Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara Payokumbuah 0 380 3352813 3346433 2026-09-25T16:08:41Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Untuk|namo kecamatan|Payakumbuh, Lima Puluh Kota}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Payokumbuah |native_name = كوتو ڤايوكومبواه |nickname = ''Koto Kuliner<br>Koto Galamai'' |motto = |image_skyline = {{Photomontage|border=0|color_border=transparent|color=transparent|spacing=1|size=250|foot_montage =Dari ateh, kida ka suokː Ngalau Indah, [[Musajik Gadang Balai Nan Duo]], Kantua DPRD Kota Payakumbuh, Tugu di Jalan Soekarno-Hatta yang kini menjadi Tugu Adipura, [[Gunuang Sago]], Pasimpangan jalan Tugu Adipura, dan pasawahan. |photo1a=Ko Difoto Dari Puncak Ngalau - panoramio.jpg{{!}}Ngalau Indah |photo2a=Masjid Gadang Balai Nan Duo.jpg{{!}}Musajik Gadang Balai Nan Duo |photo2b=Gedung DPRD Payakumbuh.jpg{{!}}Gaduang DPRD Kota Payakumbuh |photo3a=Payakumbuh.JPG{{!}} Tugu Adipura |photo3b=Mount Sago Payakumbuh - panoramio.jpg{{!}}Gunuang Sago |photo4a=Kota Payakumbuh - panoramio.jpg{{!}} Pasimpangan jalan |photo4b=Jalan membelah sawah Payakumbuh.jpg{{!}} Pasawahan }} |image_flag = |image_blank_emblem = |image_seal = Lambang Kota Payakumbuh.png |image_shield = |image_map = Lokasi Sumatera Barat Kota Payakumbuh.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Letak Payakumbuh di [[Sumatera Barat]] |pushpin_map_caption= Letak Payakumbuh di [[Indonesia]] |pushpin_map = Indonesia |coordinates_region = ID |subdivision_type = Negara |subdivision_name = [[Indonesia]] |subdivision_type1 = Provinsi |subdivision_name1 = [[Sumatera Barat]] |subdivision_type2 = Administratif |subdivision_name2 = [[Kecamatan]]: 5 <br> [[Kelurahan]]: 47 |government_type = |leader_title = Wali Kota |leader_name = [[Zulmaeta]] |leader_title1 = Wakil Wali Kota |leader_name1 = [[Elzadaswarman]] |leader_title2 = Ketua DPRD |leader_name2 = [[Wirman Putra]] |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |established_title = Hari jadi |established_date = [[17 Desember]] [[1970]] |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 80,43 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = [[2021]] |population_note = |population_total = 141171 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_mi2 = |population_blank1_title = Agamo |population_blank1 = [[Islam]] 98,82%<br> [[Kristen]] 1,09%<br>- [[Protestan]] 0,59%<br>- [[Katolik]] 0,50%<br> [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]] 0,09%<ref name="DUKCAPIL">{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependuduakan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2020|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=30 Juli 2021|format=visual|archive-date=2022-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi= |timezone = [[Wakatu Indonesia Barat|WIB]] |utc_offset = +7 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd = 0 |latm = 13 |lats = 50.19 |latNS = S |longd = 100 |longm = 37 |longs = 53.83 |longEW = E |coordinates_display = |elevation_m = 514 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = +62 752 <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> |blank_name_sec2 = [[Indeks Pambangunan Manusia|IPM]] {{nobold|(2020)}} |blank_info_sec2 = {{decrease}} 78,90 {{br}}{{fontcolor|green|Tinggi}} <ref name="IPM">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html|title=Metode Baru Indeks Pembangunan 2019-2020|website=www.bps.go.id|accessdate=30 Juli 2021}}</ref> |blank1_name_sec2 = [[Dana Alokasi Umum|DAU]] {{nobold|(2020)}} |blank1_info_sec2 = Rp 465.684.926.000,-<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf|title=Rincian Alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum Provinsi/Kabupaten Kota Dalam APBN T.A 2020|website=www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|date=(2020)|accessdate=30 Juli 2021}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |website = {{url|http://www.payakumbuhkota.go.id/}} |footnotes = }} '''Payokumbuah''' (atau ''Pikumbuah'', disingkek manjadi ''PYK'') adolah salah satu [[koto]] nan talatak di provinsi [[Sumatera Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Baragam panghargaan alah diraiah dek Pamarintah Kota Payakumbuh sajak babarapo taun taakhia. Dengan patumbuahan ekonomi 6,38 %, dan maningkek manjadi 6,79% pado taun 2011, Payakumbuh marupokan salah satu daerah Jo patumbuahan ekonomi tatinggi di Sumatera Barat. Inovasi dalam bidang sanitasi, pangalolaan sarok, pasa tradisional sihaik, pambinaan padagang kaki limo, jo drainase pakotaan mambaok kota iko maraih pangaragoan Inovasi Managemen Pakotaan (IMP) pado 2012, Indonesia Green Regional Award (IGRA), Kota Sihaik Wistara, jo saderet pangaragoaan lainnyo. Kota Payakumbuh tadiri dari 5 kecamatan, iyolah [[Payakumbuh Utara, Payakumbuh|Payakumbuh Utara]], [[Payakumbuh Barat, Payakumbuh|Payakumbuh Barat]], [[Payakumbuh Timur, Payakumbuh|Payakumbuh Timur]], [[Payakumbuh Selatan, Payakumbuh|Payakumbuh Selatan]], dan tarakia [[Lamposi Tigo Nagari, Payakumbuh|Lamposi Tigo Nagari]]. == Geografi == [[Berkas:Mount Sago Payakumbuh - panoramio.jpg|jmpl|[[Gunuang Sago]] di selatan Payakumbuh]] Kota Payakumbuh talatak di daerah dataran tinggi nan marupokan bagian dari Bukik Barisan. Talatak pado hamparan kaki [[Gunuang Sago]], bantangan alam kota ko mamiliki katinggian nan babeda-beda. Topografi daerah kota ko tadiri dari pabukitan jo rato-rato katinggian 514 m di ateh pamukoan lauik. Wilayahnyo dilalui dek babarapo sungai, iyolah [[Batang Agam]], [[Batang Lampasi]], jo [[Batang Sinama|Batang Sinamo]], [[Batang Sikali]], [[Batang Pulau]], [[Sungai Baih]], [[Sungai Talang]]. Suhu udaronyo rato-rato bakisar antaro 26&nbsp;°C jo kalembapan udaro antaro 45–50%. Payakumbuh bajarak sakitar 30&nbsp;km dari [[Kota Bukittinggi]] atau 120&nbsp;km dari [[Kota Padang]] dan 188&nbsp;km dari [[Kota Pekanbaru]]. Wilayah administratif kota ko dikaliliangi dek [[Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota]]. Jo laweh wilayah 80,43&nbsp;km² atau samo jo 0,19% dari laweh wilayah Sumatera Barat, Payokumbuah marupokan kota talaweh katigo di Sumatera Barat. Kota ko panah manjadi kota talaweh pado taun 1970, sabalun paluasan wilayah administratif Kota Padang jo Kota [[Sawahlunto]]. Kota Sawahlunto nan pado taun 1970 marupokan kota nan paliang ketek jo laweh 6,3&nbsp;km² dipalaweh manja­di 273,45&nbsp;km² atau maningkek sabanyak 43,4 kali dari saba­lunnyo, samantaro Kota Padang dipa­laweh manjadi 694,96&nbsp;km² dan sakaligus manjadi kota nan talaweh di Sumatera Barat. Paluasan ko manya­babkan Sawahlunto manjadi kota talaweh kadua jo Paya­kumbuh turun man­jadi talaweh katigo di Sumatera Barat. == Sijarah == [[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_Pajakoemboeh_TMnr_60054627.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_Pajakoemboeh_TMnr_60054627.jpg|jmpl|Pamandangan jalan di Payakumbuh di akhia abaik ka-19]] Kota Payakumbuh tarutamo pusek kotanyo dibangun dek [[Pamarintah kolonial Hindia Balando|Pamarintah Kolonial Hindia Balando]]. Sajak katalibatan [[Balando]] dalam [[Parang Pidari]], kawasan ko bakambang manjadi depot atau kawasan gudang panyimpanan dari hasil tanam kopi dan taruih bakambang manjadi salah satu daerah administrasi distrik pamarintahan kolonial Hindia Balando kutiko ko.<ref>Abdullah, Taufik, (2009), ''Schools and Politics: The Kaum Muda Movement in West Sumatra (1927-1933)'', Equinox Publishing, ISBN 978-602-8397-50-6.</ref> Manuruik [[tambo]] satampek, dari salah satu kawasan di dalam kota ko ado suatu [[nagari]] tatuo iyolah nagari [[Payakumbuh Timur, Payakumbuh|Aie Tabik]] dan pado taun 1840, [[Balando]] mambangun jambatan batu untuak mangubuangkan kawasan tasabuik jo pusek kota kini.<ref>Reimar Schefold, P. Nas, Gaudenz Domenig, (2004), ''Indonesian Houses: Tradition and transformation in vernacular architecture'', Vol. 1, Illustrated, ISBN 978-9971-69-292-6.</ref> Jambatan itu kini tanamo juo jo namo [[Jambatan Ratapan Ibu]]. Payakumbuh sajak zaman sabalun kamardekaan alah manjadi pusek palayanan pamarintahan, padagangan, jo pandidikan tarutamo bagi [[Luhak Limo Puluah]]. Pado zaman pamarintahan Balando, Payakumbuh adolah tampek kadudukan asisten residen nan manguasoi wila­yah Luhak Limo Puluah, dan pado zaman pamarintahan Japang, Payakumbuh manjadi pusek kadudukan pamarintah Luhak Limo Puluah. == Pamarintahan == [[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Huis_van_de_assistent_resident_te_Pajakoemboeh_TMnr_60001326.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Huis_van_de_assistent_resident_te_Pajakoemboeh_TMnr_60001326.jpg|jmpl|Rumah ''assistent-resident'' Payakumbuh di sakitar tahun 1900]] Kota Payakumbuh sabagai [[pamarintah daerah]] manuruik Undang-undang Nomor 8 Taun 1956 tanggal [[19 Maret]] [[1956]], nan manatapkan kota ko sabagai ''kota kecil''.<ref>http://www.legalitas.org [http://www.legalitas.org/incl-php/buka.php?d=1900+56&f=uu8-1956.htm Undang-undang Nomor 8 tahun 1956] (diakses pada 27 Juni 2010)</ref> Kudian ditindaklanjuti dek Peraturan Menteri Dalam Nagari Nomor 8 taun 1970 tanggal [[17 Desember]] [[1970]] manatapkan kota ko manjadi daerah otonom pamarintah daerah tingkek II Kotamadya Payakumbuh. Salanjuiknyo wilayah administrasi pamarintahan tadiri ateh 3 wilayah [[kecamatan]] jo 73 [[kelurahan]] nan barasa dari 7 jorong nan ado di 7 ka[[nagari]]an nan ado sangkek itu, jo pambagian kecamatan [[Payakumbuh Barat, Payakumbuh|Payakumbuh Barat]] jo 31 Kelurahan, kecamatan [[Payakumbuh Timur, Payakumbuh|Payakumbuh Timur]] jo 14 kelurahan sarato kecamatan [[Payakumbuh Utara, Payakumbuh|Payakumbuh Utara]] jo 28 kelurahan. Sabalun taun 1970, Payakumbuh adolah bagian dari Kabupaten Lima­ Pu­luh Kota nan sakaligus ibu kota kabupaten tasabuik. Pado taun [[2008]], sasuai jo pakambangannyo mako dilakukan pangambangan wilayah kecamatan, sainggo kota Payakumbuh mamiliki 5 wilayah kecamatan, jo 8 kanagarian sarato 76 wilayah kelurahan. Pado taun 2014 jo 2016 tajadi panggabuangan babarapo kelurahan nan wilayahnyo ketek jo saketek panduduak, sainggo jumlah kelurahan manyusuik manjadi 48 kelurahan. Adopun wilayah kecamatan nan baru tu adolah kecamatan [[Lamposi Tigo Nagari, Payakumbuh|Lamposi Tigo Nagari]], nan tadiri dari 6 kelurahan dalam kanagarian [[Sungai Durian, Lamposi Tigo Nagari, Payakumbuh|Sungai Durian]], [[Lamposi, Lamposi Tigo Nagari, Payakumbuh|Lamposi]] jo [[Koto Panjang, Lamposi Tigo Nagari, Payakumbuh|Koto Panjang]]. [[Payakumbuh Selatan, Payakumbuh|Kecamatan Payakumbuh Selatan]], nan tadiri dari 6 kelurahan dalam 2 kanagarian iyolah [[Limbukan, Payakumbuh Selatan, Payakumbuh|Limbukan]] jo [[Aur Kuning, Payakumbuh Selatan, Payakumbuh|Aur Kuning]]. [[Payakumbuh Barat, Payakumbuh|Kecamatan Payakumbuh Barat]] tadiri dari 18 kelurahan dalam [[Koto Nan IV, Payakumbuh Barat, Payakumbuh|Kanagarian Koto Nan IV]]. [[Payakumbuh Timur, Payakumbuh|Kecamatan Payakumbuh Timur]] tadiri dari 9 kelurahan dalam 3 kanagarian, iyolah [[Aie Tabik, Payakumbuh Timur, Payakumbuh|Aie Tabik]], [[Payobasuang, Payakumbuh Timur, Payakumbuh|Payobasuang]] jo [[Tiakar, Payakumbuh Timur, Payakumbuh|Tiakar]]. [[Payakumbuh Utara, Payakumbuh|Kecamatan Payakumbuh Utara]] tadiri dari 9 kelurahan dalam [[Koto Nan Godang, Payakumbuh Utara, Payakumbuh|Kanagarian Koto Nan Godang]].<ref>http://www.payakumbuhkota.go.id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420052922/http://www.payakumbuhkota.go.id/ |date=2010-04-20 }} [http://www.payakumbuhkota.go.id/?lang=ina&action=profil&tipe=umum Profil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308101544/http://payakumbuhkota.go.id/?action=profil&lang=ina&tipe=umum |date=2016-03-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308101544/http://payakumbuhkota.go.id/?action=profil&lang=ina&tipe=umum |date=2016-03-08 }} (diakses pada 27 Juni 2010)</ref> === Daftar Wali Kota === {{utama|Daftar Wali Kota Payakumbuh}} {{:Daftar Wali Kota Payakumbuh}} === Dewan Perwakilan === {{utama|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kota Payakumbuh}} {{:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kota Payakumbuh}} === Kecamatan === {{utama|Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kota Payakumbuh}} {{:Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kota Payakumbuh}} == Panduduak == Kota ko didominasi dek etnis [[Minangkabau]], namun ado juo etnis [[Tionghoa-Indonesia|Tionghoa]], [[Tamil]], [[Urang Malayu|Malayu]], [[Urang Jawa|Jawa]], jo [[Urang Batak|Batak]], jo jumlah angkatan karajo 50.492 urang nan sakitar 3.483 urang diantaronyo marupokan pangangguran. Pado taun [[1943]] etnis Tionghoa di kota ko panah mancapai 2.000 jiwa dari 10.000 jiwa total populasi maso itu.<ref>Yoon-wah Wong, (1988), ''Essays on Chinese literature: a comparative approach'', NUS Press, ISBN 978-9971-69-109-7.</ref> Dari segi jumlah pandu­duak, pado taun 1970 Paya­kumbuh ado pado paringkek katigo sasudah Padang jo Bukittinggi. Akan tetapi pabedaan jumlah panduduak Payakumbuh jo Bukit­tinggi relatif kaciak iyolah anyo 784 urang. Pado taun 2009 atau 40 taun kudian, jumlah panduduak Payakumbuh maningkek jauah manjadi 106 726 jiwa. Akan tetapi masih tatap ado pado paringkek katigo sasudah Bukittinggi jo pabedaan jumlah 894 urang. Walaupun baitu, pa­ning­kekan jumlah panduduak ko maningkekan status Kota Payakumbuh dari kota kaciak (jumlah panduduak < 100.000 urang), manjadi kota mana­ngah (jumlah panduduak > 100.000 urang) == Pandidikan == Pado taun 1954 di Paya­kum­buh didirian paguruan tinggi patanian nan maru­pokan paguruan tinggi nagari nan tatuo di lua Jawa. PTN ikolah nan kudian bakam­bang manjadi [[Universitas Andalas]]. Pado taun 1960-an batagak pulo salah satu fakul­tas dari IAIN Imam Bonjol. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:65%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;" ! height="17" style="background: #E0FFFF; color: #000080" |Pandidikan formal ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" |SD atau MI nagari jo swasta ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" |SMP atau MTs nagari jo swasta ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" |SMA nagari jo swasta ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" |MA nagari jo swasta ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" |SMK nagari jo swasta ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" |Paguruan tinggi |- align="center" ! height="17" style="background: #E0FFFF; color: #000080" |Jumlah satuan | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" |75 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" |20 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" |11 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" |5 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" |12 | style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" |2 |- | colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" |<small>Data sikolah di kota Payakumbuh</small><small>'''Sumber:'''<ref>nisn.jardiknas.org [http://nisn.jardiknas.org/cont/data_statistik/index.php?prop=103 Rekap Data]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref></small> |} == Kasehatan == Untuak maningkekan taraf kasehatan, pamarintah kota Payakumbuh alah mambangun sabuah rumah sakit nan banamo [[Rumah Sakik Umum Daerah Dr. Adnaan WD]] sarato juo mandirikan 6 buah [[puskesmas]] jo 23 puskesmas pambantu.<ref>http://www.depkes.go.id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720022207/http://www.depkes.go.id/ |date=2010-07-20 }} [http://www.depkes.go.id/downloads/profil/kota%20payakumbuh%202008.pdf Profil Kesehatan Kota Payakumbuh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714023119/http://www.depkes.go.id/downloads/profil/kota%20payakumbuh%202008.pdf |date=2010-07-14 }} (diakses pada 3 Juli 2010)</ref> Salain itu di kota ko juo ado sabuah rumah sakik swasta nan banama Rumah Sakik Yarsi. == Parubuangan == [[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_station_van_Pajakoemboeh_Sumatra`s_Westkust_TMnr_60009217.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_station_van_Pajakoemboeh_Sumatra%60s_Westkust_TMnr_60009217.jpg|ka|jmpl|250x250px|Stasiun kareta api Payakumbuh di sakitar tahun 1900]] [[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Stoomlocomotief_passeert_ijzeren_spoorbrug_bij_Pajakoemboeh_TMnr_60054626.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Stoomlocomotief_passeert_ijzeren_spoorbrug_bij_Pajakoemboeh_TMnr_60054626.jpg|ka|jmpl|250x250px|Lokomotif gerigi tipe B malintasi jambatan Payakumbuh]] Kota ko tamasuak kota pangubuang antaro [[kota Padang]] jo [[kota Pekanbaru]], dari kota ko dapek juo tarubuang ka jalur linteh tangah Sumatera tanpa musti malalui [[kota Bukittinggi]]. [[Terminal Koto Nan Ampek]] marupokan terminal angkutan darek nan ado di kota ko. Sabagai pusek pelayanan, Payakumbuh dulu juo mam­pu­nyoi lapangan tabang, iyolah Lapangan Tabang Piobang. Kini alah dibangun jalan lingka lua bagian utara (10,45&nbsp;km) jo selatan (15,34&nbsp;km) nan disabuik ''Payakumbuh Bypass'' untuak mamudahan akses transportasi jo indak harus malalui pusek kota dan untuak mandorong patumbuahan ekonominyo. Pambangunan jalan ko barasa dari dana pinjaman pamarintah pusek kapado [[Bank Pambangunan Asia]] (ADB).<ref>payakumbuhkota.go.id [http://payakumbuhkota.go.id/?lang=ina&action=profil&tipe=potensi Infrastruktur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402171804/http://www.payakumbuhkota.go.id/?lang=ina&action=profil&tipe=potensi |date=2010-04-02 }}</ref> == Parekonomian == Kota Payakumbuh sabagai kota pasinggahan, manjadikan sektor [[jaso]] jo padagangan manjadi sektor andalan. Namun sektor lain sarupo [[patanian]], taranak jo [[parikanan]] masih manjanjikan bagi masyarakaik kota ko<ref>http://www.cps-sss.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629034446/http://www.cps-sss.org/ |date=2010-06-29 }} [http://www.cps-sss.org/web/home/kabupaten/kab/Kota+Payakumbuh kota Payakumbuh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702090253/http://www.cps-sss.org/web/home/kabupaten/kab/Kota+Payakumbuh |date=2010-07-02 }} (diakses pada 27 Juni 2010)</ref> karano didukuang dek kondisi tanahnyo juo masih subur. Untuak manjadikan kota ko sabagai sentra padagangan salain jo maningkekan pasa-pasa tradisional nan ado salamo ko, pamarintah satampek basamo masyarakaiknyo mancubo mambangun sistem pagudangan untuak mandukuang aktivitas padagangan nan modern. Kini kota Payakumbuh alah mamiliki sabuah pasa modern nan talatak di jantuang kotanyo.<ref>payakumbuhkota.go.id [http://payakumbuhkota.go.id/?lang=ina&action=profil&tipe=potensi Perdagangan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402171804/http://www.payakumbuhkota.go.id/?lang=ina&action=profil&tipe=potensi |date=2010-04-02 }} (diakses pada 3 Juli 2010)</ref> Samantaro industri-industri nan ado di kota ko baru baskala ketek, namun alah mampu baproduksi untuak mamanuahi pamintaan pasa lua nagari, diantaronyo sulaman bordir jo songkok/peci. Salain itu industri makanan tradisional manjadi industri andalan nan bakambang di kota ko<ref>[http://www.sumbarprov.go.id/details/news/9070 Potensi Komoditi Industri Kecil dan Menengah Kota Payakumbuh Provinsi Sumatera Barat Tahun 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226140431/http://www.sumbarprov.go.id/details/news/9070 |date=2019-02-26 }}. Pemprov Sumatera Barat</ref>, dapek tasuo dari pusek kota inggo ka pinggia kota, sarupo di [[Lamposi Tigo Nagari, Payakumbuh|Lamposi]] nan tanamo sabagai ''Kampuang Randang''.<ref>[https://kumparan.com/langkanid/pemko-payakumbuh-tingkatkan-kualitas-produksi-kampung-rendang Pemko Payakumbuh Tingkatkan Kualitas Produksi Kampung Rendang.] kumparan.com</ref> == Pariwisata == [[Berkas:Masjid Gadang Balai Nan Duo.jpg|jmpl|243x243px|Masajik Gadang Balai Nan Duo]] Kota Payakumbuh tanamo mampunyoi makanan khas di antaronyo [[botiah]] (batiah) jo galamai, salain itu ado juo makanan khas lainnyo sarupo bareh randang, kipang, randang baluik, randang talua, jo martabak mesir. Di Nagari Tiakar tanamo makanan khasnyo banamo paniaram, iyolah kue dari bareh katan nan dicampua gulo saka. Babarapo kawasan wisata di kota ko antaro lain [[Ngalau indah|Ngalau Indah]], [[Ngalau Sompik]], [[Puncak Simarajo]], [[Panorama Ampangan]], jo sabagainyo. Salain itu patunjukan [[Pacu itiak|Pacu Itiak]] marupokan tradisi nan satiok tahunnyo diadokan pado nagari-nagari nan ado dalam kota ko juo manjadi salah satu atraksi pariwisata di kota ko. Babarapo objek wisata di sakitar kota Payakumbuh adolah: * [[Jambatan Ratapan Ibu]] * [[Surau Dagang Rao-Rao Labuah Baru]] * [[Rumah Gadang Kapten Tantawi]] * [[Masajik Tuo Koto Nan Ompek]] * [[Masajik Gadang Balai Nan Duo Koto Nan Ompek]] * [[Rumah Gadang Tuanku Lareh Koto Nan Ompek]] * [[Makam Kiramaik Tanjuang Lilin]] * [[Kampuang Tradisional Minangkabau Balai Kaliki Koto Nan Godang]] == Olahraga jo Budayo == Masyarakaikkota ko mampunyoi klub sipak bola nan banamo Persepak Payakumbuh nan bamarkas di Stadion Kapten Tantawi. Olahraga pacu kudo juo marupokan patunjukan nan paliang dituju dek masyarakaik kota ko, dan biaso satiok tahunnyo diadokan di galanggang pacuan kudo nan banamo Kubu Gadang nan kini manjadi bagian dari kompleks GOR M. Yamin. Kota Payakumbuh mampunyoi babarapo patunjukan tradisional, di antaronyo tarian-tarian daerah nan bacampua jo gerakan silek sarato diiriangi jo nyanyian nan biaso ditampikan pado alek-alek adaik atau pagelaran seni nan banamo [[randai]].<ref>Phillips, Nigel, (1981), ''Sijobang: sung narrative poetry of West Sumatra'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-23737-6.</ref> Salah satu kalompok randai nan tanamo diantaronyo dari daerah [[Padang Alai]], nan banamo ''Randai Cindua Mato''. Masyarakaik kota Payakumbuh juo tanamo jo alaik musik jinih ''Talempong'', nan biaso ditampilkan dalam alek-alek adat, alek pakawinan, jo lain sabagainyo. Salain itu alaik musik lain nan masih tasuo di kota ko adolah ''Saluang'', iyolah sajinih alaik musik tiup atau ampia sarupo jo suliang. == Seni == * [[Salawaik Talam]] == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} == Pautan lua == *[http://www.payakumbuhkota.go.id/ Laman rasmi Pamarintah Kota Payakumbuh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420052922/http://www.payakumbuhkota.go.id/ |date=2010-04-20 }} {{commonscat|Payakumbuh}} {{Kota Payakumbuh}} {{Sumatera Barat}} [[Kategori:Kota di Sumatera Barat|Payakumbuh]] [[Kategori:Kota di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Kota Payakumbuh]] nlimc21ifkupv6ht07y08adq6nrwwo2 Real Madrid CF 0 510 3352822 1655204 2026-09-25T17:53:25Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info klub sipak bola |clubname = Real Madrid |image = |fullname = Real Madrid Club de Fútbol |nickname = ''Los Blancos'' (Tim Putiah)<br />''Los Merengues'' (Tim Meringue){{br}}''Los Vikingos'' (Tim Viking){{nowrap end}} |founded = 6 Maret 1902 ({{umur|1902|3|6|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}}} tahun silam) {{nowrap|sabagai ''Madrid Club de Fútbol''}} |ground = [[Stadion Santiago Bernabéu]], <br /> [[Madrid]], [[Spanyol]] |capacity = 81.254 |revenue = 351 juta [[Euro]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Real Madrid closes out its best fiscal year in history|url=http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/1202729505831/noticia/Noticia/Press_release_2008-04-08.htm|publisher=Realmadrid.com|accessdate=2007-12-3}}</ref> |chrtitle = Presiden |chairman = {{flagicon|Spanyol}} [[Florentino Peréz]] |mgrtitle = Pelatih kapalo |manager = {{flagicon|Parancih}} [[Zinedine Zidane]] |league = [[La Liga]] |season = 2013—2014 |position = ke-3 |website = http://www.realmadrid.com | pattern_la1 = _realmadrid1718h | pattern_b1 = _realmadrid1718h | pattern_ra1 = _realmadrid1718h | pattern_sh1 = _realmadrid1718h | pattern_so1 = _realmadrid1718h | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _realmadrid1718a | pattern_b2 = _realmadrid1718a | pattern_ra2 = _realmadrid1718a | pattern_sh2 = _realmadrid1718a | pattern_so2 = _realmadrid1718a | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 = 000000 | rightarm2 = 000000 | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = 000000 | pattern_la3 = _realmadrid1718t | pattern_b3 = _realmadrid1718t | pattern_ra3 = _realmadrid1718t | pattern_sh3 = _realmadrid1718t | pattern_so3 = _realmadrid1718t | leftarm3 = 22A6BF | body3 = 22A6BF | rightarm3 = 22A6BF | shorts3 = 22A6BF | socks3 = 22A6BF }} '''Real Madrid Club de Fútbol''', atau nan biaso dikenal jo namo '''Real Madrid''' sajo, adolah sabuah klub [[sepak bola]] profesional nan babasis di kota [[Madrid]], [[Spanyol]]. Klub iko tagak sajak 6 Maret 1902 jo namo Madrid Club de Fútbol. Saragam tradisonal Real Madrid adolah putiah-putiah, sahinggo dipanggia Los Blancos, atau tim putiah. Stadion kandangnyo adolah [[Stadion Santiago Bernabéu|Santiago Bernabéu]], nan bakapasitas 80,354 urang. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == * [http://www.realmadrid.com laman resmi Real Madrid] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100926122632/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/club=50051/profile/index.html Real Madrid C.F.] dalam laman [[UEFA]] [[Kategori:Klub sipak bola Spanyol]] {{klub-sb-stub}} 0ilmzwtm07qylgp5z78vxxb50m7j2kb Pauh, Padang 0 4019 3352811 3169826 2026-09-25T16:08:18Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kecamatan |nama=Pauh |peta=[[Berkas:(Peta Lokasi) Kecamatan Pauh, Kota Padang.svg|200px]] |dati2=Kota |nama dati2=Padang |luas= 146,29 km&sup2; |penduduk= 47.956 (2003) |kelurahan= 9 |nama camat=Wardas Tanjung |kepadatan= 337 jiwa/km&sup2; |provinsi=Sumatera Barat }} '''Pauh''' adolah sabuah [[kecamatan]] di [[kota Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Sabalunnyo wilayah kecamatan iko masuak ka dalam wilayah [[kabupaten Padang Pariaman]], namun badasarkan PP nomor 17 taun 1980, sajak [[21 Maret]] [[1980]] manjadi wilayah administrasi kota Padang, jo kota kecamatan talatak di Pasar Baru.<ref>legislasi.mahkamahagung.go.id [http://legislasi.mahkamahagung.go.id/docs/PP/PP_1980_17_PERUBAHAN%20BATAS%20WILAYAH%20KOTAMADYA%20DAERAH%20TINGKAT%20II%20PADANG.pdf Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 17 Tahun 1980]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Geografi == Kecamatan Pauh barado dalam jarak 6&nbsp;km dari pusek kota jo babatehan langsuang jo [[kabupaten Solok]]. {|class="wikitable" border="1" |- |utaro |kecamatan [[Koto Tangah, Padang|Koto Tangah]] |- |salatan |kecamatan [[Lubuk Kilangan, Padang|Lubuk Kilangan]] |- |baraik |kecamatan [[Kuranji, Padang|Kuranji]], jo [[Padang Timur, Padang|Padang Timur]] |- |timua |kabupaten [[Solok]] |} [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een auto voor het kantoor van emplacement Limau Manis TMnr 60050108.jpg|jmpl|300px|Kantor di Limau Manis (1927)]] Areal hutan linduang jo hutan rakyaik sangaik dominan di kecamatan iko, nan maliputi 82 % dari total laweh wilayah kecamatan, siso sabagian gadang barikuiknyo adolah areal pasawahan, kabun jo ladang.<ref name="kota1">http://www.padang.go.id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820101619/http://www.padang.go.id/ |date=2006-08-20 }} [http://www.padang.go.id/v2/content/view/3558/225/ Luas Lahan Menurut Jenis Penggunaannya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508091440/https://www.padang.go.id/index.php?%2Fv2%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F3558%2F225%2F |date=2021-05-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508091440/https://www.padang.go.id/index.php?%2Fv2%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F3558%2F225%2F |date=2021-05-08 }}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! No. ! Jinih Panggunoan Lahan ! Laweh Lahan (Ha) |- |1 |Hutan linduang||align="right"|10.103 |- |2 |Hutan rakyaik ||align="right"| 1.895 |- |3 |Sawah||align="right"| 1.095 |- |4 |Lain-lain||align="right"| 605 |- |5 |Tegal/kabun||align="right"| 488 |- |6 |Pakarangan||align="right"| 224 |- |7 |Ladang/huma||align="right"| 219 |- |colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|<small>'''Sumber:'''</small><ref name="kota1"/> |} == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == * [http://www.padang.go.id/ Situs web resmi Kota Padang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820101619/http://www.padang.go.id/ |date=2006-08-20 }} * {{id}} {{en}} [http://tourism.padang.go.id/index.php Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Padang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201092620/http://tourism.padang.go.id/index.php |date=2011-12-01 }} {{Pauh, Padang}} {{Kota Padang}} {{kecamatan-stub}} j8jwylix0nwt5jy86wxn1jua3ada352 Pangian, Lintau Buo, Tanah Datar 0 5370 3352808 3152928 2026-09-25T15:47:09Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nagari |foto = <br> Kantua wali nagari Pangian | nama = Pangian | peta = | dati2 = Kabupaten | nama dati2 = Tanah Datar | kecamatan = Lintau Buo | kode pos = 2792<ref>[http://kodepos.whoip.org/lintau-buo_tanah-datar_sumatera-barat Kode Pos Lintau Buo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224011618/http://kodepos.whoip.org/lintau-buo_tanah-datar_sumatera-barat |date=2019-02-24 }} di Kode Pos Indonesia</ref> | luas = 21,73 km² | penduduk = 3,291 urang (2010) }} '''Pangian''' adolah salah satu ''[[nagari]]'' nan tamasuak ka dalam wilayah kecamatan [[Lintau Buo, Tanah Datar]], [[Sumatera Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Nagari ko talatak di dakek [[Batusangkar]], ibu koto dari kabupaten Tanah Datar. Nagari Pangian adolah salah satu dari ampek ''[[nagari]]'' nan talatak dalam wilayah Kecamatan Lintau Buo. == Urang populer == *[[Dude Herlino]], aktor.<ref>{{cite news |first = |last = |author = |coauthors = |url = http://www.sumbaronline.com/berita-7003-ikatan-keluarga-lintau-buo-gelar-halal-bi-halal.html |title = Ikatan Keluarga Lintau Buo Gelar Halal bi Halal |work = |publisher = Sumbar Online |pages = |page = |date = 10 Oktober 2011 |accessdate = 24 Januari 2013 |quote = ..serta tampilnya aktor Dude Herlino nan barasa dari Nagari Pangian, Lintau. }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} == Pautan lua== * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103122632/http://pangian.lintau.info/ Situs web resmi Nagari Pangian] {{SID}} {{Pangian, Lintau Buo, Tanah Datar}} {{Lintau Buo, Tanah Datar}} {{nagari-stub}} h5er0hctya2rnclipk05fsgwc24n4i1 Novak Đoković 0 8285 3352802 3351576 2026-09-25T14:32:37Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Novak Djokovic Hopman Cup 2011 (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|200px|Đoković pado tahun 2011]] '''Novak Đoković''' ({{lahiamati|[[Belgrade]]), [[Serb]]|22|5|1987}}) adolah saurang [[patenih]] asa [[Serbia]]. Inyo adolah salah satu patenih nan paliang hebat di dunia kini ko, dan manampati paringkek partamo dunia sajak 4 Juli 2011 sahinggo 8 Juli 2012. Inyo adolah pamagang gala [[Grand Slam]] tunggal putra nan paliang banyak sapanjang sijarah jo 6 gala. Banyak dari kalangan analis, patenih aktif, dan mantan patenih mamuji Đoković sabagai patenih taebaik sapanjang maso.<ref>{{cite web| publisher= The Idaho Statesman| url= http://www.idahostatesman.com/2013/04/04/2519908/hero-rock-star-president.html| author= Chadd Crippe| title= Davis Cup: Djokovic a true national hero in Serbia| date= 4 April 2013| accessdate= 4 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="metro.co.uk">{{cite web|title = Novak Djokovic is one of the greatest tennis players ever, says Pat Cash|url = http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/879710-novak-djokovic-is-one-of-the-greatest-tennis-players-ever-says-pat-cash|accessdate = 10 February 2012|archive-date = 27 June 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130627215314/http://metro.co.uk/2011/10/25/novak-djokovic-is-one-of-the-greatest-tennis-players-ever-says-pat-cash-195296/|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|title = Novak Djokovic v Rafael Nadal: Players & pundits hail 'greatest' match|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/16781690|accessdate =5 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="espn.co.uk">{{cite web|title = Murray buoyed by Djokovic scalp|url = http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/139046.html|accessdate = 15 March 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="heraldsun.com.au">{{cite web |title = Rod Laver's 10 best past and present players |url = http://www.heraldsun.com.au/archives/old-sport-pages/gallery-fn77kxzt-1226250654969?page=17 |accessdate = 7 June 2012 |archive-date = 9 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809030604/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/archives/old-sport-pages/gallery-fn77kxzt-1226250654969?page=17 |dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name="standard.co.uk">{{cite web|title = Tim Henman knows Andy Murray won’t worry over critics |url = http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/wimbledon/tim-henman-knows-andy-murray-wont-worry-over-critics-7876173.html|accessdate =14 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Greatest Tennis Matches of All Time|url=https://archive.org/details/greatesttennisma0000stev|author=Steve Flink|publisher=New Chapter Press|isbn=978-0942257939|year=2012|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatesttennisma0000stev/page/452 452]}}</ref><ref name="thepostgame.com">{{cite web |title = 2-Time Winner Andre Agassi Joins U.S. Open Court Of Champions |url = http://www.thepostgame.com/blog/men-action/201209/andre-agassi-us-open-court-champions |accessdate = 22 November 2012 |archive-date = 10 October 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141010093859/http://www.thepostgame.com/blog/men-action/201209/andre-agassi-us-open-court-champions |dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/sports/2011-09/13/c_131134905.htm|title=Djokovic beats Nadal to win third seasonal Grand Slam at US Open|accessdate=12 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001214422/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/sports/2011-09/13/c_131134905.htm|archive-date=1 October 2013|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usopen.org/mobile/hi/en_US/news/articles/2012-09-10/201209111347337204078.html|title=Murray's win shows British they can be winners |accessdate=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/French-Open-mens-final-chose-money-over-integrity-Novak-Djokovic-Rafael-Nadal-rain-delay-should-never-been-played-061012|title=Tennis sold out stars for TV, money |accessdate=12 December 2012}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} == Pautan lua == {{Commons|Novak Đoković}} * {{en icon}} [http://novakdjokovic.com/ Laman resmi] * {{en icon}} [http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Novak-Djokovic.aspx Profil di ATP] * {{en icon}} [http://www.itftennis.com/ProCircuit/players/player/profile.aspx Profil di ITF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517173155/http://www.itftennis.com/ProCircuit/players/player/profile.aspx |date=2013-05-17 }} {{Lifetime|1987||}} {{Rancangan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Đoković, Novak}} [[Kategori:Patenis Serbia]] 7fv47fxhkccx07aip355lx2vx5jpy3j Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 0 8900 3352831 3162024 2026-09-25T19:43:53Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} [[Jenderal|Jend.]] [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|TNI]] ([[Purnawirawan|Purn.]]) [[Doktor|Dr.]] [[Haji|H.]] '''Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono''' [[Order of the Bath|GCB]] [[Companion of the Order of Australia|AC]] ({{lahirmati|[[Pacitan]], [[Jawa Timur]], [[Indonesia]]|9|9|1949}}) adolah [[Presiden Indonesia|Presiden]] [[Indonesia]] ka-6 nan manjabaik sajak 20 Oktober 2004. Inyo basamo [[Wakil Presiden Indonesia|Wakil Presiden]] [[Muhammad Jusuf Kalla]], tapiliah dalam [[Pamiliahan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia 2004|Pemilu Presiden 2004]]<ref>Russell Hiang-Khng Heng, Rahul Sen, (2006), ''Regional outlook: Southeast Asia 2006 - 2007'', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 978-981-230-370-7.</ref><ref>Oxford Business Group, (2007), ''The report: Emerging Indonesia'', Oxford Business Group, ISBN 978-1-902339-64-1.</ref>. Inyo barasil malanjuikkan pamarintahannyo untuak pariode kaduo jo mamanangan [[Pamiliahan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia 2009|Pemilu Presiden 2009]], kali ko basamo Wakil Presiden [[Boediono]]. