktober 2002 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Tempo.co]] |first=Dimas |last=Adityo |editor-first= |editor-last= |language=id |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112623/https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2002/10/07/05729219/sutiyoso-wewenang-dan-tugas-deputi-gubernur-harus-jelas |dead-url=no }}</ref> |- ! 13 ! style="background:#00004c"| | [[Fauzi Bowo]]<br>({{Abbr|l.|Lahir}} 1948)<br/> | [[Berkas:Fauzi Bowo.jpg|90px]] | 7 Oktober 2007 | 7 Oktober 2012 | [[Partai Demokrat (Indonesia)|Partai Demokrat]] | bgcolor="#bd2016"| | [[Prijanto]] | 16<br/><small>([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur DKI Jakarta 2007|2007]])</small> | <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.antaranews.com/berita/74054/kpu-tetapkan-fauzi-bowo-prianto-pemenang-pilkada-dki-2007 |title=KPU Tetapkan Fauzi Bowo-Prianto Pemenang Pilkada DKI 2007 |date=16 Agustus 2007 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara|ANTARA News]] |first= |last= |editor-first=Heru |editor-last=Purwanto |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112736/http://www.antaranews.com/berita/74054/kpu-tetapkan-fauzi-bowo-prianto-pemenang-pilkada-dki-2007 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.detik.com/berita/838937/fauzi-bowo-resmi-jadi-gubernur-dki-jakarta |title=Fauzi Bowo Resmi Jadi Gubernur DKI Jakarta |date=7 Oktober 2007 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]] |last=BAL |last2=FAY |editor-first= |editor-last= |archive-date=2020-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217133834/http://news.detik.com/berita/838937/fauzi-bowo-resmi-jadi-gubernur-dki-jakarta |dead-url=no }}</ref> |- ! 14 ! style="background:#bd2016"| | [[Joko Widodo]]<br>({{Abbr|l.|Lahir}} 1961)<br/><small>[[Berkas:Signature of Joko Widodo.svg|90px]]</small> | [[Berkas:Gubernur DKI Joko Widodo.jpg|90px]] | 15 Oktober 2012 | 16 Oktober 2014 | [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan]] | bgcolor="#d3d3d3"| | [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]] | rowspan="3" | 17<br/><small>([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur DKI Jakarta 2012|2012]])</small> | {{refn|group=ket.|Pada 1 Juni 2014, Joko Widodo mengajukan cuti setelah berpartisipasi dalam [[pemilihan umum Presiden Indonesia 2014]], kemudian mengajukan pengunduran diri seusai terpilih sebagai [[Presiden Indonesia]]. Dengan demikian, ia menjadi gubernur pertama di Indonesia yang menjadi presiden.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.beritasatu.com/megapolitan/217773-hari-ini-jokowi-sudah-bukan-gubernur-dki-jakarta-lagi.html|title=Hari ini Jokowi Sudah bukan Gubernur DKI Jakarta Lagi|newspaper=Suara Pembaruan|publisher=Beritasatu.com|date=16 Oktober 2014|access-date=16 Oktober 2014|first=Deti Mega|last=Purnamasari|editor-last=PAB|archive-date=2020-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116045321/https://www.beritasatu.com/megapolitan/217773-hari-ini-jokowi-sudah-bukan-gubernur-dki-jakarta-lagi.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.npr.org/2012/12/26/167707764/jakartas-new-governor-seen-as-a-rising-star |title=Jakarta's New Governor Seen As A Rising Star |date=24 Desember 2012 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |newspaper=National Public Radio |first=Anthony |last=Kuhn |editor-first= |editor-last= |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319111919/http://www.npr.org/2012/12/26/167707764/jakartas-new-governor-seen-as-a-rising-star |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.voaindonesia.com/a/usai-pelantikan-jokowi-basuki-dijadwalkan-langsung-kunjungi-warga-dki/1526285.html |title=Seusai Pelantikan, Jokowi-Basuki Dijadwalkan Langsung Temui Warga DKI |date=14 Oktober 2012 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |newspaper=VOA Indonesia |first=Yudha |last=Satriawan |editor-first= |editor-last= |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112235/http://www.voaindonesia.com/a/usai-pelantikan-jokowi-basuki-dijadwalkan-langsung-kunjungi-warga-dki/1526285.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> |- ! 15 ! style="background:#d3d3d3"| | [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]<br>({{Abbr|l.|Lahir}} 1966)<br/><small>[[Berkas:Signature of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama.svg|70px]]</small> | [[Berkas:Gubernur DKI Basuki TP 鐘萬學.jpg|90px]] | 19 November 2014 | 9 Mei 2017 | Non Partai | bgcolor="#BD2016"| | [[Djarot Saiful Hidayat]] | {{refn|group=ket.|Basuki Tjahaja Purnama diberhentikan dari jabatannya sebagai Gubernur Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta setelah ditetapkan sebagai terdakwa terkait kasus [[Kontroversi yang melibatkan Basuki Tjahaja Purnama|penistaan agama]].<ref name="Media">{{Cite news|url=http://tv.kompas.com/read/2017/05/09/774c14943026498db9c119/Ahok.Divonis.2.Tahun.Penjara|title=Ahok Divonis 2 Tahun Penjara|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=en|access-date=2017-05-09|archive-date=2017-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513000802/http://tv.kompas.com/read/2017/05/09/774c14943026498db9c119/Ahok.Divonis.2.Tahun.Penjara|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2014/11/141119_basuki_gubernur|title=Ahok Sah Menjadi Gubernur DKI Jakarta|newspaper=BBC Indonesia|date=19 November 2014|access-date=12 Mei 2017|archive-date=2020-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104141458/https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2014/11/141119_basuki_gubernur|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2017/02/11/16394731/ahok.resmi.aktif.kembali.jadi.gubernur.dki |title=Ahok Resmi Aktif Kembali Jadi Gubernur DKI |date=11 Februari 2017 |access-date=13 Februari 2017 |work=[[Kompas.com]] |first=Alsadad |last=Rudi |editor-first=Caroline |editor-last=Damanik |10= |editor-last2=Damanik |archive-date=2017-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213140127/http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2017/02/11/16394731/ahok.resmi.aktif.kembali.jadi.gubernur.dki |dead-url=no }}</ref> |- ! 16 ! style="background:#bd2016"| | [[Djarot Saiful Hidayat]]<br>({{Abbr|l.|Lahir}} 1962) | [[Berkas:Governour DKI Jakarta Djarot Saiful Hidayat.jpg|nirbing|90px]] | 15 Juni 2017 | 15 Oktober 2017 | [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan]] | colspan="2" |Indak ado | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3531231/sah-djarot-gantikan-ahok-sebagai-gubernur-dki-jakarta |title=Sah Djarot Gantikan Ahok Sebagai Gubernur DKI Jakarta |access-date=2017-06-15 |archive-date=2017-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618171956/http://news.detik.com/berita/d-3531231/sah-djarot-gantikan-ahok-sebagai-gubernur-dki-jakarta |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>[https://amp.kompas.com/nasional/read/2019/08/10/13483521/senasib-dengan-anies-djarot-ceritakan-sulitnya-jabat-gubernur-tanpa-wagub Senasib dengan Anies, Djarot Ceritakan Sulitnya Jabat Gubernur Tanpa Wagub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623135204/https://amp.kompas.com/nasional/read/2019/08/10/13483521/senasib-dengan-anies-djarot-ceritakan-sulitnya-jabat-gubernur-tanpa-wagub |date=2020-06-23 }} Kompas (10/08/2019). Diakses tanggal 22 Juni 2020</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" |17 ! style="background:#d3d3d3" rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |[[Anies Baswedan]]<br>({{Abbr|l.|Lahir}} 1969)<br/><small>[[Berkas:Signature of Anies Baswedan.svg|90px]]</small> | rowspan="2" |[[Berkas:Gubernur Anies.jpg|nirbing|90px]] | rowspan="2" |16 Oktober 2017 | rowspan="2" |16 Oktober 2022 | rowspan="2" |Non Partai | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#B79164" | | [[Sandiaga Uno]]<br /><small>{{small|(2017–2018)}}</small> | rowspan="2" |18<br /><small>([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur DKI Jakarta 2017|2017]])</small> | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2017/05/05/kpu-dki-resmi-tetapkan-anies-sandi-gubernur-dan-wakil-gubernur-terpilih|title=KPU DKI Resmi Tetapkan Anies-Sandi Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur Terpilih|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|date=16 Oktober 2014|access-date=16 Oktober 2014|editor-last=Andy Pribadi|language=id|last=Pribadi|first=Andy|archive-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011104023/http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2017/05/05/kpu-dki-resmi-tetapkan-anies-sandi-gubernur-dan-wakil-gubernur-terpilih|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20180918/15/839406/dirjen-otonomi-daerah-disetujui-presiden-jokowi-sandiaga-uno-resmi-tak-jabat-wagub-dki-|title=Dirjen Otonomi Daerah: Disetujui Presiden Jokowi, Sandiaga Uno Resmi Tak Jabat Wagub DKI|work=[[Bisnis Indonesia|Bisnis.com]]|date=18 September 2018|access-date=6 Januari 2022|editor-first=Feni Freycinetia|editor-last=Fitriani|last=Setiaji|first=Stefanus Arief|archive-date=2019-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926031950/https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20180918/15/839406/dirjen-otonomi-daerah-disetujui-presiden-jokowi-sandiaga-uno-resmi-tak-jabat-wagub-dki-|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4977846/dihadiri-anies-prabowo-begini-momen-pelantikan-riza-patria-pakai-protap-corona|title=Dihadiri Anies-Prabowo, Begini Momen Pelantikan Riza Patria Pakai Protap Corona|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|date=15 April 2020|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=2020-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520090649/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4977846/dihadiri-anies-prabowo-begini-momen-pelantikan-riza-patria-pakai-protap-corona|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- | [[Ahmad Riza Patria]]<br/><small>{{small|(2020–2022)}}</small> |} ;Legenda <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3; text-align:left; padding:0.2em;"> {{legend|#d3d3d3|[[Independen (politikus)|Non Partai / Penugasan Pemerintah]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#660000|[[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] (PNI)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#003200|[[Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia]] (Masyumi)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#7b8738|[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#ffff00|[[Partai Golongan Karya]] (Golkar)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#00004c|[[Partai Demokrat]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#bd2016|[[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan]] (PDI-P)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#b79164|[[Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya]] (Gerindra)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} </div></onlyinclude> === Pangganti samantaro Gubernur === Dalam tampuak pamarintahan, saurang kapalo daerah nan mangajukan diri untuak cuti atau baranti samataro dari jabatannyo kapado pamarintah pusat, makonyo [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia|Menteri Dalam Negeri]] manyiapkan panggantinyo nan marupoan birokrat di pamarintah daerah atau bahkan [[Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta|wakia gubernur]], tamasuak katiko posisi gubernur barado dalam maso transisi. Barikuik marupoan daftar pangganti samantaro untuak jabatan Gubernur Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta: {| class="wikitable" style="background:#ffffef; float:center; text-align:center" |- ! colspan="2"| Potret ! Pajabat ! colspan="2"| Maso jabatan ! Gubernur definitif ! Periode ! Katarangan |- | bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | [[Berkas:Soewahjo, Republik Indonesia, Kotapradja Djakarta-Raja, p190 (cropped).jpg|70px]] | Soewahjo Soemodilogo<br/><small>{{small|(Pamangku Jabatan)}}</small> | 2 Mei 1951 | 29 Juni 1951 | rowspan="3" | ''Transisi'' | 2 | |- |bgcolor=#7b8738| |[[Berkas:Basuki Rahmat, Departemen Dalam Negeri dari Masa ke Masa, p121.jpg|98x98px]] |[[Basuki Rahmat]]<br /><small>{{small|(penjabat)}}</small> |18 Maret 1966 |28 April 1966 |– |<ref>{{Cite book|last=Notosusanto|first=Nugroho|last2=Poesponegoro|first2=Marwati Djoened|date=1984|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=P05IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA414|title=Sejarah Nasional Indonesia|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional|volume=VI|pages=414-415|language=id|url-status=live|access-date=2023-01-20|archive-date=2023-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120064335/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=P05IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA414|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- | bgcolor=#7b8738| | [[Berkas:Tjokropranolo portrait.jpg|70px]] | [[Tjokropranolo]]<br/><small>{{small|(penjabat)}}</small> | 11 Juli 1977 | 29 September 1977 | – | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=447374|title=Serah terima Jabatan [gambar] : upacara serah terima jabatan Gubernur DKI Jaya Letjend Marinir H. Ali Sadikin kepada Letjend Nolly Tjokropranolo tanggal 11 Juli 1977 di gedung DPRD DKI Jakarta|author=Yayasan Idayu|date=11 Juli 1977|website=[[Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia]]|access-date=15 Desember 2019|archive-date=2020-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212110731/https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=447374|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- | bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | [[Berkas:Missing photo.svg|70px]] | ''Tidak diketahui''<br/><small>{{small|(pelaksana tugas)}}</small> | | 4 Oktober 2002 | [[Sutiyoso]] | 13<br><small>(1997) | <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://metro.tempo.co/read/28914/meski-cuti-sutiyoso-pimpin-rapat-muspida|title=Meski Cuti, Sutiyoso Pimpin Rapat Muspida|author=|date=10 November 2003|work=[[Tempo.co]]|access-date=30 Mei 2020|language=id|archive-date=2020-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009131554/https://metro.tempo.co/read/28914/meski-cuti-sutiyoso-pimpin-rapat-muspida|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- | bgcolor=#bd2016 rowspan="5"| | rowspan="5"|[[Berkas:Prijanto.jpg|70px]] | rowspan="5"| [[Prijanto]]<br/><small>{{small|(pelaksana tugas)}}</small> | colspan="2"| 24 Juni 2012 | rowspan="5"| [[Fauzi Bowo]] | rowspan="5"| 15<br><small>(2007)</small> | rowspan="4"| <ref>[https://republika.co.id/berita/m5t7wl/foke-cuti-empat-hari-alex-cuti-dua-pekan Foke Cuti Empat Hari, Alex Cuti Dua Pekan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416140216/https://republika.co.id/berita/m5t7wl/foke-cuti-empat-hari-alex-cuti-dua-pekan |date=2020-04-16 }} Republika.co.id (18/6/2012). Diakses tanggal 30 Mei 2020</ref> |- | colspan="2"| 30 Juni 2012 |- | colspan="2"| 3 Juli 2012 |- | colspan="2"| 6 Juli 2012 |- | 14 September 2012 | 16 September 2012 | <ref>[https://m.detik.com/news/berita/d-2011417/foke-cuti-kampanye-14-16-september-prijanto-jadi-gubernur Foke Cuti Kampanye 14-16 September, Prijanto Jadi Gubernur]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Detik.com (7/9/2012). Diakses tanggal 23 Juni 2020</ref> |- | bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | [[Berkas:Fadjar Panjaitan as the Administrative Mayor of West Jakarta.jpg|70px]] | [[Fadjar Panjaitan]]<br/><small>{{small|(pelaksana tugas)}}</small> | 8 Oktober 2012 | 15 Oktober 2012 | ''Transisi'' | – | {{refn|group=ket.|Fadjar Panjaitan menjabat sebagai Pelaksana Tugas Gubernur selama tujuh hari sebelum gubernur dan wakil gubernur terpilih dilantik. Ia menggantikan Fauzi Bowo yang telah menyelesaikan masa jabatannya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.merdeka.com/jakarta/pelantikan-jokowi-diundur-mendagri-tunjuk-sekda-dki|title=Pelantikan Jokowi diundur, Menteri Dalam Negeri Tunjuk Sekretaris Daerah DKI Jakarta|work=[[Merdeka.com]]|date=8 Oktober 2014|access-date=8 Oktober 2014|language=id}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2012/10/07/15200435/Pelantikan.Jokowi-Basuki.15.Oktober |title=Pelantikan Jokowi-Basuki 15 Oktober |date=7 Oktober 2012 |access-date=18 Maret 2017 |work=[[Kompas.com]] |first=Nina |last=Susilo |editor-first=Robert Adhi |editor-last=Ksp |archive-date=2017-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903170827/http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2012/10/07/15200435/Pelantikan.Jokowi-Basuki.15.Oktober |dead-url=no }}</ref>}} |- | bgcolor=#b79164 rowspan="2"| | rowspan="3"| [[Berkas:Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta Basuki TP.jpg|70px]] | rowspan="3"| [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]<br/><small>{{small|(pelaksana tugas)}}</small> | 31 Mei 2014 | 1 Juni 2014 | rowspan="2"| [[Joko Widodo]] | rowspan="6"| 12<br><small>(2012)</small> | <ref>[http://m.beritajakarta.id/read/2284/basuki-jokowi-masih-sah-gubernur-dki Basuki:Jokowi Masih Sah Gubernur DKI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625192454/http://m.beritajakarta.id/read/2284/basuki-jokowi-masih-sah-gubernur-dki |date=2020-06-25 }} BeritaJakarta.id (19/5/2014). Diakses tanggal 23 Juni 2020</ref> |- | 1 Juni 2014 | 22 Juli 2014 | {{refn|group=ket.|Basuki Tjahaja Purnama menjabat sebagai Pelaksana Tugas Gubernur selama gubernur definitif, Joko Widodo berpartisipasi dalam [[pemilihan umum Presiden Indonesia 2014]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.detik.com/read/2014/06/02/062256/2596684/10/?nd772204topnews|title=Mulai Hari Ini, Ahok Resmi Jalankan Tugas Plt Gubernur DKI|date=1 Juni 2014|publisher=Detik News|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|access-date=2014-11-20|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033725/http://news.detik.com/read/2014/06/02/062256/2596684/10/?nd772204topnews|dead-url=no}}</ref>}} |- | bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | 16 Oktober 2014 | 19 November 2014 | ''Transisi'' | <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.okezone.com/read/2014/10/17/338/1053437/sby-keluarkan-keppres-ahok-resmi-plt-gubernur-dki|title=SBY Keluarkan Keppres, Ahok Resmi Plt Gubernur DKI|work=[[Okezone.com]]|date=16 Oktober 2014|access-date=16 Oktober 2014|first=Angkasa|last=Yudhistira|editor-last=PUT|archive-date=2014-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019151349/http://news.okezone.com/read/2014/10/17/338/1053437/sby-keluarkan-keppres-ahok-resmi-plt-gubernur-dki|dead-url=no}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | rowspan="2"| [[Berkas:Pj. Gubernur Sulsel Sumarsono.jpg|70px]] | rowspan="2"| [[Soni Sumarsono]]<br><small>{{small|(pelaksana tugas)}}</small> | 28 Oktober 2016 | 11 Februari 2017 | rowspan="3"|[[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]] | rowspan="2"| {{refn|group=ket.|Soni Sumarsono menjabat sebagai Pelaksana Tugas Gubernur selama gubernur definitif, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama berpartisipasi dalam [[pemilihan umum Gubernur DKI Jakarta 2017]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://otda.kemendagri.go.id/index.php/berita-210/2541-soni-sumarsono-resmi-jabat-plt-gubernur-dki|title=Soni Sumarsono Resmi Jabat PLT Gubernur DKI Jakarta|publisher=Kemendagri|date=26 Oktober 2016|access-date=2023-03-24|archive-date=2016-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103164320/http://www.otda.kemendagri.go.id/index.php/berita-210/2541-soni-sumarsono-resmi-jabat-plt-gubernur-dki|dead-url=yes}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} |- | 7 Maret 2017 | 15 April 2017 |- | bgcolor=#bd2016| | [[Berkas:Wagub DKI Jakarta Djarot Saiful Hidayat.jpg|70px]] | [[Djarot Saiful Hidayat]]<br/><small>{{small|(pelaksana tugas)}}</small> | 9 Mei 2017 | 15 Juni 2017 | |- | bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | [[Berkas:Saefullah as the Administrative Mayor of Central Jakarta.jpg|70px]] | [[Saefullah]]<br/><small>{{small|(pelaksana harian)}}</small> | 15 Oktober 2017 | 16 Oktober 2017 | rowspan="2"| ''Transisi'' | – | {{refn|group=ket.|Saefullah menjabat sebagai Pelaksana Harian Gubernur selama 40 jam sebelum gubernur dan wakil gubernur terpilih dilantik. Ia menggantikan Djarot Saiful Hidayat yang telah menyelesaikan masa jabatannya.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2017/10/15/15381131/saefullah-pesan-pak-djarot-saya-titip-jakarta |title=Saefullah: Pesan Pak Djarot, "Saya Titip Jakarta" |date=15 Oktober 2017 |access-date=28 Oktober 2017 |work=[[Kompas.com]] |first=Jessi |last=Carina |editor-first=Ana Shofiana |editor-last=Syatiri |archive-date=2017-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028101838/http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2017/10/15/15381131/saefullah-pesan-pak-djarot-saya-titip-jakarta |dead-url=no }}</ref>}} |- | bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | [[Berkas:Heru Budi Hartono.jpg|70px]] | [[Heru Budi Hartono]]<br/><small>{{small|(penjabat)}}</small> | 17 Oktober 2022 | [[Daftar gubernur dan wakil gubernur petahana di Indonesia|Petahana]] | – | {{refn|group=ket.|Heru Budi Hartono menjabat sebagai Penjabat Gubernur hingga gubernur dan wakil gubernur terpilih dilantik berdasarkan hasil [[pemilihan umum Gubernur DKI Jakarta 2024]]. Ia menggantikan Anies Baswedan yang telah menyelesaikan masa jabatannya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2022/10/07/17295981/heru-budi-hartono-ditetapkan-menjadi-pj-gubernur-dki-jakarta|title=Heru Budi Hartono Ditetapkan Menjadi Pj Gubernur DKI Jakarta|date=7 Oktober 2022|access-date=7 Oktober 2022|work=[[Kompas.com]]|first=|last=|editor-first=Larissa|editor-last=Huda|archive-date=2022-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007132008/https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2022/10/07/17295981/heru-budi-hartono-ditetapkan-menjadi-pj-gubernur-dki-jakarta|dead-url=no}}</ref>}} |} ==Demografi== {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; width:420px; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1ex;" |- | valign="top" | {| |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Taun ! style="background:#efefef;" | Populasi |- | 1870 || style="text-align:right;"| 65,000 |- | 1875 || style="text-align:right;"| 99,100 |- | 1880 || style="text-align:right;"| 102,900 |- | 1883 || style="text-align:right;"| 97,000 |- | 1886 || style="text-align:right;"| 100,500 |- | 1890 || style="text-align:right;"| 105,100 |- | 1895 || style="text-align:right;"| 114,600 |- | 1901 || style="text-align:right;"| 115,900 |- | 1905 || style="text-align:right;"| 138,600 |- | 1918 || style="text-align:right;"| 234,700 |} | valign="top" | {| |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Taun ! style="background:#efefef;" | Populasi |- | 1920 || style="text-align:right;"| 253,800 |- | 1925 || style="text-align:right;"| 290,400 |- | 1928 || style="text-align:right;"| 311,000 |- | 1930 || style="text-align:right;"| 435,184 |- | 1940 || style="text-align:right;"| 533,000 |- | 1945 || style="text-align:right;"| 600,000 |- | 1950 || style="text-align:right;"| 1,733,600 |- | 1959 || style="text-align:right;"| 2,814,000 |- | 1961 || style="text-align:right;"| 2,906,533 |- | 1971 || style="text-align:right;"| 4,546,492 |} | valign="top" | {| |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Taun/tanggal ! style="background:#efefef;" | Populasi |- | 31 Oktober 1980 || style="text-align:right;"| 6,503,449 |- | 31 Oktober 1990 || style="text-align:right;"| 8,259,639 |- | 30 Juni 2000 || style="text-align:right;"| 8,384,853 |- | 1 Januari 2005 || style="text-align:right;"| 8,540,306 |- | 1 Januari 2006 || style="text-align:right;"| 7,512,323 |- | Juni 2007 || style="text-align:right;"| 7,552,444 |- | 2010 || style="text-align:right;"| 9,588,198 |} |} {{Bar box |title=Kabaragaman etnik di Jakarta manuruik sensus 2000<ref>Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2003. ISBN 9812302123</ref> |titlebar= |left1=etnik |right1=paratuih |float=right |bars= {{Bar percent|[[Suku Jawa|Jawa]]|#89CFF0|35.16}} {{Bar percent|[[Suku Betawi|Betawi]]|#FFA07A|27.65}} {{Bar percent|[[Suku Sunda|Sunda]]|#FFCBA4|15.27}} {{Bar percent|[[Cino Indonesia|Cino]]|DarkGray|5.53}} {{Bar percent|[[Suku Batak|Batak]]|Black|3.61}} {{Bar percent|[[Urang Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]|Magenta|3.18}} {{Bar percent|[[Urang Malayu|Malayu]]|DarkViolet|1.62}} }} {{bar box |title=Agamo di Jakarta manuruik sensus 2010<ref name="bps" /> |titlebar= |left1=agamo |right1=paratuih |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|LimeGreen|85.36}} {{bar percent|[[Protestan]]|OrangeRed|7.54}} {{bar percent|[[Katolik]]|DarkViolet|3.15}} {{bar percent|[[Buddha]]|Magenta|3.13}} {{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|DodgerBlue|0.21}} {{bar percent|[[Konfusianisme]]|Gray|0.06}} }} Sensus 2010 maituang panduduak Jakarta 9.58&nbsp;juta urang, jauah di ateh pakiroan pamarintah .<ref>[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/28/after-census-city-plans-95-million.html "After census city plans for 9.5 million"]. ''[[The Jakarta Post]]''</ref> Laweh wilayah Jakarta adolah 662.33&nbsp;km², mangasiakan kapadekan populasi 14,464 urang/km² dan manjadikan provinsi ko sabagai wilayah urban tapadek kasambilan di dunia.<ref>[http://sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org/mod2/se3/005_5.html BRT – CASE STUDY 5 – Annex 5 Case Studies and Lessons – Module 2: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): Toolkit for Feasibility Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828022705/http://sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org/mod2/se3/005_5.html |date=2011-08-28 }}. Sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</ref> Galombang hijrah urang-urang dari palosok nagara manjadikan program [[Keluarga Berencana]] indak efekif.<ref name="Statistics" /> Populasi wilayah [[Jabodetabek]] adolah 28,019,545 urang.<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.bps.go.id/aboutus.php?hasilSP2010=1 |title=Publikasi Provinsi dan Kabupaten Hasil Sementara SP2010 |publisher=Bps.go.id |accessdate=14 March 2011}}</ref> == Monumen jo bangunan tanamo == Sabagian gadang dari monumen jo bangunan-bangunan tanamo di Jakarta dibangun pado maso pamarentahan [[Soekarno]] taun 1960an dan disalasaian dek pamarintahan [[Soeharto]], samantaro nan lain ado nan marupoan warisan dari pamarentahan Hindia Balando. Di dakek [[Monumen Nasional]] tadapek sabuah patuang [[Arjuna Wijaya]] dari [[Mahabharata]] jo aia pancuanyo. Labiah jauah ka selatan ado [[Monumen Selamat Datang]] nan tagak di tangah aia pancua [[Bundaran Hotel Indonesia]]. Monumen lainnyo adolah [[Musajik Istiqlal]], [[Katedral Jakarta]] jo [[Garejo Imanuel]]. [[Museum Sejarah Jakarta|Batavia Stadhuis]] di Kota Tuo juo marupoan salah satu bangunan nan tanamo. Bangunan [[Wisma 46]] di Jakarta Pusek kini ko adolah bangunan nan paliang tinggi di Jakarta dan Indonesia. Babarapo patuang jo monumen di Jakarta batema nasionalistik, saroman [[Monumen Pembebasan Irian Barat]]. Babarapo [[Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia|pahlawan]] punyo patuang di Jakarta, sarupo patuang [[Diponegoro]] jo [[Kartini]] di Medan Merdeka, patuang [[Sudirman]] jo [[Mohammad Husni Thamrin|Thamrin]] di bundaran-bundaran kota, dan juo patuang [[Sukarno]] jo [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]] di Monumen Proklamasi, sarato di pintu masuak [[Palabuahan Kapa Tabang Internasional Soekarno-Hatta]] di Cengkareng. == Palancongan == Kabanyakan pangunjuang nan ka Jakarta adolah palancong domestik dari saluruah panjuru Indonesia. Jakarta baparan subagai tampek transit untuak palancong asiang dalam pajalanan manuju destinasi pariwisata unggulan di Indonesia saroman [[Bali]] jo [[Yogyakarta]]. Salain monumen-monumen, gaba-gaba tanah jo museum sakita Medan Merdeka jo Kota Tua, tampek palancongan di Jakarta tamasuaklah [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Kabun Binatang Ragunan]], [[Sunda Kelapa]] jo [[Taman Impian Jaya Ancol]] di Teluk Jakarta, tamasuak Dunia Fantasi, Sea World, Atlantis Water Adventure, jo Gelanggang Samudra. Palancongan manyumbang pandapatan nan indak saketek utuak provinsi ko. Pado taun 2012, sektor palancongan manyumbang sakitar Rp. 2,6 triliun (US$268.5 juta) pado pandapatan asli daerah sajumlah Rp 17,83 triliun, paningkatan sakitar 17,9 paratuih babandiang taun 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jakarta builds for the future|url=http://www.ttgmice.com/article/jakarta-builds-for-the-future/|publisher=TTGmice|accessdate=15 April 2013|archive-date=5 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605150715/http://www.ttgmice.com/article/jakarta-builds-for-the-future/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Pabalanjoan == Jakarta adolah salah satu pusek pabalanjoan di Indonesia dan salah satu tampek nan paliang rancak di Asia Tenggara. Provinsi ko mampunyoi babarapo [[Daftar mall di Indonesia|mal pabalanjoan]] jo pasa tradisional. "Jakarta Great Sale" diadoan tiok taun pado bulan Juni jo Juli untuak marayoan ulang taun provinsi ko, diikuti dek 73 pusek pabalanjoan pado 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/15/jakarta-great-sale-declared-roaring-success.html |title=Jakarta Great Sale declared roaring success |author= |date=15 July 2012 |work= |publisher=The Jakarta Post |accessdate=21 July 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717000341/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/15/jakarta-great-sale-declared-roaring-success.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Provinsi ko dipanuahi dek puluahan merek internasional jo arago nan murah. Mall saroman [[Plaza Indonesia]], [[Plaza Senayan]] jo [[Senayan City]] manyadioan merek-merek nan maha salangik aragonyo. [[Mall Taman Anggrek]], [[Pondok Indah Mall]], [[Mal Kelapa Gading]], jo [[Central Park Jakarta]] juo manyadioan merek-merek tanamo sarupo [[Topshop]] atau [[Zara]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expat.or.id/info/jakartamallsshoppingcenters.html |title=Jakarta Malls and Shopping Centers – luxury shopping in Jakarta, Indonesia |publisher=Expat.or.id |accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> Pasa swalayan nan tanamo dari Inggirih, [[Debenhams]], mampunyoi tigo cabang di provinsi ko, iyolah di [[Senayan City]], [[Supermall Karawaci]] jo [[Lippo Mall Kemang Village]]. Toko internasional [[Sogo]] dari Japang mambukak sakitar anam cabang di mall-mall provinsi ko. Toko [[Seibu Department Stores|Seibu]] talatak di [[Grand Indonesia|Grand Indonesia Shopping Town]], dan toko mewah baarago salangik dari Parancih, [[Galeries Lafayette]] nio mambukak toko partamonyo di Asia Tenggara, di [[Pacific Place Jakarta]]. Merek-merek tanamo nan mewah samaha patuih aragonyo sarupo [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Bulgari]], [[Chanel]], [[Gucci]], [[Christian Louboutin]], [[Balenciaga]], jo [[Giorgio Armani]] dapek ditamui sacaro mudah di pusek-pusek pabalanjoan barang mewah Jakarta. Koridor Satrio-Casablanca, jalanan supanjang 3,5&nbsp;km adolah pusek pabalanjoan jalanan (''shopping belt'') baru di Jakarta.<ref>[http://properti.kompas.com/read/2009/03/20/06102484/Jalan.Satrio.Dijadikan.Shopping.Belt.Jakarta "Jalan Satrio Dijadikan "Shopping Belt" Jakarta"]. ''[[Kompas.com]]'', 20 Maret 2009</ref> Pasa tradisional di Jakarta tamasuaklah [[Blok M]], [[Tanah Abang]], [[Senen]], Pasar Baru, [[Glodok]], [[Mangga Dua]], Cempaka Mas, jo [[Jatinegara]]. Di Jakarta ado juo pasa nan cumo manjua barang-barang koleksi kusuih nan tatantu, sarupo barang-barang antik di Jalan Surabaya atau batu paramato di Pasar Rawabening. ==Catatan== <references group="note"/> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist|2}} {{-}} {{Jakarta}} {{Provinsi di Indonesia}} {{ANT}} [[Kategori:Jakarta| ]] [[Kategori:Provinsi di Indonesia]] <references group="lower-alpha" /> mwn0r59horfyw7csku67r1iiv5z509n 0 307 3352773 3352692 2026-09-25T09:33:47Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ANT}}{{Infobox officeholder |honorific_prefix = <!-- Hanyo gala kahormatan/kanagaraan non-akademis/militer --> |name = {{PAGENAME}} |honorific_suffix = <!-- Hanyo gala kahormatan/kanagaraan non-akademis/militer --> Datuak Rajo Bandaro Basa |image = Irwan Prayitno.jpg |image_size = |caption = |office1 = Gubernur Sumatera Barat |order1 = ka-9 |lieutenant1 = [[Muslim Kasim]]<br>[[Nasrul Abit]] |term_start1 = 15 Agustus 2010 |term_end1 = 12 Februari 2021 |succeeding1 = |predecessor1 = [[Marlis Rahman]] |successor1 = [[Mahyeldi Ansharullah]] |office2 = Anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]] |term_start2 = 1 Oktober 1999 |term_end2 = 15 Agustus 2010 |constituency2 = [[Sumatera Barat (daerah pemilihan)|Sumatera Barat]]<br>{{small|(1999—2004)}}<br>[[Sumatera Barat I (daerah pemilihan)|Sumatera Barat I]]<br>{{small|(2004—2010)}} |successor2 = [[Hermanto (politikus)|Hermanto]] |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|12|20|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Kota Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]], Indonesia |death_date = |death_place = |spouse = [[Nevi Zuairina]] |children = 10 |nationality = <!-- Hanyo untuak warga nagara asiang --> |party = {{Parpolicon|PKS 2020}} |profession = [[Psikolog]], [[akademisi]], [[politikus]] |religion = <!-- Kosongkan kolom iko; parameter Suku, Ras/Etnis dan Agama alah dinon-aktifkan --> |alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Universitas Indonesia]]|[[Universitas Putra Malaysia]]}} |website = {{url|http://irwan-prayitno.com}} |relatives = [[Adib Alfikri]] (adiak) | module = {{Infobox academic | child=yes | thesis_title = Pembinaan dan Aplikasi Pengukuran Psikologi dalam Model Pembangunan Sumber Manusia Bagi Sektor Industri di Indonesia | thesis_url = http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/9215/ | thesis_year = 2000 | school_tradition = | doctoral_advisor = Azimi Hamzah, Sidek Mohd. Noah, & Khaidzir Ismail | academic_advisors = | influences = | era = | discipline = [[Psikologi]] | sub_discipline = [[Psikologi industri]] | workplaces = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | main_interests = | notable_works = | notable_ideas = | influenced = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | footnotes = }} }} '''Irwan Prayitno''' ({{lahirmati|[[Kota Yogyakarta]], [[Indonesia]]|20|12|1963}}) bagala '''Datuak Rajo Bandaro Basa''' atau nan biaso dipanggia jo inisial '''IP''' adolah surang psikolog, akademisi, sarato politikus Indonesia. Inyo manjabaik sabagai [[Gubernur Sumatera Barat]] duo pariode hasil [[Pamiliahan umum Gubernur Sumatera Barat 2010|pamiliahan Gubernur 2010]] jo [[Pamiliahan umum Gubernur Sumatera Barat 2015|2015]]. Sabalunnyo, inyo duduak di [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]] tigo pariode sajak 1999 dari [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]] (PKS). Inyo dikana sabagai pandiri [[Yayasan Adzkia]], sarato tatap maaja jo manunaikan dakwah sapanjang kariernyo. Irwan manyalasaikan pandidikan manangah di Padang. Inyo tajun sabagai aktivis dakwah katiko bakuliah di [[Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Indonesia]] pado 1982. Tamaik pado 1988, inyo baliak ka Padang mandirikan Yayasan Pendidikan Adzkia sambia bakarajo sabagai konsultan pangambangan SDM paruah wakatu di babagai parusahaan jo manjadi dosen [[psikologi industri]]. Sairiang jo pangukuahan [[Partai Keadilan]] (PK) pado 1998, Irwan mambantuak sarato mangatuai pawakilan PK di Malaysia sambari malanjuikkan S-3 di [[Universitas Putra Malaysia]]. Malalui PK nan kini manjadi PKS, Irwan tapiliah sabagai anggota DPR mawakili Sumatera Barat salamo tigo pariode dari hasil [[Pamiliahan umum legislatif Indonesia 1999|pamiliahan umum 1999]], [[Pamiliahan umum legislatif Indonesia 2004|2004]], jo [[Pamiliahan umum legislatif Indonesia 2009|2009]]. Salamo duduak di parlemen, Irwan mancurahkan pandangannyo dalam panyusunan sajumlah RUU, tamasuak panggunoan sumber energi alternatif paneh bumi. Sabagai politikus, inyo dicataik karano kamampuannyo malobi dan parnah manulak pamintaan untuak manjadi mantari. Di lua parlemen, Irwan marupokan guru gadang [[Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta]] di bidang manajemen SDM, aktif manulih, sarato tatap badakwah. Inyo juo guru gadang lua biaso bidang psikologi [[Universitas Negeri Padang]] (UNP).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Byftunp|title=Selamat Atas Pengukuhan Guru Besar Luar Biasa, Prof. Dr. Irwan Prayitno, S.Psi., M.Sc – FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNP|url=http://ft.unp.ac.id/selamat-atas-pengukuhan-guru-besar-luar-biasa-prof-dr-irwan-prayitno-s-psi-m-sc/|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|title=Irwan Prayitno menjadi Guru Besar Luar Biasa di UNP|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/415681/irwan-prayitno-menjadi-guru-besar-luar-biasa-di-unp|website=Antara News Sumbar|access-date=2023-03-22}}</ref> Sajak 15 Agustus 2010, inyo mulai manjabaik sabagai Gubernur Sumatera Barat, dihadapkan pado kancuaan sarana jo prasarana publik pasca-[[Gampo bumi Sumatera Barat 2009|gampo bumi 2009]] nan badampak pado patumbuahan ekonomi. Upayo rehabilitasi maupun rekonstruksi di bawah kapamimpinannyo mandapek apresiasi dari pamarintah pusaik.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://koran-sindo.com/page/news/2019-08-21/0/8/Kini_Semua_Sudah_Berdiri_Kokoh|title=Kini Semua Berdiri Kokoh|work=[[Koran Sindo]]|date=21 Agustus 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723004337/http://koran-sindo.com/page/news/2019-08-21/0/8/Kini_Semua_Sudah_Berdiri_Kokoh|archive-date=2020-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/p8d33d282|title=Irwan Prayitno dan Opini Antigerakan Lawan Korupsi|date=8 Mei 2018|website=Republika Online|access-date=22 Desember 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/08197513333/57cfc157be22bd4b4b43eba1/efisiensi-ala-irwan-prayitno-gubernur-sumatera-barat|title=Efisiensi ala Irwan Prayitno, Gubernur Sumatera Barat|last=Jasman Rizal|first=|date=|website=|language=|access-date=22 Desember 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/kolom/wacana/19/12/16/q2m1iv282-apa-yang-sudah-dilakukan-gubernur-sumbar|title=Apa yang Sudah Dilakukan Gubernur Sumbar?|last=Jasman Rizal|first=|date=|website=[[Republika (surat kabar)|Republika.co.id]]|language=|access-date=2020-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=[[Eko Yanche Edrie]]|url=https://khazminang.id/datang-disambut-gempa-pergi-dilepas-corona|title=Datang Disambut Gempa, Pergi Dilepas Corona, Suratan Tangan Gubernur IP|date=15 Januari 2021|work=Harian Khazanah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121015915/https://khazminang.id/datang-disambut-gempa-pergi-dilepas-corona|archive-date=2021-01-21}}</ref> Sajak Agustus 2021, salasai manjabaik Gubernur Sumbar, Irwan manjadi Rektor Universitas Adzkia pado 30 September 2021. Kini ko Irwan manjadi guru gadang di [[Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia]] (UIII), di Fakultas Ekonomi jo Bisnis sajak Agustus 2024. Irwan juo manjadi Ketua Dewan Pakar DPP PKS pariode 2020-2025. Salain itu Irwan juo ado di kapangurusan PB Inkanas sarato sabagai Anggota Dewan Guru Inkanas, karateka pamacik sabuak itam Dan VII.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Irwan Prayitno, Prof., Dr., Psi, Msc,|url=http://irwan-prayitno.com/|language=en-US|access-date=2025-01-12}}</ref> == Latar balakang == Lahia di [[Kota Yogyakarta]] pado 20 Desember 1963, Irwan Prayitno adolah anak partamo dari ampek badunsanak pasangan kaluarga asa Minangkabau, Djamrul Djamal (apak) jo Sudarni Sayuti (amak).{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=188}} Apaknyo barasa dari [[Simabur, Pariangan, Tanah Datar|Nagari Simabur]], [[Kabupaten Tanah Datar|Tanah Datar]], samantaro amaknyo asa Nagari Pauh IX—nan kini sacaro administratif masuak wilayah [[Kuranji, Padang|Kecamatan Kuranji, Padang]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://irwan-prayitno.com/2012/06/profil-2/|title=Profil|work=irwan-prayitno.com|access-date=20 Desember 2021}}</ref> Walaupun badarah Minangkabau, rang tuo Irwan maagiahnyo [[namo Jao]] daripado [[Namo urang Minangkabau|namo Minangkabau]] sabagai dampak dari paristiwa [[Pamarintahan Revolusioner Republik Indonesia]] (PRRI).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://irwan-prayitno.com/2015/09/inilah-fakta-asal-usul-irwan-prayitno/|title=Inilah Fakta Asal Usul Irwan Prayitno|date=6 September 2015|work=bentengsumbar.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418212315/http://irwan-prayitno.com/2015/09/inilah-fakta-asal-usul-irwan-prayitno/|archive-date=18 April 2023|access-date=19 September 2026|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://irwan-prayitno.com/2015/11/irwan-prayitno-dan-isu-sara/|title=Irwan Prayitno dan Isu SARA|date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418203416/http://irwan-prayitno.com/2015/11/irwan-prayitno-dan-isu-sara/|archive-date=18 April 2023|access-date=19 September 2026|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Walaupun indak disabuikkan dek rang tuonyo, Irwan mandugo inyo diagiah namo Jao supayo "capek mandapek pakarajoan" dan mampunyoi arati nan baiak.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Asral Datuk Putih|first=|date=2005|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Ws5uAAAAMAAJ&q=%22*+dengan+masyarakat+Minang+di+Jakarta+baru+-+baru+ini+menyampaikan+%22&dq=%22*+dengan+masyarakat+Minang+di+Jakarta+baru+-+baru+ini+menyampaikan+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwivqK72q7bvAhV_wTgGHQ7mC40Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg|title=Duabelas Jurus Pertahanan Menolak Serangan|publisher=LPPM Tan Malaka|isbn=978-979-99038-1-5|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://kaltim.prokal.co/read/news/312204-sudah-bikin-18-ribu-karya-raih-rekor-muri|title=Sudah Bikin 18 Ribu Karya, Raih Rekor Muri|date=22 September 2017|work=Kaltim Post|access-date=19 September 2026|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418211113/https://kaltim.prokal.co/read/news/312204-sudah-bikin-18-ribu-karya-raih-rekor-muri|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Apak jo amak Irwan baparofesi sabagai dosen. Inyo baduo samo-samo lulusan PTAIN Yogyakarta (kini [[Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta]]). Salapeh malahiaan anak partamo, pasangan iko sampaik manatap di [[Kota Semarang|Semarang]] sampai Irwan baumua tigo tahun, dan pindah ka [[Kota Cirebon|Cirebon]] katiko Irwan masuak umua [[sakolah dasar]]. Salapeh Irwan tamaik SD di Cirebon pado 1976, inyo pindah ka Padang karano tugas maaja di [[IAIN Imam Bonjol]]. {{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=189}} Kudian hari, Irwan dinobaikan sabagai pangulu [[Suku Tanjuang]] jo gala Datuak Rajo Bandaro Basa di kampuang amaknyo, Kuranji.<ref>[[Padang Ekspres]]. 27 Maret 2005. "Saya Adalah Putera Minang Tulen, Cuma Numpang Lahir Di Pulau Jawa."</ref> Gala tasabuik sabalunnyo disandang dek [[Niniak mamak|niniak mamak]] Irwan dari pihak amak, Saumar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pantunirwanprayitno.com/hrf_faq/datuak-rajo-bandaro-basa-ip-di-goyang-singgalang-7-sep-2015/|title=Datuak Rajo Bandaro Basa IP Digoyang|date=7 September 2015|work=[[Harian Singgalang]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://irwan-prayitno.com/2015/09/darmansyah-rajo-tangkeh-datuk-rajo-bandaro-basa-penghulu-suku-tanjung-yang-sah/|title=Darmansyah Rajo Tangkeh: Datuk Rajo Bandaro Basa Penghulu Suku Tanjung yang Sah|date=2 September 2015|work=bentengsumbar.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418215841/http://irwan-prayitno.com/2015/09/darmansyah-rajo-tangkeh-datuk-rajo-bandaro-basa-penghulu-suku-tanjung-yang-sah/|archive-date=18 April 2023|access-date=19 September 2026|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Acara [[Batagak pangulu|pangukuahan gala]] balangsuang pado 13 Februari 2005 nan sato dihadiri dek Wakia Presiden [[Jusuf Kalla]], Ketua MPR [[Hidayat Nur Wahid]], sarato sajumlah mantari [[Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/98422/irwan-prayitno-dinobatkan-menjadi-penghulu-tanjuang|title=Irwan Prayitno Dinobatkan Menjadi Penghulu Tanjuang|date=28 Maret 2005|work=[[Liputan6.com]]|language=id}}</ref> == Pandidikan == {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=left|image1=Gerbang SMP Negeri 1 Padang.jpg|image2=SMA Negeri 3 Padang 2016 Foto Kemdikbud.jpg|width1=260|width2=260|footer=[[SMP Negeri 1 Padang]] (ateh) jo [[SMA Negeri 3 Padang]], almamater Irwan Prayitno}} Irwan manampuah pandidikan manangah di [[SMP Negeri 1 Padang]] (1976–1979) jo [[SMA Negeri 3 Padang]] (1979–1982). Samaso SMA, inyo mulai sato baorganisasi, bagabuang dalam kapangurusan OSIS pado tahun kaduo jo katigo. Salamo di SMA, inyo salalu dipacayokan sabagai ketua kelas sarato maraiah juara kelas dan juara umum.{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=222}} Irwan sampaik bakainginan malanjuikkan kuliah ka [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]] (ITB) basamo kawan-kawannyo. Tapi, karano mampunyoi [[Buto warno|masalah mato]], inyo maaliahkan piliahan ka [[Universitas Indonesia]] (UI) dan ditarimo di [[Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Indonesia|Fakultas Psikologi]].{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=230}} Di paguruan tinggi, Irwan aktif maikuik-i diskusi kaislaman sarato himpunan mahasiswa. Inyo bagabuang jo [[Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam]] (HMI) Jakarta. Di sinan, inyo marasokan gaya represif [[Orde Baru|pamarintahan Soeharto]] kapado pagerakan Islam. Pado 1984, inyo didapuk sabagai Ketua HMI Komisariat Fakultas Psikologi UI. Pado 1986, sairiang intervensi pamarintah nan mamaksokan panarapan [[Pancasila]] sabagai asas tungga, HMI mangganti asasnyo manjadi Pancasila; basamoan jo itu Irwan kalua dari kaanggotaan HMI.<ref name="tokoh">{{cite web|last1=|title=Karier Politik Berawal dari Dakwah Kampus|work=Tokoh Indonesia|url=http://www.tokohindonesia.com/biografi/article/286-direktori/1405-karier-politik-berawal-dari-dakwah-kampus|access-date=14 September 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Salapeh itu, inyo maikuik-i pagerakan Islam dalam skala nan labiah ketek, baraliah ka musajik di kampus-kampus malalui [[Jemaah Tarbiyah|kalompok-kalompok tarbiah]] nan baorientasi pado pambinaan [[Aqidah Islam|aqidah]] jo [[akhlaq]].{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=191}} Basamo kawan-kawannyo, Irwan bolak-baliak sato dalam kagiatan ''[[halaqah]]''/liqo.{{citation needed|date=Desember 2021}} Salapeh duo kali partamuan [[Lembaga Dakwah Kampus|Forum Silaturahmi Lembaga Dakwah Kampus]] pado 1984, inyo talibaik dalam sosialisasi patunjuak pajuangan LDK atau khittah, bakaliliang ka [[Daftar kabupaten jo kota di Sumatera Barat|kota-kota di Sumatera Barat]]. Inyo bakenalan dan basobok sarato mubaligh mudo cando [[Mahyeldi Ansharullah]], [[Marfendi]], jo [[Rafdinal]] nan kudiannyo talibaik dalam kapangurusan [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]] (PKS).{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=245}} Salamo kuliah, salain manyibuakkan diri jo babagai kagiatan kamahasiswaan, inyo banyak manghabihkan wakatu di lua kampus untuak badakwah, manjadi konselor di SMA Islam PB Sudirman Jakarta,<ref name=":1">[https://www.viva.co.id/siapa/read/375-irwan-prayitno Profil Irwan Prayitno] di [[VIVA.co.id]].</ref> SMP Muhammadiyah 39, sarato bimbiangan baraja [[Nurul Fikri]].{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=251}} Di bidang akademik, inyo manjadi asisten panaliti. Pado 1985, dalam umua 22 tahun, Irwan manikah jo [[Nevi Zuairina]], mahasiswi kimia UI nan ditamuinyo katiko manjalani kuliah semester tigo.{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=232}} Basamo bininyo, Irwan taruih manunaikan dakwah sarato aktif dalam kagiatan sosial kamasyarakatan. Kasibuakan Irwan mambuek kuliahnyo indak lanca. Manuruiknyo, hal nan inyo cari dalam pandidikan bukanlah nilai samato, tapi pangambangan diri.{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=232}} Inyo manyalasaikan kuliahnyo salapeh anam tahun jo IPK randah 2,02 karano haruih mambagi wakatunyo untuak mancari nafkah.{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=187}} Walaupun baitu, inyo tamasuak lulusan nan tacapek di angkatannyo. Satamaik kuliah, aktivitas dakwah Irwan jo bini balanjuik jo mangambangkan kagiatan dakwah di kampus [[Universitas Andalas]] sarato IKIP Padang (kini [[Universitas Negeri Padang]]).{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=316}} == Mandirikan Adzkia == [[File:Azkia Padang 2018.jpg|jmpl|260x260px|Taman basamo [[amfiteater]] di kompleks paguruan Adzkia di [[Kuranji, Padang|Kuranji]], [[Kota Padang|Padang]]]] Tamaik dari UI, Irwan mamutuihan pulang ka Padang untuak badakwah, maaja kursus, sarato bakarajo sabagai psikolog.<ref name=":1" /> Inyo juo maaja sabagai dosen psikologi industri di Aqabah, Bukittinggi jo Universitas Andalas, Padang. Sambari itu, inyo marintih jo mandirikan yayasan nan bagerak di bidang pandidikan jo modal Rp15 ribu. Mulonyo, Irwan mambuka kursus bimbiangan baraja Adzkia di [[Lolong Belanti, Padang Utara, Padang|Lolong]] pado 1987 (cikal baka [[PT Adzkia Masa Depan]] nan mampunyoi satidaknyo 19 cabang di Indonesia). Katiko itu, inyo dibantu [[Mahyeldi Ansharullah]] sabagai pangalola sarato [[Syukri Arief]] sabagai guru. Pado 1988, kelas kursus bapindah ka kompleks paguruan [[Persatuan Guru Agama Islam]] (PGAI), [[Jati, Padang Timur, Padang|Jati]]. Bamulo dari kursus bimbiangan baraja, Irwan mambantuak [[Yayasan Pendidikan Adzkia]] nan sacaro batahap mawadahi taman kanak-kanak sampai paguruan tinggi.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pendidikan Akhlak Mutlak Dikembangkan|date=5 Mei 2011|url=http://padangekspres.co.id/?news=berita&id=3969|work=Padang Ekspres|access-date=2016-05-19|archive-date=2023-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422085452/https://www.padangekspres.co.id/?news=berita&id=3969|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado 1994, Adzkia alah mampunyoi janjang paguruan tinggi, salain taman kanak-kanak, sakolah dasar, sakolah manangah, jo sakolah kajuruan.<ref>Irwan Prayitno. {{cite web|title=Adzkia dan Pendidikan Berkarakter|date=16 Mei 2012|url=http://harianhaluan.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15033:adzkia-dan-pendidikan-berkarakter&catid=11:opini&Itemid=83|work=Harian Haluan}}</ref> Dalam pambinaan anak didiak, inyo mancurahkan ilimu psikologi nan ditimbonyo di bangku kuliah.{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=200}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://padangkita.com/resmi-jadi-universitas-adzkia-mantan-gubernur-sumbar-irwan-prayitno-sebagai-rektor-pertama/|title=Resmi Jadi Universitas Adzkia, Mantan Gubernur Sumbar Irwan Prayitno Sebagai Rektor Pertama|work=Padangkita.com|date=1 Oktober 2021}}</ref> Pado 1992, inyo ditarimo malanjuikkan studi ka [[Universitas Texas A&M|Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas]] ateh bantuan [[Nur Mahmudi Ismail]], tapi karano gagal mandapekkan visa mako inyo maaliahkan piliahannyo ka Malaysia. Pado 1995, Irwan maambiak kuliah di [[Selangor]], [[Malaysia]] sambia mambaok sarato bini jo anaknyo.{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=255}} Namun, karano IPK randah, lamarannyo sampaik babarapo kali ditulak. Indak patah arang, basamo bantuan [[Sahrim Hj. Ahmad|Prof. Sahrim Hj. Ahmad]], inyo akhianyo ditarimo jo status pacobaan. Kapado Rektor [[Universitas Putra Malaysia]] (UPM) Prof. Azimi Hamzah, inyo manjamin dirinyo sanggup manyalasaikan studi dalam tigo semester.{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=193}} Inyo maambiak kuliah S-2 bidang pangambangan SDM (''Human Resource Development'') di UPM, Selangor. Tamaik satu satangah tahun labiah capek pado 1996, inyo malanjuikkan kuliah S-3 di kampus nan samo.{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=239}} Sari-ari di Selangor, inyo haruih bakarajo kareh manguruih kaluarga. Katiko itu, inyo alah mampunyoi tujuah anak.{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=255}} Basamo bininyo, inyo babagi tugas karano indak ado pambantu. Irwan mangaku, di antaro kigiatannyo, inyo hanyo mangalokasikan sakitar 10 sampai 20 persen untuak kuliah. Kagiatan dakwahnyo tatap balanjuik. Bahkan, inyo manunaikan dakwah sampai ka [[London]], [[Inggirih]]; Maryland, Amerika Serikat; Sydney jo Perth, Australia. Inyo haruih mangarajoan tugas-tugas pakuliahan dalam pajalanan di dalam oto, kapa tabang, atau kareta api.{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=240}} Katiko dicalonkan dek Partai Keadilan sabagai anggota legislatif DPR, Irwan tangah mampasiapkan ujian akhia S-3. Walaupun turun kampanye untuak daerah pamiliahan Kabupaten Tanah Datar pado [[pamiliahan umum legislatif Indonesia 1999]], inyo dapek marampuangkan kuliahnyo untuak gala [[PhD]] jo IPK ''cumlaude'' 3,97 pado tahun 2000.<ref>[http://www.islamedia.co/2014/03/irwan-prayitno-gubernur-peraih-phd.html "Irwan Prayitno, Gubernur Peraih Ph.D Dengan IPK Cumlaude 3,97"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414183114/http://www.islamedia.co/2014/03/irwan-prayitno-gubernur-peraih-phd.html |date=2023-04-14 }}. ''Islamedia.co''. 17 Maret 2014.</ref> Baliak ka Indonesia, inyo babagi tugas di legislatif sarato kagiatannyo di bidang akademisi. Sajak tahun 2003, inyo maaja program pasca-sarjana di [[Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta]] dan dikukuahkan sabagai guru gadang pado 1 September 2008.<ref>[http://www.republika.co.id/berita/pendidikan/universitas-muhammadiyah-jakarta/12/03/07/m0htos-umj-kontribusi-untuk-bangsa "UMJ: Kontribusi untuk Bangsa"]. ''[[Republika (surat kabar)|Republika]]''. 7 Maret 2012.</ref> Sampai inyo manjadi [[Gubernur Sumatera Barat]] sajak 2010, inyo masih manyampaikan untuak maaja 12 kali dalam ciek semester.<ref name="lagu">{{cite web|title=Ciptakan Enam Lagu, Tahu Detail Aktivitas Anak|work=Padang Ekspres|archive-date=2014-05-17|date=10 Februari 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517132243/http://irwan-prayitno.com/2014/02/ciptakan-enam-lagu-tahu-detail-aktivitas-anak/|url=http://irwan-prayitno.com/2014/02/ciptakan-enam-lagu-tahu-detail-aktivitas-anak/|access-date=2014-05-16|url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id/data_dosen/RjlDRTRBQUYtQkIyMy00MEM3LUIyQTQtMkZFRjFBNUYxQTc4|title=PDDikti - Pangkalan Data Pendidikan Tinggi|publisher=Dirjen Pendidikan Tinggi Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI|access-date=9 Oktober 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018121916/https://pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id/data_dosen/RjlDRTRBQUYtQkIyMy00MEM3LUIyQTQtMkZFRjFBNUYxQTc4|archive-date=2023-10-18|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat == [[File:Irwan Prayitno, Buku Kenangan Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia 1999-2004, p478.jpg|jmpl|ka|200px|Foto Irwan Prayitno katiko manjabaik sabagai anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat pariode 1999{{spnd}}2004.]] Katiko pangukuahan pandirian [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera|Partai Keadilan]] pado 20 Juli 1998, Irwan ditunjuak sabagai Ketua Pawakilan PK di Malaysia.{{citation needed|date=Desember 2021}} Inyo dimintoi kasadioan untuak dicalonkan sabagai anggota legislatif dek PK mawakili daerah pamiliahan [[Sumatera Barat (daerah pamiliahan)|Sumatera Barat]]. Hasil [[pamiliahan umum legislatif Indonesia 1999]], PK hanyo mandapek 1,4 juta suaro atau 1,7% dari total pamiliah. PK manduduakkan tujuah kader di DPR, tamasuak dirinyo. Basamo [[Partai Amanat Nasional]] nan mangumpuakan 37 kursi DPR, kaduo partai bagabuang mambantuak Fraksi Reformasi jo [[Hatta Rajasa]] sabagai ketua sarato Irwan Prayitno sabagai wakia. Fraksi manganta namo Irwan sabagai Ketua Komisi VIII. Inyo mamimpin Komisi VIII nan di antaronyo mambidangi masalah energi jo sumber dayo mineral. Salamo bado di DPR, Hatta mangaku fraksi inyo adolah fraksi nan militan. [[AM Fatwa]] manyabuik Irwan sabagai satu-satunyo pimpinan komisi di DPR nan indak tagantikan salamo limo tahun.{{butuh rujukan}} Jalang 1 April 2000, pamarintah ampia mambarlakukan kanaikan tarif BBM. [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] nan wakatu itu manjabaik [[Mantari Patambangan jo Energi Republik Indonesia|Mantari Patambangan]], pado malam hari sabalun pangumuman kanaikan BBM sampaik manalepon Irwan, mananyokan tantang kasiapan kanaikan BBM. "Ambo kecekkan, kami di DPR alun siap pado kanaikan itu," tutur Irwan.{{sfn|Dilema|2003|pp=183}} Pado hari pangumuman 31 Maret 2000, Presiden [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] mamutuihan manunda rancana manaiakkan harago BBM.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/2000/03/31/0033.html|title=Kenaikan Harga BBM Ditunda|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903113054/http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/2000/03/31/0033.html|archive-date=2014-09-03|work=[[Kompas (surat kabar)|Kompas]]|date=31 Maret 2000}}</ref> Salapeh pambahasan jo DPR, pamarintah rasmi mambarlakukan kanaikan tarif BBM pado 1 Oktober 2000.{{sfn|Dilema|2003|pp=55}} Katiko pamarintah taruih mangurangi subsidi BBM sajak Oktober 2000, Irwan mangusuakan panggunoan [[energi paneh bumi]] sabagai energi alternatif jo mamulai pambahasan rancangan undang-undang malaui Komisi VIII. Manuruiknyo, pamakaian energi paneh bumi katuruik mambantu pamarintah mandorong kamandirian panyadioan energi, tarutamo malalui pambangkik listrik. "Panggunoan energi paneh bumi mamungkinkan pamarintah indak tababani dek mato uang asiang mode halnyo panyadioan BBM sarato manghindari katagantuangan minyak dalam jangka panjang." Namun, RUU mulonyo indak dilirik dek pamarintah, karano energi paneh bumi dianggab maha.{{sfn|Bastoni|2006|pp=122}} Inyo taruih malobi eksekutif untuak malolokan RUU, sampai akhianyo pamarintah mangesahkannyo manjadi UU Paneh Bumi Nomor 27 tahun 2003. Katiko itu, undang-undang ko alun ditindaklanjuik-i jo Paraturan Pamarintah.{{sfn|Bastoni|2006|pp=120}} Pado 23 Juli 2001, [[Megawati Soekarnoputri]] naiak jabatan sabagai presiden, manggantikan [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] nan [[Pamakzulan Abdurrahman Wahid|dimakzulkan]]. Dalam pamiliahan wakia presiden, PK mangusuang [[Hamzah Haz]], mandahului sikap rasmi PPP. Dalam upayo mandapekkan dukuangan dari parlemen untuak mandukuang Hamzah, Irwan malobi tokoh-tokoh kunci dari fraksinyo mode [[Amien Rais]], [[AM Fatwa]], jo [[Hatta Rajasa]]. Irwan bahkan mangancam ka kalua dari fraksi jikok fraksi indak mandukuang Hamzah Haz. Basamoan jo naiaknyo Hamzah Haz, Megawati mangangkek babarapo anggota linteh fraksi sabagai mantari. Inyo ditawari jabatan [[Daftar Mantari Riset jo Teknologi Indonesia|Menristek]], tapi ateh patimbangan partai inyo manulak. Jabatan ko dialiahkan ka [[Hatta Rajasa]], kawan satu fraksi jo satu komisi Irwan.{{butuh rujukan}} Mamasuaki tahun 2003, pamarintah mangumumkan kanaikkan TDL, tarif telepon, sarato BBM sacaro sarantak. Fraksi Reformasi manyatoan dasakan pambatalan tigo agenda ko. Irwan bahkan mangancam ka kalua dari DPR basamo anam urang anggota Partai Keadilan lainnyo jikok kanaikan tarif sarantak tatap dibarlakukan. "Mangingek masyarakaik indak mampu manangguang baban akibaik krisis, mako alternatif pambatalan adolah nan paliang tapek," tutur Irwan.<ref>[http://portal.cbn.net.id/cbprtl/cybernews/detail.aspx?x=General&y=cybernews|0|0|4|294 "'Kenaikan Tarif Agar Dibatalkan'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307162021/http://portal.cbn.net.id/cbprtl/cybernews/detail.aspx?x=general&y=cybernews%7C0%7C0%7C4%7C294 |date=2016-03-07 }}. 25 Januari 2003.</ref> Dalam wawancara jo ''Republika'', Irwan manyatoan kakaciwaannyo pado tanggapan pamarintah nan mangesankan saolah-olah pambarlakuan kanaikan alah disatujui dewan. "Jangankan manyatujuinyo, mambahasnyo se indak. Kito indak parnah diajak mambahas tantang kanaikan harago BBM dan pabilo kaputuihan kanaikan tu dapek ditarapkan. Jaleh masyarakaik dibohongi," ujuarnyo.{{sfn|Dilema|2003|pp=183}}<ref>{{cite web|title=DPR Tak Pernah Dilibatkan|work=Republika|archive-date=2016-03-04|date=13 Januari 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123841/http://www.republika.co.id/cetak_detail.asp?id=109973&kat_id=3|url=http://www.republika.co.id/cetak_detail.asp?id=109973&kat_id=3|access-date=2014-08-31|url-status=unfit}}</ref> Walaupun PK indak manariak anggotanyo dari parlemen, pamarintah marespon jo indak jadi manaiakkan TDL jo tarif telepon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2003/01/15/055955/Kenaikan-Tarif-Telepon-Resmi-Ditunda|title=Kenaikan Tarif Telepon Resmi Ditunda|work=[[Tempo.co]]|date=15 Juli 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903150246/http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2003/01/15/055955/Kenaikan-Tarif-Telepon-Resmi-Ditunda|archive-date=2014-09-03|access-date=2014-08-31|language=id|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/free_speech/conversations/messages/6508|title=PLN Hanya Mampu Andalkan Pelanggan untuk Tutupi Biaya|last=|first=|date=1 Oktober 2003|work=Kompas|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306092831/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/free_speech/conversations/messages/6508|archive-date=2016-03-06|access-date=|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Dilema|2003|pp=183}} Takaiak ancamannyo, Irwan manyabuiknyo sabagai pambalajaran dek politikus sakaligus kader. "Akokoh kito alah indak sanggup lai untuak manjago amanah sarato aspirasi rakyat alah indak dapek didanga lai mako alah sapantasnyolah kito kalua dari DPR."{{sfn|Bastoni|2006|pp=119}}[[File:Irwan Prayitno, Buku Kenangan Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Periode 2004-2009, p522.jpg|jmpl|ka|200px|Foto Irwan Prayitno katiko manjabaik sabagai anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat pariode 2004{{spnd}}2009.]] Pado [[Pamiliahan umum legislatif Indonesia 2004|pamiliahan umum legislatif April 2004]], Irwan diusuang partai nan alah baganti namo PKS sabagai calon anggota legislatif DPR daerah pamiliahan [[Sumatera Barat I (daerah pamiliahan)|Sumatera Barat I]]. Provinsi Sumatera Barat mangirimkan duo wakia ka DPR dari PKS, yaitu dirinyo jo [[Refrizal]]. Pado pariode kaduonyo di DPR, inyo baliak mangatuai komisi nan samo sampai 2005 sabalun bapindah komisi dan diangkek sabagai Ketua Komisi X sajak 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jabatan di DPR RI|url=http://irwan-prayitno.com/2012/06/jabatan-di-dpr-ri/|access-date=8 Februari 2019|work=irwan-prayitno.com}}</ref> Salapeh mamimpin komisi nan mambidangi masalah pandidikan, inyo bahadapan jo pamarintah dalam evaluasi palaksanaan UN.<ref name="UN">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.dpr.go.id/dokpemberitaan/majalah-parlementaria/m-65-2008.pdf|title=Komitmen Seorang Pendidik dari Senayan|work=Majalah Parlementaria|year=2009|issue=65|pages=43-48|access-date=2026-09-19|archivedate=2022-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129134650/https://www.dpr.go.id/dokpemberitaan/majalah-parlementaria/m-65-2008.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Inyo mangkritik palaksanaan UN jikok sabateh syaraik panantu kalulusan siswa, bapanandapek basonyo hasil UN samastinyo dapek digunokan untuak masuak paguruan tinggi. Inyo mangusuakan palaksanaan SPMB untuak manjaring mahasiswa lapeh biayo. Irwan parnah bapandapek palaksanaan panarimoan mahasiswa haruih ditangani otonom dek masiang-masiang paguruan tinggi.<ref name="UN" /> Jalang [[pamiliahan umum Presiden Indonesia 2004]], Irwan nan sajak awal mangarahkan dukuangannyo ka [[Amien Rais]] ditunjuak dek partai untuak manjalin mitra koalisi jo Amien. Irwan sakaligus mangemban misi mamanangkan Amien Rais di Sumatera Barat. Amien mandapek dukuangan mayoritas di Sumatera Barat, tapi sacaro nasional kalah parolehan suaro jo gagal masuak ka pamiliahan presiden putaran kaduo. Manjalang pamiliahan presiden putaran kaduo, Irwan mayakinkan PKS untuak mandukuang [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]. Dalam pamarintahan, Irwan jo SBY alah manjalin hubuangan dalam kapasitas Irwan sabagai Ketua Komisi VIII dan SBY sabagai Mentamben. Badasarkan hasil rekapitulasi suaro, SBY mandapek dukuangan bulek 84,4% dari Sumatera Barat. Wakia presiden tapiliah [[Jusuf Kalla]] manuturkan, SBY sampaik maharokkan Irwan sato mampakuaik kabinet sabagai Mantari ESDM salapeh pamiliahan umum Presiden Indonesia 2004, tapi Irwan labiah mamiliah bakonsentrasi di DPR. "Iko maagiah kasan ka ambo basonyo saudara Irwan manjalankan tugas jo elok apobilo dipacayokan dan mamacik amanah."<ref>{{cite web|title=Kiprah Seorang Asli Putra Minang|work=|archive-date=2016-03-06|date=21 Februari 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306205208/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/surau/conversations/topics/24880?var=0|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/surau/conversations/topics/24880?var=0|location=Jakarta|access-date=2014-09-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dalam pamiliahan pimpinan MPR, Irwan Prayitno baperan manaiakkan [[Hidayat Nur Wahid]] manjadi Ketua MPR. Namo Irwan labiah dulu mangapuang sabagai calon Ketua MPR,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/87378/komposisi-pimpinan-mpr-masih-diperdebatkan|title=Komposisi Pimpinan MPR Masih Diperdebatkan|date=4 Oktober 2004|work=[[Liputan6.com]]|language=id}}</ref><ref>https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Tempo/udsTAQAAMAAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&bsq=%22AM+Fatwa%22+%2B+irwan+prayitno&dq=%22AM+Fatwa%22+%2B+irwan+prayitno&printsec=frontcover</ref> tapi Irwan manulak pancalonannyo. Inyo talibaik dalam panyusunan paraturan tata tatib MPR, mangusuakan calon nan tampia indak sacaro individu tapi sacaro paket jo komposisi 2-2, duo dari DPR dan duo dari DPD. Koalisi tampek PK bagabuang rasmi mangusuakan paket Hidayat didampiangi tigo urang calon wakia ketua, yaitu [[A.M. Fatwa|AM Fatwa]], [[Aksa Mahmud]], jo [[Mooryati Soedibyo]]. Katiko itu, inyo ditunjuak untuak mamimpin lobi ka kasadoalah partai untuak mandukuang Hidayat. Hidayat tapiliah salapeh mandapek 326 suaro, babeda duo angko jo paket dari koalisi nan mangusuakan [[Sutjipto]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-219933/menang-tipis-hidayat-nurwahid-terpilih-sebagai-ketua-mpr-|title=Menang Tipis, Hidayat Nurwahid Terpilih Sebagai Ketua MPR|date=6 Oktober 2004|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]}}</ref> Dalam [[Pamiliahan umum legislatif Indonesia 2009|pamiliahan umum 2009]], Irwan jo Refrizal tapiliah baliak mawakili Sumatera Barat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daftar Calon Terpilih Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Hasil Pemilu Tahun 2009|url=https://kpu.go.id/dmdocuments/DAFTAR_ANGGOTA_DPR_2009.pdf|work=[[Komisi Pemilihan Umum]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226183108/https://www.kpu.go.id/dmdocuments/DAFTAR_ANGGOTA_DPR_2009.pdf|archive-date=2021-02-26|access-date=25 Desember 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Irwan indak manyalasaikan pariode katigonyo sasudah maju sabagai Gubernur Sumatera Barat. Posisi nan ditinggalkannyo diisi dek [[Hermanto (politikus)|Sidi Hermanto]]. == Gubernur Sumatera Barat == === Pancalonan === Irwan Prayitno parnah maju sabagai calon Gubernur Sumatera Barat pado [[pamiliahan umum Gubernur Sumatera Barat 2005]]. Sairiang jo pancalonannyo, inyo maninggalkan jabatan kapartaian. Irwan maju didampiangi [[Ikasuma Hamid]] baka dukuangan parlemen dari PKS sarato [[Partai Bintang Reformasi]]. Ikasuma Hamid adolah mantan [[Bupati Tanah Datar]] duo pariode jo anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Barat|DPRD Sumatera Barat]] patanana. Irwan nan wakatu itu baumua 41 tahun basaiang jo [[Jeffrie Geovanie]] nan labiah mudo ampek tahun, dan [[Gamawan Fauzi]] nan baumua 46 tahun. Dalam pamiliahan nan diikuik-i limo kandidat calon, Irwan basamo pasangannyo tacataik mamparoleh 25,11% suaro. Hasil rekapitulasi suaro manunjuakkan kamanangan Gamawan Fauzi, Irwan Prayitno di urutan kaduo, sarato Jeffrie Geovanie di urutan katigo.<ref>Yonda Sisko. [http://news.detik.com/read/2005/06/27/225629/391234/10/gamawan-fauzi-raih-506-suara?nd771108bcj "Gamawan Fauzi Raih 50,6% Suara'"]. ''Detik''. 27 Juni 2005.</ref> Walaupun mamparoleh suaro di bawah gubernur tapiliah Gamawan Fauzi, Irwan mulonyo indak barancana maju baliak dalam [[pamiliahan umum Gubernur Sumatera Barat 2010]].<ref name="marah"/> Inyo mandadak dimintoi DPP PKS untuak maju, duo hari sabalun hari tarakhia pandataran.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Irwan Prayitno Mengaku Kaget Diusung PKS|date=9 April 2010|url=http://www.tribunnews.com/election/2010/04/09/irwan-prayitno-mengaku-kaget-diusung-pks|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|last=Harismanto|language=id|editor-last=Harismanto}}</ref> Irwan mangaku sampaik berang karano sabalunnyo PKS alah manyiapkan kadernyo nan Wakia Ketua [[DPRD Sumatera Barat]] [[Trinda Farhan Satria]]. Salapeh babarapo kali panulakan, DPW PKS Sumatera Barat datang mamintak langsuang kapado Irwan ka Jakarta. "Tatap ambo tulak, karano partai wakatu tu hanyo mamarentahkan ambo manjadi dubes. Ambo pindah ka Komisi I wakatu tu untuak persiapan dubes," aku Irwan sabagaimano rilis barito KlikSumbar.<ref name="marah">{{cite book|title=Irwan Pernah Marah Dicalonkan Jadi Gubernur|work=KlikSumbar|date=25 Juli 2011|url=http://kliksumbar.com/berita-1268-lebih-dekat-1-irwan-pernah-marah-dicalonkan-jadi-gubernur.html|access-date=20 April 2014|archive-date=2014-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050437/http://kliksumbar.com/berita-1268-lebih-dekat-1-irwan-pernah-marah-dicalonkan-jadi-gubernur.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sabalunnyo, PKS barancana mangusuang Trinda Farhan Satria sarato alah gencar manyosialisasikan sabagai calon wakia gubernur, tapi uruang karano indak kunjuang mandapekkan mitra koalisi. Irwan akhianyo manyatoan maju dalam pamiliahan sabagai calon Gubernur Sumatera Barat salapeh DPP PKS mamintak kasadioannyo dicalonkan baliak. Jo dukuangan PKS, PBR, jo [[Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat|Hanura]], Irwan maju basamo pasangannyo [[Muslim Kasim]] nan mantan Bupati Padang Pariaman duo pariode.