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{wikiquote|Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono}} {{wikisource|Pengarang:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono}} {{Portal|Indonesia}} * {{official|http://www.presidenri.go.id}} * {{twitter|SBYudhoyono}} * {{facebook|SBYudhoyono}} * {{youtube|SBYudhoyono|Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono}} * {{Google+|100598652038525859133}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120729085101/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&presiden=sby&presiden_id=6 Kepustakaan Presiden-presiden Republik Indonesia - Biografi dan seputar Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono] * [http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/s/susilo-b-yudhoyono/index.shtml Ensiklopedi Tokoh Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416132203/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/s/susilo-b-yudhoyono/index.shtml |date=2010-04-16 }} * [http://www.pemiluindonesia.com/profile/susilo-bambang-yudhoyono.html Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono di Pemiluindonesia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302232539/http://www.pemiluindonesia.com/profile/susilo-bambang-yudhoyono.html |date=2013-03-02 }} * [http://www.sbyforpresident.com SBY For president - AGMI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721174736/http://www.sbyforpresident.com/ |date=2009-07-21 }} {{Presiden Indonesia}} {{lifetime|1949||}} {{Interproyek|kat=0| * [[:q:{{PAGENAME}}|Wikiquote]] * [[:s:{{PAGENAME}}|Wikisource]] }} {{Persondata | NAME = Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = SBY (nickname) | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Presiden Indonesia ke-6 | DATE OF BIRTH = 9 September 1949 | PLACE OF BIRTH = Pacitan, Jawa Timur, Indonesia | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang}} [[Kategori:Presiden Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Politikus Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Mantari Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Alumni Institut Pertanian Bogor]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Pacitan]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Partai Demokrat (Indonesia)]] {{indonesia-bio-stub}} dl8gzigv1w7iah1hxsx84ndhfh2rw4m Megawati Soekarnoputri 0 8906 3352796 3186120 2026-09-25T13:08:55Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Dyah Permata Megawati Setyawati Sukarnoputri''' atau umumnyo labiah dikana sabagai '''Megawati Soekarnoputri''' ({{lahirmati|[[Kota Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]]|23|1|1947}}) adolah [[Presiden Indonesia]] nan kalimo, manjabaik sajak [[23 Juli]] [[2001]] sampai [[20 Oktober]] [[2004]]. Inyo marupoan [[wanita]] Indonesia nan manjabaik sabagai presiden dan anak dari presiden Indonesia partamo, [[Soekarno]]. Pado [[20 September]] [[2004]], inyo kalah dari [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] dalam pamiliahan umum presiden 2004. == Namo == Namonyo, Soekarnoputri (mampunyoi arti 'putri Soekarno'), adolah [[patronimik]], indak [[namo kaluarga]]. [[Urang Jawa]] acok indak mampunyoi namo kaluarga. Inyo acok disabuik hanyo sabagai Megawati atau Mega, barasa dari bahaso Sansekerta nan bararti 'dewi awan'. Dalam pidatonyo di muko para siswa SD Sri Sathya Sai, inyo manyabuikan bahwa politisi [[India]] [[Biju Patnaik]] maagia namonyo ateh pamintaan Soekarno.<ref>{{cite web|title=Speech by Indian President R K Narayanan in honor of Megawati Sukarnoputri|url=http://meaindia.nic.in/speech/2002/04/03spc02.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505204433/http://meaindia.nic.in/speech/2002/04/03spc02.htm|archive-date=5 May 2009|access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.economist.com/node/148026 Obituary: Biju Patnaik]". ''[[The Economist]]''. 24 April 1997.</ref> == Kahidupan awal jo pendidikan == === Maso mudo === [[File:Sukarno with children and Nehru.jpg|thumb|upright|Presiden [[Soekarno]], basamo anak-anaknyo Megawati jo Guntur, saat manarimo Perdana Menteri India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] basamo putrinyo [[Indira Gandhi]].]] Megawati lahia di [[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] dari pasangan [[Soekarno]] jo [[Fatmawati]]. Megawati adolah anak kadua jo putri pertama Soekarno. Inyo gadangkan di [[Istano Merdeka]] ayahnyo. Inyo manari untuak tamu ayahnyo jo mangambangkan hobi bakabun. Megawati baumua 19 tahun ketiko ayahnyo malapehan kakuasaan pado tahun 1966 jo digantikan dek pamarintahan nan akhianyo dipimpin dek Presiden [[Soeharto]].<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web|url=http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/m/megawati/biografi/01.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070812115823/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/m/megawati/biografi/01.shtml|title=Megawati Soekarnoputri, Mbak Pendiam itu Emas &#124; Biografi Tokoh Indonesia|access-date=23 March 2007|archive-date=12 August 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Pandidikan === Megawati kuliah di [[Universitas Padjadjaran|Universitas Padjajaran]] di [[Bandung]] untuak baraja pertanian tapi kalua pado tahun 1967 untuak basamo ayahnyo setelah kajatuhannyo. Pado tahun 1970, tahun ayahnyo meninggal, Megawati pai ka [[Universitas Indonesia]] untuak baraja psikologi tapi keluar satelah duo tahun.<ref name="East Thomas">{{Harvnb|East|Thomas|2003|p=233}}</ref> == Pajalanan pandidikan == * SD [[Perguruan Cikini]] [[Jakarta]] (1954–1959) * SLTP [[Perguruan Cikini]] [[Jakarta]] (1960–1962) * SLTA [[Perguruan Cikini]] [[Jakarta]] (1963–1965) * Fakultas Pertanian [[Universitas Padjadjaran]] [[Bandung]] (1965–1967); tidak selesai * Fakultas Psikologi [[Universitas Indonesia]] [[Jakarta]] (1970–1972); tidak selesai == Pajalanan karia == * Anggota Gerakan Mahasiswa Nasional Indonesia ([[Bandung]]); (1965) * Anggota [[Fraksi]] [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia|PDI]] DPR RI Komisi IV (1987–1997) * Ketua DPC [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia|PDI]] [[Jakarta Pusat]] * Ketua Umum [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia|PDI]] versi Kongres Luar Biasa (KLB) [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia|PDI]] di [[Surabaya]] (1993–1996) * Ketua Umum [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan|PDI Perjuangan]] (1999–sekarang) * [[Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia]] (20 Oktober 1999 – 23 Juli 2001) * [[Presiden Republik Indonesia]] ke-5 (23 Juli 2001 – 20 Oktober 2004) * Ketua Dewan Pengarah [[Badan Pembinaan Ideologi Pancasila]] (2017–sekarang) == Penghargaan == {| | |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna.png}} |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana.png}} | |- |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna rib.svg}} |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Bintang Jasa Utama rib.svg}} |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma rib.svg}} |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama rib.svg}} |- |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Kartika Eka Paksi Utama.gif}} |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Jalasena Utama.png}} |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama.png}} |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Orden of Friendship.png|number=0|width=90|type=award-star}} |} * [[Berkas:Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg|70x70px]] [[Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna]] (8 Agustus 2001)<ref name="award perpusnas">{{cite web|title=Award – President of Indonesia Collection Website|url=https://kepustakaan-presiden.perpusnas.go.id/en/award/?presiden_id=5&presiden=megawati|website=Indonesian Presidential Library Materials|publisher=[[National Library of Indonesia]]|access-date=18 July 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719204811/https://kepustakaan-presiden.perpusnas.go.id/en/award/?presiden_id=5&presiden=megawati|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * [[Berkas:Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipradana_rib.svg|70x70px]] [[Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana]] (3 Februari 2001)<ref name="award perpusnas" /> * [[Berkas:Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipurna_rib.svg|70x70px]] [[Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna]] (3 Februari 2001)<ref name="award perpusnas" /> * [[Berkas:Bintang_Jasa_Utama_rib.svg|70x70px]] [[Bintang Jasa Utama]] (8 Agustus 2001)<ref name="award perpusnas" /> * [[Berkas:Bintang_Budaya_Parama_Dharma_rib.svg|70x70px]] [[Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma]] (8 Agustus 2001)<ref name="award perpusnas" /> * [[Berkas:Bintang_Yudha_Dharma_Utama_rib.svg|70x70px]] [[Bintang Yudha Dharma]] (8 Agustus 2001)<ref name="award perpusnas" /> * [[Berkas:Bintang_Kartika_Eka_Paksi_Utama_rib.svg|70x70px]] [[Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi]] (8 Agustus 2001)<ref name="award perpusnas" /> * [[Berkas:Bintang_Jalasena_Utama_rib.svg|70x70px]] [[Bintang Jalasena|Bintang Jalasena Utama]] (8 Agustus 2001)<ref name="award perpusnas" /> * [[Berkas:Bintang_Swa_Bhuwana_Paksa_Utama_rib.svg|70x70px]] [[Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa]] (8 Agustus 2001)<ref name="award perpusnas" /> *{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Orden of Friendship.png|number=0|width=70|type=award-star}} Order Of Friendship (2 Juni 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wardoyo|title=Megawati Soekarnoputri Jadi Orang Indonesia Pertama yang Terima Bintang Penghargaan dari Pemerintah Rusia - Portal Majalengka|url=https://portalmajalengka.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/pr-832083782/megawati-soekarnoputri-jadi-orang-indonesia-pertama-yang-terima-bintang-penghargaan-dari-pemerintah-rusia|website=portalmajalengka.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id|access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref> == Pautan lua == * [http://themegawati-institute.org Megawati Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307161049/http://themegawati-institute.org/ |date=2016-03-07 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120729085056/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&presiden=megawati&presiden_id=5 {{PAGENAME}}] di Kepustakaan Presiden Republik Indonesia * [http://www.tokoh-indonesia.com/ensiklopedi/m/megawati/ Ensiklopedi {{PAGENAME}}] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407084542/http://www.tokoh-indonesia.com/ensiklopedi/m/megawati/ |date=2022-04-07 }} di tokoh-indonesia.com * {{en}} Wichelen, Sonja van ([[Universitas Amsterdam]]). "[http://www.westminster.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/20136/3---Megawati-and-Indonesia.pdf Contesting Megawati: The Mediation of Islam and Nation in Times of Political Transition]." ( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329024531/http://www.westminster.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/20136/3---Megawati-and-Indonesia.pdf |date=2015-03-29 }}) ''Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture''. 2006 ([[Universitas Westminster]], London), Vol. 3(2): 41-59. ISSN 1744-6708 (Print); 1744-6716 (Online). p.&nbsp;41-59. {{Presiden Indonesia}} {{Wakil Presiden Indonesia}} {{lifetime|1947||}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soekarnoputri, Megawati}} [[Kategori:Presiden Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Wakil Presiden Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Ketua Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Koto Yogyakarta]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Yogyakarta]] {{indonesia-bio-stub}} ts2iyjselpbovlxeqj2nqoiynisbqoh Soeharto 0 8939 3352830 3351593 2026-09-25T19:02:59Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} [[Jenderal Besar|Jend. Besar]] [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|TNI]] [[Purnawirawan|Purn.]] '''Haji Muhammad Soeharto''', ([[Ejaan Republik|ER]], [[Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan|EYD]]: Suharto) ({{lahirmati|Dusun [[Kemusuk]], Desa [[Argomulyo, Sedayu, Bantul|Argomulyo]], Kecamatan [[Sedayu, Bantul|Sedayu]], [[Kabupaten Bantul|Bantul]], [[Yogyakarta]]|8|6|1921|[[Jakarta]]|27|1|2008}}) adolah [[Presiden Indonesia]] nan kaduo ([[1967]]-[[1998]]), manggantian [[Soekarno]]. Sabalunnyo, inyo pernah manjabaik sabagai penjabat presiden kudian diangkek manjadi presiden. Sacaro laweh, inyo dianggap sabagai [[Kediktatoran militer|diktator militer]] dek pangamat internasional. Soeharto mamimpin Indonesia sabagai [[Otoritarianisme|rezim otoriter]] sajak [[Transisi ke Orde Baru|jatuahnyo]] pandahulunyo [[Soekarno]] pado tahun 1967 hinggo [[Kajatuhan Soeharto|pangunduran dirinyo]] pado tahun 1998 manyusul [[Karusuahan Mei 1998|karusuahan nasional]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings|title=Obituary: Suharto, former Indonesian dictator: 1921–2008|last=Gittings|first=John|date=28 January 2008|work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164141/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings|archive-date=14 December 2018|access-date=17 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/indonesias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto|title=Is Indonesia's Reformasi a success, 20 years after Suharto?|last=Hutton|first=Jeffrey|date=19 May 2018|work=South China Morning Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413020721/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2146838/indonesias-reformasi-success-20-years-after-suharto|archive-date=13 April 2022|access-date=14 December 2018|quote=...would topple the dictator Suharto.|url-status=live}}</ref> Kadiktatorannyo salamo 32 tahun dianggap sabagai salah satu kadiktatoran paling brutal jo korup pado abaik ke-20.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Berger|first=Marilyn|date=28 January 2008|title=Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html|access-date=|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202231503/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Wiranto|2011|p=24}}. {{cite book|last1=Forrester|first1=Geoff|last2=May|first2=R.J.|title=The Fall of Soeharto|date=1998|publisher=C. Hurst and Co.|location=Bathurst, Australia|isbn=1-86333-168-9}}</ref> Sabalun manjadi presiden, Soeharto adolah pamimpin militer pado maso [[Hindia Belanda]] dan pandudukan Japang, dengan pangkek tarakhia [[Mayor Jenderal]]. Sasudah [[Gerakan 30 September]] [[1965]], Soeharto malakukan operasi pambarasiahan dan pangamanan atas parietah dari Presiden Soekarno, salah satu nan dibueknyo adolah dengan manumpas [[Gerakan 30 September]] dan manyatoan bahaso [[Partai Komunis Indonesia|PKI]] adolah organisasi talarang. Berbagai kontroversi manyabuik operasi iko mambunuah sakitar 100.000 hinggo 2 juta urang.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cribb|first=Robert|date=2002|title=Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_asian-survey_july-august-2002_42_4/page/550|journal=Asian Survey|volume=42|issue=4|pages=550–563|doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550}}</ref><ref>Friend (2003), pages 107–109; {{cite video|people=Chris Hilton (writer and director)|title=Shadowplay|medium=Television documentary|publisher=Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions|year=2001}}; Ricklefs (1991), pages 280–283, 284, 287–290</ref> Soeharto kudian diagiah mandat dek Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara (MPRS) sabagai Presiden pado 26 Maret 1968<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/03/26/18242931/26-maret-1968-saat-soeharto-ditunjuk-gantikan-soekarno-jadi-presiden|title=26 Maret 1968, Saat Soeharto Ditunjuk Gantikan Soekarno Jadi Presiden|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=2019-06-19|archive-date=2019-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619154935/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/03/26/18242931/26-maret-1968-saat-soeharto-ditunjuk-gantikan-soekarno-jadi-presiden|dead-url=no|editor-last=Galih|editor-first=Bayu|first=Aswab Nanda|last=Prattama}}</ref> manggantian Soekarno, dan resmi manjadi presiden pado tahun 1968. Inyo dipiliah baliak dek [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat|MPR]] pado tahun 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, dan 1998. Pado tahun 1998, maso jabatannyo barakhia sasudah mangunduran diri pado tanggal 21 Mei tahun, manyusul tajadinyo karusuahan Mei 1998 dan pandudukan gedung DPR/MPR dek ribuan [[mahasiswa]]. Inyo marupoan urang paliang lamo nan manjabaik sabagai presiden Indonesia. Soeharto digantian dek [[B.J. Habibie]]. == Pasca-kepresidenan == === Dugaan kasus korupsi === {{See also|Kasus dugaan korupsi Soeharto}}Sasudah baranti dari kursi kepresidenan, Suharto mandok di kediaman kaluarganyo di daerah Menteng, Jakarta, dilindungi dek tentara dan jarang tampil di muko umum. Keluarga Suharto maabihan sabagian gadang wakatu mereka untuak manangkih panyelidikan korupsi. Namun, Suharto surang dilindungi dari tuntutan serius dek para politisi nan punyo hutang budi ka inyo, takah tacaliak dalam parcakapan telepon nan bocor antaro Presiden [[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie|Habibie]] jo Jaksa Agung Andi Muhammad Ghalib pado bulan Februari 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minihub.org/siarlist/msg02067.html|title=Rekaman Habibie-Ghalib|publisher=Minihub.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116055010/http://www.minihub.org/siarlist/msg02067.html|archive-date=16 January 2013|access-date=6 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pado bulan Mei 1999, ''Time Asia'' mampakiroan kakayaan kaluarga Suharto mancapai US $ 15 milyar dalam bantuak pitih tunai, saham, aset parusahaan, real estat, parhiasan, jo karya seni. Suharto manggugat majalah tersebut dengan tuntutan ganti rugi labih dari US$27 miliar atas pancemaran namo baik di artikel tersebut.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 September 2007|title=Suharto wins $128m in damages|newspaper=[[Herald Sun]]|access-date=9 August 2009|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22396808-5005961,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017221608/http://news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0%2C21985%2C22396808-5005961%2C00.html|archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref> Pado tanggal 10 September 2007, Mahkamah Agung Indonesia mengabulkan tuntutan ganti rugi Suharto ka majalah ''Time Asia'' dan mamarintahan majalah tersebut untuak mambayia sagadang ciek triliun rupiah ($128,59 juta). Pengadilan Tinggi mambalikkan putusan pangadilan banding dan pangadilan negeri Jakarta Pusat (yang dibuek pada tahun 2000 dan 2001).{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Suharto manduduki posisi paliang tinggi dalam daftar pemimpin terkorup versi Transparency International dengan dugaan panyelewengan antaro US$15-35 miliar salamo 32 tahun maso kapresidenannyo.<ref name="BBC_200403252">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm|title=Suharto tops corruption rankings|work=BBC News|date=25 March 2004|access-date=4 February 2006|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113042444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Global Corruption Report2">{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/content/download/4459/26786/file/Introduction_to_political_corruption.pdf|title=Global Corruption Report|publisher=Transparency International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704093500/http://www.transparency.org/content/download/4459/26786/file/Introduction_to_political_corruption.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2007|access-date=6 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pado tanggal 29 Mei 2000, Suharto manjadi tahanan rumah sangkek pihak berwenang Indonesia mulai malakuan investigasi terhadap korupsi nan balaku salamo maso kapresidenannyo. Pado bulan Juli 2000, diumuman bahaso inyo ka dituduah mamaram dana sumbangan pamarietah sagang US$ 571 juta ka salah satu yayasan nan barado di bawah kendalinyo dan kudian mamakai pitih nan tun untuak mambayaia investasi kaluarga. Namun, pado bulan September, dokter nan ditunjuak pangadilan maumuman bahaso inyo indak dapek diadili dek kasehatannyo nan manurun. Jaksa penuntut negara mancubo baliak pado tahun 2002, tetapi kudian para dokter maagih alasan panyakik utak nan indak disabuikan. Pado tanggal 26 Maret 2008, saurang hakim pangadilan negeri mambebaskan Suharto dari tuduhan korupsi, tapi mamarentahan yayasan amalnyo, Supersemar, untuak mambayia US$110 juta (£55 juta).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7315976.stm|title=Suharto charity told to pay $110&nbsp;m|work=BBC News|date=27 March 2008|access-date=6 January 2010|archive-date=27 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327173831/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7315976.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Pado tahun 2002, putra Suharto, Tommy Suharto, dijatuhi hukuman 15 tahun penjara dek mamarentahan pambunuhan saurang hakim (nan sabalunnyo alah mamvonisnyo basalah atas kasus korupsi), kapamilikan senjata api ilegal, dan malarian diri dari pangadilan. Pado tahun 2006, inyo dibebaskan dengan “pambebasan bersyarat.”<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6098010.stm|title=Tommy Suharto freed from prison|work=BBC News|date=30 October 2006|access-date=9 August 2009|archive-date=28 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828111205/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6098010.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Pado tahun 2003, adiak tiri Suharto, Probosutedjo, diadili jo dihukum atas tuduhan korupsi dan marugian negara sagang $10 juta. Inyo dijatuhi hukuman ampek tahun panjaro. Inyo kudian mamanangkan pangurangan hukuman manjadi duo tahun, nan mambuek Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi mamulai panyelidikan atas dugaan skandal “mafia peradilan” dan mandapek bukti adonyo panawaran sagadang $600.000 kapado babarapo hakim. Probosutedjo mangakui skema tersebut pado bulan Oktober 2005, nan baujuang pado panangkapan para pangacaranyo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Suharto's half-brother fined, jailed for four years|url=https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2005-11-30/suhartos-half-brother-fined-jailed-for-four-years/751268|access-date=15 September 2020|agency=AFP|work=ABC News|date=29 November 2005|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126192134/https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2005-11-30/suhartos-half-brother-fined-jailed-for-four-years/751268|url-status=live}}</ref> Inyo dilaporkan dilindungi sakalompok petugas polisi di sabuah rumah sakit. Di situ inyo ditangkok pado tanggal 30 November 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=Probosutedjo dipenjara|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/indonesian/news/story/2005/11/printable/051130_probojailed.shtml|access-date=15 September 2020|publisher=BBC Indonesia|date=30 November 2005|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123082754/https://www.bbc.co.uk/indonesian/news/story/2005/11/printable/051130_probojailed.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Probosutedjo Dijebloskan ke Cipinang|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/113388/probosutedjo-dijebloskan-ke-cipinang|access-date=15 September 2020|publisher=Liputan6.com|date=30 November 2005|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010165149/https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/113388/probosutedjo-dijebloskan-ke-cipinang|url-status=live}}</ref> Pado tanggal 9 Juli 2007, jaksa penuntut Indonesia maajukan gugatan perdata terhadap Soeharto, untuak mamulangan dana negara ($ 440 juta atau £ 219 juta, nan diduga hilang dari dana beasiswa, jo ganti rugi sagadang $ 1,1 milyar labiah).<ref name="BBC_9July">{{cite news|title=Civil suit filed against Suharto|date=9 July 2007|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6283322.stm|access-date=9 July 2007|archive-date=13 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813105545/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6283322.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> == Warisan jo pamulihan namo == Samanjak awal tahun 2010-an, slogan dalam bahasa Jawa “Piye kabare, penak jamanku to?” (bahaso Minang: Baa kaba, labih elok di maso den, kan?) nan manampilkan foto-foto Suharto di berbagai daerah Indonesia dalam babagai bantuak, takah stiker, kaos, jo internet. Slogan iko juo dapat basobok di baliho-baliho kampanye politik dan ditempelan di transportasi umum, takah minibus sarato truk jo becak.<ref name="Pontororing">{{cite journal|last1=Pontororing|first1=Angela|date=July 2016|title=Sebuah Upaya Pembacaan Poskolonial dengan Metode Dialog Imajinatif Antara Foto Soeharto “Piye Kabare, Penak Jamanku To?” dan Teks Keluaran 14:10-12; 16:1-3; 17:3|url=https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/318086-sebuah-upaya-pembacaan-poskolonial-denga-f187bae4.pdf|journal=Indonesian Journal of Theology|volume=4/1|pages=1-44|access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref> Survei terhadap masyarakaik Indonesia nan dibuek pado tahun 2011 dan 2018 mambuek hasil bahaso Suharto adolah nan paliang sukses dalam manjalanan tugasnyo sabagai presiden.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 May 2018|title=Survei Indo Barometer Sebut Soeharto Presiden Paling Berhasil|language=id|work=CNN Indonesia|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180520154614-32-299770/survei-indo-barometer-sebut-soeharto-presiden-paling-berhasil}}</ref> Pado tanggal 25 September 2024, dalam salah satu sidang tarakhianyo untuk periode 2019-2024, Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat mancabuik Ayat 4 Ketetapan MPR No. XI/MPR/1998, nan manuduah Suharto jo kroni-kroninyo atas tindakan korupsi, kolusi, jo nepotisme (Ayat 4 sacaro khusus manyabuik namo Suharto). Alasan nan disabuikan adolah dek Suharto indak pernah diadili atas tuduhan iko sabalun kamatiannyo pado tahun 2008. Langkah iko mamanciang baliak perdebatan mangenai apokah Suharto pantas dianugerahi gala Pahlawan Nasional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7557661/mpr-cabut-nama-soeharto-dari-tap-mpr-11-1998-soal-kkn-ini-alasannya|title=MPR Cabut Nama Soeharto dari Tap MPR 11/1998 soal KKN, Ini Alasannya|last=Rahmawati|first=Dwi|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-09-25|archive-date=2024-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926023459/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7557661/mpr-cabut-nama-soeharto-dari-tap-mpr-11-1998-soal-kkn-ini-alasannya|dead-url=yes}}</ref>[[Berkas:William_cohen_with_suharto.jpg|jmpl|Suharto meeting with US Secretary of Defense [[William Cohen]] in 1998]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} ===Daftar pustaka=== {{refbegin|25em}} * {{cite news |date=22 February 2006 |title=Two former strongmen, Soeharto-Lee Kuan Yew meet again |publisher=ANTARA |access-date=22 February 2006 |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 |archive-date=25 March 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070325054315/http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 }} * {{cite book |last=Aarons |first=Mark |date=2008 |chapter=Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69 |editor1=David A. Blumenthal |editor2=Timothy L. H. McCormack |title=The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? |series=International Humanitarian Law |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |isbn=978-9004156913 }} * {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Benedict R. |last2=McVey |date=2009 |first2=Ruth T. |title=A Preliminary Analysis of 1 October 1965 Coup in Indonesia |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9786028397520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVcwPV3NvDMC }} * {{cite news |date=19 October 1965 |title=Army in Jakarta Imposes a Ban on Communists |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=registration |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829193148/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Aspinall |first=Ed |date=October–December 1996 |title=What happened before the riots? |newspaper=[[Inside Indonesia]] |issue=48 |archive-date=5 May 2005 |url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505222646/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Aspinall |editor1-first=Ed |editor2-last=Klinken |editor2-first=Gerry van |editor3-last=Feith |editor3-first=Herb |date=1999 |title=The Last Days of President Suharto |location=[[Clayton, Victoria|Clayton AU-VIC]] |publisher=Monash Asia Institute |isbn=073261175X}} *{{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent |title= [[The Jakarta Method|The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World]] |date=2020 |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 978-1541742406}} * {{cite news| title=Attorney general doubts Soeharto can be prosecuted |work=The Jakarta Post| date=27 May 2005}} * {{cite book| first = William| last = Blum| date = 1995| title = Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II| publisher = Common Courage Press| location = Monroe, Me.| isbn = 1-56751-052-3| url = https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0}} * ''[http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109110205/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm |date=9 November 2016 }}''. 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(31 October 1997) * {{cite web| title=CIA Stalling State Department Histories| work=The National Security Archive| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/| access-date=23 May 2005| archive-date=8 March 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308035956/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/| url-status=live}} * {{cite news| last=Colmey| first=John| title=The Family Firm| date=24 May 1999| publisher=TIME Asia| url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208155758/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=8 February 2001}} * {{cite book |last=Conboy |first=Kenneth J. |date=2003 |title=Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789799589880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323145048/https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C |url-status=live }} * Robert Cribb, "Genocide in Indonesia,1965–1966". Journal of Genocide Research no.2:219–239, 2001. * {{cite book |last=Elson |first=Robert E. |date=2001 |title = Suharto: A Political Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/suhartopolitical0000elso |location=Cambridge UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-77326-1}} * {{cite book |last=Dake |first=Antonie C.A. |date=2006 |title = The Sukarno File, 1965-1967: Chronology of a Defeat |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-15382-0}} * {{cite book |last=Dijk |first=Kees van |date=2001 |title=A country in despair : Indonesia between 1997 and 2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/countryindespair0000unse |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=9789067181600 }} * {{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |date=2003 |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-01834-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |url-access=registration }} * {{cite web | title=H.AMDT.647 (A003): An amendment to prohibit any funds appropriated in the bill to be used for military education and training assistance to Indonesia | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | publisher=THOMAS (Library of Congress) | access-date=4 February 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113050730/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | archive-date=13 January 2016 | df=dmy-all }} * {{cite book| last=Hughes |first=John |title=The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild| publisher=Archipelago Press|date=2002 | orig-year=1976| isbn=981-4068-65-9}} * {{cite news |title=Indonesia: Arrests, torture and intimidation: The Government's response to its critics |date=27 November 1996 |publisher=Amnesty International |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index&start=391 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109023133/http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index |archive-date=9 November 2005 }} * {{cite web | title=Indonesia Economic | work=Commanding Heights | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/id/id_economic.html | access-date=23 May 2005 | archive-date=24 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224182929/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/id/id_economic.html | url-status=live }} * {{cite news| title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge|work=The New York Times| date=16 December 1965}} * {{cite news| title=Jakarta Leftist Out As Army Chief| work=[[New York Times]]| date=15 October 1965}} * {{cite news| title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge| work=The New York Times| date=16 December 1965}} * {{cite news| last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul |last2=Oliver |first2=James| name-list-style=amp | title=MI6 Spread Lies to Put Killer in Power| work=The Independent |location=UK| date=16 April 2000}} * {{cite book| last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul |last2=Oliver |first2=James |title=Britain's Secret Propaganda War| publisher=Sutton Pub Ltd|date=1999| isbn=0-7509-1668-0}} * {{cite book|last=McDonald |first=H. |author-link=Hamish McDonald |date=1980 |title=Suharto's Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/suhartoindonesia0000mcdo |location=[[Blackburn, Victoria|Blackburn]] AU|publisher=Fontana Books |isbn=0-00-635721-0}} * {{cite book|last=Melvin|first=Jess|date=2018|title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-57469-4|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608032221/https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|url-status=live}} *{{cite news |date=1993 |title=Public Expenditures, Prices and the Poor |publisher=World Bank |url=http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323210822/http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |archive-date=23 March 2007 }} * {{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |date=1991 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 |edition=2nd |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-333-57690-X}} * {{cite book |last=Rock |first=Michael T. |date=2003 |title=The Politics of Development Policy and Development Policy Reform |others=William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 632 |publisher=The University of Michigan Business School |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3 |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212120254/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Purdey |first=Jemma |date=2006 |title=Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999 |location=[[Honolulu]] HI |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=9780824830571}} *{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9781400888863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW0wDwAAQBAJ }} * John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: 30 September Movement & Suharto's Coup D'état. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-299-22034-1}}. * {{cite news| last=Simpson| first=Brad| title=Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice"| date=9 July 2004| publisher=National Security Archive| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| access-date=17 June 2005| archive-date=5 February 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205191327/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Schwarz |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813388816 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw }} * {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bradley |date=2010 |title=Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |location= |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0804771825 |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213245/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| title=Suharto tops corruption rankings| work=BBC News| date=25 March 2004| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=13 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113042444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| url-status=live}} * {{cite news| title=Sukarno Removes His Defense Chief| work=[[New York Times]]| date=22 February 1966}} * {{cite news| title=Tapol Troubles: When Will They End?| date=April–June 1999| publisher=Inside Indonesia| url=http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190845/http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| archive-date=5 March 2012| df=dmy-all}} * {{cite book| author=Pramoedya Ananta Toer| title=The Mute's Soliloquy: A Memoir| url=https://archive.org/details/mutessoliloquyme0000toer| publisher=Penguin|date=2000| isbn=0-14-028904-6}} * {{cite web| title=United Nations High Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/97: Situation in East Timor| url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| publisher=United Nations| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=4 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035327/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| url-status=live}} *{{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Adrian |date=2005 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521542623 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri }} * {{cite book |last=Wanandi |first=Jusuf |author-link=Jusuf Wanandi |date=2012 |title=Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965–1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/shadesofgreypoli0000wana |location=Singapore |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789793780924 }} * {{cite book| title=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA| last=Weiner| first=Tim| publisher=Doubleday| place=New York|date=2007| isbn=978-3-596-17865-0| chapter=Chapter 15, CIA and Indonesia| title-link=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA}} * {{cite journal| last1=Wertheim| first1=W.F.| title=Whose plot?