<ref name="50menit"/> Irwan nan tibo di Padang pado sore hari tarakhia pandataran, 8 April 2010, basamo Muslim mandaftar ka kantua Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) Sumatera Barat, 50 minik jalang barakhianyo maso pandataran.<ref name="50menit">{{Cite news|author=Febrianti|title=Irwan Prayitno Daftar Jadi Calon Gubernur 50 Menit sebelum Ditutup|date=9 April 2010|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/239080/irwan-prayitno-daftar-jadi-calon-gubernur-50-menit-sebelum-ditutup|work=[[Tempo.co]]|language=id}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dalam pamiliahan umum 2010, Irwan basaiang basamo [[Ediwarman]] jo [[Marlis Rahman]] nan balatar akademisi, [[Fauzi Bahar]] nan katiko tu [[Wali Kota Padang]], sarato surang ekonom [[Endang Irzal]]. Irwan rasmi ditatapkan sabagai gubernur tapiliah salapeh maraup 32,44% suaro.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.detik.com/read/2010/07/12/191216/1397863/10/irwan-prayitno-muslim-kasim-menangi-pilkada-sumbar|title=Irwan Prayitno-Muslim Kasim Menangi Pilkada Sumbar|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|date=12 Juli 2010}}</ref> Inyo tacataik sabagai Gubernur Sumatera Barat partamo nan barasa dari partai politik. Basamo wakianyo Muslim Kasim, Irwan dilantiak sabagai Gubernur Sumatera Barat pado Minggu, 15 Agustus 2010 dek [[Mantari Dalam Nagari Indonesia|Mantari Dalam Nagari]] [[Gamawan Fauzi]] ateh namo Presiden RI. Palantiakan balangsuang di bakeh ruangan garasi oto [[DPRD Sumatera Barat]] karano gaduang utamo rusak barek akibaik gampo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2010/08/15/179271319/Pagi-Ini-Gubernur-Sumatra-Barat-Dilantik-di-Garasi-Dewan|title=Pagi Ini Gubernur Sumatera Barat Dilantik di Garasi Dewan|work=[[Tempo.co]]|date=15 Agustus 2010|language=id}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Pariode partamo === [[File:Rumah Gubernur Sumbar.JPG|jmpl|260px|ka|[[Gubernuran Sumatera Barat|Gubernuran]] di [[Jalan Sudirman, Padang]], rumah dinas sakaligus tampek bakantua Gubernur Sumatera Barat Irwan Prayitno.]] Irwan dilantiak sabagai gubernur pado 15 Agustus 2010, kurang dari sabaleh bulan salapeh gampo bumi mangguncang Sumatera Barat. Palantiakan gubernur jo wakia gubernur tapiliah balangsuang di ruang garasi [[DPRD Sumatera Barat]]. Manjalani pariode partamo, Irwan mamimpin panatoan provinsi nan porak-poranda pasca-bancano.<ref>{{cite news|Url=https://economy.okezone.com/read/2011/09/07/20/499853/pertumbuhan-ekonomi-di-sumbar-naik-6-7|title=Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Sumbar Naik 6,7%|author=Rus Akbar|title=[[Okezone.com]]||date=7 September 2011}}</ref> Malalui kabijakan Irwan, rehabilitasi sarato rekonstruksi kapado rumah panduduak jo fasilitas publik mandapek prioritas dari pambangunan gaduang pamarintahan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pengingat Gempa 2009, Gubernur Sumbar Biarkan Masjid di Rumdin Tak Dibangun|url=https://daerah.sindonews.com/berita/1411878/174/pengingat-gempa-2009-gubernur-sumbar-biarkan-masjid-di-rumdin-tak-dibangun|work=[[Sindonews.com]]|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref> Pado 2011, [[Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana]] (BNPB) maagiah pangharagoan "tabaiak" ateh palaksanaan tanggap darurat nan dilakuan pamarintah provinsi.<ref name="terbaik">{{cite web|date=28 Maret 2011|title=BPBD Sumbar Terbaik Se-Indonesia|url=http://tentanggubernursumbar.blogspot.co.id/2011/03/bpbd-sumbar-terbaik-di-indonesia.html|work=Harian Singgalang|archive-url=http://tentanggubernursumbar.blogspot.co.id/2011/03/bpbd-sumbar-terbaik-di-indonesia.html|archive-date=28 Maret 2011}}</ref> Tigo tahun sasudah bancano, sabanyak 197.636 rumah panduduak nan rusak alah direhabilitasi jo direkonstruksi sahinggo, BNPB pado 2013 maagiah pangharagoan rehabilitasi sarato rekonstruksi "tacapek" kapado pamarintah provinsi.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Barat|url=http://www.sumbarprov.go.id/details/news/3216|title=Hikmah Pasca-Gempa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721144953/http://www.sumbarprov.go.id/details/news/3216|archive-date=2019-07-21|url-status=dead|access-date=2016-05-26|dead-url=yes}}. 17 September 2014.</ref> Salamo pariode partamo kapamimpinannyo, Irwan manjadikan rumah dinasnyo sabagai kantua. Irwan mangaku, pasca-gampo banyak SKPD bakantua samantaro di ruang darurat sarato batumpuak pado ciek ruangan. Katiko kantua baru untuak gubernur siap ditampeki pado akhia 2013, Irwan mangaliahkan panggunoannyo untuak SKPD nan masih badesak-desakan bakantua di aula Gubernuran. Pambangunan gaduang pamarintahan baru dimulai pado 2013, samantaro pabaikan [[Rumah Bagonjong|kantua gubernur lamo]] manyusua pado akhia 2014. Katiko mamasuaki pariode kaduo manjabaik gubernur, Irwan masih alun manampeki kantua rasmi, manunggu retrofit kantua gubernur lamo salasai.<ref name="meja"/> Harian lokal ''[[Padang Ekspres]]'' dalam edisinyo 15 Agustus 2014 mandaftarkan satidaknyo 137 pangharagoan nan diraih ateh namo pamarintah provinsi Sumatera Barat ampek tahun tarakhia. Sajumlah pangharagoan untuak tahun 2013 disarahkan tapisah sapanjang semester partamo 2014. Pado 13 Mei 2014, Sumatera Barat manarimo [[Opini Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan|opini Wajar Tanpa Pengecualian]] (WTP) dari [[Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan|BPK]] kapado Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah (LKPD) Sumatera Barat 2013.<ref>[http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2014/06/18/058586089/Jawa-Barat-Dapat-Opini-WTP-dengan-Catatan "Jawa Barat Dapat Opini WTP dengan Catatan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213183224/http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2014/06/18/058586089/Jawa-Barat-Dapat-Opini-WTP-dengan-Catatan |date=2014-12-13 }}. ''Tempo''. 16 Juni 2014.</ref> Iko adolah untuak kaduo kalinyo sasudah LKPD tahun sabalunnyo mandapek opini sarupo. Pado 24 Februari 2014, pamarintah manyarahkan pangharagoan [[Tim Evaluasi dan Pengawasan Penyerapan Anggaran]]. Jo predikat mamuahkan tigo, capaian realisasi kauangan Sumatera Barat manduduaki paringkek ka-6 nasional.<ref>[http://bisnis.liputan6.com/read/2014361/12-pengguna-anggaran-pemerintah-paling-terbaik-sepanjang-2013 "12 Pengguna Anggaran Pemerintah Paling Terbaik Sepanjang 2013"]. ''Liputan6''. 24 Februari 2014.</ref> Dalam palaksanaan APBD 2013, realisasi anggaran mancapai 98,92% dari target Rp3,182 triliun, samantaro sarapan PAD malabiahi target, 102,42% yaitu Rp1,366 triliun dari target Rp1,334 triliun.<ref>[http://www.antarasumbar.com/berita/provinsi/d/1/361952/realisasi-pad-sumbar-2013-lampaui-target.html "Realisasi PAD Sumbar 2013 Lampaui Target"]. ''ANTARA''. 19 Agustus 2014.</ref><ref>[http://bisnis.news.viva.co.id/news/read/483885-ini-kementerian--lembaga--dan-daerah-terbaik-kelola-anggaran-2013 "Ini Kementerian, Lembaga, dan Daerah Terbaik Kelola Anggaran 2013"]. ''VIVAnews''. 24 Februari 2014.</ref> [[File:Kelok 9-1.jpg|jmpl|kiri|260px|[[Kelok 9|Jambatan layang Kelok 9]], diresmikan panggunoannyo dek Presiden [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] pado Oktober 2013]] Dalam bidang infrastruktur, Mantari PU [[Djoko Kirmanto]] parnah mangatokan infrastuktur di Sumatera Barat nan tabaiak dibandiang provinsi lain di Indonesia. Data tahun 2013 mangungkapkan kamantapan jalan nasional manyantuah angko 95,32%, capaian layanan aia minum mancapai 62,52%, sarato jangkauan layanan sanitasi pamukiman 45,58%.<ref>[http://posmetropadang.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9958&Itemid=70 "Pemprov Raih Tropi Keciptakaryaan Kementerian PU"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120205/http://posmetropadang.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9958&Itemid=70 |date=2014-08-26 }}. 8 April 2014.</ref> Dari [[Kementerian Sosial Indonesia|Kementerian Sosial]], Sumatera Barat manarimo pangharagoan Piagam Kesetiakawanan Sosial ateh implementasi program panyalanggaroan kasajahtaraan sosial pado 7 Maret 2014. Presentase angko kamiskinan taruih turun sajak 2010 dari angko 9,5% manjadi 7,5% pado 2013. Angko [[Indeks Pembangunan Manusia]] provinsi adolah 74,70 atau manduduaki paringkek ka-9 nasional. Dari [[Kementerian Perindustrian Republik Indonesia|Kementerian Perindustrian]], pamarintah manyarahkan pangharagoan paringkek kaduo nasional dalam paningkatan panggunoan produksi dalam nagari pado Oktober 2014.<ref>[http://hariansinggalang.co.id/sumbar-peroleh-anugerah-cinta-karya-bangsa-2014/ "Sumbar Peroleh Anugerah Cinta Karya Bangsa 2014"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021105407/http://hariansinggalang.co.id/sumbar-peroleh-anugerah-cinta-karya-bangsa-2014/ |date=2014-10-21 }}. ''Harian Singgalang''. 20 Oktober 2014.</ref> Pado 18 Juli 2014, Sumatera Barat mandapek predikat tabaiak nasional jo nilai tatinggi dalam kapatuhan kapado UU Nomor 25 tahun 2009 tantang "Pelayanan Publik" dari [[Ombudsman Republik Indonesia|Ombudsman RI]]. Pangharagoan ditarimo Gubernur Irwan Prayitno dari Menko Polhukam [[Djoko Suyanto]] di Jakarta. Ketua Ombudsman [[Danang Girindrawardana]] alah manyampaikan hasil panilaian katiko manamui Irwan di Gubernuran pado 15 Mei 2014. Irwan salaku kapalo daerah dinilai mampunyoi respon sarato komitmen mawujuadkan kabutuhan jo sistem palayanan publik sasuai UU. Sabalunnyo, [[Badan Kepegawaian Negara]] mamasuakkan Sumatera Barat sabagai provinsi tabaiak dalam palaksanaan panarimoan CPNS 2013 jo sistem Computer Assisted Test (CAT).<ref>[http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/berita/haluan-padang/31644-sumbar-rangking-pertama-progres-pelayanan-publik "Sumbar Rangking Pertama Progres Pelayanan Publik"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024949/http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/berita/haluan-padang/31644-sumbar-rangking-pertama-progres-pelayanan-publik |date=2015-09-24 }}. ''Harian Haluan''. 17 Mei 2014.</ref><ref>[http://hariansinggalang.co.id/sumbar-terbaik-nasional-dalam-pelayanan-publik/ "Sumbar Terbaik Nasional dalam Pelayanan Publik"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115931/http://hariansinggalang.co.id/sumbar-terbaik-nasional-dalam-pelayanan-publik/ |date=2014-08-26 }}. ''Harian Singgalang''. 21 Juli 2014.</ref> Dari [[Kementerian Pariwisata Indonesia|Kementerian Pariwisata]], Sumatera Barat manarimo pangharagoan tatinggi di bidang kapariwisataan The Most Improved Travel Culb Tourism Award pado 20 November 2014. Sabalunnyo, Sumatera Barat maraiah salah satu kategori pangharagoan National Procurement Award 2014 dari [[Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional Indonesia|Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional]] ateh paran LPSE provinsi.<ref>[http://www.koran.padek.co/read/detail/12130 "Sumbar Raih National Procurement Award 2014"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121162258/http://www.koran.padek.co/read/detail/12130 |date=2022-01-21 }}. ''Padang Ekspres.''</ref> Pado 8 Desember 2014, [[Daftar Mantari Pandidikan jo Kabudayaan Indonesia|Mantari Kabudayaan Pandidikan Dasar jo Manangah]] [[Anies Baswedan]] maagiah pangharagoan Inklusif Award 2014 ateh implementasi pandidikan inklusif di daerah-daerah Sumatera Barat.<ref>[http://irwan-prayitno.com/2014/12/sumbar-raih-inklusif-award/ "Sumbar Raih Inklusif Award"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418234834/http://irwan-prayitno.com/2014/12/sumbar-raih-inklusif-award/ |date=2023-04-18 }}. ''Padang Ekspres.''</ref> Pado 10 Desember, Mantari Padagangan [[Rachmat Gobel]] manyarahkan piagam pangharagoan ateh paran sato Smatera Barat dalam mandukuang kagiatan Pambantuakan Daerah Tatib Ukua jo Pasa Tatib Ukua.<ref>[http://hariansinggalang.co.id/sumbar-dapat-penghargaan-daerah-tertib-ukur/ "Sumbar Dapat Penghargaan Daerah Tertib Ukur"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213185730/http://hariansinggalang.co.id/sumbar-dapat-penghargaan-daerah-tertib-ukur/ |date=2014-12-13 }}. ''Harian Singgalang.''</ref> Salaku gubernur, Irwan baperan maningkakan koordinasi antaro pamarintah daerah jo malobi pamarintah pusaik untuak mandapekkan dukuangan anggaran. Dalam rapek koordinasi kapalo daerah sa-Sumatera Barat pado 3 Maret 2014, mangapuang pamintaan anggaran Rp8,8 triliun ka pamarintah pusaik untuak palaksanaan pambangunan prioritas di Sumatera Barat. Salapeh rapek basamo [[Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum Indonesia|Kementerian PU]] pado 6 Mei 2014, Mantari PU [[Djoko Kirmanto]] manyatujui alokasi anggaran untuak pacapatan pambangunan infrastruktur. Malalui Kementerian PU, pamarintah mangucuaakan sagadang Rp3 triliun salamo tigo tahun anggaran 2014–2016 untuak pacapatan pambangunan infrastruktur di Sumatera Barat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sumbar Diberi Anggaran Infrastruktur Rp3 Triliun|work=Padang Ekspres|archive-date=|date=7 Mei 2014|archive-url=|url=}}</ref><ref>Pamarintah Provinsi Sumatera Barat. [http://sumbarprov.go.id/images/Dinas_Prasjaltarkim/CCF04292014_0005.pdf "Panjang Jalan Provinsi di Kabupaten dan Kota Menurut Jenis Permukiman Jalan di Sumatera Barat"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319080212/https://sumbarprov.go.id/images/Dinas_Prasjaltarkim/CCF04292014_0005.pdf |date=2022-03-19 }}.</ref> [[File:PLTP Muara Laboh Tahap Satu Beroperasi.jpg|jmpl|280x280px|[[Pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi|Pambangkik Listrik Tanago Paneh Bumi]] (PLTP) di Muara Labuh, Solok Selatan, Sumatera Barat]] Salain manarimo sajumlah pangharagoan pangharagoan untuak provinsi, Irwan mandapekkan pangharagoan dek nagara salaku kapalo daerah. Pado 12 Oktober 2012, Irwan manarimo pangharagoan Prabawa dari [[Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Indonesia|Kementerian Energi jo Sumber Dayo Mineral]] ateh paratian sarato komitmennyo dalam pangambangan potensi EBT.<ref name="Prabawa">[http://www.antaranews.com/berita/334430/gubernur-sumbar-raih-penghargaan-energi-prabawa "Gubernur Sumbar Raih Penghargaan Energi Prabawa"]. ''ANTARA''. 21 September 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.padangekspres.co.id/berita/35901/sumbar-raih-penghargaan-dari-3-kementrian.html "Sumbar Raih Penghargaan dari 3 Kementrian"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203016/http://www.padangekspres.co.id/berita/35901/sumbar-raih-penghargaan-dari-3-kementrian.html |date=2014-08-12 }}. ''Padang Ekspres''. 15 Oktober 2012.</ref> Parnah manangani masalah energi jo sumber dayo mineral katiko di DPR, Irwan manaruah paratian kapado pangambangan [[Energi tabarukan|energi baru tabarukan]] sabagai sumber energi alternatif bagi pambangunan listrik di Sumatera Barat. Dalam upayo pacapatan pambaradayoan energi paneh bumi, inyo salaku kapalo daerah manjalin karajo samo jo babarapo nagara untuak mandatangkan investor, mamfasilitasi inventarisasi potensi EBT, panalitian, sarato promosi.<ref name="Prabawa" /> Salain manganta kabijakan pamanfaatan EBT kapado [[DPRD Sumatera Barat|legislatif Sumatera Barat]], inyo mandorong kapalo daerah mangambangkan EBT sacaro otonom. Kini, Sumatera Barat mampunyoi unit palayanan tapadu satu pintu untuak mamparmudah parizinan investasi.<ref>[http://padangmedia.com/17-Berita/79661-Kantor-Pelayanan-Terpadu-Satu-Pintu-Perluas-Pelayanan-Publik.html "Kantor Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu Perluas Pelayanan Publik"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812211338/http://padangmedia.com/17-Berita/79661-Kantor-Pelayanan-Terpadu-Satu-Pintu-Perluas-Pelayanan-Publik.html |date=2014-08-12 }}. ''Padangmedia.com''. 5 Maret 2013.</ref> Bakaitan jo pangalolaan paneh bumi, Sumatera Barat mampunyoi Perda Nomor 7 Tahun 2012, diikuik-i payuang hukum panyadioan tanago listrik dalam Perda Nomor 2 tahun 2013.<ref>[http://irwan-prayitno.com/2013/05/sumbar-menjadi-lumbung-energi-hijau/ "Sumbar Menjadi Lumbung Energi Hijau"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418215618/http://irwan-prayitno.com/2013/05/sumbar-menjadi-lumbung-energi-hijau/ |date=2023-04-18 }}. ''Singgalang''. 13 Mei 2013.</ref>{{efn|Barado di jalua gunuang barapi aktif jo topografi babukik tampek hulu sajumlah sungai, Sumatera Barat mampunyoi potensi energi paneh bumi, sumber tanago aia, sarato energi surya sakaligus karano lataknyo mangadap samudera di bawah lintasan garih khatulistiwa. Data dari Direktorat Inventarisasi Sumber Daya Mineral pado 2013 mangungkap, tadapek potensi paneh bumi jo pakiroan 1.656 Megawatt di Sumatera Barat nan taseba di 16 titiak. Limo di antaronyo sadang diuji samantaro satu titiak tangah mamasuaki pangarajoan eksplorasi di [[Kabupaten Solok Selatan]].<ref>[http://m.energitoday.com/2013/05/08/sumbar-miliki-potensi-panas-bumi-1-685-mw-di-16-titik/ "Sumbar Miliki Potensi Panas Bumi 1.685 MW di 16 Titik"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115739/http://m.energitoday.com/2013/05/08/sumbar-miliki-potensi-panas-bumi-1-685-mw-di-16-titik/ |date=2014-08-26 }}. Okezone. 18 Mei 2013.</ref> Sacaro kusus, energi tanago ombak jo angin dibaradayokan di daerah [[Kapulauan Mentawai]] malalui karajo samo jo Jerman.<ref>[http://bkpmp.sumbarprov.go.id/peluang-investasi/potensi-panas-bumi-geothermal/ "Potensi Panas Bumi (Geothermal)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817210521/http://bkpmp.sumbarprov.go.id/peluang-investasi/potensi-panas-bumi-geothermal/ |date=2014-08-17 }}. BKPMP Sumatera Barat.</ref>}} Pado 29 November 2013, Irwan manarimo Pangharagoan Adhikarya Pangan Nusantara, pangharagoan tatinggi dari Dewan Katahanan Pangan Nasional.<ref>[http://www.sumbarprov.go.id/read/99/12/14/59/191-teras-sumbar/prestasi-daerah/1870-gubernur-sumaterat-irwan-prayitno-mendapat-penghargaan-adhikarya-pangan-nusantara-apn.html "Gubernur Sumatera Barat Irwan Prayitno Mendapat Penghargaan Adhikarya Pangan Nusantara (APN)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701171331/http://www.sumbarprov.go.id/read/99/12/14/59/191-teras-sumbar/prestasi-daerah/1870-gubernur-sumaterat-irwan-prayitno-mendapat-penghargaan-adhikarya-pangan-nusantara-apn.html |date=2014-07-01 }}. 6 Desember 2013.</ref> Dalam mancapai katahanan pangan, babarapo program-program nan dijalanan Irwan di antaronyo paningkatan jam karajo patani jo manambah cabang usaho. Kabaragaman pangan Sumatera Barat mancatatkan skor Pola Pangan Harapan (PPH) nan mancapai 77,50.<ref>[http://infopublik.org/read/58660/keberagaman-pangan-sumbar-kantongi-skor-pph-di-atas-skor-nasional.html "Keberagaman Pangan Sumbar Kantongi Skor PPH di Atas Skor Nasional"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312202002/http://infopublik.org/read/58660/keberagaman-pangan-sumbar-kantongi-skor-pph-di-atas-skor-nasional.html |date=2016-03-12 }}. 2 November 2013.</ref> Dari Parpustakaan Nasional, Irwan maraiah pangharagoan Nugra Jasadarma Pustaloka pado 29 Oktober 2013. Inyo dianggep maagiah porsi labiah kapado minaik baco, malalui upayonyo mancarikan gaduang pangganti parpustakaan daerah nan ancua pascagampo.<ref>[http://www.sumbaronline.com/berita-17272-gubernur-raih-penghargaan-nugra-jasadarma-pustaloka-2013.html "Gubernur Raih Penghargaan Nugra Jasadarma Pustaloka 2013"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105043107/http://www.sumbaronline.com/berita-17272-gubernur-raih-penghargaan-nugra-jasadarma-pustaloka-2013.html |date=2020-11-05 }}. 4 November 2013.</ref> Pado 27 November 2013, Irwan manarimo pangharagoan dari Mantari Padagangan [[Gita Wirjawan]] salaku kapalo daerah ateh paratian sarato kapadulian kapado palinduangan konsumen.<ref>Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan. [http://dinperindag.jatengprov.go.id/berita-penghargaan-daerah-peduli-konsumen-tahun-2013.html "Penghargaan Daerah Peduli Konsumen 2013"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811165211/http://dinperindag.jatengprov.go.id/berita-penghargaan-daerah-peduli-konsumen-tahun-2013.html |date=2014-08-11 }}. 28 November 2013.</ref> Pado pangujuang tahun 2014, [[Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Indonesia|Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan]] manatapkan Anugerah Parahita Ekapraya (APE) 2014 kapado Gubernur Sumatera Barat.<ref>[http://www.tabloidbijak.com/2014/12/gubernur-sumbar-dapat-penghargaan.html "Gubernur Sumbar Dapat Penghargaan Anugerah Parahita Ekapraya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305233747/http://www.tabloidbijak.com/2014/12/gubernur-sumbar-dapat-penghargaan.html |date=2016-03-05 }}.</ref> === Gaya kapamimpinan === Irwan mamintak siapo pun untuak indak mamakso dirinyo barubah sasuai katentuan protokoler.<ref name="klik1">[http://kliksumbar.com/berita-1269-lebih-dekat-2-gubernur-duduk-di-kelas-ekonomi-biasa-saja.html "Gubernur Duduk di Kelas Ekonomi, Biasa Saja..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517115604/http://kliksumbar.com/berita-1269-lebih-dekat-2-gubernur-duduk-di-kelas-ekonomi-biasa-saja.html |date=2014-05-17 }}. ''KlikSumbar''. 25 Juli 2011.</ref> "Jan pakso ambo maubah ''style'' hiduik ambo, karano bagi ambo fasilitas jabatan apo pun adolah sunah, kawenangan justru suatu kawajiban bagi ambo," keceknyo. Daripado manggunokan anggaran nan tasadio, Irwan maoptimalkan panggunoan fasilitas nan alah ado. Inyo manulak masuak-an untuak mambali oto dinas baru dan masih manampeki rumah dinas lamo.<ref name="bagonjong">Situs web rasmi Pamarintah Provinsi Sumatera Barat. [http://sumbarprov.go.id "Tepat Waktu dan Sederhana"]. 24 Desember 2013.</ref> Katiko disodori alasan manutuik malu kapado mantari atau pajabaik nagara lainnyo nan datang bakunjuang, Irwan labiah mamiliah manggunokan oto pribadinyo untuak dijadian oto pelat merah.<ref name="klik1"/> Katiko rekonstruksi kantua pamarintahan nan rusak akibaik [[gampo bumi 30 September 2009]], sampaik dianggarkan pambangunan kantua baru untuak gubernur. Tapi, Irwan mangaliahkan panggunoannyo untuak tigo SKPD nan kantuanyo rusak, mamiliah bakantua manampeki rumah dinas lamo di [[Jalan Sudirman, Padang|Jalan Sudirman]].<ref name="bagonjong"/> Pado 22 Januari 2014, surang mahasiswa bapiso tahunuih mamasuaki Kantua Gubernur Sumatera Barat, mangancam ka mambunuah gubernur. Luluih dari panjagoan Satpol PP nan batugeh, mahasiswa nan kudian dikatahui lulusan ITB sampaik naiak ka lantai duo gaduang sambia batariak-tariak sabalun kalua maninggalkan halaman gaduang jo mangandara-i oto.<ref>[http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/berita/haluan-padang/29253-pria-tegap-ancam-bunuh-gubernur "Pria Tegap Ancam Bunuh Gubernur"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024946/http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/berita/haluan-padang/29253-pria-tegap-ancam-bunuh-gubernur |date=2015-09-24 }}. ''Harian Haluan''. 23 Januari 2014.</ref> Salapeh pamariksoan dek kapolisian saminggu barikuiknyo, palaku disarahkan kapado kaluarga untuak pananganan medis karano tabukti mangidap gangguan jiwa.<ref>[http://www.antaranews.com/berita/416456/orang-gila-ancam-bunuh-gubernur-sumbar "Orang Gila Ancam Bunuh Gubernur Sumbar"]. ''ANTARA''. 29 Januari 2014.</ref> Takaiak kajadian iko, Irwan mamaklumi, "Pangawalan di kantua gubernur jo di rumah dinas gubernur memang sangajo ambo buek minimalis sarato minim protokoler."<ref name="stres">{{cite web|title=Stres|work=Harian Haluan|archive-date=2014-05-17|date=6 Februari 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517123913/http://irwan-prayitno.com/2014/02/3365/|url=http://irwan-prayitno.com/2014/02/3365/|access-date=2014-05-16|url-status=unfit}}</ref> Namun, tujuah anggota Satpol PP nan batugeh pado hari kajadian tatap diagiah sanksi ateh kalalaian dalam manjalankan tugas.{{butuh rujukan}} [[File:Irwan Prayitno Okt 2016.jpg|jmpl|kiri|200px|Irwan Prayitno jo benggol di dado nan jarang inyo pakai kaciak-i katiko sadang di kantua atau batamu untuak urusan dinas]] Dalam malakuan pajalanan ka lua provinsi, Irwan indak parnah mamiliah maskapai panabangan.<ref name="bagonjong"/> Inyo salalu mamiliah jo maraso nyman duduak di kelas ekonomi.<ref name="klik1"/> Panyair [[Taufiq Ismail]], nan parnah mandapeki Irwan satu kapa tabang di kelas ekonomi, manilainyo sabagai hal istimewa sarato sabuah kataradanan.<ref>[http://www.islamedia.co/2010/12/taufik-ismail-irwan-prayitno-sosok.html "Taufik Ismail: Irwan Prayitno Sosok Gubernur Teladan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414183116/http://www.islamedia.co/2010/12/taufik-ismail-irwan-prayitno-sosok.html |date=2023-04-14 }}. ''Islamedia.co''. 14 Desember 2010.</ref> Salamo pamuloan limo tahun maso jabatannyo, Irwan nyarih indak mamakai [[Lencana|benggol]] tando jabatan di dadonyo.<ref name="bagonjong" /> Hal ko manjadi sorotan di media, sampai dipasoalkan dek [[Fauzi Bahar]] katiko debat kandidat [[Pamiliahan umum Gubernur Sumatera Barat 2015|calon gubernur jo wakia gubernur 2015]]. Irwan dituduang indak mangarago-i dan manghormati lambang nagara, karano jabatan gubernur adolah tamasuak lambang-lambang nagara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://irwan-prayitno.com/2015/08/ip-dan-benggolnya-tanpa-benggol-irwan-merasa-lebih-leluasa/ |title=archive copy |access-date=2026-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418234836/http://irwan-prayitno.com/2015/08/ip-dan-benggolnya-tanpa-benggol-irwan-merasa-lebih-leluasa/ |archive-date=2023-04-18 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> Takaiak panampilannyo nan saderhana, indak ba-atribut sarato minim protokoler, Irwan mangatokan inyo indak nio ado pambateh antaro dirinyo jo masyarakaik.<ref name="klik1"/> Inyo mangaku dapek maraso laluaso mandanga kaluhan masyarakaik “tanpa masyarakaik sagan mangkritik gubernur, padahal inyo sadang mangecek jo gubernur."<ref name=":0" /> Yongki Salmeno nan dakek jo Irwan Prayitno, manulihkan pangalamannyo basamo Irwan. Inyo mandapeki karakter Irwan nan nio sarba capek sarato tapek wakatu. Satiok malakuan kunjuangan ka daerah, rombongan gubernur nyarih malaju jo kacapatan tinggi. Yongki manamukan sajumlah SKPD bausaho mangelak sato iring-iringan kandaraan gubernur karano indak siap nyali. Irwan baprinsip, labiah ancak inyo tibo duluan daripado talambek. Dalam kota, inyo manulak manggunokan oto pangawalan, kaciak-i dalam kaadaan mandasak. "Sariang kali pamilik acara masih manunggu-nunggu kadatangan gubernur jo manyimak rauangan sirene oto pangawalan. Nyatonyo sirine tu indak parnah tadanga, gubernur alah tibo tapek wakatu tanpa pangawalan jo malah alah duduak basamo inyo urang," tulih Yongki.<ref name="bagonjong"/> Irwan tatap manunaikan dakwah salamo manjabaik sabagai gubernur. Duo kali sabulan satiok Jumaik pagi, inyo mangisi wirid mingguan nan diikuik-i jajaran pagawai [[Rumah Bagonjong|Pemprov Sumatera Barat]]. Kagiatan wirid dipusekkan di [[Musajik Rayo Sumatera Barat]] sajak awal tahun 2012, walaupun katiko itu panggunoan musajik alun diresmikan. Salamo Juni sarato bulan Ramadan 2014, inyo mangisi tausiah dalam kunjuangan ka instansi-instansi pamarintah.{{butuh rujukan}} Irwan mamanfaatkan siso wakatunyo untuak kaluarga sarato olahraga. Irwan adolah panyuko olahraga badminton,{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=188}} karate, jo trabas. Wakatu lompongnyo kadang inyo manfaatkan untuak bamain musik. Inyo mangaku bisa banyanyi sajak tahun 2012. "Karano sabagai gubernur sariang ditodong untuak banyanyi, akhianyo ambo baraja banyanyi."<ref name="lagu"/> Pado Ramadhan 2013, inyo manciptakan lagu bajudul "Kau Istriku" jo mangunggahnyo malalui akun rasmi di [[YouTube]].<ref name="youtube"/> "Ambo malihek di Gubernuran banyak alat musik paninggalan gubernur sabalunnyo, akhianyo ambo manfaatkan untuak cubo latihan. Padahal, sabalunnyo ambo alun parnah baraja not balok, tanggo nada dan sabagainyo," keceknyo mangungkapkan awa katatarikannyo bamain musik. Irwan alah mandaftarkan duo lagu ciptaanyo, satu lai bajudul "Kepada-Mu", ka Kanwil Kementerian Hukum jo HAM Sumatera Barat.<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|title=Kau Istriku, Lagu karya Gubernur Sumbar Sudah Bisa Dinikmati di Youtube|work=Harian Singgalang|archive-date=2014-05-17|date=22 Agustus 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517123915/http://irwan-prayitno.com/2013/08/kau-istriku-lagu-karya-gubernur-sumbar-sudah-bisa-dinikmati-di-youtube/|url=http://irwan-prayitno.com/2013/08/kau-istriku-lagu-karya-gubernur-sumbar-sudah-bisa-dinikmati-di-youtube/|access-date=2014-05-16|url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref>[http://hariansinggalang.co.id/hak-cipta-dan-nasib-pencipta/ "Hak Cipta dan Nasib Pencipta"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517153037/http://hariansinggalang.co.id/hak-cipta-dan-nasib-pencipta/ |date=2014-05-17 }}. ''Harian Singgalang''. 21 Agustus 2013.</ref> === Kontroversi === [[File:Kantor Gubernur Sumatra Barat oleh Denas.jpg|jmpl|ka|280px|[[Kantor Gubernur Sumatera Barat]] atau dijuluak-i Rumah Bagonjong, bahadapan jo Gubernuran di [[Jalan Sudirman, Padang]]]] Pado awa November 2010, Irwan salaku Gubernur Sumatera Barat mamanuahi undangan KBRI di Berlin untuak tampia sabagai pambicara mamaparkan potensi investasi Indonesia dalam forum paringatan [[Hubungan Indonesia dengan Jerman|hubuangan bilateral kaduo nagara]].<ref>[http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2010/11/03/21073750/Gubernur.Sumbar.ke.Jerman.untuk.Promosi "Gubernur Sumbar ke Jerman untuk Promosi"]. ''Kompas''. 3 November 2010.</ref> Pado katiko nan samo, maso tanggap darurat [[Gampo bumi Kapulauan Mentawai 2010|tsunami Mentawai]] masih balangsuang. Tsunami manarjang Kapulauan Mentawai manyusua gampo bumi nan bapusek di lapeh pantai Sumatera Barat pado 25 Oktober 2010. Media nasional sagaro mangangkek opini takaiak kabarangkatan Irwan. Situs barito ''[[Kompas (surat kabar)|Kompas]]'' manurunkan judul "Warganya Kelaparan, Gubernur ke Jerman".<ref>Khaerudin. [http://health.kompas.com/read/2010/11/03/12510686/Warganya.Kelaparan.Gubernur.ke.Jerman "Warganya Kelaparan, Gubernur ke Jerman"]. ''Kompas''. 3 November 2010.</ref> ''[[Tempo.co|Tempo]]'' mangutip pandapek pangamaik politik [[Burhanuddin Muhtadi]] nan mangatokan Gubernur Sumatera Barat alah mati raso.<ref>Riky Ferdianto. [http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2010/11/04/179289315/Gubernur-Sumatra-Barat-Dinilai-Mati-Rasa "Gubernur Sumatera Barat Dinilai Mati Rasar"]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Tempo''. 4 November 2010.</ref> Anggota DPR [[Budiman Sudjatmiko]] mangomentari, indak pas surang kapalo daerah maninggalkan daerahnyo nan sadang dilando bancano sarato mangusuakan komisinyo mamanggia Irwan Prayitno, tapi uruang.<ref>[http://politik.news.viva.co.id/news/read/187008-budiman-usul-dpr-panggil-gubernur-sumbar "Budiman Usul DPR Panggil Gubernur Sumbar"]. ''VIVAnews''. 4 November 2010.</ref> Sabalun kabarangkatannyo, Irwan bolak-baliak ka Mentawai mamimpin pananggulangan bancano sarato sampaik bamalam tigo hari di pangungsian. Dalam lawatan satu satangah hari 4–5 November, Irwan manyampaikan manandotangani kasapakatan karajo samo dalam bidang investasi, khususnyo di sektor pariwisata sarato energi tabarukan jo [[Bavaria|Pamarintah Bavaria]].<ref>[http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/haluan-kita/2267-mari-meyakinkan-investor-ke-sumbar "Mari Meyakinkan Investor ke Sumbar"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025019/http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/haluan-kita/2267-mari-meyakinkan-investor-ke-sumbar |date=2015-09-24 }}. ''Harian Haluan''. 8 Maret 2011.</ref> Irwan baliak ka Mentawai hari nan samo salapeh mandarek di Padang. Koran ''Tempo'' manurunkan barito "Setelah Dikecam, Irwan Prayitno ke Mentawai".<ref>[http://koran.tempo.co/konten/2010/11/08/217355/Setelah-Dikecam-Irwan-Prayitno-ke-Mentawai "Setelah Dikecam, Irwan Prayitno ke Mentawai"]. ''Tempo''. 8 November 2010.</ref> Anggota DPR lainnyo [[Nudirman Munir]] manilai pambaritoan ateh Irwan balabiahan.<ref>Andrian. [http://news.detik.com/read/2010/11/15/174222/1494882/471/3/memajukan-sumbar-pun-terhalang-kepentingan-pusat "Memajukan Sumbar pun Terhalang Kepentingan Pusat"]. ''Detik''. 5 Juli 2010.</ref> "Pak Gubernur tigo malam di Mentawai indak disabuik-sabuik." Mananggapi kritik ateh dirinyo, Irwan mamintak maaf, mangatokan basonyo rancana lawatannyo ka Jerman alah dipasiapkan jauah sabalun tsunami Mentawai.<ref>Yonda Sisko. [http://news.detik.com/read/2011/07/06/034259/1675459/10/gubernur-sumbar-minta-kunjungan-ke-amerika-tidak-diplintir?n991103605 "Gubernur Sumbar Minta Kunjungan ke Amerika Tidak 'Diplintir'"]. ''Detik''. 6 Juli 2011.</ref> Salamo manjabaik gubernur, Irwan bakantua di rumah dinas. Irwan mangaku, pambangunan rumah panduduak jo fasilitas publik labiah prioritas daripado pambangunan gaduang pamarintahan.<ref>Zamri Yahya. [http://irwan-prayitno.com/2015/09/inilah-alasan-irwan-prayitno-tidak-berkantor-di-kantor-gubernur/ "Inilah Alasan Irwan Prayitno Tidak Berkantor di Kantor Gubernur"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418210709/http://irwan-prayitno.com/2015/09/inilah-alasan-irwan-prayitno-tidak-berkantor-di-kantor-gubernur/ |date=2023-04-18 }}. 8 September 2015.</ref> Pambangunan baliak kantua dinas provinsi nan rusak parah mulai dilakuan pado 2013, samantaro retrofit kantua gubernur baru dimulai pado akhia 2014. Hal ko mandapek sorotan media manjalang [[Pamiliahan umum Gubernur Sumatera Barat 2015|pamiliahan gubernur 2015]], mamuncuakan opini "Irwan tak pernah ngantor".<ref>[http://nasional.inilah.com/read/detail/2151181/irwan-prayitno-belum-pernah-gunakan-ruangan-kantor "Irwan Prayitno Belum Pernah Gunakan Ruangan Kantor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116220130/https://nasional.inilah.com/read/detail/2151181/irwan-prayitno-belum-pernah-gunakan-ruangan-kantor |date=2018-11-16 }}. Inilah.com. 4 November 2014.</ref> Inyo manampeki rumah pribadinyo di [[Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Lubuk Kilangan]] sabagai kantua samantaro. Pado pariode kaduonyo sabagai gubernur sajak 12 Februari 2016, Irwan untuak partamo kalinyo bakantua manampeki kantua gubernur.<ref name="meja">{{Cite web|url=https://www.harianhaluan.com/news/detail/63548/enam-tahun-jadi-gubernur-irwan-prayitno-akhirnya-punya-%E2%80%98meja%E2%80%99|title=Enam Tahun Jadi Gubernur, Irwan Prayitno Akhirnya Punya ‘Meja’|website=[[Harian Haluan]]|access-date=13 Februari 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723055638/https://www.harianhaluan.com/news/detail/63548/enam-tahun-jadi-gubernur-irwan-prayitno-akhirnya-punya-%E2%80%98meja%E2%80%99|archive-date=2017-07-23|date=21 Januari 2017}}</ref> Pado tanggal 28 Mei 2018, Irwan mangiriman surek ka [[Mantari Komunikasi jo Informatika|Mantari Komunikasi jo Informatika (Menkominfo)]] [[Johnny G. Plate]] mamintak pihak Kemenkominfo untuak manghapuih aplikasi Alkitab babahaso [[Bahaso Minangkabau|Minang]] dek [[Faith Comes by Hearing]] jo alasan patimbangan kultur Islam nan labiah dakek jo Sumatera Barat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2020/06/04/gubernur-sumatera-barat-minta-aplikasi-injil-minangkabau-di-play-store-dihapus-ini-alasannya?page=all|title=Gubernur Sumatera Barat Minta Aplikasi Injil Minangkabau di Play Store Dihapus, Ini Alasannya|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|access-date=2020-06-10|last=Daryono|language=id|editor-last=Daryono}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5040736/gubernur-sumbar-surati-menkominfo-minta-aplikasi-injil-bahasa-minang-dihapus|title=Gubernur Sumbar Surati Menkominfo, Minta Aplikasi Injil Bahasa Minang Dihapus|last=Kampai|first=Jeka|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Polemik Aplikasi Injil Bahasa Minang Tak Bikin Kominfo Asal Ambil Keputusan|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5042886/polemik-aplikasi-injil-bahasa-minang-tak-bikin-kominfo-asal-ambil-keputusan?single=1|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|access-date=2020-06-09|language=id-ID|date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200605110421-20-510153/sumbar-minta-menkominfo-hapus-aplikasi-alkitab-bahasa-minang|title=Sumbar Minta Menkominfo Hapus Aplikasi Alkitab Bahasa Minang|work=[[CNN Indonesia]]|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref> Palarangan Alkitab babahaso Minang tasabuik manuai banyak kacaman maupun dukuangan dek publik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5047309/dipolisikan-terkait-aplikasi-injil-minang-ade-armando-salah-saya-apa|title=Dipolisikan Terkait Aplikasi 'Injil Minang', Ade Armando: Salah Saya Apa?|last=Ibrahim|first=Gibran Maulana|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pojoksatu.id/news/berita-nasional/2020/06/04/alkitab-bahasa-minang-jadi-sorotan-begini-respon-tokoh-agama-sumbar/|title=Alkitab Bahasa Minang Jadi Sorotan, Begini Respon Tokoh Agama Sumbar|last=Redaksi|date=2020-06-04|website=Pojoksatu.id|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-09|archive-date=2023-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418201701/https://pojoksatu.id/news/berita-nasional/2020/06/04/alkitab-bahasa-minang-jadi-sorotan-begini-respon-tokoh-agama-sumbar/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minangkabaunews.com/artikel-26652-soal-aplikasi-injil-berbahasa-minang-di-playstore-ini-respon-buya-gusrizal-gazahar.html|title=Soal Aplikasi Injil Berbahasa Minang di Playstore, Ini Respon Buya Gusrizal Gazahar - Minangkabaunews|website=minangkabaunews.com|language=id|access-date=2020-06-09|archive-date=2020-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609210928/https://minangkabaunews.com/artikel-26652-soal-aplikasi-injil-berbahasa-minang-di-playstore-ini-respon-buya-gusrizal-gazahar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kahidupan pribadi == [[File:Keluarga_Irwan_Prayitno.jpg|jmpl|250x250px|Irwan Prayitno basamo kaluarga]] Irwan Prayitno mambina rumah tanggo basamo [[Nevi Zuairina]] nan barasil tapiliah sabagai Anggota DPR-RI dari PKS sajak 2019. Inyo baduo manikah pado 1985, katiko samo-samo masih bastatus mahasiswa. Nevi marupokan junior Irwan di UI nan kuliah di Jurusan Kimia FMIPA.{{sfn|Dai|2003|pp=232}} Dari panikahan iko, inyo dikaruniai 10 urang anak sarato 12 cucu (sampai Mei 2023).<ref name=":3">http://irwan-prayitno.com/2012/06/profil-2/</ref> Anak partamo, Jundy Fadhillah, lulusan [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) di Southern New Hampshire University, Amerika Serikat nan kini bakarajo sabagai pagawai swasta. Anak kaduo yakni Waviyatul Ahdi, surang dotor spesialis gigi nan marampuangkan S-1, pandidikan profesi, sarato S-2 di Fakultas Kadokteran Gigi UI.<ref name=":3" /> Anak katigo banamo Dhiya’u Syahidah, marupokan alumni S-1 Sekolah Bisnis dan Manajemen Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) sarato S-2 Purchasing and Supply Chain Management di [[University of Westminster]], Inggirih. Dhiya'u kini manjadi Direktur Adzkia Day Care and Pre School, Jakarta.<ref name=":3" /> Anak kaampek yakni Anwar Jundi, lulusan S-1 di Teknik Perikanan [[Institut Pertanian Bogor]] dan kini bakarajo sabagai pagawai swasta. Anak kalimo banamo Atika, marampuangkan S-1 Manajemen di UI sarato S-2 Human Resource Management di [[Universitas Melbourne|Melbourne University]], Australia.<ref name=":3" /> Anak kaanam, Ibrahim Irwan, marupokan alumni Teknik Kimia UI. Ibrahim maikuik-i jajak kaduo rang tuonyo sabagai politikus jo bagabuang di PKS. Dek partai, Ibrahim dicalonkan sabagai anggota DPR-RI dari daerah pamiliahan Sumatera Barat I untuak [[Pamiliahan umum legislatif Indonesia 2024|pamiliahan umum 2024]] mandatang.<ref>{{Cite web|last=detaksumbar.com|date=2023-05-03|title=Info Sementara, Caleg DPR RI PKS, Rahmat Saleh Nomor 1, M Zuhrizul Berpeluang Besar|url=https://detaksumbar.com/info-sementara-caleg-dpr-ri-pks-rahmat-saleh-nomor-1-m-zuhrizul-berpeluang-besar|website=detaksumbar.com|access-date=2023-05-12|archive-date=2023-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608194835/https://detaksumbar.com/info-sementara-caleg-dpr-ri-pks-rahmat-saleh-nomor-1-m-zuhrizul-berpeluang-besar|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Anak katujuah banamo Shohwatul Ishlah tamaik S-1 di Fakultas Kedokteran (FK) Universitas Andalas (Unand). Anak kalapan, yakni Farhana, manyalasaikan S-1 di Fakultas Psikologi UI jo [[Universitas Queensland|Queenlands University]] (''double degree'') sarato S-2 di [[Sekolah Ekonomi dan Ilmu Politik London|London School of Economics and Political Science]], [[London]].<ref name=":3" /> Anak kasambilan, Laili Tanzila parnah manampuah pandidikan Fakultas Teknik sarato Fakultas Psikologi UI dan ESMOD Jakarta. Tarakhia, anak bungsu, Taqiya Mafaza, S-1 Manajemen di UI dan ka manamaikkannyo di Melbourne University, Australia (''double degree'') <ref name=":3" /> == Karya tulih == [[File:Gubernur Sumbar berpantun.jpg|jmpl|ka|200px|Di antaro gaya kapamimpinan Irwan Prayitno adolah malestarikan [[pantun]], bantuak puisi klasik Melayu, katiko maagiah sambutan.]] Sampai tahun 2022, Irwan alah marampuangkan 81 judul buku dan satidaknyo 25 riset. Pado pangujuang tahun, inyo manabikkan buku bajudul ''Inspirasi Untuk Negeri''. 116 labiah artikelnyo dipublikasikan di babagai media massa. Mampunyoi rekam jajak sabagai aktivis dakwah sarato latar pandidikan psikologi, karya-karyanyo maliputi tema pamasalahan anak jo kaluarga, manajemen SDM, politik, dan dakwah. Karya-karyanyo banyak manjadi rujuakan aktivis pagerakan Islam di babagai paguruan tinggi umum Indonesia. Pado 11 November 2015, duo buku barisi kumpulan tulisan wartawan media lokal jo nasional tantang kapamimpinan Irwan diluncuakan.<ref name=":2" /> Sajak Februari 2016, Irwan Prayitno alah manciptakan sabanyak 60.000 pantun nan dirangkum dalam 30 jilid buku nan diagiah namo ''Pantun Spontan ala IP''. Pado 2017, inyo mulai manabikkan pantun tasabuik dalam bantuak buku.<ref>https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/89759-irwan-prayitno-buku-8-000-pantun-spontan</ref><ref>https://nasional.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/ouyuun382/gubernur-sumbar-raih-hak-cipta-atas-18-ribu-pantun</ref> Barikuik daftar buku nan inyo tulih sarato alah dipublikasikan: * ''Pantun Spontan ala Irwan Praytno'' (30 jilid) * ''Mari Membaca Pantun Nasihat Pernikahan'' (2018) * ''Inspirasi Untuk Negeri'' (2013) * ''Pemikiran Menuju Masyarakat Madani'' (2005) * ''Anakku Penyejuk Hatiku'' (2004) * ''Kepribadian Muslim'' (2003) * ''Kepribadian Dai'' (2003) * ''Pemuda Islam Generasi Penerus'' (2003) * ''Wanita Islam Perubah Bangsa'' (2003) * ''Mengkritisi Kebijakan Pemerintah'' (2003) * ''Dai di Tengah Kegalauan Politik'' (2003) * ''Dilema Kebijakan Energi'' (2003) == Sijarah elektoral == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col"| Pamilu ! scope="col"| Lambago legislatif ! scope="col"| Daerah pamiliahan ! scope="col" colspan= "2" | Partai politik ! scope="col"| Parolehan suaro ! scope="col"| Hasil ! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Referensi}} |- ! [[Pamiliahan umum legislatif Indonesia 1999|1999]] | rowspan= "4" | [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia]] | [[Sumatera Barat (daerah pemilihan)|Sumatera Barat]] | bgcolor= "{{Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/meta/color}}" | | rowspan= "4" | [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]] | ''Indak dikatahui'' | {{nowrap|{{tick|15}} '''Tapiliah'''}} | |- ! [[Pamiliahan umum legislatif Indonesia 2004|2004]] | rowspan= "2" | [[Sumatera Barat I (daerah pemilihan)|Sumatera Barat I]] | bgcolor= "{{Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/meta/color}}" | | 46.677<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pemilu.asia/?lang=ind&c=54&opt=2&s=67&filter=DPR&y=2004&id=3 |title=Anggota Terpilih Pemilu DPR 2004 Sumatera Barat |access-date=16 Maret 2023 |website=pemilu.asia}}</ref> | {{nowrap|{{tick|15}} '''Tapiliah'''}} | |- ! [[Pamiliahan umum legislatif Indonesia 2009|2009]] | bgcolor= "{{Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/meta/color}}" | | 57.199<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://news.detik.com/pemilu/d-1121667/jeffrie-dan-nudirman-masuk-senayan-indra-pilliang-gagal|title= Jeffrie dan Nudirman Masuk Senayan, Indra Pilliang Gagal|date=2009-04-26|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|language=|access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> | {{nowrap|{{tick|15}} '''Tapiliah'''}} | |- ! [[Pamiliahan umum legislatif Indonesia 2024|2024]] | [[Sumatera Utara III (daerah pemilihan)|Sumatera Utara III]] | bgcolor= "{{Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/meta/color}}" | | 41.008<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.detik.com/sumut/berita/d-7247420/eks-gubernur-sumbar-tak-lolos-ke-senayan-dari-dapil-sumut-iii}}</ref> | {{nowrap|{{cross|15}} '''Indak tapiliah'''}} | |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col"| Pilkada ! scope="col"| Lambago eksekutif ! scope="col"| Daerah pamiliahan ! scope="col" colspan= "2" | Partai politik ! scope="col"| Parolehan suaro ! scope="col"| Hasil ! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Referensi}} |- ! [[Pamiliahan umum Gubernur Sumatera Barat 2005|2005]] | rowspan= "3" | [[Gubernur Sumatera Barat]] | rowspan= "3" | [[Sumatera Barat]] | bgcolor= "{{Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/meta/color}} " | | rowspan= "3" | [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]] | 446.996 (24,50%) | {{nowrap|{{cross|15}} '''Indak tapiliah'''}} | |- ! [[Pamiliahan umum Gubernur Sumatera Barat 2010|2010]] | bgcolor= "{{Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/meta/color}} " | | 657.763 (32,44%) | {{nowrap|{{tick|15}} '''Tapiliah'''}} | |- ! [[Pamiliahan umum Gubernur Sumatera Barat 2015|2015]] | bgcolor= "{{Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/meta/color}} " | | 1.175.858 (58,62%) | {{nowrap|{{tick|15}} '''Tapiliah'''}} | |} == Catatan == {{notelist}} == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} == Daftar pustaka == * Hepi Andi Bastoni (2006). ''Penjaga Nurani Dewan''. Pustaka al-Bustan. ISBN 979-25-3600-0 * Irwan Prayitno (2003). ''Dai di Tengah Kegalauan Politik''. Jakarta: Pustaka Tarbiatuna. ISBN 979-3375-80-9. * Irwan Prayitno (2003). ''Dilema Kebijakan Energi''. Jakarta: Pustaka Tarbiatuna. ISBN 979-3375-80-9. == Pautan lua == {{Commonscat|Irwan Prayitno}} * {{id}} {{resmi|http://irwan-prayitno.com/}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mQa9sTgEXk Orasi Ilmiah Irwan Prayitno: Pemetaan Potensi Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) dalam Aktualisasi Bonus Demografi]. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srmQWefXZcM 10 Tahun Irwan Prayitno: Bangunan Yang Monumental Tak Ada Kaitannya Dengan Prestasi]. {{Kotak_mulai}} {{s-off}} {{succession box|jabatan = [[Daftar Gubernur Sumatera Barat|Gubernur Sumatera Barat]]|tahun = 2016–2021|pendahulu = {{nowrap|[[Reydonnyzar Moenek]]<br><small>sabagai Panjabaik Gubernur</small>}}|pengganti = {{nowrap|[[Mahyeldi]]}}}} {{succession box|jabatan = [[Daftar Gubernur Sumatera Barat|Gubernur Sumatera Barat]]|tahun = 2010–2015|pendahulu = [[Marlis Rahman]]|pengganti = {{nowrap|[[Reydonnyzar Moenek]]<br><small>sabagai Panjabaik Gubernur</small>}}}} {{Kotak_selesai}} {{Gubernur Sumatera Barat}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Politikus Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Cadiak Pandai Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Sumatera Barat]] [[Kategori:Suku Tanjuang]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Kota Yogyakarta]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Islam Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Mubaligh Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Politikus Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Politikus Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]] [[Kategori:Gubernur Sumatera Barat]] [[Kategori:Anggota DPR RI 1999–2004]] [[Kategori:Anggota DPR RI 2004–2009]] [[Kategori:Anggota DPR RI 2009–2014]] [[Kategori:Rektor Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Profesor Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Muhammadiyah]] [[Kategori:Panarimo Lencana Melati Gerakan Pramuka]] 470af4fqlfeffxekwmvgz0qiu2mfk9d 0 346 3352780 1655260 2026-09-25T11:00:04Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football tournament | current = | logo = [[File:UEFA Euro 2012 trophy.jpg|200px]] | founded = 1960 | number of teams = 53 (kualifikasi)<br />16 (final) | region = Eropa ([[UEFA]]) | current champions = Spanyol (Gelar ketiga) | most successful team = Jerman<br />Spanyol<br />(Tiga gelar masing-masing) }} '''Kajuaraan Sipak Bola Eropa UEFA''' adolah turnamen sipak bola utamo antaro tim nasional sipak bola pria di bawah [[UEFA]]. Diadoan satiok ampek taun sajak [[1960]], pado taun genap antaro [[Piala Dunia]], nan awalnyo disabuik '''Pialo Negara-Negara Eropa''', namonyo barubah manjadi namonyo nan kini sajak [[1968]]. Dimulai jo turnamen taun [[1996]], kajuaraan tatantu disabuik dalam bantuak ''Euro 2012'', dan taun-tahun lain. == Pautan lua == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120731073048/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/index.html Laman rasmi] di [[UEFA|Union of European Football Associations]] *[http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/index.html UEFA European Football Championship history] at Union of European Football Associations [[Kategori:Turnamen sipak bola]] bhuyyowiluzkyv8p43shsx9v7032hcm 0 1750 3352747 3351795 2026-09-25T01:13:41Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Amerika Sarikaik infobox}} '''Amerika Sarikaik''' ({{baso-en|'''United States of America'''}}, biaso disingkek '''''USA''''' atau '''''US''''' atau '''Amerika''' sajo), adolah sabuah [[republik federasi]] dari 50 [[nagara bagian]].<ref name="WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers) |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226055200/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Nagara ko talatak di tangah [[Banua]] [[Amerika]] bagian [[utara]], babateh jo [[Kanada]] di utara dan [[Meksiko]] di [[selatan]], [[Samudra Pasifik]] di [[timur]] dan [[Samudra Atlantik]] di [[barat]]. Kamudian salah satu nagara bagiannyo talatak sabalah utara babateh jo [[Russia]] di [[Selat Bering]]. Samantaro nagara bagian [[Hawaii]] di tangah [[Samudra Pasifik]], tamasuak babarapo daerah teritorinyo nan talatak di [[Lauik Karibian]], sahinggo mamiliki wilayah sekitar 3.79&nbsp;million square miles (9.83&nbsp;million km²) dan panduduaknyo sakitar 328 juta urang. Amerika Sarikaik adolah nagara tagadang [[Dafta nagara jo wilayah mandat manuruik laweh|katigo atau kaampek manuruik total lawehnyo]], sarato katigo tagadang manuruik laweh daratan jo [[Dafta nagara manuruik populasi|panduduaknyo]]. Nagara ko adolah salah satu nagara nan panduduaknyo paliang banyak babedo-bedo [[Masyarakaik multietnis|etnis]] jo [[Multikulturalisme|budayo]]nyo, sabagai asia dari [[Imigrasi ka Amerika Sarikaik|imigrasi dari babagai nagara]].<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref> [[Geografi Amerika Sarikaik|Geografi]] jo [[Iklim Amerika Sarikaik|iklim]] Amerika Sarikaik sangaiklah baragam juo, jo nagara ko adolah tampek babagai macam jinih spesies mukaluak. == Etimologi == Pada tahun 1507, kartografer Jerman [[Martin Waldseemüller]] membuat sebuah peta dunia yang di dalamnya terdapat kata "[[Amerika|America]]" untuk merujuk pada benua bagian barat. Penamaan ini dinamakan berdasarkan seorang penjelajah dan kartografer Italia bernama [[Amerigo Vespucci]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-04-24-america-turns-500_N.htm?csp=34|title= Cartographer Put 'America' on the Map 500 years Ago|work=USA Today|location =Washington, D.C.|date=April 24, 2007|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=November 30, 2008}}</ref> Dokumentasi pertama yang terkait dengan penggunaan frasa "United States of America" terdapat dalam sebuah esai anonim yang diterbitkan dalam surat kabar ''[[Virginia Gazette]]'' di Williamsburg, Virginia pada 6 April 1776.<ref>''"To the inhabitants of Virginia," by A PLANTER.'' Dixon and Hunter's [http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGIssueThumbs.cfm?IssueIDNo=76.DH.16 Virginia Gazette #1287]&nbsp;– April 6, 1776, Williamsburg, Virginia. Surat ini juga terdapat dalam ''American Archives'' Vol. 5</ref><ref>Carter, Rusty (August 18, 2012). [http://www.vagazette.com/news/va-vg-usa-first-0818-20120818,0,4983868.story "You read it here first"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822051820/http://www.vagazette.com/news/va-vg-usa-first-0818-20120818,0,4983868.story |date=2012-08-22 }}. ''Virginia Gazette''. "He did a search of the archives and found the letter on the front page of the April 6, 1776, edition, published by Hunter & Dixon."</ref> Pada bulan Juni 1776, [[Thomas Jefferson]] menggunakan frasa "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" dengan huruf-huruf kapital dalam baris judul rancangan [[Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat|Deklarasi Kemerdekaan]].<ref>DeLear, Byron (August 16, 2012). [http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2012/0816/Who-coined-the-name-United-States-of-America-Mystery-gets-new-twist#disqus_thread "Who coined the name 'United States of America'? Mystery gets new twist."] ''Christian Science Monitor'' (Boston, MA).</ref><ref>Jefferson's "original Rough draught" of the [http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/declaration/declaration.html Declaration of Independence]</ref> Namun, dalam versi akhir Deklarasi Kemerdekaan, judul tersebut diganti menjadi "united States of America".<!--Do not uppercase "united" here: it is unambiguously lowercased in the Declaration--><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters.html |title=The Charters of Freedom |publisher=National Archives |accessdate=June 20, 2007}}</ref> Pada 1977, [[Pasal Konfederasi]] secara resmi menyatakan: "Nama dari Konfederasi ini haruslah 'The United States of America'".<ref>{{cite book|author=Mary Mostert|title=The Threat of Anarchy Leads to the Constitution of the United States|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jntSQ-yn66AC&pg=PA18|year=2005|publisher=CTR Publishing, Inc.|page=18|isbn=9780975385142}}</ref> Bentuk pendek "United States" (Negara-Negara Serikat) juga kerap digunakan sebagai bentuk standar negara ini. Bentuk umum lainnya adalah "U.S.", "USA", dan "America". Sebutan sehari-seharinya adalah "U.S. of A.", dan secara internasional kadang hanya disebut dengan "the States". "[[Columbia (nama)|Columbia]]", kata yang populer dalam puisi dan lagu-lagu pada akhir 1700-an,<ref>{{cite web |title=Get to Know D.C. |url=http://www.historydc.org/aboutdc.aspx |publisher=Historical Society of Washington, D.C. |accessdate=July 11, 2011 |archive-date=2010-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918042009/http://www.historydc.org/aboutdc.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref> diambil dari nama [[Christopher Columbus]]; kata ini menjadi dasar penamaan "[[Distrik Columbia]]". Sebutan standar untuk merujuk pada warga negara Amerika Serikat adalah "[[Bangsa Amerika|American]]". "United States", "American" dan "U.S." juga digunakan untuk merujuk pada hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan Amerika Serikat. Dalam bahasa Inggris sendiri, istilah "American" jarang digunakan untuk merujuk pada subjek yang tidak terkait dengan Amerika Serikat. Meskipun pada kenyataannya [[Banua Amerika|Amerika]] adalah sebuah benua dan terdapat banyak negara lainnya di benua tersebut, istilah "Amerika" ini secara umum digunakan hanya untuk merujuk pada hal-hal yang terkait dengan Amerika Serikat.<ref>Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). ''The Columbia Guide to Standard American English''. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-231-06989-8.</ref> Frasa "United States" pada awalnya difungsikan sebagai bentuk jamak untuk mendeskripsikan mengenai kumpulan negara-negara merdeka, misalnya dalam [[Amendemen Ketigabelas Konstitusi Amerika Serikat]], yang disahkan pada tahun 1865, tertulis: "the United States are...". Frasa ini kemudian secara umum difungsikan sebagai bentuk tunggal; misalnya, setelah berakhirnya [[Perang Saudara Amerika|Perang Saudara]], dinyatakan: "the United States is...". Bentuk tunggal ini lalu digunakan sebagai standar sampai sekarang, namun bentuk jamaknya masih tetap dipertahankan dalam idiom "these United States".<ref name=zimmer>{{cite web |url= http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002663.html |author=Zimmer, Benjamin |date=November 24, 2005 |title=Life in These, Uh, This United States |publisher=University of Pennsylvania—Language Log |accessdate=January 5, 2013}}</ref> Perbedaan ini dianggap bukanlah sebagai kesalahan penggunaan kata, namun untuk mencerminkan perbedaan antara kumpulan negara-negara bagian (''states'') dan sebuah negara berdaulat (''country'').<ref>G. H. Emerson, The Universalist Quarterly and General Review, Vol. 28 (Jan. 1891), p. 49, quoted in Zimmer paper above.</ref> Dalam bahasa non-Inggris, penamaan negara ini sering diterjemahkan dari frasa "United States" maupun dari "United States of America", dan secara umum juga dikenal dengan "America". Selain itu, inisial/penyingkatan terkadang juga digunakan. Misalnya, dalam [[bahasa Spanyol]], sebutan umum untuk "United States" adalah "Estados Unidos", berasal dari kata "states" dan "united", dan disingkat dengan "EE.UU."; huruf-huruf ganda menandakan bahwa kata ini digunakan sebagai bentuk jamak di Spanyol.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://spanish.madrid.usembassy.gov/es/educacion/benjamin_2013.html |title=US Embassy in Madrid. Official website |access-date=2013-03-03 |archive-date=2013-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113034022/http://spanish.madrid.usembassy.gov/es/educacion/benjamin_2013.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Dalam bahasa Indonesia, nama yang digunakan adalah Amerika Serikat, berasal dari frasa "United States of America", dengan bentuk singkat AS, dan umumnya juga disebut dengan "Amerika" saja. === Kemerdekaan dan perluasan === [[Revolusi Amerika]] adalah perang kemerdekaan kolonial pertama yang sukses dalam melawan kekuatan Eropa. Warga Amerika telah mengembangkan sistem pemerintahan daerah yang demokratis dan [[Republikanisme di Amerika Serikat|ideologi "republikanisme"]], menyelenggarakan pemerintahan yang bertumpu pada kehendak rakyat (bukannya raja), menentang korupsi, dan menuntut kebajikan sipil. Mereka menuntut hak-hak mereka sebagai orang Inggris dan menolak upaya Inggris untuk memungut pajak tanpa persetujuan legislatura kolonial. Inggris tetap bersikeras untuk memungut pajak dan konflik meningkat menjadi perang berskala penuh pada tahun 1775, yang dikenal dengan [[Perang Revolusi Amerika]].<ref name="Humphrey2003">{{cite book|author= Humphrey, Carol Sue|title=The Revolutionary Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=19NWMZ6Ec_sC&pg=PA8|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|isbn=978-0-313-32083-5|pages=8–10}}</ref> Pada tanggal 14 Juni 1775, [[Kongres Kontinental Kedua|Kongres Kontinental]] yang bersidang di [[Philadelphia]] membentuk [[Tentara Kontinental]] yang di komandoi oleh [[George Washington]].<ref name="Brown2001">{{cite book|author=Brown, Jerold E.|title=Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Army|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ygqNt3ra-vYC&pg=PA126|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|isbn=978-0-313-29322-1|page=126}}</ref> Kongres juga menyatakan bahwa "semua manusia diciptakan sama" dan diberkahi dengan "hak asasi tertentu". Kongres ini lalu mengesahkan [[Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat|Deklarasi Kemerdekaan]] yang disusun oleh [[Thomas Jefferson]] pada 4 Juli 1776. Tanggal tersebut selanjutnya diperingati setiap tahunnya sebagai [[Hari Kemerdekaan (Amerika Seikat)|Hari Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat]]. Pada tahun 1777, [[Pasal Konfederasi]] mengatur pembentukan sebuah pemerintahan lemah yang bertahan sampai tahun 1789.<ref name="YoungNash2011">{{cite book|author1=Fabian Young, Alfred|author2=Nash, Gary B.|author3=Raphael, Ray|title=Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=QEzaLJ4u_MEC&pg=PA4|year =2011|publisher=Random House Digital|isbn=978-0-307-27110-5|pages=4–7}}</ref> {{double image|right|Declaration independence.jpg|220|U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|210|<center>[[Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)|Declaration of Independence]] karya [[John Trumbull]], 1776. Dengan kehendak rakyat, [[Tiga Belas Koloni]] merdeka dari Kerajaan Inggris.|<center>Akuisisi teritorial Amerika Serikat.</center>}} Setelah [[Pengepungan Yorktown|kekalahan Inggris di Yorktown]] oleh pasukan Amerika yang [[Prancis dalam Perang Revolusi Amerika|dibantu oleh Prancis]], Amerika Serikat akhirnya menjadi negara merdeka. Dalam [[Traktat Paris 1783|Traktat Perdamaian 1783]], Inggris mengakui kedaulatan Amerika Serikat atas sebagian besar wilayah di sebelah timur [[Sungai Mississippi]]. Para nasionalis menyerukan mengenai pembentukan pemerintahan federal yang jauh lebih kuat dengan cara memungut pajak, yang menyebabkan lahirnya [[Konvensi Philadelphia|konvensi konstitusional]] pada tahun 1787. Setelah melalui debat panjang, [[Konstitusi Amerika Serikat]] akhirnya disahkan pada 1788 oleh ketigabelas negara bagian. [[Kongres ke-1 Amerika Serikat|Kongres dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat pertama]] dibentuk dan [[George Washington]] ditunjuk sebagai [[Presiden Amerika Serikat|presiden]] pertama{{ndash}}yang mulai menjabat pada 1789. [[Deklarasi Hak-Hak|Bill of Rights]], yang melarang pembatasan kebebasan pribadi dan menjamin berbagai perlindungan hukum, disahkan pada tahun 1791.<ref name="BoyerJr.2007">{{cite book|author1=Boyer, Paul S.|author2=Clark, Cliffoed E. Jr.|author3=Kett, Joseph F.|coauthors=Salisbury, Neal; Sitkoff, Harvard; Woloch, Nancy|title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC&pg=PA192|year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning|pages=192–193|isbn=9780618801619}}</ref> Sikap terhadap [[Perbudakan di Amerika Serikat|perbudakan]] juga berubah; semua negara bagian melarang perdagangan budak internasional,<ref>Namun South Carolina kembali melakukannya.</ref> dan pemerintah federal mengkriminalisasikan kegiatan impor atau ekspor budak pada tahun 1807.<ref name="Cogliano2008">{{cite book|author=Cogliano, Francis D.|title=Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=1f-wAfE0mpsC&pg=PA219|date=March 15, 2008|publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-2733-6|page=219}}</ref> Seluruh negara bagian Utara menghapuskan perbudakan antara tahun 1780 dan 1804. Sementara itu, dengan tingginya produksi kapas setelah tahun 1820, bangsa kulit putih di Selatan memutuskan bahwa perbudakan adalah hal yang positif bagi semua orang, termasuk para budak.<ref name="Hall200as2">{{cite book|author=Hall, Kermit|title=The Oxford Companion to American Law|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=UXodg4rwE1IC&pg=PA26|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508878-6|page=26}}</ref> [[Gerakan Kebangunan Rohani di Amerika|Gerakan Kebangunan Rohani Kedua]], yang dimulai pada 1800-an, menyebabkan jutaan orang memeluk agama [[Protestan]]. Di Utara, muncul beberapa gerakan reformasi sosial, termasuk [[abolisionisme]].<ref name="Clark2012iu">{{cite book|author=Clark, Mary Ann|title=Then We'll Sing a New Song: African Influences on America's Religious Landscape|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=3Tl3vqx-BX0C&pg=PT47|date=May 2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-0881-0|page=47}}</ref> Hasrat Amerika untuk [[Perluasan wilayah Amerika Serikat|memperluas wilayahnya ke arah barat]] memicu berkobarnya serangkaian [[Perang Indian|peperangan dengan bangsa Indian]].<ref name="BillingtonRidge2001j">{{cite book|author1=Billington, Ray Allen|author2=Ridge, Martin|title=Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=YoV-k7VcyZ0C&pg=PA22|year=2001|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-8263-1981-4|page=22}}</ref> [[Pembelian Louisiana]] dari Prancis oleh Presiden Thomas Jefferson pada 1803 memperluas wilayah Amerika Serikat hampir dua kali lipat dari ukuran sebelumnya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Louisiana Purchase|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/jeff/lewisclark2/circa1804/heritage/louisianapurchase/louisianapurchase.htm|work=National Parks Services|accessdate=March 1, 2011|archive-date=November 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129154059/http://www.nps.gov/archive/jeff/lewisclark2/circa1804/heritage/louisianapurchase/louisianapurchase.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Perang 1812]] untuk menyingkirkan pengaruh Inggris semakin memperkuat nasionalisme Amerika Serikat.<ref name="Wait1999">{{cite book|author=Wait, Eugene M.|title=America and the War of 1812|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=puuQ30N0EsIC&pg=PA78|year=1999|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-56072-644-9|page=78}}</ref> Serangkaian serangan militer AS ke Florida membuat Spanyol [[Traktat Adams–Onís|menyerahkan]] koloni-koloninya di [[Pantai Teluk Amerika Serikat|Pantai Teluk]] kepada Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1819.<ref name="KloseJones1994">{{cite book|author1= Klose, Nelson|author2=Jones, Robert F.|title=United States History to 1877|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=r4pXwnFs2HMC&pg=PA150|date=May 13, 1994|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|isbn=978-0-8120-1834-9|page=150}}</ref> [[Andrew Jackson]] menjadi presiden pada 1829 dan memulai serangkaian reformasi yang melahirkan era [[demokrasi Jacksonian]], yang berlangsung dari 1830{{ndash}}1850. Reformasi ini termasuk memperluas hak pilih bagi pria, dan beberapa penyesuaian dalam pelimpahan kekuasaan pada pemerintahan federal. Kebijakannya ini juga memicu terbentuknya [[Sistem Partai Kedua]], yang mengacu pada partai-partai dominan yang sudah ada sejak 1828 sampai 1854. Kebijakan [[Trail of Tears]] pada 1830-an adalah contoh kebijakan [[penyingkiran Bangsa Indian]] dengan cara membangun reservasi khusus untuk mereka sendiri dengan subsidi tahunan dari pemerintah. Amerika Serikat menganeksasi [[Republik Texas]] pada 1854, di tengah-tengah periode bergulirnya konsep "[[Manifest Destiny]]" (Pembuktian Takdir).<ref name="Morrison1999">{{cite book|author=Morrison, Michael A.|title=Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=YTaxzMlkVEMC&pg=PA13|date=August 30, 1999|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-4796-1|pages=13–21}}</ref> [[Traktat Oregon]] pada tahun 1846 antara AS dengan Inggris menyebabkan AS menguasai wilayah yang saat ini menjadi [[Amerika Serikat Barat Laut]].<ref name="Kemp2010">{{cite book|author=Kemp, Roger L.|title=Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=JHawgM-WnlUC&pg=PA180|date=May 30, 2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4210-2|page=180}}</ref> Sebagai akibat dari kemenangan AS dalam [[Perang Meksiko-Amerika]], Meksiko [[Penyerehan Meksiko|menyerahkan California]] pada tahun 1848, penyerahan ini termasuk sebagian besar wilayah yang saat ini membentuk [[Amerika Serikat Barat Daya]].<ref name="McIlwraithMuller2001">{{cite book|author1=McIlwraith, Thomas F.|author2=Muller, Edward K.|title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=8NS0OTXRlTMC&pg=PA61|year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-0019-8|page=61}}</ref> [[Demam Emas California]] yang berlangsung pada 1848-1849 semakin memacu migrasi bangsa Barat ke daratan Amerika.<ref name="Smith-Baranzini1999">{{cite book|author=Smith-Baranzini, Marlene|title=A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=UPUsIaHZTm0C&pg=PA20|date=June 1, 1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-21771-3|page=20}}</ref> [[Transportasi kereta api di Amerika Serikat|Jalur kereta api baru]] dibangun untuk memudahkan relokasi para pendatang. Hal ini semakin meningkatkan konflik dengan penduduk asli Amerika.<ref name="Black2011kj">{{cite book|author=Black, Jeremy|title=Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=EIst_CSWOqIC&pg=PA275|date=November 8, 2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35660-4|page=275}}</ref> Selama setengah abad, lebih dari 40 juta kerbau atau [[bison Amerika]] dibantai dan diambil kulit dan dagingnya untuk memudahkan pembangunan jalur kereta.<ref name="Wishart2004">{{cite book|author=Wishart, David J.|title=Encyclopedia of the Great Plains|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=rtRFyFO4hpEC&pg=PA37|date=September 1, 2004|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-4787-1|page=37}}</ref> Berkurangnya jumlah kerbau, yang menjadi makanan utama bagi suku Indian, menjadi pukulan serius bagi keberlangsungan kebudayaan pribumi di dataran Amerika.<ref name="Wishart2004"/> === Perbudakan, perang saudara, dan industrialisasi === Ketegangan antara budak dan negara bagian merdeka memunculkan argumen mengenai hubungan antara negara bagian dengan pemerintahan federal. Terjadi [[Kansas Berdarah|konflik kekerasan]] terkait dengan penyebaran perbudakan ke negara bagian yang baru.<ref name="Murray2004kjh">{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76}}</ref> [[Abraham Lincoln]], kandidat [[Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Republik]] yang antiperbudakan, terpilih menjadi presiden pada tahun 1860.<ref name="McIlwraithMuller2001mju">{{cite book|author1=Thomas F. McIlwraith|author2=Edward K. Muller|title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8NS0OTXRlTMC&pg=PA186|year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-0019-8|page=186}}</ref> Sebelum ia menjabat, tujuh negara bagian budak menyatakan memisahkan diri dari Amerika Serikat dan kemudian membentuk [[Konfederasi Amerika]].<ref name="O'Brien2002qs">{{cite book|author=Patrick Karl O'Brien|title=Atlas of World History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA184|date=November 7, 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-521921-0|page=184}}</ref> {{double image|right|Battle of Gettysburg, by Currier and Ives.png|220|Ellis island 1902.jpg|205|<center>[[Pertempuran Gettysburg]], [[Pennsylvania]]. [[Perang Saudara Amerika|Perang Saudara]] telah memicu berkembangnya industri baja dan pembangunan jalur kereta api antar-negara bagian.|<center>[[Ellis Island]], New York City. Imigran di [[Pantai Timur Amerika Serikat|Pantai Timur]] yang akan dipekerjakan di pabrik-pabrik, industri kereta api, dan pertambangan.</center>}} Setelah Konfederasi [[Pertempuran Fort Sumter|menyerang Fort Sumter]], [[Perang Saudara Amerika|Perang Saudara]] pun dimulai dan empat negara bagian budak lainnya juga ikut bergabung dengan Konfederasi.<ref name="O'Brien2002qs"/> [[Proklamasi Emansipasi]] yang dikeluarkan oleh Lincoln pada 1863 menyatakan bahwa budak di Negara Konfederasi harus dibebaskan. Setelah kemenangan [[Uni (Perang Saudara Amerika)|Uni]] pada 1865, tiga amendemen terhadap Konstitusi [[Amendemen Ketigabelas Konstitusi Amerika Serikat|menjamin kebebasan]] bagi hampir empat juta penduduk [[Afrika-Amerika]] yang telah diperbudak,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 lists a total slave population of 3,953,760.</ref> [[Amendemen Keempatbelas Konstitusi Amerika Serikat|menjamin kewarganegaraan mereka]], dan [[Amendemen Kelimabelas Konstitusi Amerika Serikat|memberi mereka hak pilih]]. Perang Saudara dan resolusinya menyebabkan meningkatnya kekuasaan pemerintah federal.<ref>De Rosa, Marshall L. (1997). ''The Politics of Dissolution: The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War''. Edison, NJ: Transaction. p. 266. ISBN 1-56000-349-9.</ref> Perang ini menjadi konflik mematikan yang pernah terjadi dalam sejarah Amerika Serikat, mengakibatkan kematian lebih dari 620.000 tentara.<ref>Vinovskis, Maris (1990). "''[http://books.google.com/books?id=gySktxKYPGoC&pg=PA6 Toward a social history of the American Civil War: exploratory essays]{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}''". Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-521-39559-3.</ref> Setelah perang, [[pembunuhan Abraham Lincoln]] menyebabkan lahirnya kebijakan [[Rekonstruksi Amerika Serikat|Rekonstruksi]] yang bertujuan untuk mengintegrasikan dan membangun kembali negara-negara bagian Selatan sembari memastikan hak-hak para budak yang baru dibebaskan.<ref name="Tarr2009">{{cite book|author=G. Alan Tarr|title=Judicial Process and Judicial Policymaking|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8Q6Gh5_OQgQC&pg=PA30|date=March 13, 2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-56736-3|page=30}}</ref> Namun, sengketa atas hasil [[Pemilihan umum Presiden Amerika Serikat 1876|pemilu 1876]] mengakhiri kebijakan Rekonstruksi ini.<ref name="Tarr2009"/> Di negara bagian Utara, terjadi [[urbanisasi]] dan masuknya [[Imigrasi ke Amerika Serikat|gelombang imigran]] dari Eropa Timur dan Selatan secara besar-besaran yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya. Hal ini turut mempercepat industrialisasi Amerika Serikat. Gelombang imigrasi, yang [[Undang-Undang Imigrasi 1924|berlangsung sampai 1924]], memasok AS dengan tenaga kerja dan perlahan-lahan mulai mengubah kebudayaan Amerika.<ref name="Powell2009qwet">{{cite book|author=John Powell|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA74|date=January 1, 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1012-7|page=74}}</ref> Pembangunan infrastruktur nasional mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi. Berakhirnya Perang Saudara mendorong munculnya permukiman yang lebih luas dan dikembangkannya [[American Old West]]. Hal ini memicu digalakkannya berbagai pembangunan sosial dan teknologi, termasuk dibangunnya [[Telegraf Transbenua Pertama]] pada tahun 1861 dan Jalur Kereta Transbenua Pertama pada 1869. [[Pembelian Alaska]] dari [[Rusia]] pada tahun 1867 mengakhiri perluasan daratan Amerika Serikat. [[Pembantaian Wounded Knee]] pada 1890 adalah konflik bersenjata terakhir yang terjadi selama Perang Indian. Pada 1893, [[Hawaii Kuno|monarki pribumi]] [[Kerajaan Hawaii]] di Pasifik digulingkan dalam kudeta yang dipimpin oleh warga Amerika; Amerika Serikat kemudian mencaplok Hawaii pada tahun 1898. Kemenangannya dalam [[Perang Spanyol-Amerika]] pada tahun yang sama semakin menunjukkan statusnya bahwa Amerika Serikat adalah [[kekuatan dunia]]. Pada tahun-tahun selanjutnya, Amerika Serikat juga menduduki [[Puerto Riko]], [[Guam]], dan [[Filipina]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Gates, John M. |url=http://www3.wooster.edu/History/jgates/book-ch3.html |title=War-Related Deaths in the Philippines |work=Pacific Historical Review |publisher=College of Wooster |date=August 1984 |accessdate=September 27, 2007 |archive-date=2010-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805061319/http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Filipina memperoleh kemerdekaan setengah abad kemudian, sedangkan Puerto Riko dan Guam tetap menjadi teritori AS sampai saat ini. Munculnya para industrialis terkemuka pada akhir abad ke-19 menyebabkan lahirnya [[Era Serikat Buruh]], yaitu periode tingginya pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kemakmuran. Periode ini selanjutnya mendorong munculnya [[Era Progresif]], yang ditandai dengan terjadinya reformasi besar-besaran dalam bidang sosial, termasuk perlindungan hukum bagi masyarakat, dan perhatian terhadap kondisi kehidupan kelas pekerja. Presiden [[Theodore Roosevelt]] merupakan salah satu pendukung utama reformasi progresif ini. === Perang Dunia I, Depresi Besar, dan Perang Dunia II === Ketika [[Perang Dunia I]] meletus pada tahun 1914, Amerika Serikat memilih untuk tetap [[netralitas (hubungan internasional)|netral]]. Sebagian besar warga Amerika bersimpati pada Inggris dan Prancis, meskipun juga banyak yang menentang intervensi AS.<ref>Foner, Eric; Garraty, John A. (1991). ''The Reader's Companion to American History.'' New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 576. ISBN 0-395-51372-3.</ref> Pada tahun 1917, Amerika Serikat bergabung dengan [[Sekutu (Perang Dunia II)|Sekutu]], dan [[Pasukan Ekspedisi Amerika]] turut membantu dalam melawan [[Blok Poros]]. Presiden [[Woodrow Wilson]] memainkan peran penting dalam [[Konferensi Perdamaian Paris 1919]] yang membantu membangun kembali dunia pascaperang. Wilson menganjurkan agar AS bergabung dengan [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]]. Namun, Senat menolak menyetujui hal ini, dan AS tidak ikut meratifikasi [[Perjanjian Versailles]], awal pembentukan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa.<ref name="autogenerated418">McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). ''U.S. History Super Review''. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. ISBN 0-7386-0070-9.</ref> {{double image|right|Dust Bowl&nbsp;- Dallas, South Dakota 1936.jpg|220|Into the Jaws of Death 23-0455M edit.jpg|205|<center> '[[Dust Bowl]]' menyebabkan terjadinya depresi dalam bidang pertanian, memengaruhi pasar industri dan menimbulkan kelesuan ekonomi. |<center>Keikutsertaan AS dalam PD II menyebabkan berkembangnya industri perang, mendorong migrasi ke kota-kota besar dan meningkatnya skala manufaktur secara besar-besaran.</center>}} AS menerapkan kebijakan unilateralisme dan [[Nonintervensionisme Amerika Serikat|isolasionisme]].<ref name="autogenerated418"/> Pada tahun 1920, pemberian [[Hak pilih perempuan di Amerika Serikat|hak pilih bagi perempuan]] berhasil lolos dalam [[Amendemen Kesembilanbelas Konstitusi Amerika Serikat|amendemen konstitusi]]. Era kesejahteraan diakhiri dengan [[Runtuhnya Wall Street 1929|Bencana Wall Street 1929]] yang kemudian memicu munculnya era [[Depresi Besar]]. Setelah terpilih sebagai presiden pada tahun 1932, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] mengeluarkan kebijakan [[New Deal]], yaitu serangkaian kebijakan yang memperluas campur tangan pemerintah dalam perekonomian, termasuk pembentukan sistem [[Jaminan Sosial di Amerika Serikat|Jaminan Sosial]].<ref>{{cite book|title= Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need|url= https://archive.org/details/socialwelfarehis0000axin_i6r5|first1= June|last1= Axinn|first2= Mark J.|last2=Stern|isbn=978-0-205-52215-6|edition=7th|publisher=Allyn & Bacon|location=Boston|year=2007}}</ref> "[[Dust Bowl]]" yang terjadi pada pertengahan 1930-an melemahkan perekonomian sebagian besar masyarakat petani dan memacu gelombang baru migrasi Barat. Amerika Serikat pada awalnya memilih untuk bersikap netral dalam [[Perang Dunia II]]. Setelah [[Jerman Nazi]] [[Invasi Polandia (1939)|menginvasi Polandia]] pada 1939, AS mulai memasok senjata kepada pihak Sekutu pada bulan Maret 1941 melalui program [[Lend-Lease]]. Pada tanggal 7 Desember 1941, [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] melancarkan [[Pengeboman Pearl Harbor|serangan mendadak ke Pearl Harbor]], yang mendorong AS untuk terjun ke dalam kancah peperangan dan bergabung dengan pihak Sekutu dalam melawan [[Blok Poros]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Burton, Jeffrey F., et al. |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce3.htm |title=A Brief History of Japanese American Relocation During World War II |work=Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites |date=July 2000 |accessdate=April 2, 2010 |publisher=National Park Service |archive-date=August 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816201302/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce3.htm |dead-url=yes}}</ref> Keikutsertaan AS dalam perang mendorong terjadinya investasi modal dan berkembangnya industri perang. Di antara negara-negara peserta perang, Amerika Serikat adalah satu-satunya negara yang tidak jatuh miskin{{ndash}}bahkan jadi lebih kaya lagi{{ndash}}setelah perang berakhir.<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989). ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers''. New York: Vintage. p. 358. ISBN 0-679-72019-7.</ref> Konferensi Sekutu di [[Konferensi Moneter dan Keuangan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|Bretton Woods]] dan [[Konferensi Yalta|Yalta]] menghasilkan sebuah kesepakatan mengenai pembentukan sistem organisasi internasional baru yang menempatkan Amerika Serikat dan [[Uni Soviet]] sebagai pusat kekuatan dunia. Setelah [[Hari Kemenangan di Eropa|perayaan kemenangan di Eropa]], sebuah [[Konferensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa mengenai Organisasi Internasional|konferensi internasional]] diselenggarakan di [[San Fransisco]] pada tahun 1945. Konferensi ini menghasilkan [[Piagam PBB]], yang kemudian diefektifkan setelah perang usai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612221444/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm |archivedate=2007-06-12 |title=The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941&nbsp;– October 1945 |month=October |year=2005 |accessdate=June 11, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian |dead-url=no }}</ref> Menjelang PD II berakhir, Amerika Serikat mengembangkan [[Proyek Manhattan|senjata nuklir pertama]] dan menggunakannya untuk mengebom kota-kota Jepang [[Fat Man|Nagasaki]] dan [[Little Boy|Hiroshima]] pada bulan Agustus. Perang berakhir pada 2 September 1945 dengan [[menyerahnya Jepang]].<ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.</ref> == Geografi == {{Utama|Geografi Amerika Serikat| Iklim Amerika Serikat}} [[Berkas:USA-satellite.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Citra satelit Amerika Serikat daratan.]] Luas wilayah [[daratan utama Amerika Serikat]] adalah {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|0}}. [[Alaska]], yang dipisahkan dari daratan utama Amerika Serikat oleh [[Kanada]], adalah negara bagian terluas, dengan luas {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|0}}. [[Hawaii]] berlokasi di tengah-tengah [[Samudra Pasifik]], di sebelah barat daya Amerika Utara, dengan luas wilayah {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=Lubowski, Ruben; Vesterby, Marlow; Bucholtz, Shawn |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/eib16/chapter1/1.1/ |title=AREI Chapter 1.1: Land Use |publisher=Economic Research Service |date=July 21, 2006 |accessdate=March 9, 2009 |archive-date=2006-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808222823/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/eib16/chapter1/1.1/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Amerika Serikat adalah [[Daftar negara menurut luas wilayah|negara terluas ketiga atau keempat di dunia]] (menurut luas daratan dan perairan), di bawah [[Rusia]] dan Kanada serta satu tingkat di atas atau di bawah [[RRC]]. Pemeringkatan tersebut bervariasi, tergantung pada apakah wilayah-wilayah yang dipersengkatan oleh RRC dan India turut dihitung dan bagaimana pengukuran luas total dari Amerika Serikat sendiri: kisaran perhitungan mulai dari {{convert|3676486|sqmi|km2|0}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616563/United-States |title= United States |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=March 25, 2008 (area given in square miles)}}</ref> hingga {{convert|3717813|sqmi|km2|0}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2005/Table03.pdf |title=Population by Sex, Rate of Population Increase, Surface Area and Density |publisher=UN Statistics Division |work= Demographic Yearbook 2005 |accessdate=March 25, 2008 (area given in square kilometers)}}</ref> dan {{convert|3794101|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref name="WF"/> Jika yang dihitung hanya luas daratan saja, maka AS menempati peringkat ketiga, di bawah Rusia dan RRC serta di atas Kanada.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://web.archive.org/web/20080208233209rn_1/education.yahoo.com/reference/factbook/countrycompare/area/3d.html |title=World Factbook: Area Country Comparison Table |publisher=Yahoo Education |accessdate=February 28, 2007}}</ref> == Catatan == {{Notelist}} == Caliak juo == *[[Daftar nagara badaulaik]] ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{commonscat|United States}} === Situs resmi pemerintah === * {{en}} [http://www.firstgov.gov Situs resmi] * {{en}} [http://www.whitehouse.gov Gedung Putih] * {{en}} [http://www.senate.gov Senate.gov] * {{en}} [http://www.house.gov House.gov] * {{en}} [http://www.supremecourtus.gov Supremecourtus.gov] * {{en}} [http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/factover/homepage.htm Usinfo.state.gov] * {{en}} [http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ Badan statistik Amerika] === Lain-lain === {{wikivoyage|United States of America}} * {{en}} [http://www.mediatico.com Koran AS berdasarkan negara bagian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411203545/http://www.mediatico.com/ |date=2018-04-11 }} * {{en}} [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm Motto nasional] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }} * {{en}} [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Dokumen-dokumen bersejarah] {{Amerika Sarikat}} {{Amerika Utaro}} [[Kategori:Nagara di Amerika Utara]] [[Kategori:Amerika Sarikat]] 1agf304u2fpb5xd7zwl9kzs2v1upuc6 0 6264 3352785 1650145 2026-09-25T11:31:12Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Country| native_name = {{fr}} Union des Comores{{br}}Udzima wa Komori{{br}}{{ar}}الاتحاد القمري | common_name = Komoro | image_flag = Flag of the Comoros.svg | image_coat =Seal of the Comoros.svg| image_map = LocationComoros.png | national_motto = Unité, Justice, Progrès {{br}}([[Bahaso Parancih|Parancih]]: "Persatuan, Keadilan, Kemajuan") | national_anthem = [[Udzima wa ya Masiwa]] | official_languages = [[Bahaso Komoro|Komoro]], [[Bahaso Arab|Arab]], [[Bahaso Parancih|Parancih]] | capital = [[Moroni, Komoro|Moroni]] | capitals_coordinates = [http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=11_41_S_43_16_E_ 11°41′ LS 43°16′ BT] | largest_city = [[Moroni, Komoro|Moroni]] | government_type = — | leader_title1 = [[Presiden Komoro|Presiden]] | leader_name1 = [[Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi]] | area_rank = 167 | area_magnitude = 1 E9 | area = 2.170 | percent_water = dapat dihiraukan | population_estimate = 671.247 | population_estimate_year = 2005 | population_estimate_rank = 158 | population_census =-| population_census_year =-| population_density = 309 | population_density_rank = 23 | GDP_PPP_year = 2005 | GDP_PPP = US$1,04 miliar | GDP_PPP_rank = 171 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$1.660 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 157 | sovereignty_type = [[Kemerdekaan]] | established_events = - Dari [[Parancih]] | established_dates = {{br}}[[1975]]| currency = [[Franc Komoro]] | currency_code = KMF | time_zone = | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = +3 | cctld = .km | calling_code = 269 | footnotes= }} '''Perserikatan Komoro''' ([[bahaso Arab]]: الاتحاد القمري) sampai [[2002]] banamo '''Republik Islam Federal Komoro''' ([[bahaso Arab]]: جمهورية القمر الإتحادية الإسلامية) adolah sabuah [[nagara]] [[kapulauan]] di [[Samudra Hindia]]. == Pautan lua == {{commons|Category:Comoros}} * {{en}} [http://www.k-state.edu/sasw/comoros/comoros.html Informasi tentang Komoro] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101210081335/http://www.beit-salam.km/ Union des Comores] * {{CIA_World_Factbook link|cn|Comoros}} * [http://timoroman.com/?s=komoro/ Berita dari Komoro Timor Leste] * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Comoros|Komoro}} * {{Wikiatlas|Comoros}} * {{wikivoyage|Comoros}} {{afrika}} [[Kategori:Komoro| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Afrika]] ds85zcrmr6u72iv8j9mgi88hqbpb1pc 0 8268 3352786 3170239 2026-09-25T11:37:12Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kota Banda Aceh | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = [[Daftar kabupaten jo kota di Indonesia|Kota]] | image_skyline = Coast of Banda Aceh 2-12-05 050212-N-1450G-241.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Pamandangan pasisia Banda Aceh | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = Lambang Kota Banda Aceh.png | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = ''Kota Seribu Warung Kopi'' | motto = ''Saboeh Pakat Tabangun Banda'' | image_map = Lokasi Aceh Kota Banda Aceh.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Lokasi kota di Aceh | latd =5 |latm =33 |lats =0 |latNS = N | longd =95 |longm =19 |longs =0 |longEW = E | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_region = ID | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = ID | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_name = [[Indonesia]] | subdivision_type1 = Provinsi | subdivision_name1 = [[Aceh]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | established_title = Didirian | established_date = 22 April 1205 | leader_title = Wali Kota | leader_name = Mawardy Nurdin | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 61.36 | area_metro_km2 = 2935,36 | elevation_m = 0-10 | elevation_ft = 0-32.9 | population_as_of = 2010<ref>[http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/1100.pdf HASIL SENSUS PENDUDUK 2010: Data Agregat Per Kabupaten/Kota. PROVINSI ACEH.] [[Badan Pusat Statistik]], 2010.</ref> | population_note = | population_total = 224209 | population_metro = 513698 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_metro_km2 = 3872 | timezone = [[Waktu Indonesia Barat|WIB]] | utc_offset = +7 | postal_code_type = Kode pos | postal_code = 23000 | area_code_type = | area_code = +62 651 |blank_name_sec1 = Plat oto |blank_info_sec1 = BL XXX XX | iso_code = | website = [http://www.bandaacehkota.go.id/ www.bandaacehkota.go.id] | footnotes = }} '''Kota Banda Aceh''' adolah salah satu [[kota]] sarato [[ibu kota]] provinsi [[Aceh]], [[Indonesia]]. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{commonscat|Banda Aceh}} {{wikivoyage|Banda Aceh}} * {{id}} [http://www.bandaacehkota.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pemerintah Kota Banda Aceh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092222/http://www.bandaacehkota.go.id/ |date=2014-09-03 }} * {{id}} [http://www.nad.go.id/index.php?option=isi&task=view&id=35&Itemid=62 Profil {{PAGENAME}}] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015160407/http://nad.go.id/index.php?option=isi&task=view&id=35&Itemid=62 |date=2007-10-15 }} di laman rasmi provinsi * {{id}} [http://bappeda.bandaaceh.go.id Situs Resmi Bappeda Kota Banda Aceh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229080219/http://bappeda.bandaaceh.go.id/ |date=2007-12-29 }} * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130328192143/http://fp.unsyiah.ac.id/ Universitas Syiah Kuala] {{Ibu kota provinsi di Indonesia}} {{Kota Banda Aceh}} {{Aceh}} {{KotaIndonesia-stub}} [[Kategori:Kota di Aceh|Banda Aceh]] [[Kategori:Kota Banda Aceh| ]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota provinsi di Indonesia|Banda Aceh]] nq0zu6qgovrdxn8y38w69gimxvdw4o5 0 11669 3352745 3351668 2026-09-25T00:30:11Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} ===Sumber buku=== {{refbegin}} {{col|2}} * {{cite book | last = Aigner | first = Dietrich | editor1-last = Koch | editor1-first = H.W | title = Aspects of the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/aspectsofthirdre001933 | year = 1985 | publisher = MacMillan | location = London | chapter = Hitler's ultimate aims&nbsp;– a programme of world dominion? | isbn = 978-0-312-05726-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Bauer | first = Yehuda | title = Rethinking the Holocaust | url = https://archive.org/details/rethinkingholoca0000baue | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2000 | page = [https://archive.org/details/rethinkingholoca0000baue/page/5 5] | isbn = 978-0-300-08256-2 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | authorlink = Antony Beevor | title = [[Berlin: The Downfall 1945]] | year = 2002 | publisher = Viking-Penguin Books | location = London | isbn = 978-0-670-03041-5 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Beevor | first1 = Antony | last2 = Attar | first2 = Rob | title = The World in Flames | journal = BBC History Magazine | date = June 2012 | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Bendersky | first = Joseph W | title = A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 | year = 2000 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | isbn = 978-1-4422-1003-5 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Bloch | first = Michael | title = Ribbentrop | url = https://archive.org/details/ribbentrop0000bloc | location = New York | publisher = Crown Publishing | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-517-59310-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Bonney | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Bonney | title = The Nazi Master Plan, Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian Churches | journal = Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion | year = 2001 | url = http://www.leics.gov.uk/the_nazi_master_plan.pdf | accessdate =7 June 2011 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Bullock | first = Alan | authorlink = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr0000bull_c8v9 | location = London | publisher = Penguin Books | year = 1962 | origyear = 1952 | isbn = 978-0-14-013564-0 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Bullock | first = Alan | authorlink = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1999 | origyear = 1952 | publisher = Konecky & Konecky | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-56852-036-0 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Butler | first1 = Ewan | last2 = Young | first2 = Gordon | title = The Life and Death of Hermann Göring | url = https://archive.org/details/lifedeathofherma0000butl | publisher = [[David & Charles]] | location = Newton Abbot, Devon | year = 1989 | isbn = 978-0-7153-9455-7 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Carr | first = William | title = Arms, Autarky and Aggression | url = https://archive.org/details/armsautarkyaggre0000carr | publisher = Edward Arnold | location = London | year = 1972 | isbn = 978-0-7131-5668-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Conway | first = John S. | author-link = John S. Conway (historian) | title = The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45 | url = https://archive.org/details/nazipersecutiono0000jsco_m7j1 | year = 1968 | location = London | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson | isbn = 978-0-297-76315-4 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Crandell | first = William F. | title = Eisenhower the Strategist: The Battle of the Bulge and the Censure of Joe McCarthy | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_presidential-studies-quarterly_summer-1987_17_3/page/487 | journal = Presidential Studies Quarterly | year = 1987 | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 487–501 | ref = harv | jstor = 27550441 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Del Testa | first1 = David W | last2 = Lemoine | first2 = Florence | last3 = Strickland | first3 = John | title = Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists | url = https://archive.org/details/governmentleader0000delt | year= 2003 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | page = [https://archive.org/details/governmentleader0000delt/page/83 83] | isbn = 978-1-57356-153-2 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Dietrich | first = Otto | authorlink = Otto Dietrich | title = The Hitler I Knew: Memoirs of the Third Reich's Press Chief | url = https://archive.org/details/hitleriknewmemoi0000diet_a3m5 | publisher = Skyhorse | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-60239-972-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Dollinger | first = Hans | title = The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II | isbn = 978-0-517-12399-7 | year = 1995 | origyear = 1965 | publisher = Gramercy | location = New York | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Downing | first = David | title = The Nazi Death Camps | year = 2005 | publisher = Gareth Stevens | series = World Almanac Library of the Holocaust | isbn = 978-0-8368-5947-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | authorlink = Richard J. Evans | title = [[The Coming of the Third Reich]] | year = 2003 | publisher = Penguin Group | isbn = 978-0-14-303469-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | title = The Third Reich in Power | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe0000evan_q2i7 | year = 2005 | publisher = Penguin Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-303790-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | title = The Third Reich At War | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_1 | year = 2008 | publisher = Penguin Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-311671-4 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Fest | first = Joachim C. | author-link = Joachim Fest | title = The Face of the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/faceofthirdreich0000fest_t9z2 | location = London | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson | year = 1970 | isbn = 978-0-297-17949-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Fest | first = Joachim C. | title = Hitler | url = https://archive.org/details/hitler0000joac | location = London | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson | year = 1974 | origyear = 1973 | isbn = 978-0-297-76755-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Fest | first = Joachim C. | title = Hitler | url = https://archive.org/details/hitler0000fest_f2e9 | year = 1977 | origyear = 1973 | publisher = Penguin | location = Harmondsworth | isbn = 978-0-14-021983-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Fischer | first = Klaus P. | title = Nazi Germany: A New History | url = https://archive.org/details/nazigermanynewhi0000fisc_h7i6 | location = London | publisher = Constable and Company | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-09-474910-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Fromm | first = Erich | authorlink = Erich Fromm | title = The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness | url = https://archive.org/details/anatomyofhumande0000eric_u1c1 | year = 1977 | origyear = 1973 | publisher = Penguin Books | location = London | isbn = 978-0-14-004258-0 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Fulda | first = Bernhard | title = Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic | year = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-954778-4 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Gellately | first = Robert | title = Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost." Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler; Sabine Schleiermacher | journal = Central European History | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | year = 1996 | pages = 270–274 | ref = harv | doi = 10.1017/S0008938900013170 }} * {{cite book | last = Goldhagen | first = Daniel | authorlink = Daniel Goldhagen | title = [[Hitler's Willing Executioners|Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust]] | year = 1996 | publisher = Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-44695-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Hakim | first = Joy | authorlink = Joy Hakim | series = [[A History of US]] | title = War, Peace, and All That Jazz | volume = 9 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1995 | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-19-509514-2 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Halperin | first1 = Samuel William | title = Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933 | url = https://archive.org/details/germanytrieddemo00halp | publisher = W.W. Norton | location = New York | year = 1965 | origyear = 1946 | isbn = 978-0-393-00280-5 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Hamann | first1 = Brigitte | authorlink1 = Brigitte Hamann | title = Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersviennadic00hama | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | year = 1999 | others = Trans. Thomas Thornton | isbn = 978-0-19-512537-5 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Hamann | first = Brigitte | title = Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersviennadic0000hama_j7f5 | publisher = Tauris Parke Paperbacks | location = London; New York | year = 2010 | origyear = 1999 | others = Trans. Thomas Thornton | isbn = 978-1-84885-277-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Ian | authorlink = Ian Hancock | editor1-last = Stone | editor1-first = Dan | title = The Historiography of the Holocaust | url = https://archive.org/details/historiographyof0000unse_b1p8 | year = 2004 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = New York; Basingstoke | isbn = 978-0-333-99745-1 | chapter = Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Heck | first = Alfons | authorlink = Alfons Heck | title = A Child of Hitler: Germany In The Days When God Wore A Swastika | url = https://archive.org/details/childofhitlerger0000heck | origyear = 1985 | year = 2001 | publisher = Renaissance House | location = Phoenix, AZ | isbn = 978-0-939650-44-6 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Heston | first1 = Leonard L. | last2 = Heston | first2 = Renate | title = The Medical Casebook of Adolf Hitler: His Illnesses, Doctors, and Drugs | url = https://archive.org/details/medicalcasebooko0000hest | year = 1980 | origyear = 1979 | publisher = Stein and Day | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8128-2718-7 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Hildebrand | first = Klaus | author-link = Klaus Hildebrand | title = The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich | location = London | publisher = Batsford | year = 1973 | isbn = 978-0-7134-1126-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Hitler | first = Adolf | title = [[Mein Kampf]] | location = Boston | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | year = 1999 | origyear = 1925 | others = Trans. [[Ralph Manheim]] | isbn = 978-0-395-92503-4 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Hitler | first = Adolf | year = 1973 | origyear = 1941 | title = My New Order | publisher = Octagon Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-374-93918-2 | editor1-first = Raoul de | editor1-last = Roussy de Sales | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Hitler | first = Adolf | year = 1942 | title = [[The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922&nbsp;– August 1939]] | location = London | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-86527-493-8 | editor1-first = Norman H. | editor1-last = Baynes | editor1-link = Norman H. Baynes | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Hitler | first1 = Adolf | last2 = Trevor-Roper | first2 = Hugh | author2-link = Hugh Trevor-Roper | title = [[Hitler's Table Talk|Hitler's Table-Talk, 1941–1945: Hitler's Conversations Recorded by Martin Bormann]] | location = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1988 | origyear = 1953 | isbn = 978-0-19-285180-2 | ref = harv }} * {{cite news | last = Jamieson | first = Alastair | title = Nazi leader Hitler really did have only one ball | newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | date = 19 November 2008 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3481932/Nazi-leader-Hitler-really-did-have-only-one-ball.html | accessdate =27 May 2011 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Jetzinger | first = Franz | authorlink = Franz Jetzinger | title = Hitler's Youth | year = 1976 | origyear = 1956 | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, Conn | isbn = 978-0-8371-8617-7 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Joachimsthaler | first = Anton | others = Trans. Helmut Bögler | title = The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth | url = https://archive.org/details/lastdaysofhitler0000joac_o3a8 | year = 1999 | origyear = 1995 | publisher = Brockhampton Press | location = London | isbn = 978-1-86019-902-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Kee | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Kee | title = Munich: The Eleventh Hour | url = https://archive.org/details/municheleventhho0000keer | publisher = Hamish Hamilton | location = London | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-0-241-12537-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Keegan | first = John | authorlink = John Keegan | title = The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship | url = https://archive.org/details/maskofcommandstu0000keeg | publisher = Pimlico | location = London | year = 1987 | isbn = 978-0-7126-6526-1 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Keller | first = Gustav | title= Der Schüler Adolf Hitler: die Geschichte eines lebenslangen Amoklaufs | trans_title = The Student Adolf Hitler: The Story of a Lifelong Rampage | publisher = LIT | language = German | location = Münster | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-3-643-10948-4 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Kellogg | first = Michael | title = The Russian Roots of Nazism White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/russianrootsofna0000kell | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-521-84512-0 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | author-link = Ian Kershaw | title = Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerhubris00kers | location = New York | publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]] | year = 1999 | origyear = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-393-04671-7 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation | url = https://archive.org/details/nazidictatorship00kers | edition = 4th | location = London | publisher = Arnold | year = 2000a | origyear = 1985 | isbn = 978-0-340-76028-4 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis | url = https://archive.org/details/hitler193645neme0000kers_n4x3 | location = New York; London | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | year = 2000b | isbn = 978-0-393-32252-1 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = Hitler: A Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerbiography0000kers | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-393-06757-6 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Koch | first = H. W | title = Operation Barbarossa&nbsp;– The Current State of the Debate | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1988-06_31_2/page/377 | journal = [[The Historical Journal]] | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | month = June | year = 1988 | pages = 377–390 | doi = 10.1017/S0018246X00012930 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Kolb | first = Eberhard | authorlink = Eberhard Kolb | title = The Weimar Republic | origyear = 1984 | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-34441-8 | publisher = Routledge | location = London; New York | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Kolb | first = Eberhard | year = 1988 | origyear = 1984 | title = The Weimar Republic | url = https://archive.org/details/weimarrepublic0000kolb | location = New York | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-09077-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Kressel | first = Neil J. | title = Mass Hate: The Global Rise Of Genocide And Terror | url = https://archive.org/details/masshateglobalri0000kres | year = 2002 | publisher = Basic Books | location = Boulder | isbn = 978-0-8133-3951-1 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Kubizek | first = August | title = The Young Hitler I Knew | url = https://archive.org/details/younghitleriknew0000kubi | authorlink = August Kubizek | year = 2006 | origyear = 1953 | publisher = MBI | location = St. Paul, MN | isbn = 978-1-85367-694-9 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Kurowski | first = Franz | title = The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II | url = https://archive.org/details/brandenburgerger0000kuro | publisher = Stackpole Books | series = Stackpole Military History series | location = Mechanicsburg, PA | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-8117-3250-5 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Langer | first = Walter C. | authorlink = Walter Charles Langer | title = [[The Mind of Adolf Hitler|The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report]] | year = 1972 | origyear = 1943 | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-465-04620-1 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Larson | first = Erik | title = In the Garden of Beasts: Love, Terror, and an American Family in Hitler's Berlin | url = https://archive.org/details/ingardenofbeasts0000lars_a2r9 | publisher = Random House/Crown Publishing Group | location = New York, NY | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-307-40884-6 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Lichtheim | first = George | author-link = George Lichtheim | title = Europe In The Twentieth Century | url = https://archive.org/details/europeintwentiet0000lich | location = London | publisher = Sphere Books | year = 1974 | isbn = 978-0-351-17192-5 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Linge | first1 = Heinz | authorlink1 = Heinz Linge | others = Intro. [[Roger Moorhouse]] | title = With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler's Valet | url = https://archive.org/details/withhitlertoendm00ling | year = 2009 | origyear = 1980 | publisher = Skyhorse Publishing | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-60239-804-7 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Lipstadt | first = Deborah E. | title = The Eichmann Trial | url = https://archive.org/details/eichmanntrial0000lips | year = 2011 | publisher = Random House | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8052-4260-7 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Maiolo | first = Joseph | title = The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–39: Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War | year = 1998 | publisher = Macmillan Press | location = London | isbn = 978-0-333-72007-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Manvell | first1 = Roger | author1-link = Roger Manvell | last2 = Fraenkel | first2 = Heinrich | author2-link = Heinrich Fraenkel | title = Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo | url = https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmlers0000manv | year = 2007 | origyear = 1965 | publisher = Greenhill; Skyhorse | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-1-60239-178-9 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Maser | first = Werner | title = Hitler: Legend, Myth, Reality | url = https://archive.org/details/hitler0000mase | year = 1973 | publisher = Allen Lane | location = London | isbn = 978-0-7139-0473-4 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Marrus | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Marrus | title = The Holocaust in History | url = https://archive.org/details/holocaustinhisto0000marr_d3f8 | location = Toronto | publisher = Key Porter | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-299-23404-1 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = McNab | first = Chris | title = The Third Reich | publisher = Amber Books Ltd | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-906626-51-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Megargee | first = Geoffrey P. | title = War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941 | url = https://archive.org/details/warofannihilatio0000mega | location = Lanham, Md | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7425-4482-6 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Messerschmidt | first = Manfred | title = [[Germany and the Second World War]] | volume = 1 | chapter = Foreign Policy and Preparation for War | location = Oxford | publisher = Clarendon Press | year = 1990 | editor1-last = Deist | editor1-first = Wilhelm | isbn = 978-0-19-822866-0 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Mitcham | first = Samuel W. | title = Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/whyhitlergenesis0000mitc | year = 1996 | publisher = Praeger | location = Westport, Conn | isbn = 978-0-275-95485-7 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Murray | first = Williamson | title = The Change in the European Balance of Power | url = https://archive.org/details/changeineuropean0000murr | location = Princeton | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-0-691-05413-1 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Naimark | first = Norman M. | year = 2002 | title = Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe | url = https://archive.org/details/firesofhatred00norm | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-00994-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Niewyk | first1 = Donald L. | last2 = Nicosia | first2 = Francis R. | title = The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust | url = https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew | year = 2000 | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-231-11200-0 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = O'Donnell | first = James P. | authorlink = James P. O'Donnell | title = [[The Bunker (book)|The Bunker]] | publisher = Da Capo Press | location = New York | year = 2001 | origyear = 1978 | isbn = 978-0-306-80958-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last1 = Overy | first1 = Richard | last2 = Wheatcroft | first2 = Andrew | author-link = Richard Overy | title = The Road To War | url = https://archive.org/details/roadtowar00over | location = London | publisher = Macmillan | year = 1989 | isbn = 978-0-14-028530-7 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | editor1-last = Lukes | editor1-first = Igor | editor2-last = Goldstein | editor2-first = Erik | title = The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II | url = https://archive.org/details/munichcrisis193800igor | year = 1999 | publisher = Frank Cass | location = London; Portland, OR | chapter = Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory? | oclc = 40862187 | ref = {{sfnRef|Overy, .27.27The Munich Crisis.27.27|1999|p=207}} }} * {{cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Overy | editor1-last = Martel | editor1-first = Gordon | title = The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered | url = https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw00gord_0 | year = 1999 | publisher = Routledge | location = London | chapter = Misjudging Hitler | pages = [https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw00gord_0/page/94 93]–115 | isbn = 978-0-415-16324-8 | ref = {{sfnRef|Overy, .27.27Origins of WWII Reconsidered.27.27|1999}} }} * {{cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | title = The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia | url = https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich | publisher = Penguin Books | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-393-02030-4 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Payne | first = Robert | authorlink = Pierre Stephen Robert Payne | title = The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler | publisher = Hippocrene Books | location = New York, New York | year = 1990 | origyear = 1973 | isbn = 978-0-88029-402-7 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Payne | first = Stanley G. | authorlink = Stanley G. Payne | title = Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II | url = https://archive.org/details/francohitlerspai0000payn | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-300-12282-4 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Plating | first = John D. | title = The Hump: America's Strategy for Keeping China in World War II | year = 2011 | publisher = Texas A&M University Press | location = College Station | series = Williams-Ford Texas A&M University military history series, no. 134 | isbn = 978-1-60344-238-1 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Redlich | first = Fritz R. | title = Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet | year = 2000 | month = September | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = | isbn = 978-0-19-513631-9 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Rees | first = Laurence | authorlink = Laurence Rees | title = [[The Nazis: A Warning From History]] | location = New York | publisher = New Press | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-563-38704-6 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Rißmann | first = Michael | title = Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators | location = Zürich München | publisher = Pendo | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-3-85842-421-1 | language = German | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Roberts | first = G. | title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 | url = https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe | location = New Haven | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-300-11204-1 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Roberts | first = J. M. | author-link = John Roberts (historian) | title = A History of Europe | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofeurope0000robe | location = Oxford | publisher = Helicon | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-1-85986-178-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Roberts | first = Martin | title = The New Barbarism&nbsp;– A Portrait of Europe 1900–1973 | url = https://archive.org/details/portraitofeurope0000unse_o6l1 | year = 1975 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-913225-6 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Robertson | first = Esmonde M. | title = Hitler's Pre-War Policy and Military Plans: 1933–1939 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersprewarpol0000esmo | publisher = Longmans | location = London | year = 1963 | oclc = 300011871 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Robertson | first = E. M. | editor1-first = Koch | editor1-last = H.W | title = Aspects of the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/aspectsofthirdre001933 | year = 1985 | publisher = Macmillan | location = London | chapter = Hitler Planning for War and the Response of the Great Powers | isbn = 978-0-312-05726-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Rosenbaum | first = Ron | authorlink = Ron Rosenbaum | title = [[Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil]] | year = 1999 | publisher = Harper Perennial | isbn = 978-0-06-095339-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Rosmus | first = Anna Elisabeth | year = 2004 | title = Out of Passau: Leaving a City Hitler Called Home | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781570035081 | publisher = University of South Carolina Press | location = Columbia, S.C | isbn = 978-1-57003-508-1 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Rothwell | first = Victor | title = The Origins of the Second World War | url = https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw0000roth | year = 2001 | publisher = Manchester University Press | location = Manchester | isbn = 978-0-7190-5957-5 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Rummel | first = Rudolph | authorlink = Rudolph Rummel | title = Death by Government | url = https://archive.org/details/deathby_rum_1994_00_3431 | year = 1994 | publisher = Transaction | location = New Brunswick, NJ | isbn = 978-1-56000-145-4 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Ryschka | first = Birgit | title = Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's the Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's in Der Löwengrube | date = 29 September 2008 | publisher = Peter Lang | isbn = 978-3-631-58111-7 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Shirer | first = William L. | authorlink = William L. Shirer | title = [[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]] | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | year = 1960 | isbn = 978-0-671-62420-0 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Snyder | first = Timothy | authorlink = Timothy D. Snyder | title = [[Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin]] | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-465-00239-9 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Speer | first = Albert | authorlink = Albert Speer | origyear = 1969 | year = 1971 | title = [[Inside the Third Reich]] | publisher = Avon | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-380-00071-5 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Spiro | first = Jonathan Peter | title = Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant | year = 2008 | publisher = University Press of Vermont | location = Lebanon, NH | isbn = 978-1-58465-715-6 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Stackelberg | first = Roderick | title = The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany | url = https://archive.org/details/routledgecompani0000stac | year = 2007 | publisher = Routledge | location = New Yor | isbn = 978-0-415-30860-1 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Steigmann-Gall | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Steigmann-Gall | title = The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/holyreichnazicon0000stei | location = Cambridge; New York | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-521-82371-5 | doi = 10.2277/978-0-521-82371-5 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Steinberg | first = Jonathan | title = The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1995-06_110_437/page/620 | journal = The English Historical Review | year = 1995 | month = June | volume = 110 | issue = 437 | pages = 620–651 | oclc = 83655937 | ref = harv | doi = 10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620 }} * {{cite book | last = Steiner | first = John Michael | title = Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction | url = https://archive.org/details/powerpoliticssoc0000stei | year = 1976 | publisher = Mouton | location = The Hague | isbn = 978-90-279-7651-2 | ref = harv }} *{{cite journal | last = Stolfi | first = Russel | title = Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1982-03_54_1/page/27 | journal = [[Journal of Modern History]] | year = 1982 | month = March | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–46 | doi = 10.1086/244076 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Tames | first = Richard | title = Dictatorship | url = https://archive.org/details/dictatorship0000tame_g0o2 | publisher = Heinemann Library | location = Chicago | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-4329-0234-6 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Le Tissier | first = Tony | title = Race for the Reichstag | publisher = Pen & Sword | year = 2010 | origyear = 1999 | isbn = 978-1-84884-230-4 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Toland | first = John | authorlink = John Toland (author) | title = Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography | publisher = Book Club Associates | location = London | year = 1977 | origyear = 1976 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Toland | first = John | title = Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography | publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] | year = 1992 | origyear = 1976 | isbn = 978-0-385-42053-2 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Trevor-Roper | first = Hugh | authorlink = Hugh Trevor-Roper | title = The Last Days of Hitler | year = 1987 | origyear = 1947 | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | isbn = 978-0-226-81224-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Vinogradov | first = V. K. | title = Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersdeathruss0000vino | publisher = Chaucer Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-1-904449-13-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Weber | first = Thomas | title = Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, The Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersfirstwara0000webe | year = 2010 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-923320-5 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard | title = Hitler's Private Testament of 2 May 1938 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1955-12_27_4/page/415 | journal = The Journal of Modern History | date = December 1955 | volume = 27 | issue = 4 | pages = 415–419 | oclc = 482752575 | doi = 10.1086/237831 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard | title = Hitler's Image of the United States | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1964-07_69_4/page/1006 | journal = The American Historical Review | date = December 1964 | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 1006–1021 | ref = harv | doi = 10.2307/1842933 }} * {{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard | author-link = Gerhard Weinberg | title = The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936 | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago, Illinois | year = 1970 | isbn = 978-0-226-88509-4 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard | title = The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II | url = https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyofh0000wein | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 1980 | isbn = 978-0-226-88511-7 | location = Chicago, Illinois | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard | title = Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History | url = https://archive.org/details/germanyhitlerwor0000wein_b8f0 | year = 1995 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | chapter = Hitler and England, 1933–1945: Pretense and Reality | isbn = 978-0-521-47407-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Welch | first = David | title = Hitler: Profile of a Dictator | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerprofileofd0000welc | year = 2001 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-25075-7 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Wheeler-Bennett | first = John | authorlink = John Wheeler-Bennett | title = The Nemesis of Power | location = London | publisher = Macmillan | year = 1967 | isbn = 978-1-4039-1812-3 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Wilt | first = Alan | authorlink = Alan F. Wilt | title = Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941 | journal = Military Affairs | date = December 1981 | volume = 45 | issue = 4 | pages = 187–191 | doi = 10.2307/1987464 | jstor = 1987464 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Winkler | first2 = Heinrich August | title = Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 2, 1933–1990 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = New York | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-19-926598-5 | ref = harv | others = Sager, Alexander (trans.) }} * {{cite book | last = Ziemke | first = Earl F. | title = Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich | series = Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II | volume = Battle Book #6 | publisher = [[Ballantine Books]] | year = 1969<!--pre isbn--> | oclc = 23899 | ref = harv }} {{refend}} {{EndDiv}} ===Wiki common=== {{commons|Adolf Hitler}} === Sumber dalam jariangan === {{refbegin}} {{col|2}} * {{cite web | last = Bazyler | first = Michael J. | title = Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism | date = 25 December 2006 | publisher = [[Yad Vashem]] | url = http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/insights/pdf/bazyler.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 7 January 2013 | ref = harv }} * {{cite news | title = Parkinson's part in Hitler's downfall | publisher = BBC News | date = 29 July 1999 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/406713.stm | accessdate =13 June 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|BBC News, 1999}} }} * {{cite web | title = 1933&nbsp;– Day of Potsdam | publisher = City of Potsdam | url = http://www.potsdam.de/cms/beitrag/10000945/33981/ | accessdate = 13 June 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|City of Potsdam}} | archive-date = 6 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120606032402/http://www.potsdam.de/cms/beitrag/10000945/33981/ | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite news | title = Documents: Bush's Grandfather Directed Bank Tied to Man Who Funded Hitler | date = 17 October 2003 | publisher = Fox News | url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,100474,00.html | accessdate = 16 October 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|Fox News, 2003}} | archive-date = 15 September 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080915145122/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,100474,00.html | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web | title = Hitler's Last Days | publisher = MI5 Security Service | work = mi5.gov.uk | url = https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/mi5-history/world-war-ii/hitlers-last-days.html | accessdate =5 January 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|MI5, .27.27Hitler's Last Days.27.27}} }} * {{cite news | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | title = How the First World War shaped Hitler | newspaper = [[The Globe and Mail]] | date = 22 June 2011 | publisher = Phillip Crawley | url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/hitlers-first-war-by-thomas-weber/article4261721/ | accessdate =23 September 2012 | ref = harv }} * {{cite web | last = Frauenfeld | first = A. E | title = The Power of Speech | publisher = [[Calvin College]] | date = August 1937 | url = http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/machtrede.htm | accessdate = 19 October 2011 | ref = harv | archive-date = 6 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140606094146/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/machtrede.htm | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web | last = Glantz | first = David | authorlink = David Glantz | title = The Soviet‐German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay | publisher = Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, [[Clemson University]] | format = pdf | location = Clemson, SC | date = 11 October 2001 | url = http://sti.clemson.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=189&Itemid=310 | accessdate = 12 December 2012 | ref = harv | archive-date = 18 February 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150218155036/http://sti.clemson.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=189&Itemid=310 | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web | last = Goebbels | first = Joseph | title = The Führer as a Speaker | publisher = [[Calvin College]] | year = 1936 | url = http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ahspeak.htm | accessdate = 19 October 2011 | ref = harv | archive-date = 4 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140604083118/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ahspeak.htm | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite news | last = Hinrichs | first = Per | publisher = Spiegel Online | title = Des Führers Pass: Hitlers Einbürgerung | trans_title = The Führer's Passport: Hitler's Naturalisation | date = 10 March 2007 | language = German | url = http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/zeitgeschichte/0,1518,470844,00.html | accessdate =16 October 2011 | ref = harv }} * {{cite web | last = Kotanko | first = Florian | title = House of Responsibility | publisher = | year = | month = | url = http://www.hrb.at/index.php?path=languages/english/body.php | accessdate = 08 January 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|House of Responsibility}} | archive-date = 13 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131113231404/http://www.hrb.at/index.php?path=languages/english/body.php | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web | title = Introduction to the Holocaust | publisher = [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005143 | accessdate =17 October 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|Holocaust Memorial Museum}} }} * {{cite web | title = Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932 | trans_title = Letter of the industrialists to Hindenburg, November 1932 | publisher=Glasnost–Archiv | url=http://www.glasnost.de/hist/ns/eingabe.html | accessdate =16 October 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|Letter to Hindenburg, 1932}} }} * {{cite web | last = McMillan | first = Dan | title = Review of Fritz, Stephen G., ''Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East'' | publisher = H-Genocide, H-Net Reviews | year = 2012 | month = October | url = http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=35868 | accessdate = 16 October 2012 | ref = harv }} * {{cite document | title = Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München | trans_title = The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich | language = German | year = 1924 | ref = {{sfnRef|Munich Court, 1924}} | postscript = . }} * {{cite journal | author = Office of Strategic Services | title = The Nazi Master Plan: The Persecution of the Christian Churches | journal = Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion | year = 1945 | publisher = Cornell Law Library | location = Ithaca, NY | pages = 6–7 | oclc = 320083040 | url = http://org.law.rutgers.edu/publications/law-religion/nurinst1.shtml | ref = {{sfnRef|Office of Strategic Services, 1945}} | access-date = 2013-08-02 | archive-date = 2013-09-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130926204151/http://org.law.rutgers.edu/publications/law-religion/nurinst1.shtml | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.ns-archiv.de/personen/hitler/oesterreich/staatsbuergerschaft.php | title = Hitler ersucht um Entlassung aus der österreichischen Staatsangehörigkeit | trans_title = Hitler's official application to end his Austrian citizenship | date = 7 April 1925 | publisher= NS-Archiv | language = German | accessdate=13 April 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|NS-Archiv, 7 April 1925}} }} * {{cite news | last = Sharkey | first = Joe | title = Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 13 January 2002 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/13/weekinreview/word-for-word-case-against-nazis-hitler-s-forces-planned-destroy-german.html?pagewanted=all | accessdate =7 June 2011 | ref = harv }} * {{cite news | title = Leni Riefenstahl | date=10 September 2003 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | publisher = [[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]] | location = [[London, UK|London]] | issn = 0307-1235 | oclc = 49632006 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1440991/Leni-Riefenstahl.html?pageNum=3 | accessdate=14 December 2011-12-14 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27The Daily Telegraph.27.27, 2003}} }} * {{cite news | title = Man of the Year | work = Time Magazine | publisher = Time | date = 2 January 1939 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539-1,00.html | accessdate = 22 May 2008 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607103145/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539-1,00.html | archivedate = 7 June 2008 | deadurl = no | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27Time.27.27, January 1939}} }} * {{cite news | title = Seven Years War? | work = Time Magazine | publisher = Time | date = 2 October 1939 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789000,00.html | accessdate = 30 August 2008 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27Time.27.27, October 1939}} | archive-date = 9 March 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080309075838/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789000,00.html | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite news | title = Germany: Second Revolution? | date = 2 July 1934 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754321,00.html | work = Time Magazine | publisher = Time | accessdate = 17 October 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27Time.27.27, 1934}} | archive-date = 17 April 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080417000456/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754321-2,00.html | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web | title = Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland | work = ushmm.org | publisher = United States Holocaust Memorial Museum | url = http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/poles/poles.php | accessdate = 15 December 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|US Holocaust Memorial Museum}} | archive-date = 5 December 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121205035132/http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/poles/poles.php | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web | last = Wilson | first = Bee | title = Mein Diat&nbsp;– Adolf Hitler's diet | publisher = [[Questia]] | work = New Statesman | location = UK | date = 9 October 1998 | accessdate =22 May 2008 | url = http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-21238666/mein-diat | ref = harv }} {{subscription required}} * {{cite book | author = Yad Vashem Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority | title = Yad Vashem Studies | year = 2006 | volume = 34 | publisher = [[Yad Vashem]] | location = Jerusalem | oclc = 610688434 | ref = {{sfnRef|Yad Vashem, 2006}} }} * {{cite web | title = How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names? | publisher = [[Yad Vashem]] | url = http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/resource_center/faq.asp | accessdate = 10 January 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Yad Vashem, 2008}} | archive-date = 31 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200731203421/https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/resource_center/faq.asp | dead-url = yes }} {{refend}} {{EndDiv}} ==Pautan lua== * {{IMDb name|id=0386944}}&nbsp;– real life footage in documentaries * {{IMDb character|id=0027857|character=Adolf Hitler (Character)}}&nbsp;– as portrayed in film and TV * {{cite web|title=Adolf Hitler|url=http://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler|work=The Vault|publisher=FBI Records}} * {{cite web|title=Hitler and his officers|url=http://www.ww2incolor.com/gallery/movies/hitler_color|work=World War II Movies in Color|publisher=WW2inColor|access-date=2013-08-02|archive-date=2005-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126074323/http://www.ww2incolor.com/gallery/movies/hitler_color|dead-url=yes}} {{Authority control|PND=118551655|LCCN=n/79/46200|VIAF=38190770|TSURL=Adolf_Hitler}} [[Kategori:Kanselir Jerman]] akx4itwsn70t35gpqcwkzqbqvyp89vj 0 129572 3352741 3226757 2026-09-24T15:02:36Z Taketa 2367 +image 3352741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Dejeania | status = | image = Dejeania bombylans, Bronkhorstspruit-stroomoewer, a.jpg | image_caption = ''Dejeania bombylans'' | domain = | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Diptera | familia = Tachinidae| genus = | species = | taxon_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = }} '''''Dejeania''''' adolah langau dari famili [[Tachinidae]]. Langau iko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo [[Diptera]], kelas [[Insecta]], filum [[Arthropoda]], dan kingdom [[Animalia]]. Langau iko marupokan [[parasit]] [[Protelean]]. == Rujuakan == * {{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/Tachinidae|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.)