-New light on the 1965 events| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-asia_1979_9_2/page/197| journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia|date=1979| volume=9| issue=2| pages=197–215| doi=10.1080/00472337985390191}} * {{cite book |last=Wiranto |author-link=Wiranto |date=2011 |title=7 Tahun Menggali Pemikiran dan Tindakan Pak Harto 1991–1997 |trans-title=7 Years Exploring the Thoughts and Actions of Pak Harto 1991–1997 |location=Jakarta |publisher=PT Citra Kharisma Bunda |isbn=9786028112123}} {{refend}} == Pautan lua == * [http://www.soehartocenter.com Soeharto Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223185247/http://www.soehartocenter.com/ |date=2020-12-23 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120729085106/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/biography/?box=detail&presiden=suharto&presiden_id=2 {{PAGENAME}}] di Kepustakaan Presiden Republik Indonesia * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/4528925.stm Life in pictures: Indonesia's Suharto] di [[BBC]] * [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0d243cf4-ccac-11dc-8df7-000077b07658.html ''Financial Times'' obituary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121095817/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0d243cf4-ccac-11dc-8df7-000077b07658.html |date=2008-11-21 }} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings ''The Guardian'' obituary] * [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3260665.ece Obituary in ''The Times'', 28 January 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809110703/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3260665.ece |date=9 August 2011 }} {{Presiden Indonesia}} {{lifetime|1921|2008|Soeharto}} {{Persondata |NAME=Soeharto |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Bapak Pembangunan |SHORT DESCRIPTION=Mantan Presiden [[RI]] |DATE OF BIRTH= 8 Juni 1921 |PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Kemusuk]], [[Bantul]], [[Yogyakarta]], [[Hindia Belanda]] |DATE OF DEATH= 27 Januari 2008 |PLACE OF DEATH= [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soeharto}} [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Bantul]] [[Kategori:Presiden Indonesia]] {{indo-bio-stub}} rtrc8s5kld639wssuufou8yfsamo0ru Saldi Isra 0 9505 3352825 3161210 2026-09-25T18:31:54Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person | name = Saldi Isra | image = Saldi Isra.jpg | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1968|08|20}} | birth_place = {{negara|Indonesia}} Paninggahan, [[Kabupaten Solok|Solok]], [[Sumatera Barat]] | residence = | nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] | other_names = | known_for = [[Ahli Hukum Tata Negara]]<br/>[[Panggiat anti-korupsi]]<br/>[[Panulih]] | education = - S1 Fakultas Hukum [[Universitas Andalas]] <br/> - Master of Science (MSc) Institute of Postgraduate Studies and Research [[Universitas Malaya]], [[Malaysia]] <br/> - PhD [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]] | occupation = [[Guru Basa]] [[Universitas Andalas]] | title = | salary = | networth = | height = | weight = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | religion = [[Islam]] | children = Wardah Awwalin Ikhsaniah Saldi <br/> Aisyah Afiah Izzaty Saldi <br/> Muhammad Haifan Saldi | parents = Ismail dan Ratina | relatives = | signature = | website = [http://www.saldiisra.web.id/ www.saldiisra.web.id] | footnotes = }} '''Prof. Dr. Saldi Isra, S.H., MPA''' ({{lahiamati|Paninggahan, [[Kabupaten Solok|Solok]], [[Sumatera Barat]]|20|08|1968}}) adolah surang ahli hukum tata nagaro Indonesia, panggiat anti-korupsi, panulih sarato guru basa [[Universitas Andalas]], [[Padang]], Sumatera Barat. Saldi laia dari pasangan Ismail jo Ratina. Sakola dasar sampai manangah ditempuah di kampuang halamannyo. Salanjuiknya Saldi manyalasaian gala sarjana di Fakultas Hukum [[Universitas Andalas]], [[Kota Padang|Padang]] jo predikat ''Summa Cum Laude''.<ref>[http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2004/09/28/05548702/Saldi-Isra-dan-Bupati-Solok-Terima-Bung-Hatta-Award Saldi Isra dan Bupati Solok Terima Bung Hatta Award]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} TEMPO Interaktif, 28 September 2004. Diakses 08 Mei 2013.</ref> Kudian Saldi maambiak gala Master di [[Universitas Malaya]], [[Malaysia]] (2001) sarato meraiah gala Doktor di [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]], [[Yogyakarta]] (S3-2009). Pado taun 2010, Saldi dikukuahan sabagai guru basa hukum tata nagaro Universitas Andalas.<ref>[http://www.antaranews.com/berita/1265863365/saldi-isra-jadi-guru-besar-unand Saldi Isra jadi Guru Besar Unand] ANTARA News, 11 Februari 2010. Diakses 08 Mei 2013.</ref> Salain manjadi direktur Pusat Studi Konstitusi (PUSaKO), kini Saldi-pun giat manulih. Tulisannyo banyak taseba di babagai jurnal sarato media cetak nasional. = Biografi = Saldi lahia dari pasangan Ismail dan Ratina. Sekolah dasar hinggo menengah ditampuah di kampuang halamannyo. Setelah duo kali gagal Seleksi Penerimaan Mahasiswa Baru (Sipenmaru) pado tahun 1988 dan Ujian Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri (UMPTN) tahun 1989, akhirnyo ia ditarimo di Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas, Padang, Sumatera Barat pado tahun 1990. Setelah manjadi Mahasiswa Teladan Berprestasi Utama I Universitas Andalas pado tahun 1994, ia meraih gelar Sarjana Hukum dengan predikat lulus ''Summa Cum Laude'' pado tahun yang samo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/48702/saldi-isra-dan-bupati-solok-terima-bung-hatta-award|title=Saldi Isra dan Bupati Solok Terima Bung Hatta Award|date=2004-09-28|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2024-01-12}}</ref> Pendidikan jenjang pascasarjana ia tuntaskan dengan meraih gelar ''Master of Public Administration'' di Universitas Malaya (2001) dan gelar Doktor di Universitas Gadjah Mada (2009, predikat lulus ''Cum Laude''). Pado tahun 2010, ia dikukuhkan sebagai Guru Besar Hukum Tata Negara Universitas Andalas. Sajak masih berstatus mahasiswa S-1 ia menekuni bidang kepenulisan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/173474/saldi-isra-jadi-guru-besar-unand|title=Saldi Isra Jadi Guru Besar Unand|last=antaranews.com|date=2010-02-11|website=Antara News|language=id|access-date=2024-01-12}}</ref> Di sela kegiatannyo sabagai pengajar, Saldi dikenal aktif sabagai penulis baik di berbagai media massa maupun jurnal dalam lingkup nasional maupun internasional. Ribuan karyanyo yang ia tulis sajak masih duduak di bangku mahasiswa membuatnyo dikenal luas di kalangan masyarakat. Tak heran, jiko wajahnyo kerap berseliweran di media massa baik elektronik maupun cetak sabagai narasumber. Ia pun dikenal sabagai Direktur Pusat Studi Konstitusi (PUSaKO) Fakultas Hukum Unand yang memperhatikan isu-isu ketatanegaraan. Tak hanya itu, ia juga terlibat aktif dalam gerakan antikorupsi di Tanah Air. Oleh karena itu, ia dikenal dalam dunia hukum tata negara Indonesia sebagai seseorang yang ‘tumbuh di jalanan’.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.ProfilHakim&id=677&menu=3|title=Profil Hakim Saldi Isra {{!}} Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia|website=www.mkri.id|access-date=2024-01-12}}</ref> = Pengangkatan sebagai Hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi = Pado tanggal 27 Januari 2017, Mahkamah Konstitusi memberhentikan salah satu hakimnyo, Patrialis Akbar, setelah ia ditangkok dan ditetapkan sabagai tersangka dalam kasus gratifikasi oleh Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/news/patrialis-akbar-dismissed-constitutional-court|title=Patrialis Akbar Dismissed From Constitutional Court|website=Jakarta Globe|access-date=2024-01-12}}</ref> Pado tanggal 21 Februari, Presiden Joko Widodo manunjuak sebuah komite untuak mamiliah penggantinyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/xml/2017/02/21/18364731/ini.anggota.pansel.hakim.mk.untuk.cari.pengganti.patrialis|title=Ini Anggota Pansel Hakim MK untuk Cari Pengganti Patrialis|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2017-02-21|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2024-01-12}}</ref> Panitia mambuek daftar 45 kandidat dan kamudian mewawancarai 12 kandidat terpilih. Pado tanggal 3 April, komite merekomendasikan tigo kandidat kepada presiden, dan Saldi adolah pilihan pertamo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/xml/2017/04/03/11400921/tiga.calon.hakim.mk.diserahkan.ke.jokowi.saldi.isra.urutan.pertama|title=Tiga Calon Hakim MK Diserahkan ke Jokowi, Saldi Isra Urutan Pertama|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2017-04-03|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2024-01-12}}</ref> Beberapa hari kamudian, Jokowi mengumumkan pemilihan Saldi, dan pado tanggal 11 April ia dilantik di Istana Merdeka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/xml/2017/04/11/10253901/saldi.isra.dilantik.sebagai.hakim.konstitusi|title=Saldi Isra Dilantik sebagai Hakim Konstitusi|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2017-04-11|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2024-01-12}}</ref> == Pangaragoan == # Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana (2023) # Megawati Soekarnoputri Award sabagai Pahlawan Mudo Bidang Pambarantasan Korupsi (2012) # Tokoh Mudo Inspiratif versi Kompas (2009) # Universitas Andalas (UNAND) Award bidang Panalitian (2007) # Award of Achievement for People Who Make a Difference dari The Gleitsman Foundation, USA (2004) # Bung Hatta Anti-Corruption Award (2004) # SCTV Award sabagai Dosen Favorit Universitas Andalas dalam Rangkaian Kagiatan SCTV Goes to Campus (2003) # Dosen Taladan II Universitas Andalas (2002) # Dosen Taladan I Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas (2002) # Lulusan Tabaiak (S1) Universitas Andalas jo predikat Summa Cumlaude Wisuda (1995) # Mahasiswa Baprestasi Utama Tingkek Nasional (1994) # Mahasiswa Baprestasi Utama I Universitas Andalas (1994) # Mahasiswa Baprestasi Utama I Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas (1994) == Karya == * ''Teknik Penyusunan Produk Hukum Daerah'' (2001) * ''Konstitusi Baru Melalui Komisi Konstitusi Independen'' (2002) * ''Kampanye dengan Uang Haram'' (2004) * ''Hubungan Eksekutif - Legislatif Pasca Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Secara Langsung'' (2005) * ''Reformasi Hukum Tata Negara Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945'' (2006) * ''Dinamika Ketatanegaraan di Masa Transisi, 2002-2005'' (2006) * ''Kekuasaan dan Perilaku Korupsi'' (2009) * ''Pergeseran Fungsi Legislasi: Menguatnya Model Legislasi Parlementer dalam Sistem Presidensial Indonesia'' (2010) * ''Membangun Demokrasi, Membongkar Korupsi'' (2010) == Rujuak-an == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120605100340/http://lcdc.law.ugm.ac.id/detail/alumni/48/prof.-dr.-saldi-isra%2C-s.h.%2C-mpa-%26 Profil Saldi Isra] Portal Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum UGM. Diakses 08 Mei 2013. * {{id}} [http://www.pusako.or.id/index.php/profil/profil-anggota-pusako/11-saldi-isra.html Profil Saldi Isra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303011539/http://www.pusako.or.id/index.php/profil/profil-anggota-pusako/11-saldi-isra.html |date=2013-03-03 }} Pusat Studi Konstitusi (PUSaKO). Diakses 08 Mei 2013. [[Kategori:Tokoh hukum Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Panggiat Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Pandidik Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Andalas]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Solok]] {{indo-bio-stub}} 47allgx6wcwbn4wwudjh8n6p7ff5kqv Presiden Indonesia 0 10932 3352815 3163100 2026-09-25T16:55:45Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Jabatan Politik |jabatan = Presiden |lembaga = Republik Indonesia |insignia = Indonesian Presidential Emblem gold.svg |ukuraninsignia = 200px |keteranganinsignia = |departemen = |namaasli = |image = Prabowo Subianto 2024 official portrait.jpg |imagesize = 188px |alt = |incumbent = [[Prabowo Subianto]] |incumbentsince = 20 Oktober 2024 |gelar = Bapak Presiden (informal)<br />Nan terhormat (formal) |kediaman = [[Istana Negara]]<br />[[Istana Merdeka]]<br />[[Istana Bogor]]<br />[[Istana Cipanas]]<br />[[Gedung Agung|Istana Yogyakarta]]<br />[[Istana Tampaksiring]] |tempo = 5 tahun, sasudahnyo dapek dipiliah, tapi cumo untuak 1 periode |dibentuk = 18 Agustus 1945 |pertama = [[Sukarno]] |website = [http://www.presidenri.go.id/ www.presidenri.go.id] }} '''[[Presiden]] Indonesia''' (namo rasmi: '''Presiden Republik Indonesia''') adolah [[kapalo nagara]] sakaligus [[kapalo pamarintahan]] [[Indonesia]]. Sabagai kapalo nagara, presiden adolah simbol rasmi Indonesia [[bumi|dunia]]. Sabagai kapalo pamarintahan, presiden dibantu dek '''[[Wakil Presiden Indonesia|wakil presiden]]''' dan [[mantari|mantari-mantari]] dalam [[kabinet (pamarintahan)|kabinet]], mamacik kuaso [[eksekutif]] untuak manjalanan tugas kapamarintahan. == Daftar == {{main|Daftar Presiden Indonesia}} == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == *{{id}} [http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/ Republic of Indonesia Presidential Documents, from the National Library of Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627012235/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/ |date=2017-06-27 }} *{{id}} [http://indonesia.ahrchk.net/news/mainfile.php/Constitution/22 1945 Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623154411/http://indonesia.ahrchk.net/news/mainfile.php/Constitution/22 |date=2007-06-23 }} *{{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20141224081915/http://www.sjdih.depkeu.go.id/fullText/1950/UUDSTAHUN~1950UUDS.HTM Provisional Constitution] {{Presiden Indonesia}} {{Topik Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Jabatan di pamarintahan Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Pamarintah Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Presiden Indonesia| {{PAGENAME}}]] {{politik-indo-stub}} b3vsae1z6u501jhqmo6ya3bo92mzba8 Twitter 0 11076 3352843 3349947 2026-09-25T20:51:24Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352843 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Twitter logo.svg|200px|thumb|Logo pertama Twitter (15 Juli 2006-14 September 2010).]] {{Infobox website | name = Twitter, Inc. | logo = X logo 2023.svg | logo size = 100px | screenshot = Page Twitter de Wikipedia (Avril 2022).png | caption = Halaman nan diliek pangguno kutiko maliek profil Wikipedia di Twitter | collapsible = no | company_type = [[Parusahaan tabukak|Tabukak]] | website_type = [[Kaba]] jo [[layanan jejariang sosial]] | language = [[Multilingualisme|Multibahaso]] | traded_as = {{ubl|class=nowrap|{{NYSE|TWTR}}|[[S&P 500|S&P 500 Component]]}} | foundation = {{Start date and age|2006|03|21}} | location = [[San Francisco]], [[California]], Amerika Serikat | coordinates = {{coord|37.7768|-122.4166|display=inline,title}} | area_served = Saluruah dunia | founder = {{ubl|class=nowrap|[[Jack Dorsey]]|[[Noah Glass (Twitter)|Noah Glass]]|[[Biz Stone]]|[[Evan Williams (wiraswasta)|Evan Williams]]}} | key_people = {{plainlist| * [[Patrick Pichette]] ([[Chairman|Chair]])<ref>https://investor.twitterinc.com/corporate-governance/board-of-directors/default.aspx</ref> * [[Elon Musk]] ([[President]]) * [[Parag Agrawal]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) * Ned Segal ([[Chief financial officer|CFO]]) }} | industry = [[Internet]] | revenue = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$3,04 miliar {{small|(2018)}}}} | net_income = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$1,2 miliar {{small|(2018)}}}} | operating_income = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$453 juta {{small|(2018)}}}} | assets = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$10,16 miliar {{small|(2018)}}}} | equity = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$6,8 miliar {{small|(2018)}}}} | num_employees = {{nowrap|3.900 {{small|(2018)}}}} | subsid = {{ubl|class=nowrap|[[Vine (layanan)|Vine]]|[[Periscope (aplikasi)|Periscope]]|MoPub}} | url = {{Official URL}} | alexa = {{steady}} 11 {{small|{{nowrap|(Global, {{as of|2019|02|04|alt=Februari 2019}})}}}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Twitter.com Traffic, Demographics and Competitors|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com|website=www.alexa.com|accessdate=February 4, 2019|archive-date=2019-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104080228/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | registration = Wajib jikok ingin mangepos, mangikuik, atau diikuik | num_users = {{ubl|class=nowrap|321 juta pengguna aktif|{{small|(Februari 2019)}}}} | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2006|07|15}} | current_status = Aktif | programming_language = {{ubl|class=nowrap|[[Java (bahasa pemrograman)|Java]]|[[Ruby (bahasa pemrograman)|Ruby]]|[[Scala (bahasa pemrograman)|Scala]]|[[JavaScript]]}} | footnotes = <ref name=Dorsey2006/><ref name=10K2017>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000156459018003046/twtr-10k_20171231.htm|title=US SEC: Form 10-K Twitter, Inc.|publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]|accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter.com Traffic, Demographics and Competitors |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com |website=www.alexa.com |accessdate=December 2, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=2019-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104080228/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://about.twitter.com/company|title=About Twitter, Inc.|access-date=2015-11-28|archive-date=2015-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028165550/https://about.twitter.com/company|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=April|first=Reuters|url=http://fortune.com/2017/04/28/twitter-ceo-dorsey-million-company-stock/|title=Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey Recently Bought $9.5 million in Company Stock|publisher=Fortune|date=April 28, 2017|accessdate=February 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mopub.com/legal/tos/ | title=MoPub Terms of Service}}</ref><ref name="Twitter coding"/><ref name="infoq-jvm">{{cite web|first=Charles|last=Humble|title=Twitter Shifting More Code to JVM, Citing Performance and Encapsulation As Primary Drivers|date=July 4, 2011|work=InfoQ|access-date=January 15, 2013|url=http://www.infoq.com/articles/twitter-java-use}}</ref><ref name="Twitter">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/10/26/twitter-overcounted-active-users-since-2014-shares-surge/801968001/|title=Twitter overcounted active users since 2014, shares surge on profit hopes|publisher=USA Today}}</ref><ref name=launch/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shaban |first1=Hamza |title=Twitter's stock plunges 19% after it reports a decline in users |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-twitter-users-fake-accounts-stock-20180727-story.html |website=www.LATimes.com |publisher=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=July 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Twitter.com Traffic, Demographics and Competitors|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com|website=www.alexa.com|access-date=2019-05-12|archive-date=2019-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104080228/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitter.com|dead-url=yes}}</ref> }} [[Berkas:Twitter Home Page (Moments version, US & Canada).png|jmpl|upright=1.35|Halaman '''Moments''' di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada, 22 Desember 2017.]] '''Twitter''' adolah sabuah laman web nan dipunyo jo dioperasikan dek Twitter, Inc., nan maangokan jajariang sosial barupo mikroblog sahinggo mamungkinkan panggunanyo untuak mangirim jo mambaco pasan nan disabuik kicauan (tweets). Kicauan adolah teks tulisan hinggo 140 karakter nan ditampilkan pado halaman profil pangguno. Kicauan dapek dicaliak sacaro lua, namun pangirim dapek mambatasi pangiriman pasan ka daftar kawan-kawan inyo sajo. Pangguno dapek mancaliak kicauan panulih lain nan dikatahui jo sabuik an pangikuik ("follower"). Twitter dibuek pado bulan Maret 2006 dek [[Jack Dorsey]], jo situs jajariang sosialnyo diluncua'an pado bulan Juli. Sajak diluncuan, Twitter alah manjadi salah ciek dari sapuluah situs nan paliang acok dikunjuangi di [[Internet]], sahinggo digala sabagai "[[pasan singkek]] dari Internet."<ref>[http://www.alexa.com/topsites "Top Sites"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302173920/http://www.alexa.com/topsites |date=2015-03-02 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226070416/https://www.alexa.com/topsites%20 |date=2018-12-26 }}. [[:id:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]]. Diakses tanggal 2013-05-13.</ref><ref>D'Monte, Leslie (April 29, 2009). [http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/swine-flu%5Cs-tweet-tweet-causes-online-flutter/356604/ "Swine Flu's Tweet Tweet Causes Online Flutter"]. ''Business Standard''. Diakses tanggal February 4, 2011. "Also known as the 'SMS of the internet', Twitter is a free social networking and micro-blogging service"</ref> Di Twitter, pangguno yang indak tadaftar hanyo bisa mambaco kicauan, sadangkan pangguno tadaftar bisa manulih kicauan malalui [[antarmuko]] situs web, pasan singkek (SMS), atau malalui babagai [[aplikasi]] untuak ponsel.<ref>[http://support.twitter.com/groups/34-apps-sms-and-mobile/topics/153-twitter-via-sms/articles/14014-twitter-via-sms-faq# Twitter via SMS FAQ] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120406101819/http://support.twitter.com/groups/34-apps-sms-and-mobile/topics/153-twitter-via-sms/articles/14014-twitter-via-sms-faq Diarsipkan] 2012-04-06 di ''Wayback Machine''. Retrieved April 13, 2012.</ref> Twitter mangalami patumbuahan nan sangaik capek jo mandapek popularitas di panjuru dunia. Hinggo bulan Januari 2013, tadapek labiah dari 500 juta pangguno tadaftar di Twitter, 200 juta diantaronyo iolah pangguno aktif.<ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2013/03/celebrating-twitter7.html "Celebrating #Twitter7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324040041/http://blog.twitter.com/2013/03/celebrating-twitter7.html |date=2013-03-24 }}". ''Twitter''. 2013-03-21. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-21.</ref> Loncekan panggunoan Twitter umumnyo balangsuang katiko tajadi paristiwa-paristiwa populer. Pado awal 2013, pangguno Twitter mangiriman labiah dari 500 juta kicauan per hari, jo Twitter manangani labiah dari 1,6 miliar pamintaan pancarian par hari.<ref>[http://techcrunch.com/2012/07/30/analyst-twitter-passed-500m-users-in-june-2012-140m-of-them-in-us-jakarta-biggest-tweeting-city/ "Twitter Passed 500M Users In June 2012, 140M Of Them In US; Jakarta 'Biggest Tweeting' City"]. ''TechCrunch''. July 30, 2012.</ref><ref>Twitter Search Team (May 31, 2011). [http://engineering.twitter.com/2011/05/engineering-behind-twitters-new-search.html "The Engineering Behind Twitter's New Search Experience"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612095629/http://engineering.twitter.com/2011/05/engineering-behind-twitters-new-search.html |date=2011-06-12 }}. ''Twitter Engineering Blog''. Twitter. Diakses tanggal June 10, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2012/03/twitter-turns-six.html Twitter turns six Twitter.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325140010/http://blog.twitter.com/2012/03/twitter-turns-six.html |date=2013-03-25 }}, March 21, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.</ref> Hal iko manyababkan posisi Twitter naiak ka paringkek kaduo sabagai situs jejariang sosial nan paliang acok dikunjuangi di dunia, dari nan sabalumnyo manampekan paringkek duo puluah duo.<ref>Kazeniac, Andy (February 9, 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721111825/http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/ "Social Networks: Facebook Takes Over Top Spot, Twitter Climbs"]. ''Compete Pulse'' (blog of compete.com). Diarsipkan dari [http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/ versi asli] tanggal 2011-07-21. Diakses tanggal February 7, 2011.</ref> Tingginyo popularitas Twitter manyababkan layanannyo alah dimanfaaikan untuak babagai kaparluan dalam babagai aspek, misalnyo sabagai sarana protes, [[kampanye politik]], sarana pambalajaran, jo sabagai [[media komunikasi darurat]]. Twitter juo dihadokan pado babagai masalah jo kontroversi sarupo masalah ka'amanan jo privasi pangguno, gugaikan hukum, jo panyensoran.<ref name=":0">Thompson, Clive (September 5, 2009). [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/magazine/07awareness-t.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all "I'm So Totally, Digitally Close to You".] ''The New York Times Magazine''. Diakses tanggal August 22, 2009.</ref> Twitter dipunyoi jo dioperasian dek Twitter, Inc., nan babasis di [[San Francisco]], dengan kantua tambahan tadapek di [[New York City]], [[Boston]], dan [[San Antonio]]. Hinggo Mei 2015, Twitter alah mampunyoi labiah dari 500 juta pangguno, 302 juta diantaronyo adolah pangguno aktif.<ref>"Top Sites". Alexa Internet. Diakses tanggal May 13, 2013.</ref><ref>D'Monte, Leslie (April 29, 2009). [http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/swine-flu%5Cs-tweet-tweet-causes-online-flutter/356604/ "Swine Flu's Tweet Tweet Causes Online Flutter"]. ''Business Standard''. Diakses tanggal February 4, 2011. "Also known as the 'SMS of the internet', Twitter is a free social networking service"</ref> == Sijarah == === Pandirian jo reaksi awal === Asa mulo Twitter barawal dari acara diskusi nan disalangaroan dek sabuah parusahaan [[podcast]] banamo [[Odeo]]. Jack Dorsey, saurang mahasiswa sarjana di Universitas New York, mangamukokan gagasannyo manganai panggunoan layanan pasan singkek untuak bakomunikasi jo sabuah kalompok ketek.<ref>Miller, Claire Cain (October 30, 2010). [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/technology/31ev.html "Why Twitter's C.E.O. Demoted Himself"]. ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal October 31, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.ksdk.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=185395&catid=3 "Co-founder of Twitter receives key to St. Louis with 140 character proclamation"]. ''ksdk.com''. KSDK. September 19, bjhdfghjj2009. Diakses tanggal September 29, 2009. "After high school in St. Louis and some time at the University of Missouri-Rolla, Jack headed east to New York University."</ref> [[Namo kode proyek]] asli untuak layanan iko adolah '''twttr,''' gagasan nan kamudian diungkok dek Evan Williams dikamukoan dek Noah Glass<ref>Williams, Evan (April 13, 2011). "I[https://twitter.com/#!/ev/status/58275072011542529 t's true..."] Twitter. Diakses tanggal April 26, 2011.</ref> tainspirasi dek [[Flickr]] jo [[kode singkek]] SMS Amerika nan jumlahnyo limo digit. Para pangambang awalnyo mamutuihan angko "10958" sabagai kode singkek untuak layanan iko, tapi kamudian diubah manjadi "40404" untuak kamudahan "panggunoan diubah manjadi "40404" untuak kamudahan "panggunoan jo pangingekan."<ref>Sagolla, Dom (January 30, 2009). [http://www.140characters.com/2009/01/30/how-twitter-was-born/ "How Twitter Was Born".] ''140 Characters – A Style Guide for the Short Form. 140 Characters.'' Diakses tanggal February 4, 2011.</ref> Pangarajoan proyek iko dimulai pado tanggal 21 Maret 2006, katiko Dorsey mampublikasian pasan Twitter patamo kalinyo pado pukul 9:50 PM [[PST]]. Pasan tasabuik babunyi: "just setting up my twttr".<ref>Dorsey, Jack (March 21, 2006). [https://twitter.com/jack/status/20 "just setting up my twttr"]. ''Twitter.'' Diakses tanggal February 4, 2011.</ref><blockquote>"...kami mamilih kato 'twitter', jo itu samparono bana. Definisinyo adolah 'latuihan singkek informasi indak pantiang', jo 'calotehan buruang'. Dan sarupo itulah tapeknyo produk iko. – [[Jack Dorsey]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/02/twitter-creator.html|title=Twitter Creator Jack Dorsey Illuminates the Site's Founding Document|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=February 18, 2009|first=David|last=Sano|accessdate=June 18, 2009}}</ref></blockquote>Twitter partamo kali digunoan sabagai layanan internal untuak karyawan Odeo, jo versi langkoknyo dipakenalan kapado umum pado tanggal 15 Juli 2006.<ref>Arrington, Michael (July 15, 2006). [http://techcrunch.com/2006/07/15/is-twttr-interesting/ "Odeo Releases Twttr"]. ''TechCrunch. AOL''. Diakses tanggal September 18, 2010.</ref> Pado bulan Oktober 2006, [[Biz Stone]], [[Evan Williams,]] Dorsey, jo staf Odeo lainnyo mambantuak parusahaan baru, ma'akuisisi Odeo jo sado asetnyo - tamasuak Odeo.com jo Twitter.com - dari [[investor]] jo pamacik [[saham]].<ref>Malik, Om (October 25, 2006). [http://gigaom.com/2006/10/25/odeo-rip-hello-obvious-corp/ "Odeo RIP, Hello Obvious Corp".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502183300/https://gigaom.com/2006/10/25/odeo-rip-hello-obvious-corp/ |date=2019-05-02 }} ''GigaOM.'' Diakses tanggal June 20, 2009.</ref> Salanjuiknyo, Twitter sacaro resmi dipakenalan di San Fransisco pado tanggal 19 April 2007 jo misi untuak ma'agiah kasempatan ka satiok urang untuak dapek saliang mancipta'an jo babagi informasi sacaro langsuang dan tanpa hambatan.<ref>Azehary dan Octavia Kusuma, Suzy (2014). "Analisis Penggunaan Twitter sebagai Media Media Komunikasi Selebritis di Jakarta". Komunikasi Universitas Tarumanegara. VI: 90.</ref> Williams lalu mamecat Glass, yang indak mangungkokan parannyo dalam pandirian Twitter hinggo taun 2011.<ref>Madrigal, Alexis (April 14, 2011). [http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/twitters-fifth-beatle-tells-his-side-of-the-story/237326/ "Twitter's Fifth Beatle Tells His Side of the Story".] ''The Atlantic''. Diakses tanggal April 26, 2011.</ref> Twitter badiri sabagai parusahaan mandiri pado bulan April 2007.<ref>Lennon, Andrew. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090727073104/http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ "A Conversation with Twitter Co-Founder Jack Dorsey".] ''The Daily Anchor.'' Diarsipkan dari [http://www.thedailyanchor.com/2009/02/12/a-conversation-with-twitter-co-founder-jack-dorsey/ versi asli] tanggal 2009-07-27. Diakses tanggal February 12, 2009.</ref> Titiak puncak popularitas Twitter tajadi saat panyelanggaroan konfrensi South by Southwest Interactive (SXSWi) pado taun 2007. Salamo acara tasabuik, panggunoan Twitter maningkek dari 20.000 kicauan manjadi 60.000 kicauan par hari.<ref>Douglas, Nick (March 12, 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20101113121309/http://gawker.com//tech//next-big-thing//twitter-blows-up-at-sxsw-conference-243634.php "Twitter Blows Up at SXSW Conference".] ''Gawker.'' Diarsipkan dari [http://gawker.com/tech/next-big-thing/twitter-blows-up-at-sxsw-conference-243634.php versi asli] tanggal 2010-11-13. Diakses tanggal February 21, 2011.</ref> Manuruik [[Steven Levy]] dari [[Newsweek]], "urang-urang Twitter sacaro cadiak manampekan layar plasma 60 inci di aula konfrensi, nan sacaro ekslusif manayangkan pasan Twitter. Para panelis jo pambicaro mangecekan layanan tasabuik, dan para blogger nan hadir mamujinyo."<ref>Levy, Steven (April 30, 2007). [http://www.newsweek.com/id/35289 "Twitter: Is Brevity The Next Big Thing?".] ''Newsweek''. Diakses tanggal February 4, 2011.</ref> Reaksi publik pado konfrensi tasabuik sangek positif. Blogger Scott Beale bakato bahwa Twitter "sabana marajoi" SXSWi. Pakar [[Media sosial|media sosial,]] Danah Boyd, mangatoan bahwasanyo Twitter "manguasai" konfrensi.<ref>Terdiman, Daniel (March 10, 2007). [http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9696264-2.html "To Twitter or Dodgeball at SXSW?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203224143/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9696264-2.html |date=2013-12-03 }}. ''CNET. CBS Interactive''. Diakses tanggal February 4, 2011.</ref> Staf Twitter manarimo panghargaan Web Award, jo manyatoan: "kami ingin maagiah ucapan tarimo kasih dalam 140 karakter atau kurang, dan kami baru sajo malakuannyo!".<ref>Stone, Biz (February 4, 2011). [http://blog.twitter.com/2007/03/we-won.html "We Won!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224170623/http://blog.twitter.com/2007/03/we-won.html |date=2008-02-24 }}. ''Twitter Blog. Twitter''. Diakses tanggal May 7, 2008.</ref> Pasan Twitter patamo nan dikiriman dari lua bumi diposting dari [[Stasiun Lua Angkasa Internasional]] dek astronot [[NASA]] banamo T.J Creamer pado tanggal 22 Januari 2010.<ref>Rilis pers (January 22, 2010). [http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/jan/HQ_M10-011_Hawaii221169.html "Media Advisory M10-012 – NASA Extends the World Wide Web Out into Space"]. ''NASA.'' Retrieved February 5, 2011.</ref> Pado akhir November 2010, rato-rato salusin kicauan per hari diposting dari akun @NASA_Astronauts. Nasa juo alah manggelar labiah dari 25 "tweetups", yaitu ajang nan manawaran akses VIP ka fasilitas NASA ka para paserta di jejariang sosial untuak maningkekan tujuan panjangkauan NASA.<ref>Arrington, Michael (August 23, 2010). [http://techcrunch.com/2010/08/23/twitter-hires-adam-bain-away-from-news-corp-as-president-of-revenue/ "Twitter Hires Adam Bain Away from News Corp. as President of Revenue".] ''TechCrunch. AOL''. Diakses tanggal February 5, 2011.</ref> === Patumbuahan === Twitter mangalami patumbuahan nan capek. Tadapek 400.000 kicauan nan diposting per kuartal pado taun 2007. Jumlah iko maningkek manjadi 100 juta kicauan per kuartal pado 2008. Pado Februari 2010, pangguno Twitter mangiriman 50 juta kicauan per hari.<ref>Beaumont, Claudine (February 23, 2010). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/7297541/Twitter-users-send-50-million-tweets-per-day.html "Twitter Users Send 50 Million Tweets Per Day – Almost 600 Tweets Are Sent Every Second Through the Microblogging Site, According to Its Own Metrics".] ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. Diakses tanggal February 7, 2011.</ref> Pado Maret 2010, parusahaan mancatat tadapek labiah dari 70.000 aplikasi Twitter tadaftar.<ref>Staff writer (March 4, 2010). [http://www.newstatesman.com/digital/2010/03/twitter-registered-created "Twitter Registers 1,500 Per Cent Growth in Users".] ''New Statesman''. Diakses tanggal February 7, 2011.</ref> == Kapamimpinan == Pado awal pandiriannyo, CEO Twitter, Inc. dijabek dek Jack Dorsey.<ref>Miller, Claire Cain; Goel, Vindu (October 16, 2008). [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/ttwitter-sidelines-one-founder-and-promotes-another/#more-1642 "Twitter Sidelines One Founder and Promotes Another".] ''Bits (blog of The New York Times)''. Diakses tanggal February 5, 2011.</ref> Pado Tanggal 16 Oktober 2008,<ref>Miller, Claire Cain (October 20, 2008). [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/technology/start-ups/21twitter.html "Popularity or Income? Two Sites Fight It Out".] ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal November 5, 2008.</ref> [[Evan Williams]] ma'ambiak aliah posisi [[CEO]], sadangkan Dorsey manjadi pimpinan eksekutif.<ref>McCarthy, Caroline (October 16, 2008). [http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10068368-36.html "Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey Steps Down".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729120453/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13577_3-10068368-36.html |date=2009-07-29 }} ''CNET. CBS Interactive''. Diakses tanggal November 5, 2008.</ref> Pado 4 Oktober 2010, Williams mangumuman bahwa inyo magunduran diri sabagai CEO. [[Dick Costolo]], nan sabalumnyo manjabek sabagai COO, manjadi CEO baru Twitter, Inc. Manuruik blog Twitter pado tanggal 4 Oktober 2010, Williams tetap bakarajo di parusahaan dan "bafokus pado strategi produk."<ref>Staff writer (October 4, 2010). [http://blog.twitter.com/2010/10/newtwitterceo.html "#newtwitterceo".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322005413/http://blog.twitter.com/2010/10/newtwitterceo.html |date=2012-03-22 }} ''Blog of Twitter.'' Diakses tanggal February 5, 2011.</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' malaporan bahwa "Mr. Dorsey jo Mr. Costolo manjalin hubuangan nan arek sapaninga Williams."<ref>Miller, Claire Cain (March 28, 2011). [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/twitter-founders-trade-places/ "Two Twitter Founders Trade Places".] ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal March 28, 2011.</ref> Manuruik [[PC Megazine,|''PC Megazine'',]] Williams "indak lai talibek dalam kajadian sahari-hari di parusahaan". inyo bafokus ajo untuak mangambangan produk baru, tapi tetap manjadi anggota dewan direksi Twitter, dan bajanji untuak "mambantu dengan caro apopun nan inyo bisa". Stone masih tetap bakarajo di Twitter, namun inyo juo bakarajo sabagai panasihat di AOL.<ref>Albanesius, Chloe (March 29, 2011). [http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2382782,00.asp "Twitter's Evan Williams Confirms Departure".] ''PC Magazine.'' Ziff Davis. Diakses tanggal March 29, 2011.</ref> Dorsey bagabuang baliak jo Twitter pado bulan Maret 2011 sabagai pimpinan eksekutif nan bafokus pado pangambangan produk. Dorsey juo manjabek sabagai CEO di [[Square,]] nan jarak kantuanyo indak jauah dari kantua Twitter di San Fransisco.<ref>Miller, Claire Cain (March 28, 2011). [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/twitter-founders-trade-places/ "Two Twitter Founders Trade Places".] ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal March 28, 2011.</ref> Pado September 2011, anggota direksi jo investor, Fred Wilson jo Bijan Sabet magunduran diri dari keanggotaan Dewan Direksi Twitter.<ref>[http://allthingsd.com/20110916/twitter-shakes-things-up-again-fred-wilson-bijan-sabet-leaving-board/ "Twitter Shakes Things Up Again: Fred Wilson, Bijan Sabet Leaving Board - Peter Kafka - Social".] ''AllThingsD''. 2011-09-16. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-14.</ref> Pado bulan Oktober 2012, Twitter mangumuman alah mampakarajoan mantan eksekutif [[Google]], Matt Derella, sabagai direktur pangambangan bisnis.<ref>Olanoff, Drew. [http://techcrunch.com/2012/10/22/twitter-poaches-former-google-exec-matt-derella-as-new-director-of-agency-business-development/ "Twitter Poaches Former Google Exec Matt Derella As New Director Of Agency Business Development."] October 23, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.</ref> == Logo == Sacaro Internasional, Twitter dikenal jo logo buruang birunyo nan banamo "Larry The Bird". Logo asli digunoan sajak paluncuran Twitter pado 2006 hinggo bulan September 2010. Versi modifikasi logo Twitter diluncua'an katiko Twitter mandisain ulang situsnyo untuak patamo kali. Pado 27 Februari 2012, saurang karyawan Twitter nan manangani platform jo [[API]] parusahaan bakicau mangonai evolusi logo "Larry The Bird", mangunkokan bahwa logo tasabuik dinamoi badasaran [[Larry Bird]], pamain [[NBA]] dari [[Boston Celtics.]]<ref>Freeman, Eric (August 2011). [http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/twitter-logo-named-larry-bird-005145351.html "Twitter's Logo Is Named After Larry Bird".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206121433/https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/twitter-logo-named-larry-bird-005145351.html |date=2017-02-06 }} ''Yahoo!Sports''. Diakses tanggal March 1, 2012.</ref> Pado 5 Juni 2012, Twitter maluncua'an logo katigo nan didisain ulang, manggantian "Larry the Bird" jo logo baru nan dinamoan "Twitter Bird." Pado revisi logo iko, kato "Twitter", jo huruf "t" ketek, indak lai digunoan, jo buruang manjadi ciek-cieknyo simbol nan digunoan sabagai logo parusahaan.<ref>Griggs, Brandon (June 7, 2012). [http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/06/tech/social-media/twitter-bird-logo/ "Twitter's bird logo gets a makeover".] CNN. Diakses tanggal June 7, 2012.</ref> Manuruik Douglas Bowman, disainer grafis Twitter, logo baru iko tainspirasi dari Gunuang Bluebird.<ref>Bowman, Douglas (June 6, 2012). Quora <nowiki>http://www.quora.com/Birds/What-is-the-new-Twitter-bird-logos-species</nowiki>. Diakses tanggal August 26, 2012.</ref> == Fitur == === Kicauan === Pangguno dapek "bakicau" malalui situs Twitter, aplikasi eksternal nan kompatibel (sarupo talepong cadiak), atau juo malalui SMS nan tasadio di nagari-nagari tatantu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100315200218/http://help.twitter.com/entries/14226-how-to-find-your-twitter-short-long-code "Using Twitter with Your Phone"]. ''Twitter Support''. Diarsipkan dari [http://help.twitter.com/entries/14226-how-to-find-your-twitter-short-long-code versi asli] tanggal 2010-03-15. Diakses tanggal June 1, 2010. "We currently support 2-way (sending and receiving) Twitter SMS via short codes and one-way (sending only) via long codes."</ref> Layanannyo basifek gratis, kacuali layanan SMS, dikanaian biaya dek panyadio layanan seluler. Pangguno dapek balangganan kicauan pangguno lain jo caro maikuik (''follow'') pangguno nan basangkuikan, dan pangguno nan mangikuik tasabuik akan manjadi pangikuik (''followers'') untuak pangguno nan diikuikannyo. Sabuik'an-nyo adolah ''tweeps'', singkekan dari Twitter jo ''peeps''.<ref>Stone, Biz (October 30, 2009). "There's a List for That". blog.twitter.com. Diakses tanggal February 1, 2010.</ref><ref>Brown, Amanda (March 2, 2011). [http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2011/0302/1224291133449.html "The tricky business of business tweeting".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023164837/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2011/0302/1224291133449.html |date=2012-10-23 }} ''The Irish Times''. Diakses tanggal April 28, 2011.</ref> Pangguno dapek mamariso urang-urang nan mambatalan patemanan (''unfollowing'') malalui layanan pihak katigo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131204001630/http://en.shawntimes.com/314/who-unfollowed-me/profile/ "Who Unfollowed Me : ShawnTimes Profile | The Free Social Media Directory"]. ''En.shawntimes.com''. Diarsipkan dari [http://en.shawntimes.com/314/who-unfollowed-me/profile/ versi asli] tanggal 2013-12-04. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-14.</ref> Jo dapek mamblokir pangguno lain nan alah mangikuikan inyo. Pangguno dapek bakicau malalui ponsel, layanan pasan singkek, atau aplikasi nan dirilih untuak tablet jo talepon cadiak tatantu.<ref>[https://twitter.com/#!/download "Mobile Apps".]</ref> Pado taun 2008, dalam sabuah esai di majalah ''[[Time]]'', panulih teknologi Steven Johnsnon manyatoan bahwa mekanisme dasar Twitter "sangaiklah saderhana". inyo manulih: {{Quote|"Sebagai jejaring sosial, Twitter mengutamakan prinsip pengikut. Jika Anda memilih untuk mengikuti pengguna lain di Twitter, kicauan pengguna akan muncul secara kronologis-terbalik di halaman utama Anda. Jika Anda mengikuti 20 orang, Anda akan melihat berbagai kicauan yang bergulir ke bawah halaman: kicauan sarapan sereal, tautan baru yang menarik, rekomendasi musik, bahkan renungan tentang masa depan pendidikan."<ref name="twitterchangesthewaywelive">{{Cite news|author=Johnson, Steven|title=How Twitter Will Change the Way We Live|date=June 5, 2009|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1902604,00.html|work=[[TIME|Time]]|accessdate=February 13, 2011|authorlink=Steven Berlin Johnson|archive-date=October 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016165348/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1902604,00.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} ==== Konten ==== Parusahaan riset Pear Analytics manganalisis 2.000 kicauan pangguno Twitter di Amerika Serikat salamo duo minggu pado bulan Agustus 2009, dari pukul 11:00 am hinggo 5:00 pm (CST), dan mambaginyo kadalam anam kategori:[] * Calotehan indak bararti - 40% * Mangecek - 38% * Pasan barulang/retweet - 9% * Promosi diri - 6% * Spam - 4% * Barita - 4% ==== Format ==== Pangguno dapek mangalompokan kicauan manuruik topik atau jinih jo mangunoan tagar (''hashtag'') - kato atau frasa nan diawali jo tando #. Sadangkan tando @, nan diikuikan jo namo pangguno, digunoan untuak mangirim atau mambaleh kicauan pado pangguno lainnyo.<ref>Strachan, Donald (February 19, 2009). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/4698589/Twitter-how-to-set-up-your-account.html "Twitter: How To Set Up Your Account"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. London. Diakses tanggal February 13, 2011.</ref> untuak mamposting kicauan pangguno lain jo mambaginyo pado pangikuik surang, tadapek fitur retweet, nan dilambangan jo "RT".<ref>Staff writer (undated). "Twitter Lists!". Support forum at help.twitter.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-12-22. Diakses tanggal February 13, 2011.</ref> Kapasiteh kicauan nan dibatasi hanyo 140 karakter untuak alasan kompabilitas jo pasan SMS, mampakenalan notasi singkek jo [[bahaso slang]] nan umum digunoan dalam SMS. Bateh 140 karakter iko alah maningkekan panggunoan layanan [[panyingkek URL]] sarupo [[bit.ly]], [[goo.gl]], jo [[tr.im]], sarato layanan panampuang konten sarupo Twitpic, memozu.com, jo NotePub, untuak ma'akomodasi konten multimedia jo teks nan panjangnyo labiah dari 140 karakter. Sajak Juni 2011, Twitter alah manggunoan domain surang, yakni t.co, untuak manyingkek otomatih sado URL nan diposting di situsnyo.<ref>Staff writer (undated). "About Twitter's Link Service <<nowiki>http://t.co</nowiki>>". Twitter Help Center (module of Twitter). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-02-25. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref><ref>Penner, Carolyn (2011-06-07). [http://blog.twitter.com/2011/06/link-sharing-made-simple.html "Link Sharing Made Simple"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610010533/http://blog.twitter.com/2011/06/link-sharing-made-simple.html |date=2011-06-10 }}. ''Twitter Blog (blog of Twitter)''. Diakses tanggal 2011-06-09.</ref> ==== Topik hangek ==== Sabuah kato, frasa, atau topik nan labiah banyak dibicaroan daripado topik lainnyo disabuik topik hangek/tren (''trending topics'')<ref>Situs Twitter dalam bahasa Indonesia menggunakan kata tren</ref>. Suatu topik dapek manjadi tren karano adonyo upayo tapadu dek pangguno, atau karano adonyo suatu paristiwa nan mandorong urang untuak mambicaroan ciek topik tatantu.<ref>[http://www.journalism.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3103&Itemid=37 "Bloggers back media against youth league"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718104406/http://www.journalism.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3103&Itemid=37 |date=2011-07-18 }}. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-03.</ref> Topik iko mambantu Twitter jo panggunonyo untuak mamahami apo nan sadang tajadi di dunia.<ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2009/12/top-twitter-trends-of-2009.html "Top Twitter Trends of 2009"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429143913/http://blog.twitter.com/2009/12/top-twitter-trends-of-2009.html |date=2013-04-29 }}. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-03.</ref> Twitter alah mangubah algoritma topik hangek tadahulu untuak mancagah manipulasi tren.<ref>By:  Vicky Woollaston. [http://www.webuser.co.uk/news/top-stories/492646/justin-bieber-fans-beat-twitter-block "Justin Bieber fans beat Twitter 'block' | Web User magazine".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122152133/http://www.webuser.co.uk/news/top-stories/492646/justin-bieber-fans-beat-twitter-block |date=2012-11-22 }} ''Webuser.co.uk.'' Diakses tanggal 2012-01-20.</ref> Timbua pulo kontroversi saputaran topik hangek di Twitter. Twitter alah manyensor tagar nan manyingguang pangguno atau kalompok tatantu. Twitter pernah manyensor tagar #Thatsafrican<ref>Weiner, David (June 21, 2009). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-weiner/thatsafrican----when-twit_b_218673.html "#Thatsafrican -- When Twitter Went Racist?"]. ''Huffington Post.'' Diakses tanggal 2010-04-03.</ref> jo #thingsdarkiessay<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/news/thingsdarkiessay-causes-a-twitter-storm-1.909053 "Thingsdarkiessay causes a Twitter storm"]. South Africa: Independent Online. 2009-11-05. Diakses tanggal 2012-01-11.</ref> sasudah pangguno mangaluah tagar iko basifek ofensif. Ado dugaan Twitter mahapus tagar #NaMOinHyd dari daftar tren jo manambahan tagar nan disponsori Kongres Nasional India.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130816010049/http://www.niticentral.com/2013/08/13/role-of-twitter-in-trending-wars-118256.html "Role of Twitter in trending wars"]. ''NITI Central''. August 13, 2013. Diarsipkan dari [http://www.niticentral.com/2013/08/13/role-of-twitter-in-trending-wars-118256.html versi asli] tanggal 2013-08-16. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-14.</ref> === Aplikasi jo seluler === Ado banyak layanan jo aplikasi Twitter nan dapek digunoan untuak manambahan jo mamantau konten, diantaronyo iolah Telly (layanan babagi vidio, dulunyo banamo Twitvid),[] Tweetdeck, Salesforce.com, HootSuite, jo Twitterfeed. Pado taun 2009, hampia satangah kicauan diposting jo mangunoan pangguno web, jo sabagian gadangnyo mangunoan aplikasi pihak katigo.[] === Verifikasi akun === Juni 2008, Twitter maluncua'an program verifikasi nan mamungkinan selebriti jo figur publik tanamo untuak mamverifikasi akun inyo.[] Program iko awalnyo ditujuan untuak manolongan pangguno mangenali akun selebritas nan iyo bana-bana dimiliki dek salebritas tasabuik, bukannyo akun palsu. Sajak itu, program iko alah digunoan untuak mamverifikasi akun para pangusaha jo figur publik nan mungkin indak aktif bakicau, tapi masih ingin mampatahanan kontrol ateh akun nan manyandang namo inyo. == Kauangan == === Pandanaan === Twitter dipakiroan alah mandapek piti labiah dari US$57 juta dari pandanaan pamodal gabuangan. Pandanaan awal Twitter indak dikatahui baraa pastinyo, namun dikaba'an diangko US$1 hinggo US$5 juta.<ref name=":1">Staff writer (February 16, 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110807085404/http://www.marketingvox.com/twitter-raises-over-35m-in-series-c-043192// "Twitter Raises over $35M in Series C"]. ''MarketingVOX''. [http://www.marketingvox.com/twitter-raises-over-35m-in-series-c-043192// Diarsipkan] dari versi asli tanggal 2011-08-07. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> Pandanaan putaran kaduo pado taun 2008 dipakiroan US$22 juta,<ref>Womack, Brian (November 12, 2008). [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=afu06n0L7LZ4 "Twitter Shuns Venture-Capital Money as Startup Values Plunge"]. ''Bloomberg''. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> jo pandanaan putaran katigo pado 2009 iolah US$35 juta, nan barasa dari Institutional Venture Partners jo [[Benchmark Capital]], tamasuak dari babarapo investor lain sarupo [[Union Square Ventures]], [[Spark Capital]], jo [[Insight Venture Partners]].<ref name=":1"/> Pandanaan Twitter disokong dek Union Square Ventures, Digital Garage, Spark Capital, jo Bezos Expeditions.<ref>Miller, Claire Cain (October 16, 2008). [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/ttwitter-sidelines-one-founder-and-promotes-another/#more-1642 "Twitter Sidelines One Founder and Promotes Another"]. ''Bits (blog of The New York Times)''. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> Mei 2008, ''[[The Industry Standard]]'' malaporan kabalangsuangan jangka panjang Twitter tahambek dek kurangnyo panarimoan.<ref>Snyder, Bill (March 31, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100316075825/http://www.thestandard.com/news/2008/03/28/twitter-fanatical-users-help-build-brand-not-revenue "Twitter: Fanatical Users Help Build the Brand, But Not Revenue]". ''The Industry Standard (via Infoworld)''. Diarsipkan dari [http://www.thestandard.com/news/2008/03/28/twitter-fanatical-users-help-build-brand-not-revenue versi asli] tanggal 2010-03-16. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> Anggota dewan direksi Twitter, Todd Chaffee, mampakiroan parusahaan bisa mandapekan kauntuangan dari [[padaganggan elektronik]] (''e-commerce'') karano pangguno mungkin sajo tatarik untuak mambali barang nan dipromosian dek Twitter.<ref>Miller, Claire Cain (June 19, 2009). [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/twitter-plans-to-offer-shopping-advice-and-easy-purchasing/ "Twitter Plans To Offer Shopping Advice and Easy Purchasing"]. ''Bits (blog of The New York Times)''. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> Twitter manarimo US$200 juta dari para pamodal pado bulan Desember 2010, jo nilai jua parusahaan sakitar US$34,50 per lembar, sahinggo nilai juanyo sakitaran US$7,8 miliar.<ref>Ante, Spencer E.; Efrati, Amir; Das, Anupretta (February 10, 2011). [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703716904576134543029279426.html?KEYWORDS=twitter "Twitter as Tech Bubble Barometer".] ''The Wall Street Journal.'' Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011</ref><ref>Carlson, Nicholas (March 4, 2011). [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2011/03/04/businessinsider-twitter-valued-at-78-billion-in-private-market-auction-2011-3.DTL "Twitter Valued At $7.8 Billion In Private Market Auction".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126160058/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fg%2Fa%2F2011%2F03%2F04%2Fbusinessinsider-twitter-valued-at-78-billion-in-private-market-auction-2011-3.DTL |date=2011-11-26 }} ''Business Insider via San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst''. Diakses tanggal March 26, 2011.</ref> Desember 2011, pangeran Arab Saudi, Alwaleed bin Talal, mainvestasian $300 juta di Twitter. Pado saat tu, nilai jua parusahaan adolah $US8,4 miliar.<ref>Scott, Mark (December 19, 2011). [http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/12/19/saudi-prince-invests-300-million-in-twitter/ "Saudi Prince Invests $300 Million in Twitter"]. ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal December 19, 2011.</ref> Twitter juo dianggap sabagai kandidat potensial untuak panawaran umum pardana pado taun 2013.<ref>Althucher, James (December 10, 2010). [http://www.businessinsider.com/google-groupon-deal "6 Reasons Groupon's Rejection of Google Is Great for the Universe"]. ''The Altucher Confidential (blog of James Altucher via Business Insider)''. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> === Sumber pandapekan === Pado bulan Juli 2009, dokumen nan mamuek patumbuhan jo pandapekan Twitter dipublikasian dek ''[[TechCrunch]]'' sasudah didapek sacaro ilegal dek [[Hacker Croll]]. Dokumen tasabuik manggambaran pado kuartal katigo 2009, pandapekan Twitter adolah sagadang US$400.000, jo US$4 juta pado kuartal kaampek, jo jumlah panggunonyo 25 juta pado akhir taun. Proyeksi pandapekan Twitter pado akhir 2013 adolah US$1,54 miliar, US$111 juta labo barasiah, jo 1 miliar pangguno.<ref>Staff writer (July 15, 2009). [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/15/hacker-exposes-private-twitter-documents/?hpw. "Hacker Exposes Private Twitter Documents"]. ''Bits (blog of The New York Times)''. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> Indak ado informasi upayo Twitter untuak mawujuikan angko-angko tasabuik. Sabagai tanggapan salah saurang pandiri Twitter, Biz Stone, manabikan sabuah posting blog nan barancana untuak malayangkan tindakan hukum ka si paretas.<ref>Stone, Biz (July 15, 2007). [http://blog.twitter.com/2009/07/twitter-even-more-open-than-we-wanted.html "Twitter, Even More Open Than We Wanted".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717021441/http://blog.twitter.com/2009/07/twitter-even-more-open-than-we-wanted.html |date=2009-07-17 }} ''Twitter Blog (blog of Twitter).'' Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref> Pado 13 April 2010, Twitter mangumuman rencananyo untuak manawaran iklan ka parusahaan nan mampu mambali "kicauan promosi". Kicauan tasabuik akan muncua dalam hasil pancarian di situs Twitter, sarupo jo model iklan di Google Adwords. Pado 13 April, Twitter manyatoan alah mandapekan babarapo parusahaan nan ingin baiklan, tamasuak [[Sony Pictures]], [[Red Bull]], [[Best Buy]], jo [[Starbuck]]<nowiki/>s.<ref>Arthur, Charles (April 13, 2010). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/apr/13/twitter-advertising-google "Twitter Unveils 'Promoted Tweets' Ad Plan – Twitter To Let Advertisers Pay for Tweets To Appear in Search Results"]. ''The Guardian''. London. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.</ref><ref>Kimberley, Sara (April 13, 2010). [http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/996226/Twitter-debuts-Promoted-Tweets-ad-platform/ "Twitter Debuts 'Promoted Tweets' Ad Platform".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120114952/http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/996226/Twitter-debuts-Promoted-Tweets-ad-platform/ |date=2013-01-20 }} ''MediaWeek (U.K. edition)''. Diakses tanggal February 5, 2011</ref> Untuak malanjuikan kampanye iklannyo, Twitter mangumuman pado tanggal 20 Maret 2012 bahwa iklan juo akan disertakan dalam Twitter versi seluler. Twitter mandapekan US$139,5 juta dari pariklanan pado taun 2011, jo mangharokan angko iko naiak manjadi US$259,9 juta pado taun 2012.<ref>[http://mashable.com/2012/03/20/twitter-promoted-tweets-mobile/ mashable.com;] Wasserman, Todd. March 20th, 2012. "Twitter Rolls Out Promoted Tweets for Mobile."</ref> Twitter marugi pado taun 2010. pandapekan nan sabalumnyo dipakiroan akan mancapai US$100 hinggo US$110 juta hanyo mampu manghasilkan US$45 juta.<ref>Ante, Spencer E.; Efrati, Amir; Das, Anupretta (February 10, 2011). [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703716904576134543029279426.html?KEYWORDS=twitter "Twitter as Tech Bubble Barometer".] ''The Wall Street Journal. Diakses tanggal February 23, 2011.''</ref> Foto-foto pangguno nan bebas royalti juo bisa manjadi sumber uang bagi Twitter; kesepakatan jo [[WENN]] diumuman pado bulan Mei 2011.<ref>Laurent, Olivier (2011-05-11). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110803071054/http://www.bjp-online.com/british-journal-of-photography/news/2070167/twitpic-signs-controversial-deal-celebrity-photo-agency#update "Photo agency's CEO addresses TwitPic controversy"]. ''British Journal of Photography''. London. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-08-03. Diakses tanggal August 17, 2011. "The deal will give WENN exclusive rights to sell images posted on the TwitPic service."</ref> Pado Juni 2011, Twitter mangumuman akan maluncua'an sistem pariklanan nan baru.<ref>Todd Wasserman (2011-06-09). [http://mashable.com/2011/06/09/twitter-ad-buying/ "Twitter Will Automate Ad-Buying by the End of the Year".] ''Mashable.com.'' Diakses tanggal 2011-11-14.</ref> Pado April 2013, iklan tasabuik alah tasadio untuak sadoalah pangguno di Amerika Serikat.<ref>[http://www.adbalance.com/twitter-ads-are-open-for-business/ "Twitter Ads Are Open for Business".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801043643/http://www.adbalance.com/twitter-ads-are-open-for-business/ |date=2021-08-01 }} AdBalance.com. 2013-04-30. Diakses tanggal 2013-04-30.</ref> == Panggunoan jo dampak sosial == Twitter marupokan jejariang sosial kaduo nan banyak digunoan dek anak mudo-mudo sasudah [[Facebook]].<ref>Basri, Hasan (2017). [https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/119656-ID-peranmedia-sosial-twitter-dalam-interaks.pdf "Peran Sosial Media Twitter dalam Interaksi Sosial Pelajar Sekolah Menengah Pertama Di Pekan Baru"] (PDF). JOM FISIP. 4 (2): 4.</ref> Twitter alah dimanfaaikan untuak babagai kaparaluan jo babagai aspek. Twitter dimanfaaikan sabagai sarana protes, dek tuh disabuik jo "Revolusi Twitter", tamasuak didalamnyo [[revolusi Mesir 2011, protes Tunisia 2010-2011]], [[protes pamiliahan umum Iran 2009-2010]], jo [[karusuahan sipil Moldova 2009]].<ref>[[:id:The_Atlantic|"Could Tunisia Be the Next Twitter Revolution?"]]. ''The Atlantic''. January 13, 2011. Diakses tanggal January 15, 2011.</ref> Pamarentah Mesir jo Iran mamblokir Twitter di nagorinyo sabagai bantuak pambalehan.<ref>Rebecca Santana (15 June 2009). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/06/15/iran-election-uprising-tr_n_215914.html "Iran Election, Uprising Tracked On Twitter As Government Censors Media"]. ''Huffington'' Post. Diakses tanggal 29 June 2011.</ref> <ref>Fahim, Kareem (January 26, 2011). [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/27/world/middleeast/27egypt.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&hp "Protesters in Egypt Defy Ban as Government Cracks Down".] ''The New York Times''.</ref>Surek kaba ''The Hill'' manggambaran Twitter jo media sosial lainnyo sabagai "sanjato strategis nan punyo kamampuan untuak manyalarehan tatanan sosial sacaro nyato".<ref>[http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/146397-social-media-as-a-strategic-weapon/ "Social media as a strategic weapon by Paul JJ Payack and Edward ML Peters"]. ''The Hill'' (surek kaba). 28 February 2011. Diakses tanggal 8 June 2012.</ref> Twitter juo dimanfaaikan sabagai sarana pambangkangan sipil, contohnyo pangguno di Inggris tobik rabo ka [[Twiiter Joke Trial]] jo caro manciptakan lelucon manganai [[terorisme]].<ref>Siddique, Haroon (2010-11-12). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/nov/12/iamspartacus-campaign-twitter-airport "#IAmSpartacus campaign explodes on Twitter in support of airport joker".] ''The Guardian''. London. Diakses tanggal 12 November 2010.</ref> Selain itu, Twitter juo dimanfaaikan sabagai sistem komunikasi darurat dalam babagai paristiwa.<ref>Mills, Alexander (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170206120212/http://denman-mills.net/web_documents/jips_mills.etal._2009.07.22_finalsubmission.pdf "WEB 2.0 EMERGENCY APPLICATIONS: HOW USEFUL CAN TWITTER BE FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE?"] (PDF). ''Twitter for Emergency Management and Mitigation'': 3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-02-06. Diakses tanggal 18 April 2012.</ref> Contohnyo Kepolisian Boston mambarita'an manganai panangkokan tasangko Pemboman Marathon Boston 2013 malalui Twitter.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/19/us/boston-area-violence/index.html "Boston police: Marathon bombings suspect 'in custody'"]. ''CNN.com''. Diakses tanggal May 9, 2013.</ref> Panggunoan praktis Twitter lainyo nan sadang ditaliti iolah kamampuan untuak malacak wabah jo [[panyebarannyo]].<ref>Brooke Jarvis, ''The Washington Post''. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/twitter-becomes-a-tool-for-tracking-flu-epidemics-and-other-public-health-issues/2013/03/04/9d4315c2-6eef-11e2-aa58-243de81040ba_story.html "Twitter becomes a tool for tracking flu epidemics and other public health issues."] Mar 4, 2013. Retrieved Mar 4, 2013</ref> Twitter juo alah diadopsi sabagai alaik komunikasi jo pambalajaran di lingkuangan pendidikan, tautamo di paguruan tinggi jo universitas.<ref>Rankin, M. (2010). [http://www.utdallas.edu/~mrankin/usweb/twitterconclusions.htm Some general comments on the “Twitter Experiment”]</ref><ref>Grosseck & Holotescu (2008). [http://www.cblt.soton.ac.uk/multimedia/PDFsMM09/Can%20we%20use%20twitter%20for%20educational%20activities.pdf Can we use Twitter for educational activities?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518012255/http://www.cblt.soton.ac.uk/multimedia/PDFsMM09/Can%20we%20use%20twitter%20for%20educational%20activities.pdf |date=2012-05-18 }} ''Proceedings of the 4th International Scientific Conference: eLearning and Software forEducation'', Bucharest, Romania.</ref> Studi manamuan bahwasanyo pamanfaaikan Twitter dalam pakuliahan bisa mambantu siswa dalam bakomunikasi, mampromosian pambalajaran informal, jo maningkekan partisipasi mahasiswa nan pamalu.<ref>Junco, R., Heiberger, G., & Loken, E. (2011). [http://blog.reyjunco.com/pdf/JuncoHeibergerLokenTwitterEngagementGrades.pdf The effect of Twitter on college student engagement and grades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508093835/http://blog.reyjunco.com/pdf/JuncoHeibergerLokenTwitterEngagementGrades.pdf |date=2012-05-08 }}. ''Journal of Computer Assisted Learning'', 27(2), 119-132.</ref><ref>Junco, R., Elavsky, C. M., Heiberger, G. (2012). [http://reyjunco.com/wordpress/pdf/JuncoElavskyHeibergerTwitterCollaboration.pdf Putting Twitter to the test: assessing outcomes for student collaboration, engagement, and success.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120114952/http://reyjunco.com/wordpress/pdf/JuncoElavskyHeibergerTwitterCollaboration.pdf |date=2013-01-20 }} ''British Journal of Educational Technology.''</ref><ref>Ebner, Lienhardt, Rohs, & Meyer (2010). ''Microblogs in Higher Education'' – [http://www.cblt.soton.ac.uk/multimedia/PDFs10/micriblogs%20in%20higher%20education%20process%20orientated%20learning.pdf A chance to facilitate informal and process-oriented learning?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626175108/http://www.cblt.soton.ac.uk/multimedia/PDFs10/micriblogs%20in%20higher%20education%20process%20orientated%20learning.pdf |date=2011-06-26 }} Diarsipkan 2011-06-26 di Wayback Machine. Computers & Education, 55, 92-100.</ref> Panguno mangecekan Twitter adolah sarana nan rancak untuak tetap bahubuangan jo kawan nan sibuk. Namun babarapo pangguno ado nan mulai maraso 'talampau' tahubuang; inyo harus mancaliak pasan "chek-in" pado wakatu nan indak pantas, piti bayia ponsel nan labiah tinggi, jo dorongan untuak ma'agiah tau kawan untuak baranti mangumuman apo nan inyo makan untuak makan malam."<ref>Lavallee, Andrew (March 16, 2007). [http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117373145818634482-ZwdoPQ0PqPrcFMDHDZLz_P6osnI_20080315.html "Friends Swap Twitters, and Frustration – New Real-Time Messaging Services Overwhelm Some Users with Mundane Updates from Friends"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512025116/http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117373145818634482-ZwdoPQ0PqPrcFMDHDZLz_P6osnI_20080315.html |date=2008-05-12 }}. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Diakses tanggal February 22, 2011.</ref> Pado taun 2007, panulih teknologi [[Bruce Sterling]] bapandapek kalau manggunoan Twitter untuak bakomunikasi sacaro harfiah sarupo "manembakan" [[radio CB]] jo mandanga babarapo urang mambaco [[Lliad|''lliad'']]".<ref>Pontin, Jason (April 22, 2007). [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/business/yourmoney/22stream.html "From Many Tweets, One Loud Voice on the Internet"]. ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal June 21, 2009.</ref> Pado September 2008, dalam editorial ''The New York Times Magazine'', jurnalis Clive Thompson manyatoan panggunoan Twitter alah mangubah narsisme manjadi sasuatu nan "baru, supermetabolis - ekspresi balabiahan dari ganarasi selebriti - , remaja nan pacayo akan satiok ucapan inyo nan manarik harus dibagian kapado dunia".<ref name=":0" /> Sadangkan Jonathan Zittrain, profesor hukum internet di Harvard Law School, bapandapek bahwa "hal-hal nan mambuek Twitter nampak konyol jo indak bakualitas justru nan manjadi kakuatannyo."<ref>Cohen, Noam (June 20, 2009). [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/weekinreview/21cohenweb.html?_r=1&hp "Twitter on the Barricades: Six Lessons Learned".] ''The New York Times''. Diakses tanggal June 21, 2009.</ref> [[Nielsen Online]] di taun 2009 malaporan Twitter mampunyoi tingkek retensi pangguno ampek puluah persen. Kabanyakan urang baranti mangunoan layanan iko sasudah ciek bulan, dek tuh Twitter kamungkinan hanyo mampu mandapek sakitaran sapuluah persen pangguno internet.<ref>Goldsmith, Belinda (April 29, 2009). [http://www.reuters.com/article/deborahCohen/idUSTRE53S1A720090429 "Many Twitters Are Quick Quitters: Study"]. ''Reuters''. Diakses tanggal February 22, 2011.</ref> Pado tanggal 29 November 2009, Twitter dinobatkan sabagai "Word of the Year" dek Global Language Monitor, jo manggambaran Twitter sabagai "bantuak baru interaksi sosial".<ref>[[Top Word of 2009: Twitter]]</ref> Majalah ''Time'' marilih daftar [[Time 100]] 2010 badasa'an pangaruahnyo, tamasuak pangaruah di situs jejariang sosial populer sarupo Facebook jo Twitter. Daftar iko bakisaran dari [[Barrack Obama]] jo [[Oprah Winfrey]], hinggo [[Lady Gaga]] jo [[Ashton Kutcher]].<ref>Vidyarthi, Neil (April 30, 2010). [http://www.socialtimes.com/2010/04/time-magazines-social-influence-index-led-by-obama-gaga-kutcher/ "Time Magazine's Social Influence Index Led by Obama, Gaga, Kutcher".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326144228/http://www.socialtimes.com/2010/04/time-magazines-social-influence-index-led-by-obama-gaga-kutcher/ |date=2011-03-26 }} ''socialtimes.com''. Diakses tanggal February 22, 2011.</ref><ref>[[The Hill]] on February 28, 2011 described Twitter and other social media as a "strategic weapon ... which have the apparent ability to re-align the social order in real time, with little or no advanced warning."</ref> Dalam upacara pambukakan [[Olimpiade Musim Paneh 2012]], batampek di [[Stadion Olimpiade]],<ref>Friar, Karen (28 July 2012). [https://www.zdnet.com/uk/sir-tim-berners-lee-stars-in-olympics-opening-ceremony-7000001744/ "Sir Tim Berners-Lee stars in Olympics opening ceremony"]. ''ZDNet.'' Diakses tanggal 28 July 2012.</ref> Sir [[Tim Berners-Lee]], panamu [[World Wide Web]], mamposting kicauan: "This is for everyone".<ref>Berners-Lee, Tim (27 July 2012). [https://twitter.com/timberners_lee/status/228960085672599552 "This is for everyone"]. ''Twitter.'' Diakses tanggal 28 July 2012.</ref> Manuruik analisis akun, 125 kapalo nagori jo 139 politisi takamuko di ddunia punyo akun Twitter nan jikok digabuangan mampunyoi kicauan labiah dari 350.000 jo hampia 52 juta pangikuik. Namun, hanyo 30 akun nan manulih kicauan inyo surang, labiah dari 80 akun indak mangikuik politisi lainnyo jo sabagian gadang bahkan indak mangikuik ka siapopun.<ref>John Heilprin, "Leaders all a twitter but few do own tweets". ''The Advertiser'' July 28, 2012. hal 64</ref> Media mandugo tagar [[#wikileaks]] jo [[#occupywallstreet]] disensor dek Twitter karano topik iko indak muncua ka daftar tren. Twitter mangatoan bahwa "kami indak manyensor tagar kacuali manganduang kato-kato kasa."<ref>Arthur, Charles (December 9, 2010). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/dec/09/anonymous-twitter-facebook-disabled "Wikileaks: Twitter explains why it's not trending, as hackers play cat and mouse"]. London: ''The Guardian''. Diakses tanggal November 29, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/#!/cpen/status/118393858659860480 Reply to question from journalist about alleged censorship of #occupywallstreet] ''Twitter,'' September 26, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.</ref><ref>Larson, Dave (August 1, 2011). [http://blog.tweetsmarter.com/twitter-rules/twitter-admits-editing-offensive-trending-topics-plans-more/ "Twitter admits editing offensive Trending Topics, plans more"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211101026/http://blog.tweetsmarter.com/twitter-rules/twitter-admits-editing-offensive-trending-topics-plans-more |date=2011-12-11 }}. Diakses tanggal November 29, 2011.</ref> Labiah dari duo puluah kardinal Katolik Roma mampunyoi akun Twitter nan aktif,[] Twitter juo manyabab'kan pangunoan TV manjadi labiah interaktif.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110411012358/http://www.tvgenius.net/blog/2011/03/31/shows-viewers-tweeting-operators/ "What Shows Are Viewers Tweeting About and What Does this Mean for Operators?"]. ''Tvgenius.net''. 2011-03-31. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-11. Diakses tanggal 2011-05-22.</ref> Efek iko takadang disabuik jo "pandingin aia virtual" atau "[[televisi sosial]]".<ref>[http://news.sky.com/home/technology/article/16189017 Social Web Makes TV Viewers 'Chatterboxers'], ''Sky News'', 15 March 2012</ref> Twitter barasil mandorong urang-urang untuak mancaliak acara siaran langsuang televisi, sarupo [[Oscars]], [[Super Bowl]],<ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2010/02/super-data.html "Twitter Blog: Super Data"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429155217/http://blog.twitter.com/2010/02/super-data.html |date=2013-04-29 }}. ''Blog.twitter.com.'' 2010-02-10. Diakses tanggal 2011-05-22.</ref> jo MTV Video Music Awards; tapi strategi iko kurang efektif pado acara-acara TV tajadwal.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111101040214/http://www.tvgenius.net/blog/2011/05/25/twitter-drive-tv-live-ratings/ "Does Twitter Drive TV Ratings?]". ''Tvgenius.net''. Diarsipkan dari [http://www.tvgenius.net/blog/2011/05/25/twitter-drive-tv-live-ratings/ versi asli] tanggal 2011-11-01. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-14.</ref> Pado April 2013, akun ''Associated Press'' dihek, malaporan bahwa presiden AS Barack Obama taluko dalam serangan di [[Gedung Putih]]. Saham parusahaan iko maraosot sakatiko $134 juta, jo nilainyo baliak ka samulo sasudah dikatahui bahwa laporan tasabuik palsu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131017041139/http://www.3news.co.nz/How-a-false-tweet-sank-stocks/tabid/421/articleID/295530/Default.aspx "How a false tweet sank stocks"]. ''3 News NZ''. April 25, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-17. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-29.