|year= 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 september 2012}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q15633381}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dejeania}} [[Kategori:Tachinidae]] {{Biologi-stub}} j0bh2nlr49ljs5uskoz36y9ni0yrbsk 0 129579 3352742 3226759 2026-09-24T15:02:54Z Taketa 2367 +image 3352742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Dejeania bombylans | status = | image = Dejeania bombylans, Bronkhorstspruit-stroomoewer, a.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Diptera | familia = Tachinidae| genus = | species = | taxon_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = }} '''''Dejeania bombylans''''' adolah langau dari famili [[Tachinidae]]. Langau iko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo [[Diptera]], kelas [[Insecta]], filum [[Arthropoda]], dan kingdom [[Animalia]]. Langau iko marupokan [[parasit]] [[Protelean]]. == Rujuakan == * {{cite web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/Tachinidae|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.)|year= 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 september 2012}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q14732813}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dejeania bombylans}} [[Kategori:Tachinidae]] {{Biologi-stub}} pvn9at8a0xop01xdu2s5jgrqkll9mbw 0 207656 3352743 3231611 2026-09-24T18:41:08Z Taketa 2367 +image 3352743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox |name = Dirphya |status = |image = Dirphya gigantea (11892253713).jpg |image_caption = ''Dirphya gigantea'' |domain = |regnum = [[Animalia]] |phylum = [[Arthropoda]] |classis = [[Insecta]] |ordo = [[Coleoptera]] |familia = [[Cerambycidae]] |genus = |species = |binomial = |binomial_authority = |range_map = |range_map_caption = |image2 = |image2_caption = |subphylum = |synonyms = }} '''''Dirphya''''' adolah [[kumbang tanduak panjang]] dari famili [[Cerambycidae]]. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo [[Coleoptera]], kalas [[Insecta]], filum [[Arthropoda]], dan kingdom [[Animalia]]. [[Larva]] [[kumbang]] iko, nan biaso disabuik panggerek [[kapalo bunda]], manggerek ka dalam [[kayu]], dima inyo dapek manyebabkan karusakan nan laweh untuak [[batang]] kayu hiduik ataupun kayu nan lah ditabang. == Rujuakan == * ''TITAN: Cerambycidae database''. Tavakilian G., 25 Mai 2009. {{Taxonbar|from=Q14810135}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dirphya}} [[Kategori:Cerambycidae]] {{Biologi-stub}} 7zsmegq9mzfr69qaxxryfhfnamccmyo 0 227358 3352749 3343469 2026-09-25T01:36:41Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Arab Saudi Infobox}} '''Arab Saudi''' atau '''Karajaan Arab Saudi''' adolah nagara [[Banso Arab|Arab]] nan talatak di [[Jazirah Arab]]. Baiklim [[gurun]] dan wilayahnyo sabagian gadang tadiri ateh [[gurun pasia]] jo gurun pasia nan tagadang adolah '''Rub Al Khali'''. Urang [[Banso Arab|Arab]] manyabuik kato gurun pasia jo kato '''[[sahara]]'''. Nagara Arab Saudi iko babatehan lansuang (saarah jarum jam dari arah utara) jo [[Yordania]], [[Irak]], [[Kuwait]], [[Taluak Persia]], [[Uni Emirat Arab]], [[Oman]], [[Yaman]], jo [[Lauik Sirah]]. Pado tanggal 23 September 1932, Abdul Aziz bin Abdurrahman Al-Sa'ud mamproklamasikan batagaknyo Karajaan Arab Saudi atau Saudi Arabia (Al-Mamlakah Al-'Arabiyah Al-Su'udiyah) jo manyatukan wilayah Riyadh, Najd (Nejed), Ha-a, Asir, dan Hijaz. Abdul Aziz kudian manjadi rajo patamo pado karajaan tasabuik. Demikian dapek dipahami, namo Saudi baasa dari kato namo kaluargo Rajo Abdul Aziz Al-Sa'ud Arab Saudi tanamo sabagai Nagara kalahiran [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] sarato tumbuah jo bakambangnyo agamo Islam, sainggo pado benderanyo ado duo kalimaik syahadaik nan baarati "Indak ado tuhan (nan patuik) untuak disambah salain Allah jo Nabi Muhammad adolah utusan Allah". == Catatan == {{Notelist}} == Caliak juo == *[[Daftar nagara badaulaik]] ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Portal|Arab Saudi}} {{Commons|Category:Saudi Arabia|Arab saudi}} {{wikivoyage|Saudi Arabia}} * {{en}} [http://www.saudinf.com Sumber Daya Informasi Arab Saudi] * {{en}} [http://www.asinah.net/index.php?saudi Arab Saudi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710171925/http://www.asinah.net/index.php?saudi |date=2017-07-10 }} * {{ar}} {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20190525143312/https://www.mofa.gov.sa/ Situs Kementerian Luar Negeri] {{Timur Tangah}} {{Nagara di Asia}} [[Kategori:Arab Saudi| ]] [[Kategori:Monarki]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Timur Tangah]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota Liga Arab]] [[Kategori:Nagara babahaso Arab]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Taluak Persia]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota OKI]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Lauik Tangah]] {{stub}} 6zmmto1z5i3aomt42a0qmgem4tl8925 0 228859 3352779 3186136 2026-09-25T10:00:14Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> |Name = Justin Bieber |Img = |Img_capt = |Img_size = |Landscape = |Background = padendang tasurang |Birth_name = Justin Drew Bieber |birth_date = [[1]] [[Maret]] [[1994]] (umua 20)<ref name="mtv_snl">{{cite news|url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/02/22/justin-bieber-saturday-night-live/|title=Justin Bieber Joins The Ranks Of Youngest 'SNL' Performers|last=Anderson|first=Kyle|date=22 Februari 2010|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=2010-2-24|archive-date=2015-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921141723/http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/02/22/justin-bieber-saturday-night-live/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |Origin = {{flagicon|Kanada}} [[London, Ontario]], [[Kanada]] |Instrument = [[Vokal]], [[gitar]], [[piano]], [[drum]],<ref name="mitchell">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story#/bbcom/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story|title=Usher Introduces Teen Singer Justin Bieber|last=Mitchell|first=Gail|date=26 April 2009|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=e5 Global Media|accessdate=23 Juli 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708032027/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story#/bbcom/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story|archive-date=8 July 2009|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[trompet]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/bieber_justin/artist.jhtml|title=MTV- Justin Bieber artist profile|accessdate=22 Desember 2009|archive-date=2012-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806065712/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/bieber_justin/artist.jhtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |Genre = [[Pop]], [[R&B]]<ref name=Allmusicbio/>, [[Dance-pop]] |Occupation = [[Padendang]]{{br}}[[Panulih dendang]] |Years_active = 2007–kini |Label = [[:en:Island Records|Island]]{{br}}RBMG |Associated_acts = [[Usher]] |URL = [http://www.justinbiebermusic.com/ justinbiebermusic.com] <br />[[Berkas:Signature-justinBieber.png|150px|Tanda Tangan Justin Bieber]] <br />[[Berkas:JustinBieberLogo.png|150px|Justin Bieber Logo]] }} '''Justin Drew Bieber''' (caro manjano-gan IPA: [ˈbiːbər], lahia bakeh [[1]] [[Maret]] [[1994]] di [[Ontario]], [[Kanada]]) adolah saurang padendang jo panulih dendang dari [[Kanada]] nan jangko tiok dendangnyo bakurenah pop jo R&B. Inyo mandapek-gan alah katanamoan kusuihnyo bakeh marauah kabakeh padusi mudo, sarato inyo marupoan padendang nan amaik bajayo. Album inyo dipagaleh-gan jo jumalah 15 maliyun salinan di dunie. Anjik manukuak-gan, inyo marupoan artis jolong nan debut album tujuah dendang manabuak alah ka lirikan musik [[''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. Bieber alah mandapek-gan kabara paragiah, saroman [[Paragiah Musik Amerika Taelok Anjik Jantan|paragiah musik Amerika taelok anjik jantan]] bakeh tahun 2010. Inyo alah mancawan pulo kabara nominasi, saroman nominasi [[Paragiah Grammy|Grammy Awards]] tahun 2011. == Hiduik jo riwayaik padok == === 1994-2007: Maso ketek sabalun mandapek katanamoan === Justin Drew Bieber lahia bakeh [[1]] [[Maret]] [[1994]] di [[London, Ontario]], [[Kanada]] sarato maunyi di [[Stradford]]. Mande inyo ''(Patricia Lynn "Pattie" Malette)'' bakureh di kantor sarato maabeh Justin sabagai ''single-parent'' (urang tuo tasurang) jo dibantu dek urang tuo dari mandehnyo Justin. Justin pulo alah mambilai-gan ulehan jo apaknyo ''(Jeremy Jack Bieber)'' nan punyo alah saurang anakrumah baru sarato duo anak. Silsilah dunsanak Bieber barado di [[Jerman]] bakeh induak bako (''Induak bako'' dalam [[Bahaso Indonesia|baso Indonesia]] jo [[Baso Malayu]]: ''keluarga bapak'', [[Baso Inggirih|baso Inggirih]]: ''father family'', ''the family of father'', ''father's family''), saroman apaknyo, atuaknyo Bieber ganjah dari Jerman ka Kanada, sarato mandehnyo dari [[Parancih]]. Bieber bakeh jolong-jolong amaik mampunyoi minaik kabakeh hoki es, sipakbola jo pamenan catua, inyo pulo indak punyo nio anjik bakacimpuang bakeh musik. Kudian jo baa ka baa pulo, inyo baraja main piano, drum, gitar jo tarompet. Bieber bakeh 12 tahun badendang sabuah dendang [[Ne-Yo]] "So Sick" sarato mandapek tampaik kaduo. Mallette mampacaliak-gan sabuah video inyo sadang badendang di [[YouTube]] anjik dunsanak sarato kanti-kantinyo supayo dapek mancaliaknyo. Balapik-lapik inyo upload video Bieber sadang mampadendang-gan dendang nan balainan co R & B kudian barakhia jo dendang parabo, kudian katanamoan Bieber jolong malaweh bakeh laman [[YouTube]] iten. === 2008-2010: Manjolong riwayaik padok bakeh musik jo ''My World'' === [[Berkas:Justin Bieber.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Bieber di Nintendo World Store bakeh bulan [[September]] [[2009]].]] Sarangkek maruntun video dari padendang nan balainan, [[Scooter Braun]], saurang bakeh eksekutif pabalaian So So Def, mancaliak ciek video Bieber bakeh tahun 2007 jo indak ado mukasuik lain. Badacak inyo, kudian Braun pun tibo bakeh tampaik teater Bieber, kudian akianyo mambuek galakan kabakeh Malette, nan anggak dek sabek Braun marupoan pamaguik [[Agamo Yahudi|agamo Yahudi]]. Inyo sabalunnyo takana jo doa inyo, "Tuhan, ambo maragiah-gan inyo kabakeh angku. Angku takao maantek-gan saurang jantan Kristen, label Kristen kabakeh ambo" sarato "Oi Tuhan, Angku indak nio anak Yahudi nangko jadi urang nan ka jo Justin?" Tapi, panangkodoh gareja mampicayo-gan inyo anjik manggantino-gan Justin pai jo Braun. Bieber nan sarangkek reh tigobaleh tahun, jo Braun jo Georgia pai ka [[Atlanta]] anjik mambuek rakaman kaset demo. Bieber jolong badendang anjik [[Usher]] saminggu salapehnyo. Bieber lakeh mamacak paiyoan jo Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), sarikaik mamacak jariah-sarupo antaro Braun sarato [[Usher]]. [[Justin Timberlake]] bajano-gan nio pulo anjik malatiah Bieber, tapi kalah sarangkek paragoan jo [[Usher]]. [[Usher]] kudian maminto bantuan anjik maruntun label rakaman anjik artisnyo kabakeh manejer Chris Hicks, nan mambantu mambuek panggedekan jo mambuek ulehan kabakeh LA Reid dari The Island Def Jam Music Group. Reid mamacak paiyoan jo Bieber anjik [[Island Records]] bakeh bulan Oktober 2008 (nan mambilai-gan sarikaik jariah-sarupo antaro RMBG jo Island Records). sarato manatiang Hicks anjik jadi paralek anjik Wakil Kapalo Def Jam nan ka mambuek inyo takao maniliak riwayaik padok Bieber di label. Bieber kudian ganjah ka Atlanta jo mandehnyo anjik maurak-gan riwayaik padok inyo jo Braun sarato [[Usher]]. Braun mandapek tampaik saurang manejer anjik Bieber bakeh tahun 2008. Dendang jolong dari Bieber "One Time" dipadanga-gan bakeh radio sarangkek Bieber lai pulo sadang marendo album patunjuakan jolong inyo. Dendang nangko mandapek-gan tampaik ka-12 di ''Canadian Hot 100'' bakeh minggu jolong sarangkek dipadanga-gan bakeh bulan Juli 2009, sarato batampaik-gan bakeh angko ka-17 bakeh [[''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. Sangkek musim dabuak 2009, dendang nangko mandapek-gan alah hasil nan elok di balai antarobanso. Dendang nangko disaiah-gan Platinum di Kanada jo [[Amerika Sarikaik]] sarato Ameh di [[Australia]] jo [[Salandia Baru]]. Album jolong inyo nan baoro-gan alah marupoan sabuah [[Album ketek|extended play]] jo namo ''[[My World]]'', baoro-gan bakeh 17 Nopember 2009, dendang nan duo dari album nangko "[[One Less Lonely Girl]]", sarato duo dendang promo, "Love Me" jo "Favorite Girl", nan dipaoro-gan jo lansuang di [[iTunes Store]] sarato manabuak paringkek nan luhak daripado ampekpuluah Billboard Hot 100. "[[One Less Lonely Girl]]" kudian pulo dipaoro-gan ka radio sarato manabuak ka janjang dendang limobaleh tagadang kusuih di Kanada jo Amerika Sarikaik, nan basaiah-gan jo ameh. ''My World'' kudian disaiah-gan di AS sarato Double Platinum di Kanada jo Inggirih Rayo. Anjik mampalewa-gan album, Bieber tibo bakeh sagadumpok alek nan dipacaliak-gan jo lansuang saroman ''mtvU 's'' VMA 09 Tour, program Eropa ''The Dome'', [[YTV]]'s ''The Next Star'', ''The Today Show'', The Wendy Williams Show, Lopez Tonight, [[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]] , It's On with Alexa Chung, [[Good Morning America]] , Chelsea Lately , dan BET ' ''s'' ' ' ''106 & Park'' ' ' ''with [[Rihanna]]''. Bieber pulo tibo anjik jadi saurang bintang tamu bakeh sabuah episode True Jackson, VP bakeh kasudahan tahun 2009. Bieber mampadendang-gan dendang [[Stevie Wonder]] ''Someday at Christmas'' anjik Kapalo AS [[Barack Obama]] sarato biyai nagari [[Michelle Obama]] di [[Rumah Putiah]] bakeh alek ''Christmas in Washington'', nan bapacaliak-gan bakeh 20 Desember 2009, di channel TVnyo AS, [[TNT]]. Bieber pulo marupoan ciek pandendang nan tibo di ''Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve'' jo [[Ryan Seacrest|Ryan]] bakeh 31 Desember 2009. Bieber saurang tuan rumah di ''Grammy Awards ka-52'' bakeh 31 Januari 2010. Inyo diucok anjik jadi padendang anjik ''remake'' ''(pambuatan baliak)'' daripado dendang "We Are The World" (dendang nan ditulih dek [[Michael Jackson]] jo [[Lionel Richie]]) anjik hari jadi ka-25 dari pamanpaaikan [[Haiti]] salapeh gampo Haiti 2010. Bieber badendang bakeh jolong dendang, nan dipadendang-gan dek [[Lionel Richie]] bakeh bantuak dendang nan sabana. === 2010–11: ''My World 2.0, pilem Never Say Never'' sarato ''Under the Mistletoe'' === [[Berkas:Justin Bieber in concert crop.jpg|thumb|left|Bieber tibo bakeh Conseco Fieldhouse bakeh bulan [[Agustus]] [[2010]].]] [[Berkas:Justin Bieber at Easter Egg roll - crop.jpg|left|thumb|'''Justin Bieber''' bakeh sangkek alek Easter Egg Roll di [[Rumah Putiah]].]] Sagadumpok album patunjuakan jolong dari Bieber nan lain ''[[My World 2.0]]'' baoro-gan bakeh 19 Maret 2010. Dendang jolong inyo "[[Baby]]" baoro-gan alah bakeh sangkek bulan sabalunnyo yaitu bakeh bulan [[Januari]] [[2010]] jo [[Ludacris]], ruponyo manjadi hit tagadang dari Bieber sampai kini, mandapek-gan tampaik ka-5 di [[Amerika Sarikaik|AS]], sarato manabuak kasado sapuluah paringkek tagadang bakeh tujuah nagari lain. Duo dendang nan babenso, "[[Never Let You Go]]", sarato "[[U Smile]]" manabuak ka tigopuluah tarateh di [[Amerika Sarikaik|AS]] jo [[Kanada]]. Album nangko condoang mandapek pangana-pangana positif dari sambuah urang. Iko takao manabuak di US [[''Billboard 200'']] mambuek Bieber nan saurang padendang tasurang nan paliang mudo anjik manabuak ka paringkek tarateh sangkek [[Stevie Wonder]] di [[1963]]. Album ''My World 2.0'' pulo mandapek tampaik tarateh di [[Kanada]], [[Irlandia]] jo [[Australia]]. Album nangko pulo manjalo antaro tampaik sapuluah tagadang bakeh limobaleh nagari lain. Bieber bapaduai jo [[Sean Kingston]] bakeh dendang "[[''Eenie Meenie'']]" nan manjalo dalam album Bieber. Dendang iko manabuak ka paringkek duopuluah bakeh janjang dendang nasional. Dendang kaduo dari album "[[My World 2.0]]" yaitu "[[Somebody to Love]]", dipaoro-gan bakeh bulan April 2010, sarato versi lainnyo dalam ujuik ''remix'' dipadendang-gan jo panasihaik Bieber yaitu [[Usher]]. Bakeh bulan [[Juni]] [[2010]], dendang antun manabuak hinggo ka tampaik limobaleh di [[Billboard Hot 100]]. Album [[My World 2.0]] dipagaleh-gan bakeh tahun [[2010]] jo jumalah nan sambuahnyo 2.319.000 salinan di [[Amerika Sarikaik|AS]] == Rujuakan == <references /> hnlwb1mrhfb5scpnlexh95t084o4555 0 231275 3352762 1166186 2026-09-25T08:36:18Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Album infobox| Name = Happy Friends | Type = EP| Artist = [[Teenebelle]] | Cover = | Background = | Released = [[1 Juli]] [[2015]] | Recorded = [[2015]] | Genre = Pop | Length = | Label = [[CBM Entertainment]] | Producer = | Last album = | This album = ''Happy Friends'' {{br}}(2015) | Next album = |}} '''Happy Friends''' marupakan sabuah album mini [[Teenebelle]] nan dirilis pado tahun [[2015]]. Lagu utamonyo di album iko adolah ''Tersenyumlah''. Album iko hanyo dijua di saluruah gerai Naughty di Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/id/album/happy-friends-ep/id1019728045 |title=iTunes - Music - Happy Friends - Album by Teenebelle |access-date=2015-11-08 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307091006/https://itunes.apple.com/id/album/happy-friends-ep/id1019728045 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Daftar lagu == # Happy Friends # Mimpi # Pelangi # Cinta Monyet # Tersenyumlah == Personil == * Teens Abel * Teens Adel * Teens Fannie * Teens Kikies * Teens Livia * Teens Paulina * Teens Rika * Teens Shieren * Teens Yori == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan Lua == {{indo-album-stub}} [[Kategori:Album tahun 2015]] 6rffser31uihsu0ioyx353vze2woa48 0 317131 3352752 3342103 2026-09-25T03:23:52Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Ernesto''' "'''Che'''" '''Guevara''' ({{IPA-es|ˈtʃe ɣeˈβaɾa}}; 14 Juni 1928 – 9 Oktober 1967), banyak dipanggia '''el Che''' atau '''Che''', adolah surang tokoh revolusioner [[Marxisme|Marxis]], dokter, panulih, pamimipin gerilya, diplomat, jo ilmuwan militer asal [[Argentina]]. Che adolah salah satu tokoh utamo dalam manggalang [[Revolusi Kuba]].<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Katiko masih manjadi mahasiswa kedokteran, Guevara mangaliliangi saluruah [[Amerika Selatan]] jo diradikalisasi dek kamiskinan, kalaparan, jo panyakik nan inyo saksikan.<ref name="RevMedicine">{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1960/08/19.htm|title=On Revolutionary Medicine|website=www.marxists.org|access-date=2025-12-27}}</ref> Dek putuih aso untuak maambek apo nan dianggapnyo sabagai eksploitasi "kapitalis Amerika", inyo mancubo mambantu dalam reformasi sosial nan diprakarsai di [[Guatemala]] dek Presiden [[Jacobo Árbenz]]. Namun, Árbenz kudian [[Kudeta Guatemala 1954|diguliangkan jo bantuan CIA]] ateh desakan [[:id:United_Fruit_Company|United Fruit Company]], nan labiah manyemen ideologi Guevara.<ref name="RevMedicine" /> Inyo kamudian pindah ka [[Kota Meksiko]], di mano inyo basobok jo [[Raúl Castro|Raúl]] jo [[Fidel Castro]] dan bagabuang jo [[Gerakan 26 Juli|Gerakan 26 Juli.]] Urang tu nyo balayia ka Kuba jo [[Yacht|kapa layar]] ''[[Granma (yacht)|Granma]]'', jo tujuan untuak manggulingakan diktator Kuba nan didukuang AS, [[Fulgencio Batista|Fulgencio Batista.]]<ref>[[Che Guevara#refBeaubien2009|Beaubien, NPR Audio Report, 2009]], 00:09–00:13.</ref> Guevara kudian manjadi tokoh nan tanamo di kalangan pambarontak dan diangkek sabagai komandan kaduo, dan inyo sandiri juo mamainkan peran nan signifikan dalam kampanye gerilya salamo duo taun nan akhianyo berhasil manggulingakan rezim Batista.<ref name="Castrosbrain1960">''"[[Che Guevara#refCastrosbrain1960|Castro's Brain]]"'', 1960.</ref> Sasudah [[Revolusi Kuba]], Guevara mamainkan sajumlah peran pantiang dalam pamarintahan Castro. Hal iko tamasuak maninjau banding jo malaksanakan eksekusi untuak urang-urang nan dihukum karano [[Kejahatan perang|kajahatan parang]] dek [[:id:Pengadilan_revolusioner_(Kuba)|pengadilan revolusioner]].<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Che Guevara#refTaibo1999|Taibo 1999]], hlm.</ref> malaksanakan [[Hukum Reformasi Agraria Kuba|reformasi agraris]] dalam kapasitasnyo sabagai mantari industri, jo mampromosikan [[Kampanye Melek Huruf Kuba|kampanye melek huruf]] di saluruah Kuba. Inyo juo manjabat sabagai direktur [[Angkatan Bersenjata Revolusioner Kuba|pasukan basanjato Kuba]] jo presiden bank nasional, sarato inyo marantau sacaro internasional sabagai pawakilan rasmi Kuba. Guevara juo ikuik dalam malatiah militer nan akhianyo mangusir [[Invasi Teluk Babi|Invasi Taluak Babi]],<ref name="Kellner89pg69">[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> dan inyo mandukuang panyebaran rudal [[Paluru kandali balistik|balistik]] [[Bom atom|basanjato nuklir]] [[Uni Soviet]] ka Kuba, nan manyababkan [[Krisis Misil Kuba|Krisis Rudal Kuba]] taun 1962.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refAnderson1997|Anderson 1997]], hlm.</ref> Guevara juo saurang panulih. Inyo manulih [[Perang Gerilya (buku)|buku panduan]] tantang [[Perang gerilya|parang gerilya]] jo [[memoar]] tantang [[Buku Harian Sepeda Motor (buku)|pajalanannyo jo motor maso mudo]]. Pangalamannyo jo ideologi [[Marxisme–Leninisme|Marxis-Leninis]] mambueknyo picayo baso kurangnyo pambangunan jo [[Teori dependensi|katargantungan]] nagara-nagara [[Dunia Ketiga|Dunia Katigo]] adolah akibaik dari [[imperialisme]], [[neokolonialisme]], jo [[Kapitalisme monopoli negara|kapitalisme monopoli]], dan hal iko hanyo dapek dibaliakkan dek [[Internasionalisme proletarian|internasionalisme proletar]] jo [[Revolusi dunia|revolusi dunia.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1964/03/25.htm|title=On Development|website=www.marxists.org|access-date=2025-12-27}}</ref><ref name="AfroAsian1965">{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1965/02/24.htm|title=At the Afro-Asian Conference in Algeria|website=www.marxists.org|access-date=2025-12-27}}</ref> Guevara maninggaan Kuba pado taun 1965 untuak mamicu revolusi di lua nagari. Inyo partamo kali mancubo mambantu pambarontak di [[Republik Kongo (Léopoldville)|Kongo-Kinshasa]], tapi hal iko gagal. Inyo kamudian [[Gerilyawan Ñancahuazú|manjadi pajuang gerilya di Bolivia]], tapi ditangkok dek militer Bolivia nan dibantu [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] dan dieksekusi jo caro ditembak.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refRyan1998|Ryan 1998]], hlm.</ref> Che Guevara adolah saurang tokoh sijarah nan dihormati maupun dihino, jo imajinasi kolektif tantang baliau nan batantangan digambarkan dalam biografi, memoar, esai, dokumenter, lagu, jo film. Dek karano anggapan nan inyo marando, sarato jo pamintaknyo untuak mahambuakan perjuangan kelas jo mambuek kesadaran "urang baru" nan didorong dek moral bukan materi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1965/03/man-socialism.htm|title=Socialism and man in Cuba|website=www.marxists.org|access-date=2025-12-27}}</ref> inyo manjadi lambang dari babarapo gerakan kiri. Time magalakan inyo sabagai salah [[Time (majalah)|satu]] dari 100 tokoh paling bapangaruah pado abaik ka-20, samantaro foto Che Guevara nan dicapek dek [[Alberto Korda]] (nan judulnyo ''[[Guerrillero Heroico|Gerrillero Heroico]]'') dianggap sabagai "foto paling terkenal di dunia" dek [[Maryland Institute College of Art]].<ref>Maryland Institute of Art, referenced at [[Che Guevara#refBBCNews2001b|BBC News 26 Mei 2001]].</ref> == Kahidupan Awal == [[Berkas:Chefamily.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Chefamily.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Ernesto remaja (kiri) dengan orang tua dan saudara-saudaranya, sekitar tahun 1944. Yang duduk di sebelahnya, dari kiri ke kanan: Celia (ibu), Celia (saudari), Roberto, Juan Martín, Ernesto (ayah), dan Ana María.]] Ernesto Guevara dilayiekan dari pasangan Ernesto guevara Lynch jo bininyo, Celia de la Serna y Llosa, pado tanggal 14 Juni 1928 di [[Argentina|Rosario, Argentina]], sabagai anak suluah dari limo dunsanak dalam sabuah kaluarga Argentina kelas menengah katurunan [[Imigrasi Spanyol ke Argentina|Spanyol]] (tamasok [[Basque Argentina|Basque]] jo [[Orang Cantabria|Cantabria]]), ditambah jo darah [[Irlandia Argentina|Irlandia]] dari niniak muyang [[Patrilineal|patrilinealnyo]], [[Patrick Lynch (Argentina)|Patrick Lynch]].<ref>Nama akhir Che ''Guevara'' berasal dari bentuk [[Bahasa Spanyol Kastilia|Kastilianisasi]] dari [[Bahasa Basque|Basque]] ''[[Guevara, Spanyol|Gebara]]'', sebuah [[nama tempat]] dari provinsi [[Álava]], sementara neneknya, Ana Lynch, adalah keturunan dari [[Patrick Lynch (Argentina)|Patrick Lynch]], yang beemigrasi dari [[County Galway, Irlandia]] pada 1740an.</ref><ref>[[Che Guevara#refGuevaraLynch2007|Guevara Lynch 2007]], hlm.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.euskalnet.net/laviana/gen_bascas/guevaraelche.html|title=Pagina nueva 1|website=www.euskalnet.net|access-date=2025-12-27}}</ref> Manuruik keluasan tata-tataan dalam bahaso Spanyol, namo rasminyo (Ernesto Guevara) kadang-kadang juo ditambahi jo namo surname "de la Serna" dan/atau "Lynch".<ref>Dalam bahasa Spanyol, seseorang mendapatkan nama belakang ayah dan ibunya, dengan urutan nama belakang ayah dan lalu ibu.</ref> Kutiko mambaco tantang sifat Che nan "tak tenang", amaknyo mancatat bahwa "hal nan partamu nan paralu dicatat dari anak ambo adolah darah [[Pemberontakan Irlandia 1798|pemberontak Irlandia]] nan mengalir dalam tubuahnyo".<ref>[[Che Guevara#refLavretsky1976|Lavretsky 1976]].</ref> Pado awal iduiknyo, Ernestito (nan banamo pado maso itu) batambah gadang manjadi surang urang nan "ma peduli jo kaum miskin".<ref>[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> Inyo digadangan jo latar belakang kaluarga nan cenderung [[Politik sayok kida|Ka kiri]], dan inyo alah mancaliak babarapo sudut pandang politik sajak ketek.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,872604,00.html Argentina: Che's Red Mother] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826054445/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,872604,00.html|date=2013-08-26}}</ref> Ayahnyo adolah pendukung faksi [[Republik Spanyol Kedua|Republik]] dalam Perang Saudara Spanyol, dan inyo acok mandapek veteran-veteran konflik tasabuik di rumahnyo.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refAnderson1997|Anderson 1997]], hlm.</ref> Walaupun Guevara alah bapincuang [[asma]] akut salamo iduiknyo, inyo adolah saurang atlet nan pandai, dan inyo suko jo olahraga baranang, sepak bola, golf, jo manembak, salain itu inyo juo adolah saurang pemudi nan "tak kenal panek".<ref>[[Che Guevara#refSandison1996|Sandison 1996]], hlm.</ref><ref>[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> Inyo adolah saurang pamain [[rugbi]],<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> jo bamain pado posisi fly-half untuak [[Club Universitario de Buenos Aires]].<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Sanak dimainannyo, inyo disabuik "Fuser" (salah satu pautan dari ''El Furibundo'' (buah) jo namo kaluarganyo, de la Serna) dek gaya pamainannyo nan agresif.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> === Minaik Intelektual jo Sastra === Guevara mandapek ilmu [[catur]] dari apaknyo dan mulai bagala di turnamen lokal pado wakatu inyo masih 12 taun. Pado maso remaja jo sapanjang iduiknyo, inyo adolah pambaco puisi nan gigiah, khususnyo karya-karya [[Pablo Neruda]], [[John Keats]], [[Antonio Machado]], [[Federico García Lorca]], Gabriela [[Gabriela Mistral|Whisar]] [[César Vallejo|Vajolleman]], [[Walt Whitman|Gabriela Whijolleman]].<ref name="Hart 2004, pg 98">[[Che Guevara#refHart2004|Hart 2004]], hlm.</ref> Inyo juo acok mambaco " ''[[If—|Jiko—]]'' " karya [[Rudyard Kipling]] jo karya ''[[Martín Fierro|"Martín Fierro]]'' " karya [[José Hernández (penulis)|José Hernández]], dan bahkan menghafal puisi-puisi tasabuik.<ref name="Hart 2004, pg 982">[[Che Guevara#refHart2004|Hart 2004]], hlm.</ref> Rumah Guevara barisi labiah dari 3.000 buku, jo inyo sanang mambaco karya-karya [[Karl Marx]], [[William Faulkner]], [[André Gide]], [[Emilio Salgari]], jo [[Jules Verne]].<ref>[[Che Guevara#refHaney2005|Haney 2005]], hlm.</ref> Selain itu, ia menikmati karya-karya [[:id:Jawaharlal_Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[:id:Franz_Kafka|Franz Kafka]], [[:id:Albert_Camus|Albert Camus]], [[:id:Vladimir_Lenin|Vladimir Lenin]], dan [[:id:Jean-Paul_Sartre|Jean-Paul Sartre]], serta [[:id:Anatole_France|Anatole France]], [[:id:Friedrich_Engels|Friedrich Engels]], [[:id:H._G._Wells|H. G. Wells]], dan [[:id:Robert_Frost|Robert Frost]].<ref name="ReferenceC">([[Che Guevara#refAnderson1997|Anderson 1997]], hlm. 37–38).</ref> Samantaro inyo gadang, inyo makin tertarik jo karya-karya panulis-panulis Amerika Latin sarupo [[Horacio Quiroga]], [[Ciro Alegría]], [[Jorge Icaza]], [[Rubén Darío]], jo [[Miguel Asturias]].<ref name="ReferenceC3">([[Che Guevara#refAnderson1997|Anderson 1997]], hlm. 37–38).</ref> Pikiran-pikiran nan dibuek dek panulis tu, inyo tulis dalam buku catatan tantang konsep, definisi, jo filsafat. Salah satu nan inyo tarimo dalam catatan tu adolah gagasan [[Siddhartha Gautama|Buddha]] jo [[Aristoteles]], jo pandangan [[Bertrand Russell]] tantang kasiah jo patriotisme, [[Jack London]] tantang masyarakaik, jo [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]] tantang kamatian. Payoan [[Sigmund Freud]] juo manarikannyo, dan inyo manutiak kato-kato-katonyo dalam babagai topik, dari mimpi jo [[libido]] sampai [[narsisisme]] jo [[kompleks Oedipus]].<ref name="ReferenceC2">([[Che Guevara#refAnderson1997|Anderson 1997]], hlm. 37–38).</ref> Pangajaran-pangajaran kasiahnyo di sikolah adolah filsafat, [[matematika]], teknik, [[ilmu politik]], [[sosiologi]], sejarah, jo [[arkeologi]].<ref>[[Che Guevara#refSandison1996|Sandison 1996]], hlm.</ref><ref>[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> Barapo taun sasudah itu, 'laporan biografi jo kapribadian' CIA pado tanggal 13 Februari 1958 nan alah diklasifikasikan manampakkan minat akademik jo intelektual Guevara, dan laporan iko manggambaraninyo sabagai urang nan "sambia banyak mambacoannyo" dan juo manambahkan baso "Che adolah urang nan cukup lah pandai untuak surang Latino".<ref>[[Che Guevara#refRatner1997|Ratner 1997]], hlm.</ref> === Pajalanan sapeda motor === [[Berkas:Che_Guevara-Granado_-_Mapa_1er_viaje_-_1952.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Peta pajalanan Guevara jo [[Alberto Granado]] pado taun 1952. Garis merah marujuak ka pajalanan udara.]] Pado taun 1948, Guevara masuak [[Universitas Buenos Aires]] jo mamakai gelar medis. "Kasuiknyo untuak manjelajah dunia"<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> mambuek inyo mamutuihkan untuak maninggalakan pandidikannyo jo duo pajalanan nan ka mangubah sangaik caro inyo mangarati diri jo kondisi ekonomi di Amerika Latin pado maso itu. Pajalanannyo partamo pado taun 1950 marupokan sabuah pajalanan nan mancapai 4.500 kilometer di provinsi-provinsi padesaan [[Argentina Barat Laut|utara Argentina]] jo mamakai sepeda nan dilengkapi jo mesin ketek nan inyo pasang surang.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Salain itu, pado taun 1951, inyo basepeda motor untuak manjelajah 8.000 kilometer di banyak wilayah Amerika Selatan jo kawan-kawannyo, [[Alberto Granado]]. Untuak bajalan kaduo, inyo mandapek cuti kuliah salamo sataun, dan tujuan akhirnyo adolah untuak manjadi sukarelawan di [[Koloni lepra|koloni kulik]] San Pablo di [[Peru]] salamo babarapo minggu.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref>[[Berkas:CheOnRaft1952.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:CheOnRaft1952.jpg|jmpl|Guevara (kanan) dengan [[:id:Alberto_Granado|Alberto Granado]] (kiri) sedang menaiki rakit kayu "Mambo-Tango" mereka di [[:id:Sungai_Amazon|Sungai Amazon]] pada Juni 1952. Rakit tersebut merupakan hadiah dari para pengidap [[:id:Kusta|kusta]] yang mereka rawat.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref>]] Di [[Chili]], Guevara sangaik bangih jo kondisi buruh di tambang timbago [[Chuquicamata]] [[Anaconda Copper|Anaconda]], dan tagaruik jo pamandangan pasangan [[Partai Komunis Chili|kuminih]] nan menderita panzaliman dan tanpa salimuik pun di [[Gurun Atacama]] . <ref>[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> Salanjuiknyo, katiko dalam pajalanan ka [[Machu Picchu]] di [[Andes]], inyo takajuik dek kamiskinan daerah padusunan; khususnyo, patani bakarajo di petak-petak ketek nan dimiliki dek pemilik tanah nan kayo.<ref name="Kellner89pg27">[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> Pado akhia pajalanannyo, inyo sangaik kagum jo persahabatan urang-urang di koloni urang kusta, jo bakomentar baso "Bantuak-bantuak solidaritas jo kasatiaan manusia tatinggi muncua di kalangan urang-urang nan sunyi jo putuih aso".<ref name="Kellner89pg272">[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> Guevara mancaritoan pajalanannyo dalam buku catatan nan bajudul ''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (buku)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'', nan kudian manjadi buku laris ''[[New York Times]]'', <ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> dan diadaptasi manjadi [[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|film pamanang panghargaan taun 2004 jo namo nan samo]]. Pajalanan kaduo Guevara mambaoknyo malalui Argentina, Chili, Peru, [[Ekuador]], [[Kolombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Panama]], jo [[Miami]],<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> lalu baliak ka [[Buenos Aires]]. Pado akhia pajalanan, inyo indak lai maanggap Amerika Latin sabagai kumpulan nagara-nagara tapisah, tapi sabagai satu entitas nan mamaralukan strategi pembebasan di saluruah benua. Visinyo tantang [[Amerika Hispanik|Amerika nan basatu, Hispanik]] jo warisan budayo basamo akan manjadi tema nan berulang sapanjang kagiatan revolusionernyo. Sasudah pulangnyo ka Argentina, inyo manyalasaian kuliahnyo jo mandapek gelar kadokteran pado Juni 1953, sacaro rasmi dikenal sabagai "Dr.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Guevara kudian bakomentar baso malalui pajalanannyo di Amerika Latin, inyo alah "masuak kontak langsuang jo kamiskinan, [[Kelaparan|kalaparan]] jo panyakik", sarato "katidakmampuan untuak maubek saurang anak karano kakurangan pitih" jo "katidakmampuan untuak bapikia nan diinduksi dek kalaparan jo hukuman" nan mambaok surang ayah untuak "manarimo kahilangan anak laki-laki sabagai kacalakaan nan indak signifikan". Pangalaman-pangalaman iko mayakinkan Guevara baso untuak "mambantu urang-urang ko", inyo harus maninggaan dunia kadokteran jo masuak ka ranah pajuangan politik basanjato.<ref name="RevMedicine2">[http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1960/08/19.htm On Revolutionary Medicine] {{Webarchive}}</ref> === Guatemala, Árbenz, dan United Fruit === Pado 7 Juli 1953, Guevara mamulai pajalanan lain, sakali ko ka Bolivia, Peru, Ekuador, Panama, [[Kosta Rika]], [[Nikaragua]], [[Honduras]], jo [[El Salvador|El Salvador.]] Pado tanggal 10 Desember 1953, sabalun barangkek ka Guatemala, Guevara mangirim pasan dari [[San José, Kosta Rika]], kapado eteknyo, Beatriz. Dalam surek tu, Guevara manjalehankan tantang pajalanannyo ka daerah operasi [[United Fruit Company]], pajalanan nan ka mangaku inyo yakin sangaik baso sistem kapitalisme perusahaan tu adolah sistem nan jahek.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Banci iko bersifat agresif sarupo [[Hektare|Ha nan]] sabalunnyo inyo pernah malakukan untuak manakuti sanak-sariknyo nan labiah konservatif, dan akhirnya Guevara juo basumpah ateh gambar martua [[Josef Stalin]] baso inyo indak ka berhenti sampai "barito-barito tu alah dihancurkan".<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Pado akhir bulan tu, Guevara tibo di Guatemala nan dipimpin dek [[Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán]], presiden nan dipiliah sacaro demokratis dan mancubo untuak mamungkas sistem ''[[latifundia]]''. Untuak mangarajokan itu, Presiden Árbenz mamulakan program reformasi tanah nan gadang-gadang, sainggo kasadonyo bagian tanah nan alun digunoan diambil dek pamarintah dan dipasambahkan kapado patani-patani indak bakatawuan. Pemilik lahan gadang jo salah satu nan paling terkenal dampak reformasi tasabuik adolah [[United Fruit Company]], jo pamarintahan Árbenz sandiri alah manimpo labiah dari 225,000 [[Acre (satuan luas)|ekar]] (91,054 ha) lahan nan alun digarap dari parusahaan tasabuik.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Guevara maraso puas jo kebijakan iko, dan inyo mamutuihan untuak manatap di Guatemala untuak "mamancapekkan diri jo manyalasai apo nan diparalu untuak manjadi saurang pajuang revolusi nan bana".<ref name="Kellner89pg31">[[Che Guevara#refGuevaraLynch2000|Guevara Lynch 2000]], hlm.</ref> Di [[Kota Guatemala]], Guevara basobok jo [[Hilda Gadea|Hilda Gadea Acosta]], saurang ahli ekonomi Peru jo hubuangan politik nan kuaik karano kaanggotaannyo dalam [[Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana|Alianza Populer Revolucionaria Americana]] (APRA, Aliansi Revolusi Rakyat Amerika). Acosta mampakenalkan Guevara kapado babarapo pajabat tinggi di pamarintahan Arbenz. Guevara kamudian manjalin kontak jo pangasingan Kuba jo ikatan jo [[Fidel Castro]] malalui panyarangan ka [[Barak-barak Moncada|barak Moncada]] di [[Santiago de Cuba|Santiago de Kuba]] [[Silabel|pado]] [[Pengisi (linguistik)|26]] Juli [[Penanda diskursus|1953]] ''[[Che (Spanyol)|.]]'' " [[eh]] " dalam bahaso Inggirih Kanada).<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Salamo maso iko, Guevara juo dibantu dek pangasiangan Amerika Tangah lainnyo, sarupo [[Helena Leiva de Holst|Helena Leiva de Holst,]] nan manyadiokan makanan jo tampek tingga untuaknyo.<ref name="Anderson (2010)">{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Jon|title=Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life|date=2010|publisher=Grove/Atlantic, Inc.|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-802-19725-2|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aCw19CUXpqkC&lpg=PA139|access-date=25 Juli 2015|archive-date=2023-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322193502/https://books.google.com/books?id=aCw19CUXpqkC&lpg=PA139|dead-url=no}}</ref> Helena juo mambahas jo Guevara pajalanannyo untuak mampalajari Marxisme di Rusia jo Cino,<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> dan Guevara sandiri mandedikasikan sabuah puisi untuaknyo nan bajudul "''Invitación al camino'' ".<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Pado bulan Mei 1954, pamarintah [[Republik Sosialis Cekoslowakia|Komunis Cekoslowakia]] manyampaian infanteri jo artileri ringan buatan surang kapado pamarintah Arbenz, nan tibo di [[Puerto Barrios]].{{Sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=155–160}} Pamarintah Amerika Sarikat (nan alah manyuruah CIA untuak malancarkan [[Kudeta Guatemala 1954#Operasi PBSUCCESS|Operasi PBSUCCESS]] untuak mangunduakan Arbenz) mananggapi jo mambanjiri Guatemala jo propaganda anti-Arbenz malalui radio jo selebaran nan dijatuahkan dari udaro, sarato jo mambom nagara tasabuik.{{Sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=161-163}} Salain itu, Amerika Serikat mandukuang pasukan asiang (nan tadiri dari ratusan pangasingan Guatemala jo tantara upahan) nan dipimpin dek [[Carlos Castillo Armas|Castillo Armas]] untuak manggulingakan pamarintahan Arbenz. Akhianyo, pado 27 Juni, Arbenz mangunduakan diri.{{Sfn|Gleijeses|1991|pp=345–349}} Armas jo pasukannyo nan didukuang CIA kamudian dapek masuak ka Kota Guatemala jo mandirian sabuah [[junta militer]]; junta mamiliah presiden Armas pado 7 Juli{{Sfn|Gleijeses|1991|pp=354–357}} Rezim Armas kamudian mampakuek kakuasoannyo jo caro maminjarokan jo maeksekusi urang-urang nan dicurigai komunis,{{Sfn|Immerman|1982|pp=198–201}} sambia sacaro sarantak marusak serikat buruh{{Sfn|Cullather|2006}} jo mambatalkan reformasi tanah nan alah dimulai dek Arbenz.{{Sfn|Gleijeses|1991}} Guevara surang mandukuang Arbenz jo bagabuang jo [[milisi]] basanjato nan dibantuak dek Pemuda Komunis, tapi frustasi dek indak batindaknyo kalompok tasabuik, inyo babaliak ka tugas medis. Sasudah kudeta, inyo babaliak ka pajuangan sukarela, tapi indak lamo sasudah itu Arbenz balinduang di Kedutaan Besar Meksiko jo mandorong pandukuang lua nagarinyo untuak maninggaan Guatemala. Desakan Guevara untuak malawan ditamukan dek pandukuang kudeta, jo ancaman dibuek untuak kahidupan Guevara.<ref name="Kellner89pg32">[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> Sasudah Hilda Gadea ditangkok, Guevara balinduang di [[Misi diplomatik Argentina|konsulat Argentina]], di sinan inyo tingga sampai inyo dibuliahan lewat babarapo minggu kamudian dan kamudian barangkek ka [[Meksiko]].<ref>[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> Panggulingan rezim Arbenz jo pandirian diktator sayap kanan di Guatemala labiah mampakuaik pandangan Guevara baso Amerika Sarikat adolah kakuatan [[Imperialisme|imperialis]] nan harus dilawan, jo baso Amerika Sarikat manantang jo bausaho untuak marusak pamarintahan apo sajo nan mancubo mangurangi jurang antaro Amerika kayo jo miskin nan mangambangkan masalah.<ref name="Kellner89pg312">[[Che Guevara#refGuevaraLynch2000|Guevara Lynch 2000]], hlm.</ref> Mambahas kudeta tu, Guevara manyatoan baso "demokrasi revolusioner tarakhia di Amerika Latin – yaitu Jacobo Arbenz – gagal akibaik agresi Amerika Sarikat nan badarah dingin jo direncanakan sabalunnyo."<ref name="Kellner89pg322">[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> Kudeta iko juo mampakuek kayakinan Guevara baso Marxisme hanyo dapek diwujuikkan malalui pajuangan basanjato jo dipertahankan dek suatu kaum nan basanjato.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Gadea kudian manulih baso "Guatemalalah nan akhianyo mayakinkannyo tantang paralunyo pajuangan basanjato jo maambiak inisiatif dalam malawan imperialisme. Pado wakatu inyo barangkek, inyo yakin jo hal iko."<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> === Kota Meksiko dan persiapan === [[Berkas:Hilda_Gadea_y_Che_Guevara_-_Luna_de_miel_-_Yucatán_1955.jpg|jmpl|Guevara basamo [[Hilda Gadea]] pado bulan madunyo di [[Chichén Itzá|Chichén Itza]] .]] Guevara tibo di Kota Meksiko pado 21 September 1954, jo bakarajo di [[Rumah Sakit Umum Meksiko|Rumah Sakik Umum]] jo di Rumah Sakik Infantil de Meksiko.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref><ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Salain itu, inyo maagiah kuliah tantang kadokteran di [[Fakultas Kedokteran UNAM|Sakolah Kadokteran]] [[Universitas Otonom Nasional Meksiko]] dan bakarajo sabagai tukang foto barito untuak ''[[Prensa Latina]]''.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref><ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Hilda manulih dalam memoarnyo, ''Hiduik Ambo jo Che'', baso Guevara pernah nio bakarajo sabagai dokter di Afrika dan baso inyo tatap sangaik tasingguang dek kamiskinan di sakitarnyo.<ref name="RebelWife">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/09/AR2008100902413.html Rebel Wife, A Review of ''My Life With Che: The Making of a Revolutionary'' by Hilda Gadea] {{Webarchive}}</ref> Misalnyo, Hilda manggambarkan baa Guevara manjadi terobsesi jo surang padusi pancuci nan alah tuo nan inyo rawat, nan inyo anggap "wakil dari kelas nan paliang talupoan jo dieksploitasi." Hilda kudian manamukan puisi nan dikhususkan Che untuak padusi gaek tu, nan barisi "janji untuak mampajuangkan dunia nan labiah baiak, untuak kahidupan nan labiah baiak untuak sadoalah urang miskin jo dieksploitasi."<ref name="RebelWife2">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/09/AR2008100902413.html Rebel Wife, A Review of ''My Life With Che: The Making of a Revolutionary'' by Hilda Gadea] {{Webarchive}}</ref> Salamo maso iko, inyo mambangkikkan baliak silaturahminyo jo Ñico López sarato pangasingan Kuba lainnyo nan pernah inyo tamui di Guatemala. Pado bulan Juni 1955, López mampakenalkan Guevara kapado [[Raúl Castro]], nan pado gilirannyo mampakenalkan Guevara kapado adiaknyo, [[Fidel Castro]], pamimpin revolusioner nan alah mambantuak [[Gerakan 26 Juli]] jo barencana untuak manggulingakan pamarintahan diktator [[Fulgencio Batista]]. Salamo pambicaroan panjang jo Fidel pado malam patamuan partamo mareka, Guevara manyimpulkan baso apo nan diperjuangkan Fidel jo kawan-kawannyo adolah apo nan inyo cari salamo ko, dan sabalun matoari tabik inyo alah bagabuang jo [[Gerakan 26 Juli]].<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Walaupun "kepribadian nan kontras," Che jo Fidel mulai mangambangkan "persahabatan revolusioner nan ka maubah dunia," sajak itu, karano mareka babagi komitmen [[Anti-imperialisme|untuak anti-imperialisme]].<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Pado maso iko juo Guevara samakin yakin baso [[Konglomerat (perusahaan)|konglomerat]] nan dikendalikan AS mamasang jo mandukuang rezim-rezim nan manindas di saluruah dunia. Dek karano itu inyo maanggap Batista "[[Negara boneka|wayang AS]] nan talinyo harus dipotong".<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Walaupun inyo barencana untuak manjadi medis dalam kalompok tasabuik, Guevara ikuik dalam palatiahan militer basamo anggota garakan tasabuik. Bagian nan pantiang dari palatihan ko adolah kajian tantang taktik panyarangan jo mundur dalam [[Perang gerilya|parang gerilya]]. Guevara jo anggota garakan lainnyo bajalan salamo 15 jam di ateh baragam medan jo baraja jo manyamparonoan metode untuak manyarang jo mundur sacaro capek. Dari awal, Guevara manjadi "murid khusus [[Alberto Bayo]] di antaro para pelatihnyo,<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> mancapai nilai tatinggi pado satiok ujian nan diagiah.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Guevara kamudian manikah jo Hilda di Meksiko pado September 1955, sabalun inyo barangkek ka Kuba untuak mambantu marealisasikan cita-cita Gerakan 26 Juli.<ref name="Memoira">Snow, Anita.</ref> == Revolusi Kuba == === Invasi, perang, dan Santa Clara === Langkah partamo dalam rencana revolusi Castro adolah invasi Kuba dari Meksiko jo ''[[Granma (yacht)|kapa Granma]] ,'' [[Kapal penjajap kabin|kapa linteh kabin]] lamo nan bocor. Mareka tibo di Kuba pado 25 November 1956. Mareka disarang dek pasukan Batista indak lamo sasudah mandarek, jo banyak dari 82 anak buah Castro nan tewas dalam panyarangan atau dieksekusi sasudah ditangkok; hanyo 22 nan berhasil mangalompokkan baliak sasudahnyo.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Salamo konfrontasi badarah-darah ko, Guevara manjatuahan pasokan medisnyo jo manjapuik sakotak amunisi nan dijatuahan dek kawan nan lari, manjadi momen simbolis dalam kahidupan Che.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Hanyo sakalompok ketek pajuang revolusioner nan salamat jo dapek mangalompokkan baliak di pagunuangan [[Sierra Maestra]]. Di sinan, mareka mandapek dukuangan dari jaringan [[Perang gerilya perkotaan|gerilya kota]] [[Frank País]], Gerakan 26 Juli, jo patani ''[[campesino]]'' lokal. Dari mundur ka Pagunuangan Sierra, dunia batanyo-tanyo apokoh Castro iduik atau maningga sampai awal 1957 katiko wawancaranyo jo [[Herbert Matthews]] ditabikan di ''The New York Times''. Artikel tu mambantuak citra Castro jo gerilyanyo. Guevara indak hadir untuak wawancara, tapi pado bulan-bulan barikuiknyo, inyo mulai manyadari pantiangnyo media dalam pajuangan mareka. Samantaro itu, pasokan jo moral bakurang, jo alergi taradok gigitan nyamuak mahasilkan [[kista]] sagadang kenari pado tubuahnyo,<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> nan manyababkan Guevara manggambarkan maso-maso itu sabagai "hari-hari nan paliang padiah dalam parang".<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Samantaro Guevara tingga basambunyi di antaro [[Pertanian subsisten|patani miskin untuak mancari nafkah]] di pagunuangan Sierra Maestra, inyo manamuan baso indak ado sakolah atau listrik, palayanan kasihatan minim, jo labiah dari 40% urang gadang [[buta huruf]].<ref name="LiteracyC">[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/latin-lessons-what-can-we-learn-from-the-worldrsquos-most-ambitious-literacy-campaign-2124433.html Latin lessons: What can we Learn from the World's most Ambitious Literacy Campaign?]</ref> Sairiang jo bakambangnyo parang, Guevara manjadi tokoh tanamo di kalangan pambarontak dan bahasil "mayakinkan Castro jo kaahlian, diplomasi, jo kasabaran".<ref name="Castrosbrain19602">''"[[Che Guevara#refCastrosbrain1960|Castro's Brain]]"'', 1960.</ref> Guevara mandirian pabrik untuak mamproduksi granat, mambangun [[Oven|tungku]] untuak mamanggang roti, maajaan taktik kapado rekrut baru, jo maadoan sakolah untuak maajaan urang-urang nan buta huruf mambaco jo manulih.<ref name="Castrosbrain196022">''"[[Che Guevara#refCastrosbrain1960|Castro's Brain]]"'', 1960.</ref> Salain itu, Guevara mandirian klinik kasehatan, bengke untuak maajaan taktik militer, jo surek kaba untuak manyebarluaskan informasi.<ref name="kellner">[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> Salamo maso iko, inyo juo diangkek dek [[Fidel Castro]] sabagai ''Komandan'' (panglimo) barisan kaduo pasukan basanjato.<ref name="Castrosbrain1960222">''"[[Che Guevara#refCastrosbrain1960|Castro's Brain]]"'', 1960.</ref> [[Berkas:ChePipe.jpg|jmpl|Che Guevara maisok pipa di pangkalan gerilyanyo di [[Pegunungan Escambray|Pagunuangan Escambray .]]]] Sabagai komandan kaduo, Guevara adolah urang nan disiplinnyo kareh dan kadang-kadang manembak urang-urang nan lari. Urang-urang nan lari dianggap pangkhianat, dan Guevara mangirim pasukan untuak malacak urang-urang nan lari.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Akibaiknyo, Guevara ditakuti dek kabrutalan jo kajamnyo.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Salamo kampanye gerilya, Guevara juo batangguang jawab ateh eksekusi banyak individu nan dituduh sabagai [[informan]], palarian, atau [[mata-mata]].<ref name="execution-squads">[[Che Guevara#refAnderson1997|Anderson 1997]], hlm.</ref> Dalam buku hariannyo, Guevara mancaritoan baliak eksekusi [[Eutímio Guerra]], saurang pamandu tantara patani nan mangaku pangkhianatan sasudah ditamuan baso inyo alah dijanjikan sapuluah ribu peso jo alah baulang-ulang maagiah tahu posisi pambarontak taradok sarangan dek angkatan udaro Kuba.<ref name="Lutherpg97-99">[[Che Guevara#refLuther2001|Luther 2001]], hlm.</ref> Informasi sarupo iko juo mamungkinkan pasukan Batista untuak mambaka rumah-rumah patani nan basimpati jo revolusi.<ref name="Lutherpg97-992">[[Che Guevara#refLuther2001|Luther 2001]], hlm.</ref> Sasudah Guerra manuntuik supayo mareka "mangakhiri iduiknyo sacaro capek",<ref name="Lutherpg97-9922">[[Che Guevara#refLuther2001|Luther 2001]], hlm.</ref> Che malangkah ka muko jo manembaknyo di kapalo, kudian manulih baso "Situasi sangaik indak manyanangan bagi rakyaik jo bagi Eutimio sahinggo ambo manyalasaian masalah tu jo manembaknyo jo pistol .32 di sisi kanan [[Lobus temporalis|tempolo jo bra]]."<ref name="Andersonpg237">[[Che Guevara#refAnderson1997|Anderson 1997]], hlm.</ref> Salah surang panulis biografi maraso baso gaya manulihnyo nan matter-of-fact jo panggunoan istilah ilmiah manunjuakan baa "sungguahnyo lapeh dari kakarasan" inyo salamo parang.<ref name="Andersonpg2372">[[Che Guevara#refAnderson1997|Anderson 1997]], hlm.</ref> Kamudian, Guevara manabikan catatan tantang kajadian tasabuik, nan bajudul "Kamatian Pangkhianat", di mano inyo maubah carito Eutimio manjadi "parumpamaan revolusioner panebusan malalui pangorbanan".<ref name="Andersonpg23722">[[Che Guevara#refAnderson1997|Anderson 1997]], hlm.</ref> Walaupun inyo cenderung kareh jo manuntuik, inyo maraso baso surang komandan juo punyo peran sabagai guru, dan inyo mahibur pasukannyo katiko istirahat jo mambaco karya-karya [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]], jo [[Puisi lirik|penyair lirik]] Spanyol.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Inyo juo tainspirasi dek prinsip [[José Martí]] "mambaco tanpa bateh," dan sahinggo inyo mamastian baso pambarontak maambiak wakatu untuak maaja patani nan indak basikola nan tingga basamo mareka sabagai bagian dari "parang malawan katidaktahuan" mareka.<ref name="LiteracyC2">[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/latin-lessons-what-can-we-learn-from-the-worldrsquos-most-ambitious-literacy-campaign-2124433.html Latin lessons: What can we Learn from the World's most Ambitious Literacy Campaign?]</ref> Tomás Alba, nan baparang di bawah komando Guevara, kudian manyatoan baso "Che dicintai, walaupun inyo ketat jo manuntuik. Kami amuah mambarikan hiduik kami untuaknyo".<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> [[Fidel Castro]] manganggap Guevara sabagai pamimpin nan cadiak, gagah, jo manjadi teladan, dan Castro juo maraso baso Guevara "mampunyoi otoritas moral nan gadang ateh pasukannyo."<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Namun, Castro maanggap Guevara maambiak resiko nan talalu banyak, dan bahkan mampunyoi "kacenderungan untuak sembrono."<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Letnan remaja Guevara, Joel Iglesias, mancaritoan tindakan sarupo itu dalam buku hariannyo, tapi inyo manyatoan baso parangai Guevara salamo pajuangan bahkan mambuek musuah-musuahnyo takajuik. Misalnyo, katiko Iglesias luko dalam parang, inyo mangamati baso "Che balari ka arah ambo, mamacah hujan batu paluru, mambaok ambo di bahunyo, jo mambaok ambo kalua dari sinan. Pasukan [musuah] indak barani manembaknyo." kudian mareka mangatoan ka ambo baso inyo sangaik mambuek mareka takajuik katiko mareka mancaliaknyo balari jo pistolnyo nan disangkuik di ateh ikat pinggangnyo jo indak mampadulikan bahayo, [bahwa] mareka indak barani manembak."<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Guevara baparan dalam mandirian [[Radio bajakan|stasiun radio bawah tanah]] ''[[Radio Rebelde]]'' (Radio Pemberontak) pado Februari 1958, nan manyiarkan parnyataan dari Gerakan 26 Juli kapado masyarakaik Kuba jo mamudahkan komunikasi [[radiotelepon]] di antaro banyaknyo pambarontak nan tasebar di saluruah pulau. Guevara ruponyo tainspirasi dari efektivitas radio nan disadiokan dek [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] di Guatemala pado maso panggulingan pamarintahan [[Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán]].<ref name="radio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/central/cuba/rebel1.html|title=Revolution! Clandestine Radio and the Rise of Fidel Castro|last=Moore|first=Don|publisher=Patepluma Radio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218164340/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/central/cuba/rebel1.html|archive-date=2008-02-18|dead-url=no|access-date=2017-04-05}}</ref> [[Berkas:Che_SClara.jpg|jmpl|Sasudah [[Pertempuran Santa Clara|Patempuran Santa Clara]], 1 Januari 1959 .]] Untuak mamadamkan pambarontakan, pasukan pamarintah Kuba mulai maeksekusi pambarontak nan ditahan, jo sacaro berkala manangkok, manyiksa, jo manembak warga sipil sabagai bagian dari taktik intimidasi.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Pado bulan Maret 1958, kajahatan nan dilakukan dek pasukan Batista mambuek Amerika Serikat mahantikan panjualan sanjato kapado pamarintah Kuba.<ref name="kellner22">[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> Kamudian, pado akhia Juli 1958, Guevara mamainkan peran kunci dalam [[Pertempuran Las Mercedes|Patempuran Las Mercedes]], mamimpin kolomnyo untuak mahadang pasukan 1.500 urang nan dikerahkan dek Jenderal Cantillo dalam usaho untuak mangapuang jo marusak pasukan Castro. Batahun-tahun kamudian, [[Mayor]] Larry Bockman dari [[Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat]] manggambarkan taktik Che dalam parang sabagai "cemerlang".<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Pado wakatu iko, Guevara juo alah manjadi "jago" taktik malancarkan sarangan dan kamudian mundur ka ranah sabalun pasukan Batista dapek manyarang baliak.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Sairiang jo parang nan balanjuik, Guevara mamimpin kolom pajuang baru nan dikerahkan ka arah barat untuak mandakek ka [[Havana]]. Pasukan ko bajalan salamo tujuah minggu, bagerak hanyo pado malam hari untuak maindari penyergapan, dan acok pai bahari-hari tanpa makanan.<ref name="Kellner1989pg47">[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> Pado hari-hari tarakhia bulan Desember 1958, tugas Guevara adolah mambagi Kuba manjadi duo jo marabuik Provinsi [[Las Villas (Kuba)|Las Villas]]. Dalam babarapo hari, inyo mancapai sarangkaian "kamanangan taktis nan cemerlang," nan mamungkinkannyo untuak manguasoi sadonyo kecuali ibu kota [[Santa Clara, Kuba|Santa Clara]].<ref name="Kellner1989pg472">[[Che Guevara#refKellner1989|Kellner 1989]], hlm.</ref> Guevara kamudian mangirim "pasukan bunuah diri"nyo ka [[Pertempuran Santa Clara|Santa Clara]], tapi mareka mancapai kamanangan nan baguncang.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref><ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Nan paralu diparatian, salamo anam minggu sabalun [[Pertempuran Santa Clara|Patempuran Santa Clara]], pasukan Che dikuliliangi dari sadoalah sisi, labiah banyak sanjatonyo, jo jumlahnyo labiah banyak 10:1. Walaupun baitu, Che masih bahasil manang, nan mamimpin babarapo pangamat untuak maanggapnyo "pancapaian nan luar biaso dalam parang modern."<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Radio Rebelde manyiarkan laporan partamo baso pasukan Guevara alah [[Pertempuran Santa Clara|maambiak Santa Clara]] pado malam Tahun Baru 1958. Hal iko batantangan jo laporan dari media barito nasional nan sangaik dikuasoi pamarentah, nan pado mulonyo malaporkan baso Guevara alah tabunuah dalam parang. Pado pukua 3:00 pagi pado 1 Januari 1959, sasudah mandanga baso jenderal-jenderal sadang barundiang badamai jo Guevara, [[Fulgencio Batista]] naiak kapa tabang di Havana dan lari ka [[Republik Dominika]]. Inyo mambaok "kasamoan malabihi $300.000.000 dalam korupsi jo suap." Hari barikuiknyo, Guevara masuak ka [[Havana]]. Fidel Castro mamakan wakatu anam hari untuak tibo di Havana, karano inyo baranti untuak mangumpuakan dukuangan di babarapo kota gadang. Sacaro kasaluruahan, jumlah korban maningga akibaik revolusi tacataik labiah kurang 2.000 urang. Pado patangahan Januari 1959, Guevara manatap di sabuah vila musim paneh di [[Tarará]] untuak cegak dari sarangan asma nan barek <ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Samantaro di sinan, inyo mambantuak Kalompok Tarara, sabuah kalompok nan mambahas jo marumuskan rencana untuak pambangunan ekonomi, politik, jo sosial Kuba.<ref name="Castañeda, p. 146">Castañeda, hlm.</ref> Salain itu, Che mulai manulih bukunyo ''[[Perang Gerilya (buku)|Parang Gerilya]]'' katiko masih di Tarara.<ref name="Castañeda, p. 1462">Castañeda, hlm.</ref> Pado bulan Februari, pamarintah revolusioner mamproklamirkan Guevara sabagai "warga negara Kuba sacaro lahia" sabagai pangakuan taradok kontribusinyo dalam revolusi.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Katiko [[Hilda Gadea]] tibo di Kuba pado akhia Januari, Guevara mangatoan ka inyo baso inyo sadang bahubungan jo padusi lain, nan manyababkan perceraian, <ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> nan disalasaikan pado 22 Mei.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Pado 2 Juni 1959, inyo manikah jo [[Aleida March]], saurang Kuba dari heborn-2. tingga sajak akhia 1958. Guevara babaliak ka kampuang tapi lauik Tarara pado bulan Juni untuak bulan madunyo basamo Aleida.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Guevara sandiri punyo limo urang anak dari duo parnikahannyo.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> === La Cabaña, reformasi lahan, dan pengentasan buta aksara === [[Berkas:Manuel_Urrutia2.jpg|jmpl|Pamimpin pambarontak (kanan ka kiri): [[Camilo Cienfuegos]], Presiden Kuba [[Manuel Urrutia]], jo Guevara (Januari 1959)]] Krisis politik gadang partamo timbua tantang tindakan apo nan harus diambiak taradok pejabat Batista nan batangguang jawab ateh tindakan represif.<ref name="Skidmore273">[[Che Guevara#refSkidmore|Skidmore 2008]], hlm.</ref> Salamo pambarontakan malawan pamarintahan diktator Batista, komando umum pasukan pambarontak (dipimpin dek Fidel Castro) mulai managakkan kode pidana abaik ka-19 nan disabuik ''Ley de la Sierra'' (Undang-undang Sierra) di wilayah-wilayah nan dikuasoi mareka.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Undang-undang manyadiokan hukuman mati untuak kajahatan barek, baiak nan dilakukan dek rezim Batista atau dek pandukuang revolusi. Pado taun 1959, pamarintah revolusioner manerapkan hukum di saluruah Kuba jo kapado urang-urang nan dianggap panjahek parang. Manuruik Kementerian Kehakiman Kuba, hukum iko didukuang dek mayoritas panduduak, jo maikuiki prosedur nan sarupo jo [[Pengadilan Nürnberg|Pangadilan Nuremberg]] nan diadoan dek [[Sekutu Perang Dunia II|Sekutu]] sasudah Parang Dunia II.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Untuak manjalanan rancana ko, Castro manunjuak Guevara sabagai komandan panjaro [[Benteng La Cabaña]] salamo limo bulan (2 Januari sampai 12 Juni 1959).<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Guevara ditugaskan untuak "mambarasiahan" pasukan Batista jo managakkan "kaadilan revolusioner" taradok urang-urang nan dianggap pangkhianat, ''chivatos'' (pamberitahu), atau [[Penjahat perang|panjahek parang]].<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Samantaro komandan di La Cabaña, Guevara maninjau banding nan diajukan dek urang-urang nan dihukum salamo pangadilan-pangadilan revolusi.<ref name="ReferenceA2">[[Che Guevara#refTaibo1999|Taibo 1999]], hlm.</ref> Pangadilan-pangadilan dilakukan dek duo atau tigo urang perwira tantara, surang asisten hakim, jo surang warga satampek nan dihormati.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Kadang-kadang hukuman nan dijatuahkan dek tribunal-tribunal ko adolah jo pasukan penembakan.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Raúl Gómez Treto, panasehat hukum senior Kementerian Kehakiman Kuba, bapandapek baso hukuman mati dibenarkan untuak managah urang-urang maambiak hukum ka tangannyo surang, sarupo nan tajadi duo puluah taun sabalunnyo dalam pambarontakan anti- [[Gerardo Machado|Machado]].<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Para ahli biografi alah mangamati baso pado Januari 1959, urang Kuba nio malakuan eksekusi surang,<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> dan survei pado wakatu itu manunjuakan baso 93% warga manyatujui prosiding tasabuik.<ref name="ReferenceA22">[[Che Guevara#refTaibo1999|Taibo 1999]], hlm.</ref> Salain itu, pado tanggal 22 Januari 1959, ''[[Universal Newsreel]]'' (nan disiarkan di Amerika Sarikat jo dicaritoan dek [[Ed Herlihy]]) manunjuakan Fidel Castro mananyoan labiah kurang sajuta panduduak Kuba apokah mareka manyatujui eksekusi tasabuik, nan mareka tanggapi jo sorak-sorak " ''¡Si!'' ".<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Maingek ribuan urang Kuba sabalunnyo alah dibunuah dek kolaborator Batista,<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref><ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> banyak panjahek parang nan dihukum mati;<ref name="ReferenceA222">[[Che Guevara#refTaibo1999|Taibo 1999]], hlm.</ref> pamarintah Kuba nan baru malakuan eksekusi-eksekusi jo nyanyian urang banyak ''"¡al paredón!"'' (ka dindiang!),<ref name="Skidmore2732">[[Che Guevara#refSkidmore|Skidmore 2008]], hlm.</ref> jo manuruik panulis biografi [[Jorge Castañeda Gutman|Jorge Castañeda]] iko " [[Proses hukum yang semestinya|proses hukum nan]] indak dihormati".<ref name="Castañeda 1998 p 143-144">[[Che Guevara#refCastañeda1998|Castañeda 1998]], hlm.</ref> Walaupun versinyo babeda-beda, pakiroan manunjuakan baso ratusan urang dieksekusi di saluruah Kuba salamo maso iko, jo jumlah nan dieksekusi di yurisdiksi Guevara di La Cabaña bakisar antaro 55 inggo 105.<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> Pandapek babeda tantang baa Guevara mamandang eksekusi di La Cabaña. Babarapo panulis biografi oposisi nan diasiangkan malaporan baso Guevara manikmati ritual pasukan penembakan, jo malakuannyo jo sumangaik nan gadang, samantaro nan lain manyatoan baso Guevara bausaho untuak maampuni sabanyak mungkin tahanan.<ref name="Castañeda 1998 p 143-1442">[[Che Guevara#refCastañeda1998|Castañeda 1998]], hlm.</ref> Walau baitu, para sarjana mangakui baso Guevara alah manjadi urang "nan kareh", nan indak punyo raso ragu tantang eksekusi atau ringkasan, pangadilan kolektif. Kalau satu-satunyo caro untuak "mambela revolusi adolah jo maeksekusi musuah-musuahnyo, inyo indak akan tagoyang dek argumen kamanusiaan atau politik".<ref name="Castañeda 1998 p 143-1442" /> Hal iko labiah lanjuik ditakankan dalam sabuah surek tanggal 5 Februari 1959 kapado Luis Paredes López di [[Buenos Aires]], nan manyatoan baso "Hukuman mati jo pasukan penembakan indak anyo diparaluan untuak rakyaik Kuba, tapi juo dijatuahkan dek rakyaik."<ref>[[Che Guevara#refCasey2009|Casey 2009]], hlm.</ref> == Pautan lua == * A&E Biography: [http://www.biography.com/people/che-guevara-9322774/videos/che-guevara-revolutionary-rebel-19573315841 Che Guevara - Revolutionary Rebel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203124900/http://www.biography.com/people/che-guevara-9322774/videos/che-guevara-revolutionary-rebel-19573315841 |date=2017-02-03 }} * BBC Audio Archive: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/cuba/6228.shtml Profile of Che Guevara] * BBC News – Che Guevara Images: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7029522.stm Set 1], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7034237.stm Set 2], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7035498.stm Set 3] * Che Guevara Internet Archive: [http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/audio.htm Speeches], [http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/images.htm Images] * Democracy Now: "[http://www.democracynow.org/2007/10/9/the_life_legacy_of_latin_american Life & Legacy of Che Guevara]" * ''Encyclopædia Britannica'': [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248399/Che-Guevara Che Guevara entry] * In Defense of Marxism: [http://www.marxist.com/forty-years-death-che-guevara091007/print.htm 40th Anniversary Part 1] --- [http://www.marxist.com/forty-years-death-che-guevara-part-two101007/print.htm Part 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317225511/http://www.marxist.com/forty-years-death-che-guevara-part-two101007/print.htm |date=2014-03-17 }} * MSNBC Slideshow: "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090929123027/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21151097/displaymode/1107/framenumber/1/s/2 In Cuba, Che Still Sells Revolution]" * National Security Archive: [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB5/index.html The Death of Che Guevara] * ''New York Post'': [http://www.nypost.com/photos/galleries/news/worldnews/pp_20081210_ernesto_che/photo01.htm Ernesto "Che" Guevara Photo Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827101305/http://www.nypost.com/photos/galleries/news/worldnews/pp_20081210_ernesto_che/photo01.htm |date=2009-08-27 }} * NPR Audio Report: [http://www.npr.org/templates/dmg/dmg.php?prgCode=TOTN&showDate=09-Oct-1997&segNum=1&NPRMediaPref=RAM Che Guevara] * ''NY Times'' Interactive Gallery: "[http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/10/08/world/americas/20071008_CHE_AUDIO_GRAPHIC.html# A Revolutionary Afterlife]" * ''Slate'' Magazine: [http://todayspictures.slate.com/20080610/ Picture Essay of Che] * Slideshow: [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/interactive/2009/jan/09/fidel-castro-che-guevara-biography ''Fidel and Che: A Revolutionary Friendship''] * State of Nature: [http://www.stateofnature.org/jonLeeAnderson.html Interview on Che with Jon Lee Anderson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329012425/http://www.stateofnature.org/jonleeanderson.html/ |date=2016-03-29 }} * ''The Guardian'': [http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2001/jun/16/socialsciences.highereducation "Making of a Marxist" ~ Che's Early Journals] * The History Channel: ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=JF92BCrx5cY The True Story of Che Guevara]'' * ''Wall Street Journal'' Gallery: [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121329914405168815.html? "The Ubiquitous Che"] {{nagara-bio-stub|Argentina}} == Rujuakan == [[Kategori:Pamimpin revolusi]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Marxis]] nk11yk92j7t2xlf6vfbuy8zwfwffc10 0 317546 3352788 3156105 2026-09-25T11:53:52Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ANT}} {{Infobox weapon |name= Kurambiak |image= [[Image:Kerambit knife and sheath.JPG|300px]] |caption= Kurambiak tradisional |origin= [[Indonesia]] |type= Sanjato rasio/alaik patanian <!-- Type selection --> |is_bladed= Yes <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date= |number= |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |spec_label= |weight= |length= |part_length= |width= |height= |diameter= |crew= <!-- Bladed weapon specifications (traditional) --> |blade_type= Mato pisau tungga atau gando, bantuak malangkuang |hilt_type= Tanduak kabau, kayu, gadiang |sheath_type= Tanduak kabau, kayu |head_type= |haft_type= }} '''Kurambiak''' atau '''karambiak''' ([[bahaso Malayu|Malayu]]: ''Kerambit, Lawi Ayam'', [[bahaso Tagalog|Tagalog]]: ''Karambit'') adolah salah satu sanjato tradisional [[Minangkabau]].<ref name="Haluan">{{cite news | title = Kurambiak, Senjata Tradisional Paling Berbahaya di Dunia yang Kini Terlupakan | first = Apiz | last = Jackson | url = http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://harianhaluan.com/mobile/detailberita/58435/kurambiak-senjata-tradisional-paling-berbahaya-di-dunia-yang-kini-terlupakan | publisher = Harian Haluan | date = 11 Agustus 2016. | others = @2015 harianhaluan.com, All Rights Reserved }}</ref> Acok dipakai para padeka atau [[Silek Minang|pasilek]] Minang jo [[Urang Malayu|Malayu]], pamakaian sanjata ko taseba juo malalui padagangan jo ubuangan lainnyo ka daerah-daerah lain di [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], jo [[Filipina]], bahkan kini ko inggo ka nagara-nagara Baraik.<ref name="BeritaSumbar">{{cite news | title = Kurambit,Senjata tradisional paling mematikan di dunia | first = Zal | last = Ambo | url = http://beritasumbar.com/kurambitsenjata-tradisional-paling-mematikan-di-dunia/ | publisher = Berita Sumbar | date = 25 Juni 2016 | others = ©Copyright 2015 - BeritaSumbar.com by Dubalang }}</ref><ref name="Farrer2009">{{cite book|last=Farrer|first=D. S.|title=Shadows of the Prophet: Martial Arts and Sufi Mysticism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5H2pjzRD8RAC|date=5 June 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-9356-2|page=91}}</ref><ref>Proyek Pembinaan Permuseuman Jakarta (Indonesia). ''Koleksi pilihan museum-museum negeri propinsi''. Proyek Pembinaan Permuseuman Jakarta: 1989. 65 halaman.</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Filipino Combat Systems: An Introduction to An Ancient Art For Modern Times | authors = Mark Edward Cody, GM Ray Dionaldo | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=yLrjca6TFm8C&pg=PA117&dq=kerambit&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbiq_YnrvOAhVMp48KHVLGBBMQuwUILTAC#v=onepage&q=kerambit&f=false | page = 117 | publisher = AuthorHouse | year = 2005 | id = ISBN 1420823329, 9781420823325}}</ref> == Bantuak == Bantuaknyo pisau ketek malangkuang, panjang sakita 13–18&nbsp;cm, dan pado pado gagangnyo ado lubang untuak talunjuak mangganggam.<ref name="Haluan"/><ref name="STDB"/> Kurambiak dirancang malangkuang sarupo kuku [[arimau]],<ref name="BeritaSumbar"/> kok manganai lawan dapek mambuek luko sayatan fatal dek [[urek]] atau [[usuih]] ka putuih tacabiak.<ref name="Haluan"/><ref name="BeritaSumbar"/> Ado varian kurambiak, iyolah nan bantuaknyo malangkuang sajo jo nan ado lakuak sikunyo.<ref name="BeritaSumbar"/> == Sijarah == [[Image:Adityawarman.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Patuang [[Adityawarman]], maciak pisau sarupo kurambiak.]] Kurambiak awanyo dipakiroan adolah sanjato [[urang Minangkabau]] dari [[Sumatera Barat]], nan manuruik carito lamo dibuek maniru kuku arimau.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sumedangonline.com/kerambit-senjata-genggam-khas-minangkabau/4529/#.VDZfX_mSzp0 |title=KERAMBIT: Senjata Genggam Khas Minangkabau |author=Agus Mulyana |year=2010 |publisher=Sumedang Online |accessdate=2014-10-09}}</ref> Di maso lamo, pasilek [[urang Minang|Minang]], [[urang Malayu|Malayu]], jo [[urang Bugih|Bugih]] lah takana kaahliannyo dalam mamainan kurambiak.<ref name="BeritaSumbar"/> Karambiak adolah juo sanjato tradisional dek urang Bangkahulu.<ref name="STDB">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&id=MUeAAAAAMAAJ&dq=kerambit&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=kerambit | title = Senjata tradisional daerah Bengkulu | authors = M. Zein Rani, Suhandi, Sri Astuti, Hilderia Sitanggang | publisher = Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi, Kebudayaan Daerah Bengkulu | year = 1990 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Od3lCgAAQBAJ&dq=kerambit&hl=id&source=gbs_navlinks_s | title = Koleksi Pilihan 25 Museum di Indonesia | authors = Intan Mardiana N, Endang Sriwigati, Yuni Astuti Ibrahim, Andini Perdana | page = 16 | publisher = Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan | year = 2009 }}</ref> Di maso pajuangan kamardekaan Filipina, ado tasabuik baso tantaro [[Amerika Sarikat]] cabiak lihianyo dek jadi kurban kurambiak pajuang lokal.<ref name="Farrer2009"/> Di maso kini, babagai paguruan silek misanyo Silek Arimau jo Cimande di Indonesia<ref name="BeritaSumbar"/> jo Silat Seni Gayong di Malaysia<ref>Sheikh Shamsuddin. ''The Malay art of self-defense: silat seni gayong''. North Atlantic Books, 2005. ISBN 1-55643-562-2, ISBN 978-1-55643-562-1. 247 halaman. hlm. 234</ref> mamasuakan kurambiak sabagai sanjato beladirinyo. Pamakaian kurambiak dek panyuko beladiri di Eropa jo Amerika alah juo bakambang, dek karano sanjata ko banyak dipakai dalam paguruan beladiri asa Asia Tenggara, sarupo pancak silek jo kali-arnis, nan lah banyak pulo tagak di Baraik.<ref name="Tarani">{{cite book|last=Tarani|first=Steve|title=Karambit: Exotic Weapon of the Indonesian Archipelago|year=2002|publisher=Unique Publications|isbn=978-0-86568-206-1|pages=15–22}}</ref> Sanjata ko banyak pulo dikaji dalam buku jo majalah batopik beladiri nan tabik di sinan.<ref name="Tarani"/><ref name="emerson"/> == Produsen == [[File:Karambit (Tecnica 2).jpg|thumb|150px|Mamacik caro tradisional]] [[File:Karambit (Tecnica 1).jpg|thumb|150px|Mamacik caro moderen]] Pangarajin kurambiak tradisional di Sumatera Barat indak banyak lai ditamuan, namun masih ado babarapo nan mambueknyo antaro lain di nagari [[Pitanah, Batipuh, Tanah Datar|Pitahan, Tanah Datar]].<ref name="Haluan" /> Di Amerika, ado produsen sanjata nan mambuek kurambiak moderen mamakai baja tahan karek untuak pamakaian tantaro atau para kolektor.<ref name="Tarani"/><ref name="emerson">{{cite journal|last=Emerson|first=Ernest|authorlink=Ernest Emerson|title=The Battle Blade|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T9wDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA85|accessdate=3 March 2015|journal=Black Belt|volume=42|date=February 2004|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|location=Los Angeles, California|pages=80–85|issue=2|issn=0277-3066}}</ref> Para produsen kurambiak moderen ko antaro lain adolah Elemental Knives, Warren Thomas,<ref name="BB2004">{{cite journal|journal=Black Belt|last=Torres|first=J|title=Essential Gear|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hdsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54|volume=42|date=November 2004|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|page=54|issue=11|issn=0277-3066}}</ref> Mantis Knives,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.Mantisknives.com|title= Mantis Knives}}</ref> [[Ernest Emerson|Emerson Knives]],<ref name="EKK">{{cite journal|journal=Black Belt|last=Young|first=Robert|title=Emerson Karambit Knife|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6tsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT136|volume=41|date=April 2003|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|page=136|issue=4|issn=0277-3066}}</ref> [[Strider Knives]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.striderknives.com/site/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=32&category_id=4&manufacturer_id=0&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=26 |title=Model HS Karambit |accessdate=2008-09-15 |work= |publisher=Strider Knives Inc. |date= |archive-date=2008-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223034505/http://www.striderknives.com/site/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=32&category_id=4&manufacturer_id=0&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=26 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Spyderco]],<ref name="BB2004"/> [[Cold Steel]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coldsteel.com/49ks.html |title=Steel Tiger |accessdate=2008-09-15 |work= |publisher=Cold Steel |date= |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919105956/http://www.coldsteel.com/49ks.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Craig Camerer, United Cutlery, Rich Derespina,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.derespinaknives.com/ |title=Custom Knife Gallery |accessdate=2008-09-15 |work= |publisher=Derespina Knives |date= |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919004649/http://www.derespinaknives.com/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Cutters Knife and Tool,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cuttersknifentool.com/bengal.htm |title=Bengal folding Karambit |accessdate=2008-09-15 |work= |publisher=Cutters Knife and Tool, Inc. |date= }}</ref> [[5.11 Tactical]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.511tactical.com/tactical-karambit-folder.html |title=5.11 Tactical Knives |accessdate=2015-03-03 |work= |publisher=5.11 Tactical |date= |archive-date=2015-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313102043/http://www.511tactical.com/tactical-karambit-folder.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Mike Snody]], Quartermaster Knives, Fox Cutlery and Karambitmaker studio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxcutlery.com/k/en/eur/products/mma/product_search_1.html?idcategory=1&q=karambit&imageField.x=0&imageField.y=0|publisher=Fox Cutlery|title=Karambits|access-date=2016-08-12|archive-date=2012-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316062319/http://www.foxcutlery.com/k/en/eur/products/mma/product_search_1.html?idcategory=1&q=karambit&imageField.x=0&imageField.y=0|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Budayo populer == Video game Counter-Strike: Global Offensive dan Splinter Cell Blacklist manampilan kurambiak sabagai salah satu sanjato nan dipakai dek tokoh-tokohnyo nan adolah pasukan kusuih.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sam Fisher's Karambit|url=http://www.unfinishedman.com/sam-fisher-karambit-splinter-cell-blacklist/|website=Unfinished Man|accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref> Di Indonesia kini ko kurambiak samangkin tamusaua juo, dek karano muncua dalam babagai pilem lago populer, sarupo pilem [[Merantau (pilem)|Merantau]] jo [[The Raid 2: Berandal]] nan dibintangi dek aktor [[Iko Uwais]] jo [[Yayan Ruhiyan]].<ref name="BeritaSumbar"/> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} == Pautan lua == * {{en}} [http://www.karambit.com Karambit.com] - Artikel, sijarah, jo legalitas kurambiak * [http://sumedangonline.com/kerambit-senjata-genggam-khas-minangkabau/4529/#.UWa3MKI0yyo KERAMBIT: Senjata Genggam Khas Minangkabau] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194547/http://www.pisau.co.id/?en_jual-kerambit-minangkabau-populer-di-film-merantau%2C100%2F Kurambik Sumatera Barat] * [http://www.karambit.com/ Karambit.com] * [http://www.karambit.com/the_history.htm/ History of the Karambit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001220905/http://www.karambit.com/the_history.htm |date=2011-10-01 }} * [http://bekasi.olx.co.id/kerambit-noesantara-iid-92371041/ Foto Kerambit Tradisional] * [http://kerambitinfo.com/ Foto Kerambit modern] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208102739/http://kerambitinfo.com/ |date=2011-02-08 }} [[Kategori:Sanjato]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] sztoa1hahfk15tcyw1lqe502wmy9ar1 0 317789 3352753 3153427 2026-09-25T03:25:42Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Chennai Express | image = | caption = | director = [[Rohit Shetty]] | producer = [[Gauri Khan]]<br />[[Ronnie Screwvala]]<br />[[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] | screenplay = Yunus Sajawal<br />Robin Bhatt | story = [[K. Subash]] | music = '''Lagu:'''<br>[[Vishal–Shekhar]]<br>'''Musik latar:'''<br>Amar Mohile | narrator = Shah Rukh Khan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-srks-chennai-express-is-rohit-shettys-tribute-to-ddlj-1022253.html|title=Movie Review: SRK's Chennai Express is Rohit Shetty's tribute to DDLJ|author=Suprateek Chatterjee|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=9 August 2013|accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref> | starring = [[Deepika Padukone]]<ref name=LadiesFirst/><br/>[[Shah Rukh Khan]] | cinematography = Dudley | editing = Steven H. Bernard | studio = [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] | distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]<ref name = "Photog">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/chennai-express-finally-chugs-off/article1-936909.aspx |title=Chennai Express Finally Chugs Off |publisher=''[[Hindustan Times]]'' |author=Shalvi Mangaokar |date=28 September 2012 |accessdate=28 September 2012 |archive-date=29 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929105613/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Chennai-Express-finally-chugs-off/Article1-936909.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | released = {{Film date|2013|08|08|Lua nagari|ref1=<ref name="Runtime"/><ref name=BOM>{{cite web|title=''Chennai Express'' (2013) International Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=chennaiexpress.htm|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref>|2013|08|09|India|ref2=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/chennai-express-release-date-delayed-shah-rukh-deepika-starrer-pushed-to-9-august-492285|title='Chennai Express' Release Date Delayed: Shah Rukh-Deepika Starrer Pushed to 9 August |publisher=[[International Business Times]]|date=19 July 2013 |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>|df=y}} | runtime = 141 minik<!-- Theatrical runtime:141:47 (No jumping between minutes, please) --><ref name="Runtime">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/chennai-express-film |title=''CHENNAI EXPRESS'' (12A) |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=31 July 2013 |accessdate=1 August 2013 |archive-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914103518/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/chennai-express-film |dead-url=yes}}</ref> | country = India | language = [[Hindi]] | budget = Rs 115 crore{{br}}(US$17 juta)<ref name="budget">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/movie_collections/budget/?fm=1 |title=Highest Budget Movies All Time |work=[[Box Office India]] |accessdate=18 November 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004234811/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/movie_collections/budget/?fm=1 |archivedate=4 October 2015}}</ref> | gross = Rs 396 crore{{br}}(US$59 juta)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time |work=[[Box Office India]] |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=18 November 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919181138/http://boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total |archivedate=19 September 2015}}</ref> }} '''''Chennai Express''''' adolah sabuah [[pilem]] [[pilem lago|lago]]-[[pilem komedi|komedi]]-[[pilem romantis|romantis]] [[India]] produksi taun 2013, nan disutradarai dek [[Rohit Shetty]] dan diproduksi dek [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]. Pilem ko manampilan [[Shahrukh Khan]] jo [[Deepika Padukone]] sabagai pamaran utamo, bakisah tantang pajalanan surang laki-laki Rahul Mithaiwala dari [[Mumbai]] ka [[Rameswaram]], dan a sajo nan tajadi dalam pajalanan tu satalah inyo jatuah cinto kapado surang gadih, nan tanyato adolah anak kapalo parewa satampek. Pamotretan awa ''Chennai Express'' dimulai tanggal 27 September 2012, sadang paambiakan pilem dimulai pado Oktober 2012 dan salasai pado Mai 2013. Pilem ko dirilis di pasa lua nagari pado tanggal 8 Agustus 2013 dan saari kudian di India. Sungguahpun mandapek ulasan baragam dari para kritikus, pilem ko mamacahan rekor panjualan di India dan lua nageri, sabagai nan tacapek mancapai Rs 1 miliar (US$ 15 juta) netto di pasa domestik wakatu tu. Pilem ko kini adolah paringkek katujuah dalam daftar pilem India terlaris sapanjang maso. == Ringkasan curito == [[File:Munnar hillstation kerala.jpg|thumb|right|260px|alt=|Stasiun Munnar Hill di Kerala, salah satu lokasi utamo pilem ko]] Rahul Mithaiwala (Shah Rukh Khan) adolah surang bujang baumua ampek puluah taun nan tingga di Mumbai. Niniaknyo mamintonyo untuak manyebaan abu datuaknyo di duo sungai, iyolah di sungai Gangga jo Rameswaram. Di wakatu nan samo duo kawan Rahul maundangnyo pakansi ka Goa, ingga inyo diam-diam barancano untuak mambuang abu ko di Goa sajo. Namun, niniaknyo ingin maantanyo pai, mangkonyo Rahul tapaso juo pai jo kareta api. Inyo mambali tiket satu arah kareto ''Chennai Express'', dan barancano untuak batemu kawan-kawannyo di tangah jalan. Tapi, Rahul ampia lupo maambiak abu, mambueknyo tagageh-gageh naiak kareta. Kutiko niniaknyo lah indak nampak lai dan inyo sadang mancubo malompek dari kareta, inyo maliek surang gadih mudo balari-lari mangaja kareta tu. Inyo mambantu gadih tu jo ampek urang lai naiak kareta nan lah bagarak, tapi kareta sugiro malaju inggo inyo indak dapek turun lai. Rahul kudian mangataui baso urang-urang laki-laki tu adolah para sepupunyo, dan gadih tu nan banamo Meenalochni "Meena" Azhagusundaram (Deepika Padukone) sadang lari dari panikahan tapaso jo Tangaballi (Nikitin Dheer), iyolah calon nan dipiliahan dek ayahnyo. Ayah si gadih, iyolah Durgeshwara Azhagusundaram (Sathyaraj), adolah surang kapalo parewa gadang di Tamil Nadu. Satalah babagai adegan kaja-mangaja, patualangan, jo bagaluik, kaduo tokoh utamo jatuah ati satu samo lain, dan Rahul akianyo aruih maadoki Tangaballi, ayah Meena, jo para bawahan mareka untuak dapek mamanangan maso datangnyo basamo Meena. == Pamain == * [[Deepika Padukone]] sabagai Meenalochni "Meena" Azhagusundaram<ref name=LadiesFirst>{{cite news|title=Women's Day: It's ladies first for Shah Rukh Khan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Womens-Day-Its-ladies-first-for-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/18843611.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|author=Thakkar, Mehul S |date=17 March 2013|accessdate=30 August 2014|quote=Starting with his upcoming film Chennai Express, the credit rolls will not feature his name first, but that of his leading actress.}}</ref> * [[Shah Rukh Khan]] sabagai Rahul Mithaiwala * [[Nikitin Dheer]] sabagai Tangaballi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Chennai-Express-has-made-me-a-better-actor-Nikitin-Dheer/articleshow/22510795.cms?|title='Chennai Express' has made me a better actor: Nikitin Dheer|publisher=''[[The Times of India]]''|date=12 September 2013|accessdate=28 December 2013}}</ref> * [[Sathyaraj]] sabagai Durgeshwara Azhagusundaram<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/most-popular/introducing-the-characters-of-chennai-express/ |title=Introducing The Characters of Chennai Express |publisher=[[Koimoi]] |date=2 July 2013 |accessdate= 2 July 2013}}</ref> * [[Priyamani]] (panampilan spesial pado "1 2 3 4 Get on the Dance Floor")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2013/priyamani-salman-shahrukh-khan-movies-127348.html|author=Ramchander|title=Priyamani eyes for Salman and Shahrukh Khan movies|publisher=[[One India]]|accessdate=2013-12-28|archive-date=2013-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218021530/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2013/priyamani-salman-shahrukh-khan-movies-127348.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * [[Mukesh Tiwari]] sabagai Inspektur Shamsher<ref name="NDTV review">{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/chennai-express-movie-review-857|title=Chennai Express movie review|publisher=[[NDTV]]|author=Saibal Chatterjee|date=8 August 2013|accessdate=28 December 2013|archive-date=8 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108235213/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/chennai-express-movie-review-857|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * [[Kamini Kaushal]] sabagai niniaknyo Rahul * [[Lekh Tandon]] sabagai datuaknyo Rahul * Rakesh Kukreti sabagai kawannyo Rahul<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/570145/Chennai%20Express |title=Bollywood Hungama Chennai Express(2013) |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 January 2013 |accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref> == Pangaragoan jo nominasi== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ; |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! colspan="6" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | '''[[Filmfare Awards]]'''<ref>{{cite web|title= List of winners of 59th Filmfare Awards|url= http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2014-list-of-winners-475177|date= 24 January 2014|publisher= NDTV|accessdate= 24 January 2014|archive-date= 25 January 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140125010917/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2014-list-of-winners-475177|dead-url= yes}}</ref> |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! width=5%|Taun ! style="width:30%;"| Kategori ! style="width:35%;"| Nominasi ! style="width:10%;"| Asia |- style="border-top:2px solid gray;" |rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|2013 |Sony Trendsetter of the Year |Red Chillies Entertainment |{{won}} |- |Best Film |[[Red Chillies Entertainment]] |{{nominated}} |- |Best Director |[[Rohit Shetty]] |{{nominated}} |- |Best Actor (Male) |[[Shahrukh Khan]] |{{nominated}} |- |Best Music Director |[[Vishal Shekhar]] |{{nominated}} |- |Best Actor (Female) |[[Deepika Padukone]] |{{nominated}} |- |Best Playback Singer (Female) |[[Chinmayi]] |{{nominated}} |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ; |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! colspan="6" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | '''[[IIFA Awards]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iifa-awards-2014-the-list-of-nominees/453617-8-66.html|title=IIFA Awards 2014: The list of nominees|publisher=IBN Live|date=22 February 2014|accessdate=22 February 2014|archive-date=23 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223121745/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iifa-awards-2014-the-list-of-nominees/453617-8-66.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6228|title=IIFA 2014 Technical Awards Winners|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|date=28 February 2014|accessdate=28 February 2014}}</ref> |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! width=5%|Taun ! style="width:30%;"| Kategori ! style="width:35%;"| Nominasi ! style="width:10%;"| Asia |- |rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|2013 |Best Actor (Female) |Deepika Padukone |{{won}} |- |Song Recording |Vinod Verma |{{won}} |- |Sound Design |Anup Dev |{{won}} |- |Best Film |Red Chillies Entertainment |{{nom}} |- |Best Director |Rohit Shetty |{{nom}} |- |Best Actor (Male) |Shahrukh Khan |{{nom}} |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ; |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! colspan="6" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | '''[[Star Guild Awards]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2011/apsara-producers-guild-awards-nomination-070111.html|title=6th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards nomination|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|date=7 January 2011|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/9th_apsara_awards_winners.html|title=Star Guild Awards - Winners|publisher=Star Guild Awards|accessdate=29 January 2015|archive-date=24 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324173348/http://starguildawards.org/9th_apsara_awards_winners.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! width=5%|Taun ! style="width:30%;"| Kategori ! style="width:35%;"| Nominasi ! style="width:10%;"| Asia |- style="border-top:2px solid gray;" |rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|2013 |Best Actor (Female) |Deepika Padukone |{{won}} |- |Entertainer of the Year |Shahrukh Khan |{{won}} |- |Best Film |Red Chillies Entertainment |{{nominated}} |- |Best Director |Rohit Shetty |{{nominated}} |- |Best Music Director |Vishal Shekhar |{{nominated}} |- |Best Choreography |Chinni Prakash |{{nominated}} |- |Best Dialogue |Sajid-Farhad |{{nominated}} |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ; |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! colspan="6" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | '''[[Screen Awards]]'''<ref name="screenawards.indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/20th-annual-life-ok-screen-awards-winners-14/|title=Screen Awards 2015, Latest News on Screen Awards 2015, Photo Gallery|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 January 2014|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! width=5%|Taun ! style="width:30%;"| Kategori ! style="width:35%;"| Nominasi ! style="width:10%;"| Asia |- style="border-top:2px solid gray;" |rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|2013 |Best Marketed Film |Red Chillies Entertainment |{{won}} |- |Best Visual Effects |[[Red Chillies VFX]] |{{won}} |- |Best Actor (Male) - Popular |Shahrukh Khan |{{won}} |- |Best Actor (Female) |Deepika Padukone |{{won}} |- |Best Actor (Female) - Popular |Deepika Padukone |{{won}} |- |Best Actor Male |Shahrukh Khan |{{nominated}} |- |Best Playback Singer (Female) |Chinmayi |{{nominated}} |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ; |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! colspan="6" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | '''[[Zee Cine Awards]]'''<ref name="screenawards.indianexpress.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2014-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-s-chennai-express-outruns-farhan-akhtar-487398|title=Zee Cine Awards 2014: Farhan, Deepika, Shahrukh, Sonakshi Sweep Trophies|author=Deepu Madhavan|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=24 February 2014|accessdate=26 January 2015|archive-date=31 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831052335/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2014-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-s-chennai-express-outruns-farhan-akhtar-487398|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6127|title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2014|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|date=5 February 2014|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! width=5%|Taun ! style="width:30%;"| Kategori ! style="width:35%;"| Nominasi ! style="width:10%;"| Asia |- style="border-top:2px solid gray;" |rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;"|2013 |Best Film - Popular |Red Chillies Entertainment |{{won}} |- |Best Marketed Film |Red Chillies Entertainment |{{won}} |- |Best Actor (Male) - Popular |Shahrukh Khan |{{won}} |- |Best Actor (Female) - Popular |Deepika Padukone |{{won}} |- |Best Director |Rohit Shetty |{{nominated}} |- |Best Music Direction |Vishal Shekhar |{{nominated}} |- |Best Playback Singer (Female) |Chinmayi |{{nominated}} |- |Best Choreography |[[Raju Sundaram]] |{{nominated}} |- |Best Dialogue |Sajid-Farhad |{{nominated}} |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ; |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! colspan="6" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | '''[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/winners-list-announced-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2013/ | title=Winners List Announced Of Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013 | publisher=Koimoi | date=18 December 2013 | accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! width=5%|Taun ! style="width:30%;"| Kategori ! style="width:35%;"| Nominasi ! style="width:10%;"| Asia |- style="border-top:2px solid gray;" |rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"|2013 |Most Entertaining Comedy |Red Chillies Entertainment |{{won}} |- |Jodi of The Year |Shahrukh Khan, Deepika Padukone |{{won}} |- |Entertainer of the Year |Shahrukh Khan |{{won}} |- |Most Entertaining Singer - Male |[[Honey Singh]] |{{won}} |- |Most Entertaining Actress (Comedy) |Deepika Padukone |{{won}} |- |Most Entertaining Music |Vishal Shekhar |{{nominated}} |- |Most Entertaining Film of the Year |Red Chillies Entertainment |{{nominated}} |- |Most Entertaining Song |"[[Lungi Dance]]" |{{nominated}} |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ; |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! colspan="6" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | '''[[Bollywood Hungama]] Surfers' Choice Awards'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6246|title=Winners: Bollywood Hungama Surfers Choice Movie Awards 2013|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|date=5 March 2014|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! width=5%|Taun ! style="width:30%;"| Kategori ! style="width:35%;"| Nominasi ! style="width:10%;"| Asia |- |rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|2013 |Best Movie |Red Chillies Entertainment |{{won}} |- |Best Actor |Shahrukh Khan |{{won}} |- |Best Actress |Deepika Padukone |{{won}} |- |Best Marketed Movie |Red Chillies Entertainment |{{won}} |- |Best Director |Rohit Shetty | style="text-align:center; background:#faeb86;"|{{sort|Nor|Runner-up}} |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ; |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! colspan="6" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | '''[[Golden Kela Awards]]'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/golden-kela-awards-2014-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-worst-of-bollywood/1/340742.html | title=Golden Kela Awards 2014: Ranveer and Deepika get nominated for worst actors | work=[[India Today]]| date=30 January 2014 | accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/golden-kela-awards-2014-srk-deepika-priyanka-aamir-get-nominated-in-their-list/ | title=‘Golden Kela Awards 2014′: SRK, Deepika, Priyanka, Aamir Get Nominated In Their List | publisher=Koimoi | date=31 January 2014 | accessdate=31 January 2014 | archive-date=16 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216082402/http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/golden-kela-awards-2014-srk-deepika-priyanka-aamir-get-nominated-in-their-list/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! width=5%|Taun ! style="width:30%;"| Kategori ! style="width:35%;"| Nominasi ! style="width:10%;"| Asia |- |rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|2013 |Worst Film |Red Chillies Entertainment |{{nominated}} |- |Worst Actress |Deepika Padukone |{{nominated}} |- |Worst Director |Rohit Shetty | {{nominated}} |- | Most Irritating Song |"[[Lungi Dance]]" |{{nominated}} |- |Worst Lyrics |"1 2 3 4 Get on the Dance Floor" |{{nominated}} |} == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Pilem]] [[Kategori:India]] [[Kategori:Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2016]] t7bc3svaxglmwlqxy22aoirld2p0gbc 0 317848 3352750 3351941 2026-09-25T01:48:30Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352750 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Flag of Arizona.svg|256px|right|thumb|Bendera Arizona]] '''Arizona''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Arizona.ogg|ɛər|ɪ|ˈ|z|oʊ|n|ə|}}; {{IPAc-en|ær|ɪ|ˈ|z|oʊ|n|ə}}) ({{lang-nv|''Hoozdo Hahoodzo'' [xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò]}}; [[Bahaso O'odham|O'odham]]: ''Alĭ ṣonak'' [ˡaɺi ˡʃonak]) adolah sabuah [[nagara bagian Amerika Sarikat|nagara bagian]] [[Amerika Sarikat]] nan talatak di wilayah barat. Arizona adolah nagara bagian nan paliang gadang ka-6 dan bapanduduak tabanyak ka-14. Ibu kotanyo adolah [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]. == Pautan lua == {{Sister project links|voy=Arizona|Arizona}} ;Official state government website * [http://www.az.gov/ Official Website of the State of Arizona] ;Other reference links * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/arizona/index.html Arizona State Guide, from the Library of Congress] * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020819164839/http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/map/map.asp?po=AZ |date=August 19, 2002 |title=Arizona Regional Accounts Data }} * [http://www.fedstats.gov/qf/states/04000.html Arizona Demographic Data from FedStats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030421010246/http://www.fedstats.gov/qf/states/04000.html |date=2003-04-21 }} * [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=04&StateName=Arizona#.U8Q5bfldUeo Arizona USDA State Fact Sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824213230/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=04&StateName=Arizona#.U8Q5bfldUeo |date=2016-08-24 }} * [http://www.arizonaindicators.org/ Arizona Indicators, state's central resource for information on a wide range of topics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102001204/http://arizonaindicators.org/ |date=2011-11-02 }} * [http://www.eia.gov/state/state-energy-profiles.cfm?sid=AZ Energy Data & Statistics for Arizona] * [http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Arizona Arizona State Databases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109085739/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Arizona |date=2017-11-09 }} – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Arizona state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association. * [http://www.lib.az.us/ Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040626115848/http://www.lib.az.us/ |date=2004-06-26 }} * {{Ballotpedia|Arizona|Arizona}} * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Arizona}} * {{osmrelation-inline|162018}} ;Tourism information links * [http://www.arizonaguide.com/ Official Arizona Office of Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030220022708/http://arizonaguide.com/ |date=2003-02-20 }} * [http://www.azgfd.gov/ Arizona Game & Fish Department (Hunting, Boating & Fishing)] * [http://azstateparks.com/index.html Arizona State Parks] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070625090928/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/amsw/ American Southwest, a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' Travel Itinerary] * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Arizona/}} {{Amerika Sarikat}} [[Kategori:Nagara bagian Amerika Sarikat]] cwgsmgfs6nji3lep2kx3ne2azivfdxv 0 323559 3352757 3351718 2026-09-25T08:04:38Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''George Washington''' (22 Pebruari 1732 – 14 Desember 1799) adolah pamimpin politik, panglimo parang, nagarawan, jo pandiri [[Amerika Sarikat]]. Inyo manjabaik subagai [[Presiden Amerika Sarikat]] nan partamo dari taun 1789 hinggo 1797. Subagai panglimo parang, Washington mamimpin pasukan [[Patriot (Revolusi Amerika|Patriot]] dalam [[Parang Kamardekaan Amerika Sarikat]]. Inyo mamimpin [[Musyawarah Parundang-undangan Amerika Sarikat|Musyawarah Parundang-undangan]] pado taun 1787 nan mahasiakan [[Undang Tubuah Amerika Sarikat]] dan pamarintah nan bacorak federal. Di Amerika, Washington dikanang subagai ''Father of the Nation''. Washington mandapek latiahan militer awalnyo sajak tagabuang dalam [[Resimen Virginia]] salamo [[Parang Indian-Parancih]]. Inyo kamudian tapiliah untuak duduak di ''[[House of Burgesses (Virginia)|House of Burgesses]]'' koloni [[Virginia]] dan di [[Majelis Kontinental]]. Satalah di Majelis, Washington ditunjuak untuak manjadi Panglimo [[Angkatan Parang Kontinental]]. Inyo mamimpin pasukan Amerika nan basakutu jo Parancih dalam [[Pangapuangan Yorktown|pangapuangan di Yorktown]], dan mangunduakan diri pado taun 1783. Washington bapangaruah gadang dalam panyusunan jo pangesahan Undang Tubuah Amerika dan kamudian tapiliah manjadi presiden dek [[Badan Pamiliah Umum (Amerika Sarikat)|Badan Pamiliah Umum]] dalam duo pamiliahan umum nan partamo. Subagai Presiden, Washington manyusun sabuah pamarintahan nan kuek sacaro politik dan ekonomi. Inyo mamiliah tatok netral dalam pasaiangan arek duo anggota kabinetnyo nan basubarangan pandangan politik, [[Thomas Jefferson]] jo [[Alexander Hamilton]]. Pado saaik pacahnyo [[Revolusi Parancih]], Washington mangumumkan kabijakan indak bapihak dan mangesahkan [[Pajanjian Jay]]. Inyo manyusun preseden-preseden untuak limbago kapresidenan, cando gala "Mr. President" dan pidato papisahannyo nan kini dipandang subagai salah satu pandangan nan paliang pantiang dalam ideologi [[republikanisme]]. Washington adolah saurang [[pamiliak budak]] dan padagang, dan mandukuang langkah-langkah nan diambiak dek [[Majelis Amerika Sarikat|Majelis]] untuak malinduangi institusi pabudakan dan malinduangi kapantiangan nasional. Satalah tu, inyo maraso taganggu jo konsep pabudakan sainggo mambebasan saluruah budaknyo dalam warisan kutiko inyo maningga pado taun 1799. Inyo juo dipandang pantiang kini ateh usaonyo untuak mancampuakan [[Urang Asli Amerika]] ka dalam budayo Barat, namun juo sacaro tageh mambanduang pambarontakan kaum tasabuik. Washington adolah anggota [[Gareja Anglikan]] dan [[Freemason]], namun manyeru padamaian antaro saluruah agamo subagai surang panglimo parang dan presiden. Pado saaik kamatiannyo, Washington dikanang subagai urang "nan tarutamo di medan parang, nan tarutamo dalam wukatu damai, dan nan tarutamo di hati warga nagaranyo" (''first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen''). Pado hari ko, Washington dikanang dalam bantuak patuang, karya seni, namo tampek, parangko, jo mato uang. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} === Bibliografi === {{col|3}} {{Refbegin|40em}} ;Print sources * {{cite book |last=Adams |first=Randolph Greenfield |title=Arnold, Benedict |publisher=Scribner |dictionary=[[Dictionary of American Biography]] |date=1928 |editor=Allen Johnson |url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer01ilamer#page/362/mode/1up |ref=harv}} * {{cite book| last=Akers |first=Charles W. |chapter=John Adams |editor-last=Graff |editor-first=Henry |title=The Presidents: A Reference History |edition=3 |year=2002 |pages=23–38 |isbn=978-0-684-31226-2|publisher=Scribner|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Alden |first=John R. |title=George Washington, a Biography |year=1996 |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |isbn=978-0-8071-2126-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/George_Washington.html?id=js1_ngEACAAJ |ref=harv }} * {{cite book|last=Anderson| first=Fred |authorlink=Fred Anderson (historian) |title=Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-3074-2539-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FFO2clqJCqMC |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Avlon |first=John |title=Washington's Farewell: The Founding Father's Warning to Future Generations |authorlink= |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2017 |isbn= 978-1-4767-4646-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGXUDQAAQBAJ&vq=Though+in+reviewing+the+incidents |ref=harv}} <!-- B --> * {{cite book |last=Banning |first=Lance |editor=[[C. Vann Woodward|Woodward C. Vann]] |title=Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct |url=https://archive.org/details/responsesofpresi0000cvan |publisher=Delacorte Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-440-05923-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Bassett |first=John Spencer |title=The Federalist System, 1789–1801 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LAoOAAAAIAAJ |year=1906 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |ref=harv| oclc=586531}} * {{cite magazine |last= |first= |date=1976 |title=The Battle of Trenton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm_fAAAAMAAJ |magazine=The National Guardsman |volume=31 |location= |publisher=National Guard Association of the United States |ref={{harvid|"Battle of Trenton"|1976}}}} * {{cite book|last=Bell|first=William Gardner|title=Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, 1775–2005: Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cDYW2YxLfkC |year=1992 |origyear=1983 |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army |id=CMH Pub 70–14 |isbn=978-0-1603-5912-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Boller |first=Paul F. |title=George Washington & Religion |year=1963 |publisher=Southern Methodist University Press |oclc=563800860 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=t6s4AAAAIAAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Boorstin|first=Daniel J.|authorlink=Daniel J. Boorstin|title=The Americans: The National Experience |year=2010 |publisher=Vintage Books |url=https://books.google.com/?id=YXVMTJMf9ZAC |isbn=978-0-3077-5647-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last1=Breen |first1=Eleanor E. |last2=White |first2=Esther C. |title=A Pretty Considerable Distillery: Excavating George Washington's Whiskey Distillery |journal=Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=209–20 |year=2006 |url=http://www.mountvernon.org/sites/mountvernon.org/files/Breen-White%20Distillery.pdf |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224193148/http://www.mountvernon.org/sites/mountvernon.org/files/Breen-White%20Distillery.pdf |archivedate=December 24, 2011}} * {{cite journal|last=Brown|first=Richard D.|title=The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A Collective View|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_william-and-mary-quarterly_1976-07_33_3/page/465|journal=The William and Mary Quarterly|volume=33|number=3|date=1976|pages=465–480|ref=harv|jstor=1921543|doi=10.2307/1921543}} * {{cite book |last=Brumwell |first=Stephen |title=George Washington, Gentleman Warrior |authorlink= |publisher=Quercus Publishers|year=2012 |isbn=978-1-8491-6546-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhk64CAWcJgC |ref=harv}} <!-- C --> * {{cite book|last=Calloway|first= Colin G.|title=The Indian World of George Washington. The First President, the First Americans, and the Birth of the Nation|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018|isbn=978-0-1906-5216-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyJLDwAAQBAJ&dq=9780190652166 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Brady |title=Dead Presidents: An American Adventure into the Strange Deaths and Surprising Afterlives of Our Nations Leaders |year=2016 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |url=https://books.google.com/?id=2_R1CQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&vq=Bushrod#v=onepage&q=Bushrod |isbn=978-0-3932-4394-9 |ref={{sfnRef|Carlson, 2016, chapter 1}}}} * {{cite journal |last1=Cheatham |first1=ML |title=The death of George Washington: an end to the controversy? |journal=American Surgery |date=August 2008 |volume=74 |issue=8 |pages=770–4 |pmid=18705585|ref=harv}} * {{cite book| last=Chernow |first=Ron | title=Alexander Hamilton |year=2005 |publisher=Penguin Press |isbn=978-1-1012-0085-8 |authorlink=Ron Chernow |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4z5eL5SGjEoC&vq=Washington |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Chernow |first=Ron |authormask=2 |title=Washington: A Life |publisher=Penguin Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-59420-266-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3-rsrDiE5cC&vq=putnam |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Coakley|first=Robert W.|title=The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1789–1878|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SMmJsJLKmvoC&pg=PA43|year=1996|origyear=1989|publisher=DIANE Publishing |pages=43–49|isbn=978-0-7881-2818-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Cooke |first=Jacob E. |chapter=George Washington |editor-last=Graff |editor-first=Henry |title=The Presidents: A Reference History |edition=3 |year=2002 |pages=1–21 |isbn=978-0-684-31226-2 |publisher=Scribner|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Craughwell |first1=Thomas J. |title=Stealing Lincoln's Body|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=77–79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmDtSJg3a_QC&pg=PA78#v=onepage|isbn=978-0-67402-458-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_p6k3|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford| date=2010| editor=Julia Cresswell| isbn=9780199547937|ref={{sfnRef|Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins 2010}}}} * {{cite book |last=Cunliffe |first=Marcus |title=George Washington, Man and Monument |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780316164344 |year=1958 |publisher=Little, Brown |oclc=564093853 |authorlink=Marcus Cunliffe |ref=harv}} <!-- D --> * {{cite book |last=Dalzell |first=Robert F., Jr. & Lee Baldwin |title=George Washington's Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America|year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=LH92AAAAMAAJ&q=0195121147&dq=0195121147 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512114-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Burke |title=George Washington and the American Revolution |authorlink= |publisher=Random House |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-3944-6388-9 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=pT92AAAAMAAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/04/books/bookend-life-literature-and-the-pursuit-of-happiness.html | work=The New York Times | title=Bookend; Life, Literature and the Pursuit of Happiness | first=Andrew | last=Delbanco | date=1999 |ref=harv}} <!-- E --> * {{cite book|last1=Elkins |first1=Stanley M.|authorlink1=Stanley Elkins|first2=Eric|last2=McKitrick |title=The Age of Federalism |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995|origyear=1993|isbn=978-0-19-509381-0|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=Joseph J.|authorlink=Joseph Ellis |title=His Excellency: George Washington |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4000-4031-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=2Y9Rko9sT3kC |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Elliot |first=Jonathan |title=The Debates, Resolutions, and Other Proceedings, in Convention, on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution: Supplementary to the state Conventions |authorlink= |publisher=Published by editor |year=1830 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=-gtAAAAAYAAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Espinosa |first=Gastón|title=Religion and the American Presidency: George Washington to George W. Bush with Commentary and Primary Sources |url=https://archive.org/details/religionamerican0000unse_n6r0 |year=2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14332-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Estes |first=Todd |title=Shaping the Politics of Public Opinion: Federalists and the Jay Treaty Debate|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-early-republic_fall-2000_20_3/page/393 |journal=[[Journal of the Early Republic]] |year=2000 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=393–422 |jstor=3125063 |doi=10.2307/3125063 |ref=harv }} * {{cite journal |last=Estes |first=Todd |authormask=2 |title=The Art of Presidential Leadership: George Washington and the Jay Treaty |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_virginia-magazine-of-history-and-biography_2001_109_2/page/127 |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |year=2001 |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=127–158 |jstor=4249911 |ref=harv}} <!-- F --> * {{cite book |last=Farner |first=Thomas P. |date=1996 |title=New Jersey in History: Fighting to Be Heard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJtomLKALYUC |location= |publisher=Down the Shore Publishing |isbn=9780945582380 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last1=Felisati |first1=D| last2=Sperati|first2=G|title=George Washington (1732–1799)|journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica |date=February 2005 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pmc=2639854 |pages=55–58 |ref=harv|pmid=16080317}} * {{cite book |last=Ferling |first=John E. |authorlink=John E. Ferling |title=Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002|isbn=978-0-19-513409-4 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=lifQ0G0m9WwC&vq=lafayette |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Almost a Miracle |last=Ferling |authormask=2 |first=John E. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-1997-5847-0 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=lyjjEsqlqo0C |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Ferling |first=John E.|authormask=2 |title=The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-6081-9182-6 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=hiJzO5D7U4gC&vq=valley+forge |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Ferling |first=John E. |authormask=2 |title=First of Men: A Life of George Washington|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010|origyear=1988 |isbn=978-0-19-539867-0 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=yHRbR8snrfoC&vq=curtis |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Ferling|first=John |authormask=2 |title=Jefferson and Hamilton: the rivalry that forged a nation|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MlecIL4lY_UC|isbn=978-1608195428 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |title= Washington's Crossing |year=2004 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1951-7034-4 |authorlink= David Hackett Fischer |url= https://books.google.com/?id=Oreq1YztDcQC |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Fishman |first1=Ethan M. |last2=Pederson |first2=William D. |last3=Rozell |first3=Mark J. |title=George Washington: Foundation of Presidential Leadership and Character |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=HFkZ5RBeuKoC |ref=harv|isbn=9780275968687 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |year=1936 |title=Washington, George |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of American Biography]] |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=John C.|editor=Dumas Malone |volume=19 |pages=509–527 |publisher=Scribner |url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer19amer#page/509/mode/1up}} * {{cite book |last=Flexner |first=James Thomas |title=George Washington: the Forge of Experience, (1732–1775) |year=1965 |publisher=Little, Brown |oclc=426484|authorlink=James Thomas Flexner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDl2AAAAMAAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Flexner |first=James Thomas |authormask=2|title=George Washington and the New Nation (1783–1793) |publisher= Little, Brown |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-3162-8600-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3UcMQAACAAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Flexner |first=James Thomas |authormask=2|title=George Washington: Anguish and Farewell (1793–1799) |publisher= Little, Brown |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-3162-8602-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bToqSwAACAAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Flexner |first=James Thomas |authormask=2|title=Washington: The Indispensable Man|year=1974|publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-0-316-28605-3 |ref=harv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTfWDQAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book |last=Flexner |first=James Thomas |authormask=2|title=The Traitor and the Spy: Benedict Arnold and John André |authorlink= |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8156-0263-7 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=mpEuaCdDvkEC |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Frazer |first=Gregg L.| title=The Religious Beliefs of America's Founders Reason, Revelation, and Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/religiousbel_fraz_2012_000_10692050 |publisher=University Press of Kansas|date=2012 |isbn=978-0-7006-1845-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789: 1774 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1904 |last1=Ford |first1=Worthington Chauncey |first2=Gaillard |last2=Hunt |first3=John Clement |last3=Fitzpatrick |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=-zMSAAAAYAAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Freedman |first=Russell |title=Washington at Valley Forge|year=2008|publisher=Holiday House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia5ivgAACAAJ |isbn=978-0-8234-2069-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Freeman |first=Douglas Southall |title=Washington |year=1968 |publisher=Scribner |oclc=426557 |editor1-first=Richard Barksdale |editor1-last=Harwell |url=https://books.google.com/?id=S_bAnQEACAAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Furstenberg|first=François|title=Atlantic Slavery, Atlantic Freedom: George Washington, Slavery, and Transatlantic Abolitionist Networks|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_william-and-mary-quarterly_2011-04_68_2/page/247|journal=The William and Mary Quarterly|volume=68|number=2|publisher=Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture|year=2011|pages=247–286|jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.68.2.0247|doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.68.2.0247 |ref=harv}} <!-- G --> * {{cite book |last=Gaff |first=Alan D. |title=Bayonets in the Wilderness: Anthony Wayne's Legion in the Old Northwest |authorlink= |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8061-3585-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEI11WSV3WcC |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Gregg |editor-first=Gary L., II |editor-last2=Spalding |editor-first2=Matthew |editor-link=Gary L. Gregg |title=Patriot Sage: George Washington and the American Political Tradition |year=1999 |publisher=ISI Books |isbn=978-1-882926-38-1 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=q4axDZ5OMdcC |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Grizzard |first=Frank E., Jr.|title=George Washington: A Biographical Companion|year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-082-6|authorlink=Frank E. Grizzard, Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/?id=RioTGCygpT8C&vq=curtis |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Grizzard |first=Frank E., Jr. |title=George!: A Guide to All Things Washington|url=https://archive.org/details/georgeguidetoall0000griz |year=2005|publisher=Mariner Pub |isbn=978-0-9768-2388-9 |ref=harv}} <!-- H --> *{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=Kevin J. |title=George Washington: A Life in Books |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzzVDgAAQBAJ&dq=george+washington,+david+cooper,+quaker |isbn=978-0-1904-5668-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Henderson |first=Donald |title=Smallpox: The Death of a Disease |url=https://archive.org/details/smallpoxdeathofd0000hend |year=2009 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-5910-2722-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Henriques |first=Peter R. |date=2006 |title=Realistic Visionary: A Portrait of George Washington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuQHciwgYzUC&pg=PA65#v=onepage|publisher=University Press of Virginia |isbn=978-0-8139-2741-1 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Heydt |first=Bruce |title='Vexatious Evils': George Washington and the Conway Cabal |journal=American History|year=2005|volume=40|issue=5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Higginbotham |first=Don |title=George Washington Reconsidered |year=2001 |publisher=University Press of Virginia |isbn=978-0-8139-2005-4 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=L0qGWo_NGlAC |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hindle |first=Brooke |title=David Rittenhouse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgyOJO93UtAC&pg=PA92|origyear=1964|year=2017|page=92 |publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-400-88678-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hirschfeld |first=Fritz|title=George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Portrayal|year=1997|publisher=University of Missouri Press |isbn=978-0-8262-1135-4 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4YX3czE0SGYC&vq=tobacco |ref=harv}} <!-- I --> * {{cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |title=Benjamin Franklin, an American Life |authorlink=Walter Isaacson |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2003 |isbn=9780743260848 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIW915dDMBwC |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Irving |first=Washington |title=Life of George Washington, Vol. 5 |authorlink= |publisher=G. P. Putnam and Son |year=1857 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifegeorgewashington05irvirich |ref=harv}} <!-- J --> * {{cite book |last=Jensen|first=Merrill|title=The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781 |year=1948 |orig-year=1940 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |oclc=498124 |authorlink=Merrill Jensen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEMLAQAAIAAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite book| last1=Jillson| first1=Calvin C.| last2=Wilson| first2=Rick K.| title=Congressional Dynamics: Structure, Coordination, and Choice in the First American Congress, 1774–1789| publisher=Stanford University Press| date=1994| isbn=978-0-8047-2293-3| ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Johnstone|first=William|title=George Washington, the Christian|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MzWruWAnHM0C&pg=PP1|publisher=The Abingdon Press |year=1919 |oclc=19524242|ref=harv}}<!--Though on this edition, the author's name is rendered both in print and in his signed author's statement as "JohnSON", in later editions and in later books the man's name is rendered and signed as "JohnSTONE". See [ Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/George Washington/archive4#Google links issue] --> <!-- K --> * {{cite book |editor=Michael Kazin |last1=Genovese|first1=Michael A. |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History. (Two volume set)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=4hqpJEJp7cUC&pg=PA589|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1400833566 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Ketchum |first=Richard M. |title=The Winter Soldiers: The Battles for Trenton and Princeton|year=1999|publisher=Henry Holt |isbn=978-0-8050-6098-0 |origyear=1973 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZWf2AwAAQBAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Kohn |first=Richard H. |title=The Inside History of the Newburgh Conspiracy: America and the Coup d'Etat|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_william-and-mary-quarterly_1970-04_27_2/page/187 |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |date=April 1970 |volume=27|issue=2|pages=187–220|jstor=1918650 |doi=10.2307/1918650 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Kohn |first=Richard H. |authormask=2 |title=Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802 |year=1975 |pages=225–42 |publisher=Free Press |isbn=978-0-02-917551-4 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=8F_fAAAAMAAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Kohn |first=Richard H. |authormask=2|title=The Washington Administration's Decision to Crush the Whiskey Rebellion|url=http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/Radhistory/radical%20history%20articles/Washington's%20Decision%20to%20Crush%20Whiskey%20Rebellion.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150924183930/http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/Radhistory/radical%20history%20articles/Washington's%20Decision%20to%20Crush%20Whiskey%20Rebellion.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=September 24, 2015 |journal=[[The Journal of American History]] |year=1972|volume=59|issue=3 |pages=567–84| jstor=1900658 |doi=10.2307/1900658 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Korzi |first=Michael J. |title=Presidential Term Limits in American History: Power, Principles, and Politics |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=2011 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_nYZHG2P-9QC&dq=editions:eZH5b7sFYLQC |isbn=978-1-60344-231-2|ref=harv}} <!-- L --> * {{cite book |last1=Lancaster |first1=Bruce |title=The American Revolution |year=1985 |publisher=American Heritage Press |isbn=978-0-8281-0281-0 |first2=John H.|last2=Plumb |authorlink2=John H. Plumb |url=https://books.google.com/?id=qSe4n1h-I0UC |ref=harv |postscript=, heavily illustrated.}} * {{citation| last = Lear| first = Tobias | author-link = Tobias Lear| chapter = Tobias Lear to William Augustine Washington | date = December 15, 1799| editor-last = Ford| editor-first = Worthington Chauncey| title = The Writings of George Washington | volume = 14| page = 257| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=XqE3y9LZmfgC&pg=PA257|publisher = G. Putnam & Sons| publication-date = 1893| isbn = |ref=harv}}<!--In order for the 1799 letter to be rendered correctly as being published in an 1893 compilation this particular "cite" form ("citation") must be used. --> * {{cite book |last=Lengel|first=Edward G.|title=General George Washington: A Military Life|year=2005|publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4000-6081-8|authorlink=Edward G. Lengel |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ogwE5jAsNQkC&vq=gun+powder |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Philip |title=Where the Cherry Tree Grew, The Story of Ferry Farm, George Washington's Boyhood Home |authorlink= |publisher=Macmillan |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-2500-2314-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dbh0XeajrOMC&vq=%22tell+a+lie%22 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Lightner |editor1-first=Otto C. |editor2-last=Reeder |editor2-first=Pearl Ann |title=Hobbies, Volume 58 |year=1953 |publisher=Lightner Publishing Company |page=133|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8CbnAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN36020068&q=rittenhouse |ref=harv}} <!-- M --> * {{cite book |title=George Washington's War on Native America |first=Barbara Alice |last=Mann |url=https://books.google.com/?id=MWqW4be2kw8C |year=2008 |publisher=University of Nevada Press |page=106 |isbn=978-0-8032-1635-8 |ref=harv }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book |last=McCullough |first=David |title=1776|year=2005 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-2671-4 |authorlink=David McCullough |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uu1mC6zWNTwC |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Middlekauff |first=Robert |title=Washington's Revolution: The Making of America's First Leader, The revolution from General Washington's perspective|publisher =Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=F01ABAAAQBAJ |ref=harv|isbn=978-1-1018-7424-0}} * {{cite journal |last=Morens |first=David M.|title=Death of a President|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1999-12-09_341_24/page/1843 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=December 1999 |volume=341 |issue=24 |pages=1845–1849|ref=harv|doi=10.1056/NEJM199912093412413|pmid=10588974}} * {{cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Kenneth|title=George Washington and the Problem of Slavery|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-studies_2000-08_34_2/page/279|journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=34|number=2|year=2000|pages=279–301|ref=harv|jstor=27556810|doi=10.1017/S0021875899006398}} * {{cite journal |last=Morgan|first=Philip D.|title="To Get Quit of Negroes": George Washington and Slavery|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-studies_2005-12_39_3/page/403|journal=Journal of American Studies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=39|number=3|year=2005|pages=403–429|ref=harv|jstor=27557691|doi=10.1017/S0021875805000599}} * {{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Jeffery H.|title=The Political Philosophy of George Washington |authorlink= |publisher=JHU Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8018-9109-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3vfS_uxvrQC&vq=anglican |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Robert K.|last2=Blessing |first2=Tim H.|title=Greatness in the White House: Rating the Presidents, from Washington Through Ronald Reagan |url=https://archive.org/details/greatnessinwhite0000unse |publisher=Penn State Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-271-01090-8 |ref=harv}} <!-- N --> * {{cite book |last=Nagy |first=John A. |title=George Washington's Secret Spy War: The Making of America's First Spymaster |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-2500-9682-1 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=uDinCwAAQBAJ |ref=harv }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite journal |editor1-last=Newton |editor1-first=R.S. |editor2-last=Freeman |editor2-first=Z. |editor3-last=Bickley |editor3-first=G. |title=The Eclectic Medical Journal, Volume 17 |date=1858 |page=273 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnkBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA273#v=onepage|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Novak |first1=Michael & Jana |title=Washington's God: Religion, Liberty, and the Father of Our Country |authorlink=Michael Novak |publisher=Basic Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7867-2216-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9v9dW1e2344C |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Nowlan |first=Robert A. |title=The American Presidents, Washington to Tyler What They Did, What They Said, What Was Said About Them, with Full Source Notes |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4766-0118-2 |publisher=McFarland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlNWU1e9ppUC&vq=third+term |ref=harv}} <!-- O --> <!-- P --> * {{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Dave Richard |title=George Washington and Benedict Arnold: A Tale of Two Patriots |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-5969-8164-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=zANrP6rOOJkC&vq=promotion |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last1=Parry|first1=Jay A.|last2=Allison|first2=Andrew M.|title=The Real George Washington: The True Story of America's Most Indispensable Man |year=1991 |publisher=National Center for Constitutional Studies |url=https://books.google.com/?id=CSETAQAAMAAJ |isbn=978-0-8808-0013-6 |authorlink=Jay A. Parry|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Parsons |first=Eugene |title=George Washington: A Character Sketch |authorlink= |publisher=H. G. Campbell publishing Company |year=1898 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7p1BAAAAYAAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Peabody |first=Bruce G. |date=September 1, 2001 |title=George Washington, Presidential Term Limits, and the Problem of Reluctant Political Leadership |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_presidential-studies-quarterly_2001-09_31_3/page/439 |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=439–453 |doi= 10.1111/j.0360-4918.2001.00180.x|ref=harv|jstor=27552322 }} * {{cite book |last=Philbrick |first=Nathaniel |title=Valiant Ambition: George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution|date=2016|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780143110194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ1iCgAAQBAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Puls |first=Mark |title=Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution|authorlink= |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-2306-1142-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf5Kmmp-yycC&vq=cincinnatus |ref=harv}} <!-- R --> * {{cite book|last=Randall|first=Willard Sterne|title=George Washington: A Life|year=1997|publisher=Henry Holt & Co |isbn=978-0-8050-2779-2|authorlink=Willard Sterne Randall |url=https://books.google.com/?id=7AlqmsjWhPMC |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last1=Rasmussen|first1=William M. S.|title=George Washington-the Man Behind the Myths|year=1999|publisher=University Press of Virginia |isbn=978-0-8139-1900-3|first2=Robert S. |last2=Tilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=713DhvqryXsC |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Rose |first=Alexander |title=Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring |url=https://archive.org/details/washingtonsspies00alex |authorlink= |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-553-80421-8 |ref=harv}} <!-- S --> * {{cite book |last=Schwarz |first=Philip J. |title=Slavery at the home of George Washington |authorlink= |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association |year=2001 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=uA0aAQAAIAAJ&q=sunday |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Spalding|first1=Matthew|last2=Garrity|first2=Patrick J.|title=A Sacred Union of Citizens: George Washington's Farewell Address and the American Character|url=https://archive.org/details/sacredunionofcit00spal|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|location=Lanham, Boulder, New York, London|date=1996|isbn=978-0-8476-8262-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Sparks |first=Jared |title=The Life of George Washington |authorlink=Jared Sparks |publisher=F. Andrews |year=1839 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofgeorgewash01spar |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Sobel|first=Robert|title=Panic on Wall Street: A History of America's Financial Disasters|publisher=Beard Books|date=1968 |ref=harv|isbn=978-1-893122-46-8}} * {{cite book |last=Stavish|first=Mark|title=Freemasonry: Rituals, Symbols & History of the Secret Society|publisher=Llewellyn Publications|date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=QZQK6as71lsC |isbn=978-0-7387-1148-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Strickland|first1=William |title=The Tomb of Washington at Mount Vernon|year=1840|publisher=Carey & Hart |url=https://archive.org/stream/tombofwashington00stri#page/n9/mode/2up |ref=harv}} <!