</ref> == Pranala luar == * [http://twitter.com/ Twitter] == Catatan kaki == {{reflist}} {{Twitter navbox}} {{Mikroblog}} [[Kategori:Layanan jejaring sosial]] [[Kategori:Web 2.0]] gzd61ul8gy29nm6rhob3482gwv96jaw Rafael Nadal 0 11130 3352818 2033564 2026-09-25T17:46:29Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Tennis player |playername = Rafael Nadal |fullname = Rafael Nadal Parera |image = [[Berkas:Rafael Nadal VS Simone Bolelli (RG 2012).jpg|225px]] |caption = Rafael Nadal kutiko malakuan servis di [[Parancih Tabukak]] 2012 |nick name= ''Rafa'', ''Zurdo'', ''Raja Tanah Liat'', ''El Matador'', ''Superman'', ''Nadalek''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/tennis/australian-open/the-man-from-majorca-breathes-the-sweet-scent-of-victory/2009/02/02/1233423135781.html |title=The man from Majorca breathes scent of victory | last=Niall | first=Jake | work=The Age | date=3 February 2009 | accessdate=5 April 2010 | location=Melbourne}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2304002/Wimbledon-Rafael-Nadal-happy-with-his-game---and-his-shorts---as-he-moves-through-gears.html | title=Wimbledon: Rafael Nadal happy with his game – and his shorts – as he moves through gears | last=Scott | first=Brough | work=The Daily Telegraph | date=24 June 2008 | accessdate=5 April 2010 | location=London}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |country= {{flag|Spanyol}} |residence= [[Manacor]], [[Mallorca]], Spanyol |datebirth = {{Tanggal lahir dan umur|df=yes|1986|6|3}} |placebirth = Manacor, Majorca |height = {{height|m=1.85}} |weight = 85 kg |turnedpro = 2001 |plays = Tangan kiri (''backhand'' dua tangan) |careerprizemoney = $45,064,377 |singlesrecord = 541–116 (82.34%) |singlestitles = 45 |currentsinglesranking = No. '''2''' (14 November 2011)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Singles.aspx |title=ATP World Tour – Singles Rankings |accessdate=5 April 2010 |work=ATP Tour }}</ref> |highestsinglesranking = No. '''1''' (18 Agustus 2008) |AustralianOpenresult = '''J''' ([[2009 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2009]]) |FrenchOpenresult = '''J''' ([[2005 French Open – Men's Singles|2005]], [[2006 French Open – Men's Singles|2006]], [[2007 French Open – Men's Singles|2007]], [[2008 French Open – Men's Singles|2008]], [[2010 French Open – Men's Singles|2010]]), [[2011 French Open – Men's Singles|2011]]) |Wimbledonresult = '''J''' ([[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2008]], [[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2010]]) |USOpenresult = '''J''' ([[2010 US Open – Men's Singles|2010]]) |Othertournaments = Yes |MastersCupresult = SF ([[2006 Tennis Masters Cup - Singles|2006]], [[2007 Tennis Masters Cup - Singles|2007]]) |Olympicsresult = [[Berkas:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gold medal''' ([[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics - Men's Singles|2008]]) |IndianWellsMastersresult = '''J''' ([[2007 Indian Wells - Men's Singles|2007]], [[2009 Indian Wellls - Men's Singles|2009]]) |MiamiMastersResults = F ([[2005 Miami Masters - Men's Singles|2005]], [[2008 Miami Masters - Men's Singles|2008]]) MonteCarloMastersResults = '''J''' ([[2005 Monte Carlo Masters - Singles|2005]], [[2006 Monte Carlo Masters - Singles|2006]], [[2007 Monte Carlo Masters - Singles|2007]], [[2008 Monte Carlo Masters - Singles|2008]], [[2009 Monte Carlo Masters - Singles|2009]]), [[2010 Monte Carlo Masters - Singles|2010]]) |RomeMastersResults = '''J''' ([[2005 Rome Masters - Men's Singles|2005]], [[2006 Rome Masters - Men's Singles|2006]], [[2007 Rome Masters - Men's Singles|2007]], [[2009 Rome Masters - Men's Singles|2009]]), [[2010 Rome Masters - Men's Singles|2010]]) |MadridMastersresults = '''J''' ([[2005 Madrid Masters - Singles|2005]]) |HamburgMastersResults = '''J''' ([[2008 Hamburg Masters - Singles|2008]]) |CanadaMastersResults = '''J''' ([[2005 Canada Masters - Men's Singles|2005]], [[2008 Canada Masters - Men's Singles|2008]]) |CincinnatiMastersResults = SF ([[2008 Cincinnati Masters - Men's Singles|2008]], [[2009 Cincinnati Masters - Men's Singles|2009]]) |ParisMastersResults = F ([[2007 Paris Masters - Singles|2007]]) |doublesrecord = 91–57 |doublestitles = 7 |highestdoublesranking = No. 26 (8 Agustus 2005) |grandslamsdoublesresults = yes |AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 3R ([[2004 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|2004]], [[2005 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|2005]]) |WimbledonDoublesresult = 2R ([[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles|2005]]) |USOpenDoublesresult = SF ([[2004 US Open – Men's Doubles|2004]]) |updated = 17 Mei 2010 }} '''Rafael "Rafa" Nadal Parera''' ({{lahirmati|[[Manacor]], [[Mallorca]], [[Spanyol]]|3|6|1986}}) adolah surang [[patenih]] profesional asa [[Spanyol]]. Pado 18 Agustus 2008, Nadal manjadi patenih peringkek patamo dunia manggantian [[Roger Federer]]. Paringkek tu batahan inggo 6 Juli 2009, dima Federer kudian juaro [[Wimbledon (turnamen tenis)|Wimbledon]] jo baganti manjadi nomor satu dunia. Nadal baliak mandapek paringkek satu dunia pado tanggal 7 Juni 2010 sampai 3 Juli 2011, kutiko [[Novak Djokovic]] manggantiannyo pulo sabagai paringkek nomor satu dunia. Nadal manjuaroi Grand Slam sabanyak duo baleh kali, sarato lah mamanangi gala tungga putra [[Parancih Tabukak]] salapan kali, dima inyo duo kali mamananginyo ampek kali baturuik-turuik (2005-2008 jo 2010-2013). Sasudah manjalani rekor 31 kamanangan nan indak putuih-putuih di Parancih Tabukak, Nadal kalah pado patandiangan babak keampek malawan [[Robin Soderling]] di taun 2009. Inyo maraiah gala Wimbledon pado taun [[2008]] jo [[2010]]. Di taun [[2008]] inyo mangalahan Federer, sadangkan taun [[2010]] mangalahan [[Tomáš Berdych]]. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Rancangan}} [[Kategori:Pamain tenis Spanyol]] 46hpf663cvv0yc2l8fhu65j9x83ev9y Linyphiidae 0 18960 3352790 2840035 2026-09-25T12:20:51Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Linyphiidae | image = Drapetisca alteranda.JPG | image_caption = ''Drapetisca alteranda''<ref>Cirrus Digital, [http://www.cirrusimage.com/spider_Sheetweb_D_alteranda.htm Sheetweb Spider - ''Drapetisca alteranda'']</ref> | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | classis = [[Arachnid]]a | ordo = [[Spider|Araneae]] | subordo = [[Araneomorphae]] | superfamilia = [[Araneoidea]] | familia = '''Linyphiidae''' | familia_authority = [[John Blackwall|Blackwall]], 1859 | diversity_link = Daftar spesies | diversity = 570 genera, >4.300 spesies | range_map = Distribution.linyphiidae.1.png | subdivision_ranks = Subfamili | subdivision = [[Dubiaraneinae]]<br/> [[Erigoninae]]<br/> [[Leptyphantinae]]<br/> [[Linyphiinae]]<br/> [[Micronetinae]]<br/> [[Mynogleninae]]<br/> "[[Stemonyphantinae]]"<ref name=hormiga2000>Hormiga 2000</ref> }} '''Linyphiidae''' adolah sabuah famili [[lawah]] nan tadiri dari labih dari 4.300 [[spesies]] dalam 578 [[genus]]. Famili ko marupoan famili tagadang kadua sasudah ''[[Salticidae]]''. == Lihat pula == * [[Daftar spesies Linyphiidae (A-H)]] * [[Daftar spesies Linyphiidae (I-P)]] * [[Daftar spesies Linyphiidae (Q-Z)]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{wikispecies|Linyphiidae}} {{Commons category|Linyphiidae}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040310201634/http://www.marion.ohio-state.edu/SpiderWeb/SpiderPictures/Linyphiidae/Frontinella%20pyramitela%20web.htm Frontinella pyramitela web (photo)] *[http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Linyphiidae ToL on Linyphiidae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223400/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Linyphiidae |date=2013-10-04 }} [[Kategori:Linyphiidae| ]] {{Lawah-stub}} rlezuarg0x7zp71tf00qs4uyconttf5 Tamu Massif 0 118788 3352837 1649073 2026-09-25T20:07:31Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Seamount | Name = Tamu Massif | Depth = {{convert|1980|m|ft}} | Height = {{convert|4400|m|ft}} | Map = | Map caption = | Photo = | Photo alt = | Photo caption = | Photo size = | Summit area = | Translation = | Language = | Pronunciation = | Location = Lauik Pasifik Baraik Lauik | Group = | Coordinates = {{Coord|33|N|158|E|display=inline,title}} | Country = | Type = [[Gunuang barapi parisai]] | Volcanic group = | Range = [[Shatsky Rise]] | Age = 144.6 ± 0.8 Ma<ref name=Geology2005>{{Cite doi|10.1130/G21378.1}}</ref> | Last activity = 144.6 ± 0.8 Ma<ref name=Geology2005/> | Last eruption = | Discovered = | Discovered by = | First visit = }} '''Tamu Massif''' adolah sabuah gunuang lauik indak aktif nan talatak di barat lauik [[Samudra Pasifik]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature.2013.13680 |author=Witze, Alexandra |date=2013-09-05 |title = Underwater volcano is Earth's biggest |journal=Nature News & Comment}}</ref> Panamuannyo diumumkan pado [[5 September]] [[2013]]. Tamu [[Massif]] adolah gunuang api tagadang di [[bumi]] jo bahkan di [[tata surya]].<ref name="ng">{{cite news | publisher = National Geographic | title = New Giant Volcano Below Sea Is Largest in the World | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/09/130905-tamu-massif-shatsky-rise-largest-volcano-oceanography-science/ | author = Howard, Brian Clark | date = 2013-09-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130906013208/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/09/130905-tamu-massif-shatsky-rise-largest-volcano-oceanography-science/ | archive-date = 2013-09-06 | access-date = 2013-09-08 | dead-url = yes}}</ref> Gunuang ko talatak di [[Shatsky Rise]], sakitar {{convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} di timur [[Japang]]. Puncaknyo ado di sakitar {{convert|6500|ft|abbr=on}} di baruah pamukaan lauik jo lambahnyo ado di sakitar {{convert|4|mi|abbr=on}} dalamnyo.<ref name="ng"/> Gunuang ko punyo tinggi {{convert|4400|m|ft}}. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Gunuang barapi]] {{stub}} dmjgrpd5r2nj84fzsolgnyuna69hllv Protestanisme 0 227309 3352816 3351737 2026-09-25T17:00:15Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kristen}} '''Protestan''' adolah sabuah [[mazhab]] dalam agamo [[Kristen]]. Mazhab atau [[Denominasi Kristen|denominasi]] iko ado salapeh protes [[Martin Luther]] pado taun [[1517]] jo [[95 dalil Luther|95 dalil]] nyo. Kato '''Protestan''' surang diaplikasikan kapado umaik Kristen nan manulak ajaran maupun otoritas [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Gereja Katolik]]. Pado kanyatoannyo, gerakan [[Reformasi Protestan|Reformasi]] (Pambaharuan) nan dilakukan dek Martin Luther bukanlah nan patamo kali tajadi di kalangan [[Gereja Katolik Roma]], sabab sabalunnyo alah ado gerakan-gerakan sarupo nan tajadi di [[Parancih]] nan dipimpin dek [[Peter Waldo]] (dan kini para pangikuiknyo tagabuang dalam Gareja Waldensis) pado patangahan abaik ka-12, dan di [[Bohemia]] (kini tamasuak Ceko) di bawah pimpinan [[Jan Hus|Jan Hus atau Yohanes Hus]] (1369-1415). [[Waldens (Aliran Kristen)|Gereja Waldensis]] banyak tadapek di [[Italia]] jo nagara-nagara nan punyo banyak imigran dari Italia, co [[Uruguay]]. Samantaro para pangikuiik Yohanes Hus di Bohemia kamudian bagabuang jo Gareja [[Calvinis]]. Pado [[2005]], sakitar 5,9%–14.276.459 dari 241.973.879 panduduak [[Indonesia]], baagamo Protestan<ref>''International Religious Freedom Report 2004'' (US State Department) [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/], Adherents.com [http://www.adherents.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |date=2010-01-29 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |date=2010-01-29 }}, CIA Factbook [http://wwhw.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/] {{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dan census.gov [http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl]</ref>. Karano pangaruah para misionaris dari [[Balando]], kabanyakan [[gereja Protestan]] di Indonesia amaik diwarnai jo ajaran Calvin, dan sabagian lai punyo corak [[Lutheran]]. == Caliak Pulo == * [[Denominasi Kristen]] * [[Katolik]] * [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] * [[Pentakosta]] == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} == Pustaka tambahan == *Cook, Martin L. (1991). ''The Open Circle: Confessional Method in Theology''. Minneapolis, Minn.: Fortress Press. xiv, 130 p. N.B.: Discusses the place of Confessions of Faith in Protestant theology, especially in Lutheranism. ISBN 0-8006-2482-3 *{{cite book|title=Christianity's Dangerous Idea|url=https://archive.org/details/christianitysdan00mcgr_0|last=McGrath|first=Alister E.|author-link=Alister McGrath|year=2007|location=New York|publisher=[[HarperOne]]}} *{{cite book|title=Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/protestantismver0000noll|last=Noll|first=Mark A.|author-link=Mark Noll|year=2011|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}} == Pautan lua == {{Wiktionary|Protestant|Protestantism|evangelical}} {{Commons category|Protestantism}} ; Mendukung * [http://www.inplainsite.org/html/sola_scriptura.html#Concoction "Is Sola Scriptura a Protestant Concoction?"]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by [[Greg Bahnsen]] * [http://www.ianpaisley.org European Institute of Protestant Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218112757/http://www.ianpaisley.org/ |date=2010-02-18 }} ; Menentang * [http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/mischedj/ct1_solascript.html Catholic websites on ''sola scriptura''] * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12495a.htm "Protestantism"] from the 1917 ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' * [http://catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0097.html "Why Only Catholicism Can Make Protestantism Work"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928184746/http://catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0097.html |date=2008-09-28 }} by Mark Brumley ; Lain-lain * [http://catalystresources.org/issues/303balmer.html The Future of American Protestantism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415002847/http://catalystresources.org/issues/303balmer.html |date=2012-04-15 }} from ''Catalyst'' ([[United Methodist Church|United Methodist perspective]]) * [http://protestant.christianityinview.com/ Protestantism—Christianity in View] * [http://day1.org/ Archive of mainline protestant sermons and preaching] * [http://www.oikoumene.org World Council of Churches] World body for mainline protestant churches {{Agamo di Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Protestanisme| ]] [[Kategori:Gereja]] [[Kategori:Teologi]] {{stub}} o0r9f46gyee2alzarf3fmq8pkjkrcde Orkney 0 228307 3352803 3187312 2026-09-25T15:08:26Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352803 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:ScotlandOrkneyIslands.png|thumb|200px|Peta Letak Kepulauan Orkney]] '''Orkney''' marupoan namo kapulauan nan barado di Lauik Utara. Sacaro administratif, Orkney marupoan sabuah [[kabupaten]] di [[Skotlandia]] nan statusnyo tu kapulauan. Pusaik administrasinyo adoh di Kirkwall. Pulau ko mampunyoi laweh wilayah 990&nbsp;km² mampunyoi jumlah panduduak 19.800 ([[2006]]). == Subdivisi == # Pickaquoy # Berstane and Work # Warrenfield # Lynnfield # Brandyquoy # Papdale # Scapa and Kirkwall South West # Shapinsay and Kirkwall Harbour # Stromness North # Stromness South, Graemsay and North Hoy # Orphir, Walls and Flotta # Firth and Sunnybrae # Harray and Stenness # Evie, Rendall, Rousay, Egilsay and Wyre # Birsay and Dounby # Sandwick and Stromness Landward # St Andrew's Deerness and Wideford # Holm and Burray # South Ronaldsay # Sanday, North Ronaldsay and Stronsay # Papa Westray, Westray and Eday == Pautal lua == {{commons|Orkney Islands|Orkney Islands}} * {{wikivoyage|Orkney Islands}} * [http://www.orkneycommunities.co.uk/ Orkneycommunities.co.uk]- image library, local news and events, directories of community groups and business, websites of community groups * [http://www.orkneyfolkfestival.com/ The Orkney Folk Festival] * [[The Orcadian]], one of Orkney's two local newspapers * [http://www.orkneytoday.co.uk/ Orkney Today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703084034/http://www.orkneytoday.co.uk/ |date=2007-07-03 }}, one of Orkney's two local newspapers * [http://www.orkneyjar.com/ Orkneyjar, an Orcadian History and Heritage Site] * [http://www.thesuperstation.co.uk/, The Super Station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308025401/http://www.thesuperstation.co.uk/,/ |date=2012-03-08 }} Orkney's Local Radio Station - Launching September 2007 * [http://www.british-towns.net/scotland/orkney.asp Orkneys with map] * [http://www.gnewton.ca/travel/2006scotland/ A recent (June, 2006) photo travelogue on Orkney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501083721/http://www.gnewton.ca/travel/2006scotland/ |date=2007-05-01 }} * [http://www.virtualorkney.com/ Virtual Orkney: A directory of Orkney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228114609/http://www.virtualorkney.com/ |date=2006-12-28 }} * [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp;jsessionid=83591791380FA8D941CC8FB0C7DA218B?text_id=135520&word=NULL Vision of Britain - Groome Gazetteer entry for Orkney] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120117120153/http://www.buyorkney.com/roots/biographies biographical site]. [[Kategori:Pulau di Skotlandia]] {{geo-stub}} 3abwlfb0uj4ualjjsjgkaip4ef871mw Reborn (Album Cherrybelle) 0 230906 3352823 1649423 2026-09-25T17:53:30Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Name = Reborn | Type = Studio | Cover = | Background = blue | Artist = [[Cherrybelle]] | Released = [[7 Maret]] [[2015]] (Original) | Recorded = [[2014]]–[[2015]] | Genre = [[Musik pop|Pop]], ''[[pop dance|dance-pop]], [[electropop]]'' | Length = | Label = [[Catz Records]] dan [[Sony Music Entertainment Indonesia]] | Producer = Dino Raturandang | Last album = "''''[[Diam Diam Suka|Diam Diam Suka]]''''"<br />(2013) | This album = "'''''Reborn'''''"<br />(2015) | Next album = "'''''Tidak Ada'''''" | Misc = {{Singles | Name = Reborn | Type = Studio | single 1 = Pergi Kebulan | single 1 date = September 2013 | single 2 = Dunia Tersenyum | single 2 date = Desember 2014 | single 3 date = Malam Minggu | single 3 date = Mei 2015 }}|}} '''Reborn''' marupakan sabuah album musik katigo karya [[Cherrybelle]].{{fact}} Dirilis pado taun [[2015]] jo lagu utamonya nan bajudul "Malam Minggu" ciptoan Ade Govinda. Lagu Malam Minggu alah diputa di radio saluruah Indonesia sajak 12 Maret 2015. Album iko sakaligus debut dari [[Novi Herlina]] basamo Cherrybelle manggantian [[Anisa Rahma]] sajak bagabuang pado 16 Maret 2014.{{fact}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/reborn/id965020699 |title=iTunes - Music - Reborn - Album by Cherrybelle |access-date=2015-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403152024/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/reborn/id965020699 |archive-date=2015-04-03 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>. Nan manarik di album ko adolah 3 personil Cherrybelle iyolah Cherly, Christy, Gigi manyanyi sacaro solo. Cherly Chibi jo lagunyo Dengarlah Suaraku, Christy Chibi jo lagunyo ''Will You Be My Love'', dan Gigi Chibi jo lagunyo Terhebat. Cherrybelle juo mamasuakan lagu-lagu sabalunnyo nan alah dirilis babarapo taun lalu iyolah Pergi Ke Bulan nan parnah dinyanyian dek panyanyi legendaris Indonesia [[Tetty Kadi]], dan Dunia Tersenyum nan parnah dijadian soundtrack film [[Crush]]. Album ko alah ado di Disc Tarra saluruah Indonesia. Album iko sakaligus album tarakhia Cherrybelle basamo parusahoan rekaman [[Catz Records]] sahinggo kontrak Cherrybelle jo [[Catz Records]] barakhia di album ko dan salanjuiknyo Cherrybelle ka malanjuikan kariernyo di [[CBM Entertainment]]. Album iko manjadi rekaman tarakhia Cherly, Felly, Gigi, Ryn, Kezia, dan Steffy basamo Cherrybelle. Satalah tu 6 anggotanyo rasmi kalua dari Cherrybelle. Alasannyo kalua dek karano alah indak sapaham lai jo visi dan misi manajemen. Satalah 6 anggotanyo kalua Cherrybelle hanyo manyisoan 3 anggotanyo sajo iyolah Angel, Christy, dan Novi. == Daftar lagu == # Pergi Ke Bulan # Malam Minggu # Dunia Tersenyum # Sang Juara # Semangat nan Indah # Will You Be My Love ([[Christy Saura Noela Unu|Christy ChiBi]]) # Terhebat ([[Brigitta Cynthia|Gigi ChiBi]]) # Dengarkan Suaraku ([[Cherly Yuliana Anggraini|Cherly ChiBi]]) # Zero To Hero ==Personil== * Angel * Cherly * Christy * Felly * Gigi * Kezia * Novi * Ryn * Steffy ==Musisi Pandukuang== * Ade Govinda * A. Arianto * Bemby Noor * Caturadi Septembrianto == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Cherrybelle}} {{album-stub}} [[Kategori:Album taun 2015]] [[Kategori:Cherrybelle]] ezti18m9wfzo721poi150gt1gzzebbf Teenebelle 0 231205 3352838 2465100 2026-09-25T20:14:18Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |name = Teenebelle <!-- Disembunyikan sebagai komentar: |image = Teenebelleindo.jpg --> |imagesize = |caption = Girlband |background = group_or_band |birthdate = |origin = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] |alias = Teens |birthname = |deathdate = |deathplace = |genre = [[Pop Dance]], [[Electronica]], [[Electropop]], [[Indo Pop]], |occupation = |instrument = [[Vokal]] [[Dance]] |years_active = 2014 - 2019 |label = [[CBM Entertainment]] (2014-2019) |associated_acts = [[Cherrybelle]] |influences = |influenced = |spouse = |partner = |children = |parents = |website = http://www.teenebelle.com |current_members = |past_members = [[Christabel Gavrila|Abel]]{{br}} [[Paulina Putri|Paulina]]<br/>[[Clarensia Shieren Budiawan|Shieren]]<br/>[[Rika Alfiany|Rika]]{{br}}[[Stefanny Eveline|Stefanny]]{{br}}[[Krista Natali Markus|Kikis]]{{br}}[[Yoriko Angeline|Yori]]<br/>[[Livia Ramadhanty|Livia]]<br/>[[Adelia Artamevia|Adel]] }} '''Teenebelle''' atau '''Teens''' (nan punyo arati remaja rancak & ceria) adolah sabuah grup vokal remaja asa [[Indonesia]] nan ka dibantuak antaro taun [[2013]] sampai [[2014]]. Grup iko partamo kali debut di televisi pado tanggal 16 Maret [[2014]]. Pado 1 Juni 2014 grup iko manetapkan subagai hari jadi inyo satalah 4 anggota dinyatokan lolos untuak bagabuang ka grup iko. Grup iko baranggotakan 9 anggota iyolah '''Abel, Paulina, Adel, Shieren, Rika, Livia, Yoriko, Stefanny''' & '''Kikies'''. Genre musik [[pop]]. Grup iko mangusuang tema "''fun, girly, beauty''". Lagu partamo inyo bajudul ''Tersenyumlah'' dirilis taun 2015, & album partamonyo rilis pado taun 2015 nan bajudul [[Happy Friends]]. Grup iko punyo panggemar nan biaso disabuik jo namo Suppor Teens. Di satiok tampil, Teenebelle acok tampil basalapan dimano Adel mamiliah untuak kalua dari Teenebelle, & maubah namo pangguno (''username'') twitternyo nan dulunyo @Teens_Adel manjadi @Adeliart1499 & Adel mamutuskan untuak mambuek akun baru karano akun lamonyo diretas dek urang nan indak batangguang jawab. Kini ko namo pangguno (''username'') Adel adolah @Adeliart14899. == Proses tabantuak == Mulonyo, Teenebelle hanyo baranggotakan 5 urang, iyolah Rika, Shieren, Abel, Adel, & Paulina. Inyo mamulai debut pamuloannyo pado konser ''3 Tahun Senyuman Cherry Belle'' pado tanggal 16 Maret 2014 di [[SCTV]]. Pado tanggal 17 Mei 2014 inyo sadang mangadoan audisi untuak malangkapi formasi nan kini ko memang masih kurang 4 urang personel. Audisi ko surang diadoan di Atrium Bekasi Square, Lower Ground Jl. Achmad Yani No. 1, Bekasi Selatan, Jawa Barat 17148, Indonesia. Dan audisi ko surang dibuka untuak umum jo caro mendaftar lewat email. Peserta nan ikuik audisi ko ka dibarikan undangan lewat email juo untuak ikuik seleksi lanjutan. Final audisi disiarkan langsuang dari Studio Penta [[SCTV]], Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta, dalam konser ''Teenebelle Finding Teens''. & akhianyo tapiliah Livia, Yoriko, Fannie, dan Kikies malangkapi 9 personil Teenebelle.<ref>[http://showbiz.liputan6.com/read/2057188/akhirnya-teenebelle-temukan-formasi-lengkap Akhirnya Teenebelle Temukan Formasi Lengkap]</ref> == Anggota == === Kini === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Namo Panggung !! Namo Lahia !! Tanggal Lahia !! Tampek Lahia !! Namo ''Fansclub'' |- | Rika || [[Rika Alfiany]] || 1 Agustus [[1996]] || [[Medan]] || Hysterika |- | Fannie || [[Stefanny Eveline]] || 7 Oktober [[1996]] || [[Bekasi]] || Stefantje |- | Livia || [[Livia Ramadhanty]] || 15 Januari [[1998]] || rowspan="3"|[[Jakarta]] || Livianatics |- | Abel || [[Christabel Gavrila]] || 23 Nopember [[1998]] || Adorabel |- | Shieren || [[Clarensia Shieren Budiawan]] || 25 Januari [[1999]] || Shiereners |- | Kikies || [[Krista Natali|Krista Natali Markus]] || 23 Desember [[1999]] || [[Jakarta]] || Kristars |- | Paulina || [[Paulina Kurniawan Putri]] || 6 Juni [[2000]] || [[Bandung]] || Paulighters |- | Yoriko || [[Yoriko Angeline]] || 23 Agustus [[2002]] || [[Banjarmasin]] || Yorivers |} === Mantan Anggota === {|Class="wikitable" href="Kategori:Artikel biografi Juni 2016" ! Namo<br> panggung ! href="2013" |Namo<br> lahia ! Tanggal lahia ! Tampek lahia ! href="pop" |Nama<br> ''Fansclub'' |- |Teens Adel | [[Adelia Artamevia]] |14 Agustus [[1999]]<td> [[Tangerang]] </td> |Adelizer |} === Garih Wakatu === <timeline> ImageSize = width:1000 height:300 PlotArea = left:100 bottom:60 top:0 right:50 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:2014 till:2016 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy #Colors = ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2014 gridcolor:black PlotData = color:red width:12 textcolor:blue align:left anchor:from bar:Abel from:27/02/2014 till:end bar:Adel from:27/02/2014 till:01/06/2016 bar:Fannie from:01/06/2014 till:end bar:Kikis from:01/06/2014 till:end bar:Livia from:01/06/2014 till:end bar:Paulina from:27/02/2014 till:end bar:Rika from:27/02/2014 till:end bar:Shieren from:27/02/2014 till:end bar:Yori from:01/06/2014 till:end </timeline> == Manajemen == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Namo karyawan/ti ! Bagian |- | '''Tri Okky Pamungkas''' | Manajer/Panguruih |- | '''Teguh Sanjaya''' | Eksekutif Produser |- | '''Dino Raturandang''' | Produser |- | '''Irza Rivai''' | Asisten Produksi |- | '''Naboya Burlian Julika''' | rowspan=2| Penata Busana dan Rias |- | '''Sheila''' |} == Diskografi == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taun !! Namo !! Hak Cipto |- | alagin="center"| 2015 || ''[[Happy Friends]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/id/album/happy-friends-ep/id1019728045 |title=iTunes - Music - Happy Friends - Album by Teenebelle |access-date=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307091006/https://itunes.apple.com/id/album/happy-friends-ep/id1019728045 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> || ''[[CBM Entertainment]]'' |} === Singel === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Nan Manciptoan !! Taun !! Album !! Label |- | align="center" | ''Tersenyumlah'' || Pika Iskandar || 2014 || [[Happy Friends|''Happy Friends'']] || [[CBM Entertainment|''CBM Entertainment'']] |- | align="center" | ''Cinta Monyet'' || Ade Govinda || 2014 || [[Happy Friends|'' Happy Friends'']] || [[CBM Entertainment|''CBM Entertainment'']] |- | align="center" | ''Mimpi'' || Pika Iskandar || 2015 || [[Happy Friends|''Happy Friends'']] || [[CBM Entertainment|''CBM Entertainment'']] |- | align="center" | ''Happy Friend'' || Pika Iskandar || 2015 || [[Happy Friends|''Happy Friends'']] || [[CBM Entertainment|''CBM Entertainment'']] |- | align="center" | ''Pelangi'' || Caturadi Septembrianto || 2015 || [[Happy Friends|''Happy Friends'']] || [[CBM Entertainment|''CBM Entertainment]] |} == Videografi == === Video Musik === * Tersenyumlah (2014) * Cinta Monyet (2015) * Happy Friends (2015) * Mimpi (2015) == Filmografi == === FTV === {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2"|Taun !! rowspan="2"|Judul !! rowspan="2"|Basamo !! colspan="3"|Panayangan !! rowspan="2"|Rumah produksi !! rowspan="2"|Sutradara |- ! Kali !! Patamo !! Tarakhia |- | align="center"|2014 || ''Rebutan Cinta Monyet'' || Randy Martin || align="center"|1 || align="right"|[[7 September]] 2014 || align="center"| - || align="center"|[[Kharisma Starvision Plus]] || Sony Gaokasak |} == Iklan == * So Nice (2014) * So Good (2014) * [http://Indomog.com Indomog.com] == Presenter == * ''JKT48 4th Generation Audition'' (basamo member Teens & Rizky Pratama) * ''JKT48 Ultah Ke 2 (HUT JKT48 Team KIII nan kaduo)'' (basamo member Teens & Rizky Pratama) == Caliak Pulo == * [[Cherry Belle]] == Pautan Lua == * {{id}} [http://www.teenebelle.com/ Situs resmi Teenebelle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218094430/http://teenebelle.com/ |date=2014-12-18 }} * {{Facebook|TeenebelleID}} * {{Twitter|Teenebelle_ID}} == Rujuakkan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Cherrybelle]] [[Kategori:Teenebelle]] {{indo-musik-stub}} blvgpblvjzrh1usgbe3dkgsbfnc2mc5 Ubi Parancih 0 231319 3352845 3348055 2026-09-25T20:52:11Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies}} '''Ubi Parancih''', '''ubi kayu''', '''ubi batang''', atau '''''singkong''''' (''Manihot utilissima'') adolah tumbuahan rumpun (perdu) tahunan tropika jo subtropika dari suku [[Euphorbiaceae]]. Umbinyo bisa jadi makanan pokok karano banyak manganduang [[karbohidrat]] jo daunnyo untuak ka sayua nan biaso disabuik [[Pucuak Parancih|pucuak parancih]]. [[Berkas:Manihot_esculenta_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.508.jpg|thumb|''Manihot esculenta'']] == Etimologi jo sinonim == Ubi parancih atau ubi batang adolah namo lokal untuak kawasan [[Alam Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]. Namo parancih sabananyo takaik jo namo Residen (Gubernur) Sumatera Barat yakni Emanuel Francis nan bakuasi di Sumatera Barat pada 1834. Urang minang agak susah manyabuik namo Francis, sainggo namanyo dieja manjadi parancih dalam lidah urang awak. Di ranah Minang, namanyo hinggo hari ko masih acok disabuik urang. Inyo panah menganjurkan masyarakaik mananam jo mamakan samacam pohon nan ado umbinyo. Sainggo sampai kini ko takana jo namo ubi parancih.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padangkita.com/inilah-asal-mula-penamaan-sayur-legendaris-pucuak-parancih/|title=Inilah Asal Mula Penamaan Sayur Legendaris 'Pucuak Parancih'|last=Arya|first=Mohammad|date=2017-05-06|website=Padangkita.com|language=id|access-date=2023-11-01}}</ref> Samantaro di kawasan [[Jawa Barat]] banamo ''Singkong''. Namo "''ubi kayu''" jo "''ketela pohon''" dipakai dalam [[Bahaso Malayu|baso Melayu]] sacaro umum. Disabuik Ubi Parancih kamungkinan gadang karano tanaman ko dibaok urang Eropa ka Nusantara, yakni urang Portugis jo Castilla (Spanyol). Itulah makonyo disabuik ''ketela''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/1606768/asal-usul-singkong-dan-macam-macam-namanya-di-indonesia|title=Asal-usul Singkong dan Macam-macam Namanya di Indonesia|last=Kustiani|first=Rini|date=2022-06-29|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2023-11-01}}</ref> Salain itu ado pulo babarapo sinonim dalam nama latin lain dari tanaman ini yakni : * ''Janipha aipi'' ([[:id:Johann_Baptist_Emanuel_Pohl|Pohl]]) [[:id:J.Presl|J.Presl]] * ''Janipha manihot'' ([[:id:L.|L.]]) [[:id:Kunth|Kunth]] * ''Jatropha aipi'' (Pohl) [[:id:A.Moller|A.Moller]] * ''Jatropha diffusa'' (Pohl) [[:id:Steud.|Steud.]] * ''Jatropha digitiformis'' (Pohl) Steud. * ''Jatropha dulcis'' [[:id:J.F.Gmel.|J.F.Gmel.]] * ''Jatropha flabellifolia'' (Pohl) Steud. * ''Jatropha glauca'' [[:id:A.Rich.|A.Rich.]] * ''Jatropha janipha'' [[:id:Lour.|Lour.]] * ''Jatropha loureiroi'' (Pohl) Steud. * ''Jatropha manihot'' L. * ''Jatropha mitis'' [[:id:Rottb.|Rottb.]] * ''Jatropha mitis'' [[:id:Sessé|Sessé]] & [[:id:Moç.|Moç.]] * ''Jatropha paniculata'' [[:id:Hipólito_Ruiz_López|Ruiz]] & [[:id:Pav.|Pav.]] ex [[:id:Ferdinand_Albin_Pax|Pax]] * ''Jatropha silvestris'' [[:id:Vell.|Vell.]] * ''Jatropha stipulata'' Vell. * ''Mandioca aipi'' (Pohl) [[:id:Heinrich_Friedrich_Link|Link]] * ''Mandioca dulcis'' (J.F.Gmel.) [[:id:D.Parodi|D.Parodi]] * ''Mandioca utilissima'' (Pohl) Link * ''Manihot aipi'' Pohl * ''Manihot aipi var. lanceolata'' Pohl * ''Manihot aipi var. latifolia'' Pohl * ''Manihot aipi var. lutescens'' Pohl * ''Manihot aypi'' [[:id:Spruce|Spruce]] * ''Manihot cannabina'' [[:id:Sweet|Sweet]] * ''Manihot cassava'' [[:id:Cook|Cook]] & [[:id:Collins|Collins]] * ''Manihot diffusa'' Pohl * ''Manihot digitiformis'' Pohl * ''Manihot dulcis'' (J.F.Gmel.) [[:id:Baill.|Baill.]] * ''Manihot dulcis var. aipi'' (Pohl) Pax * ''Manihot dulcis var. diffusa'' (Pohl) Pax * ''Manihot dulcis var. flabellifolia'' (Pohl) Pax * ''Manihot edule'' A.Rich. * ''Manihot esculenta subsp. alboerecta'' [[:id:Cif.|Cif.]] * ''Manihot esculenta var. argentea'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. coalescens'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. communis'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. debilis'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta subsp. diffusa'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. digitifolia'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. domingensis'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. fertilis'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta subsp. flabellifolia'' (Pohl) Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. flavicaulis'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. fuscescens'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta subsp. grandifolia'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. hispaniolensis'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. jamaicensis'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. luteola'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. mutabilis'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. nodosa'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. pohlii'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. ramosissima'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. rufescens'' Cif. * ''Manihot esculenta var. sprucei'' [[:id:Lanj.|Lanj.]] * ''Manihot esculenta var. zimmermannii'' Cif. * ''Manihot flabellifolia'' Pohl * ''Manihot flexuosa'' [[:id:Ferdinand_Albin_Pax|Pax]] & [[:id:K.Hoffm.|K.Hoffm.]] * ''Manihot guyanensis'' [[:id:Klotzsch|Klotzsch]] ex Pax * ''Manihot loureiroi'' Pohl * ''Manihot manihot'' (L.) H.Karst. * ''Manihot melanobasis'' [[:id:Müll.Arg.|Müll.Arg.]] * ''Manihot palmata var. aipi'' (Pohl) Müll.Arg. * ''Manihot palmata var. diffusa'' (Pohl) Müll.Arg. * ''Manihot palmata var. digitiformis'' (Pohl) Müll.Arg. * ''Manihot palmata var. flabellifolia'' (Pohl) Müll.Arg. * ''Manihot sprucei'' Pax * ''Manihot utilissima'' Pohl * ''Manihot utilissima var. castellana'' Pohl * ''Manihot utilissima var. sutinga'' Pohl == Deskripsi == [[Rumpun]] ubi parancih dapek tumbuah mancapai 7 meter jo cabang nan agak jarang. Urek tunggang jo sajumlah urek cabang nan kudian manggadang manjadi ubi nan dapek dimakan. Ukuran ubi rato-rato bagarih tangah 2–3&nbsp;cm dan panjang 50–80&nbsp;cm, bagantuang dari [[klon]]/[[kultivar]]. Bagian dalam ubi barono putiah atau kakuniang-kuniangan, Ubi parancih indak tahan simpan bago kok ditampekkan di lamari pandingin. Tando-tandonyo lah rusak adolah jo kalua rono biru galok dek tabantuaknyo [[asam sianida]] nan manjadi [[tubo]] untuak [[manusia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://balitkabi.litbang.pertanian.go.id/infotek/senyawa-hcn-pada-ubi-kayu/|title=Senyawa HCN pada Ubi Kayu|website=Balitkabi|language=en-US|access-date=2021-03-29}}</ref> Ubi parancih marupokan [[sumber energi]] nan kayo karbohidrat, tapi sangek bansaik [[protein]]. Sumber protein nan rancak malah ado pado daunnyo dek manganduang [[asam amino metioninan]].{{cn}} == Sijarah dan pangaruah ekonomi == [[Berkas:YosriPokokUbiKayu1.jpg|jmpl|Tanaman ubi kayu.]] [[Berkas:Embrapa_news_sp_of_cassava_(José_Cruz_ABr)_25jan2008.jpg|jmpl|Batang ubi kayu. Maso tanam 8 - 10 bulan.]] [[Berkas:Starr_061212-2345_Manihot_esculenta.jpg|jmpl|Buah ubi kayu varietas tatantu.]] [[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_In_Tapioca_Fabriek_Kedoeng_Kawoeng_Tjikalahang_van_de_firma_Goan_Goan_en_Co_wordt_cassave_gedroogd_Java_TMnr_10011274.jpg|jmpl|Pabrik [[Tapioka]] Kedung Kawung Cikalahang miliak firma Goan Goan & Co, [[Cirebon]], [[Jawa Barat]] (taun indak dikataui)]] === Sijarah budidayo dan panyebarannyo === ''Manihot esculenta'' partamo kali tanamo di [[Amerika Selatan]] kudian dikambangkan pado maso [[prasijarah]] di [[Brasil]] jo [[Paraguay]], sajak kurang labiah 10 ribu taun nan lalu. Bantuak-bantuak modern dari spesies nan alah dibudidayokan dapek ditamukan batumbuah lia di Brasil selatan. Bago kok spesies ''Manihot'' nan lia ado banyak, sado kultivar ''M. esculenta'' dapek dibudidayokan. Walau baitu, bukti-bukti arkeologis budidayo ubi parancih justru banyak ditamukan di kabudayaan Indian [[Maya]], tapeknyo di [[Meksiko]] dan [[El Salvador]]. Produksi ubi parancih dunia dipakirokan mancapai 192 juta ton pado taun [[2004]]. [[Nigeria]] barado di urutan partamo jo 52,4 juta ton, disusua [[Brasil]] jo 25,4 juta ton. [[Indonesia]] ado di posisi katigo jo 24,1 juta ton, diikuti [[Thailand]] jo 21,9 juta ton ([[FAO]], [[2004]]<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5287e/y5287e00.htm FAO. 2004. Global Cassava Market Study, Rome]</ref>) Sabagian gadnag produksi dihasiakan di Afrika 99,1 juta ton dan 33,2 juta ton di [[Amerika Latin]] jo [[Kepulauan Karibia]]. === Di Hindia Ulando === {{Refimprove section|date=November 2020}} Ubi parancih ditanam sacaro komersial di wilayah Indonesia (wakatu itu [[Hindia Belanda|Hindia Ulando]]) pado sakitar taun 1810,<ref>[http://www.payer.de/hbiweltweit/weltw53.html Payer, M. ''HBI weltweit. 5.3. Zur Geschichte Indonesiens.'' Edisi 1997-03-18. Diakses 18 Mei 2007]</ref> dek sabalunnyo dibaok urang [[Portugal|Portugih]] pado abaik ka-16 dari [[Brasil]]. Manuruik Haryono Rinardi dalam ''Politik Singkong Zaman Kolonial'', ubi parancih masuak ka Indonesia dibaok dek Portugih ka [[Maluku]] sakitar abaik ka-16. Tanaman iko dapek dipanen sasuai kabutuahan. “Sipaik itulah nan manyababkan tanaman ubi parancih acok kali disabuik sabagai gudang pasadioan di bawah tanah,” tulis Haryono.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/kultur/articles/akar-sejarah-singkong-6kYav|title=Akar Sejarah Singkong|date=2014-11-28|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-11-01}}</ref> Butuah wakatu lamo ubi parancih manyeba ka daerah lain, utamonyo ka [[Pulau Jawa]]. Dipakirokan ubi parancih kali partamo ditanamokan di suatu kabupaten di [[Jawa Timur]] pado [[1852]]. “Bupatinyo sabagai saurang pagawai nagari musti maagiah contoh dan batindak sabagai palopor. Kalau indak, rakyaik indak ka mamicayoinyo samo sakali,” tulih Pieter Creutzberg dan J.T.M. van Laanen dalam ''Sejarah Statistik Ekonomi Indonesia''.{{cn}} Namun inggo [[1876]], bak cando dicataik H.J. van Swieten, kontrolir di [[Trenggalek]], dalam buku De Zoete Cassave (''Jatropha janipha'') nan tabik [[1875]], ubi parancih kurang tanamo atau indak ado samo sakali di babarapo bagian Pulau Jao, tapi ditanam gadang-gadangan di bagian lain. “Baapun juo, ubi parancih kini mampunyoi arati nan labiah gadang dalam susunan makanan panduduak dibandiangkan jo satangah abaik nan lalu,” tulihnyo, nak cando dikutip Creutzberg dan van Laanen. Sampai sakitar taun 1875, konsumsi ubi parancih di Jao masih randah. Baru pado pamuloan abaik ka-20, konsumsinyo maningkek tajam. Pambudidayoannyo malaweh juo. Talabiah rakyaik dimintak mampalaweh tanaman ubi parancihnyo.{{cn}} Paningkatan pananaman ubi parancih sajalan jo patumbuahan panduduak Pulau Jawa nan capek. Ditambah lai dek produksi padi tatingga di balakang patumbuahan panduduak. “Ubi parancih khususnyo manjadi sumber pangan tambahan nan disukoi,” tulis Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro dan [[Nugroho Notosusanto]] dalam ''Sejarah Nasional Indonesia V''. Inggo kini, ubi parancih alah manjadi salah satu bahan pangan nan utamo, indak sajo di Indonesia tapi juo di dunia. Di Indonesia, ubi parancih marupokan makanan pokok katigo salapeh [[padi-padian]] dan [[jaguang]].