-- T --> * {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Alan|title=American Revolutions A Continental History, 1750–1804|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2016|isbn=978-0-393-35476-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E92aCwAAQBAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Mary|title=In The Hands of a Good Providence|year=2008|publisher=University Press of Virginia |isbn=978-0-8139-2763-3|page= 40 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/22742 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Twohig |first=Dorothy|editor-last=Higginbotham |editor-first=Don|title=George Washington Reconsidered |chapter="That Species of Property": Washington's Role in the Controversy over Slavery|chapterurl=http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/resources/articles/species/|publisher=University Press of Virginia |pages=114–138|year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8139-2005-4| ref=harv}} <!-- U --> * {{cite book |last=Unger|first=Harlow Giles|title="Mr. President" George Washington and the Making of the Nation's Highest Office |year=2013 |publisher=Da Capo Press, A Member of the Perseus Book Group |isbn=978-0-306-82241-4 |authorlink=Harlow Unger |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZbkPAAAAQBAJ&vq=madison |ref=harv}} <!-- V --> * {{cite journal|last=Vadakan |first=Vibul V. |title=A Physician Looks At The Death of Washington|journal=The Early America Review |date=Winter–Spring 2005 |volume=6 |issue=1 |url=http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2005_winter_spring/washingtons_death.htm |issn=1090-4247|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216141728/http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2005_winter_spring/washingtons_death.htm |archive-date=December 16, 2005|ref={{harvid|Vadakan|2005}}}} * {{cite book |last=Van Doren |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Clinton Van Doren |title=Secret history of the American Revolution : an account of the conspiracies of Benedict Arnold and numerous others |publisher=Garden City Pub. Co. |year=1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofa00vand |ref=harv}} <!-- W --> * {{cite book|last1=Waldman|first1=Carl|last2=Braun|first2=Molly|title=Atlas of the North American Indian|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofnorthamer00wald|publisher=Facts On File, Inc.|date=2009|edition=3|isbn=978-0-8160-6859-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Weems|first=Mason Locke|url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/gw/weems.html|title=A History of the Life and Death, Virtues and Exploits of General George Washington|publisher=J. B. Lippincott|year=1810|access-date=2019-06-21|archive-date=2007-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213072825/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/gw/weems.html|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|last=Wiencek |first=Henry|title=An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America|year=2003 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-17526-9 |authorlink=Henry Wiencek |url=https://books.google.com/?id=9Wr1AAAAQBAJ |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Wood |first=Gordon S.|title=The Radicalism of the American Revolution |year=1992 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-679-40493-4|authorlink=Gordon S. Wood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lGinKwz7l8C&vq=patriot |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Wood |first=Gordon S. |editor=Don Higginbotham |authormask=2 |title=George Washington Reconsidered |year=2001 |publisher=University Press of Virginia |isbn=978-0-8139-2005-4 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=L0qGWo_NGlAC |ref=harv}} ;Primary sources * {{cite book |last=Elliot |first=Jonathan |title=The Debates, Resolutions, and Other Proceedings, in Convention, on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution: "Containing the debates in Massachusetts and New York" |authorlink= |publisher=Jonathan Elliot |year=1827 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUWsf5O4DdwC}} * {{cite web|url=http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/GEWN |publisher=University Press of Virginia |year=2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2011 |title=The Papers of George Washington |website=The Papers of George Washington: Digital Edition |editor-last=Lengel |editor-first=Edward G. |editor-link=Edward G. Lengel |url-access=registration |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Writings of George Washington (39 Vols)|year=1931|editor-first=John C.|editor-last=Fitzpatrick|publisher=U.S. Govt. Print Off.}} * {{cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000366819/Home |publisher=U.S. Govt. Print. Off. |via=Hathi Trust Digital Library |year=2016 |orig-year=1931–1944 |accessdate=March 7, 2011 |title=The Writings of George Washington from the original manuscript sources, 1745–1799 |editor-last=Fitzpatrick |editor-first=John |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |last=Washington |first=George |title=Letter to Continental Army, November 2, 1783, Farewell Orders; Letter to Henry Knox, November 2, 1783 |year=1799 |work=George Washington Papers, 1741–1799: Series 3b Varick Transcripts|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgw3&fileName=mgw3b/gwpage016.db&recNum=347 |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=November 13, 2011|ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821112926/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgw3&fileName=mgw3b%2Fgwpage016.db&recNum=347 |archivedate=August 21, 2013 }} * {{cite web|last=Washington|first=George|title=Sentiments on a Peace Establishment|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11202|publisher=National Historical Publications and Records Commission (The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration)|date=1783 |ref=harv|access-date=July 20, 2018}} * {{cite web|last=Washington|first=George|title=Letter to Richard Peters, September 7, 1788|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-06-02-0447|publisher=National Historical Publications and Records Commission (The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration)|date=1788|access-date=February 11, 2019|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Weems |first=Mason Locke |title=A history of the life and death, virtues and exploits of General George Washington : with curious anecdotes equally honourable to himself and exemplary to his young countrymen |authorlink=Mason Locke Weems |publisher= J.B. Lippincott |year=1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoflifede00weem |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=St. George |authorlink=St. George Tucker |editor=Riley, Edward M. |title=Journal of the Siege of Yorktown |year=1781|journal=The William and Mary Quarterly, July 1948 |jstor= 1923466|publisher=Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture |volume= 5 |number=3 |pages=375–395 |doi= |ref={{sfnRef|Tucker, 1781, pp.375–395}}}} ;Online sources * {{cite web|title=A Brief History |url=https://gwmemorial.org/pages/history |publisher=The George Washington Masonic National Memorial Association (GWMNMA) |ref={{sfnRef|"A Brief History" (GWMNMA)}}}} * {{cite web |title=George Washington's Professional Surveys |publisher=U.S. National Archives|year=2016 |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0004#document_page |accessdate=June 27, 2016|ref=GWarchive}} * {{cite web |last=Engber |first=Daniel |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2134455/|title=What's Benjamin Franklin's Birthday? |publisher=[[Slate (magazine)|''Slate'']] |date=January 18, 2006 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web|last=Harless|first=Richard|title=Native American Policy|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/native-american-policy/|location= |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association|website=mountvernon.org|date=2018|access-date=October 26, 2018|ref=harv}} * {{cite web |url=https://history.army.mil/html/faq/5star.html |title=How Many U.S. Army Five-star Generals Have There Been and Who Were They? |last= |first= |date=2017 |website= |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |access-date=November 1, 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|"Five-star Generals, 2017"}} |archive-date=May 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529123258/https://history.army.mil/html/faq/5star.html |dead-url=yes}} * {{cite journal |last=Howat |first=John K. |title=Washington Crossing the Delaware |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258337.pdf.bannered.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613072040/https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258337.pdf.bannered.pdf |archivedate=June 13, 2017 |volume=26 |number=7 |date=March 1968 |pages=289–299 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |last=Immekus |first=Alexander |title=Freemasonry |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/freemasonry/ |website=George Washington's Mount Vernon |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association |date=2018 |access-date=September 7, 2018|ref=harv}} * {{cite web|last=Lurie|first=Shira|title=George Washington's Farewell Address|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/george-washingtons-farewell-address/|publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association|accessdate=March 20, 2019|ref={{sfnRef|Lauir, Shira, 2019}}|archive-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320192745/https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/george-washingtons-farewell-address/|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel06.html|title=Religion and the Founding of the American Republic|publisher=Library of Congress|year=2011 |ref=harv|access-date=July 20, 2018}} * {{cite web |title=1-cent Washington |date=May 16, 2006 |url=https://arago.si.edu/category_2033234.html |website=Arago News/Online Database of the National Postal Museum |publisher=Smithsonian Institution/National Postal Museum |last=Shapiro |first=Jeff |access-date=November 29, 2018 |ref=harv |archive-date=December 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220181308/https://arago.si.edu/category_2033234.html |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite web |title=Slave Control|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/slave-control//|publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association|website=George Washington's Mount Vernon |access-date=August 10, 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|Slave Control (Mount Vernon Ladies' Association Essay)}}}} * {{cite web |title=Slave Labor |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association |accessdate=July 1, 2018|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/slave-labor/ |website=George Washington's Mount Vernon |ref={{sfnRef|Slave Labor (Mount Vernon Ladies' Association Essay)}}}} * {{cite web|title=Surveying |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association |accessdate=June 13, 2016 |url=http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/surveying/ |website=George Washington's Mount Vernon |ref=MV2016}} * {{cite web |title=Ten Facts About Washington & Slavery|url=http://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/slavery/ten-facts-about-washington-slavery/ |website=George Washington's Mount Vernon |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association |access-date=July 20, 2018|ref={{sfnRef|"Ten Facts About Washington & Slavery"}}}} * {{cite web |last=Thompson| first= Mary V.|title=Death Defied |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-man-the-myth/death-defied-dr-thorntons-radical-idea-of-bringing-george-washington-back-to-life/|ref={{sfnRef|"Death Defied" }} |website=George Washington's Mount Vernon |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Essay 3|access-date=October 14, 2018}} * {{cite web|title=The Tomb|url=http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/tomb/ |website=George Washington's Mount Vernon |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association |accessdate=April 12, 2018|ref=tomb}} * {{cite web |last=Tsakiridis |first=George |title=George Washington and Religion |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/george-washington-and-religion/ |website=George Washington's Mount Vernon |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association |date=2018 |access-date=September 15, 2018|ref=harv}} * {{cite web|last=Wallenborn|first=White McKenzie, M.D.|title=George Washington's Terminal Illness: A Modern Medical Analysis of the Last Illness and Death of George Washington|year=1999|url=http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/history/articles/illness/|work=[[The Papers of George Washington]]|publisher=University of Virginia|ref=harv|access-date=July 20, 2018|archive-date=September 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924192344/http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/history/articles/illness/|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/usstates/wa.htm |title=Washington |publisher=Worldatlas |accessdate=January 3, 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|"Washington"}}}} * {{cite web|title=Where the Cherry Tree Grew: An Interview with Phillip Levy |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-man-the-myth/where-the-cherry-tree-grew-an-interview-with-phillip-levy/ |website=George Washington's Mount Vernon |access-date=July 20, 2018}} * {{cite web|last1=Willard|first1=Joseph|title=To George Washington from Joseph Willard, 28 February 1781|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-05045|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110014/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-05045|archivedate=February 21, 2017 |year=2017 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web|title=Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 1982 – 2018|url=https://scri.siena.edu/2019/02/13/sienas-6th-presidential-expert-poll-1982-2018/|publisher=Siena College Research Institute|date=February 13, 2019|ref={{sfnRef|Siena Expert Poll 1982–2018}}|access-date=February 26, 2019}} * {{cite web|last=Gardner|first=Andrew G.|title=How Did Washington Make His Millions?|url=https://www.history.org/foundation/journal/winter13/washington.cfm|publisher=The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation|journal=CW Journal|year=Winter 2013|ref={{sfnRef|Gardner (Winter 2013)}}|accessdate=June 11, 2019|archive-date=June 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620054332/https://www.history.org/foundation/journal/winter13/washington.cfm|dead-url=yes}} {{Refend}} {{EndDiv}} {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-new|creation}} {{s-ttl|title=Panglimo [[Angkatan Parang Kontinental]]|years=1775–1783}} {{s-aft|after=[[Henry Knox]]|as=[[Panglimo Angkatan Darat Amerika Sarikat|Perwira Tinggi Angkatan Darat Amerika Sarikat]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[James Wilkinson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Panglimo Angkatan Darat Amerika Sarikat|Perwira Tinggi Angkatan Darat Amerika Sarikat]]|years=1798–1799}} {{s-aft|after=[[Alexander Hamilton]]}} |- {{s-off}} {{s-new|office}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Presiden Amerika Sarikat]]|years=1789–1797}} {{s-aft|after=[[John Adams]]}} {{s-end}} {{Presiden AS}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Amerika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Presiden Amerika Sarikat]] c8gkdj4ekhc85vzc7ka5hbbyw1jy3u3 0 323830 3352766 3151962 2026-09-25T09:02:31Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{refimprove}}''n''' diartian sabagai sagalo macam [[hujan]] PANEK DI URANG[[pH]] di bawah 5,6. Hujan sacaro alami bersifaik asam (pH saketek di bawah 6) karano [[karbondioksida]] (CO₂) di [[Udara|udaro]] nan laruik jo aia hujan mampunyoi bantuak sabagai [[asam]] lamah. Jinih asam dalam hujan ko sangaik bamanfaaik karano mambantu malaruikan [[mineral]] dalam [[tanah]] nan dibutuhan dek tumbuahan jo binatang. Hujan asam disababan dek [[Belerang|balerang]] (sulfur) nan marupoan pangotor dalam [[Bahan bakar fosil|bahan baka fosil]] sarato [[nitrogen]] di udaro nan bareaksi jo oksigen mambantuak [[sulfur dioksida]] jo [[nitrogen oksida]]. Zat-zat iko badifusi ka [[atmosfer]] sarato bareaksi ka aia untuak mambantuak [[asam sulfat]] jo [[asam nitrat]] nan mudah laruik sehinggao jatuah basamo aia hujan. Aia hujan nan asam tasabuik akan maningkekan kadar kaasaman tanah dan aia pamukoan nan tabukti babahayo bagi kahidupan ikan dan tanaman. Usaho untuak mangatasi hal iko kini ko sadang maraknyo dilaksanoan. == Sumber == Sacaro alami hujan asam dapek tajadi akibaik samburan dari [[Gunung berapi|gunuang barapi]] sarato dari proses biologis di tanah, rawa, jo lauik. Tapi, mayoritas hujan asam disababan dek aktivitas manusia sarupo industri, [[Pembangkit tenaga listrik|pambangkik tanago listrik]], [[Kendaraan bermotor|kandaraan bamotor]] sarato pabrik pangolahan partanian (terutamo [[amonia]]). Gas-gas nan dihasilan dek proses iko dapek tabaok [[angin]] hinggo baratuih kilometer di atmosfer sabalun barubah manjadi asam dan tadeposit ka tanah. Hujan asam karano proses industri alah manjadi masalah nan pantiang di [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]], [[Eropa]] Barat, [[Rusia]] dan daerah-daerah di arahan anginnyo. Hujan asam dari pambangkik tanago listrik di [[Amerika Serikat]] bagian Barat alah marusak hutan-hutan di [[New York]] dan [[New England]]. Pambangkik tanago listrik ko umumnyo manggunoan batu baro sabagai bahan bakanyo. [[Berkas:Origins.gif|jmpl|Proses nan terlibat dalam pemecahan Asam ( catatan: bahwa hanya SO2 dan NOX memegang peran penting dalam hujan asam).]] == Pambantukan hujan asam == Sacaro sederhana, reaksi pambantukan hujan asam sabagai barikuik: <math>\begin{matrix} S_{(s)}+O_{2(g)}\rightarrow SO_{2(g)} \\ 2 SO_{2(g)}+O_{2(g)}\rightarrow 2 SO_{3(g)} \\ SO_{3(g)} +H_2O_{(l)}\rightarrow H_2SO_{4(aq)}\\ \end{matrix}</math> Bukti tajadinyo paningkatan hujan asam didapek dari analisis es kutub. Dapek dicaliak dari turunnyo kadar pH sajak dimulainyo [[Revolusi Industri]] dari 6 manjadi 4,5 atau 4. Informasi lain didapek dari organisme nan dikana sabagai diatom nan mauni kolam-kolam. Sasudah batahun-tahun, organisme-organisme nan mati akan mangendap dalam lapisan-lapisan sedimen di dasar kolam. Patumbuhan diatom akan meningkek pado pH tatantu, sehinggo jumlah diatom nan ditemuan di dasar kolam akan manampakan parubahan pH sacaro tahunan jiko awak mancaliak ka masiang-masiang lapisan tasabuik. Sajak dimulainyo Revolusi Industri, jumlah emisi sulfur dioksida jo nitrogen oksida ka atmosfer maningkek pulo. Industri nan menggunoan bahan baka fosil, tarutamo [[Batu bara|batu baro]], marupoan sumber utamo maningkeknyo oksida balerang iko. Pambacoan pH di area industri kadang-kadang tacataik hinggo 2,4 (tingkek kaasaman [[Cuka|cuko]]). Sumber-sumber iko, ditambah dek transportasi, marupoan panyumbang-panyumbang utamo hujan asam. Masalah hujan asam indak hanyo maningkek sajalan jo patumbuahan [[populasi]] dan industri tapi alah bakambang manjadi labiah lueh. Panggunoan carobong [[Asap|asok]] nan tinggi untuak mangurangi [[polusi]] lokal bakontribusi dalam panyebaran hujan asam, karano emisi gas nan dikeluaannyo akan masuak ka sirkulasi udaro regional nan mampunyoi jangkauan labiah lueh. Hujan asam acok bana tajadi di daerah nan jauah dari lokasi sumbernyo, daerah [[Gunung|pagunuangan]] candaruang mamparoleh labiah banyak karano tingginyo curah hujan di siko. Tadapek hubuangan nan arek antaro randahnyo pH jo bakurangnyo populasi [[ikan]] di danau-danau. pH di bawah 4,5 indak mamungkinan dek ikan untuak iduik, samantaro pH 6 atau labiah tinggi akan mambantu patumbuhan populasi ikan. Asam di dalam aia akan maambek produksi enzim dari larva ikan ''[[trout]]'' untuak kalua dari taluanyo. Asam maikek logam baracun sarupo [[Alumunium|alumnium]] di danau. Alumunium akan manyebaban babarapo ikan mangaluaan lendir balabiahan di sakitar [[insang]]nyo sahinggo ikan sulik bernapas. Patumbuhan [[fitoplankton]] nan manjadi sumber makanan ikan diambek pulo dek tingginyo kadar pH. Tanaman dipangaruhi dek hujan asam dalam barbagai macam caro. Lapisan lilin pado [[daun]] rusak sahinggo nutrisi mailang, tanaman indak tahan tahadok kaadaan dingin, cindawan jo saranggo. Patumbuhan aka manjadi lambek sahinggo labiah saketek nutrisi nan dapek diambak, sarato mineral-mineral pantiang manjadi hilang. Ion-ion baracun nan talapeh akibaik hujan asam manjadi ancaman nan gadang dek manusia. Tambago di aia badampak pado timbuanyo wabah diare pado anak jo aia tacemar alumunium dapek manyebaban panyakik [[Alzheimer]]. == Sijarah == Hujan asam dilaporan patamo kali di [[Manchester]], [[Inggris]], nan manjadi kota pantiang dalam [[Revolusi Industri]]. Pado taun [[1852]], Robert Angus Smith manamuan hubuangan antaro hujan asam jo polusi udaro. Istilah hujan asam tasabuik mulai digunakannyo pado taun 1872. Baliau mangamati bahwa hujan asam dapek mangarah pado kahancuran alam. Walaupun hujan asam ditamuan pado taun [[1852]], baru pado taun [[1970]]-an para ilmuwan mulai maadoan banyak panalitian mangenai fenomena iko. Kasadaran masyarakaik akan hujan asam di Amerika Sarikek maningkek pado taun 1990-an sasudah di ''[[New York Times]]'' mamuek laporan dari Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest di New Hampshire tantang banyaknyo karusakan lingkungan nan diakibaikan dek hujan asam. == Metode Pancegahan == Di [[Amerika Serikat]], banyak pambangkik tanago listrik tanago batu baro manggunoan ''Flue gas desulfurization'' (FGD) untuak manghilangan gas nan manganduang balerang dari carobongnyo. Sabagai contoh FGD adolah ''wet scrubber'' nan umum digunoan di Amerika Sarikek dan nagaro-nagaro lainnyo. ''Wet scrubber'' pado dasarnyo adolah tower nan dilangkoki jo kipeh nan maambiak gas asok dari carobong ka tower tasabuik. Kapua atau batu kapua dalam bantuak bubua diinjeksian pulo ka dalam tower sahinggo bacampua jo gas carobong sarato bareaksi jo sulfur dioksida nan ado, Kalsium karbonat dalam batu kapua manghasilan kalsium sulfat ba pH netral nan sacaro fisik dapek dikaluaan dari ''scrubber''. Dek karano itu, ''scrubber'' maubah polusi manjadi sulfat industri. Di babarapo area, sulfat tasabuik dijua ka pabrik kimia sabagai [[gipsum]] jiko kadar kalsium sulfatnyo tinggi. Di tampek lain, sulfat tasabuik ditampekan di ''[[land-fill]]''. == Pranala luar == * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415152327/http://www.epa.gov/region1/eco/acidrain/index.html Acid Rain in New England] * {{en}} [http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/2.html Environmental Literacy Council - Acid Rain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421175435/http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/2.html |date=2006-04-21 }} bebez19r2xhrm0hrvnvmcpbi3fgbdu2 0 324012 3352746 2494999 2026-09-25T01:03:04Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Alergi | Image = Hives2010.JPG | Caption = [[Urtikaria]] adolah ciri umum dari alergi. | DiseasesDB = 33481 | ICD1f0 = {{ICD10|T|78|4|t|66}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|995.3}} | MedlinePlus = 000812 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1101 | MeshID = D006967 | ICPC2 = A922c }} '''Alergi''' atau '''hipersensitivitas tipe I''' (1 dari 4) adolah kagagalan [[imun tubuah]] di mano [[tubuah]] surang manjadi [[hipersensitivitas|hipersensitif]] dalam bareaksi sacaro [[imunologi]] bakeh bahan-bahan nan umumnyo [[imunogenik]] ([[antigenik]]) atau dikatokan urang tasabuik basipaik [[atopik]]. Jo kato lain, tubuah [[manusia]] bareaksi balabiahan kapado lingkuangan atau bahan-bahan nan dek tubuah dianggap asiang jo babahayo, padohal sabananyo indak babahayo pado urang-urang nan indak basipaik [[atopik]]. Bahan-bahan nan manyababan [[hipersensitivitas]] tu disabuik [[alergen]]. Gajalonyo antaro lain [[mato merah]], gata-gata, [[rhinorrhea]], [[eksem]], urtikaria, atau sarangan [[asma]]. Pado sabagian urang, alergi barek pado lingkuangan, atau alergi makanan atau alergi ubek-ubek atau reaksi dek tasangek tawon mungkin dapek mambahayokan jiwa jo muncuanyo [[anafilaksis]]. Indak sadoalah reaksi dari hipersensivitas adolah alergi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bahna SL | title = Cow's milk allergy versus cow milk intolerance. | journal = Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology | volume = 89 | issue = 6 Suppl 1 | pages = 56–60 | date = Dec 2002 | pmid = 12487206 | doi = 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62124-2 }}</ref> Reaksi alergi dapek dipakirokan sarato balansuang capek. Alergi disababan dek produksi [[antibodi]] bajinih IgE.<ref>{{en}}{{cite web | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi? book=imm&part=A1322 | title = Immunobiology, chapter 10-7. The nature and amount of antigenic peptide can also affect the differentiation of CD4 T cells | accessdate = 2010-03-20 | work = Charles A. Janeway, et al. }} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} second paragraph.</ref> Mangko pambangkakan tajadi dari nan mambuek indak nyaman inggo mambahayokan. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == * {{id}} [http://www.hd.co.id/static.asp?link=news&num=49 ''Kenali Alergi Kulit pada Anak''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050116084917/http://www.hd.co.id/static.asp?link=news&num=49 |date=2005-01-16 }} * [[Kategori:Alergi| ]] [[Kategori:Imunologi]] [[Kategori:Kadokteran]] 8yyj0quhyk4b4jle4smtcaouuz5w63p 0 324846 3352751 3351657 2026-09-25T02:35:33Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox|name=Batuang|image=BambooKyoto.jpg|image_caption=Hutan batuang di [[Kyoto]], [[Japang]]|regnum=[[Plantae]]|unranked_divisio=[[Angiospermae]]|unranked_classis=[[Monokotil]]|unranked_ordo=[[Commelinids]]|ordo=[[Poales]]|familia=[[Poaceae]]|subfamilia=[[Bambusoideae]]|supertribus=[[Bambusodae]]|tribus='''Bambuseae'''|tribus_authority=[[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]] ex [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumort.]]|item = Q35922|diversity=Sakita 92 [[genus|genera]] jo 5.000 [[spesies]]|diversity_link=Taksonomi Bambuseae|subdivision_ranks=[[Upasuku]]| synonyms = ''Scomber thynnus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>|subdivision= * [[Arthrostylidiinae]] * [[Arundinariinae]] * [[Bambusinae]] * [[Chusqueinae]] * [[Guaduinae]] * [[Melocanninae]] * [[Nastinae]] * [[Racemobambodinae]] * [[Shibataeinae]] Baco salangkoknyo '''[[Taksonomi Bambuseae]]'''.{{br}}{{br}} [[Berkas:Wikispecies-logo.svg|al=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] [[Species:Bambuseae#Vernacular names|Media: {{PAGENAME}}]]{{br}} [[Berkas:Commons-logo.svg|al=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] [[c:Bambusoideae#Art|Media: {{PAGENAME}}]] | synonyms_ref = }} '''Batuang''' marupoan tanaman jinih rumpuik-rumpuikan yang batangnyo barongga jo barueh. Batuang punyo banyak tipe. Namo lain dari batuang adolah buluh, aua, jo eru. Di dunia ko batuang marupoan salah satu tanaman yang patumbuahannyo paliang capek. Dek punyo sistem rhizoma-dependen unik, dalam sahari batuang dapek tumbuah sapanjang 60&nbsp;cm (24 [[Inchi]]) bahkan labiah, tagantuang jo kondisi tanah sarato [[klimatologi]] tempat batuang ditanam.<ref name="Farrelly">{{cite book|last=Farrelly|first=David|title=The Book of Bamboo|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofbamboo00farr|publisher=Sierra Club Books|year=1984|isbn=087156825X}}</ref> == Genus jo geografi == Batuang diklasifikasian ka labiah dari 10 genus jo 1450 spesies.<ref name="Gratani et al.">{{Cite journal|last=Gratani|first=Loretta|coauthors=Maria Fiore Crescente, Laura Varone, Giuseppe Fabrini, and Eleonora Digiulio|title=Growth pattern and photosynthetic activity of different bamboo species growing in the Botanical Garden of Rome|journal=Flora|volume=203|pages=77–84|year=2008|accessdate=2 January 2009}}.</ref> Spesies batuang ditamuan di sajumlah lokasi iklim, dari iklim dingin pagunuangan hinggo daerah tropis angek. Batuang tadapek di sapanjang Asia Timur dari 50^o Lintang Utara di [[Sakhalin]] sampai ka sabalah utara Australia, jo di bagian barat India sampai ka [[Himalaya]].<ref name="Bystriakova et al">{{cite journal|coauthors=N. Bystriakova, V. Kapos, I. Lysenko and C.M.A. Stapleton|year=2003|month=September|title=Distribution and conservation status of forest bamboo biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific Region|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation|volume=12|issue=9|pages=1833–1841|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/gu726j88x87k4508/|accessdate=12 August 2009|doi=10.1023/A:1024139813651|author=Bystriakova, N.}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Batuang tadapek pulo di [[sub-Sahara Afrika]],<ref name="gorilla">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/5037343/Gorillas-get-drunk-on-bamboo-sap.html|title=Gorillas get drunk on bamboo sap|date=23 March 2009|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=12 August 2009|archive-date=26 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326083159/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/5037343/Gorillas-get-drunk-on-bamboo-sap.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> jo di Amerika dari patangahan Atlantik Amerika Utara<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ARGI|title=Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. giant cane|work=PLANTS Database|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]]}}</ref> hinggo ka salatan Argentina jo Cili, mancapai titiak paliang salatan batuang pado 47^o Lintang Selatan. Benua Eropa indak punyo spesies batuang usali.<ref name="rhs">{{cite book|title=New RHS Dictionary of Gardening|editor1-last=Huxley|editor1-first=A.|year=1992|publisher=Macmillan New RHS Dictionary of Gardening|isbn=0-333-47494-5|author=editor-in-chief, Anthony Huxley, editor, Mark Griffiths, managing editor, Margot Levy.}}</ref> Baru-baru ko alah diupayoan untuak mambudidayoan batuang sacaro komersial di [[Danau Besar Afrika]] di Afrika Tengah bagian timur, tarutamo di Rwanda. Salain itu, sajumlah parusahaan di Amerika Serikat manumbuhan, mamanen, jo mandistribusian spesies batuang sarupo [[Phyllostachys edulis]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McDill|first=Stephen|title=MS Business Journal|url=http://msbusiness.com/businessblog/2011/07/07/mississippi-cashes-in-on-bamboo/|accessdate=7 July 2011|newspaper=MS Business Journal|archive-date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711132830/http://msbusiness.com/businessblog/2011/07/07/mississippi-cashes-in-on-bamboo/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tadapek duo bantuak batuang sacaro umum, yaitu batuang bakayu dari suku [[Arundinarieae]] jo [[Bambuseae|batuangseae]], sarato batuang rumpuik dari suku [[Olyreae]]. Analisis molekuler dari pastida manunjuakan basonyo tadapek tigo sampai limo garih katurunan utamo dari batuang.<ref name="Kelchner2013">Kelchner SA; the Bamboo Phylogeny Group (2013) Higher level phylogenetic relationships within the bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) based on five plastid markers. Mol Phylogenet Evol pii: S1055-7903(13)00062-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.005</ref> == Ekologi == [[Berkas:Bamboo Feb09.jpg|jmpl|Tampak dekat batang batuang|al=]] [[Berkas:Bamboo forest at Rutgers University botanical gardens.JPG|jmpl|Hutan batuang di New Jersey.|al=]] Batuang adolah tanaman yang laju patumbuahannyo tatinggi di dunia, dapek tumbuah {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} dalam 24 jam.<ref name="Farrelly"/> Namun laju patumbuahan ko sangaik ditantuan jo kondisi tanah lokal, iklim, sarato jinih spesies. Laju patumbuahan yang paliang umum adolah sakitar {{convert|3|–|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} per hari. Batuang pernah tumbuah paliang banyak pado [[periode Cretaceous]], di wilayah yang kini disabuik jo [[Asia]]. Sajumlah spesies batuang tagadang dapek tumbuah hinggo malabiahi {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} tingginyo, sarato bisa mancapai diameter batang {{convert|15|–|20|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Namun spesies tatantu hanyo bisa tumbuah hingga katinggian beberapa inci sajo. Batuang tamasuak dalam kaluarga rumpuik-rumpuikan, yang manjadian batuang punyo laju patumbuahan yang tinggi. Hal itu barati katiko batuang dipanen, batuang akan tumbuah baliak sacaro capek tanpa manggaduah ekosistem. Babeda jo pohon, batang batuang muncua dari pamukaan jo diameter panuah sarato tumbuah hinggo mancapai tinggi maksimum dalam ciek musim tumbuah (sakitar 3 sampai 4 bulan). Salamo beberapa bulan tu, satiok tuneh yang muncua akan tumbuah vertikal tanpa manumbuahan cabang hinggo usia kamatangan dicapai. Salanjuknyo, cabang tumbuah dari node, dilanjuikan jo daun yang muncua. Pado tahun barikuiknyo, dindiang batang yang manganduang pulp akan mangareh. Pado tahun katigo, batang samakin mangareh. Hinggo tahun ke limo, cindawan dapek tumbuah di bagian lua batang sarato manambuih hinggo ka dalam jo mambusuakan batang. Hinggo tahun ka lapan (tagantuang jo spesies), patumbuahan cindawan mambuek batang batuang busuak jo rabah. Hal iko manunjuakan basonyo batuang paliang tapek dipanen katiko baumua antaro tigo sampai tujuah tahun. Batang batuang indak akan batambah tinggi sasudah tahun patamo. Batuang yang alah rabah atau dipanen indak akan digantian dek tuneh batuang baru di tampek batuang pernah tumbuah. Banyak spesies batuang tropis akan mati pado temperatur yang dakek ka titiak baku, samantaro sajumlah batuang di iklim sadang dapek batahan hinggo temperatur {{convert|-29|°C|°F}}. Sajumlah batuang yang tahan dingin tu dapek batahan hinggo zona 5-6 dalam kategori USDA Plant Hardiness Zones, meski pado akhianyo batuang akan maruntuahan daun-daunnyo jo mambarantian patumbuahan, namun rizomanyo akan salamaik sarato manumbuahan tuneh batuang baru di musim semi barikuiknyo. Batuang dari genus Phyllostachys dikategorian sabagai [[spesies invasif]] di Amerika Serikat, manjua bali maupun kagiatan manambah jumlahnyo marupoan kagiatan yang ilegal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyis.info/index.php?action=liisma_pages&page=legislation |title=NYIS |publisher=Nyis.info |date=2013-10-24 |accessdate=2014-03-24 |archive-date=2014-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408213107/http://www.nyis.info/index.php?action=liisma_pages&page=legislation |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Sabagai makanan hewan == [[Berkas:Panda eating Bamboo.jpg|jmpl|lurus|batuang adolah makanan utamo panda, mancapai 99% dari dietnyo|al=]] Tuneh batuang ampuak, rantiang, jo daun adolah sumber makanan utamo dari panda di [[Tiongkok]], panda merah di Nepal, sarato lemur batuang di [[Madagaskar]]. Mancik mamakan buah batuang, gorila gunuang [[Afrika]] mamakan batuang pulo jo alah didokumentasian mangonsumsi nira batuang yang Alah bafermentasi jo manganduang alkohol.<ref name="gorilla"/> Simpanse jo [[gajah]] mamakan batuang pulo bagian batangnyo.q Larva dari palubang batuang (ngengat ''[[Omphisa fuscidentalis]]'') di [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] jo Tiongkok mamakan pulp dari batuang yang masih iduik. Larva ngengat ko manjadi bahan makanan satampek. == Pambungoan massal == [[Berkas:PICT0079 bambus-i-blomst 13apr2007 1200-81.jpg|jmpl|Batuang yang sadang babungo|al=]] Kabanyakan batuang sangaik jarang babungo. Faktanyo, batuang hanyo babungo yang bainterval 5 sampai 120 tahun. Pambungoan massal pado spesies tatantu babeda-beda wakatunyo. Pambungoan massal yang paliang lamo pariodenyo adolah batuang dari spesies ''[[Phyllostachys bambusoides|Phyllostachys batuangsoides]]''. Spesies ko babungo sacaro massal dalam wakatu basamoan walaupun tapisah sacaro geografis jo iklim, sasudah itu batuang akan mati menyisoan rizomanyo. Pambungoan ko punyo dampak yang ketek, sahinggo mangindikasian kabaradoan alarm biologis di dalam sel yang mamicu panjatahan energi untuak mamproduksi bungo jo mambarantian patumbuahan vegetatif. Mekanisme ko tamasuak panyabab sacaro volusi yang masih dipatanyoan. Hipotesis yang manjalehan [[evolusi]] dari pambungoan massal ko adolah untuak "manganyangan" predator. Pambungoan jo pambuahan dalam wakatu yang basamoan akan maningkekan katahanan populasi baniahnyo. Caronyo yaitu mambanjiran area jo buah sahinggo predator akan mamakan yang inyo butuahan sarato maninggaan biji-bijian yang tasiso untuak tumbuah manjadi tanaman baru. Batuang punyo siklus pambungoan yang jauah malabiahi umua iduik [[rodent]] sahinggo dapek maatua populasi rodent supayo indak tabiaso mamakan buah batuang. Batuang dewasa yang mati sabalum babungo akan labiah efektif kok indak dipatahanan sabagai mekanisme panyimpanan energi untuak malakuan pambungoan.<ref name="Janzen">{{cite journal |last=Janzen |first= DH. |year=1976 |title=Why Bamboos Wait so Long to Flower |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |volume=7 |pages=347–391 |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.07.110176.002023 }}</ref> == Pambudidayoan == Batuang tumbuah jo manyebaran paurekan sarato rizomanyo di bawah tanah. Panyebaran ko jangkauannyo bisa sangaik lueh, kok indak dikandalian bisa mambuek tuneh tumbuah di tampek yang indak diinginan, bahkan bapotensi [[spesies invasif|invasif]]. Lueh paurekan batuang ditantuan dek jinih [[tanah]] jo [[iklim]] satampek. Rizoma yang barado di dalam tanah bisa dipotong kalau diinginan, kok rizoma tapisah dari badan utamonyo, biasonyo akan mati. === Kayu komersial === Kayu batuang dihasilan dari batuang budidayo jo batuang lia, biasonyo dari genus ''[[Phyllostachys]]''. Di Indonesia, batuang bahan bangunan di antaronyo dihasilan dek marga-marga ''[[Bambusa|batuangsa]]'' (misalnyo, batuang ampel), ''[[Dendrocalamus]]'' (mis. batuang betung), jo ''[[Gigantochloa]]'' (mis. batuang ater, batuang gombong).<ref name=heyne>{{aut|[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, K.]]}} 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''I''': 322-47. Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Jakarta. (versi berbahasa [[Belanda]] [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten1922heyn#page/262/mode/2up -1922- '''I''': 262-89.])</ref><ref name=prosea>{{aut|[[Soejatmi Dransfield|Dransfield, S.]] & [[Elizabeth Anita Widjaja|E.A. Widjaja]]}}. 1995. (Eds). ''Plant Resources of South-East Asia'' No. '''7''' Bamboos. Bogor:PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation.</ref> === Pamanenan kayu === batuang yang digunoan untuak kagiatan konstruksi harus dipanen katiko batang mancapai kakuatan tatingginyo jo katiko kadar gulo di dalam batang barado dalam kondisi tarandah. Hal itu disababan dek kabaradoan gulo mampamudah batuang untuak disarang hama. === Pancucian === Pancucian atau pangawa-lindian adolah panguraian gatah batuang sasudah pamanenan. Di banyak tampek di dunia, kadar gatah dikurangi jo sajumlah caro. Batuang yang alah dipotong ditagakan jo bantuan batuang yang masih tatanam hinggo daun yang masih manempel di batuang bawarna kakuniangan. Hal iko batujuan supayo kadar gula dalam gatah dimanfaatan dek daun jo rantiang batuang talabiah dahulu. Biasonyo dilakuan salamo duo pakan. Caro nan lain samo jo yang tadi, tapi bagian dasar batuang dirandam dalam [[sungai]] atau drum aia. Caro ko labiah capek dek gatah gulo kalua atau laruik dek aia. Caro lainnyo dibariangan jo dirandam di badan aia yang mailia. Caro nan tarakhia aia dipompaan ka dalam batang batuang sasudah bagian dalamnya dilubangan. Dalam proses pancucian, batuang dikariangan mulo-mulo di tampek taduah untuak mancagah lapisan lua batuang ratak. Manuruik {{aut|Stebbings}}, dari hasil percobaannyo, pangawa-lindian jo marandam batuang dalam aia salamo 5 hari, dilanjuikan jo pangariangan sarato parandaman "''Rangoon oil''" (yaitu sajinih minyak tanah) salamo 48 jam, dapek mangawetan batuang untuak tiang telegraf dari sarangan kumbang bubuak sapanjang sakurang-kurangnyo satahun. Untuk maninggian kaawetan, baliau manyaranan untuak mampapanjang maso parandaman dalam aia sampai sadolah gatah yang takanduang dalam buluah laruik jo ai. Mangomentari hal itu, {{aut|[[Henry Nicholas Ridley|Ridley]]}} mangamukoan basonyo parandaman dalam aia salamo duo bulan cukuik mamadoi untuak mancagah sarangan saranggo tu.<ref>{{aut|Stebbings, E.P.}} 1904. "Preservation of bamboos from the attacks of bamboobeetle or 'shot-borers'." ''Agricultural bulletin of the Straits and Federated Malay States''. (New series). [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/148081#page/29/mode/1up vol. '''3'''(1): 15-17.] [January 1904]</ref> == Manfaaik == === Boga === [[Berkas:TakenokoBambooSprouts.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Tuneh batuang matah di pasa Jepang|al=]] [[Berkas:Khao_lam87.jpg|jmpl|211x211px|''Khao lam'' ({{lang-th|ข้าวหลาม}}) adolah [[beras ketan|bareh katan]] jo gulo sarato santan pakek yang dimasak di dalam rueh batuang khusus badiameter tatantu.|al=]] Walaupun tuneh batuang manganduang toksin [[taxiphyllin]], senyawa glikosida sianogenik, yang mangasilan sianida di dalam lambuang, pamrosesan yang sasuai manjadian tuneh batuang bisa dimakan. Sajumlah masakan Asia manggunoan tuneh batuang sarato dijua dalam bantuak segar atau kalengan. Lemur batuang ameh mamakan tuneh batuang matah sarato indak tapangaruah jo toksin taxiphyllin. Tuneh batuang dalam kondisi tafermentasi adolah bahan utamo dalam sajumlah kuliner di Himalaya. Di India disabuik ''khorisa''. Di Nepal, tuneh batuang difermentasian jo kunyik sarato minyak sayua, salanjuiknyo dimasak jo kantang manjadi masakan yang dimakan jo nasi (''alu tama (आलु तामा)'' in [[Bahasa Nepali]]). Di [[Indonesia]], tuneh batuang yang akan di konsumsi dipotong tipih-tipih jo diabuih untuak mangilangan senyawa toksin, salanjuiknyo dicuci barasiah untuak ditambahan santan jo langkok-langkok ka dibuek gulai [[rabuang]]. Resep lain yang mamanfaatan tuneh batuang yaitu sayua lodeh jo lumpia. Tuneh batuang yang alah disaik, dicuci barasiah sarato diabuih sabalun dimakan untuak mangilangan toksin. Acar tuneh batuang digunoan sabagai palangkok makanan, bisa pulo dibuek dari inti batang batuang mudo ([[pith]]). Cairan yang kalua dari batang batuang mudo disadap katiko musim ujan untuak mangasilan minuman baralkohol. Daun batuang yang lumayan gadang dipakai sabagai pambungkuih makanan ringan. == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Pranala lua == {{Wikispecies}}{{Commons category|Bambuseae}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Bamboo}} * [http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=36149 Bamboo Structural Design ISO Standards] * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/climate-change/environment/natural-disasters/ecosystems/forests/trees/bamboo Resources on Bamboo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625044550/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/climate-change/environment/natural-disasters/ecosystems/forests/trees/bamboo |date=2011-06-25 }} * [http://www.culture.tw/index.php?option=com_seyret&task=videodirectlink&Itemid=260&id=117/ Bamboo Art(Video)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175126/http://www.culture.tw/index.php?option=com_seyret&task=videodirectlink&Itemid=260&id=117%2F |date=2013-12-11 }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q35922}} l3j1p9mg3uxi1y4sap170m43933avx8 0 327023 3352763 3169798 2026-09-25T08:59:48Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=Homophobia|film name=|director=Gregor Schmidinger|producer=Gregor Schmidinger</br>Julian Wehl|writer=Gregor Schmidinger|starring=Michael Glantschnig</br>Josef Mohamed</br>Günther Sturmlechner</br>Harald Bodingbauer|editing=Gregor Schmidinger|studio=Irrational Realm|released=2012|runtime=23 menit|country=Austria|language=Jerman}} '''Homophobia''' adolah film pendek nan mamiliki durasi 23 minik, dirilis tahun [[2012]] dari Austria. Naskah film ko ditulih jo sakaligus disutradarai jo [[Gregor Schimidinger]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2229908/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm|title=Homophobia|last=|first=|date=|website=imdb.com|publisher=imdb|access-date=}}</ref> Film ko dibintangi jo aktor-aktor nan hebat yaitu [[Michael Glantsching]], [[Josef Mohamed]], [[Gunther Sturmlecher]], dan [[Harald Bodingbauer]]. Film ko awalnyo di rilis di Wina pado [[11 Mai|11 Mei]] 2012, salanjuiknyo dirilis pulo sacaro online pado [[14 Mei]] 2012. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrctREi0KzeOAKmfcanMYyU7JHWMxWHLq|title=Homophobia|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref> Film iko mancaritoan tantang saurang anak laki-laki nan alah remaja banamo Michael. Michael ko masuak ka dalam Pasukan Militer Austria basamo remaja laki-laki lainnyo. Tapi, dalam pasukan tasabuik, Michael mangalami parasaan menyukai sasamo jinih jo biaso disabuik [[homoseksual]]. Hal ikolah nan mambuek Miachael di ''bully'' jo kawan-kawannyo karano inyo "berbeda". Dalam film dicaritoan baa kondisi Michael jo urang nan inyo sukoi di malam tarakhir di pabatehan Austria-[[Hongaria]] sarato taisolasi sacaro sosial. Salain itu, urang baduo ko diagiahan sanjato nan panuah jo anak tembakan. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAxEw58AY8c&list=PLrctREi0KzeOAKmfcanMYyU7JHWMxWHLq&index=1|title=HOMOPHOBIA (Gay Themed Short Film)|last=Schmidinger|first=Gregor|date=|website=youtube|publisher=|access-date=4 Maret 2020}}</ref> Film Homophobia ko dirilis batapekan jo ''"International Day Against Homophobia"'' sahinggo sukses promosinyo sarato ditampilan di ''platform'' internet utamo jo media cetak. Homophobia mangandung aspek-aspek kahidupan nan banyak yaitu kekerasan, penganiayaan sarato katakuikan nan sadonyo muncua walaupun durasi film hanyo 23 minik. Homophobia dicaritoan jo tampilan nan dramastis sarato fokus pado pamaran utamo namun tetap apik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shortoftheweek.com/2012/05/23/homophobia|title=Homophobia by Gregor Schmidinger {{!}} Short Film|website=Short of the Week|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref> == Plot == Film ko dibuek pado tahun [[1990]]-an salamo titik balik matahari musim dingin sarato manunjukan tantang dunia layanan militer nan maskulin. Hal iko diawali jo Raphael (nan diperankan dek Josef Mohamed) nan manodong pistol ka muluik Miachael (nan diperankan dek Michael Glantsching), kaduonyo manggunokan saragam militer. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/vangardist/docs/issue24_english_issuu|title=VANGARDIST Issue 24|website=Issuu|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-date=2017-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015214524/https://issuu.com/vangardist/docs/issue24_english_issuu|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Salanjuiknyo film iko manganalan Michael sabagai prajurit mudo nan barasa dari Austria. Malam hari Michael terbangun, muntah lalu manuju toilet dan manangih akan kadaannyo saat itu. Michael kemudian menuju kamar mandi untuak mandi, dan disikolah tajadi sasuatu nan manyadihan. Saat mandi, Micahel melihat ke arah bawah tubuh Raphael. Jürgen (nan diperankan dek Günther Sturmlechner) mandatangi Michael langsung mamegang punggungnyo samantaro Raphael mambelokan aia dingin kapadonyo. Maraso marah, Michael langsuang malempa tubuh Jürgen hingga Jürgen tajatuah, Michael pun langsuang manuju ruang ganti. Di ruang ganti, Jürgen mandatangi Michael sarato mangaku bahwa inyo tau "sadonyo tantang rahasia keteknyo", nan sabatuanyo homoseksualitas nan dimiliki Michael. Sambil berkata begitu, Jürgen maraba bagian vital Michael dan Michael pun diluar kendali. Saat di luar kendali itulah, Jürgen malempa Michael ka pintu loker hinggo bagian alis Michael terluka. <ref name=":1" /> Katiko ditanyo Komandan takaik luko tasabuik, Michael babohong ka komandannyo (nan diperankan dek Harald Bodingbauer) dan mangatakan kalau inyo tajatuah di kamar mandi. Michael kalua dari ruangan untuak mangisi peluru di senjatanyo, dan mandanga Jürgen beserta duo teman pletonnyo manggunjingan Michael karano homoseksualitas. Di hutan, Michael dan Rapahel duduak basamo. Raphael mancaritoan tentang kekasihnyo, namun indak yakin hal tasabuk berorientasi seksual. Raphael juga maminta maaf ka Michael atas sado kasalahan nan alah dilakukannyo. Mereka kamudian marokok ganja untuak saling menghibur diri. Namun, Michael mulai mancubo untuak mancium Raphael, namun langsung didorong oleh Raphael dan mengatakan bahwa dirinya tidak gay. Michael terkejut dan manjauh dari Raphael, dan Michael jatuh ke tanah serta manangih karano perbuatan tasabuik. Akhirnyo, Raphael mamaluak Michael dan malam itu adolah malam tarakhia mereka basamo. <ref name=":5" /> == Latar belakang dan produksi == Gregor Schmidinger sabalum marilih film Homophobia, inyo marilis film pendek nan batema gay, yaitu [[The Boy Next Door]] pado tahun [[2008]]. Salah satu inspirasi inyo mambuek Homophobia karano bunuh diri [[Jamey Rodemeyer]] pado tahun [[2011]], nan dibaritakan dikaitkan jo initimidasi karano homoseksualitasnyo. Sabalumnyo, Jamey merekam video untuak kampanye ''"It Gets Better"'' pado bulan Mei, namun inyo mangakhiri iduiknyo babarapo bulan satalah perekaman video tasabuik. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ggg.at/2012/05/10/video-project-homophobia-kurzfilm-feiert-weltpremiere/|title=[Video] 'Project Homophobia': Kurzfilm feiert Weltpremiere|last=Mader|first=Herwig Hakan|date=2012-05-10|website=GGG.at|language=de-DE|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> Walaupun banyak nan baanggapan kalau judul film iko biaso, tapi Schmidinger barusaho mambela karano "manyadiakan caro untuak manjangkau penonton nan labiah lueh jo ciek kalimat : optimasi mesin pencari memenuhi [[seni]]". <ref name=":2" /> Produksi film iko dilakukan di hutan bagian lua jo bagian dalam bakeh pabrik [[tembakau]] di Linz, Austria manggunokan kamera [[Canon EOS C300]]. Takaik uang produksi, uang tasabuik dikumpulan tautamo malalui [[crowdfunding]] di [[Indiegogo]], sarato dijanjian dalam 69 hari sajo. Urang-urang nan manyumbang untuak proses film ko diundang untuak manjadi bagian dari proyek sarato mangunjungi forum [[Facebook]], dan urang tasabuik bisa mancaliak baa proses pembuatan film jo maagiah saran untuak labiah ancaknyo.<ref name=":2" /> Proyek ko didukung juo jo organisasi [[Queeren Kleinprojektetopf|''Queeren Kleinprojektetopf'']] di Wina. <ref name=":3" /> Panggunon kamera Canon EOS C300 tasabuik diparuntuikan karano kamampuannyo untuak marekam adegan cahaya randah sarato katajaman kameranyo. Salain itu, untuak lokasi nan cahaya randah, dibutuhan [[generator listrik]] untuak mambantu proses produksi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJDXNpK02d4&t=30s|title=HOMOPHOBIA-Making of Part 2|last=Schmidinger|first=Gregor|date=29 Februari 2012|website=youtube.com|publisher=youtube|access-date=6 Maret 2020}}</ref> Pada awalnyo, Schmidinger ingin membuat akhir film nan bahagia, namun langsuang diralatnyo karano manuruik inyo akhir film nan bahagia indak sasuai dalam kahidupan nyato.<ref name=":4" /> Adegan tarakhia nan direncanakan adolah manampilan pertemuan antaro Michael jo Raphael sabagai kawan di stasiun kereta satalah dinas militer mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubxGd1yW0Lc|title=HOMOPHOBIA Making of Part 1|last=Schmidinger|first=Gregor|date=27 februari 2012|website=youtube.com|publisher=youtube|access-date=6 Maret 2020}}</ref> Namun, inyo tetap baharap kalau maksud positif di akhir film tasabuik tasampaian. Untuak manyampaian makasuik film ka dunia nyata, film iko di rilis sacaro ''offline'' jo ''online'' di festival film. Salain itu, film iko ditayangkan pulo di sakolah-sakolah untuak mambahas lebih lanjuik takaik homophobia sarato penerimaan diri malalui film tasabuik. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://futurezone.at/digital-life/homophobia-netz-erfolg-fuer-film-aus-oesterreich/24.580.977|title=Homophobia: Netz-Erfolg für Film aus Österreich|last=martin.stepanek|website=futurezone.at|language=de|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> {{Quote box |quote=''Homophobia'' adalah kisah nan ingin awak caritoan salamo babarapo tahu. Awak ingin berkontribusi pado tema "Gay Bullying" saat iko. Awak tau bahwa sekarang ini adolah wakatu nan tapek untuak maluncuran proyek. Bukan hanyo karano materi pelajaran nan relevan, tapi karano awal sakarang alah mancapai kedewasaan emosional jo artistik nan diperlukan untuak malaksanakan proyek iko. |quoted = true |bgcolor = #FFFFF0 |salign = center |align = right |width = 25% |border = 1px |fontsize = 90% }} == Kontroversi == Februari [[2017]], pado adegan kamar mandi kemungkinan manampilan saurang laki-laki nan barusia 25 tahun, dikenal jo Harald Z. Namun, di bawah namo alias tasabuik adolah Harald Hitler, marupoan urang nan mamuliakan [[Adolf Hitler]]. Meskipun halaman nan manampilan hal tasabuik alah dihapuih, tapi masih ado babarapo foto di Facebook. Salah ciek foto tasabuik diposting dek Gleinchlaut tahun 2012, dalam sabuah majalah gay. Takaik hal iko, Gregor Schmidinger penulis sakaligus sutrada mangaku satalah pemutaran perdana film tasabuik, inyo indak malakukan kontak apopun dengan Harald. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/de_at/article/xy7zww/alles-was-wir-uber-harald-hitler-wissen|title=Alles, was wir über "Harald Hitler" wissen|last=Bogner|first=Verena|date=2017-02-14|website=Vice|language=de|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827214212/https://www.vice.com/de_at/article/xy7zww/alles-was-wir-uber-harald-hitler-wissen|archive-date=2017-08-27|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Daftar Pamain == {| class="wikitable" |+ Aktor Film Homophobia <ref name=":0" /> !Namo !Peran |- |Michael Glantschnig |Michael |- |Josef Mohamed |Raphael |- |Günther Sturmlechner |Jürgen |- |Harald Bodingbauer |Komandan |- |Matthias Buchegger | |- |Marc Dejenyitchi | |- |Marco Lehner | |- |Harald Zenz | |- |Lukas Neumüller | |- |Velizar Lytvynets | |} == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:Film Pendek]] [[Kategori:LGBT]] 3anw65idnywn0tjstxfpxey9vdjtag0 0 327902 3352754 3351619 2026-09-25T04:00:31Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} [[File:Cynthia and Julian Lennon at the unveiling ceremony of the John Lennon Peace Monument in Liverpool - celebrating John Lennon's 70th Birthday - October 9th 2010 (retouched).jpg|256px|right|thumb|Cynthia (kiri) jo Julian Lennon marasmian John Lennon Peace Movement di Liverpool pado bulan Oktober 2010.]] '''Cynthia Powell Lennon''' ({{lahiamati|[[Blackpool]], [[Inggirih]]|10|9|1939|[[Majorca]], [[Spanyol]]|1|4|2015}}) adolah istri partamo anggota [[The Beatles]] [[John Lennon]]. Basamo Lennon, inyo punyo surang anak nan banamo [[Julian Lennon]]. == Kaidupan awal == Cynthia Powell lahia di [[Blackpool]], [[Inggirih]] pado 10 September 1939. Ayahnyo banamo Charles Powell, surang pagawai di [[General Electric]]; ibunyo banamo Lilian.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|pp=16–17}} Ayah jo ibunyo barasa dari [[Liverpool]], tapi pindah ka Blackpool salapeh dimulainyo [[Parang Dunia Kaduo]]. Cynthia basakolah di Liverpool Junior Art School; pado umua 11, inyo panah mamanangi kompetisi seni nan disalanggaroan dek surek kaba ''[[Liverpool Echo]]''.{{sfn|Harry|2000|p=266}} Pado bulan September 1957, Powell masuak ka [[Liverpool College of Art]] untuk kuliah [[desain grafis]].{{sfn|Edmondson|2010|p=27}} Di kelas ''lettering'', inyo basuo jo John Lennon, nan acok maminjam pena jo pensil ka Powell. Inyo jo Lennon mulai dakek di sinan; juluakan John untuaknyo adolah "Miss Hoylake" atau "Miss Powell".{{sfn|Edmondson|2010|p=27}} Pasangan ko mulai bapacaran salapeh sabuah pesta akhir semester. Powell pado kutiko itu alah batunangan, namun mangakhiakan tunangannyo demi Lennon, nan juo mamutuihan hubuangannyo jo pasangannyo kutiko itu Thelma Pickles.{{sfn|Cross|2004|p=9}} Hubuangan Lennon jo Powell pado awalnyo panuah dek cemburu jo kekerasan; pado suatu kali, Lennon manampanyo inggo kapalonyo kanai pado tembok dek cemburu mancaliak Powell badansa jo [[Stuart Sutcliffe]], ''bassist'' The Beatles.<ref name="Lennonsfriends">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4469292.stm |title=Lennon's friends recall ex-Beatle |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=25 November 2005|accessdate=27 March 2011}}</ref> Kutiko The Beatles partamo kali bamain di [[Hamburg]] pado 1960, Lennon rajin manulih surek pado Powell nan tingga di Liverpool. Satahun kamudian, Powell jo Dot Rhone (pasangan [[Paul McCartney]] pado kutiko itu) mangunjuangi band ka Hamburg pado liburan [[Paskah]].{{sfn|Cross|2004|p=33}} Powell tetap kuliah di Liverpool samantaro Lennon manaruihan karir musiknyo. == Pakawinan jo John Lennon (1962-68) == Powell gagal lulus pado ujian guru seninyo pado 1962, namun inyo manamuan baso inyo hamil anak John pado bulan Agustus 1962. Kutiko Powell maagiah tahu Lennon, inyo maajaknyo untuak manikah.{{sfn|Edmondson|2010|p=47}} Kaduonyo manikah di Liverpool pado 23 Agustus 1962, dihadiri dek Paul McCartney jo [[George Harrison]] sarato manajer Beatles [[Brian Epstein]].{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=348}} Lennon baumua 21 tahun, sadang Powell baumua 22. Kaduonyo indak pai untuak ba[[bulan madu]], dek sebab Lennon ado jadwal konser di [[Chester]] pado malam nan samo, walaupun kudian pasangan ko pai balibur ka [[Paris]] pado bulan September.{{sfn|Cross|2004|p=67}} Salamo Powell hamil, Epstein maizinan inyo jo Lennon untuak tingga di apartemen pribadinyo di 36 Falkner Street, Liverpool.{{sfn|Brown|2002|p=93}} [[Julian Lennon]] lahia pado pukua 7.45 pagi pado 8 April 1963 di Sefton Hospital, Liverpool. Lennon indak dapek mancaliak kalahiran anaknyo sampai tigo hari kudian, dek sebab inyo pado wukatu itu sadang konser.{{sfn|Edmondson|2010|p=51}} Pado wukatu Julian lahia, The Beatles alah manjadi terkenal di saluruah Inggirih, tapi Epstein maminta pado Lennon jo Powell untuak marasioan kalahiran Julian untuak indak mambuek kecewa para penggemar Beatles nan kabanyakan anak gadih mudo.{{sfn|Davies|1968|pp=173–174}} Media massa baru mandanga kaba buruang tantang Powell jo Julian pado akhia tahun 1963 dan mangarubuangi rumah ibu Powell di Hoylake.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=271}} Lennon jo Powell pindah ka sabuah apartemen tigo kamar di 13 Emperor's Gate, Cromwell Road. Penggemar Beatles manamuan rumah tu dan bakemah di muko rumah; Powell acok tapaso untuak mausia urang-urang tu untuak masuak atau kalua dari rumahnyo surang.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|pp=172–173}}{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=436}} Powell ikuik dalam tur Beatles ka [[Amerika Sarikat]]. Lennon maizinan inyo jo Powell difoto dek pers, nan mambuek berang Epstein nan bausao kareh untuak manjado panikahan kaduonyo raasio.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|pp=460–462}} Di rumahnyo di London, penggemar Beatles mulai manjadi lia, manempelan permen karet di gagang pintu dan manguyak-nguyak pakaian Powell atau Lennon kutiko salah surang dari kaduonyo tibo atau kalua dari rumah.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=514}} Penggemar Beatles bahkan tahu tantang rencana liburan keluarga Lennon di [[St. Moritz]] atau di sabuah kastil di [[Irlandia]]; mambuek Powell jo [[Pattie Boyd]], istri George Harrison, tapaso kalua dari tampek liburan bapakaian palayan.{{sfn|Davies|1968|pp=214,228–229}} Pado bulan Juli 1964, Lennon jo Powell pindah ka sabuah rumah gadang banamo [[Kenwood]] di [[Weybridge]], dakek rumah [[Cliff Richard]].{{sfn|Davies|1968|pp=323–326}} Powell bakawan jo Pattie Boyd dan Maureen Starkey (istri [[Ringo Star]]) dek rumah katigonyo badakekan.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|pp=204–206}} Rumah Kenwoodnyo manjadi tampek bakumpua anggota jo pasangan Beatle lain, urang-urang pamusik (kabanyakan dari Amerika), bahkan rang-urang asiang nan ditamui Lennon di klub-klub malam London.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|pp=204–206}} Pado maso iko, anggota The Beatles mulai managiah [[LSD]]; John, Cynthia, Harrison, jo Boyd mancubonyo untuak kali partamo pado bulan Maret 1965 di rumah surang dokter gigi banamo John Riley, nan indak maagiah tau baso ubek nan inyo agiah adolah LSD.<ref name="Dentist">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/revealed-dentist-who-introduced-beatles-to-lsd-415230.html |title=Revealed: Dentist who introduced Beatles to LSD |first=Ian |last=Herbert |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=9 September 2006 |accessdate=19 October 2009 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924220118/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/revealed-dentist-who-introduced-beatles-to-lsd-415230.html |dead-url=yes}}</ref> Lennon mulai mamakai LSD sacaro rutin di sampiang [[ganja]]; Cynthia kudian ikuik lo mamakai walaupun mandapek efek psikologis nan agak parah.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|pp=665–666}} Masuak tahun 1967, sikap agresif Lennon dari maso keteknyo mulai malayua dek narkotika, namun inyo mulai indak responsif dalam komunikasi jo urang lain, tamasuak Cynthia.{{sfn|Davies|1968|pp=328–329,334–335,384}} Sabalun jadwal pajalanan ka India pado awal tahun 1968, Cynthia manamuan surek-surek dari [[Yoko Ono]] untuak suaminyo. Lennon mambantah baso inyo ado ubuangan kusuih jo Ono, walaupun inyo acok manalepon dan bakunjuang ka Kenwood.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|pp=740–741}} Dalam pasawat pulang ka Inggirih, Lennon mabuak barek dan mangaku baso inyo baubuangan jo banyak wanita salamo pakawinannyo jo Cynthia, tamasuak jo [[Joan Baez]] dan [[Eleanor Bron]].{{sfn|Edmondson|2010|p=101}} Lennon manyaranan Cynthia untuak balibur ka [[Yunani]] basamo kawan-kawannyo samantaro inyo tingga di Kenwood untuak rekaman album ''[[The White Album]]''.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|pp=281–282}} Cynthia pulang labiah capek dari Yunani pado 22 Mei 1968 dan manamuan Lennon jo Ono baduo di kamar.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=772}} Pado 22 Agustus 1968, Cynthia manggugat carai Lennon, nan disahkan pado tanggal 8 November 1968. Inyo mandapek hak perwalian atas Julian dan pitih 100,000 [[poundsterling]] (sekitar 1,747 juta poundsterling pado 2020).{{sfn|Edmondson|2010|p=113}} == Kaidupan salapehnyo == Salapeh bacarai jo Lennon, Cynthia mambukak sabuah restoran di [[Ruthin]], [[Wales]], nan banamo Oliver's Bistro.<ref name="BBinRuthin">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/guides/halloffame/showbiz/cynthia_lennon.shtml |title=Cynthia Lennon |publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=4 Mai 2020 |archive-date=2010-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113061313/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/guides/halloffame/showbiz/cynthia_lennon.shtml |dead-url=yes}}</ref> Inyo manulis sabuah memoir tantang pakawinannyo jo Lennon, ''A Twist of Lennon'', nan tabik pado tahun 1978. Lennon bausao untuak mangantian penerbitan buku itu salapeh bocorannyo tabik di surek kaba.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/431822.stm |title=Life with The Beatles |publisher=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=4 May 2007 | date=27 August 1999}}</ref> Cynthia maningga pado tanggal 1 April 2015 di rumahnyo di [[Majorca]], [[Spanyol]] dek sakik kanker.<ref name="bbc-death">{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-32153908|title=John Lennon's first wife Cynthia dies from cancer|date=1 April 2015|publisher= [[BBC News]]|accessdate=2 April 2015}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|3}} === Bibliografi === * {{cite book |last=Lennon |first=Cynthia |title=John |url=https://archive.org/details/john0000cynt |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-340-89512-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Harry |first=Bill |authorlink=Bill Harry |title=The John Lennon Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/johnlennonencycl0000harr |publisher=Virgin Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7535-0404-8 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Edmondson |first=Jacqueline |title=John Lennon: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/johnlennonbiogra0000edmo |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-313-37938-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Cross |first=Craig |authorlink= |title=Day-By-Day Song-By-Song Record-By-Record|publisher=iUniverse |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-595-31487-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Spitz |first=Bob |authorlink=Bob Spitz |title=The Beatles – The Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit |url-access=registration |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-316-80352-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Brown (music industry) |last2=Gaines |first2=Steven |authorlink2=Steven Gaines |title=The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles |url=https://archive.org/details/loveyoumakeinsid0000brow |publisher=NAL Trade | edition= Reprint |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-451-20735-7 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Davies |first=Hunter |authorlink=Hunter Davies | title=The Beatles: The Authorized Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-ECZ-002 |publisher=Dell Publishing |year=1968 |type=paperback |ref=harv}} Also adapted for publication in {{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA110 |title=The Beatles |first=Hunter |last=Davies |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |date=13–20 September 1968 }} 0t3amryoa1xgzc61xma53q2yha68ozr 0 335742 3352760 3158428 2026-09-25T08:10:13Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352760 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''God of War : Ascension''''' adolah pamainan sajinih ''action-adventure'' nan dibuek dek [[Santa Monica Studios]] jo nan mamplubikasi pamainan ko adolah [[Sony Computer Entertainment Architect]]. Pamainan nan dirilis tahun 2012 iko marupoan seri katujuah dari seri ''God of War'', nan tasadio hanyo untuak [[Playstation 3|PS3]]. Seri ko marupoan seri tarakhia dari era patamo [[Yunani]] nan marupoan perkuel dari seri ''God of War'' nan kalua pado tahun 2005. Seri ''God of War'' ko mamilki fitur nan babeda pado seri sabalunnyo, yoitu total pamain pado video game sabanyak dalapan urang jo tadapek tantangan nan baru sarato lakon utamo nan single player. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://duniaku.idntimes.com/game/konsol-pc/febrianto-nur-anwari/god-of-war-ascension-preview-prekuel-yang-menonjolkan-sisi-humanis-dari-kratos|title=God of War: Ascension Hub: Prekuel yang Menonjolkan Sisi Humanis dari Kratos!|last=Anwari|first=Febrianto Nur|website=Duniaku|language=id|access-date=2020-06-24}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.playstation.com/en-us/games/god-of-war-ascension-ps3/|title=God of War: Ascension™|website=PlayStation|language=en-us|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref> Pado seri iko toko utamo tetap diparanan dek ''Kratos,'' (bakeh tukang suruah ''Ares'') nan marupoan tukang bunuah dewa. Pado seri ko si Kratos nio mambunuah ''Ares'' (Dewa parang) dek karano alah mangicuah nyo. Sahinggo anak jo bini ''Kratos'' maningga.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/188351/God_of_War_Ascension_What_the_critics_are_saying.php|title=God of War: Ascension : What the critics are saying|last=Cowan|first=Danny|website=www.gamasutra.com|language=en|access-date=2020-06-25|archive-date=2021-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825035801/https://gamasutra.com/view/news/188351/God_of_War_Ascension_What_the_critics_are_saying.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Prekuel === Pado mulo pamainan ko dimulai ''Kratos'' si lakon utamo barado di panjaro dek malanggar sumpah nyo jo si ''Ares'' (Dewa Parang), katiko three furies tibo untuak maagiah hukuman ka Kratos, ''Magaera'' mamacahan rantai nan maikek ''Kratos'' sahinggo ''Kratos'' pun lapeh, kratos pun lansuang maambiak padang nyo ''Chaos of Blades'' pamainan pun dimulai. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> == Carito pamainan == === Prolog === Alua carito dimulai dari sabalun Titan jo kekuasaan ''Dewa Olimpia'' tajadi paparangan anataro makhluk ''[[Primordial]]'' {{efn|Primordial adolah bentuak atau tingkatan nan paliang randah <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.web.id/primordial|title=Arti kata primordial - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online|website=kbbi.web.id|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref>}}[[God of War: Ascension#cite%20note-4|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[lower-alpha 1]</span>]] di bumi. Paparangan nan mamakan wakatu sangaik lamo tu malahiakan ''Furies. Furies'' nan marupoan panjago kahormatan jo panagaka hukum di zaman tu, dek karano Furies hanyo maincar urang nan babuek salah sajo sahinggo ''Zeus'' indak cameh akan kabaradoan si ''Furies'' ko. Pangkhianatan bamulo katiko Aageon bakhianaik jo ''[[Zeus]] {{efn|Zeus adolah panguaso Olimpus nan juo marupokan rajo jo pamimpin dari kasadoalah dewa <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/science/discovery/beatrice-sidik/dewa-dewi-olimpus-exp-c1c2|title=12 Dewa Dewi Olimpus, Mitologi Yunani yang Menjadi Legenda|last=Times|first=I. D. N.|last2=Sidik|first2=Beatrice|website=IDN Times|language=id|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref>}}.'' Karano bakhianat ka ''"King of God"'' Furies manangkok nyo lalu maaniayo Aageon, tapi Furies indak sampai mambunuah nyo Furies manjadiaan inyo sabuah batu nan gadang di sabuah panjaro sabagai tando urang nan alah malanggar sumpah ''[[dewa]]'' {{efn|Dewa adolah roh nan dianggap atau dipicayoi sabagai urang aluih nan bakuaso taadok alam jo manusia <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.web.id/dewa|title=Arti kata dewa - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online|website=kbbi.web.id|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref>}}nyo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> === Plot utamo === Satalah lapeh dari rantai dek karano ''Magaera'' indak sangajo mamacahan rantai kratos, kratos manacari jalan untuak kalua dari panjaro tatapi Magaera lansuang maadang kratos, inyo bisa manjadikan satiok makhluk iduik manajdi kacuang nyo sarato manjadia tangan jo kapalo Aegaeon manjadi sanjato malawan kratos. Magaera kewalahan maadoki kratos dan akhirnyo inyo pun mati di tangan kratos, kratos pun kabur kalua dari panjaro.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://me.ign.com/en/god-of-war-ascension-ps3/63781/preview/watch-the-first-30-minutes-of-god-of-war-ascension|title=Watch the First 30 Minutes of God of War: Ascension|date=2013-02-01|website=IGN Middle East|language=en-ae|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref> Sabalun Kratos masuak panjaro, kratos mamutuihan malanggar sumpah dewa ''Ares'', sahinggo ''Ares'' pun manyuruah anak buah nyo ''Erinyes'' untuak managkok si kratos. Tatapi kaba iko didanga dek ''Orkos''. Orkos basakutu jo pasukan sparta jo inyo mambocorkan kaba itu ka Kratos (prajurit sparta), satalah mandanga kaba tu kratos lansuang pai ka daerah ''Delphi'' untuak basobok jo ''Oracle'' samo ''Aletheia''. ''Aletheia'' maagiah tau caro mandapek an kebebasan dari ''Ares'' caro nyo jo mambunuah sadoalah ''Erinyes''. Tatatpi untuak mambunuah Erinyes kratos mambutuahan pakakaeh diantaronyo api dari ''Ares'', aia dingin dari ''Poseidon'', listrik dari ''Zeus'', sarato souls dari ''Hades.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />'' Satalah mandapekan saoalah pakakeh nan dibutuahkan, kratos lansuang mambunuah sadoalah ''Erinyes''. Kratos nan alah punyo kakuatan dewa itu lansuang manemui ''Tisiphone'' dan ''Alecto.'' Satalah basobok, Tisiphone jo ''Alecto'' mambujuak kratos untuak baliak ka ''Ares'' jo maagiah hadiah ilusti bininyo, tatapi kratos maniolak dan lansuang mabunuah kaduonyo. Orkos tibo lalu manjalehan bahawasanyo ingatan kratos ndak bakal bisa ilang jo inyo ndak bakalan bisa mamutuihan hubuangan jo Ares sabalun mambunuah Orkos. Kratos pun mambunuah Orkos di di dalam rumah lalu mambaka rumah nyo. Kratos pun bahasil mamutuihan hubuangan inyo jo Ares, tatapi sabgai panabuih dosoyo inyi musti maabdi ka Olimpus salamo 10 tahun supayo doso nyo diampuni.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> == Pakakeh jo kamampuan lakon == Pado kasadoalah seri ''God of War'' mamilki pakakeh nan beda pado satiok serinyo maskipun ado beberapo pakakeh nan dipakai kratos nan samo jo seri lainnyo barikuik pakakeh jo pakakeh ''"magic"'' nan digunoan. === Sanjato === Sanjato nan patamo adolah ''Krato's Fist'' atau tinju Kratos nan bafungsi maancuan pertahan lawan jo malamahan lawan. Kaduo ado ''Blades of Chaos'' iko adolah padang nan diagiah dek Ares sabagai bukti tando pelayanannyo taadok sang dewa parang, padang iko mamiliki bantuak hampia samo pado satiok seris ''God of War'', tapi ado pabedaan saktek di gagang padang nyo nan mamilki ukiran nan beda beda pado satiok seri nyo. Kratos mampunyoi kamampuan maambiak sanjato lawannyo untuak dijadian sanjato kaduo inyo bisa juo malapeh an sanjato bilo bilo se dan malempa sanjato ka lawannyo sahinggo manyababkan lawan diam sabanta. Tadapek beberapo sanjato pado seri pamainan ko diantaronyo, Padang, tombak, panokok, jo perisai palinduang. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://godofwar.fandom.com/wiki/God_of_War:_Ascension|title=God of War: Ascension|website=God of War Wiki|language=en|access-date=2020-06-24}}</ref> === Ilmu === Salain sanjato lakon mampunyoi kamampuan ilmu sihir diantaronyo, ''Fire of Ares atau'' api Ares bafungsi maagiah lawan jo api nan banyak. ''Ice of Poseidon'' bafungsi untuak maimbau jo mamunculkan es poseidon sahinggo mambuek lawan mambaku jo bisa mambuek baangok di dalam aia. Katigo ado ''Lightning of Zeus'' nan baguno untuak manembakan patuih listrik ka lawan. Terakhir ado ''Soul of Hades'' nan bafungsi mambuek lawan jadi uap. <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vgmonline.net/godofwarascension/|title=God of War -Ascension- Original Soundtrack|date=2014-09-02|website=VGMO -Video Game Music Online-|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-25|archive-date=2015-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329201742/http://www.vgmonline.net/godofwarascension/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br /> === Pakakeh ketek === Tadapek pakakeh ketek lainnyo di saku lakon diantaronyo, ''Lost treasures'' yoitu kaluang ''Lysandra's'' nan baguno mambuek kratos tabang di udaro katiko malompek dari tampek nan tinggi. ''Amulet of Uroborus'' marupoan jimek nan dicilok dek Kratos dari Castor jo Pollux nan baguno sabagai mambelokan wakatu ka lawan jo mambarantian waktu sabanta sahinggo musuah tadi baranti dalam babarapo datiak. Barikuiknyo ado ''Oath Stone of Orkos'' nan marupoan sabuah batu nan diagiah dari Orkos nan bafungsi sabagai pambuek bayangan Kratos untuak manyalasaian sabuah teka teki. Nan tarakhia ado ''Eyes of Truth'' marupoan pakakeh nan diagiah dek Oracle baguno untuak panawa untuak ilmu itam dari ''Furies. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />'' == Kritik pado pamainan == Pamainan ko mandapek tanggapan dari urang nan mamainkan nyo diantaronyo dari [[Digital Chumps]] jo [[Eurogamer]] nan maapresiasi pamainan iko mamiliki jalur carito nan brutal, lucu jo managangkan baiak dari segi banyaknyo musuah pado seri pamainan ko jo mamiliki kualitas gamba nan rancak sarato alah manggunoan jalua suaro nan jaleh. Seri iko juo malanjuikan seri God of War nan sabalunnyo sahinggo carito manjadi pamainan patualangan nan sero jo mancapai titiak puncak pamainan ko surang. Digital Chumps jo Eurogamer juo manyampaian kritik yoitu masalah tampilan baru nan digunoan yoitu sistem ''multiplayer,'' nan mandapek tanggapan positif jo negatif dek karano sistem iko baru dicubo pado seri pamainan ko kini. Pamainan ko pernah maalami gangguan error, dikaranokan sistem nyo ado nan baru sahinggo paralu diunduh sistem tabarunyo, satalah di unduh versi tabaru nyo barulah pamainan ko bisa dimaian baliak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hazgamezone.com/2019/06/god-of-war-ascension-hazreview.html|title=Review God of War : Ascension - Yakin Pengen Main Game Ini? {{!}} Haz Reviews|website=Haz' GameZone|access-date=2020-06-25|archive-date=2020-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112074300/https://www.hazgamezone.com/2019/06/god-of-war-ascension-hazreview.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Catatan kaki == <br /> {{notelist}} == Rujuakan == [[Kategori:PS 3]] <references /> [[Kategori:Santa Monica Studios]] [[Kategori:Sony Computer Entertainment Architect.]] [[Kategori:Pamaian modern]] 8kslf28fstoxn0jk5k8k039c2uu6cee 0 336300 3352764 3351711 2026-09-25T09:01:49Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Hotel Ryugyong Hotel | native_name = {{lang|ko|류경호텔}} | status = [[Pengatapan]] | image = Berkas:Ryugyong Hotel - August 27, 2011 (Cropped).jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Ryugyong Hotel pado Agustus 2011 | location = [[Pyongyang]], [[Korea Utara]] | coordinates = {{coord|39|02|12|N|125|43|51|E|region:KP|display=inline,title}} | start_date = 1987<ref name=IFES>{{cite web|url=http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/m05/s10/content.asp?nkbriefNO=207&GoP=1|title=Orascom and DPRK to Complete Ryugyong Hotel Construction|publisher=The Institute for Far Eastern Studies|date=2008-05-20|accessdate=2010-02-09|archive-date=2009-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703133311/http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/m05/s10/content.asp?nkbriefNO=207&GoP=1|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | architect = Baikdoosan Architects & Engineers<ref name=IFES/> | architectural_style = [[Neofuturisme]] | floor_area = {{convert|360000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}<ref name=Emporis>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=130967&lng=3|title=Ryugyong Hotel|accessdate=2010-02-09|work=Emporis.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604190521/http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=130967&lng=3|archive-date=2011-06-04|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | top_floor = | floor_count = 105<ref name=Emporis/> | antenna_spire = | roof = {{Convert|330.02|m|ft}}<ref name=Emporis/> | topped_out_date = 1992<ref name=Emporis/> | est_completion = Indak dikatahui | developer = [[Orascom Construction Industries|Orascom Group]] }} '''Hotel Ryugyong''' (kadang diingirihan manjadi '''Hotel Ryu-Gyong''' atau '''Hotel Yu-Kyung'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/koreanorth/pyongyang/105building.php|title=105 Building, Pyongyang, Korea, North|publisher=Asian Historical Architecture|accessdate=2010-02-11}}</ref>) adolah pancaka langik babantuak [[piramida]] balantai 105 nan sampai kini masih sadang dibangun di [[Pyongyang]], [[Korea Utara]]. Namonyo ("ibu kota gandarusa") marupoan salah ciek namo Pyongyang sabalunnyo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Funabashi|first=Yoichi|title=The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/peninsulaquestio0000funa|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/peninsulaquestio0000funa/page/50 50]|isbn=0-8157-3010-1}}</ref> Bangunan iko tanamo pulo jo namo '''105 Building''' sasuai jumlah lantainyo.<ref name="Emporis" /> Pambangunan dimulai tahun 1987, tatapi baranti pado tahun 1992 dek Korea Utara mangalami [[kelaparan Korea Utara|krisis ekonomi]] sasudah Uni Soviet bubar. Sasudah 1992, gedung iko alah mancogok jo atok, tatapi indak punyo yingkok atau palangkok interior. Tahun 2008, pambangunannyo dilanjuikan. Tahun 2012, bagian eksteriornya salasai dipasang. Pambukaan hotel iko sempat dijadwalan babarapo kali, tatapi taruih ditundo. Hotel Ryugyong alah manjadi bahan pameo dek media internasional, nan maagiah gala hotel sabagai "Bangunan Paliang Buruak dalam Sijarah Umaik Manusia" jo "Hotel Kiamat."<ref>{{cite news|title=The Worst Building in the History of Mankind|url=http://www.esquire.com/the-side/DESIGN/hotel-of-doom-012808|date=28 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Welcome to the Hotel of Doom: The 3,000 room monstrosity in Kim Jong-Un's starving dictatorship no foreigner has stepped inside... until now|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2245054/Welcome-Hotel-Doom-The-3-000-room-monstrosity-Kim-Jong-Uns-starving-dictatorship-North-Korea-foreigner-stepped-inside--now.html|date=8 December 2012|location=London|work=Daily Mail|first=Simon|last=Parry}}</ref> == Arsitektur == Ryugyong Hotel punyo tinggi {{Convert|330|m|ft}} nan manjadiannyo gedung paliang mancolok di [[kaki langit]] Pyongyang sakaligus struktur paliang tinggi di Korea Utara. Pambangunan Ryugyong mulonyo dirancanoan salasai tapek wakatu bartapatan jo [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students]] bulan Juni 1989. Kok target tersebut tacapai, hotel iko akan mamacik gala hotel paliang tinggi di dunia. Gedung iko alun tarkalahan tingginyo dek hotel mano sajo sampai [[Rose Tower]] di [[Dubai]], [[Uni Emirat Arab]] salasai dibangun pado tahun 2009. Ryugyong Hotel kini marupoan bangunan paliang tinggi ka-47 di dunia (basamo [[China World Trade Center Tower&nbsp;III]]) bardasaran tinggi totalnyo jo mamiliki jumlah lantai paliang banyak ka-5 di dunia. Gedung iko punyo tigo sayok, masiang-masiang punyo panjang {{Convert|100|m|ft}}, leba {{Convert|18|m|ft}}, jo kamiringan 75 derajat. Di bagian ateh gedung nan babantuak takah piramida tardapat karucut saleba {{Convert|40|m|ft}} nan tardiri dari salapan lantai baputa jo anam lantai nan indak baputa. Struktur iko awalnyo dirancanoan mamiliki limo restoran baputa jo 3.000 atau 7.665 kamar hotel (manuruik sumber nan babedo).<ref name="revolving">{{cite book|last=Randl|first=Chad|title=Revolving Architecture: A History of Buildings That Rotate, Swivel, and Pivot|url=https://archive.org/details/revolvingarchite00rand|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|location=[[New York City|New York]]|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/revolvingarchite00rand/page/133 133]|isbn=978-1-56898-681-4}}</ref><ref name="idiots">{{cite book|last=Quinones|first=C. Kenneth|coauthors=Joseph Taggert|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding North Korea|url=https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu0000quin_s6k6|publisher=[[Alpha Books]]|location=[[Indianapolis]]|year=2003|series=[[Complete Idiot's Guides]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu0000quin_s6k6/page/183 183]|isbn=1-59257-169-7}}</ref> Menuruik [[Khaled Bichara]] dari Orascom, Ryugyong ka muko indak hanyo dioperasian sabagai hotel, tatapi juo untuak kagunoan lain nan mancakup "restoran baputa" jo "gabungan akomodasi hotel, apartemen, jo bisnis".<ref name="doom">{{cite news|title=Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished?|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm|work= BBC News|publisher= BBC|date= 15 October 2009|accessdate=2009-10-13}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Arsitektur tahun 1992]] [[Kategori:Bangunan dan struktur di Pyongyang]] [[Kategori:Bangunan dan struktur yang sedang dibangun]] [[Kategori:Bangunan dan struktur yang memiliki restoran berputar]] [[Kategori:Hotel di Korea Utara]] [[Kategori:Hotel pencakar langit]] [[Kategori:Piramida]] [[Kategori:Pencakar langit di Korea Utara]] [[Kategori:Pencakar langit antara 300 dan 349 meter]] 8rriv9rgctntlyxzqhqroyywxrmwv47 0 338690 3352784 3161591 2026-09-25T11:30:49Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352784 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Gini Coefficient World CIA Report 2009.png|jmpl|ka|430px|Koefisien Gini di saluruh dunia]] '''Koefisien Gini''' iyolah ukuran nan dikambangkan dek statistikus [[Italia]], [[Corrado Gini]], jo dipublikasikan pado taun 1912 dalam karyanyo, ''Variabilità e mutabilità''. Koefisien iki biasonya digunokan untuak melangukua kesenjangan pandapatan jo kakayoan. Di saluruh dunia, koefisien bavariasi dari 0.25 ([[Denmark]]) hinggo 0.70 ([[Namibia]]). Koefisien gini mamiliki indeks nan mamiliki rantang nilai antaro 0 sampai jo 1. Nilai 0 bararti indak ado kasanjangan ekonomi, atau perekonomian merato pado daerah tasabuik. Samentaro itu, nilai 1 menunjuakkan nilai kasanjangan maksimal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tingkat Ketimpangan (Indeks Gini) - Pojok Ekonomi|url=https://pojokperekonomian.grobogan.go.id/info-ekonomi/ekonomi-regional-grobogan/232-tingkat-ketimpangan-indeks-gini-2|website=pojokperekonomian.grobogan.go.id|access-date=2021-06-16|archive-date=2023-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407205141/https://pojokperekonomian.grobogan.go.id/info-ekonomi/ekonomi-regional-grobogan/232-tingkat-ketimpangan-indeks-gini-2|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+'''Tabel Patokan Nilai Koefisien Gini'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gini Ratio|url=https://berkas.dpr.go.id/puskajianggaran/kamus/file/kamus-17.pdf|website=DPR.go.id|access-date=16 Juni 2021|archive-date=2021-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210232010/https://berkas.dpr.go.id/puskajianggaran/kamus/file/kamus-17.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> !Nilai Koefisien !Distribusi Pandapatan |- |< 0,4 |Tingkek katimpangan randah |- |0,4 - 0,5 |Tingkat keLatimpangan sadang |- |>0,5 |Tingkat katimpangan tinggi |} == Referensi == <references /> == Pranala lua == * Deutsche Bundesbank: [http://www.bundesbank.de/download/bankenaufsicht/dkp/200503dkp_b.pdf Do banks diversify loan portfolios?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218111312/http://www.bundesbank.de/download/bankenaufsicht/dkp/200503dkp_b.pdf |date=2008-12-18 }}, 2005 (on using e.g. the Gini coefficient for risc evaluation of loan portefolios) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517072939/http://www.forbes.com/billionaires/free_forbes/2003/0317/098.html Forbes Article, In praise of inequality] * [http://www.theresearchkitchen.com/blog/archives/219 Measuring Software Project Risk With The Gini Coefficient] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809082021/http://www.theresearchkitchen.com/blog/archives/219 |date=2010-08-09 }}, an application of the Gini coefficient to software * [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20238991~menuPK:492138~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.html The World Bank: Measuring Inequality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622034007/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20238991%7EmenuPK:492138%7EpagePK:148956%7EpiPK:216618%7EtheSitePK:430367,00.html |date=2013-06-22 }} * [http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/tutorials/theo_basic_ineq_measures.doc Travis Hale, University of Texas Inequality Project:The Theoretical Basics of Popular Inequality Measures], online computation of examples: [http://www.poorcity.richcity.org/calculator/?quantiles=7,*18000|10,*22000|280,*25000|15,*35000|15,*40000|50,*60000|10,*75000|6,*80000|4,*120000|2,*200000|1,1000000 1A], [http://www.poorcity.richcity.org/calculator/?quantiles=12,*15000|25,*20000|1000,*30000|35,*35000|100,*45000|80,*50000|10,*60000|25,*80000|8,*175000|4,*250000|1,5000000 1B] * [http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/state/state4.html United States Census Bureau List of Gini Coefficients by State for Families and Households] {{ekonomi-stub}} [[Kategori:Ekonomi]] [[Kategori:Indeks tantang globalisasi]] 0kv4p50in6t904r2i6vfmedp736hrpj 0 385614 3352781 2504564 2026-09-25T11:28:25Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang}}'''Kim Jennie''' (Hangul: 김제니, lahia 16 Januari 1996) atau nan labiah dikana sabagai '''Jennie''', adalah sorang panyanyi jo panari asal [[Korea Salatan|Korea Selatan]].baliau marupoan anggota dari grup vokal padusi Blackpink. Baliau pindah ka Auckland, Selandia Baru, jo kambali baliak ka Korea Selatan manjadi ''trainee'' di YG Entertainment pado usia 14 tahun. Pado November 2018, Jennie mamulai debutnyo sabagai artis solo dengan singel nan ba tema "Solo".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/blackpink-jennie-interview-k-pop-star-talks-going-solo-1167116|title=BLACKPINK Jennie Interview: K-Pop Star Talks Going "SOLO" {{!}} Hollywood Reporter|date=2019-04-18|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-date=2019-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418075821/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/blackpink-jennie-interview-k-pop-star-talks-going-solo-1167116|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Lagu iko sukses sacaro komersial di dalam jo lua nagari, manduduki tangga lagu Gaon Digital jo Billboard's World Digital Songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1111017706|title=블랙핑크 제니, 첫 솔로곡명은 ‘SOLO’..테디와 의기투합[공식입장]|date=2020-04-30|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430175909/http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1111017706|dead-url=unfit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0003887417|title=YG, 제니 솔로곡 블랙핑크 콘서트서 최초 공개 결정[공식입장] :: 네이버 TV연예|date=2019-03-27|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-03-06|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161303/https://m.entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0003887417|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> == Karier == Jennie masuak jo bagabuang meanjadi pangikuik latihan di YG Entertainment pado tahun 2010 salamo kurang lebiah 6 tahun ssabalum akhirnyo debut jo grup vokal padusi bernamo BLACKPINK. Dari tahun 2012, Jennie alah acok kali manjadi model jo bakarajo samo jo artis-artis YG, sarupo manjadi model dalam video musik G-Dragon dalam lagu nan berjudul “''That XX''”, Seungri dalam lagu “''GG Be''”, jo Lee Hi di lagu “''Special''” jo sajumlah panyanyi lainnyo. Kim Jennie pulo acok berduet di pangguang Inkigayo jo G-Dragon untuak panampilannyo yang bajudul “''Black''”. == Diskografi == === Album singel === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Judul ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Detail album ! colspan="2" |Posisi puncak album ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Panjualan |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Top Heatseekers|US Heat]]<ref>Billboard Heatseekers Albums * {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/heatseekers-albums/2016-11-19|title=Square Two|date=19 November 2016}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Billboard charts|US World]]<ref>Billboard World Albums * {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/world-albums/2016-11-19|title=Square Two|date=19 November 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Square One (singel Black Pink)|Square One]]'' | * Rilis: 8 Agustus 2016 * Label: [[YG Entertainment]] * Format: Digital download |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |''[[Square Two]]'' | * Rilis: 1 November 2016 * Label: YG Entertainment * Format: Digital download |13 |2 | * US: 1,000<ref name="Square Two US">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/7572699/blackpink-playing-with-fire-no-1-world-digital-songs-social-50-chart|title=Blackpink Earn Second No. 1 on World Digital Songs, Debut on Social 50|last1=Benjamin|first1=Jeff|date=9 November 2016|website=Billboard|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> |} === Singel === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Judul ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Tahun ! colspan="6" scope="col" |Posisi puncak chart ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Panjualan ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Gaon Digital Chart|KOR]]<ref name="Gaon">* {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=33&nationGbn=T|title=Whistle + Boombayah}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=45&nationGbn=T|title=Playing With Fire + Stay + Whistle (휘파람)" (Acoustic Ver)}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[QQ Music|CHN]]<ref>* {{cite web|url=http://y.qq.com/portal/toplist/26.html#t1=2016&t2=33&t3=song&t4=11&t5=1|title=WHISTLE/BOOMBAYAH|date=14 November 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://y.qq.com/portal/toplist/26.html#t1=2016&t2=45&t3=song&t4=0&t5=1|title=PLAYING WITH FIRE/STAY|date=14 November 2016}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]<ref name="BBCharts">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f=ts_chart_artistname%3Ablackpink&f=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=2&artist=blackpink|title=Chart Search "Blackpink"|website=Billboard|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=16 November 2016}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Blackpink&titel=Boombayah&cat=s|title=BLACKPINK – BOOMBAYAH|work=lescharts.com|publisher=Hung Medien|language=Bahasa Prancis|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:4em;font-size:90%;" |[[Billboard Japan Hot 100|JPNHot 100]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&year=2016&month=11&day=21|title=Japan Hot 100 - Playing With Fire|website=Billboard Japan|publisher=Billboard Japan|accessdate=19 November 2016}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[World Digital Songs|US World]]<ref>* {{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2016-08-27/world-digital-songs|title=World Digital Songs (27 Agustus 2016) - Boombayah + Whistle|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823121405/http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2016-08-27/world-digital-songs|archive-date=2016-08-23|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 Agustus 2016|subscription=yes}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2016-11-19/world-digital-songs|title=World Digital Songs (19 November 2016) - Playing With Fire + Stay|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112151916/http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2016-11-19/world-digital-songs|archive-date=2016-11-12|dead-url=yes|accessdate=10 November 2016|subscription=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Boombayah" | rowspan="4" |2016 |7 |22 |— |196 |— |1 | * KOR: 487,171<ref name="download sq1">* {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=33&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 33 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=18 Agustus 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=34&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 34 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=26 Agustus 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=35&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 35 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=2 September 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=36&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 36 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=22 September 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=37&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 37 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=8 September 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=38&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 38 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=22 September 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=39&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 39 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=29 September 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=40&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 40 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=6 Oktober 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=41&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 41 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=13 Oktober 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=42&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 42 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=20 Oktober 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=43&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 43 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=27 Oktober 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=44&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 44 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=3 November 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=45&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 45 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=10 November 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=46&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 46 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> * US: 6,000+<ref name="Square One US">{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/7476115/blackpink-debut-boombaya-whistle-world-digital-songs-chart|title=BLACKPINK's Major Debut: New K-Pop Girl Group Lands No. 1 & 2 on World Digital Songs Chart|last=Benjamin|first=Jeff|date=16 Agustus 2016|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=16 Agustus 2016}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |''Square One'' |- ! scope="row" |"Whistle" <small>({{lang|ko|휘파람}})</small> |1 |12 |— |— |— |2 | * KOR: 812,245<ref name="download sq1" /> * US: 10,000+<ref name="Square One US" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Playing With Fire" <small>({{lang|ko|불장난}})</small> |3 |17 |92 |— |81 |1 | * KOR: 311,237<ref name="download sq2">* {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=45&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 45 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=10 November 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=46&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 46 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> * US: 7,000+<ref name="Square Two US" /> | rowspan="2" |''Square Two'' |- ! scope="row" |"Stay" |10 |48 |— |— |— |4 | * KOR: 153,635<ref name="download sq2" /> * US: 4,000+<ref name="Square Two US" /> |- | colspan="10lan" align="center" style="font-size:8pt" |"—" singel dirilis yang tidak masuk tangga lagu atau tidak dirilis di wilayah tersebut. |} === Lagu lainnyo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Title ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Tahun ! colspan="1" scope="col" |Posisi puncak chart ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Panjualan ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Gaon Digital Chart|KOR]]<ref name="Gaon" /> |- ! scope="row" |“Whistle” <small>({{lang|ko|휘파람}}) (Acoustic Ver.)</small> |2016 |88 |KOR: 31,423<ref name="download sq2" /> |''Square Two'' |- | colspan="5" align="center" style="font-size:8pt" |“—” lagu dirilis yang tidak masuk tangga lagu atau tidak dirilis di wilayah tersebut. |} === Sabagai artis pandukuang === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" style="width:3em;font-size:85%" |Tahun ! rowspan="2" style="width:12em;" |Judul ! rowspan="2" style="width:6em;" |Artis ! colspan="3" |Posisi puncak ! rowspan="2" style="width:10em;" |Panjualan ! rowspan="2" style="width:12em;" |Album |- ! style="width:3em;font-size:85%" |<small>[[Gaon Chart|KORGaon]]</small><ref>Lagu lainnya yang masuk tangga lagu: * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=39&hitYear=2012&termGbn=week|title=Missing You + Without You + Today|date=September 22, 2012}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=37&hitYear=2013&termGbn=week|title=Black + R.O.D. + Niliria (Missy Elliott Ver.) + I Love It + Shake The World + Runaway + Niliria (G-Dragon Ver.) + You Do (Outro)|date=September 9, 2013}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=35&hitYear=2013&termGbn=week|title=GG Be (지지베) + 그딴 거 없어 (Come To My) + Love Box + You Hoooo!!!}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=14&hitYear=2013&termGbn=week|title=Fool for Love (바보) + Because + Special|website=Gaon Chart|accessdate=March 18, 2016}}</ref> ! style="width:3em;font-size:85%" |<small>[[Korea K-Pop Hot 100|KORBillboard]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=g-dragon|chart=Korea K-Pop Hot 100}}</ref></small> ! style="width:3em;font-size:85%" |<small>[[Billboard charts|US World]]</small><ref name="WorldSingles">[[Wikipedia:List of K-pop on the Billboard charts#World Digital Songs .28Complete.29|World Digital Songs]]</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2013 | align="left" |"Black" |[[G-Dragon]] |2 |3 |10 | align="left" |KOR: 1,009,720+<ref>Penjualan kumulatif untuk "Black" * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=2013&hitYear=2013&termGbn=year|title=Online Download – Year End 2013|work=Gaon Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|accessdate=3 August 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageNo=3&nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=01&hitYear=2014&termGbn=month|title=Online Download – January 2014|work=Gaon Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|accessdate=3 August 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageNo=3&nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=02&hitYear=2014&termGbn=month|title=Online Download – February 2014|work=Gaon Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|accessdate=3 August 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageNo=4&nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=03&hitYear=2014&termGbn=month|title=Online Download – March 2014|work=Gaon Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|accessdate=3 August 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageNo=4&nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=04&hitYear=2014&termGbn=month|title=Online Download – April 2014|work=Gaon Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|accessdate=3 August 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageNo=4&nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=05&hitYear=2014&termGbn=month|title=Online Download – May 2014|work=Gaon Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|accessdate=3 August 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageno=3&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=week&hitYear=2014&targetTime=24&nationGbn=K|title=Online Download – Week 24 of 2014|work=Gaon Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|accessdate=3 August 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageno=3&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=week&hitYear=2014&targetTime=25&nationGbn=K|title=Online Download – Week 25 of 2014|work=Gaon Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|accessdate=3 August 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageno=4&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=week&hitYear=2014&targetTime=26&nationGbn=K|title=Online Download – Week 26 of 2014|work=Gaon Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|accessdate=3 August 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageno=4&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=week&hitYear=2014&targetTime=27&nationGbn=K|title=Online Download – Week 27 of 2014|work=Gaon Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|accessdate=3 August 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageno=4&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=week&hitYear=2014&targetTime=28&nationGbn=K|title=Online Download – Week 28 of 2014|work=Gaon Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|accessdate=3 August 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageno=4&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=week&hitYear=2014&targetTime=28&nationGbn=K|title=Online Download – Week 34 of 2014|work=Gaon Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|accessdate=3 August 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageNo=4&nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=01&hitYear=2015&termGbn=month|title=Online Download – January 2015|work=Gaon Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref> | |- | align="left" |"GG Be" <small>(지지베)</small> |[[Seungri]] |18 |38 |— | align="left" |KOR: 202,446+<ref>* {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?PageNo=1&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2013&targetTime=08&nationGbn=K|title=Gaon Download Chart – August 2013|work=Gaon Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=August 5, 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?PageNo=1&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2013&targetTime=09&nationGbn=K|title=Gaon Download Chart – September 2013|work=Gaon Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=August 5, 2016}}</ref> |''Let's Talk About Love'' |- | align="left" |"Special" |[[Lee Hi]] |21 |16 |— | align="left" |KOR: 206,840+<ref name="March2013">{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=03&hitYear=2013&termGbn=month|title=Gaon Download Chart – March 2013|website=Gaon Chart|accessdate=March 18, 2016}}</ref> |''First Love'' |- | colspan="8" align="center" style="font-size:8pt" |"—" singel dirilis yang tidak masuk tangga lagu atau tidak dirilis di wilayah tersebut. |} == Rujukan == <references /> g03n0iszrz4h6t0floxxg4gz7l110bc 0 386057 3352787 3142324 2026-09-25T11:52:06Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352787 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Typicalfridge.jpg|jmpl|Model kulkas nan umum digunoan]] [[File:Theater commercial, electric refrigerator, 1926.ogv|thumb|Reklame kulkas pado taun 1926]] '''Kulkas''' (didapek dari [[bahaso Balando]]: ''koelkast''), kadang disabuik '''lamari es''' atau '''lamari pandingin''' adolah sabuah alaik rumah tanggo batanago [[listrik]] nan manggunoan [[refrigerasi]] (proses pandingin) untuak mandukuang proses pangawetan [[makanan]]. Sakitar 99,5% [[rumah]] di [[Amerika Sarikat]] punyo kulkas. Kulkas bakarojo manggunoan pompa paneh pangubah fase baroperasi pado putaran refrigeration. '''Kulkas industri''' iyolah kulkas nan paguno untuak kabutuhan [[industri]], ajak di [[restoran]] atau [[supermarket]]. == Pranala luar == *{{Commonscat-inline|Domestic refrigerators|Kulkas}} * {{en}} [http://www.gizmohighway.com/history/refrigerator.htm Sejarah Kulkas di situs web Gizmo Highway] * {{en}} [http://www.repairclinic.com/0088_4_3.asp Bagaimana cara kerja kulkas di situs web Repair Clinic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028044325/http://www.repairclinic.com/0088_4_3.asp |date=2005-10-28 }} * {{en}} [http://www.applianceblog.com/mainforums Forum tanya-jawab di situs web Appliance Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710162357/https://www.applianceblog.com/mainforums/ |date=2022-07-10 }} * {{en}} [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120427183922/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrefrigerator.htm Sejarah kulkas dan mesin pendingin lainnya] {{alat-stub}} knk1jausd4v4up5gkzctsmofhqdze6h 0 386202 3352744 2504342 2026-09-25T00:15:39Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Abe Shinzo''' ({{nihongo2|安倍 晋三}}, {{transl|ja|Abe Shinzō}}, {{IPA-ja|abe ɕindzoː|pron}}; 21 September 1954 – 8 Juli 2022) adolah surang politisi [[Japang]] nan manjabaik sabagai [[Pardano Mantari Japang]] dan Presiden [[Partai Demokratik Liberal (Japang)|Partai Demokratik Liberal]] dari tahun 2006 inggo 2007 dan dari 2012 inggo 2020. Inyo adolah pardano mantari nan paliang lamo manjabaik dalam sajarah Japang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/24/japan-shinzo-abe-2020-prime-minister-rest-laurels/|title=Shinzo Abe Can't Afford to Rest on His Laurels|first=William|last=Sposato}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53943758|title=Japanese PM Shinzo Abe resigns for health reasons|work=BBC News|date=28 August 2020|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> Abe juo manjabaik sabagai Kapalo Sekretaris Kabinet dari tahun 2005 inggo 2006 di bawah Pardano Mantari [[Junichiro Koizumi]]. [[Pambunuahan Abe Shinzo|Abe dibunuah]] pado tanggal 8 Juli 2022 kiro-kiro jam 11:30 pagi wakatu Japang katiko sadang bapidato dalam kampanye [[pamiliahan legislatif Japang 2022|pamiliahan Diet]] di [[Nara]].<ref name="abedeath">{{cite news |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20220708/k10013707681000.html |title=安倍晋三元首相死亡 奈良県で演説中に銃で撃たれる |language=Japanese |work=NHK |location=Tokyo, Japan |date=2022-07-08 |accessdate=2022-07-08 |archive-date=2022-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708085058/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20220708/k10013707681000.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="abedeath_eng">{{cite news |last1=Takahara |first1=Kanako |last2=Otake |first2=Tomoko |last3=Martin |first3=Alex K. T. |title=Former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe dies after being shot in Nara |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/07/08/national/shinzo-abe-dead-nara-shooting/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=The Japan Times |date=8 July 2022}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} 3fvezhsbyhigxoahueb957jp2ajzn88 0 386790 3352783 3346551 2026-09-25T11:29:22Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352783 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Palms Casino Resort, Las Vegas NV.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Sanggraloka Kasino Palms|Palms hotel]] di [[Paradise, Nevada]]</div>]] '''Klub Playboy''' adolah klub malam nan sabalunnyo talotak di lantai 52 Minaro Fantasi di [[Sanggraloka Kasino Palms|Palms Casino Resort]] di [[Paradise, Nevada|Paradise]] dokek [[Wilayah metropolitan Las Vegas|Las Vegas Valley]]. Klub iko iyolah kasino batema ''Playboy'' dan ''[[Playboy|Klub Playboy]]'' rasmi partamo di [[Amerika Sarikat]] sojak 1988. Klub babuko pado Oktober 2006<ref name=LVSUN>{{cite web |url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2012/mar/15/palms-says-playboy-club-close/ |title=Palms says Playboy Club to close, ending partnership |access-date=2012-07-09|last=Green |first=Steve }}</ref> dan ditutuik pado Juni 2012.<ref name=LVSUN/><ref name=USATODAY>{{cite news |url=http://travel.usatoday.com/destinations/dispatches/post/2012/06/las-vegas-playboy-club-hops-into-the-sunset/708495/1 |title=Las Vegas Playboy Club hops into the sunset |access-date=2012-07-09|last=Yancey |first=Kitty Bean |work=USA Today |date=2012-06-04}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{commons category inline|Playboy Club (Las Vegas)|Klub Playboy}} * [http://www.clubplanet.com/Articles/1635/Playboy-Returns-to-Las-Vegas "Playboy Returns to Las Vegas" from ClubPlanet]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.vegas.com/nightclubs/moon/ Playboy Club profile on Vegas.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509063129/http://www.vegas.com/nightclubs/moon/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060428150255/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=229697 Emporis.com Fantasy Tower Page] * [https://betwayvn.com/vn/ Betway Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529081611/https://betwayvn.com/vn/ |date=2023-05-29 }} * [http://www.palms.com/playboy_club_1.php Palms Resort Playboy Club Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616165836/https://www.palms.com/playboy_club_1.php |date=2021-06-16 }} {{coord|36.115309|-115.198109|region:US_type:landmark|display=title}} {{authority control}} go0gg9aouac9awfx13orw1j0x0lvg6y 0 387754 3352755 3351456 2026-09-25T05:52:17Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist|name=Daniel Kahneman|image=Daniel KAHNEMAN.jpg|image_size=180px|birth_date={{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1934|3|5}}|birth_place=[[Tel Aviv]], [[Mandat Britania atas Palestina]]|residence=[[Amerika Serikat]]|nationality=Amerika Serikat, Israel|field=[[Psikologi]], [[Ekonomi]]|workplaces=[[Universitas Princeton]] 1993–<br />[[Universitas California, Berkeley]] 1986–93<br />[[Universitas British Columbia]] 1978–86<br />''Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences'' 1972–73<br />[[Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem]] 1961–77|alma_mater=[[Universitas California, Berkeley]] Ph.D, 1961<br />[[Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem]] B.A., 1954|doctoral_advisor=Susan M. Ervin-Tripp|doctoral_students=|known_for=[[Bias kognitif]]<br />[[Ekonomi perilaku]]<br />[[Teori prospek]]|prizes=''Lifetime Achievement Award'' dari [[American Psychological Association]] (2007)<br />[[Penghargaan Nobel dalam Ekonomi]] (2002) <br />''Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award'' dari [[American Psychological Society]] (1982)}} '''Daniel Kahneman''' (lahia 5 Maret 1934) adolah saurang psikolog [[Amerika Sarikat|Amerika Serikat]] kalahiran [[Israel]] yang manarimo hadiah Nobel dalam bidang ekonomi. Kahneman basamo jo [[Amos Tversky]] malakukan peneliatian manyangkuik peran persepsi jo patimbangan dalam maambiak kaputusan. Hasia panalitian itu kamudian bakambang manjadi teori aspek yang manyatukan bidang ilmu psikologi jo ekonomi, yang kini dikenal jo sabutan ekonomi perilaku (''behavioral economics''). <ref name="psych">{{en}} {{cite book|author=Colin, C; Benson, Nigel; et al|title=The Psychology Book|publisher=DK Publishing|year=2012|id=}}</ref> == Maso ketek == Urang tuo Kahneman marupokan urang [[Yahudi]] asa [[Lituania|Lithuania]] yang kamudian pindah ka [[Paris]], [[Parancih|Prancis]] di awal tahun 1920-an. Kahneman lahia di [[Tel Aviv]] pado 1934 katiko ibunyo mangunjungi sanak di sinan.<ref name="nobel">{{en}} [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/kahneman-autobio.html Daniel Kahneman - Autobiography], ''Nobelprize.org''. Diakses pada 1 Januari 2013.</ref> Pado 1946 inyo tibo di Mandat [[Baritania Rayo|Britania]] untuak [[Palestina]] dan baraja di [[Universitas Ibrani Yerussalem.]] Salamo maso di Angkatan Pertahanan Israel, inyo marancang sistem mawawancarai parekrutan yang balanjuik salamo babarapo dasawarsa. Satalah pasukan itu, inyo manarimo gala Ph.D dari [[Universitas California]], [[Berkeley]] pado 1961 dan sajak itu inyo mulai maaja di banyak paguruan tinggi di saluruah dunia, tamasuak almamaternyo di [[Universitas British Columbia]], dan Universitas California, Bakeley. Kini inyo maaja di [[Universitas Princeton]] dengan kadudukan gabungan di psikologi dan ''Woodrow School of Public Affairs.'' == Penghargaan jo pangakuan == * Pado tahun 2001, inyo tapiliah sabagai anggota [[:id:Akademi Sains Nasional Amerika Serikat|National Academy of Sciences.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/892035.html|title=Daniel Kahneman|website=www.nasonline.org|access-date=2022-11-27|archive-date=2021-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418133305/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/892035.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * Pado tahun 2002, Kahneman manarimo [:id:Nobel Ekonomi][[:en:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences|Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]], maskipun saurang psikolog penelitian, untuak karyanyo dalam teori prospek. Kahneman manyaatokan bahwa inyo indak parnah maambiak ciek pun kursus ekonomi - bahwa sadonyo yang inyo katahui tentang subjek tasabuik, inyo dan Tversky palajari dari kolaborator mereka [[:id:Richard Thaler|Richard Thaler]] dan Jack Knetsch. * Kahneman, salah satu panarimo Tversky, maraih Panghargaan [[:id:Universitas Louisville|Universitas Louisville]] [[:id:Penghargaan Grawemeyer|Grawemeyer]] tahun 2003 untuk Psikologi.<ref name="grawemeyer.org2">{{Cite web|url=http://grawemeyer.org/psychology/previous-winners/2003-daniel-kahneman-and-amos-tversky.html|title=2003- Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723084412/http://grawemeyer.org/psychology/previous-winners/2003-daniel-kahneman-and-amos-tversky.html|archive-date=July 23, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Pado tahun 2005, inyo tapiliah sabagai anggota [[:id:American Philosophical Society|American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Daniel+Kahneman&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|title=APS Member History|website=search.amphilsoc.org|access-date=2021-06-10|archive-date=2022-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127103436/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Daniel+Kahneman&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * Pado tahun 2007, inyo diagiah Panghargaan [[:id:Asosiasi Psikologis Amerika|American Psychological Association]] [[:id:Penghargaan APA untuk Kontribusi Seumur Hidup untuk Psikologi|untuk Kontribusi Seumur Hidup Luar Biasa untuk Psikologi]]. * Pado 6 November 2009, ia dianugerahi gala doktor kahormatan dari departemen Ekonomi di [[:id:Universitas Erasmus Rotterdam|Universitas Erasmus]] di [[:id:Rotterdam|Rotterdam]], [[:id:Belanda|Belanda]]. Dalam pidato panarimaannyo, Kahneman mangecek, "katiko Anda hidup cukuik lamo, Anda maliek yang indak mungkin manjadi kanyataan". Inyo mangacu pado fakta bahwa inyo indak akan parnah baharok untuak dihormati sabagai seurang ekonom katiko inyo mamulai studinya ke dalam apo yang akan menjadi Ekonomi Perilaku. * Pado tahun 2011 dan 2012, inyo manjadikan [[:en:50_Most_Influential_(Bloomberg_Markets_ranking)|Bloomberg 50 most influential people in global finance]]. * Pado 9 November 2011, inyo dianugerahi Talcott Parsons Prize oleh [[:id:Akademi Seni dan Ilmu Amerika|American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]. * Bukunyo ''[[:id:Berpikir, Cepat dan Lambat|Thinking, Fast and Slow]]'' adolah pamanang [[:id:Hadiah Buku Los Angeles Times|''Los Angeles Times'' Book Award 2011 untuak Current Interest]] jo [[:id:Akademi Sains Nasional Amerika Serikat|National Academy of Sciences]] Communication Award untuak buku tarancak yang ditabikan pado tahun 2011.<ref name="NAS-Keck-2011-Award2">{{Cite news|title=And the Winners Are …|date=October 12, 2012|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]]|url=http://www.keckfutures.org/awards/2012winners.html|work=Keck Futures Initiative|access-date=June 24, 2013|quote=An outstanding and accessible book that brings to the public key scientific insights about how we think and make decisions.|archive-date=October 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002215548/http://www.keckfutures.org/awards/2012winners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Pado tahun 2012 ianyo ditarimo sabagai akademisi takaik di [[:id:Real Academia Española|Real Academia Española]] (Ilmu Ekonomi jo Keuangan). * Pado 8 Agustus 2013, Presiden [[:id:Barack Obama|Barack Obama]] mangumumkan bahwa Daniel Kahneman akan manjadi panarimo [[:id:Presidential Medal of Freedom|Presidential Medal of Freedom]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/08/president-obama-names-presidential-medal-freedom-recipients|title=President Obama Names Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients|date=August 8, 2013|publisher=Office of the Press Secretary, The White House|access-date=August 8, 2013}}</ref> * Pado 1 Juni 2015, inyo dianugerahi gala doktor kahormatan dari Fakultas Seni di [[:id:Universitas McGill|Universitas McGill]] di [[:id:Montreal|Montreal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.mcgill.ca/reporter/2015/04/mcgill-to-award-16-honorary-degrees%E2%80%A8/|title=McGill to award 16 honorary degrees : McGill Reporter<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630000010/https://publications.mcgill.ca/reporter/2015/04/mcgill-to-award-16-honorary-degrees%E2%80%A8/|archive-date=June 30, 2018|access-date=June 4, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Desember 2018, Kahneman dinobatkan sabagai panarimo medali emas dek [[:id:Institut Nasional Ilmu Sosial|The National Institute of Social Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.socialsciencesinstitute.org/gold-medal-honorees|title=Gold Medal Honorees|website=The National Institute of Social Sciences|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702153336/http://www.socialsciencesinstitute.org/gold-medal-honorees|archive-date=July 2, 2019|access-date=July 2, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Pado 2019, Kahneman manarimo Golden Plate Award dari [[:id:Akademi Prestasi|American Academy of Achievement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#business|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://achievement.org/summit/2019/|title=2019 Summit Highlights Photo: Anthony D. Romero, Executive Director of the American Civil Liberties Union, presenting the Golden Plate Award to Dr. Daniel Kahneman, a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics, at the 2019 International Achievement Summit.|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]}}</ref> == Kontribusi pantiang == * [[Anchoring and adjustment]] * [[Attribute substitution]] * [[Availability heuristic]] * [[Base rate fallacy]] * [[Cognitive bias]] * [[Conjunction fallacy]] * [[Dictator game]] * [[Framing (social sciences)]] * [[Loss aversion]] * [[Optimism bias]] * [[Peak–end rule]] * [[Planning fallacy]] * [[Prospect theory]] ** [[Cumulative prospect theory]] * [[Reference class forecasting]] * [[Representativeness heuristic]] * [[Simulation heuristic]] * [[Status quo bias]] == Buku == * {{Cite book|last1=Kahneman|first1=Daniel|year=1973|title=Attention and Effort|url=https://archive.org/details/attentioneffort0000kahn|publisher=Prentice-Hall}} * {{Cite book|last1=Kahneman|first1=Daniel|last2=Slovic|first2=Paul|last3=Tversky|first3=Amos|year=1982|title=Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{Cite book|last1=Kahneman|first1=Daniel|last2=Diener|first2=E.|last3=Schwarz|first3=N.|year=1999|title=Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation}} * {{Cite book|last1=Kahneman|first1=Daniel|last2=Tversky|first2=Amos|year=2000|title=Choices, Values and Frames|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{Cite book|last1=Kahneman|first1=Daniel|last2=Gilovich|first2=Thomas|last3=Griffin|first3=Dale|year=2002|title=Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment|isbn=978-0521792608}} * {{Cite book|last1=Kahneman|first1=Daniel|year=2011|title=[[Thinking, Fast and Slow]]|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0374275631}} (Reviewed by [[:en:Freeman_Dyson|Freeman Dyson]] in [[:en:New_York_Review_of_Books|New York Review of Books]], 22 December 2011, pp.&nbsp;40–44.) * {{Cite book|last1=Kahneman|first1=Daniel|last2=Sibony|first2=Olivier|last3=Sunstein|first3=Cass R.|year=2021|title=[[Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment]]|publisher=William Collins|isbn=978-0008308995}} == Wawancara == "Can We Trust Our Intuitions?" in Alex Voorhoeve [http://personal.lse.ac.uk/voorhoev/voorhoeve_cover_hb.pdf ''Conversations on Ethics'']. Oxford University Press, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-19-921537-9}}[[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921537-9|978-0-19-921537-9]] (Discusses Kahneman's views about the reliability of moral intuitions [case judgments] and the relevance of his work for the search for "reflective equilibrium" in moral philosophy.) === '''Wawancara di radio''' === * [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/mind/s923773.htm All in the Mind, ABC, Australia (2003)] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0174gm2 All in the Mind, BBC, Great Britain (2011)] === Wawancara online === * Thinking about Thinking – An Interview with Daniel Kahneman (2011) [http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/thinking-about-thinking/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031110115/http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/thinking-about-thinking/|date=October 31, 2013}} * Conversation with Tyler – Daniel Kahneman on Cutting Through the Noise (2018) [https://conversationswithtyler.com/episodes/daniel-kahneman/ Daniel Kahneman on Cutting Through the Noise (Ep. 56 - Live at Mason)] * The Knowledge Project Podcast – Daniel Kahneman: Putting Your Intuition on Ice (2019) [https://fs.blog/knowledge-project/daniel-kahneman/ Daniel Kahneman: Putting Your Intuition on Ice] * [[:en:Lex_Fridman|Lex Fridman]] Podcast #65 – Daniel Kahneman: Thinking Fast and Slow, Deep Learning, and AI (2020) [https://lexfridman.com/daniel-kahneman/ Daniel Kahneman: Thinking Fast and Slow, Deep Learning, and AI | MIT | Artificial Intelligence Podcast] * The Jordan Harbinger Show #518 - Daniel Kahneman: When Noise Destroys Our Best of Choices (2021)[https://www.jordanharbinger.com/daniel-kahneman-when-noise-destroys-our-best-of-choices/ Daniel Kahneman | When Noise Destroys Our Best of Choices]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jordanharbinger.com/daniel-kahneman-when-noise-destroys-our-best-of-choices/|title=Daniel Kahneman {{!}} When Noise Destroys Our Best of Choices|date=2021-06-08|website=Jordan Harbinger|language=en-US|access-date=2021-06-15}}</ref> === Wawancara televisi === * How You Really Make Decisions – [[:en:Horizon_(BBC_TV_series)|Horizon (BBC TV series)]] – Series 2013–2014 No. 9 == Liek juo == * ''[[:en:Fooled_by_Randomness|Fooled by Randomness]]'' * [[:en:List_of_economists|List of economists]] * [[:en:List_of_Israeli_Nobel_laureates|List of Israeli Nobel laureates]] * [[:en:List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates|List of Jewish Nobel laureates]] * [[:en:List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics|List of Nobel laureates in Economics]] == Rujuakan == hw3rmk1uxb48szfkur6bucz0yueogld 0 388945 3352778 3162474 2026-09-25T09:54:02Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotak info tokoh | name = Jisoo | image = Jisoo for Marie Claire Korea 210914(1) (cropped).jpg | image_upright = | alt = Jisoo berpose ke kamera dengan gaun merah | caption = Jisoo pada September 2021 | native_name = 김지수 | native_name_lang = ko | birth_name = Kim Ji-soo | birth_date = {{tanggal lahir dan umur|mf=yes|1995|1|3}} | birth_place = Korea Selatan | citizenship = Korea Selatan | occupation = {{hlist|Penyanyi|penari|aktris}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | genre = [[K-pop]] | instrument = Vokal | years_active = 2016–sekarang | label = [[YG Entertainment|YG]] | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Blackpink]] }}}} | signature = Signature of Jisoo.svg | residence = }} '''Kim Ji-soo''' ({{lang-ko|김지수}}, {{lahirmati||3|1|1995}}), labiah dikenal sabagai '''Jisoo''', adolah panyanyi, panari dan aktris Korea Selatan. Inyo marupoan anggota [[Blackpink]], jo posisi sabagai vokalis dan visual utamo. == Karier == Jisoo bagabuang jo [[YG Entertainment]] sabagai trainee pado Juli 2011 wakatu masih baumua 16 tahun sampai akhirnyo kamudian pado Agustus 2016 Jisoo manjadi anggota band '''BLACKPINK'''. Sabalum debut, nyo muncul di babagai macam iklan komersial (CF), mode [[Samsonite]] RED basamo aktor [[Lee Min-ho (pemeran)|Lee Min-ho]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/2015/07/28/lee-min-ho-and-yg-rookie-kim-ji-soo-pose-together-in-sweet-pictorial-for-samsonite-red/|title=Lee Min Ho and YG Rookie Kim Ji Soo Pose Together in Sweet Pictorial for ‘Samsonite Red’|last=deedeegii|first=|date=29 July 2015|publisher=soompi.com|accessdate=29 June 2016|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153657/https://www.soompi.com/2015/07/28/lee-min-ho-and-yg-rookie-kim-ji-soo-pose-together-in-sweet-pictorial-for-samsonite-red/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan Smart Uniform jo senior mereka [[IKON (grup musik Korea Selatan)|iKON]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2015/08/yg-trainees-ikon-and-kim-ji-soo-are-the-new-promotional-models-for-smart-school-uniforms|title=YG trainees iKON and Kim Ji Soo are the new promotional models for 'Smart' school uniforms! - allkpop.com|publisher=allkpop.com|accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref> Jisoo pun muncul di musik video [[Epik High]] "Happen Ending"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/126033/20141020/yg-girl-group.htm|title=Epik High's Music Video Featuring Kim Jisoo Ignites Excitement For Upcoming YG Girl Group|date=20 October 2014|publisher=kpopstarz.com|accessdate=29 June 2016|archive-date=30 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030155946/http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/126033/20141020/yg-girl-group.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> and [[Hi Suhyun]] "I'm Different".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/138323/20141118/yg-girl-group-kim-jisoo-hi-suhyun.htm|title=Kim Jisoo Of New YG Girl Group Spotted In Hi Suhyun's 'I'm Different' Music Video Featuring Bobby Of iKON|date=18 November 2014|publisher=kpopstarz.com|accessdate=29 June 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083045/http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/138323/20141118/yg-girl-group-kim-jisoo-hi-suhyun.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado 2015, Jisoo tampil di drama [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]] ''[[The Producers (serial TV)|The Producers]]'' sabagai tamu, basamo jo senior sa-agensi [[Sandara Park]] dan [[Kang Seung-yoon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/2015/05/24/new-yg-girl-group-member-kim-ji-soo-makes-appearance-on-producer/|title=New YG Girl Group Member Kim Ji Soo Makes Appearance on “Producer”|last=ck525|first=|date=24 May 2015|publisher=soompi.com|accessdate=29 June 2016|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125154003/http://www.soompi.com/2015/05/24/new-yg-girl-group-member-kim-ji-soo-makes-appearance-on-producer/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado 1 Februari 2017, [[SBS]] maumumkan bahwasannyo Jisoo akan manjadi MC baru untuak [[Inkigayo]] pado 5 Februari 2017 sampai 4 Februari 2018 basamo jo [[Got7's]] [[Jinyoung]] dan [[NCT's]] [[Doyoung]]. == Sejarah == Sabalum Jisoo menjadi trainee di YG, Jisoo alah dikenal dek banyak urang karano nyo adolah saurang wanita mudo nan rancak bana. Nyo sangaik populer di sakolah karano wajahnyo nan rancak dan karano bakaiknyo. Inyo dulu baraja di Sekolah Tinggi Seni Pertunjukan Sekolah. Nyo akhianyo pindah sakolah katiko keluarganyo pindah ke [[Seoul]], [[Korea Selatan]]. Pado tahun 2012, Jisoo taungkap malalui “Who’s That Girl?” Teaser dek label, dan diikuti jo duo foto pado bulan Januari tahun barikuiknyo. == Diskografi == === Album singel === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Judul ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Detail album ! colspan="2" |Posisi puncak album ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Penjualan |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Top Heatseekers|US Heat]]<br /><ref>Billboard Heatseekers Albums * {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/heatseekers-albums/2016-11-19|title=Square Two|date=19 November 2016}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Billboard charts|US World]]<br /><ref>Billboard World Albums * {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/world-albums/2016-11-19|title=Square Two|date=19 November 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Square One (singel Black Pink)|Square One]]'' | * Rilis: 8 Agustus 2016 * Label: [[YG Entertainment]] * Format: Digital download |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |''[[Square Two]]'' | * Rilis: 1 November 2016 * Label: YG Entertainment * Format: Digital download |13 |2 | * US: 1,000<ref name="Square Two US">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/7572699/blackpink-playing-with-fire-no-1-world-digital-songs-social-50-chart|title=Blackpink Earn Second No. 1 on World Digital Songs, Debut on Social 50|last1=Benjamin|first1=Jeff|date=9 November 2016|website=Billboard|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> |- !''Square Up'' | * Rilis: 1 November 2016 * Label: YG Entertainment * Format: Mini album ! ! ! |} === Singel === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Judul ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Tahun ! colspan="6" scope="col" |Posisi puncak chart ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Penjualan ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Gaon Digital Chart|KOR]]<br /><ref name="Gaon">* {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=33&nationGbn=T|title=Whistle + Boombayah}} * {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=45&nationGbn=T|title=Playing With Fire + Stay + Whistle (휘파람)" (Acoustic Ver)}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[QQ Music|CHN]]<br /><ref>* {{cite web|url=http://y.qq.com/portal/toplist/26.html#t1=2016&t2=33&t3=song&t4=11&t5=1|title=WHISTLE/BOOMBAYAH|date=14 November 2016}} * {{cite web|url=http://y.qq.com/portal/toplist/26.html#t1=2016&t2=45&t3=song&t4=0&t5=1|title=PLAYING WITH FIRE/STAY|date=14 November 2016}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]<br /><ref name="BBCharts">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f=ts_chart_artistname%3Ablackpink&f=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=2&artist=blackpink|title=Chart Search "Blackpink"|website=Billboard|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=16 November 2016}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Blackpink&titel=Boombayah&cat=s|title=BLACKPINK – BOOMBAYAH|work=lescharts.com|publisher=Hung Medien|language=Bahasa Prancis|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:4em;font-size:90%;" |[[Billboard Japan Hot 100|JPN<br />Hot 100]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&year=2016&month=11&day=21|title=Japan Hot 100 – Playing With Fire|website=Billboard Japan|publisher=Billboard Japan|accessdate=19 November 2016}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[World Digital Songs|US World]]<br /><ref>* {{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2016-08-27/world-digital-songs|title=World Digital Songs (27 Agustus 2016) – Boombayah + Whistle|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823121405/http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2016-08-27/world-digital-songs|archive-date=2016-08-23|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 Agustus 2016|subscription=yes}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2016-11-19/world-digital-songs|title=World Digital Songs (19 November 2016) – Playing With Fire + Stay|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112151916/http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2016-11-19/world-digital-songs|archive-date=2016-11-12|dead-url=yes|accessdate=10 November 2016|subscription=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Boombayah" | rowspan="4" |2016 |7 |22 |— |196 |— |1 | * KOR: 487,171<ref name="download sq1">* {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=33&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 33 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=18 Agustus 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=34&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 34 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=26 Agustus 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=35&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 35 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=2 September 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=36&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 36 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=22 September 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=37&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 37 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=8 September 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=38&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 38 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=22 September 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=39&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 39 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=29 September 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=40&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 40 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=6 Oktober 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=41&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 41 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=13 Oktober 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=42&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 42 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=20 Oktober 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=43&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 43 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=27 Oktober 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=44&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 44 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=3 November 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=45&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 45 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=10 November 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=46&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 46 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> * US: 6,000+ | rowspan="2" |''Square One'' |- ! scope="row" |"Whistle" <small>({{lang|ko|휘파람}})</small> |1 |12 |— |— |— |2 | * KOR: 812,245<ref name="download sq1" /> * US: 10,000+ |- ! scope="row" |"Playing With Fire" <small>({{lang|ko|불장난}})</small> |3 |17 |92 |— |81 |1 | * KOR: 311,237<ref name="download sq2">* {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=45&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 45 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=10 November 2016}} * {{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=46&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week|title=Week 46 of 2016 Download Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=Bahasa Korea|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> * US: 7,000+<ref name="Square Two US" /> | rowspan="2" |''Square Two'' |- ! scope="row" |"Stay" |10 |48 |— |— |— |4 | * KOR: 153,635<ref name="download sq2" /> * US: 4,000+<ref name="Square Two US" /> |- | colspan="10lan" style="font-size:8pt" align="center" |"—" singel dirilis yang tidak masuk tangga lagu atau tidak dirilis di wilayah tersebut. |} === Lagu lainnyo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" border="1" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Title ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Tahun ! colspan="1" scope="col" |Posisi puncak chart ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Penjualan ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Gaon Digital Chart|KOR]]<br /><ref name="Gaon" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Whistle" <small>({{lang|ko|휘파람}}) (Acoustic Ver.)</small> |2016 |88 |KOR: 31,423<ref name="download sq2" /> |''Square Two'' |- | colspan="5" style="font-size:8pt" align="center" |"—" singel dirilis yang tidak masuk tangga lagu atau tidak dirilis di wilayah tersebut. |} == Filmografi == === Seri televisi === {| class="wikitable" !Tahun !Judul !Peran !Jaringan !Cataran !Ref. |- |2015 |''[[The Producers (seri TV)|The Producers]]'' | rowspan="2" |Ia sendiri |[[KBS2]] | rowspan="3" |[[Cameo]] |<ref name="Osen">[https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0003074080 "YG 김지수, 걸그룹 데뷔 전 '프로듀사' 출연 '눈도장'"] ''[[Naver News]]''. May 24, 2015.</ref> |- |2017 |''Part-Time Idols'' |[[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] | |- |2019 |''[[Arthdal Chronicles]]'' |Sae Na-rae |[[tvN]] |<ref name="Newsen">[https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/609/0000121567 "‘아스달 연대기’ 측 “블랙핑크 지수 출연, 역할 방송통해 확인 부탁”(공식입장)"] ''[[Naver News]]''. June 10, 2019.</ref> |- |2021 |''[[Snowdrop (seri TV)|Snowdrop]]'' |Eun Young-ro |[[JTBC]] |Peran utama |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=202010050100017440001236&servicedate=20201005|title=[공식] 정해인X블랙핑크 지수, JTBC '설강화' 캐스팅 확정…내년 방송 예정|date=October 5, 2020|website=Sports Chosun}}</ref> |} === Variety show === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tahun !Judul !Peran !Jaringan !Cataran !Ref. |- |2017–2018 |''[[Inkigayo]]'' |MC |[[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] |Host |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01298886615827568&mediaCodeNo=258|title=블랙핑크 지수, '인가' MC 신고식 "발전하겠다"|date=February 5, 2017|website=E Daily|language=ko}}</ref> |- |} === Musik video === {| class="wikitable" !Tahun !Judul !Artis !Ref. |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |"[[Epik High diskografi#Music videos|Spoiler + Happen Ending]]" |[[Epik High]] |<ref name="inquirer">[https://entertainment.inquirer.net/198934/meet-k-pops-newest-girl-band-black-pink "Meet K-pop's newest girl band Black Pink"] ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]''. 