{{cn}} Hindia Ulando panah manjadi salah satu pangekspor dan pangasia tapuang [[tapioka]] paliang dagang di dunia. Di Jao banyak sakali didirikan pabrik-pabrik pangolahan ubi parancih untuak dijadikan tapuang tapioka. Sarupo dalam buku ''Handbook of the Netherlands East Indies'', pado taun [[1928]] tacataik 21,9% produksi tapioka diekspor ka [[Amerika Serikat]], 16,7% ke [[Inggris|Inggirih]], 8,4% ka [[Jepang|Japang]], lalu 7% dikirim ka [[Belanda|Ulando]], [[Jerman]], [[Belgia]], [[Denmark]], jo [[Norwegia]]. Biasonyo tapung olahan ubi parancih tasabuik dimanfaatkan sabagai bahan baku [[lem]] jo [[permen karet]], industri [[tekstil]] dan [[furniture]].{{cn}} == Produksi sedunia == {| class="wikitable" |+Produksi singkong dunia (2008) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor|title=Statistik &#91;&#91;FAO&#93;&#93; resmi, baca di 14 Maret 2010|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68cwNksT7?url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor|archive-date=2012-06-23|dead-url=yes|access-date=2010-03-14}}</ref> !Posisi !Negara !Banyaknya&nbsp; [[:id:Ton|Ton]] |- |1 |{{flag|Nigeria}} | style="text-align: right" |52.403.500 |- |2 |{{flag|Brasil}} | style="text-align: right" |25.441.700 |- |3 |{{flag|Indonesia}} | style="text-align: right" |24.009.600 |- |4 |{{flag|Thailand}} | style="text-align: right" |21.912.400 |- |5 |{{flag|Republik Demokratik Kongo}} | style="text-align: right" |15.569.100 |- |6 |{{flag|Angola}} | style="text-align: right" |14.333.500 |- |7 |{{flag|Ghana}} | style="text-align: right" |14.240.900 |- |8 |{{flag|Vietnam}} | style="text-align: right" |9.875.500 |- |9 |{{flag|India}} | style="text-align: right" |8.076.000 |- |10 |{{flag|Mozambik}} | style="text-align: right" |6.267.160 |- bgcolor="#BBBBBB" | |Dunia | style="text-align: right" | |- |} == Liek pulo == * [[kantang|Kantang]] * [[Tapai|Tap]]<nowiki/>[[Tapai|ai]] == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Pautan lua == * {{Templat:En}} [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/CropFactSheets/cassava.html Cassava - Purdue University Horticulture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030326063431/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/crops/cropfactsheets/cassava.html |date=2003-03-26 }} * {{Templat:En}} [http://www.new-agri.co.uk/98-6/focuson/focuson9.html Cassava Pests: From Crisis to Control]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310065241/http://new-agri.co.uk/98-6/focuson/focuson9.html |date=2016-03-10 }} * {{Templat:En}} [http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/cassava.htm GM cassava plants that have reduced cyanogens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108033553/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/cassava.htm |date=2014-01-08 }} * {{Templat:En}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20171203183908/http://www.fao.org/AG/Agp/agpc/gcds/GCS.htm Global Cassava Development Strategy] * {{Templat:En}} [http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F024e/8F024E01.htm The Case for Cassava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528035004/http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F024e/8F024E01.htm |date=2010-05-28 }} * [http://mori.co.id/sejarah-singkong Ilmu Pengetahuan Singkong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708213904/http://www.mori.co.id/sejarah-singkong |date=2015-07-08 }} * [http://indonesiaindonesia.com/f/120512-asal-singkong/ Asal Mula Singkong] * [http://historia.co.id/artikel/budaya/1495/24/Majalah-Historia/Akar_Sejarah_Singkong Akar Sejarah Singkong, Majalah Historia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227001616/http://historia.co.id/artikel/budaya/1495/24/Majalah-Historia/Akar_Sejarah_Singkong |date=2014-12-27 }} [[Kategori:Tumbuahan]] 6w0tmzbdfcb768ipn9plhjm0fpkjfxf Virus herpes simpleks 0 317720 3352854 3352545 2026-09-25T22:08:29Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Virus herpes simpleks <br /><small>''Herpes simplex virus''</small> | image = Herpes simplex virus TEM B82-0474 lores.jpg | image_caption = [[Transmission electron microscopy|TEM]] [[micrograph]] of a herpes simplex virus | image_width = 240px | virus_group = i | ordo = ''[[Herpesvirales]]'' | familia = ''[[Herpesviridae]]'' | subfamilia = ''[[Alphaherpesvirinae]]'' | genus = ''[[Simplexvirus]]'' | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = *'''''Herpes simplex virus 1''''' (HSV-1) *'''''Herpes simplex virus 2''''' (HSV-2) }} '''Virus herpes simpleks 1''' and '''2''' ('''HSV-1''' jo&nbsp;'''HSV-2'''), disabuik juo '''virus herpes manusia 1''' and '''2''' ('''HHV-1''' jo '''HHV-2'''), adolah duo anggota famili virus herpes, Herpesviridae, nan manyabaukan infeksi pado manusia.<ref name="Sherris">{{Cite book|author=Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors)|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3|edition=4th|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/555 555]–62|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=0-8385-8529-9|ISBN=0-8385-8529-9}}</ref> Baiak HSV-1 (nan umumnyo manyabaukan luko karopeng) maupun HSV-2 (nan umumnyo manyabaukan herpes kamaluan) [[wiktionary:ubiquitous|ado di mano-mano]]&nbsp;jo basipaik&nbsp;manular. Panyebaran tajadi kutiko urang nan tainfeksi maasiaan jo manyebaan&nbsp;virus&nbsp;tu. Gajalo infeksi&nbsp;virus herpes simpleks antaro lain gabolok&nbsp;baraia pado kulik&nbsp;atau&nbsp;salapuik landia&nbsp;di muluik, bibia, atau kamaluan.<ref name="Sherris"/>&nbsp;Luko nan cegak biasonyo maninggaan karopeng&nbsp;khas panyakik herpes. Kadang-kadang, virus tu manyabaukan gajalo nan ringan atau indak lazim kutiko tajadi wabah. Namun, herpes simpleks&nbsp;dapek pulo manyabaukan bantuak nan labiah manyusahan. Sabagai&nbsp;virus neurotropik dan neuroinvasif, HSV-1 jo HSV-2 batahan di dalam tubuah jo caro manjadi ''latent,'' sarato mainda dari sistem kakabalan&nbsp;dangan basambunyi di dalam tubuah&nbsp;sel&nbsp;neuron. Satalah infeksi awa atau&nbsp;''primer'', babarapo urang nan tainfeksi maalami episode [[wiktionary:sporadic|sporadis]]&nbsp;''reaktivasi'' atau&nbsp;''wabah''&nbsp;virus. Katiko tajadi wabah, virus dalam sel saraf manjadi aktif jo diangkuik malalui akson&nbsp;neuron manuju kulik, di mano virus manggandoan diri jo manyeba inggo maakibaikan luko baru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Herpes simplex|url=http://www.dermnetnz.org/viral/herpes-simplex.html|date=2006-09-16|publisher=DermNet NZ&nbsp;— New Zealand Dermatological Society|access-date=2006-10-15|accessdate=2006-10-15}}</ref>&nbsp;Iko adolah salah satu infeksi manula sacaro seksual nan paliang umum.<ref name="StrafaceSelmin2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Straface|first1=Gianluca|last2=Selmin|first2=Alessia|last3=Zanardo|first3=Vincenzo|last4=De Santis|first4=Marco|last5=Ercoli|first5=Alfredo|last6=Scambia|first6=Giovanni|title=Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Pregnancy|journal=Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=2012|year=2012|pages=1–6|issn=1064-7449|ISSN=1064-7449|doi=10.1155/2012/385697|DOI=10.1155/2012/385697}}</ref> == Pangubatan == Virus herpes manyabaukan infeksi saumua iduik, inggo kini virus ko alun dapek diilangan sacaro total dari tubuah. Pangubatan biasonyo maliputi pamakaian ubek antivirus&nbsp;umum nan managah panggandoan virus, mangurangi parahnyo luko fisik akibaik wabah takaik, sarato manurunan paluang panularan kapado urang lain. Panalitian ateh populasi pasien nan rentan manunjuakan baso panggunoan arian antivirus&nbsp;sarupo asiklovir<ref name="pmid21991950">{{Cite journal|title=Oral acyclovir suppression and neurodevelopment after neonatal herpes|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=365|issue=14|pages=1284–92|year=2011|pmid=21991950|PMID=21991950|pmc=3250992|PMC=3250992|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1003509|DOI=10.1056/NEJMoa1003509}}</ref> jo valasiklovir dapek manurunan tingkek reaktivasinyo.<ref name="PMID_18186706">{{Cite journal|title=Herpes simplex: insights on pathogenesis and possible vaccines|journal=Annual Review of Medicine|volume=59|issue=|pages=381–95|year=2008|pmid=18186706|PMID=18186706|doi=10.1146/annurev.med.59.061606.095540|DOI=10.1146/annurev.med.59.061606.095540}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} == Pautan lua == * [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/std-mts/sti_k.html Genital Herpes - Public Health Agency of Canada] * [https://www.wikigenes.org/e/art/e/61.html Herpes simplex: Host viral protein interactions: A database of HSV-1 interacting host proteins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812033023/https://www.wikigenes.org/e/art/e/61.html |date=2010-08-12 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230317010937/https://www.ebi.ac.uk/emdb/search/herpes%20simplex 3D macromolecular structures of the Herpes simplex virus archived in the EM Data Bank(EMDB)] 1qbcpcqzn34g3gkhr895hr0i2rgddix Provinsi Pattani 0 318273 3352817 2443279 2026-09-25T17:10:25Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=Pattani|native_name=ปัตตานี|native_name_lang=th|settlement_type=[[Daftar provinsi di Thailand|Provinsi]]|image_skyline=Pattani mosque.jpg|image_caption=Masjid Agung Pattani|image_flag=|image_seal=Seal Pattani.png|image_map=Thailand Pattani locator map.svg|mapsize=frameless|map_caption=Peta Provinsi Pattani (warna merah) di Thailand|population_total=686,186|subdivision_name={{flag|Thailand}}|coordinates_display=inline,title|subdivision_type=[[Daftar negara berdaulat|Negara]]|seat=[[Pattani (kota)|Pattani]]|seat_type=Ibukota|leader_title=Gubernur|leader_name=[[Wiranan Phengchan]] (sejak October 2016)|area_total_km2=1940.4|area_rank=[[Daftar provinsi di Thailand berdasarkan luas|Peringkat ke-67]]|population_as_of=2014|population_rank=[[Daftar provinsi di Thailand berdasarkan populasi|Peringkat ke-39]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_density_rank=[[Daftar provinsi di Thailand berdasarkan kepadatan penduduk|Peringkat ke-9]]|timezone1=[[UTC+07:00|ICT]]|utc_offset1=+7|iso_code=[[ISO 3166-2:TH|TH-94]]}} [[Berkas:Anoru, Mueang Pattani District, Pattani 94000, Thailand - panoramio (1).jpg|jmpl|364x364px|salah satu suduik kota di Distrik Mueang Pattani]] '''Pattani''' ([[Bahaso Thai|Thai]] ปัตตานี) marupokan salah satu [[provinsi]] (''changwat'') di selatan [[Thailand]]. Provinsi-provinsi nan batatanggo (dari arah selatan tenggara saarah jarum jam) adolah Narathiwat (Menara), Yala (Jala) dan Songkhla (Senggora). Masaarakaik [[Melayu|Malayu]] satampek manyabuik provinsi mareka, ''Patani Darussalam'' atau ''Patani Raya''.[[ == Geografis == Pattani tarlatak di Samananjuang Malayu jo pantai Teluk Thailand di sabalah utara. Di bagian salatan tadapek gunuang-gunuang dan atraksi turisme sarupojo taman nagara Budo-Sungai Padi nan barado di pabatehan provinsi Yala(Jala) jo Narathiwat(Menara). Di siko pulo tadapek babarapo tumbuahan nan agak unik sarupojo palma Bangsoon jo rotan Takathong. Di kawasan pabatehan jo Songkhla dan Yala pulo tadapek sabuah taman rimba nan takana jo gunuang tajunnyo, Namtok Sai Khao. == Sijarah == Pado awalnyo, Pattani marupokan sabuah karajaan Malayu Islam nan badaulaik, mampunyoi kasultanan dan palambagaan nan tasendiri. Patani adolah sabagian dari 'Tanah Melayu'. Namun pado partangahan abaik ke-19 Patani alah manjadi korban panaklukan Karajaan Siam. Pado taun 1826, panaklukan Siam tahadap Patani mandapaik pangakuan Britania Raya. Dalam usahonyo untuak mangokohkan kaduduakannyo di Pattani, pado taun 1902 Karajaan Siam malaksanokan undang-Undang Thesaphiban. Dangan itu, sistem pamarentah kasultanan Malayu alah diapuihkan. Dangan ditandatanganinyo Parjanjian Bangkok pado taun 1909, Pattani alah diakui oleh Britania sabagai bagian dari jajahan Siam walaupun tanpo mampartimbangkan kainginan panduduak asli Malayu Patani. Sajak panghapusan pamarentahan Kasultanan Malayu Pattani, masarakaik Malayu-Pattani barado dalam posisi tatakan dan lamah . Sarupojo nan diungkap oleh W.A.R. Wood, Konsul Britania di Songkhla, panduduak Malayu alah manjadi mangso sabuah pamarentahan nan indak diparentah dangan baik. Justru akibaik pamaksaan ikolah kakacauan acok tajadi di Pattani. Pado taun [[1923]], Tengku Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin, mantan Raja Malayu Patani, dangan dukuangan pajuang-pajuang Turki, mamimpin garakan pambebasan. Samangaik anti-Siam manjadi labiah hebaik saat Karajaan Pibul Songgram (1939-44) mancubo mangasimilasikan kaum minoritas Malayu ka dalam masyrakaik Siam malalui Undang-Undang Rathaniyom. Katarlibaikan Siam dalam Parang Dunia Kaduo di pihak Japang alah mambarikan harapan kapado urang-urang Malayu Pattani untuak mambebaskan tanah air mareka dari panjajahan Siam. Tengku Mahmood Mahyideen, putra mantan Rajo Malayu Patani juo saurang pagawai bapangkaik Mayor dalam pasukan Force 136, alah mangajukan proposal kapado pihak bakuaso Britania di India supayo maambiak alih Pattani jo wilayah sakitanyo sarato digabuangkan jo Tanah Melayu. Proposal Tengku Mahmud itu salarasjo proposal Pajabaik Tanah Jajahan Britania dalam mangkaji kaduduakan tanah ismus Kra dari suduik kapantiangan kaamanan Tanah Malayu satalah parang nanti. Harapan itu samakin tabuka saat pihak sakutu, dalam Parjanjian San Francisco pado bulan April 1945, manarimo prinsip hak manantukan nasib sandiri (''self-determination'') sabagai usao mambebaskan tanah jajahan dari balanggu panjajahan. Ateh samangaik itu, pado 1 November 1945, sakumpualan pamimpin Malayu Patani dipimpin oleh Tengku Abdul Jalal, bakeh wakil rakyaik wilayah Narathiwat, alah mangamukokan patisi kapado Karajaan Britania jo tujuan mambujuak supayoampek wilayah di Salatan Siam dibebaskan dari kakuasaan Pamarentahan Siam dan digabuangkanjo Samananjuang Tanah Malayu. Namun sudut pandang Britania tahadap Siam barubah saat Paparangan Pasifik salasai. Kasalamaikan tanah jajahan jo kapantiangan British di Asia Tenggara manjadi partimbangan utamo karajaan Britania dalam pabincangannyo jo Siam maupun Pattani. Karajaan Britania mamaralukan karajosamo Siam untuak mandapekan stok bareh untuak kaparluan tanah jajahannyo. Indak kurang pantiangnyo, karajaan Britania terpaso manyasuaikan parundangannyo tahadap Siam dangan tuntutan Amerika Serikat nan ingin manatapkan wilayah Siam sarupojo pado taun 1941. Kabangkitan Komunis di Asia Tenggara, khususnyo di Tanah Malayu pado taun 1948, manjadi faktor partimbangan Britania dalam manantukan kaputusannyo. Karajaan Britania manganggap Siam sabagai nagara benteng tahadap ancaman Komunis China. Karano itu Karajaan Britania ingin mamastikan Siam taruih stabil dan mamihak kapado Barat dalam parsaingan dangan Nagara-Nagara Komunis. Karajaan Britania mamaralukan karajosamo karajaan Siam untuak manghapuskan kagiatan teror Komunis di parbatasan Tanah Malayu-Siam. Kabatuaan kArajaan Siam alah mambari jaminan untuak mamparkanalkan reformasi di Pattani untuak mangatasi masalah nan dihadapi masyarakaik Malayu. Oleh karano itu, isu Pattani nan awalnyo dianggap kurang pantiang malah kambali dibangkitkan akan mamparkuaik hubuangan dangan Siam. Satalah Parsidangan Songkla pada awal Januari 1949, pihak bakuaso Britania di Tanah Malayu ateh tuntutan pihak Siam mulai maambiak tindakan tarhadap pamimpin-pamimpin pajuangan Pattani. GEMPAR juo alah dilarang. Tengku Mahmood Mahyideen ditakan, samantaro Haji Sulung dihukum pinjaro. Pargarakan politik Pattani samakin lamah dangan kamatian Tengku Mahmood Mahyideen dan Haji Sulung pado taun 1954. == Rujuakan  == Rumusan Sejarah Patani Darussalam == Demografi == Pattani marupokan salah satu daripado ampek provinsi Thailand nan mampunyoi mayoritas panduduak baragamo [[Islam]] (80%). Namo Pattani barasa dari dua parkataan Bahaso Malayu logat satampek yaitu "Pata" ("Pantai") dan "Ni" ("Ini"). Sabagai salah satu wilayah baru nan tabantuak dari Nagara Patani awal, demografinyo indak jauah babedo dangan provinsi-provinsi mayoritas [[Urang Malayu|Malayu Islam]] nan lain sarupojo Narathiwat(Menara), Yala(Jala), Satun(Sentul) dan Songkhla(Senggora). '''Al-Fattani''' adolah dari parkataan Bahaso Arab bamukasuik kabijaksanaan atau cadiak, karano di situ tampek laienyo banyak ulama dan cendikiawan barbagai golongan dari tanah malayu (jawi). Banyak juo nan manjadi ahli tafsir Al-quraan, pangarang kitab bahaso Arab dan bahaso Malayu sarato banyak juo nan alah manjadi tanag pangaja di tanah Arab kabanyakan dari Fattani mako urang-urang Arab manggala mareka adolah urang '''Fattani''' Fattani adolah sarambi Makah di gala '''Fattani Darulsalam''' == Simbol == {| style="margin-bottom: 10px;" | valign="top" |Lambang wilayah Pattani mamaparkan sabuah mariam nan "Sri Patani" atau dalam bahaso siam "Phya Tani", nan dihasilkan di Pattani dek panduduak Pattani. Mariam iko dibaok ka [[Bangkok]] pado 1785 dan kini dipamerkan di muko bangunan Departemen Partahanan di Bangkok. Simbol-simbol nan lain tamasuak bungo rayo (''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''), dan pohon Chengal Kampuang (''Hopea odorata''). |} == Pambagian administratif == [[Berkas:Amphoe_Pattani.png|ka|200x200px|Peta Amphoe]] Pattani tabagi kapado 12 kawasan administratif (''Amphoe''), dibagi lai manjadi 115 daerah swapraja/komunitas (''tambon'') dan 629 kampuang (''mubaan''). {| style="margin-bottom: 10px;" | valign="top" | # Mueang Pattani # Khok Pho # Nong Chik # Panare # Mayo # Thung Yang Daeng | valign="top" | # Sai Buri # Mai Kaen # Yaring # Yarang # Kapho # Mae Lan |} == Huru-hara == Sajak awal taun [[2004]], babarapo insiden karusuhan dan huru-hara alah malando selatan Thailand, tarutamo di wilayah-wilayah Narathiwat, Yala, dan Pattani. Kawasan-kawasan iko didiami dek mayoritas panduduak [[Melayu|Malayu]] Islam dan aktivitas garakan pajuang kamardekaan alah aktif sajak taun 1980-an. Panduduak-panduduak di siko indak maraso sanang jo reaksi kareh pamarentah pusek tarhadap aktivitas garakan pajuang kamerdekaan tasabuik. Kabanyakan mareka juo indak pueh hati jo babarapo kabijakan karajaan pusaik nan mamparlakukan mareka jo caro babeda dari kaum etnis Thai. Pado 26 Oktober [[2004]], 78 urang tewas akibaik sasak angok satalah kasamuanyo dimasuakkan di dalam truk polisi akibaik ditangkap di ateh tuduahan rusuahan di daerah tasabuik dan sakalilingnya. Statistik nan dibarikan dek saurang pangamaik independen manjalehkan bahwa 6 urang mati sarato marto takanai tembakan, 78 urang mati di rumah sakik, 35 mayaik ditamui tarapung di dalam sungai, kabanyakan para korban mati lameh dan babarapo di antaranyo mangalami patah tulang leher dan 1298 urang mangalami luko-luko Hingga awal taun [[2006]], saketeknyo 1.000 urang alah tewas akibaik kakacauan nan tajadi di Thailand bagian selatan sajak Januari 2004. == Pranala lua == * (Inggirih) [https://web.archive.org/web/20111103104408/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6334068/ "78 killed following riot in southern Thailand"], ''MSNBC'' * (Inggirih) [https://web.archive.org/web/20061025190233/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-11/06/content_2185349.htm "700 casualties since January"], ''Xinhua'' == Liek pula == * Chi Tu [[Kategori:Thailand]] t7tfxxj95x907hbrrb8nl0sfldi9x6i Palabuahan udaro Internasional Suvarnabhumi 0 318274 3352805 3146642 2026-09-25T15:26:33Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Airport | name = Palabuahan udaro Suvarnabhumi | nativename = {{lang|th|ท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิ}} | nativename-a = | nativename-r = (Sanskrit: ''Suvarṇa'' – Gold, ''Bhūmi'' – Land) | image = Suvarnabhumi Airport, Airfield, Aircraft, Thailand.jpg | image-width = 250 | image2 = | IATA = BKK | ICAO = VTBS | type = Publik | owner = | operator = [[Airports of Thailand]] | city-served = [[Bangkok]] | location = [[Amphoe Bang Phli|Bang Phli]], [[Samut Prakan Province|Samut Prakan]], Thailand | hub = [[Asia Atlantic Airlines]]<br>[[Bangkok Airways]]<br>[[Jet Asia Airways]]<br>[[Orient Thai Airlines]]<br>[[Thai Airways]]<br>[[Thai Smile]]<br>[[Thai Vietjet Air]] | elevation-f = 5 | elevation-m = 2 | latd = 13 | latm = 41 | lats = 33 | latNS = N | longd=100 | longm= 45| longs = 0 | longEW= E | coordinates_region = TH-11 | website = [http://www.suvarnabhumiairport.com/ SuvarnabhumiAirport.com] | pushpin_map = Thailand Bangkok | pushpin_label = BKK | pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi di [[Provinsi Samut Prakan]] [[Bangkok Metropolitan]] | metric-rwy = y | r1-number = 01R/19L | r1-length-m = 4,000 | r1-surface = [[Aspal]] | r2-number = 01R/19L | r2-length-m = 3,700 | r2-surface = [[Aspal]] | r3-number = 05/23 | r3-length-m = 3,800 | r3-surface = [[Aspal]] | footnotes = Sumber: [[DAFIF]]<ref name=WAD>{{WAD|VTBS|source=[[DAFIF]]}}</ref><ref name=GCM>{{GCM|BKK|source=[[DAFIF]]}}</ref> | stat-year = 2011 | stat1-header = Penumpang | stat1-data = 47,910,904 | stat2-header = Pergerakan pesawat | stat2-data = 299,566 | footnotes = Sumber:Palabuahan udaro Thailand<ref name="2011stats">[http://www.airportthai.co.th/th/irweb/thai/investor_th.html 2011 Statistics]</ref> }} '''Palabuahan udaro Suvarnabhumi''' ({{lang-th|ท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิ}}, pronounced {{IPA-th|sù.wān.nā.pʰūːm|}}) (IATA{{airport codes|BKK|VTBS}}ICAO{{airport codes|BKK|VTBS}} adolah bandaro internasional nan malayani kota [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]], marupokan bandaro baru untuak manggantikan Palabuahan udaro Internasional Don Muang. Satalah babarapa kali panundaan, bandaro ko akhirnyo mulai dibuka sacaro tabateh pado tanggal 15 September [[2006]] dan saluruahnyo pado tanggal 28 September 2006. Bandara ko talatak di Racha Thewa, di distrik Bang Phli, provinsi Samut Prakan, sakita 25 kilometer sabalah timur Bangkok. Namo ''Suvarnabhumi'' dipiliah dek Raja Bhumibol Adulyadej nan artinyo '''tanah ameh'''. Bandaro ko mampunyoi manara kontrol jo tinggi 132,2 [[meter]], manjadikannyo sabagai bandaro jo manara kontrol tatinggi di dunia. Laweh tarminal bandaro (563.000 meter persegi) juo manjadikannyo sabagai bandaro nan mampunyoi laweh terminal tungga kaduo di dunia di bawah Bandaro Internasional Hong Kong. Di Asia, bandaro ko juo manjadi bandaro tasibuik kaampek di bawah Palabuahan udaro Internasional Haneda, Palabuahan udaro Internasional Beijing dan Palabuahan udaro Internasional Hong Kong. == Galeri foto == <gallery> SuvarnabhumiGapura.JPG|Paviliun di lantai ampek Bandara Suvarnabhumi </gallery> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} == Pranala lua == * [http://www.suvarnabhumiairport.com/ Suvarnabhumi Airport Website] * [http://www.freezonethaiairport.com/ Free Zone by Suvarnabhumi Airport Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122152309/http://www.freezonethaiairport.com/ |date=2007-01-22 }} * [http://www.airportthai.co.th/ Airports of Thailand Public Company Limited] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235640/http://www2.airportthai.co.th/airportnew/sun/index.asp?lang=en/ page of the Suvarnabhumi Airport] * [http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/bangkok/ Suvarnabhumi Airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813131326/http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/bangkok/ |date=2006-08-13 }} Project information from Airport Technology * {{NWS-current|VTBS}} [[Kategori:Thailand]] [[Kategori:Bulan Asia Wikipedia]] 9cajk33p5n7yibq6uyaaz12ct3xbmiq Marlis Rahman 0 318379 3352792 3151536 2026-09-25T12:58:24Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Prof. Dr. H. Marlis Rahman, M.Sc.''' ({{lahirmati|[[Bukittinggi]], [[Sumatera Barat]]|9|6|1942|[[Padang]], [[Sumatera Barat]]|28|7|2018}}) adolah [[akademisi]], [[pegajar]], jo [[politisi]] [[Indonesia]]. Inyo adolah putra pasangan almarhum Malin Batuah jo almarhumah Lian, nan marupoan [[Gubernur Sumatera Barat]] nan dilantik dek Mantari Dalam Nagari, [[Gamawan Fauzi]] pado hari Senin 7 Desember 2009.<ref>[http://www.jpnn.com/index.php?mib=berita.detail&id=54774/ "Gubernur Sumbar Dilantik di Garasi Mobil"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305053446/http://www.jpnn.com/index.php?mib=berita.detail&id=54774%2F |date=2016-03-05 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305053446/http://www.jpnn.com/index.php?mib=berita.detail&id=54774%2F |date=2016-03-05 }}. ''JPNN.com''. 07 Desember 2009. Diakses 23 Juni 2014</ref> Sabalunnyo Marlis Rahman, marupoan Wakia Gubernur tapiliah basamo Gubernur, Gamawan Fauzi. Pasangan iko marupoan gubernur partamo nan dipiliah sacaro langsuang dek masyarakaik Sumbar jo dilantik pado 15 Agustus 2005.<ref>[http://cimbuak.net/artikel/45-pemda-sumbar/761-nama-nama-kepala-daerah-di-sumatera-barat-periode-20052006/ Nama-Nama Kepala Daerah di Sumatera Barat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728071158/http://cimbuak.net/artikel/45-pemda-sumbar/761-nama-nama-kepala-daerah-di-sumatera-barat-periode-20052006/ |date=2018-07-28 }} ''Cimbuak.com''.</ref> == Riwayaik Pandidikan == * [[SMA Negeri 1 Bukittinggi]] * [[Universitas Andalas]], [[Sarjana]] FMIPA * [[University of Ohio]] Amerika Serikat, Master of Science (M.Sc) * [[University of Ohio]] Amerika Serikat, Doctor of Phylosophy (Ph.D) == Pangalaman Karajo == * Gubernur Sumbar 2009-2010 * Wakia Gubernur Sumatera Barat 2005-2009 * [[Rektor]] Universitas Andalas * Pambantu Rektor I Universitas Andalas * Dekan FMIPA Universitas Andalas * Katuo Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Andalas * [[Dosen]] Biologi FMIPA Universitas Andalas * Katuo Limbago Pangambangan Tilawatil Quran Provinsi Sumatera Barat * Katuo Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia (ICMI) Orwil Sumbar * Katuo Badan Narkotika Provinsi Sumbar * Katuo Dewan Pangawas RSUP M Djamil Padang * Katuo Kwartir Daerah Pramuka Sumatera Barat * Katuo Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) Sumbar * Katuo Pambangunan Musajik Rayo Sumatera Barat * Katuo Pambangunan Kambali Istano Basa Pagaruyung * Katuo Pambangunan Gaduang Dakwah Muhammadiyah Sumbar == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * [http://www.sumbarprov.go.id/ Situs web rasmi Pemda Provinsi Sumatera Barat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115130538/http://sumbarprov.go.id/ |date=2012-01-15 }} {{kotak mulai}} {{s-off}} {{kotak suksesi|tahun=2009–2010|jabatan=[[Gubernur Sumatera Barat]]|pendahulu=[[Gamawan Fauzi]]|pengganti=[[Irwan Prayitno]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Fachri Ahmad]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Wakia Gubernur Sumatera Barat]]|years=2005–2009}} {{S-vac|dormant|next=[[Muslim Kasim]]}} {{kotak selesai}} {{Gubernur Sumatra Barat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Marlis}} [[Kategori:Pramuka]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Pramuka]] [[Kategori:Rektor Universitas Andalas]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Andalas]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Bukittinggi]] {{indo-bio-stub}} 1nh4lu2ss9szujdgpge8y7isi3rcfa2 Ubek 0 318385 3352844 2465186 2026-09-25T20:52:09Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ubek''' atau '''paureh''' iolah suatu bahan atau paduan bahan nan dimukasuikan dalam manantuan [[diagnosis]], managah, mangurangi, mailangan, mancegakan panyakik atau gajalo panyakik, luko atau kalainan badaniah sarato rohaniah pado manusia atau hewan jo untuak mampaelok badan atau bagian badan manusia, tamasuak ubek tradisional. [[Berkas:Nexium (esomeprazole magnesium) pills.JPG|jmpl|Pil Nexium 40 mg manganduang zat ''esomeprazole magnesium'']] == Klasifikasi == Ubek dapek diklasifikasikan dalam banyak caro, ateh dasar mekanisme aksi, efek, jo status (legal atau indak legal). * [[Analgesik]] iyolah ubek antinyeri (pambunuah raso sakit). ** [[Asetaminofen]] (dikenal juo jo [[parasetamol]] ** [[Obat anti-inflamasi nonsteroid]] (OAINS atau NSAID) *** [[Aspirin]] atau ASA (acetylsalicylic acid), nan lai antipiretik juo *** [[Ibuprofen]] ** [[Opioid]], narkotik pambunuah raso sakik nan kuek jo mambuek [[tagiah]] nan digunoan juo subagai ubek rekreasi dek karano efek [[euforia]]nyo. *** [[Opiat]] **** [[Morfin]] **** [[Kodein]] *** Sintetik jo satangah-sintetik opioid **** [[Heroin]] **** [[Oxycodone]] **** [[Vicodin]] **** [[Demerol]] **** [[Darvocet]] **** [[Tramadol]] **** [[Fentanyl]] * [[ubek rekreasi]] biasonyo digunokan untuak mangubah [[emosi]] atau fungsi tubuah untuak rekreasi ** [[Ethanol|Alkohol]] ** [[Nikotin]] ** [[Kafeina]] ** [[ubek halusinogenik|Hallucinogens]] (tamasuak [[LSD]], [[Magic mushrooms]], jo [[Dissociative drug]]) ** [[Cannabis]] ** [[Ecstasy (drug)|MDMA]] ** [[GHB]] ** [[Heroin]] ** [[Cocaine]]raso ** [[Inhalant]] * [[Entheogenic]] untuak mambuek [[mistik]] atau [[shamanistic]] ** [[Magic mushrooms]] ** [[Peyote]] ** [[Ayahuasca]] ** [[Amanita muscaria]] ** [[Salvia divinorum]] ** [[Datura]] * Ubek paningkek performa (untuak [[olahraga]] atau parang). ** [[Amphetamine]] ** [[efedrina|Ephedrine]] ** [[Cocaine]] ** [[Anabolic]] [[steroid]]s * [[Ubek gaya hiduik]] digunoan untuak maningkekan kualitas hiduik ** [[Viagra]] ** [[Rogaine]] ** [[Antidepressant]] * ubek [[Psychiatric]] ** [[Antidepressants]] *** [[Prozac]] *** [[Paxil]] ** [[Tranquilizers]] *** [[Typical antipsychotic]] ''tranquilizers'' **** [[Thorazine]] *** [[Atypical antipsychotic]] ''tranquilizers'' ** [[Sedative]] *** [[Valium]] * [[Ubek diare]] dipakai untuak mangatasi panyakik diare == Pautan lua == [https://web.archive.org/web/20150501052148/http://www.ptphapros.co.id/article.php?&m=Article&aid=17&lg=%2F Mangenal Panggolongan Ubek (id)] [[Kategori:Ubek]] {{stub}} 2a1mpju8p3201m7n5ttnq0shinp6akq Pangkalan Dasa Everest 0 319829 3352809 3352698 2026-09-25T15:47:11Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352809 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Khumbutse.jpg|jmpl|400x400px|Khumbutse manjulang di ateh kemah-kemah warna-warni di Pangkalan Dasa Everest, sisi Nepal]] [[Berkas:Mount_Everest_Base_Camp.jpg|jmpl|Gunuang Everest ditinjau dari Pangkalan Dasa Utara di Tibet]] <span>'''Pangkalan Dasa Everest '''''(''[[Bahaso Inggirih|Inggirih]]: ''Everest Base Camp)''</span> adolah namo nan bapakai dek duo pangkalan dasa (''base camp'') nan tadapek di sisi lereng nan balawan di [[Gunuang Everest]] (sabananyo dapek juo untuak pangkalan dasa di jalua pandakian manopun, tapi nan umum adolah nan di duo jalua utamo nan alah manjadi standar). Pangkalan Dasa Salatan talatak di Nepal pado katinggian {{Convert|5364|m|ft}} ([//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Everest_Base_Camp&params=28_0_26_N_86_51_34_E_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°0′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">86°51′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.00722°N 86.85944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.00722; 86.85944</span></span></span>]), jo Pangkalan Dasa Utara talatak di Tibet pado katinggian {{Convert|5150|m|ft}}<ref name="Geography">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DqjMGlyY5QC&pg=PA5&dq=Everest+base+camp+5150+m&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Cbp6T-4lrfnhBI2JuIcE&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Everest%20base%20camp%205150%20m&f=false|title=Frommer's China|last=Foster|first=Simon|last2=Jen Lin-Liu|last3=Sherisse Pham|last4=Sharon Owyang|last5=Beth Reiber|last6=Lee Wing-Sze|last7=Christoper D. Winnan|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, 2010|year=2010|isbn=9780470526583|page=5|access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=q6Z6T5yQOeeG4gSphqSIBA&id=CKhgE0qgSHIC&dq=everest+base+camp+in+tibet+has+an+altitude+of&q=%22Base+Camp+%285150m%22#v=snippet&q=%22Base%20Camp%20(5150m%22&f=false|title=Everest - A trekker's guide|last=Reynolds|first=Kev|publisher=Cicerone Press Limited|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84965-076-2|page=231|access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwfpdmnfw7IC&pg=PA165&dq=Everest+base+camp+5150+m&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Cbp6T-4lrfnhBI2JuIcE&ved=0CEwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Everest%20base%20camp%205150%20m&f=false|title=Shangri-La: A Travel Guide to the Himalayan Dream|last=Buckley|first=Michael|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|year=2008|isbn=9781841622040|page=165|access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref> ([//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Everest_Base_Camp&params=28_8_29_N_86_51_5_E_type:landmark_region:CN&title=North+Base+Camp <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°8′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">86°51′5″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.14139°N 86.85139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.14139; 86.85139</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">North Base Camp</span>)</span></span></span>]). Kaduo pangkalan ko bantuaknyo adolah tampek pakemahan sadarano di Gunuang Everest, nan dipagunoan dek para [[Panjek gunuang|pandaki gunuang]] kutiko mandaki atau manuruni gunuang. Pangkalan Dasa Salatan dilalui kok mandaki dari arah pagunuangan tenggara, sadang Pangkalan Dasa Utara dilalui kok mandaki dari arah pagunuangan timur lauik.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trekking in the Nepal Himalaya|url=https://archive.org/details/trekkinginnepalh0000mayh_p4c9|last=Mayhew|first=Bradley|last2=Bindloss|first2=Joe|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2009|isbn=978-1741041880}}</ref> Barang-barang kabutuahan diangkuik ka Pangkalan Dasa Salatan dek para sherpa atau porter nan dibantu jo ewan-ewan, biasonyo [[Yak (taranak)|yak]]. Pangkalan Dasa Utara dapek diakses jo kendaraan (saindaknyo salamo musim panas). Para pandaki biasonyo baistirahaik di pangkalan dasa salamo babarapo ari untuak aklimatisasi, untuak mancagah resiko jo kaparahan panyakik katinggian (''attitude sickness''). == Pangkalan Dasa Salatan di Nepal == [[Berkas:Short_Rest_on_Everest_Base_Trail.jpg|jmpl|Baistirahaik sabanta pado Jalua Pangkalan Dasa Everest, Nepal]] Jalua Pangkalan Dasa Everest di sisi selatan marupoan jalua pandakian nan paliang populer di Himalaya jo dikunjuangi dek ribuan pandaki satiok taunnyo. Para pandaki biasonyo tabang dari Kathmandu ka Lukla untuak bahemaik wakatu jo tanago sabalun mamuloi jalua pandakian dari pangkalan dasa ko. Walaupun baitu, pandakian ka Lukla dapek juo dilakuan. Indak ado jalan dari Kathmandu ka Lukla sainggo caro satu-satunyo mambao barang gadang jo barek adolah jo kapa tabang. Pado taun 2015, tacataik labiah kurang 40,000 urang tiok taun maambiak jalua dari palabuahan udaro Lukla ka Pangkalan Dasa Everest Nepal.<ref name="damage">{{Cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/08/07/4-sections-trekking-route-to-mount-everest-were-damaged-by-earthquake/ |title=4 sections of trekking route to Mount Everest were damaged by earthquake, assessment finds |access-date=2018-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191426/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/08/07/4-sections-trekking-route-to-mount-everest-were-damaged-by-earthquake/ |archive-date=2015-09-24 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Berkas:Everest_Base_Trek_Route_Map.svg|ka|jmpl|495x495px|Peta Jalua Pandakian Pangkalan Everest dari sisi Nepal]] Dari [[Lukla]], para pandaki naiak manuju tampek asa para Sherpa di [[Namche Bazaar]], {{Convert|3440|m|ft}}, maikuik ngarai batang aia Dudh Kosi. Kiro-kiro satala pajalanan duo ari ka sampai ka kampuang ko, nan marupoan pusek parubuangan daerah itu. Biasonyo di titiak iko, para pandaki maambiak saari baistirahaik untuak aklimatisasi. Salanjuiknyo pajalanan mamakan wakatu duo ari lai untuak mancapai Dingboche, {{Convert|4260|m|ft}} sabalun baistirahaik untuak aklimatisasi labiah lanjuik. Kudian duo ari lai dibutuahkan untuak mancapai Pangkalan Dasa Everest malalui [[Gorakshep]], suatu lapangan data di bawah [[Kala Patthar]], {{Convert|5545|m|ft}} jo Gn. Pumori. Pado tangga 25 April 2015, gampo bumi bakakuatan 7.8 pado skala MMS mangguncang Nepal jo mamicu lonsor di Pumori nan malando Pangkalan Dasa Salatan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150425-everest-earthquake-basecamp-nepal-himalaya-climbing-sherpa/|title=Everest Base Camp a ‘War Zone’ After Earthquake Triggers Avalanches|publisher=National Geographic|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> Saindaknyo 19 urang disabuikan maningga karanonyo. Ampia duo minggu kudian, pado 12 Mai tajadi gampo kaduo bakakuatan 7.3 M<sub>w</sub>. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Avalanche-triggered-by-quake-kills-18-on-Mount-Everest/articleshow/47055195.cms|title=Avalanche triggered by quake kills 18 on Mount Everest access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> Babarapo jalua manuju Pangkalan Dasa Everest rusak dek gampo-gampo ko jo paralu dipaeloki. <gallery> File:South Everest Base Camp sleeping platform.jpg|Tampek bakemah samintaro di gletser Khumbu, Pangkalan Dasa Everest Selatan, Nepal. File:EverestBasecamp-fromKalarPatar.jpg|Pangkalan Dasa Everest Nepal di kida bawah, runtuahan es Khumbu di sabalah suok File:KhumbuIcefall.jpg|Runtuahan es Khumbu File:Everest base camp(1).jpg|Pangkalan Dasa Everest </gallery> == Pangkalan Dasa Utara di Tibet == Kunjuangan ka Pangkalan Dasa Utara (sisi Cino) maso kini butuah ijin dari pamarentah Cino, salain ijin nan dibutuahan untuak bakunjuang ka Tibet tu surang. Ijin-ijin tu aruih diatua malalui parusaoan pajalanan di Lhasa sabagai paket kunjuangan nan tamasuak manyewa kendaraan, pengemudi, jo pamandu. Pangkalan Dasa Utara dapek dicapai jo kendaran malewati jalan sapanjang 100&nbsp;km bacabang ka Selatan dari Friendship Highway dakek Shelkar. Dari Pangkalan Dasa, satiok pangunjuang aruih naiak bis nan diatua dek pamarentah untuak mambatasi jumalah lalu lintas pado potongan jalan karikia taakia manuju bukik nan bakatinggian 5,200 meter di ateh pamukoan lauik, indak jauah dari pangkalan pandaki. Dapek juo manampuah jalua ka ateh dari lokasi pangkalan wisata, namun aruih malalui aklimatisasi nan bana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onceinalifetimejourney.com/once-in-a-lifetime-journeys/everest-base-camp/|title=Which Everest Base Camp: Everest or Nepal?