9 Agustus, 2016.</ref> |- |"[[I'm Different (lagu Hi Suhyun)|I'm Different]]" |[[Hi Suhyun]] ft. [[Bobby (rapper)|Bobby]] |<ref name="inquirer" /> |} == Videografi == === Musik video === {| class="wikitable" !Tahun !Judul !Album !Sutradara |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |"Boombayah" | rowspan="2" |''[[Square One (singel Black Pink)|Square One]]'' | rowspan="2" |Seo Hyun-seung |- |"Whistle" |- |"Stay" | rowspan="3" |''[[Square Two]]'' | rowspan="2" |Han Sa Min |- |"Playing with Fire" |- | rowspan="1" |2017 |"As if It's Your Last" | rowspan="1" |Seo Hyun-seung |- | rowspan="1" |2018 |"DDU-DU DDU-DU" |Square Up | |} === Penampilan musik video === {| class="wikitable" !Tahun !Anggota !Judul !Album !Artis |- | rowspan="2" |2014 | rowspan="2" |Jisoo |"Spoiler + Happen Ending" |''[[Shoebox (album)|Shoebox]]'' |[[Epik High]] |- |"[[I'm Different (lagu Hi Suhyun)|I'm Different]]" |Singel non-album |[[Hi Suhyun]] |} === Filmografi === {| class="wikitable" !Tahun !Judul !Saluran !Peran !Catatan |- |2015 |''The Producers'' |KBS2 |Actress "2 Days In 1 Night" |Guest Role |- |2017 |[[Part Time Idol (Web Drama)|''Part Time Idol'']] |SBS & Netflix |Herself "Inkigayo's MC" |Guest Role |- |} == Referensi == {{reflist}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Kim Ji-soo}} {{Lifetime|1995||Ji-soo, Kim}} == Pranala luar == * [http://www.blackpinkofficial.com/ Situs resmi Blackpink] [[Kategori:Penyanyi Korea Selatan]] [[Kategori:Anggota Blackpink]] htt66huuyizekmyoxjc17sbnyddey1x 0 472216 3352756 3143603 2026-09-25T06:41:22Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | embed = | name = Pangeran Diponegoro | image = Diponegoro.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Lukisan Pangeran Diponegoro | title = Sultan Abdul Hamid Herucakra Amirul Mukminin Sayyidin Panatagama Kalifatu Rosulillah ing Tanah Jawa | titletext = | more = | type = | regent = | reg-type = | birth_name = Bendara Raden Mas Antawirya | birth_date = 11 November 1785 | birth_place = [[Kesultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat|Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1855|1|8|1785|11|11|df=y}} | death_place = [[Makassar]], [[Hindia Belanda]] | burial_place = [[Melayu, Wajo, Makassar|Kampung Melayu, Wajo, Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]] | spouse = Raden Ajeng Ratu Ratna Ningsih | spouse-type = Pasangan | consort = | issue = | issue-link = | issue-pipe = | issue-type = | full name = | era name = | era dates = | regnal name = | posthumous name= | temple name = | house = [[Wangsa Mataram|Mataram]] | father = [[Hamengkubuwana III|Sultan Hamengkubuwana III]] | mother = [[R.A. Mangkarawati]] | religion = [[Agama Islam|Islam]] | occupation = | signature_type = Tanda tangan | signature = | module ={{Infobox person|child=yes | known_for = * [[Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia]] * [[Perang Jawa|Panglima perang Jawa]] }} }} '''Bendara Raden Mas Mustahar''' (atau biaso dikana jo namo '''Pangeran Diponegoro'''), namo nan bakaikan jo "fajar" dalam istilah Jawa, sahinggo bararti "Sang Bangsawan nan lahia pado Fajar" lahia di Kaputren, [[Keraton Yogyakarta]], pado pukua 3.30-4.00, 11 November 1785, tapek manjalang fajar, katiko sahur pado 8 Muharam 1200 H. Dalam tarikh jawa, hari kalahirannyo tu sangaik batuah karano jatuah pado bulan Sura, bulan partamo dalam taun Ja, katiko sacaro tradisional, kerajaan baru didirikan jo galombang sijarah baru dimulai. Lahia pado Jumat Wage marupokan hari nan pantiang dalam almanak atau primbon Jawa modern.<ref>Carey, Peter (2022). Percakapan dengan Diponegoro. Jakarta: KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia). hlm. 157. <nowiki>ISBN 978-602-481-900-2</nowiki>.</ref> Pangeran Diponegoro iolah saurang pahlawan nasional Republik Indonesia atau Perang Jawa salamo periode taun 1825 hinggo 1830 malawan pamarentah [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]]. Sijarah mancataik, [[Parang Diponegoro]] atau Parang Jawa dikana sabagai parang nan mambuek korban tabanyak dalam sijarah Indonesia, yaitunyo 8.000 korban serdadu Hindia Belanda, 7.000 pribumi, jo 200 ribu urang Jawa sarato karugiah materi hinggo 25 juta Gulden. == Ranji jo asanyo == Diponegoro lahia di [[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] pado tanggal 11 November 1785 dari ibu nan marupokan selir (''garwa ampeyan''), banamo [[R.A. Mangkarawati]], dari [[Pacitan]] jo ayahnyo banamo Gusti Raden Mas Suraja, nan dikamudian hari naiak takhto bagala [[Hamengkubuwana III]].<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220827135752/https://historia.id/politik/articles/memenuhi-ramalan-pangeran-diponegoro-DW1RP "Memenuhi Ramalan Pangeran Diponegoro"]. Historia. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-08-27. Diakses tanggal 2020-03-20.</ref> Pangeran Diponegoro wakatu dilahian banamo Bendara Raden Mas Mustahar, kamudian diubah manjadi Bendara Rade Mas Antawirya.<ref>Raditya, Iswara N. [https://tirto.id/intrik-keraton-dan-misteri-kematian-sultan-hamengkubuwana-iv-cAS4 "Intrik Keraton dan Misteri Kematian Sultan Hamengkubuwana IV"]. tirto.id. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-06.</ref> Namo Islamnyo adolah Abdul Hamid.<ref>[https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/2525317/pangeran-diponegoro-syaratkan-perang-jawa-libur-selama-ramadan "Pangeran Diponegoro Syaratkan Perang Jawa Libur Selama Ramadan"]. Liputan6.com. 2016-06-07. Diakses tanggal 2020-03-21.</ref> Sasudah ayahnyo naik takto, Bendara Raden Mas Antawirya diwisuda sabagai pangeran jo namo Bendara Pangeran Harya Dipanegara. Katiko gadang, Pangeran Diponegoro manulak kainginan ayahnyo untuak manjadi rajjo. Inyo surang baralasan bahwa posisi ibunyo nan indak sabagai istri permaisuri, mambuek dirinyo maraso indak taka untuak manduduaki takhto tasabuik.<ref>[https://tagar.id/pangeran-diponegoro-komandan-perang-jawa "Pangeran Diponegoro Komandan Perang Jawa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603060804/https://www.tagar.id/pangeran-diponegoro-komandan-perang-jawa |date=2023-06-03 }}. Tagar.id. 2017-12-23. Diakses tanggal 2020-03-21.</ref> Pangeran Diponegoro dikana sabagai urang nan cadiak, banyak mambaco, jo ahl di bidang hukum Islam-Jawa.<ref name=":0" /> Inyo juo labiah suko pado masalah-masalah keagamaan daripado masalah pamarentahan keraton jo inyo labiah mambaua ka rakyat. Sang Pangeran juo labiah mamiliah tingga di [[Tegalrejo]], Badakekan jo tampek tingga eyang buyut putrinyo, yakni Gusti Kangjeng Ratu Tegalrejo, permaisuri dari Sultan [[Hamengkubuwana I,]] daripado tingga di keraton.<ref>[https://tagar.id/pangeran-diponegoro-komandan-perang-jawa "Pangeran Diponegoro Komandan Perang Jawa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603060804/https://www.tagar.id/pangeran-diponegoro-komandan-perang-jawa |date=2023-06-03 }}. Tagar.id. 2017-12-23. Diakses tanggal 2020-03-21.</ref> == Parang Diponegoro (1825-1830) == Parang Diponegoro atau Parang Jawa diawali dari kaputusan jo palakuan Hindia Balando nan mamasang patok-patok di ateh lahan milik Diponegoro di Desa Tegalrejo. Tindakan ko ditambah babarapo kalakuan Hinda Balando nan indak mangharagoi adaik-istiadaik satampek jo eksploitasi balabihan kapado rakyak dengan maagiah pajak nan sangek tinggi, mambuek Pangeran Diponegoro samakin muak hinggo mancatuihan sikap perlawanan sang Pangeran.<ref>[https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2019/12/09/111125669/biografi-pangeran-diponegoro-pemimpin-perang-jawa "Biografi Pangeran Diponegoro, Pemimpin Perang Jawa"]. Kompas.com. Diakses tanggal 2020-03-20.</ref> Di babarapo literatur nan ditulih dek Hindia Balando, manuruik mantan [[Menteri Pendidikan jo Kabudayaan]] Profesor [[Wardiman Djojonegoro]], tadapek pambelokan sijarah panyabab palawanan Pangeran Diponegoro karano sakik hati ka pamarentah Hindia Balando jo keraton, nan manulaknyo manjadi rajo. Padahal, palawanan nan dilakuan disababkan sang Pangeran ingin malapehan pandaritoan rakyat miskin dari sistem pajak Hindia Balando jo mambebasan istana dari madat.<ref>[https://republika.co.id/share/pukwyo396 "Meluruskan Fakta dalam Sejarah Pangeran Diponegoro"]. ''Republika Online''. 2019-07-13. Diakses tanggal 2020-03-21.</ref> == Rujuakan == 561qs2be9zwa6y7yoj0otifw2zb95vm 0 472452 3352770 3144663 2026-09-25T09:14:07Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{sadang karajo}} '''International Business Machines Corporation''' (basingkek '''IBM'''; {{nyse|IBM}}) bagala '''Big Blue'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2012 |title=IBM100 - The Making of International Business Machines |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/makingibm/impacts/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=www-03.ibm.com |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808205810/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/makingibm/impacts/ |archive-date=August 8, 2018 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> adolah sabuah parusahoan [[Amerika Sarikat]] nan mambuek dan manjua [[parangkek kareh komputer|parangkek kareh]] jo [[parangkek lunak]] komputer. ==Pautan lua== {{commons}} * {{resmi}} ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Industri-stub}} [[Kategori:IBM| ]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan Amerika Serikat]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan perangkat keras]] 9jj4i7nwqj44ubsrkwmvnnu11p7347h 0 472653 3352765 3347738 2026-09-25T09:02:10Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bilateral relations|Indonesia–Israel|Indonesia|Israel|filetype=svg}}{{br}}{{sadang karajo}} '''Hubuangan Indonesia–Israel''' mangacu pado [[Hubuangan bilateral|hubuangan bilateral maso lalu dan kini]] antaro [[Israel]] jo [[Indonesia]]. Kaduo nagara iko indak punyo hubuangan diplomatik rasmi,<ref name="jak">{{cite news|title=Representatives from Indonesia, Israel sign medical agreement|author=Muhammad Nafik|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|location=Jakarta|date=7 November 2008|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/11/07/representatives-indonesia-israel-sign-medical-agreement.html?1|access-date=23 November 2023|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413133059/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/11/07/representatives-indonesia-israel-sign-medical-agreement.html?1|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="jak2">{{cite news |title=Indonesia condemns Israeli offensive |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |location=Jakarta |date=3 July 2006 |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/indonesia-condemns-israeli-offensive.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221170620/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/indonesia-condemns-israeli-offensive.html |archivedate=21 February 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref name="for">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2005/10/13/afx2275161.html |title=Indonesia rules out diplomatic ties with Israel, reaffirms pro-Palestine stand |work=Forbes.com }} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> tapi punyo hubuangan indak rasmi nan maliputi hubuangan dagang, pariwisata, dan kaämanan. Pado taun 2012, Indonesia sepakat manaikkan status hubuangannyo jo Israel dan mambuko konsulat kahormatan di [[Ramallah]] nan dipimpin surang diplomat sadarajat duta besar. Diplomat tasabuik batugas sacaro indak rasmi sabagai parwakilan Indonesia katiko mambina hubuangan jo Israel.<ref name="timesofisrael.com">{{cite news|title= Indonesia to informally upgrade its relations with Israel via ambassador-ranked diplomat in Ramallah, State of Palestine, |newspaper=Times of Israel|author=Kayla J Adams|date=July 6, 2012|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/indonesia-to-informally-upgrade-its-relations-with-israel-via-ambassador-ranked-diplomat-in-ramallah/}}</ref> Dek tu, basobok parmasalahan politik di kaduo balah pihak, parjanjian iko alun balanjuik dan hinggo kini indak ado parwakilan Indonesia di Israel atau [[Otoritas Nasional Palestina|Otoritas Palestina]]. Manuruik jajak pandapat [[BBC]] World Service taun 2013, 70% responden Indonesia mancaliak pangaruh Israel sacara negatif dan 12% sacaro positif.<ref>[http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2013_country_ratings/2013_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf 2013 World Service Poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010192245/http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2013_country_ratings/2013_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf |date=2015-10-10 }} ''[[BBC]]''</ref> {{stub}} jbm8jyf0vhebuavfs8hxchqkhq9tyy3 0 476292 3352782 3183768 2026-09-25T11:29:11Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{chembox |Watchedfields = changed |verifiedrevid = 444854343 |ImageFileL1 =chloropicrin.png |ImageFileR1 = Chloropicrin-3D-balls.png |IUPACName = Trichloro(nitro)methane |OtherNames =}}'''Kloropikrin''' adolah [[senyawa kimia]] nan paguno sabagai [[Fumigasi|fumigan tanah]] untuak [[Herbisida|mangandalikan]] hama dan panyakik tanaman.<ref name="RED Fact Sheet">{{cite web|title=RED Fact Sheet: Chloropicrin|url=http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/chloropicrin-fs.pdf|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=20 September 2013|page=2|date=10 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006212123/http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/chloropicrin-fs.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2013|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Salain tu, kloropikrin punyo juo sijarah panggunoan sabagai agen porang kimia, dek tu kini indak lai buliah untuak tujuan tasabuik. Rumus struktur kimia kloropikrin iyolah {{chem2|Cl3C\sNO2|auto=1}}. {{Kimia-stub}} [[Kategori:Pangandalian hama]] [[Kategori:Pestisida| ]] cxwcvscdf0xtdui5aoj7i9zrr3ua2yl 0 478033 3352761 3347621 2026-09-25T08:28:41Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352761 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Annie_Kenney_and_Christabel_Pankhurst.jpg|jmpl|[[Annie Kenney]] jo [[Christabel Pankhurst]] bakampanye untuak [[Hak suara perempuan|hak suaro padusi]]]] '''Hak padusi''' adolah [[Hak asasi manusia|hak]] jo peran nan diklaim untuak [[padusi]] jo anak gadih di saluruah dunia, dan mambantuak dasar dari garakan hak padusi pado abaik ka-19 jo [[Gerakan feminis|garakan feminis]] pado abaik ka-20. Di babarapo nagara, hak-hak iko diatur atau didukuang dek hukum, adaik, jo parangai, sadangkan di nagara lain, hak-hak iko diabaikan jo ditakan. Hak padusi babeda jo pamahaman nan labiah luas tantang [[hak asasi manusia]] malalui klaim bias tradisional jo sajarah nan melekat taradok pangajaran hak dek padusi jo anak gadih, bukan laki-laki jo anak mudo. <ref name="Hosken">Hosken, Fran P., 'Towards a Definition of Women's Rights' in ''Human Rights Quarterly'', Vol. 3, No. 2. (May 1981), pp. 1–10.</ref> == Konsep == === Kasamoan dalam karajo === [[Hukum perburuhan|Hak karajo]] untuak padusi tamasuak akses untuak bakarajo tanpa diskriminasi jo upah nan samo. Hak padusi jo laki-laki untuak [[Upah setara untuk pekerjaan setara|samo upah jo tunjangan untuak karajo nan samo]] indak diakui sacaro umum dek [[Pemerintah Hong Kong|Pamarentah Hong Kong]] salamo maso panjajahan Inggirih sampai awal 1970-an. Leslie Wah-Leung Chung, Presiden ''Asosiasi Pagawai Negeri Cino Hong Kong'' (1965–1968), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hkccsa.org/|title=香港政府華員會 HKCCSA|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-30}}</ref> baparan dalam mandorong upah nan samo antaro laki-laki jo padusi, tamasuak hak bagi padusi nan alah manikah untuak manjadi pagawai tatap. Sabalunnyo, status karajo padusi bisa barubah dari permanen manjadi samantaro katiko manikah, nan maakibaikkan kahilangan hak pensiun. Dalam babarapo kasus, padusi juo ilang karajo. Karano profesi keperawatan mayoritas padusi, parubahan kabijakan ko mampunyoi dampak nan signifikan pado lapangan. <ref name="torontosun">{{Cite news|last=Pedersen|first=Laura|date=2012-04-06|title=Celebrating two lives well lived|url=http://m.torontosun.com/2012/04/06/celebrating-two-lives-well-lived|newspaper=Toronto Sun|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716175556/http://m.torontosun.com/2012/04/06/celebrating-two-lives-well-lived|archive-date=|access-date=30 Maret 2026}}</ref> <ref name="ottawasun">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ottawasun.com/videos/celebrating-two-lives-well-lived/1550780688001|title=Celebrating two lives well lived : Featured OTT : Videos|date=6 April 2012|publisher=ottawasun.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704133812/http://www.ottawasun.com/videos/celebrating-two-lives-well-lived/1550780688001|archive-date=|access-date=30 Maret 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Connor|first=Kevin|date=7 April 2012|title=Life, love and service &#124; Toronto & GTA|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2012/04/07/life-love-and-service-recalled|newspaper=Toronto Sun|access-date=30 Maret 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.singtao.ca/toronto/2012-04-08/city1333873203d3799095.html|title=曾參與二戰及香港保衛戰華裔夫婦.加美軍方墓前致最高敬意_星島日報_加拿大多倫多中文新聞網。 Canada Toronto Chinese newspaper|website=Sing Tao Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233037/http://news.singtao.ca/toronto/2012-04-08/city1333873203d3799095.html|archive-date=|access-date=30 Maret 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epapertor.worldjournal.com/showtor.html?apJi+mgEEOB3Bg1Fmi3TsQ==,MMV3f+xDb0CKYCyOu+WesQ==|title=世界日報電子報 – World Journal ePaper|publisher=Epapertor.worldjournal.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812123852/http://epapertor.worldjournal.com/showtor.html?apJi+mgEEOB3Bg1Fmi3TsQ==,MMV3f+xDb0CKYCyOu+WesQ==|archive-date=|access-date=30 Maret 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mingpaotor.com/htm/News/20120408/tfc1.htm|title=明報新聞網海外版 – 加東版(多倫多) – Canada Toronto Chinese Newspaper – 社區新聞|publisher=Mingpaotor.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812061427/http://www.mingpaotor.com/htm/News/20120408/tfc1.htm|archive-date=|access-date=30 Maret 2026}}</ref> Di sajumlah nagara Eropa, padusi nan alah manikah indak buliah bakarajo tanpa persetujuan suaminyo sampai babarapo dekade tarakhia, misalnyo di [[Parancih]] sampai 1965 <ref>Guillaumin, Colette (1994). ''Racism, Sexism, Power, and Ideology''. hlm. 193–95.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Françoise Meltzer|date=1994|url=http://archive.org/details/hotpropertystake00melt|title=Hot property|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-51975-3|pages=88|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> jo di [[Spanyol]] sampai 1975. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://countrystudies.us/spain/43.htm|title=Spain - SOCIAL VALUES AND ATTITUDES|website=countrystudies.us|access-date=2026-03-30}}</ref> Salain itu, praktek ''bar panikahan,'' nan ado dari abaik ka-Austria. Australia, Irlandia, Kanada, jo Swiss, mambatasi karajo untuak padusi nan alah manikah dalam babagai profesi. <ref>O'Leary, Eoin (1987). ''"The Irish National Teachers' Organisation and the Marriage Bar for Women National Teachers, 1933-1958".'' Saothar. 12: 47–52. JSTOR 23196053</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/history/scotland_britain_1880_now/employment_women/revision/3/|title=BBC - Standard Grade Bitesize History - Women and work : Revision, Page 3|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-03-30|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153003/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/history/scotland_britain_1880_now/employment_women/revision/3/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sabuah isu kunci dalam mancapai kasataraan gender di tampek karajo adolah panghormatan kapado [[Hak-hak reproduktif|hak bersalin jo reproduksi]] padusi . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Modern-Workplaces-Policy-Position-November-2012.pdf|title=Modern workplaces, maternity rights, and gender equality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509134200/http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Modern-Workplaces-Policy-Position-November-2012.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2016|access-date=2016-04-26}}</ref> [[Cuti kehamilan|Cuti]] [[Cuti kehamilan|bersalin]] (jo cuti paternity di babarapo nagara) adolah maso indak bakarajo samantaro sabalun jo sasudah kalahiran anak, nan dimukasuik untuak mandukuang pamulihan induak jo maagiah wakatu untuak marawat bayi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/action/cookieAbsent|title=University of Chicago Press Journals: Cookie absent|website=RCNi Company Limited|language=en|doi=10.1086/591955|access-date=2026-03-30}}</ref> Aturan manganai cuti sarupo iko babeda-beda dari nagara ka nagara. Di [[Uni Eropa]], kabijakan babeda-beda antaro nagara anggota, tapi mamatuhi standar minimum nan ditetapkan dalam paraturan nan takaik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/topics/human-rights/your-fundamental-rights-eu/know-your-rights/equality_en|title=Know your rights in the EU: Equality|website=commission.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2026-03-30}}</ref> === Hak mamiliah === [[Berkas:Gleiche_Rechte_Gleiche_Pflichten,_social_democrat_party_poster_1919.jpg|jmpl|Ungkapan nan muncua pado poster pamiliahan Jerman 1919 dari [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Jerman|Partai]] [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Jerman|Demokrat Sosial]], ''"Padusi! Hak nan samo'', tugas nan samo."]] Pado abaik ka-19, babarapo padusi mulai manuntuik [[Hak suara|hak pilih]], [[Hak suara|yaitu]] hak untuak sato dalam pamarintahan jo proses pambuatan hukum. <ref name="Krolokke">Krolokke, Charlotte and Anne Scott Sorensen, [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1-Three-Waves-of-Feminism-From-Suffragettes-to/05c2128a33d0ec2e42d6e74f7a8fc0083e1ccb8b 'From Suffragettes to Grrls'] dalam [https://sk.sagepub.com/book/mono/gender-communication-theories-and-analyses/toc Gender Communication Theories and Analyses: From Silence to Performance] (Sage, 2005).</ref> Di sisi lain, ado pulo palawanan taradok hak piliah padusi, sarupo nan diajukan dek Helen Kendrick Johnson, nan bapandapek baso kasataraan hukum jo ekonomi dapek dicapai tanpa hak piliah. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Gazdar|first=Kaevan Gazdar Kaevan|date=2016-09-30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xznaDAAAQBAJ&q=Helen+Kendrick+Johnson+women's+rights&pg=PT66|title=Feminism's Founding Fathers: The Men Who Fought for Women's Rights|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-78099-161-0|language=en}}</ref> Gagasan hak pilih padusi bakambang basamo-samo jo konsep hak pilih universal dan kini diakui sabagai bagian dari hak asasi manusia, tamasuak dalam ''Konvensi Panghapusan Sagalo Bantuak Diskriminasi Tahadap Padusi'' . Pado abaik ka-19 jo awal abaik ka-20, hak pilih sacaro baansua-ansua diluaskan di babagai nagara. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Women’s Suffrage {{!}} Scholastic.com|url=http://www.scholastic.com:80/teachers/article/womenx2019s-suffrage|newspaper=Scholastic Teachers|language=en|access-date=2026-03-30}}</ref> [[Berkas:Opposed_to_suffrage.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Markas ''Asosiasi Nasional nan Malawan Hak Piliah Padusi'', Amerika Serikat, awal abaik ka-20]] [[Berkas:Votingwomen.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Padusi antri untuak mamiliah di Bangladesh]] Babarapo nagara Nordik maagiah hak piliah kapado padusi pado awal abaik ka-20, antaro lain [[Finlandia]] (1906), [[Norwegia]] (1913), jo [[Denmark]] jo [[Islandia]] (1915). Sasudah salasainyo [[Parang Dunia I]], nagara-nagara lain mulai manuruiknyo. Hak piliah padusi tacapai di [[Balando]] (1917), [[Austria]], [[Azerbaijan]], <ref>[[Tadeusz Swietochowski]]. ''Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition''. Columbia University Press, 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-231-07068-3}} and Reinhard Schulze. A Modern History of the Islamic World. I.B.Tauris, 2000. {{ISBN|978-1-86064-822-9}}.</ref> [[Kanada]], [[Cekoslowakia]], [[Georgia]], [[Polandia]], jo [[Swedia]] (1918), [[Jerman]] jo [[Luksemburg]] (1919), [[Amerika Sarikaik|Amerika Serikat]] (1920), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/19th-amendment|title=19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right to Vote|date=2016-01-25|website=National Archives|language=en|access-date=30 Maret 2026}}</ref> jo [[Turki]] ). Di babarapo nagara Eropa lainnyo, hak piliah padusi diakui labiah lambek, tamasuak [[Yunani]] (1952), [[Swiss]] (1971 pado tingkek federal; 1959–1991 dalam isu lokal pado tingkek kanton), [[Portugis|Portugal]] (1976 jo kasataraan jo laki-laki, walaupun ado pambatasan [[San Marino|sin91]] ). (1959), [[Monako]] (1962), [[Andorra]] (1970), jo [[Liechtenstein]] (1984). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/votes_to_women.shtml|title=BBC - Radio 4 Woman's Hour - Timeline:When women got the vote|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2026-03-30}}</ref> Di Kanada, kabanyakan provinsi maadokan hak piliah padusi antaro taun 1917 jo 1919, jo babarapo wilayah maadopsinyo kudian, sarupo [[Pulau Pangeran Edward]] (1922), [[Newfoundland]] (1925), jo [[Quebec]] (1940). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Compilations/ProvinceTerritory/ProvincialWomenRightToVote.aspx|title=Women's Right to Vote in Canada|website=parl.gc.ca|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> Di [[Amerika Latin]], hak piliah padusi diperkenalkan pado paruah partamo abaik ka-20 di babarapo nagara, antaro lain [[Ekuador]] (1929), [[Brasil]] (1932), [[El Salvador]] (1939), [[Republik Dominika]] (1942), [[Guatemala]] (1956), jo [[Argentina]] (1991). Di [[India]], hak piliah umum diagiah pado taun 1935 pado maso panjajahan. Nagara-nagara Asia lainnyo mangikuti pado patangahan abaik ka-20, tamasuak [[Japang]] (1945), [[Republik Rakyaik Cino|Cino]] (1947), jo [[Indonesia]] (1955). Di [[Afrika]], padusi umumnyo mandapek hak piliah basamo-samo jo laki-laki malalui palaksanaan hak piliah umum, misalnyo di [[Liberia]] (1947), [[Uganda]] (1958), jo [[Nigeria]] (1960). Di [[Timur Tangah]], hak piliah universal tacapai di banyak nagara sasudah [[Parang Dunia II]], walaupun di babarapo, sarupo [[Kuwait]], palaksanaannyo tatap tabateh. <ref name="suffrage">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/womenx2019s-suffrage|title=Women's Suffrage|publisher=Scholastic|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> Pado 16 Mei 2005, parlemen Kuwait sacaro rasmi mampalaweh hak pilih untuak padusi malalui plebisit. <ref>{{Cite news|date=16 May 2005|title="Kuwait grants women right to vote" CNN.com (May 16, 2005)|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/05/16/kuwait.women/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=30 August 2011}}</ref> == Pelanggaran Hak Padusi == Palanggaran hak padusi nan acok tajadi adolah: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.id/hak-perempuan-dan-kesetaraan-gender/|title=Hak Perempuan dan Kesetaraan Gender • Amnesty International Indonesia|last=claudiadestianira|date=2021-03-12|website=Amnesty International Indonesia|language=id-ID|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609031947/https://www.amnesty.id/hak-perempuan-dan-kesetaraan-gender/|archive-date=2023-06-09|dead-url=no|access-date=2023-03-25}}</ref> === Kekerasan berbasis gender === Kekerasan nan dilakukan badasarkan orientasi seksual atau identitas jinih kelamin disabuik sabagai kekerasan berbasis gender. Satiok kagiatan nan baresiko nan manyababkan karusakan fisik, seksual, atau emosional, ancaman karusakan, paksaan, atau tindakan lain nan mambatasi kabebasan sasaurang sadonyo dianggap sabagai kekerasan berbasis gender. Yayasan Pulih mangaku baso dek [[Kesenjangan sosial|katidakseimbangan]] kakuasoan nan dibaok dek konstruksi gender nan indak satara, BEC mangalami katidaksataraan gender jo marabuik kabebasan urang. Alasan kekerasan ko jo baa masyarakaik manulak atau mangkritiknyo dipangaruahi dek [[Seks|jinih kelamin]] pelaku jo korban. BEC dapek mampangaruahi siapo sajo, tamasuak laki-laki heteroseksual jo minoritas seksual. Namun, dalam konteks FPIC, padusi jo komunitas GLBT mangalami sarangan seksual jo fisik nan paliang banyak. BEC dapek mangakibatkan kamatian atau luko barek. Salanjuiknyo, GBV dapek mangakibatkan STI, kahamilan nan indak diinginkan, aborsi nan indak aman, atau palinduangan. Pangalaman [[Cedera|traumatis]] dapek manyababkan raso ibo, takuik, gangguan stres pasca trauma, panyakik diri, atau gagasan bunuah diri, manuruik suduik pandang psikodinamik urang nan salamat. Salanjuiknyo, urang nan salamat acok mangalami dampak sosial jo ekonomi nan negatif, sarato raso malu jo panulakan dari kaluarga atau komunitasnyo. Urang nan salamat dari BEC juo tapaso manikah jo pelakunyo di babarapo komunitas. Korban kekerasan acok mangalami dampak fisik, psikologis, jo finansial jangka panjang. GBV bukan hanyo marupokan palanggaran HAM tapi juo masalah kasehatan masyarakaik, sarupo nan dibuktikan jo dampak jo prevalensinyo. Nagara-nagara harus malinduangi padusi dari sagalo bantuak kekerasan berbasis gender, tamasuak [[kekerasan]] dalam rumah tanggo . === Kakerasan seksual === Salah satu bantuak kekerasan berbasis [[jender|gender]] adolah pelecehan seksual. Seksualitas saurang urang diserbu tanpa persetujuannyo dalam kajadian kekerasan seksual. Kekerasan seksual mambuek korban maraso indak nyaman jo mampalakukannyo sarupo benda daripado sabagai individu nan manguasoi tubuah, pikiran, jo tindakannyo surang. Kekerasan seksual mampunyoi duo komponen nan pantiang: partamo, paksaan jo kurangnyo persetujuan korban. Kaduo, kalau korban indak mampu atau indak mampu mambarikan persetujuan, sarupo kasus kekerasan seksual taradok anak-anak atau urang nan disabilitas. Palaku kekerasan seksual dapek dari jinih kalamin apo sajo atau hubungannyo jo korban. Hal iko manyiratkan baso kaduo jinih kalamin mampu malakukan kajahatan babahayo ko taradok siapo sajo, tamasuak pasangan atau pasangannyo, pasangan nan romantis, urang tuo, dunsanak, urang nan indak dikenal, anggota kaluarga dakek, jo kawan-kawan. [[Kekerasan]] seksual dapek tajadi di mano sajo, tamasuak di rumah, tampek karajo, di sakolah, atau di kampus. Manuruik Komisi Nasional Kekerasan Terhadap Padusi, 15 perilaku dapek diklasifikasikan sabagai bantuak kekerasan seksual, yaitu: * [[Pemerkosaan|Pamerkosaan]] * Intimidasi seksual tamasuak ancaman atau usaho pamerkosaan . * [[Pelecehan seksual|Palecehan seksual]] * [[Eksploitasi seksual komersial anak|Eksploitasi seksual]] * Perdagangan padusi untuak tujuan seksual . * [[Prostitusi paksa|Palacuran tapaso .]] * [[Perbudakan seksual]] * Kawin tapaso, tamasuak carai jo caro manggantuang * [[Pemaksaan kehamilan|Hamil tapaso]] * [[Pemaksaan aborsi|Aborsi tapaso]] * Kontrasepsi paksa sarupo mamaso urang untuak indak mamakai kondom katiko hubungan seksual jo sterilisasi . * [[Penyiksaan seksual]] * Hukuman nan indak manusiawi dan manyuruah seksual * Praktek tradisional nan bamuatan seksual nan marugikan atau mandiskriminasikan padusi (misalnyo sunat padusi) * Kontrol seksual, tamasuak malalui aturan nan diskriminatif badasarkan moral jo agamo. Kekerasan [[Persetubuhan|seksual]] bisa tajadi pado siapo sajo, tapi padusi labiah banyak manjadi korban daripado laki-laki. Labiah banyak padusi nan manjadi korban kekerasan seksual dek persepsi baso inyo labiah randah karano jinih kelamin jo jinih kalaminnyo. === Diskriminasi badasarkan orientasi seksual jo identitas jinih kalamin === Hak-hak padusi ditakan badasarkan orientasi seksual, identitas jinih kalamin, atau ciri-ciri jinih kalamin di banyak nagara di saluruah dunia. [[Padusi]] nan mangidentifikasi diri sabagai lesbian, biseksual, transgender, atau interseks, sarato nan indak, mangalami kakarasan, pangucilan, palecehan, jo prasangka. Banyak juo nan manjadi korban kekerasan barek, sarupo [[Pemerkosaan|pamerkosaan]] atau "pamerkosaan korektif," "pambunuahan kahormatan," atau panyarangan seksual. Salanjuiknyo, hak-hak mareka untuak kasajahteraan jo akses ka parawatan kasehatan jo pandidikan dilanggar. Individu [[LGBT]] di Indonesia taruih mangalami intimidasi karano identitas gendernyo. Sabuah kalompok pandukuang hak LGBT nan banamo Arus Pelangi malaporan baso antaro taun 2006 jo 2018, ado 1.850 kasus panyalahgunoan LGBT di Indonesia. Saurang padusi transgender banamo Mira disergap pado 4 April 2020. Sasudah dituduh mancilok dompet jo ponsel supir truk, limo urang laki-laki mambakanyo hiduik-hiduik. === Diskriminasi di tampek karajo === Padusi acok manjadi sasaran prasangka berbasis gender di tampek karajo. Ambiaklah kesenjangan upah, misalnyo. [[Hak asasi manusia]] manuntuik upah nan samo untuak karajo nan samo, tapi padusi acok dikaluakan dari manarimo ganti rugi nan adil. Kini ko, rato-rato padusi di saluruah dunia hanyo mandapekkan gaji sakitar 77% dari apo nan didapek laki-laki. Akibaiknyo, padusi mangalami katidaksataraan ekonomi, nan dapek managahnyo untuak manjadi mandiri sapanuahnyo dan bahkan maningkekan [[risiko]] [[Kemiskinan|kamiskinannyo]] . == Situasi hak padusi di Indonesia == Situasi hak padusi di Indonesia kini: Kekerasan mampangaruahi ciek dari tigo padusi di saluruah dunia. Kiro-kiro 137 [[padusi]] dibunuah dek anggota kaluarga satiok hari di saluruah dunia. Satu dari limo padusi baumua 20 inggo 24 taun manikah sabalun umua 18. 15 juta anak-anak di saluruah dunia alah diperkosa. Salamo pandemi [[Panyakik koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], panggilan ka talipon bantuan nan malaporkan kekerasan alah maningkek limo kali lipek di banyak nagara. Kamungkinan [[padusi]] mangalami kekerasan dalam rumah tanggo maningkek katiko inyo terisolir sacaro sosial, punyo saketek ruang untuak bapindah, jo maraso indak aman sacaro finansial. Di Indonesia, manuruik data dari Komisi Nasional Kekerasan Terhadap Padusi, kekerasan terhadap padusi alah bakambang 792% dalam 12 tahun tarakhia. Walaupun ado darurat kekerasan [[seksual]] di [[Indonesia]], RUU Kekerasan Seksual, rangka hukum untuak kasus-kasus nan malibatkan kekerasan seksual, alun diluluskan sajak 2012. Kajadian kekerasan taradok padusi juo maningkek 63% salamo pandemi COVID-19, jo [[mayoritas]] korban adolah padusi dewasa korban Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT) pado 59,82 persen. Salain itu, manuruik Laporan Tahunan 2021 Komisi Nasional Kekerasan Terhadap Padusi, jumlah pernikahan anak-anak maningkek tigo kali lipek, dari 23.126 kasus pado 2019 manjadi 64.211 kasus pado 2020. Kasus kekerasan berbasis gender siber dilaporkan ka Komisi Nasional online (online/di) [[Padusi|Kekerasan Tahadap Padusi]] juo maningkek dari 241 kasus pado 2019 manjadi 940 kasus pado 2020. == Awal dari perjuangan hak padusi == Padusi [[Ibu Kota Nusantara|Indonesia]] aktif bakarajo untuak maningkekan status padusi sabalun pajuangan Kartini pado akhia abaik ka-19, walaupun ado rintangan dari lingkuangannyo. Istano Pakualaman di Yogyakarta marupoan tampek patamo mangamati emansipasi padusi di kalangan bangsawan Jawa. Akses pandidikan nan tabateh untuak padusi pado wakatu itu marupoan kapadulian bagi para perintis ko. Dewi Sartika mamimpin sabuah sakolah di Banduang pado taun 1904, mamungkinkan anak gadih mandapek [[Sekolah|pandidikan]] untuak patamo kalinyo. Kartini mandirian Akademi Kartini di Semarang pado taun 1913. Pado taun 1918, Maria Walanda Maramis mandirian sakolah rumah patamo Indonesia di Manado. Perjuangan untuak hak-hak padusi di Indonesia taruih bakambang pesat. Konferensi Padusi partamo balangsuang di Yogyakarta pado taun 1928. Kongres ko mambuek [[Komitmen organisasi|komitmen-komitmen]] pantiang untuak pajuangan padusi Indonesia: partisipasi padusi dalam pambangunan nasional, pambasmian buta huruf, hak-hak nan samo padusi dalam panikahan, larangan panikahan anak-anak jo caro ma-improvisasi kesejahteraan sosial. jo kasehatan padusi hamil jo balita. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.id/hak-perempuan-dan-kesetaraan-gender/|title=Hak Perempuan dan Kesetaraan Gender • Amnesty International Indonesia|last=claudiadestianira|date=2021-03-12|website=Amnesty International Indonesia|language=id-ID|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609031947/https://www.amnesty.id/hak-perempuan-dan-kesetaraan-gender/|archive-date=2023-06-09|dead-url=no|access-date=2023-03-25}}</ref> == Lahianyo istilah feminisme == Tujuan dari garakan feminis adolah untuak mampajuangkan hak jo kasampatan nan samo untuak laki-laki jo padusi. Karano malawan sistem nan manindas, manguasoi, jo mamanfaatkan padusi, garakan feminis takaik arek jo pajuangan untuak hak-hak padusi. Gagasan-gagasan dasar feminisme digarihkan dalam makalah Mary Wollstonecraft pado taun 1792 "Sabuah Pambenaran Hak-hak Padusi." Inyo picayo baso [[padusi]] indak kalah baharago dari manusia. Kurangnyo akses jo paluang dek stigma nan mambatasi kabebasan padusi untuak mamiliah jo maningkekan kualitas iduiknyo adolah nan manyababkan jurang prestasi antaro laki-laki jo padusi, bukan kurangnyo kamampuan padusi. Aktor Charles Fourier partamo kali manciptakan istilah "feminis" pado taun 1837. Sajak tabiknyo buku John Stuart Mill "Women as Subject" (The Subject of Women) pado taun 1869, garakan ko, nan barasa dari Eropa, alah manyebar sacaro capek ka saluruah dunia. [[Feminisme]] didedikasikan untuak mamastian baso padusi manikmati hak asasi manusia sacaro samo jo laki-laki, dan [[Kesetaraan gender|kasataraan gender]] adolah salah satu tujuan utamonyo. Indak paduli jinih kalamin atau jinih kalamin, satiok urang punyo hak untuak mangaja minatnyo, mangambangkan kaahliannyo, jo mangaja karir tanpa dibatasi dek peran jinih kalamin nan kaku. Nan nyato, padusi masih menderita dek kurangnyo akses jo peluang. Di AS, gaji di bidang nan kompetitif sarupo panjualan awalnyo dianggap sabagai berbasis kinerja jo objektif. Pado kanyataannyo, manuruik panalitian 2012 dek Sakolah Harvard Kennedy, calo saham padusi hanyo mandapekkan 66 sen untuak satiok dolar nan didapek dek rekan-rekannyo nan laki-laki. Pado mulonyo, ado gagasan prasangka tantang baa bana buruh padusi nan indak aman jo kurang mampu. <ref name=":02" /> == Mambenarkan marginalisasi padusi == Premis Positivisme Hukum baso hukum netral jo objektif alah tabukti sacaro tabukti untuak mambenarkan panyimpangan padusi jo kalompok minoritas lainnyo. Hal iko dek karano [[hukum]] pado dasarnyo malegitimasi " [[Kebenaran|kabanaran]] " patriarkal tantang norma-norma sosial manganai hubungan laki-laki-padusi, " kabanaran " ras, " kabanaran " ideologis tantang orientasi seksual, jo sabagainyo, dek kayakinan baso hukum mampunyoi logika internal, nan tatutuik. Samantaro [[Argumentasi|argumen]] feminis malawan netralitas hukum pado taun 1970-an persuasif, solusi nan diusulkan mareka, sarupo "palaksanaan nan samo" jo "aksi afirmatif," sacaro indak kritis managakkan anggapan patriarkal mandasar manganai sifaik biner jo hierarkis hubungan antaro [[ruang]] jo [[Masyarakat|masyarakaik]] . Tampek karajo laki-laki jo bidang pribadi (rumah tanggo, padusi). Dek karano itu, padusi tapaso manyasuaian diri malalui "perlakuan nan samo" atau "perlakuan preferensial" katiko inyo nio masuak ka ruang publik untuak bakarajo. Kesetaraan gender antaro laki-laki jo padusi. Padusi seharusnyo manjadi samo jo laki-laki malalui proses asimilasi atau penyamaan ko, tapi pado kanyataannyo, inyo tapaso untuak sasuai jo tunduak kapado dunia laki-laki. Perspektif nan labiah kritis sadang muncul, nan mamandang [[padusi]] sabagai “nan lain” (perbedaan) dalam masyarakat patriarkal. Manuruik pandangan iko, manusia sacaro alamiah mambuek “dunia lain” untuak mamisahkan diri dari dunia nan alah inyo ciptakan surang. Dengan kato lain, padusi sabagai “urang lain” harus dianggap sabagai fakta, bukan sabagai keanehan, bahayo, atau sesuatu [[Merendahkan|nan marandahkan]] . Katiko “urang lain” dipandang dari lua [[strategi]] asimilasi atau penyamaan ko, inyo langsuang dilatakkan di ateh pijakan nan samo. Akibaiknyo, hubungan antaro ruang publik jo swasta indak batua-batua biner jo hierarkis (oposisi biner). Karano itu, diparalukan pergeseran perspektif sahinggo kaduonyo dapek manjadi ruang nan nyaman untuak [[laki-laki]] jo [[padusi]] untuak mambuek [[identitas]] jo karya masiang-masiang. ruang umum jo swasta. Gagasan baso identitas padusi, baiak pribadi maupun sosial, indak homogen lahia dari konsepsi padusi sabagai "urang lain." Indak hanyo seksisme nan manjadi "musuah" padusi, tapi juo asumsi bahaso satiok padusi punyo pangalaman nan samo. Kacenderungan untuak mambakukan pangalaman jo kepribadian unik padusi manjadi " [[Musuh|musuah]] " baru padusi. Pado titiak ikolah teori hukum feminis bapindah dari pamahaman hukum sabagai sistem aturan ka hukum sabagai sistem pangatahuan. Hanyo jo caro iko hukum dapek manampuang babagai kabanaran pangatahuan tantang [[Pengalaman|pangalaman]] jo identitas diri. Jadi, teori hukum feminis adolah teori hukum nan mamungkinkan satiok padusi jo satiok calon korban untuak mambantuak identitasnyo surang, bahkan untuak malawan babagai usaho untuak manindasnyo. Dan hanyo teori hukum sarupo iko nan sasuai jo metode " [[kesadaran]] -bangkik" nan alah lamo manjadi metode feminis. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Luhulima|first=Achie S.|last2=Kusumaningtyas|first2=A. D.|last3=Rahman|first3=Anita|last4=Hamim|first4=Anis|last5=Hastawati|first5=Brahmanie|last6=Lubis|first6=Debu Batara|last7=Soehendera|first7=Djaka|last8=Danardono|first8=Donny|last9=Latief|first9=Elly Fardiana|date=2006-08-01|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=TtT1DQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA83&dq=Hak+perempuan&ots=tfM5Y00uTH&sig=FAKLH3e9v9kEMfTI_-mSGn3wDqU&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Perempuan Dan Hukum: Menuju Hukum Yang Berperspektif Kesetaraan Dan Keadilan|publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia|isbn=978-602-433-306-5|language=id|access-date=2023-03-25|archive-date=2023-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325093910/https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=TtT1DQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA83&dq=Hak+perempuan&ots=tfM5Y00uTH&sig=FAKLH3e9v9kEMfTI_-mSGn3wDqU&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref> == Rujuakan == h07u1493oygg3omglybtx9enfjon5f0 0 478767 3352748 3352703 2026-09-25T01:20:29Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anaria Karagkiozi Photography.jpg|Anaria_Karagkiozi_Photography]] {{Infobox person | name = Anaria Karagkiozi | birth_date = 21 Desember 2009 | birth_place = Yunani | nationality = Yunani | occupation = Model | years_active = 2026–kini }} '''Anaria Karagkiozi''' (lahia 21 Desember 2009) adolah model asal Yunani nan barasal dari [[Skydra]], Yunani. Inyo dikenal dek aktivitasnyo di dunia modeling, fotografi mode, dan proyek kreatif. == Kehidupan awal == Anaria Karagkiozi lahia pado 21 Desember 2009 di Yunani dan dibesarkan di Skydra. Sejak ketek, inyo punyo minat dalam kegiatan seni, termasuk musik, menggambar, dan tari. == Karier == Karagkiozi mulai membangun kariernyo dalam dunia modeling pado tahun 2026. Aktivitasnyo meliputi fotografi mode, photoshoot, pertunjukan mode, dan kolaborasi kreatif. Perkembangan kariernyo dibahas dalam beberapa publikasi internasional, termasuk IPS News dan Big News Network. Beberapa artikel tersebut membahas latar belakangnyo dari Skydra serta langkah-langkah awalnyo dalam industri mode internasional. == Aktivitas seni == Selain modeling, Karagkiozi memiliki minat dalam musik dan seni. Inyo pernah mempelajari piano dan gitar, serta memiliki pengalaman dalam menyanyi, menggambar, dan tari. == Referensi == <references /> == Pautan luar == * [https://ipsnews.net/business/2026/08/21/anaria-karagkiozi-greek-model-building-her-path-in-fashion/ IPS News – Anaria Karagkiozi] * [https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/279273128/from-skydra-to-the-fashion-world-the-story-of-anaria-karagkiozi-a-young-greek-model-building-her-career-from-zero Big News Network – From Skydra to the Fashion World] * [https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/279273127/anaria-karagkiozi-and-showcast-a-young-model-taking-a-step-toward-the-international-fashion-industry Big News Network – Anaria Karagkiozi and SHOWCAST] * [https://perlarico.com/2026/09/05/anaria-karagkiozi-i-dont-want-to-stop-until-i-become-the-best-version-of-myself/ Perla Rico – Anaria Karagkiozi] * [https://filmdaily.co/fashion/anaria-karagkiozi-the-greek-model-building-her-path-toward-the-international-fashion-industry/ Film Daily – Anaria Karagkiozi] * [https://www.newsbreak.com/zests/249892878491131938-anaria-karagkiozi NewsBreak – Anaria Karagkiozi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260917234455/https://www.showcast.de/models/anaria_103645 SHOWCAST – Anaria Karagkiozi] gja34cbd5dxf1p00ehfn67uthkb52kk 0 478776 3352758 2026-09-25T08:05:05Z Palewe 18228 ←Mambuek laman baisi "'''Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti''' (lahia 1845), bagala '''Datuk Sri Diraja Badiuzzaman Sri Indera Pahlawan Surbakti''', adolah Rajo Urung Sunggal atau Serbanyaman jo pamimpin utamo [[Perang Sunggal|Parang Tunggal]] malawan pamarintahan kolonial [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] jo sakutunyo, [[Kasultanan Deli]] pado taun 1872-1895. <ref name="Hadi2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang..." 3352758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti''' (lahia 1845), bagala '''Datuk Sri Diraja Badiuzzaman Sri Indera Pahlawan Surbakti''', adolah Rajo Urung Sunggal atau Serbanyaman jo pamimpin utamo [[Perang Sunggal|Parang Tunggal]] malawan pamarintahan kolonial [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] jo sakutunyo, [[Kasultanan Deli]] pado taun 1872-1895. <ref name="Hadi2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> <ref name="Munthe2012">{{Cite thesis|url=https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/17555/|title=Peranan Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti dalam Perang Sunggal pada Tahun 1872–1895|last=Munthe|first=Jefta Pranata|year=2012|publisher=Universitas Negeri Medan|type=Skripsi}}</ref> '''Rujuakan''' jmqysiofdkoeq31humv43nyb7r0fg44 3352759 3352758 2026-09-25T08:06:35Z Palewe 18228 3352759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti''' (lahia 1845), bagala '''Datuk Sri Diraja Badiuzzaman Sri Indera Pahlawan Surbakti''', adolah Rajo Urung Sunggal atau Serbanyaman jo pamimpin utamo [[Perang Sunggal|Parang Tunggal]] malawan pamarintahan kolonial [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] jo sakutunyo, [[Kasultanan Deli]] pado taun 1872-1895. <ref name="Hadi2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> <ref name="Munthe2012">{{Cite thesis|url=https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/17555/|title=Peranan Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti dalam Perang Sunggal pada Tahun 1872–1895|last=Munthe|first=Jefta Pranata|year=2012|publisher=Universitas Negeri Medan|type=Skripsi}}</ref> Baliau mamimpin Sunggal dari taun 1866 sampai diasiangkan dek pamarintah Hindia Balando pado taun 1895. <ref name="Khoiriyah2023">{{Cite journal|last=Khoiriyah|first=Fitri|last2=Naldo|first2=Jufri|last3=Azhar|first3=Anang Anas|year=2023|title=Masjid Raya Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti: Sejarah dan Arsitekturnya|journal=Warisan: Journal of History and Cultural Heritage|volume=4|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.34007/warisan.v4i1.1890}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== go2cuxrn87bn2hod67l3f4elxd0ct79 3352767 3352759 2026-09-25T09:07:15Z Palewe 18228 3352767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti''' (lahia 1845), bagala '''Datuk Sri Diraja Badiuzzaman Sri Indera Pahlawan Surbakti''', adolah Rajo Urung Sunggal atau Serbanyaman jo pamimpin utamo [[Perang Sunggal|Parang Tunggal]] malawan pamarintahan kolonial [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] jo sakutunyo, [[Kasultanan Deli]] pado taun 1872-1895. <ref name="Hadi2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> <ref name="Munthe2012">{{Cite thesis|url=https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/17555/|title=Peranan Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti dalam Perang Sunggal pada Tahun 1872–1895|last=Munthe|first=Jefta Pranata|year=2012|publisher=Universitas Negeri Medan|type=Skripsi}}</ref> Baliau mamimpin Sunggal dari taun 1866 sampai diasiangkan dek pamarintah Hindia Balando pado taun 1895. <ref name="Khoiriyah2023">{{Cite journal|last=Khoiriyah|first=Fitri|last2=Naldo|first2=Jufri|last3=Azhar|first3=Anang Anas|year=2023|title=Masjid Raya Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti: Sejarah dan Arsitekturnya|journal=Warisan: Journal of History and Cultural Heritage|volume=4|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.34007/warisan.v4i1.1890}}</ref> Dalam perlawanannyo, Badiuzzaman mambangun jaringan antar daerah nan malibatkan urang Sunggal, pagunuangan Karo, sarato unsur-unsur Aceh, Alas, jo Gayo. ==Rujuakan== mm3gheaybyxidb76nf00xid2y6gf5g2 3352768 3352767 2026-09-25T09:10:38Z Palewe 18228 3352768 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti''' (lahia 1845), bagala '''Datuk Sri Diraja Badiuzzaman Sri Indera Pahlawan Surbakti''', adolah Rajo Urung Sunggal atau Serbanyaman jo pamimpin utamo [[Perang Sunggal|Parang Tunggal]] malawan pamarintahan kolonial [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] jo sakutunyo, [[Kasultanan Deli]] pado taun 1872-1895. <ref name="Hadi2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> <ref name="Munthe2012">{{Cite thesis|url=https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/17555/|title=Peranan Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti dalam Perang Sunggal pada Tahun 1872–1895|last=Munthe|first=Jefta Pranata|year=2012|publisher=Universitas Negeri Medan|type=Skripsi}}</ref> Baliau mamimpin Sunggal dari taun 1866 sampai diasiangkan dek pamarintah Hindia Balando pado taun 1895. <ref name="Khoiriyah2023">{{Cite journal|last=Khoiriyah|first=Fitri|last2=Naldo|first2=Jufri|last3=Azhar|first3=Anang Anas|year=2023|title=Masjid Raya Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti: Sejarah dan Arsitekturnya|journal=Warisan: Journal of History and Cultural Heritage|volume=4|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.34007/warisan.v4i1.1890}}</ref> Dalam perlawanannyo, Badiuzzaman mambangun jaringan antar daerah nan malibatkan urang Sunggal, pagunuangan Karo, sarato unsur-unsur Aceh, Alas, jo Gayo. Penelitian manyangkuik tantang strategi politiknyo manyabuik tigo bantuak utamo pajuangannyo, babantuak diplomasi mambangun aliansi, parang gerilya, jo strategi mambumi hanguihan infrastruktur pakabunan kolonial. <ref name="Hadi20122">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== ir9gp2gya0i1fa0yl15yyqgkm56c2o4 3352769 3352768 2026-09-25T09:13:41Z Palewe 18228 3352769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti''' (lahia 1845), bagala '''Datuk Sri Diraja Badiuzzaman Sri Indera Pahlawan Surbakti''', adolah Rajo Urung Sunggal atau Serbanyaman jo pamimpin utamo [[Perang Sunggal|Parang Tunggal]] malawan pamarintahan kolonial [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] jo sakutunyo, [[Kasultanan Deli]] pado taun 1872-1895. <ref name="Hadi2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> <ref name="Munthe2012">{{Cite thesis|url=https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/17555/|title=Peranan Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti dalam Perang Sunggal pada Tahun 1872–1895|last=Munthe|first=Jefta Pranata|year=2012|publisher=Universitas Negeri Medan|type=Skripsi}}</ref> Baliau mamimpin Sunggal dari taun 1866 sampai diasiangkan dek pamarintah Hindia Balando pado taun 1895. <ref name="Khoiriyah2023">{{Cite journal|last=Khoiriyah|first=Fitri|last2=Naldo|first2=Jufri|last3=Azhar|first3=Anang Anas|year=2023|title=Masjid Raya Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti: Sejarah dan Arsitekturnya|journal=Warisan: Journal of History and Cultural Heritage|volume=4|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.34007/warisan.v4i1.1890}}</ref> Dalam perlawanannyo, Badiuzzaman mambangun jaringan antar daerah nan malibatkan urang Sunggal, pagunuangan Karo, sarato unsur-unsur Aceh, Alas, jo Gayo. Penelitian manyangkuik tantang strategi politiknyo manyabuik tigo bantuak utamo pajuangannyo, babantuak diplomasi mambangun aliansi, parang gerilya, jo strategi mambumi hanguihan infrastruktur pakabunan kolonial. <ref name="Hadi20122">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> Dalam jaringan militer ko, sumber-sumber manyabuik hubuangan lansuang jo pasukan Aceh malalui Tuanku Hasyim jo Panglimo [[Teuku Nyak Makam]] . <ref name="SinarPerang">{{Cite book|last=Sinar|first=Tengku Lukman|year=1988|title=Perang Sunggal (1872–1895)|location=Medan|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== mh3p7jktu0e32frad7gggsw09lmg0jl 3352771 3352769 2026-09-25T09:21:59Z Palewe 18228 3352771 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti''' (lahia 1845), bagala '''Datuk Sri Diraja Badiuzzaman Sri Indera Pahlawan Surbakti''', adolah Rajo Urung Sunggal atau Serbanyaman jo pamimpin utamo [[Perang Sunggal|Parang Tunggal]] malawan pamarintahan kolonial [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] jo sakutunyo, [[Kasultanan Deli]] pado taun 1872-1895. <ref name="Hadi2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> <ref name="Munthe2012">{{Cite thesis|url=https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/17555/|title=Peranan Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti dalam Perang Sunggal pada Tahun 1872–1895|last=Munthe|first=Jefta Pranata|year=2012|publisher=Universitas Negeri Medan|type=Skripsi}}</ref> Baliau mamimpin Sunggal dari taun 1866 sampai diasiangkan dek pamarintah Hindia Balando pado taun 1895. <ref name="Khoiriyah2023">{{Cite journal|last=Khoiriyah|first=Fitri|last2=Naldo|first2=Jufri|last3=Azhar|first3=Anang Anas|year=2023|title=Masjid Raya Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti: Sejarah dan Arsitekturnya|journal=Warisan: Journal of History and Cultural Heritage|volume=4|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.34007/warisan.v4i1.1890}}</ref> Dalam perlawanannyo, Badiuzzaman mambangun jaringan antar daerah nan malibatkan urang Sunggal, pagunuangan Karo, sarato unsur-unsur Aceh, Alas, jo Gayo. Penelitian manyangkuik tantang strategi politiknyo manyabuik tigo bantuak utamo pajuangannyo, babantuak diplomasi mambangun aliansi, parang gerilya, jo strategi mambumi hanguihan infrastruktur pakabunan kolonial. <ref name="Hadi20122">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> Dalam jaringan militer ko, sumber-sumber manyabuik hubuangan lansuang jo pasukan Aceh malalui Tuanku Hasyim jo Panglimo [[Teuku Nyak Makam]] . <ref name="SinarPerang">{{Cite book|last=Sinar|first=Tengku Lukman|year=1988|title=Perang Sunggal (1872–1895)|location=Medan|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan}}</ref> Parang Sunggal bamulo dek pasoalan manganai panguasan tanah sasudah Sultan Deli maagiah konsesi pakabunan di kawasan Sunggal kapado parusahaan pakabunan tanpa sapangatahuan dari Datuk Sunggal jo masyarakaik satampek. ==Rujuakan== o6bnfe6iq0ap55cjs1grjz9lnzf1n9b 3352772 3352771 2026-09-25T09:24:56Z Palewe 18228 3352772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti''' (lahia 1845), bagala '''Datuk Sri Diraja Badiuzzaman Sri Indera Pahlawan Surbakti''', adolah Rajo Urung Sunggal atau Serbanyaman jo pamimpin utamo [[Perang Sunggal|Parang Tunggal]] malawan pamarintahan kolonial [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] jo sakutunyo, [[Kasultanan Deli]] pado taun 1872-1895. <ref name="Hadi2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> <ref name="Munthe2012">{{Cite thesis|url=https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/17555/|title=Peranan Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti dalam Perang Sunggal pada Tahun 1872–1895|last=Munthe|first=Jefta Pranata|year=2012|publisher=Universitas Negeri Medan|type=Skripsi}}</ref> Baliau mamimpin Sunggal dari taun 1866 sampai diasiangkan dek pamarintah Hindia Balando pado taun 1895. <ref name="Khoiriyah2023">{{Cite journal|last=Khoiriyah|first=Fitri|last2=Naldo|first2=Jufri|last3=Azhar|first3=Anang Anas|year=2023|title=Masjid Raya Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti: Sejarah dan Arsitekturnya|journal=Warisan: Journal of History and Cultural Heritage|volume=4|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.34007/warisan.v4i1.1890}}</ref> Dalam perlawanannyo, Badiuzzaman mambangun jaringan antar daerah nan malibatkan urang Sunggal, pagunuangan Karo, sarato unsur-unsur Aceh, Alas, jo Gayo. Penelitian manyangkuik tantang strategi politiknyo manyabuik tigo bantuak utamo pajuangannyo, babantuak diplomasi mambangun aliansi, parang gerilya, jo strategi mambumi hanguihan infrastruktur pakabunan kolonial. <ref name="Hadi20122">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> Dalam jaringan militer ko, sumber-sumber manyabuik hubuangan lansuang jo pasukan Aceh malalui Tuanku Hasyim jo Panglimo [[Teuku Nyak Makam]] . <ref name="SinarPerang">{{Cite book|last=Sinar|first=Tengku Lukman|year=1988|title=Perang Sunggal (1872–1895)|location=Medan|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan}}</ref> Parang Sunggal bamulo dek pasoalan manganai panguasan tanah sasudah Sultan Deli maagiah konsesi pakabunan di kawasan Sunggal kapado parusahaan pakabunan tanpa sapangatahuan dari Datuk Sunggal jo masyarakaik satampek. Badiuzzaman jo pamimpin Sunggal manulak asumsi pamarintah kolonial baso Sultan Deli punyo wewenang sorang untuak manyarahan tanah Sunggal kapado parusahaan asiang. <ref name="Hadi20123">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== mxafgrrm7gms0gdlrpd3cl4xwqjb3jd 3352774 3352772 2026-09-25T09:34:45Z Palewe 18228 3352774 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti''' (lahia 1845), bagala '''Datuk Sri Diraja Badiuzzaman Sri Indera Pahlawan Surbakti''', adolah Rajo Urung Sunggal atau Serbanyaman jo pamimpin utamo [[Perang Sunggal|Parang Tunggal]] malawan pamarintahan kolonial [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] jo sakutunyo, [[Kasultanan Deli]] pado taun 1872-1895. <ref name="Hadi2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> <ref name="Munthe2012">{{Cite thesis|url=https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/17555/|title=Peranan Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti dalam Perang Sunggal pada Tahun 1872–1895|last=Munthe|first=Jefta Pranata|year=2012|publisher=Universitas Negeri Medan|type=Skripsi}}</ref> Baliau mamimpin Sunggal dari taun 1866 sampai diasiangkan dek pamarintah Hindia Balando pado taun 1895. <ref name="Khoiriyah2023">{{Cite journal|last=Khoiriyah|first=Fitri|last2=Naldo|first2=Jufri|last3=Azhar|first3=Anang Anas|year=2023|title=Masjid Raya Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti: Sejarah dan Arsitekturnya|journal=Warisan: Journal of History and Cultural Heritage|volume=4|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.34007/warisan.v4i1.1890}}</ref> Dalam perlawanannyo, Badiuzzaman mambangun jaringan antar daerah nan malibatkan urang Sunggal, pagunuangan Karo, sarato unsur-unsur Aceh, Alas, jo Gayo. Penelitian manyangkuik tantang strategi politiknyo manyabuik tigo bantuak utamo pajuangannyo, babantuak diplomasi mambangun aliansi, parang gerilya, jo strategi mambumi hanguihan infrastruktur pakabunan kolonial. <ref name="Hadi20122">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> Dalam jaringan militer ko, sumber-sumber manyabuik hubuangan lansuang jo pasukan Aceh malalui Tuanku Hasyim jo Panglimo [[Teuku Nyak Makam]] . <ref name="SinarPerang">{{Cite book|last=Sinar|first=Tengku Lukman|year=1988|title=Perang Sunggal (1872–1895)|location=Medan|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan}}</ref> Parang Sunggal bamulo dek pasoalan manganai panguasan tanah sasudah Sultan Deli maagiah konsesi pakabunan di kawasan Sunggal kapado parusahaan pakabunan tanpa sapangatahuan dari Datuk Sunggal jo masyarakaik satampek. Badiuzzaman jo pamimpin Sunggal manulak asumsi pamarintah kolonial baso Sultan Deli punyo wewenang sorang untuak manyarahan tanah Sunggal kapado parusahaan asiang. <ref name="Hadi20123">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> Pambarontakan balangsuang dalam babagai bantuak salamo labiah dari duo dekade. Sasudah sajumlah pamimpin Sunggal ditangkok pado fase awal parang, Badiuzzaman maubah strateginyo dari parang frontal manjadi parang gerilya, sabotase, pambakaran lumbung tembakau, mobilisasi panduduak, jo panggunoan jaringan padagang sabagai pambaok informasi. <ref name="Munthe20122">{{Cite thesis|url=https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/17555/|title=Peranan Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti dalam Perang Sunggal pada Tahun 1872–1895|last=Munthe|first=Jefta Pranata|year=2012|publisher=Universitas Negeri Medan|type=Skripsi}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== p257oapwhwmmmabuwn4dbb4x9njg01e 3352775 3352774 2026-09-25T09:37:10Z Palewe 18228 3352775 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti''' (lahia 1845), bagala '''Datuk Sri Diraja Badiuzzaman Sri Indera Pahlawan Surbakti''', adolah Rajo Urung Sunggal atau Serbanyaman jo pamimpin utamo [[Perang Sunggal|Parang Tunggal]] malawan pamarintahan kolonial [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] jo sakutunyo, [[Kasultanan Deli]] pado taun 1872-1895. <ref name="Hadi2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> <ref name="Munthe2012">{{Cite thesis|url=https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/17555/|title=Peranan Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti dalam Perang Sunggal pada Tahun 1872–1895|last=Munthe|first=Jefta Pranata|year=2012|publisher=Universitas Negeri Medan|type=Skripsi}}</ref> Baliau mamimpin Sunggal dari taun 1866 sampai diasiangkan dek pamarintah Hindia Balando pado taun 1895. <ref name="Khoiriyah2023">{{Cite journal|last=Khoiriyah|first=Fitri|last2=Naldo|first2=Jufri|last3=Azhar|first3=Anang Anas|year=2023|title=Masjid Raya Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti: Sejarah dan Arsitekturnya|journal=Warisan: Journal of History and Cultural Heritage|volume=4|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.34007/warisan.v4i1.1890}}</ref> Dalam perlawanannyo, Badiuzzaman mambangun jaringan antar daerah nan malibatkan urang Sunggal, pagunuangan Karo, sarato unsur-unsur Aceh, Alas, jo Gayo. Penelitian manyangkuik tantang strategi politiknyo manyabuik tigo bantuak utamo pajuangannyo, babantuak diplomasi mambangun aliansi, parang gerilya, jo strategi mambumi hanguihan infrastruktur pakabunan kolonial. <ref name="Hadi20122">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> Dalam jaringan militer ko, sumber-sumber manyabuik hubuangan lansuang jo pasukan Aceh malalui Tuanku Hasyim jo Panglimo [[Teuku Nyak Makam]] . <ref name="SinarPerang">{{Cite book|last=Sinar|first=Tengku Lukman|year=1988|title=Perang Sunggal (1872–1895)|location=Medan|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan}}</ref> Parang Sunggal bamulo dek pasoalan manganai panguasan tanah sasudah Sultan Deli maagiah konsesi pakabunan di kawasan Sunggal kapado parusahaan pakabunan tanpa sapangatahuan dari Datuk Sunggal jo masyarakaik satampek. Badiuzzaman jo pamimpin Sunggal manulak asumsi pamarintah kolonial baso Sultan Deli punyo wewenang sorang untuak manyarahan tanah Sunggal kapado parusahaan asiang. <ref name="Hadi20123">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> Pambarontakan balangsuang dalam babagai bantuak salamo labiah dari duo dekade. Sasudah sajumlah pamimpin Sunggal ditangkok pado fase awal parang, Badiuzzaman maubah strateginyo dari parang frontal manjadi parang gerilya, sabotase, pambakaran lumbung tembakau, mobilisasi panduduak, jo panggunoan jaringan padagang sabagai pambaok informasi. <ref name="Munthe20122">{{Cite thesis|url=https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/17555/|title=Peranan Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti dalam Perang Sunggal pada Tahun 1872–1895|last=Munthe|first=Jefta Pranata|year=2012|publisher=Universitas Negeri Medan|type=Skripsi}}</ref> Pamarintah Hindia Balando akhianyo manahan Badiuzzaman jo adiaknyo, Datuk Alang Muhammad Bahar, malalui Gubernur Jenderal Besluit No.3 tanggal 20 Januari 1895 mahukum kaduonyo jo hukuman panjaro saumua hiduik. <ref name="ANRI1895">{{Cite web|url=https://www.anri.go.id/download/inventaris-arsip-tekstual-algemeene-secretarie-grote-bundel-seri-besluiten-18911942-1586224794|title=Inventaris Arsip Algemeene Secretarie, Grote Bundel Seri Besluiten 1891–1942|publisher=Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia|at=Bt. 1895-01-20/3|access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== 85xlmqp32rc8uzlcms4zyr9ldkvs5mu 3352776 3352775 2026-09-25T09:38:51Z Palewe 18228 3352776 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti''' (lahia 1845), bagala '''Datuk Sri Diraja Badiuzzaman Sri Indera Pahlawan Surbakti''', adolah Rajo Urung Sunggal atau Serbanyaman jo pamimpin utamo [[Perang Sunggal|Parang Tunggal]] malawan pamarintahan kolonial [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] jo sakutunyo, [[Kasultanan Deli]] pado taun 1872-1895. <ref name="Hadi2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> <ref name="Munthe2012">{{Cite thesis|url=https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/17555/|title=Peranan Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti dalam Perang Sunggal pada Tahun 1872–1895|last=Munthe|first=Jefta Pranata|year=2012|publisher=Universitas Negeri Medan|type=Skripsi}}</ref> Baliau mamimpin Sunggal dari taun 1866 sampai diasiangkan dek pamarintah Hindia Balando pado taun 1895. <ref name="Khoiriyah2023">{{Cite journal|last=Khoiriyah|first=Fitri|last2=Naldo|first2=Jufri|last3=Azhar|first3=Anang Anas|year=2023|title=Masjid Raya Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti: Sejarah dan Arsitekturnya|journal=Warisan: Journal of History and Cultural Heritage|volume=4|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.34007/warisan.v4i1.1890}}</ref> Dalam perlawanannyo, Badiuzzaman mambangun jaringan antar daerah nan malibatkan urang Sunggal, pagunuangan Karo, sarato unsur-unsur Aceh, Alas, jo Gayo. Penelitian manyangkuik tantang strategi politiknyo manyabuik tigo bantuak utamo pajuangannyo, babantuak diplomasi mambangun aliansi, parang gerilya, jo strategi mambumi hanguihan infrastruktur pakabunan kolonial. <ref name="Hadi20122">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> Dalam jaringan militer ko, sumber-sumber manyabuik hubuangan lansuang jo pasukan Aceh malalui Tuanku Hasyim jo Panglimo [[Teuku Nyak Makam]] . <ref name="SinarPerang">{{Cite book|last=Sinar|first=Tengku Lukman|year=1988|title=Perang Sunggal (1872–1895)|location=Medan|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan}}</ref> Parang Sunggal bamulo dek pasoalan manganai panguasan tanah sasudah Sultan Deli maagiah konsesi pakabunan di kawasan Sunggal kapado parusahaan pakabunan tanpa sapangatahuan dari Datuk Sunggal jo masyarakaik satampek. Badiuzzaman jo pamimpin Sunggal manulak asumsi pamarintah kolonial baso Sultan Deli punyo wewenang sorang untuak manyarahan tanah Sunggal kapado parusahaan asiang. <ref name="Hadi20123">{{Cite journal|last=Hadi|first=Farid Mas|year=2012|title=Perjuangan Politik Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti Dalam Perang Sunggal|url=https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1434075&title=Perjuangan+Politik+Datuk+Badiuzzaman+Surbakti+Dalam+Perang+Sunggal&val=4139|journal=Jurnal Dinamika Politik|volume=1|issue=2|pages=19–24}}</ref> Pambarontakan balangsuang dalam babagai bantuak salamo labiah dari duo dekade. Sasudah sajumlah pamimpin Sunggal ditangkok pado fase awal parang, Badiuzzaman maubah strateginyo dari parang frontal manjadi parang gerilya, sabotase, pambakaran lumbung tembakau, mobilisasi panduduak, jo panggunoan jaringan padagang sabagai pambaok informasi. <ref name="Munthe20122">{{Cite thesis|url=https://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/17555/|title=Peranan Datuk Badiuzzaman Surbakti dalam Perang Sunggal pada Tahun 1872–1895|last=Munthe|first=Jefta Pranata|year=2012|publisher=Universitas Negeri Medan|type=Skripsi}}</ref> Pamarintah Hindia Balando akhianyo manahan Badiuzzaman jo adiaknyo, Datuk Alang Muhammad Bahar, malalui Gubernur Jenderal Besluit No.3 tanggal 20 Januari 1895 mahukum kaduonyo jo hukuman panjaro saumua hiduik. <ref name="ANRI1895">{{Cite web|url=https://www.anri.go.id/download/inventaris-arsip-tekstual-algemeene-secretarie-grote-bundel-seri-besluiten-18911942-1586224794|title=Inventaris Arsip Algemeene Secretarie, Grote Bundel Seri Besluiten 1891–1942|publisher=Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia|at=Bt. 1895-01-20/3|access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref> Bediuzzaman dibuang ka Cianjur sampai maningga dalam pangasingan. Kuburannyo ado di komplek Makam Pamoyanan, Cianjur. <ref name="Merdeka">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/histori/read/7754400/cerita-di-balik-keberadaan-makam-raja-sunggal-datuk-badiuzzaman-di-cianjur|title=Cerita di Balik Keberadaan Makam Raja Sunggal Datuk Badiuzzaman di Cianjur|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=6 Mei 2022|website=Merdeka.com|access-date=17 September 2026}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== it8i15k0ztsw00vcr0fhybf0sp01049