}}</ref> "Pangkalan Dasa wisatawan" tu tadapek kiro-kiro di tangah pajalanan dari Biaro Rongbuk Monastery; nan Pangkalan Dasa pandaki sabananyo lataknyo di kaki gletser Rongbuk. <gallery> File:Approach to Everest Base Camp, Tibet.jpg|Jalan karikia manuju Pangkalan Dasa Everest Utara satalah maninggakan Friendship Highway, Tibet, jo pamandangan dakek patamo ka Gn. Everest File:Tent village at Everest Base Camp, Tibet.JPG |Kampuang pakemahan nan didirian untuak para pangunjuang di Pangkalan Dasa Everest, Tibet. Tampek ko adolah nan tajauah nan dapek dicapai jo oto paribadi. Gunuang Everest dapek dicaliak di lata balakang. File:North Mount Everest Base Camp Tea House.png|Kadai teh di Pangkalan Dasa Everest Utara. Gunuang Everest tabantang di lata balakangnyo. File:Interior of tea-househotel at Everest Base Camp.JPG|Bagian dalam kadai teh/hotel di Pangkalan Dasa Everest, Tibet File:Everest Tibet Base Camp looking West from hillside August 03 2002.jpg|Pamandangan Pangkalan Dasa Everest Utara (sisi Tibet) ka arah barat, 3 Agustus 2002. Bangunan permanen di kida adolah untuak para pandaki gunuang, bangunan di tangah kida untuak kakus, samintaro bangunan kayu batutuik plastik terpal di bawah jo suok adolah untuak para pangunjuang (turis) jo pandukuang lainnyo. File:Climbers' tents at Mt. Everest Base Camp, Tibet.jpg|Kemah para pandaki di daerah kusuih, di lua dari daerah nan tabukak untuak para pangunjuang lainnyo. File:Starry night at Mount Everest.jpg|Kemah-kemah nan taliek pado pagunuangan sabalah timur lauik, dipandang dari pakampuangan kemah utara, Tibet, pado 20 Mai 2011. </gallery> == Caliak pulo == [[Berkas:View_of_Everest_Base_Camp_Trek.jpg|al=View on the way to Everest Base Camp Trek|jmpl|Pamandangan wilayah Everest dalam pajalanan manuju Pangkalan Dasa Everest, Nepal]] {{Wikivoyage-inline|Everest Base Camp Trek|jalua pandakian Pangkalan Dasa Everest}} * [[Gorakshep]] * [[Kala Patthar]] * [[Namche Bazaar]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == * [https://www.magicalnepal.com/everest-base-camp-trek-map/ Map: Everest Base Camp Map] * [https://www.amigotrekking.com/blog/everest-base-camp-trek-guide/ Guide: Everest Base Camp Trek Guide] * [https://himalayanadventurenepal.com/trip/everest-base-camp-14-days// Guide: Everest Base Camp Trek Guide] * [https://s3.amazonaws.com/Gigapixel_Trees/Pumori_Spring2012_EBC_Full/EBC_Pumori_050112_8bit_FLAT.html Mt. Pumori EBC Panorama] * [http://bdvid.com/2015/04/exclusive-hit-by-avalanche-in-mt-everest-basecamp-25-04-2015/ Video: Avalanche hitting Everest Base Camp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514220610/http://bdvid.com/2015/04/exclusive-hit-by-avalanche-in-mt-everest-basecamp-25-04-2015 |date=2015-05-14 }} * [https://godiyals.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Everest-Base-Camp-Trek-Altitude-Profile.jpg?w=1024&ssl=1 Altitude Profile of Everest Base camp trek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711185238/https://godiyals.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Everest-Base-Camp-Trek-Altitude-Profile.jpg?w=1024&ssl=1 |date=2018-07-11 }} * [http://www.zmidloch.com/outdoor-blog/ebc-everest-base-camp-trek-gokyo/ GPS coordinates of EBC trek and description of the EBC trek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110043655/http://www.zmidloch.com/outdoor-blog/ebc-everest-base-camp-trek-gokyo/ |date=2016-11-10 }} [[Kategori:Nepal]] dhsg0c6x9f53bnph1gdkdeijhndepvf Libanon 0 319868 3352789 3183997 2026-09-25T12:17:03Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Country |conventional_long_name = Republik Libanon |native_name = الجمهوريّة اللبنانيّة{{br}} ''Al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah'' {{small|([[Bahasa Arab|Arab]])}}{{br}} République libanaise {{small|([[Bahasa Perancis|Perancis]])}} |common_name = Libanon |image_flag = Flag of Lebanon.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Lebanon.svg |image_map = Lebanon (orthographic projection).svg |image_map2 = Lebanon - Location Map (2012) - LBN - UNOCHA.svg |national_motto = كلنا للوطن للعلى للعلم{{br}} ''Kullunā lil-waṭan, lil-ʻula, lil-ʻalam''{{br}} ([[Bahasa Arab|Arab]]: "Kito seadoyuo untuak nagara, untuak kamuliaan, untuak bandera") |national_anthem = {{br}}النشيد الوطني اللبناني{{br}}''[[Lagu kabangsaan Libanon|An-Našīd al-Waṭaniyy al-Lubnāniyy]]'' |official_languages = [[Bahaso Arab|Arab]] ko [[Bahaso Parancih|Parancih]] |capital = [[Beirut]] |latd=33 |latm=54 |latNS=N |longd=35 |longm=32 |longEW=E |largest_city = Ibu kota |government_type = [[Republik]] [[Sistem parlementer|parlementer]] |leader_title1 = [[Presiden Libanon|Presiden]] |leader_title2 = [[Pardano Mantari Libanon|Pardano Mantari]] |leader_name1 = [[Michel Aoun]] |leader_name2 = [[Saad Hariri]] |legislature = مجلس النواب{{br}}''[[Parlemen Libanon|Majlis an-Nuwwab]]'' |sovereignty_type = Kamerdekaan |sovereignty_note = dari [[Parancih]] |established_event1 = [[Libanon Rayo]] |established_date1 = 1 September 1920 |established_event2 = Kamerdekaan diumuman |established_date2 = 22 November 1943 |area = 10,452 |area_rank = 166 |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |percent_water = 1,8 |population_estimate = 4.467.000 |population_estimate_year = 2014 |population_estimate_rank = 119 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 473 |population_density_rank = 27 |GDP_PPP = $81.122 miliar<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=38&pr.y=0&sy=2014&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=446&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|title=Lebanon |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |accessdate=13 Agustus 2015}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 88 |GDP_PPP_year = 2014 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $17.985<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =56 |GDP_nominal = $49.919 miliar<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = 86 |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $11.067<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 61 |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = n/a <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = {{increase}} 0,769 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |year=2014 |accessdate=27 Juli 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}</ref> |HDI_category = <span style="color:#0c0;">tinggi</span> |HDI_rank = 61 |currency = [[Pound Lebanon]] (ل.ل) |currency_code = LBP |time_zone = [[Wakatu Eropa Timua]] (EET) |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = [[Wakatu Musim Paneh Eropa Timur]] (EEST) |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = suok |iso3166code = LB |cctld = [[.lb]] |calling_code = [[+961]] |footnotes= {{Tnavbar|Lebanon infobox|plain=1}} }} '''Republik Libanon''' adolah sabuah nagara di [[Timua Tangah]], sapanjang [[Lauik Tangah]], jo babatasan jo [[Suriah]] di utara jo timur, jo [[Israel]] di selatan. [[Bandera Libanon]] manampilan sabuah [[pohon aras Libanon|pohon aras]] bawarna hijau jo latar balakang putiah, diapik dek duo garih sirah horisontal di ateh jo bawahnyo. Karano kaanekaragamannyo nan [[sekte|sektarian]], Libanon manganut sabuah sistem politik kusuih, nan dikenal sabagai [[konfesionalisme]], nan dimaksudan untuak mambagi-bagi kakuasaan samarato mungkin di antaro aliran-aliran agamo nan babeda-beda.<ref>Countries Quest. [http://www.countriesquest.com/middle_east/lebanon/government.htm "Lebanon, Government"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509171934/http://www.countriesquest.com/middle_east/lebanon/government.htm |date=2011-05-09 }}. Diakses [[14 Desember]] [[2006]].</ref> Sabalun [[Parang Sudaro Libanon]] (1975-1990), nagara iko manikmati katanangan jo kamakmuran nan relatif, didorong dek sektor pariwisata, patanian, jo pabankan dalam ekonominyo.<ref>U.S. Department of State. [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35833.htm "Background Note: Lebanon (History) August 2005"] Diakses [[2 Desember]] [[2006]].</ref> Libanon dianggap sabagai ibukota pabankan di [[dunia Arab]] jo umumnyo dianggap sabagai "[[Swiss]] di Timua Tangah"<ref>USPG. [http://www.uspg.org.uk/news/news_israel.php "Anglican Church in Jerusalem responds to the Middle East crisis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821063641/http://www.uspg.org.uk/news/news_israel.php |date=2006-08-21 }}. Diakses [[31 Oktober]] [[2006]].</ref><ref>Socialist Party (2005). [http://www.socialistparty.org.uk/2005/384/index.html?id=mp6.htm "A new crisis in the Middle East?"]. Diakses [[31 Oktober]] [[2006]].</ref> Dek karano kakuatan finansialnyo, Libanon juo manarik banyak bana wisatawan,<ref name="tourism">Anna Johnson (2006). [http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/fn/4297143.html "Lebanon: Tourism Depends on Stability"]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Diakses [[31 Oktober]] [[2006]].</ref> hinggo ibukotanyo, [[Beirut]], dirujuak dek banyak urang sabagai "[[Paris]]nyo Timur Tangah."<ref>TC Online (2002). [http://archives.tconline.org/Stories/april02/fc6.html "Paris of the Middle East"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514054952/http://archives.tconline.org/Stories/april02/fc6.html |date=2007-05-14 }}. Diakses [[31 Oktober]] [[2006]].</ref> Sagiro satalah parang, ado banyak upayo untuak maghiduikan kambali ekonominyo jo mambangun kambali [[infrastruktur]] nasionalnyo.<ref>Canadian International Development Agency. [http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/lebanon#3 "Lebanon: Country Profile"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530095337/http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/lebanon#3 |date=2008-05-30 }}. Diakses [[2 Desember]] [[2006]].</ref> Pado awal 2006, stabilitas nan cukuik gadang alah tacapai di hampia saluruah nagari, rekonstruksi [[Beirut]] hampia salasai,<ref>Center for the Study of the Built Environment. [http://www.csbe.org/saliba/essay1.htm "Deconstructing Beirut's Reconstruction: 1990-2000"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725210323/http://www.csbe.org/saliba/essay1.htm |date=2011-07-25 }}. Diakses [[31 Oktober]] [[2006]].</ref> jo samakin banyak wisatawan asiang nan tibo ka [[resort|resort-resort]] Libanon.<ref name="tourism"/> Namun, [[Parang Libanon 2006]] manimbulan [[Korban Parang Lebanon 2006|korban sipil jo militer]], karusakan hebat pado [[infrastruktur sipil]], kp pangungsian gadang-gadangan dari [[12 Juli]] [[2006]] hinggo gancatan sanjato dibalakukan pado [[14 Agustus]] [[2006]]. Pado September 2006, pamarintah Libanon alah manbalakuan rancano pamuliahan awal na ditujukan untuak mambangun kambali properti nan dihancuran dek sarangan-sarangan Israel di Beirut, [[Tirus]], jo [[desa|desa-desa]] lainnyo di bagian salatan Libanon. == Pranala luar == {{Portal|Libanon}} {{commons|Category:Lebanon}} {{wikivoyage|Lebanon}} * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060506090021/http://www.informs.gov.lb/EN/Main/index.asp Situs web reami pemerintqh Lebanon] * {{en}} [http://www.lebanonembassyus.org/ Situs web kadutaan besar Lebanon di Washington, D.C.] * {{en}} [http://www.lebweb.com/ Situs web Lebanon] {{Timur Tangah}} [[Kategori:Libanon| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Timur Tengah]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota OKI]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota Liga Arab]] [[Kategori:Nagara berbahasa Arab]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Laut Tengah]] {{Asia-stub}} dksoj8d76tg4rmlx5zc4sj173uvxthw Zakir Naik 0 319900 3352860 3351579 2026-09-25T22:30:44Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Zakir Abdul Karim Naik''' ({{lang-hi|ज़ाकिर अब्दुल करीम नायक}}; {{lahirmati||18|10|1965}}) adolah saurang [[da'i]], [[pambicaro umum]], jo pancaramah internasional [[Muslim]] dari [[India]]. Inyo juo [[panulih]] hal-hal tantang [[Islam]] jo [[Ilmu Pabandiangan Agamo]]. Sacaro profesi, inyo adolah saurang [[dotor medis]], mamparoleh gala "Sarjana Kadotoran jo Bedah" (''Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery'', MBBS) dari [[Maharashtra]], tatapi sajak 1991 inyo alah manjadi saurang pambicaro Islam jo [[ulama]] nan talibat dalam [[dakwah]] Islam jo pabandiangan agamo. Inyo manyatoan baso tujuannyo iolah antaro lain untuak babicaro mangenai Islam kapado non-muslim jo mangklarifikasian sagalo macam kasalahpahaman tantang agamo Islam itu surang, tautamo labeling "teroris" jo "radikalisme". Inyo juo sabagai pambicaro mangenai agamo Islam sabagai agamo nan sasuai sacaro fakta iolah agamo nan masuak aka jo cocok jo ilmu Sains modern untuak dapek mayakinkan non muslim tantang kabanaran agamo tasabuik. Zakir Naik adolah [[pangusaho|pandiri]] jo [[presiden]] [[Islamic Research Foundation]] (IRF)<ref name="Mazumdar">{{cite web|url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10854375/site/newsweek/|title= Beaming In Salvation|last= Mazumdar|first= Sudip|date= 2006-01-23|work= [[Newsweek International]]|access-date= 2018-11-30|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060118131623/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10854375/site/newsweek/|archive-date= 2006-01-18|dead-url= yes}}</ref>, sabuah organisasi nirlaba Islam nan kusuih dalam panalitian Islam jo pabandiangan agamo nan juo mamiliki jo manyiaran jaringan saluran TV [[siaran perai|perai]] [[Peace TV]] dari [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. == Biografi == Zakir Naik lahia pado tanggal 18 Oktober 1965 di [[Mumbai]] (Bombay pado wakatu itu), [[India]] jo marupoan katurunan [[urang Konkani|Konkani]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tungekar.com/zakirnaik.html |title=Zakir Naik |publisher=Tungekar.com |date= |accessdate=2009-08-30 |archive-date=2008-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103043656/http://www.tungekar.com/zakirnaik.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Inyo basakolah di ''St. Peter's High School'' ([[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]]) di kota Mumbai. Kamudian bagabuang jo [[Kishinchand Chellaram College]] jo mampalajari kasihatan di [[Topiwala National Medical College and Nair Hospital]] di Mumbai. Inyo kamudian manarimo gala [[MBBS]]-nyo di [[University of Mumbai]]. Taun 1991 inyl baranti bakarajo sabagai dotor medis jo baraliah di bidang [[dakwah]] atau [[proselitisme]] [[Islam]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://drzakirnaik.com/Home/AboutMe/tabid/54/Default.aspx |title=Biography of Dr. Zakir Naik from DrZakirNaik.com (situs web nan dibentuk muridnya) |access-date=2018-11-30 |archive-date=2007-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019031917/http://www.drzakirnaik.com/Home/AboutMe/tabid/54/Default.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Naik mangatoan inyo tainspirasi dek [[Ahmed Deedat]]<ref name="ArabNews">[http://arabnews.com/?page=9&section=0&article=84659&d=8&m=7&y=2006 Spreading God’s Word Is His Mission] - Arab News</ref> nan alah aktif di bidang dakwah salamo labiah dari 40 tahun.<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2005-08/08/article03.shtml Muslims Mourn Ahmed Deedat], IslamOnline.net, August 8, 2005</ref> Manurut Naik, tujuannyo adolah "bakonsentrasi pado remaja Muslim bapandidikan nan mulai maraguan agamonyo surang jo maraso agamonyo alah kuno"<ref name="Hansen">{{cite book | last = Hansen | first = Thomas | title = Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay | url = https://archive.org/details/wagesofviolencen0000hans | year = 2001 | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn =0-691-08840-3 | page=[https://archive.org/details/wagesofviolencen0000hans/page/177 177] }} </ref> jo adolah tugeh satiap Muslim untuak manghilangan kasalahpahaman tantang Islam untuak malawan apo nan inyo anggap sabagai bias [[Islamofobia|anti-Islam]] dek media Barat satalah [[sarangan 11 September 2001]] tahadap [[Amerika Serikat]]. <ref>[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=71409&d=9&m=10&y=2005&pix=kingdom.jpg&category=Kingdom Media Urged to Counter Anti-Muslim Bias] - Arab news, Sunday October 9, 2005</ref> Inyo alah bacaramah jo manulih sajumlah buku tantang Islam jo [[pabandiangan agamo]]<ref>[http://www.irf.net/irf/dtp/dawah_tech/t18/t18a/pg1.htm Ten Most Common Questions asked by Christian Missionaries against Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204071508/http://www.irf.net/irf/dtp/dawah_tech/t18/t18a/pg1.htm |date=2009-02-04 }} by Dr. Zakir Naik on IRF.net</ref> juo hal-hal nan ditujuan untuak mahapuih karaguan tantang Islam.<ref>[http://www.peacetv.tv/faq.php FAQs on Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211140438/http://peacetv.tv/faq.php |date=2010-02-11 }} by Dr. Zakir Naik</ref> Sajumlah artikelnyo acok juo ditabikan di majalah India misalnyo [[Islamic Voice (majalah)|Islamic Voice]].<ref>[http://www.islamicvoice.com/march.99/zakir.htm#QUE Prohibition of Alcohol in Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530111635/http://www.islamicvoice.com/march.99/zakir.htm#QUE |date=2008-05-30 }} - Islamic Voice</ref><ref>[http://islamicvoice.com/august.99/zakir.htm#QUE Was Islam Spread by the Sword?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530130819/http://www.islamicvoice.com/august.99/zakir.htm#QUE |date=2008-05-30 }} - by Dr. Zakir Naik</ref><ref>[http://islamicvoice.com/august.2004/zakir.htm#ark Are Ram And Krishna Prophets Of God?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630193506/http://www.islamicvoice.com/august.2004/zakir.htm#ark |date=2008-06-30 }} - Islamic Voice</ref> [[Thomas Blom Hansen]], saurang [[sosiolog]] nan mamacik posisi akademik di babagai universitas, alah manulih baso gaya Naik mangabadian [[Qur'an]] jo [[hadits]] dalam babagai bahaso, jo pai ka babagai nagara untuak mambicaroan Islam basamo para teolog, alah manjadiannyo sabana takenal di lingkuangan Muslim jo non-Muslim. Walaupun inyo biaso mangecek kapado ratusan hadirin, jo kadang ribuan hadirin, justru rekaman video jo DVD caramahnyo nan banyak didistribusikan. Pakataannyo biaso direkam dalam bahaso Inggirih, untuak disiaran pado akia pakan di sajumlah jaringan TV kabel di lingkuangan [[Muslim]] Mumbai,<ref name="Hansen" /> jo di saluran [[Peace TV]], nan inyo dirikan. <ref name="Mazumdar" /><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25960&Itemid=146 | title = Peace TV Reaching 50 Million Viewers – Dr. Zakir Naik | date = February 23, 2007 | author = Syed Neaz Ahmad | work = [[Saudi Gazette]] | accessdate = 2007-05-18 | archive-date = 2007-07-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070707211833/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25960&Itemid=146 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Topik nan inyo bicaroan mancakup: "Islam jo Ilmu Pangatahuan Modern", "Islam jo Kristen", jo "Islam jo Sekularisme", di antaro nan lain.<ref name="Hansen" /> == Caramah, debat, jo kontroversi == Naik alah mangadoan banyak debat jo caramah di saluruah dunia<ref name=Irfunderscanner>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/zakir-naiks-foundation-under-the-scanner/article8829130.ece | title=Zakir Naik's UK-registered Foundation under scanner | publisher=[[The Hindu]] | date=10 July 2016 | accessdate=18 July 2016 | pages=Pandey, Devesh K.}}</ref>, inyo biaso mangadoannyo di Mumbai, India, jo tiok taun sajak 2007 inyo mamimpin [[Konferensi Damai]] 10 hari di Somaiya Ground, [[Sion, Mumbai]] jo candikiawan lainnyo, tamasuak politikus [[Malaysia]], [[Anwar Ibrahim]] pado 2008.<ref>Shahid Raza Burney (2007-12-31) [http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=105128 Zakir Naik’s Remarks on Yazid Spark Anger Among Muslims] Arab News. Retrieved on 2009-07-30.</ref> Taun 2004, Naik mangunjuangi [[Salandia Baru]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tewahanui.info/pdfs/4/twn04pg04.pdf | title = Scholar clears the air about Islam ‘labels’ | work = [[Te Waha Nui]] | date = September 6, 2004 | accessdate = 2007-05-20 | format = PDF | archive-date = 2007-09-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928035232/http://www.tewahanui.info/pdfs/4/twn04pg04.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> jo kamudian ibu kota Australia ateh undangan [[Islamic Information and Services Network of Australasia]]. Dalam konferensinya di [[Melbourne]], manurut jurnalis Sushi Das, "Naik mamuji superioritas moral jo spiritual Islam jp mancerca kapicayoan lain jo bangsa Baraik sacaro umum", manambahan baso kato-kato Naik "mandorong jiwa katapisahan jo mampakuek pamisahan".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/sushi-das/between-two-worlds/2005/07/27/1122143904716.html | title = Between two worlds | date = July 28, 2005 | work = [[The Age]] | accessdate = 2007-05-20 }}</ref> Bulan 1 April [[2005]], Naik talibat dalam debat jo William Campbell, topiknya iolah Islam jo Kristen dalam konteks ilmu pangetahuan, di mano kaduonyo mambicaroan dugaan kasalahan ilmiah di dalam kitab suci.<ref>Khaled Ahmed (2006-01-08) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130203020302/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C01%5C08%5Cstory_8-1-2006_pg3_3 WORD FOR WORD: William Campbell versus Zakir Naik] Daily Times. Retrieved on 2009-07-30.</ref> Khushwant Singh, saurang jurnalis India, mangatoan baso kato-kato Naik "kejam" jo "mereka jarang masuak debat tingkek sarjana perguruan tinggi, di mano kontestan basaing jo nan lainnyo untuak mamparoleh nilai tabaiak".<ref name="The Tribune">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050305/saturday/above.htm One man’s belief is another’s shackle] by Khuswant Singh,</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">[http://www.hvk.org/articles/1107/18.html Why Muslims lag behind] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007203832/http://www.hvk.org/articles/1107/18.html |date=2009-10-07 }} by Khuswant Singh,</ref> Analis politik [[Khaled Ahmed]] mnganggap baso Zakir Naik, manuruik klaim superioritas Islam tahadap kayakinan religius lain, mampraktikkan apo nan inyo sabuik ''[[Orientalisme]] mundur''. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_16-12-2003_pg3_4 | title = Second opinion: Zakir Naik’s ‘reverse orientalism’ —Khaled Ahmed’s TV Review | work = [[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] | date = December 16, 2003 | accessdate = 2007-05-20 | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20120723190431/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_16-12-2003_pg3_4 | archivedate = 2012-07-23 | dead-url = no }}</ref> Dalam sabuah celaramah di [[Melbourne University]], Naik mangatoan baso hanyo Islam nan maagiahan wanita kasamoan sajati.<ref name="women">{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/08/29/1093717837783.html |title=Islam's gender debate at the fore |publisher=Theage.com.au |date= |accessdate=2009-08-30}}</ref> Inyo manyatoan pentingnya [[penutup kepala]] jo manganggap baso "pakaian Barat nan tabukak" mambuek wanita labiah mungkin mangalami palecehan seksual.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/the-clash-of-ignorance/2005/08/06/1123125843879.html |title=The clash of ignorance |publisher=Theage.com.au |date=2005-08-06 |accessdate=2009-08-30}}</ref> Tanggal 21 Januari 2006, Naik mangadkan sabuah dialog antaragamo jo [[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]]. Acara iko mangenai konsep Tuhan dalam Islam jo Hinduisme, tujuannyo iolah maagiahan kasapahaman antaro duo agamo gadang India, jo mangaluan kasamoan antaro Islam jo Hinduisme, misalnyo bagaimano berhala dilarang. Diadoan di [[Bangalore]], India jo 50.000 urang mamadeki [[Bangalore Palace|Palace Grounds]].<ref>[http://www.thetruecall.com/home/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=167 Religious dialogue for Spiritual Enlightenment] Retrieved on 2009-07-20.</ref> Bulan Agustus 2006, kunjuangan jo konferensi Naik di [[Cardiff]] (Baritania Rayo) manjadi obyek kontroversi katiko MP (anggota parlemen) Wales [[Dai Davies (politikus)|David Davies]] mamintak acaranyo dibatalan. Inyl manyebuiknyo saurang 'panjua kebencian', jo mangatoan pandangannyo indak panteh mamparoleh 'platform publik'; Muslim dari Cardiff, manpatahanan hak babicaro Naik di kota mareka . Saleem Kidwai, Sekretaris Jenderal Muslim Council of Wales, indak satuju jo Davies, manyatoan baso "urang-urang nan mangenalnya ''(Naik)'' tahu baso inyo adolah salah satu urang paliang indak kontroversial nan pernah ado. Inyo babicaro tentang kasamoan antar agamo, jo bagaimano kito harus hiduik salaras jo mereka", jo melangundang Davies untuak mambicaroan labiah jauah jo Naik sacaro paribadi di konferensi ini. Konferensi tatap bajalan, satalah dewan Cardiff mangatoan baso mareka sanang apobilo inyo indak bacaramah jo pandangan ekstremis.<ref>[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_method=full&objectid=17572219&siteid=50082-name_page.html Row over Islamic preacher] - WalesOnline.co.uk</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Katie Bodinger |url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0200wales/tm_objectid=17598165%26method=full%26siteid=50082-name_page.html |title=Cleric's address hailed a success |publisher=Icwales.icnetwork.co.uk |date=2006-08-21 |accessdate=2009-08-30}}</ref> Satalah sabuah [[kontroversi Islam Paus Benediktus XVI|caramah]] dek [[Paus Benediktus XVI]] bulan September 2006, Naik manantang debat publik langsuang jo inyo, tatapi ditolak dek Sri Paus.<ref name="Pak Tribune">[http://www.islamicity.com/forum/printer_friendly_posts.asp?TID=7109 Dr Zakir Naik invites Pope Benedict XVI for open interfaith dialogue] - IslamCity.com - 07 October 2006 at 10:07pm</ref> Bulan Nopember 2007, IRF maadoan konferensi jo pameran Islam internasional 10 hari batemaan ''Konferensi Damai'' di Somaiya Ground di [[Mumbai]]. Caramah tantang Islam dilaksanaan Naik jo duo puluah candikiawan Islam lainnyo dari saluruah dunia.<ref name="Gazette">[http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=200803311990&archiveissuedate=31/03/2008 Justice, peace & unity: The cornerstone of Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094546/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=200803311990&archiveissuedate=31%2F03%2F2008 |date=2015-09-24 }} by Syed Neaz Ahmad, [[Saudi Gazette]]</ref> Salamo salah satu caramahnyo, Naik memprovokasi kamarahan di antaro anggota komunitas Syiah di konferensi itu katiko inyo manyabuikan kato-kato "Radhiyallah taa'la anhu" (bararti 'Samoga Allah mangampuninyo') satalah manyabuik namo Yazid I jo manyabuikan baso Pertempuran Karbala hanyo badasaran politik.<ref name="Times of India">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Row_over_Islamic_preachers_remarks_/articleshow/2653996.cms Row_over_Islamic_preachers_remarks] by Mohammed Wajihuddin,[[Times of India]]</ref> Lainnyo mampicayoi komentar iko disangajo.<ref name="Arab News">[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=105128 Zakir Naik’s Remarks on Yazid Spark Anger Among Muslims] by Shahid Raza Burney, [[Arab News]]</ref> Dalam tabikan 22 Pebruari 2009, [[Indian Express]] mambuek daftar "100 Urang India Takuek 2009" di antarl satu miliar panduduak India, Zakir Naik masuak paringkek 82. Dalam daftar kusuih "10 Guru Spiritual Tabaiak India", Zakir Naik ado di paringek 3, satalah [[Baba Ramdev]] jo [[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]], manjadi satu-satunyo Muslim di daftar iko. == Referensi == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Pranala lua == * [https://www.youtube.com/user/Drzakirchannel Saluran Rasmi] di [[YouTube]] {{wikiquote|Zakir Naik|Zakir Naik}} {{lifetime|1965||Naik, Zakir}} [[Kategori:Cendekiawan Muslim]] [[Kategori:India]] [[Kategori:Tokoh India]] [[Kategori:Muslim India]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Mumbai]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Mumbai]] [[Kategori:Teolog Muslim]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Kristologi]] [[Kategori:Bulan Asia Wikipedia]] 9x6qkzwo775z4fquuhsmi6zkosrjgwr Megachile pluto 0 322506 3352795 3151880 2026-09-25T13:06:22Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}}{{Taxobox | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite journal | authors = Kuhlmann, M. | title = ''Megachile pluto'' | journal = [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume=2014 | page =e.T4410A21426160 | year =2014 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T4410A21426160.en }}</ref> | image = Stavenn Megachile pluto.jpg | genus = Megachile | parent = Megachile (Callomegachile) | species = pluto | authority = B. Smith, 1860 | synonyms = *''Chalicodoma pluto'' <small>(Smith, 1860)</small> }} '''''Megachile pluto''''' atau '''''Chalicodoma pluto''''', kadang disabuik juo '''Labah raksasa Wallace''' atau namo satampek '''o ofungu ma koana''' ("rajo labah")<ref>,{{cite news|url=https://sains.kompas.com/read/2019/02/22/125923223/sembunyi-hampir-40-tahun-lebah-terbesar-di-dunia-ditemukan-di-maluku |title=Sembunyi Hampir 40 Tahun, Lebah Terbesar di Dunia Ditemukan di Maluku|publisher=Kompas}}</ref> adolah sabuah spesies [[labah]] baukuran gadang dari Indonesia nan tamasuak dalam famili [[Megachilidae]] (labah [[resin]]). Saaik kini labah iko marupoan spesies labah tagadang nan dikatahui manusia. Spesies iko sempat dianggap punah, namun babarapo spesimen ditamuan pado 1981. Satalah itu, spesies iko indak pernah dicaliak lai hinggo pado 2018 duo spesimen dijua di situs lelang online [[eBay]]. Pado 2019, saikua labah batino ditamuan dalam kaadaan hiduik di Maluku Utara, dan difilman untuak partamo kalinyo. == Deskripsi == ''Megachile pluto'' adolah labah resin ([[Megachilidae]]) hitam jo rahang nan gadang. Labah iko mamiliki [[dimorfisme seksual]] (pabedaan tampak lua antaro jantan jo batino): labah batino dapek tumbuah hinggo panjang 38&nbsp;mm jo rantang sayok 63,5&nbsp;mm, tatapi jantannyo hanyo tumbuah hinggo 23&nbsp;mm. Hanyo batinonyo mamiliki rahang gadang.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/wallaces-giant-bee/|title=The Triumphant Rediscovery of the Biggest Bee on Earth|last=Simon|first=Matt|date=2019-02-21|work=Wired|access-date=2019-02-21|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> ''M. pluto'' adolah spesies labah tagadang nan pernah [[Deskripsi spesies|dideskripsian]] jo masih hiduik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/science/giant-bee-wallace.html|title=The World’s Largest Bee Is Not Extinct|last=Quenqua|first=Douglas|date=2019-02-21|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-02-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Salain ukuran tubuah jo rahangnyo nan gadang, spesies iko dapek juo dibedaan dari labah-labah lainnyo malalui adonyo pita putiah di [[abdomen]].<ref name=messer/> == Habitat == Labah iko baru pernah dilaporan ditamuan di tigo pulau [[Maluku Utara]], Indonesia, iyolah [[Pulau Bacan]], [[Halmahera]], jo [[Pulau Tidore|Tidore]]. Indak banyak nan dikatahui tantang distribusi geografinyo maupun syaraik-syaraik habitatnyo, tatapi labah iko dipacayo hanyo hiduik di [[hutan primer]] [[dataran randah]]. Katigo pulau iko kini alah dipanuahi pakeaunan [[kalapa sawit]] nan manggantian habitat alami nan sabalunnyo ado. Karena iko [[Uni Internasional untuak Konservasi Alam]] mangklasifiksian spesies iko sabagai [[spesies rentan]].<ref name=iucn/> == Sijarah == Spesies iko partamo kali tacatat dek [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], nan mangumpuaannyo pado taun 1858, jo katiko itu diagiah namo "Lebah raksasa Wallace". Satalah itu spesies iko indak ditamuan lain jo dianggap punah hinggo pado 1981 Adam C. Messer, saurang [[entomologi]]s Amerika Sarikat, manamuan anam sarang ''Megachile pluto'' di Pulau Bacan jo sakitarnyo.<ref name=messer>{{cite journal | author = Messer, A. C. | title = ''Chalicodoma pluto'': The World's Largest Bee Rediscovered Living Communally in Termite Nests (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) | journal = Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society | year = 1984 | volume = 57 | issue = 1 | pages = 165–168 | jstor = 25084498 }}</ref> Spesies iko tamasuak dalam 25 spesies "hilang jo paliang dicari" dalam program "Search for Lost Species" ("Pancarian Spesies Hilang") dek [[Global Wildlife Conservation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lostspecies.org/|title=The Search for Lost Species|date=|work=Global Wildlife Conservation|access-date=2017-06-02|language=en-US}}</ref> Satalah 1981, spesies iko indak pernah diamati dalam kondisi alamiahnyo salamo 37 tahun. Duo spesimen diparoleh di Indonesia pado 2018, ciek di Pulau Bacan pado Februari jo kaduo di Halmahera pado September. Kaduo spesimen iko dijua di situs lelang [[eBay]] jo manimbulkan kakhawatiran akan kurangnyo palinduangan tahadap spesies langka iko.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vereecken |first1=Nicolas |title=Wallace’s Giant Bee for sale: implications for trade regulation and conservation |journal=Journal of Insect Conservation |date=2018 |volume=22 |issue=5-6 |pages=807-811 |doi=10.1007/s10841-018-0108-2 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10841-018-0108-2}}</ref> Spesimen partamo tajua saharago $9.100 dolar AS (sekitar 125 juta rupiah)<!-- kurs 13700 pada awal 2018--> jo nan kaduo tajua juo babarapo ribu dolar.<ref name=filmed_alive/> Saikua ''M. pluto'' batino ditamuan hiduik dalam sabuah sarang [[rayap]] pado 2019 dek sabuah tim nan salah satu anggotanyo adolah fotografer Clay Bolt. Saaik itu, spesies iko difoto jo difilmkan dalam kaadaan hiduik untuak partamo kalinyo, sabalun dilapehan baliak.<ref name=filmed_alive>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/02/worlds-largest-bee-rediscovered-not-extinct/|title=World’s largest bee, once presumed extinct, filmed alive in the wild|last1=Main|first1=Douglas|date=21 February 2019|website=National Geographic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222040237/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/02/worlds-largest-bee-rediscovered-not-extinct/|archive-date=22 February 2019|dead-url=yes|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bolt |first1=Clay |title=Wallace's Giant $9,000 Bee |url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2018/04/03/wallaces-giant-9000-bee/ |website=National Geographic |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=2019-02-24 |archive-date=2018-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107224859/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2018/04/03/wallaces-giant-9000-bee/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Ekologi == ''M. pluto'' mamiliki sarang nan ditinggali bakalompok di dalam sarang-sarang rayap ''[[Microcerotermes amboinensis]]'' nan hiduik di papohonan. Karano sarangnyo nan tasuruak iko, kabaradaan labah iko acok indak disadari bahkan dek panduduak satampek. Lebah iko manggunaon [[resin]] (gatah) pohon untuak mambangun "ruangan-ruangan" di dalam sarang rayap. Labah-labah batininyo banyak maninggaan sarangnyo untuak mancari getah, nan acok didapek dari tanaman ''[[Anisoptera thurifera]]''. Rahangnyo nan gadang mambantu hewan iko mangumpuan gatah, nan dek ''M. pluto'' batino dibantuak sabagai bola-bola gadang nan disapik dek rahang. Katagantuangan labah iko tahadap rayap dapek jadi marupaon hubuangan [[simbiosis]] [[simbiosis#obligat|obligat]].<ref name=iucn/><ref name=messer/> == Caliak pulo == * [[Tawon raksasa asia]] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q134348}} [[Kategori:Labah]] [[Kategori:Saranggo Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Fauna endemik Indonesia]] 5gxfmix3bluy2eymk3o11czrvhnu1ie Wahhabisme 0 323745 3352856 3352523 2026-09-25T22:10:40Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Islam}}{{Islam Sunni}} '''Wahabi''' atau '''Wahhabisme''' ({{lang-ar|الوهابية}}, ''{{transl|ar|al-Wahhābiya(h)}}'') adolah sabuah aliran jo gerakan reformasi agamo dalam [[Islam]] nan mulonyo dipimpin dek Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab.{{efn|1=WAHHABIYYA, sabuah istilah nan dipakai untuak manunjuakan (a) doktrin sarato (b) pangikuik Muhammad b. Abd al-Wahhab. Brill Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed <br/> • Wahhābīyah Gerakan kabangkitan agamo abaik kasalapan baleh (tajdīd) jo reformasi (islāh) nan didirian di Najd di Arab Saudi dek sarjana sarato ahli hukum Muḥammad bin 'Abd al-Wahhāb (1702/3–1791/2). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World <br/> • WAHHABIYAH Sabuah kalompok pambaruan Islam nan didirian dek Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab (AH AH 1206/1792 M), Wahhabıyah taruik balanjuik sampai kini di Jazirah Arab. Istilah Wahhabı mulonyo dipakai dek lawan gerakan, nan manuduah baso inyo adolah bantuak baru Islam, tapi akhianyo namo tu ditarimo laweh. Encyclopedia of Religion 2nd ed (MacMillan) <br/> • Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (1703–92) Pandiri gerakan agamo revivalis jo reformis nan bapusek di Najd di Arabia tangah dan biaso disabuik sabagai Wahhabiyyah atau Wahhabi, The Princeton Encyclopeidia of Islamic Political Thought <br/> • Wahhabis Gerakan reformis / revivalis abaik ka-18 untuak rekonstruksi masyarakaik sacaro sosial. (The Oxford Dictionary of Islam) <br/> • MUWAHHIDUN Gerakan tasabuik dimulai dek surang ulama dari Najd (Arab Saudi), Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792), dididiak dek ulama (imam Islam) di tampek nan kini banamo Irak, Iran, dan Hijaz (Arabia barat). The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (2nd Edition) (MacMillan) <br/> • Wahhabiyya sabuah gerakan reformasi konservatif diluncuran di Arabia abaik kasalapan baleh dek Muhammad b.Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world (MacMillan) <nowiki> <br/>• Wahhabism (Bahaso Arab: Wahhabiyya) Dinamoi manuruik namo tokoh pandirinyo, Muhammad ibn abd al-Wahhab (maningga tahun 1792), Wahhabisme adolah bantuak paliang pantiang dari reformasi Islam militan nan muncua di Jazirah Arab. [...] Iko maacu pado saparangkek doktrin jo praktik sarato gerakan sektarian {{sic | tadiri dari | hide = y |} dan panganuiknyo. Encyclopedia of Islam, InfoBase</nowiki> <br/> • Wahhabism. Wahhabisme maacu pado interpretasi konservatif Islam nan didirikan sabagai gerakan kabangkitan jo reformasi di Arabia abaik kasalapan baleh (Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World) <br/> • Wahabism Gerakan Islam nan bakambang pado abaik kasalapan baleh di Arabia tangah, maajakan ajaran Sunni nan pakek jo puritan. (A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.), Oxford) <br/> • Wahhābī Gerakan Islam Wahhābī, juo diijo Wahābī, adolah bagian dari gerakan reformasi Muslim nan didirikan dek Muḥammad ibn'Abd al-Wahhāb pado abaik ka-18 di Najd, Arab tangah, dan diadopsi pado taun 1744 dek kaluarga Sa'ūd. (Encyclopedia Britannica) <br/>• Wahhābīya Gerakan Muslim ultra-konservatif dan puritan nan bapacik pado mazhab Ḥambali, walaupun maanggap dirinyo sabagai ghair muqallidīn, indak tunduak pado ciek mazhab, namun picayo baso inyo mambela nan bana. (The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford)}} Gerakan ko acok disabuik sabagai aliran "ultakonservatif",<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion|editors=Mark Juergensmeyer, Wade Clark Roof|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2011|entry=Wahhabis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1369|page=1369}}</ref> "kareh",<ref name="pbs-wahhabism">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/analyses/wahhabism.html|title=Analysis Wahhabism|publisher=PBS Frontline|accessdate=13 May 2014|quote=For more than two centuries, Wahhabism has been [[Saudi Arabia]]'s dominant creed. It is an austere form of Sunni Islam that insists on a literal interpretation of the [[Quran]]. Wahhabis believe that all those who don't practice their form of Islam are heathens and enemies. Critics say that Wahhabism's rigidity has led it to misinterpret and distort Islam, pointing to extremists such as [[Osama bin Laden]] and the [[Taliban]]. Wahhabism's explosive growth began in the 1970s when Saudi charities started funding Wahhabi schools ([[madrassa]]s) and mosques from Islamabad to [[Culver City, California]].}}</ref> atau "puritan".<ref name="meforum">{{cite web|url=http://www.meforum.org/535/saudi-arabia-and-the-rise-of-the-wahhabi-threat|title=Saudi Arabia and the Rise of the Wahhabi Threat|last1=Schwartz|first=Steven|website=meforum|accessdate=24 June 2014|ref=27 February 2003}}</ref><ref name="Kampeas">{{cite web|url=http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Islam/2001/12/Fundamentalist-Wahhabism-Comes-To-U-S.aspx|title=Fundamentalist Wahhabism Comes to U.S.|last=Kampeas|first=Ron|publisher=Belief.net, Associate Press|accessdate=27 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wahhabi">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/634039/Wahhabi|title=Wahhabi|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online|accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> Pandukuang gerakan ko picayo baso gerakannyo sabagai "gerakan reformasi", nan batujuan untuak mambaliakan ajaran agamo ka "ajaran tauhid nan murni",<ref name="Commins">{{cite book|last=Commins|first=David|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|publisher=I.B. Tauris|page=vi|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kQN6q16dIjAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=wahhabism#v=onepage&q=wahhabism&f=false|isbn=9781845110802|year=2006}}</ref> baliak ka ajaran Islam nan sabananyo, nan marujuak pado [[Al-Qur'an]] jo [[Hadits]], barasiah dari sagalo panyimpangan nan dianggap bid'ah, syirik, jo khurafat.<ref name="Commins" /><ref name="Virus Wahabi">Abu Mujahid & Haneef Oliver, Virus Wahabi, Toobagus Publishing, 2010, hal. 120 – 121.</ref> Samantaro panatangnyo manyabuik Wahabi sabagai "gerakan sektarian nan sasek",<ref name="Commins" /> "sekte cacek",<ref name="SatanicSimonValentine" /> atau panyimpang ajaran Islam.<ref name="pbs-wahhabism" /><ref name="Commins-viv" /> Istilah Wahabi acok manuai polemik dan dek pandukuangnyo biasonyo manulak mamakai istilah tu, labiah ka tuju jo manyabuik ''[[Salafi]]'' atau ''muwahhid,<ref name="Wiktorowicz, Quintan 2006 p.235" /><ref>{{cite book|last=DeLong-Bas|first=Natana J.|title=Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], USA|year=2004|pages=123–24|edition=First|isbn=0-19-516991-3|quote=''Wahhabism'' has become [...] a blanket term for any Islamic movement that has an apparent tendency toward misogyny, militantism, extremism, or strict and literal interpretation of the Quran and hadith}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Commins|first=David|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2009|page=ix|quote=Thus, the mission's devotees contend that 'Wahhabism' is a misnomer for their efforts to revive correct Islamic belief and practice. Instead of the Wahhabi label, they prefer either ''Salafi'', one who follows the ways of the first Muslim ancestors (''salaf''), or ''muwahhid'', one who professes God's unity.}}</ref>'' untuak manakanan prinsip katauhidan<ref name="GlasseIsl" /> ("Aso" jo "Tungga"nyo [[Allah]])<ref name="Esposito333">{{harvnb|Esposito|2003|p=333}}</ref>, manulak pado kalompok lain nan masih mampraktikkan kasyirikan.<ref>V. G. Julie Rajan ''Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir and the Genocide of Muslims'' Routledge 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-317-64538-2}} page 76</ref> Gerakan ko dipangaruahi jo Ibnu Taymiyyah sarato mazhab Hambali, walaupun rami juo dari kalangan ulama Hambali nan manulak gagasan Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab.<ref name="Wahhabi" /> Wahhabisme dinamoi manuruik namo aktivis sarato pandakwah abaik ka-18, Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab (1703-1792).<ref name="Wahhabi" /> Baliau mamulai gerakan reformasinyo di daerah Najd,<ref name="thinnly">{{cite book|last=Commins|first=David|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|date=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SKf3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=wahhabi+nejd+thinly+populated#v=onepage&q=wahhabi%20nejd%20thinly%20populated&f=false|quote=The Wahhabi religious reform movement arose in Najd, the vast, thinly populated heart of Central Arabia.|isbn=9780857731357}}</ref> manyampaian baso paralunyo pambarasiahan ajaran Islam nan sangkek tu marak bacampua jo pamujaan ka urang siak sarupo bakunjuang ka kubua urang-urang siak sarato mandoa di situ, nan dek baliau dianggap sabagai hal baru dalam agamo (bid'ah).<ref name="Esposito333" /><ref name="global-wahhabi">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htm|title=Wahhabi|date=27 April 2005|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507090328/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htm|archivedate=7 May 2005|accessdate=10 May 2008}}</ref> Nan akhianyo, baliau bakarajo samo jo pamimpin satampek, Muhammad bin Saud, nan manawarkan kapatuahan politik sarato bajanji untuak malinduangi jo mambantu panyebaran dakwah Wahabi.<ref name="lacey-glory" /> Aliansi antaro pandukuang Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab jo Muhammad bin Saud alah jaleh tajalin arek. Katurunan Saud taruih malanjuikan karajo samo aliansi politik-agamo ko inggo proklamasi Karajaan Arab Saudi pado taun 1932, bahkan inggo zaman modern. Kini ajaran Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab alah ditatapan sabagai ajaran rasmi [[Sunni|Islam Sunni]]<ref name="pbs-wahhabism" /><ref name="Glasse-where">{{cite book|last=Glasse|first=Cyril|title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas_h0t2|date=2001|publisher=AltaMira Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas_h0t2/page/469 469]|quote=A sect dominant in Saudi Arabia and Qatar, at the beginning of the 19th century it gained footholds in India, Africa, and elsewhere.}}</ref> nan didukuang karajaan.<ref name="demo" /> Jo bantuan dana dari ekspor minyak Arab Saudi,<ref name="Kepel-61">{{cite book|last=Kepel|first=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris|pages=61|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA61&dq=the+financial+clout+of+Saudi+Arabia#v=onepage&q=the%20financial%20clout%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia&f=false|quote=... the financial clout of Saudi Arabia [that] had been amply demonstrated during the oil embargo against the United States, following the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. This show of international power, along with the nation's astronomical increase in wealth, allowed Saudi Arabia's puritanical, conservative Wahhabite faction to attain a preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam.|isbn=9781845112578}}</ref><ref name="ElFadl-70">Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005), ''The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists'', Harper San Francisco, pp. 70–2.</ref> gerakan ko bakambang capek mampangaruahi dunia Islam sajak taun 1970-an.<ref name="pbs-wahhabism" /> Kamantarian Lua Nagari Amerika Serikat alah mampakirokan baso alah labiah dari ampek dekade tarakhia Riyadh alah maaliahan lansuang pandanaan malalui yayasan-yayasan nan dikalola dek Wahabi inggo $10 milyar (£6 milyar).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/03/29/what-is-wahhabism-the-reactionary-branch-of-islam-said-to-be-the/|title=What is Wahhabism? The reactionary branch of Islam said to be 'the main source of global terrorism'|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=16 December 2016}}</ref> "Bateh" untuak manantuan nan ma nan Wahabi amaiklah payah,<ref name="threat-define" /> tapi dalam pamakaiannyo kini, istilah ''Wahabi'' jo ''Salafi'' acok batuka pamakaiannyo dan inyo disabuik sabagai gerakan nan akanyo babeda nan alah manyatu sajak taun 1960-an.<ref name="Dillon-3-4" /><ref>Stephane Lacroix, [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17210/ISIM_21_Al-Albani-s_Revolutionary_Approach_to_Hadith.pdf?sequence=1 Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith]. [[Leiden University]]'s ISIM Review, Spring 2008, No. 21.</ref><ref>(Salafism has been termed a hybridation between the teachings of Ibn Abdul-Wahhab and others which have taken place since the 1960s) Stephane Lacroix, [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17210/ISIM_21_Al-Albani-s_Revolutionary_Approach_to_Hadith.pdf?sequence=1 Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith]. [[Leiden University]]'s ISIM Review, Spring 2008, No. 21.</ref> Walau baitu, Wahabi disabuik sabagai "aliran tatantu dalam Salafi",<ref name="global-salafi">GlobalSecurity.org [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-salafi.htm Salafi Islam]</ref> atau sabagai Salafinyo Saudi.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_2.html|title=Washington Post, For Conservative Muslims, Goal of Isolation a Challenge|publisher=|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="John L. Esposito p.54">{{cite book|author=John L. Esposito|title=What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Wahhabism&f=false|page=54|isbn=9780199794133|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Dipakirokan jumlah pandukuang Wahabi amaik baragam, manuruik ciek sumber adola 5 juta urang Wahabi di Taluak Persia (dibandiangan jo sadoalah Islam [[Sunni]] 28,5 juta sarato [[Syiah]] 89 juta).<ref name="demo">{{cite web|url=http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/GulfReligionGeneral_lg.png|title=Demography of Religion in the Gulf|last=Izady|first=Mehrdad|year=2014|work=[[Mehrdad Izady]]|origyear=1999}}</ref><ref>Other sources give far lower numbers of Shia though they do not estimate the number of Wahhabi <br />(15% of KSA is Shia. sources: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7959531.stm Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights]| bbc|by Anees al-Qudaihi | 24 March 2009; and [http://www.cfr.org/publication/10903/shiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html Council on Foreign Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411123648/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10903/shiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html |date=2010-04-11 }}| Author: Lionel Beehner| 16 June 2006; Vali Nasr, ''Shia Revival'', (2006) p. 236)</ref> Mayoritas Sunni jo Syiah di saluruah dunia kurang satuju jo ajaran Wahabi, dan rami Muslim nan manyabuiknyo sabagai sekte atau "aliran nan manyimpang".<ref name="SatanicSimonValentine">{{cite book|last1=Valentine|first1=Simon|title=Force and Fanaticism|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6mKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|accessdate=24 July 2016|pages=16–17|quote=The majority of mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims worldwide would strongly disagree with the interpretation of Wahhabism outlined above. Rather than see Wahhabism as a reform movement, many Muslims would reject it in the strongest terms as firqa, a new faction, a vile sect.}}</ref> Rami dari kalangan ulama, tamasuak nan dari Universitas Al-Azhar, manyabuik Wahabi jo istilah sarupo "ajaran setan".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Valentine|first1=Simon|title=Force and Fanaticisim|publisher=Oxford|page=17|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Rl9eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31&lpg=PT31&dq=similarly,+regularly+denounce+wahhabism&source=bl&ots=pKutZH6Z8b&sig=6ayRbudKUUPRinWnd5t1VZIIp1w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVnq-t5IzXAhUk8IMKHZUcADUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=similarly%2C%20regularly%20denounce%20wahhabism&f=false|accessdate=25 October 2017}}Offline, ulema, such as those at the prestigious Al-Azhar University in Cairo (the Oxford University of the Sunni Muslim World) similarly, regularly denounce wahhabism as 'a satanic faith which has led to division, debate, dishonesty and mistrust of muslims'.</ref> Wahabisme alah dituduah sabagai "sumber dari sagalo bantuak terorisme global",<ref name="Haider">{{cite news|last1=Haider|first1=Murtaza|title=European Parliament identifies Wahabi and Salafi roots of global terrorism|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1029713|accessdate=3 August 2014|publisher=Dawn.com|date=22 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="senate">{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/pdf/CHRG-108shrg91326.pdf|title=Terrorism: Growing Wahhabi Influence in the United States|date=26 June 2003|publisher=US GPO|quote=Journalists and experts, as well as spokespeople of the world, have said that Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world, from Morocco to Indonesia, via Israel, Saudi Arabia, Chechnya. [[Jon Kyl]], US Senator for Arizona}}</ref> dek dianggap mainspirasi ideologi ''Islamic State of Iraq and Syam'' (ISIS),<ref>Partick Cockburn, The Rise of Islamic State: ISIS and the New Sunni Revolution. Verso 2014. p. 6</ref> sarato mambuek umaik tacarai dek malabeli Muslim lain nan manantang dakwahnyo sabagai kafir<ref name="commins-pivotal">{{cite book|last=Commins|first=David|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|URL=http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Muslim_Sects/The-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2006|page=vi|quote=[T]he pivotal idea in Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teaching determines whether one is a Muslim or an infidel. In his opinion, Muslims who disagreed with his definition of monotheism were not heretics, that is to say, misguided Muslims, but outside the pale of Islam altogether|access-date=2019-07-11|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415034707/http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Muslim_Sects/The-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> (takfir) sarato manyaru untuak manumpahan darahnyo.<ref name="Blanchard" /><ref name="Glasse-heretics" /><ref name="Mouzahem">{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/wahhabi-sheikh-fatwa-iraq-kill-shiites-children-women.html#|title=Saudi Wahhabi Sheikh Calls on Iraq's Jihadists to Kill Shiites|last1=Mouzahem|first1=Haytham|date=20 April 2013|website=Al-Monitor|publisher=al-monitor|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824095059/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/wahhabi-sheikh-fatwa-iraq-kill-shiites-children-women.html|archivedate=24 August 2014|deadurl=yes|accessdate=18 August 2014|df=}}</ref> Wahabisme pun dikritik pulo dek usahonyo dalam maancuran makam-makam urang siak, mausoleum, sarato artefak-artefak jo bangunan-bangunan Islam jo non-Islam.<ref name="Rabasa 2004 103, note 60">{{cite book|last=Rabasa|first=Angel|author2=Benard, Cheryl|authorlink=|title=The Muslim World After 9/11|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimworldafter0000unse|year=2004|publisher=Rand Corporation|location=|isbn=0-8330-3712-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimworldafter0000unse/page/103 103], note 60.|chapter=The Middle East: Cradle of the Muslim World|quote=}}</ref><ref name="TI">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|title=The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage|accessdate=21 December 2009|last=Howden|first=Daniel|date=6 August 2005|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020143746/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|archive-date=20 October 2011|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="finn-destruction">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/world/cultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam/p5234|title=Cultural Terrorism and Wahhabi Islam|last1=Finn|first1=Helena Kane|date=8 October 2002|website=Council on Foreign Relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904022946/http://www.cfr.org/world/cultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam/p5234|archive-date=4 September 2014|dead-url=yes|accessdate=5 August 2014|quote=It is the undisputed case that the Taliban justification for this travesty [the destruction of the Buddha statues at Bamiyan] can be traced to the Wahhabi indoctrination program prevalent in the Afghan refugee camps and Saudi-funded Islamic schools (madrasas) in Pakistan that produced the Taliban ... In Saudi Arabia itself, the destruction has focused on the architectural heritage of Islam's two holiest cities, Mecca and Medina, where Wahhabi religious foundations, with state support, have systematically demolished centuries-old mosques and mausolea, as well as hundreds of traditional Hijazi mansions and palaces.}}</ref> == Ajaran == Pangikuik gerakan Wahabi maidentifikasi diri sabagai [[Islam Sunni]] (''Ahlussunnah wal jamaah'').<ref>''Wahhabism: Understanding the Roots and Role Models of Islamic Extremism'', by Zubair Qamar, condensed and edited by ASFA staff</ref> Ajaran utamo dari Wahabi adolah panagehan tantang kaasoan jo tungganyo Allah,<ref name="Esposito3332" /><ref name="AllahInBritannica">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Allah|year=|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|accessdate=28 May 2008|location=|publisher=|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005770/Allah}}</ref> malawan kasyirikan.<ref name="DLB2004: 62">[[Wahhabisme#DLB2004|DeLong-Bas, ''Wahhabi Islam'', 2004]]: 62</ref> Dakwah nan disampaian iyolah maajak umaik untuak manjalanan ajaran agamo bak cando kaum salaf (umaik tadaulu). Sacaro tageh, pangikuik ajaran ko manulak ajaran-ajaran bid'ah nan biaso dilakukan mayoritas Sunni jo Syiah di saluruah dunia,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYqlBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=Wahhabism+opposition+to+sunni&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEssiBz-nQAhWmL8AKHXTdDAIQ6AEIJzAC|title=Young American Muslims: Dynamics of Identity|last=Kabir|first=Nahid Afrose|date=1 January 2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=|isbn=9780748669936|location=|pages=44|language=en|quote=Both Wahhabism and Salafism are very much opposed by the vast majority of Sunnis and also by Shiites|via=}}</ref> sarupo bakalabiahan dalam manyanjuang nabi jo urang-urang siak. Wahabi manakankan pado pamahaman literal pado tafsir Al-Quran jo Hadits, nan manulak pamahaman dalil-dalil jo logika atau rasional (''ahlur-ra'yu''). Wahabi acok dikaikkan jo pamahaman takfir (malabeli muslim lainnyo sabagai kafir) dek panantang-panantangnyo. Ajaran Wahabi pun maajaan paralunyo ijtihad salamo basasuaian jo isi kanduangan Quran, Sunnah, sarato ajaran kaum salaf, nan deknyo hal ko ndak disabuik sabagai bid'ah.<ref name="Halverson-71">{{cite book|last=Halverson|first=Jeffry R.|title=Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism|date=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=71|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=IYzGAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Athari+islam&ots=wa0i7AaRa6&sig=WmxaQ58fGUNzTAA1XqYxQdSILLo#v=onepage&q=Athari%20&f=false|quote=Abdul-Wahhab was a proponent of Ijtihad, as were the leading reformers of the Salafi movement in Egypt.}}</ref> == Populasi == Pangikuik ajaran Wahabi kiro-kiro ado 4,56 juta urang di Taluak Persia, di mano 4 juta dari Arab Saudi (umumnyo Najd) dan sisonyo dari Uni Emirat Arab jo Qatar. Paretongan ko dibuek manuruik kriteria budayo bukan sacaro panyatoan.<ref name="demo2" /> Banyak dari Sunni di Qatar nan Wahabi (46,9%) sarato 44,8% di Uni Emirat Arab. 5,7% urang Bahrain sarato 2,2% urang Kuwait nan Wahabi.<ref name="demo2" /> == Rujuakan == === Catatan === <references group="lower-alpha" /> === Pustaka === {{reflist|30em}} == Bacoan lanjuik == * [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt|Burckhardt, John Lewis]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=sDZAAAAAYAAJ ''Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys''], H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1830. * Valentine, S. R., "Force & Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond", Hurst & Co, London, 2015,{{ISBN|978-1849044646}}. * [[Imran N. Hosein]] (1996). [http://www.imranhosein.org/books/126-the-caliphate-the-hijaz-and-the-saudi-wahabi-nation-state.html 'The Caliphate, the Hejaz and the Saudi-Wahhabi Nation-State'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628001818/http://imranhosein.org/books/126-the-caliphate-the-hijaz-and-the-saudi-wahabi-nation-state.html |date=2014-06-28 }}. New York: Masjid Darul Qur'an. * Algar, Hamid, ''Wahhabism: A Critical Essay'', Islamic Publications International,{{ISBN|1-889999-13-X}}. * [[Natana J. DeLong-Bas|Delong-Bas, Natana J.]], ''Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad'', Oxford University Press,{{ISBN|0-19-516991-3}}. * [[David Holden|Holden, David]] and Johns, Richard, ''The House of Saud'', Pan, 1982,{{ISBN|0-330-26834-1}}. * [[Madawi Al-Rasheed|Al-Rasheed, Madawi]], ''A History of Saudi Arabia'', Cambridge University Press, 2002,{{ISBN|0-521-64412-7}}. * De Gaury, Gerald and [[Freya Stark|Stark, Freya]], ''Arabia Phoenix'', Kegan Paul International Limited,{{ISBN|0-7103-0677-6}},{{ISBN|978-0-7103-0677-7}}. * Oliver, Haneef James, ''The 'Wahhabi' Myth: Dispelling Prevalent Fallacies and the Fictitious Link with Bin Laden'', T.R.O.I.D. Publications, February 2004,{{ISBN|0-9689058-5-4}}. * Quist, B. Wayne and Drake, David F., ''Winning the War on Terror: A Triumph of American Values'', iUniverse, 2005,{{ISBN|0-595-67272-8}}. * {{cite book|last=Malik|first=S. K.|year=1986|title=The Quranic Concept of War|url=http://wolfpangloss.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/malik-quranic-concept-of-war.pdf|publisher=Himalayan Books|isbn=81-7002-020-4}} * {{cite book|last=Swarup|first=Ram|year=1982|title=[[Understanding Islam through Hadis]]|publisher=Voice of Dharma|isbn=0-682-49948-X}} * {{cite book|last=Trifkovic|first=Serge|year=2006|title=[[Defeating Jihad]]|publisher=Regina Orthodox Press, USA|isbn=1-928653-26-X}} * {{cite book|last=Phillips|first=Melanie|year=2006|title=[[Londonistan: How Britain is Creating a Terror State Within]]|publisher=Encounter books|isbn=1-59403-144-4}} * {{cite book|last=Commins|first=David Dean|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|year=2006|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=1-84885-014-X|url=http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Muslim_Sects/The-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf|ref=harv|access-date=2019-07-11|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415034707/http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Muslim_Sects/The-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|last=Esposito|first=John|authorlink=John Esposito|author2=|editor=|others=|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-512558-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Kepel|first=Gilles|authorlink=Gilles Kepel|others=trans. Anthony F. Roberts|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/jihadtrailofpoli0000kepe|edition=1st English|year=2002|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-674-00877-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Vernochet|first=Jean-Michel|others=|title=Les Egarés: Wahhabisme est-il un contre Islam ?|edition=4th French|year=2013|publisher=Sigest|location=Alfortville-F|isbn=978-2-917329-62-7}} * [[Charles Saint-Prot|Saint-Prot, Charles]]. Islam. ''L'avenir de la tradition entre révolution et occidentalisation'' (Islam. The Future of Tradition between Revolution and Westernization). Paris: Le Rocher, 2008. * Saudi Clerics and Shia Islam, by Raihan Ismail, Oxford University Press, 2016.{{ISBN|978-0-19-023331-0}} [[Kategori:Islam]] [[Kategori:Salafi]] [[Kategori:Sunni]] [[Kategori:Arab Saudi]] 4ojrn02ftmrx2ypi1bqs336ixt0ep36 Thomas Alva Edison 0 323971 3352841 3351539 2026-09-25T20:25:27Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Thomas Edison |image = Thomas_Edison2.jpg |imagesize = 220px |caption = <div style="font-size: 90%">"Jenius adolah satu persen inspirasi, sambilan puluah sambilan persen perspirasi."<br />– Thomas Alva Edison, [[Harper's Magazine|Harper's Monthly]] (September 1932)</div> |birth_name = Thomas Alva Edison |birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1847|02|11}} |birth_place = [[Milan, Ohio]], A.S. |death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1931|10|18|1847|02|11}} |death_place = [[West Orange, New Jersey]], A.S. |occupation = Panamu, pabisnis |education = Kalua dari sakolah |nationality = [[bangso Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]] |spouse = {{marriage|Mary Stilwell |1871|1884}}<br />{{marriage|Mina Miller |1886|1931}} |religion = [[Deisme|Deis]] |partner = |children = Marion Estelle Edison (1873–1965)<br />Thomas Alva Edison Jr. (1876–1935)<br />William Leslie Edison (1878–1937)<br />[[Madeleine Edison]] (1888–1979)<br />[[Charles Edison]] (1890–1969)<br />[[Theodore Miller Edison]] (1898–1992) |parents =Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804–1896)<br />Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–1871) |relatives = [[Lewis Miller (filantropis)|Lewis Miller]] (mertua) |signature = Thomas Alva Edison Signature.svg |website = |footnotes = }} [[Berkas:A day with Thomas A. Edison.webm|jmpl|thumbtime=1|upright=1.1|{{en}} ''A Day with Thomas Edison'' (1922)]] [[Berkas:Thomas Edison.jpg|jmpl|Thomas Edison]] '''Thomas Alva Edison''' ({{lahiamati||11|2|1847||18|10|1931}}) adolah [[panamu]] jo [[pangusaha]] nan mangambangan banyak paralatan penting. Si Panyihir [[Menlo Park, New Jersey|Menlo Park]] iko marupoan salah saurang panamu partamo nan menarapan prinsip [[produksi massal]] pado proses [[panamuan]]. == Biografi == === Maso ketek === Inyo lahia di [[Milan, Ohio]], [[Amerika Sarikat]] pado tanggal 11 Februari 1847. Pado maso keteknyo di Amerika Sarikat, Edison salalu mandapek nilai buruak di sakolahnyo. Oleh karano itu ibunyo membarantiannyo dari sakolah jo maaja surang di rumah. Di rumah jo leluasa Edison ketek dapek mambaco buku-buku ilmiah dewasa jo mulai maadoan babagai pacuboan ilmiah surang. Pado umua 12 taun inyo mulai bakarajo sabagai panjua koran, buah-buahan jo gulo-gulo di kareta api. Kamudian inyo manjadi operator telegraf, inyo pindah dari satu kota ka kota lain. Di [[New York]] inyo dimintak untuak manjadi kapalo [[masin]] telegraf nan penting. Masin-masin itu mangirimaan barito bisnis ka saluruah parusahaan takamuko di New York. === Maso mudo === Pado taun [[1870]], inyo manamuan masin telegraf nan labiah baiak. Masin-masinnyo dapek mancetak pasan-pasan di ateh pita karateh nan panjang. Pitih nan dihasilan dari panamuannyo itu cukuik untuak managakan parusahaan surang. Pado taun [[1874]] inyo pindah ka Menlo Park, New Jersey. Disinan inyo mambuek sabuah bengke ilmiah nan gadang jo nan partamo di dunia. Satalah itu inyo banyak mangarajoan panamuan-panamuan nan penting. Pado taun [[1877]] inyo manamuan [[fonograf]]. Dalam taun 1879 inyo barasia manamuan [[lampu]] listrik keamdian inyo juo manamuan [[proyektor]] untuak [[film]]-film ketek. Taun 1882 inyo mamasang lampu-lampu listrik di jalan-jalan jo rumah-rumah sajauah satu kilometer di kota New York. Hal iko adolah partamo kalinyo di dunia lampu listrik di pakai di jalan-jalan. Pado taun 1890, inyo managakan parusahaan [[General Electric]]. [[Berkas:Edison face.jpg|jmpl|Thomas Edison wakatu mudo]] Edison dipandang sabagai salah saurang pancipta paliang produktif pado masonyo, mamacik rekor 1.093 paten ateh namonyo. Inyo juo banyak mambantu dalam bidang patahanan pamarintahan Amerika Sarikat. Babarapo panelitiannyo antaro lain: mandeteksi pasawat tabang, manghancuan periskop jo sanjato masin, mandeteksi kapa selam, mambarantian torpedo jo jariang, manaiakan kakuatan torpedo, kapa kamuflase, jo masih banyak lai. Inyo maningga pado usianyo nan ka-84, pado ari ulang taun panamuannyo nan takenal, bola lampu modern. == Apresiasi == Pado taun 1928 inyo manarimo pangharagoan barupo sabuah madali kusuih dari Kongres Amerika Sarikat. <!-- Kata kebajikan yang dikenang dari Thomas Alva Edison adalah: {{cquote|Jenius adalah 1 % inspirasi dan 99 % keringat. Tidak ada yang dapat menggantikan kerja keras.}} {{cquote|Keberuntungan adalah sesuatu yang terjadi ketika kesempatan bertemu dengan kesiapan.}} {{cquote|Saya tidak patah semangat, karena setiap usaha yang salah adalah satu langkah maju.}} --> == Daftar pustaka == * {{Cite book|title=The Florida Life of Thomas Edison|url=https://archive.org/details/floridalifeoftho0000albi|first=Michele Wehrwein.|last=Albion|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8130-3259-7|publisher=University Press of Florida|location=Gainesville}} * {{Cite book|title=The Search for Thomas Edison's Boyhood Home|first=Glen J.|last=Adams|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4116-1361-4}} * {{Cite book|first=Ernst|last=Angel|title=Edison. Sein Leben und Erfinden|location=Berlin|publisher=Ernst Angel Verlag|year=1926}} * {{Cite book|title=Edison: Inventing the Century|url=https://archive.org/details/edisoninventingc0000bald|first=Neil|last=Baldwin|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-226-03571-0}} * {{Cite book|title=Edison: The man who made the future|url=https://archive.org/details/edisonmanwhomade0000clar_n1x4|first=Ronald William|last=Clark|year=1977|isbn=978-0-354-04093-8|publisher=Macdonald and Jane's|location=London: Macdonald & Jane's}} * {{Cite book|title=A Streak of Luck|url=https://archive.org/details/streakofluckcono00cono|first=Robert|last=Conot|publisher=Seaview Books|location=New York|year=1979|isbn=978-0-87223-521-2}} * {{Cite book|title=Fleet Fire: Thomas Edison and the Pioneers of the Electric Revolution|first=L. J.|last=Davis|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|year=1998|isbn=978-0-385-47927-1}} * {{Cite book|title=Edison and the Electric Chair|first=Mark|last=Essig|isbn=978-0-7509-3680-4|year=2004|publisher=Sutton|location=Stroud}} * {{Cite book|first=Mark|last=Essig|title=Edison & the Electric Chair: A Story of Light and Death|url=https://archive.org/details/edisonelectricch0000essi|location=New York|publisher=Walker & Company|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8027-1406-0}} * {{Cite book|first=Jill|last=Jonnes|title=Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World|url=https://archive.org/details/empiresoflighted00jonn|location= New York|publisher=Random House|year=2003|isbn=978-0-375-50739-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Josephson|first=Matthew|title=Edison|url=https://archive.org/details/edisonbiography0000jose_j0v7|year=1959|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-033046-7}} * {{Cite book|title=Working at Inventing: Thomas A. Edison and the Menlo Park Experience|url=https://archive.org/details/workingatinventi0000unse|author=Pretzer, William S. (ed).|publisher=Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village|location=Dearborn, Michigan|year=1989|isbn=978-0-933728-33-2}} * {{Cite book|title=The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World|url=https://archive.org/details/wizardofmenlopar0000stro|first=Randall E.|last=Stross|publisher=Crown|year=2007|isbn=1-400-04762-5}} == Pranala luar == {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Thomas Alva Edison}} ;Lokasi * [http://www.menloparkmuseum.com/ Menlo Park Museum and Edison Memorial Tower] * [http://www.nps.gov/edis/index.htm Thomas Edison National Historical Park] (National Park Service) * [http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/edison/ Edison exhibit and Menlo Park Laboratory at Henry Ford Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424080435/http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/edison/ |date=2006-04-24 }} * [http://www.edisonmuseum.org/ Edison Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124144352/http://www.edisonmuseum.org/ |date=2010-11-24 }} * [http://www.phmuseum.org/depot/depot.htm Edison Depot Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021007230636/http://phmuseum.org/depot/depot.htm |date=2002-10-07 }} * [http://www.tomedison.org/ Edison Birthplace Museum] * [http://www.edisonhouse.org/ Thomas Edison House] ;Informasi dan media * {{In Our Time|Thomas Edison|b00wdjr8|Thomas_Edison}} * [http://ariwatch.com/VS/TheDiaryOfThomasEdison.htm The Diary of Thomas Edison] * {{gutenberg author|id=Thomas+A.+Edison |name=Thomas Edison}} * [http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/thomas_edison_patent.html Edison's patent application for the light bulb] at the National Archives. * {{IMDb name|id=0249379|name=Thomas Edison}} * [http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0104? Jan. 4, 1903: Edison Fries an Elephant to Prove His Point] – [[Wired (magazine)|Wired Magazine]] article about Edison's "macabre form of a series of animal electrocutions using AC." * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140726131136/http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/25edison/25edison.htm ''The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison's Laboratories''] * {{Gutenberg|no=820|name=Edison, His Life and Inventions ''by Frank Lewis Dyer and Thomas Commerford Martin''}} * [http://edison.rutgers.edu/ Rutgers: Edison Papers] * [http://www.edisonian.com/ Edisonian Museum Antique Electrics] * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20161204032415/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/edison/ Edison's Miracle of Light]" * [http://www.thomasedison.org Edison Innovation Foundation] – [[Non-profit foundation]] supporting the legacy of Thomas Edison. * {{Find a Grave|grid=1630|name=Thomas Alva Edison}} * [http://www.hfha.org/HenryFord.htm#Ford-Edison-Firestone-Burroughs The Illustrious Vagabonds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221063324/http://www.hfha.org/HenryFord.htm#Ford-Edison-Firestone-Burroughs |date=2010-12-21 }} * [http://books.google.com/books?id=vuQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA614&dq=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&hl=en&ei=sZj0TNiVFcPXngeTp8W2CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Popular%20Mechanics%201931%20curtiss&f=true "The World's Greatest Inventor", October 1931, Popular Mechanics] detailed, illustrated article {{S-start}} {{S-ach}} {{S-bef|before=[[Lev Trotski]]}} {{S-ttl|title=Sampul majalah ''Time'' |date=May 25, 1925}} {{S-aft|after=[[Richard Swann Lull]]}} {{S-end}} {{lifetime|1847|1931|Edison, Thomas Alva}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Amerika Serikat]] [[Kategori:Pangusaha Amerika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Penemu Amerika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Otodidak]] [[Kategori:Vegetarian]] 3c9jumpbx99pxf0g6ckz4gn6yqq5765 Unjuak raso Hong Kong 2019 0 326181 3352846 3342795 2026-09-25T21:09:13Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tajamah|Minang}} <!--{{Infobox civil conflict | title = Unjuak raso Hong Kong 2019 <br /><small>([[Daftar unjuak raso Hong Kong awa 2019|Maret–Juni]], [[Daftar unjuak raso Hong Kong Juli 2019|Juli]], [[Daftar unjuak raso Hong Kong Agustus 2019|Agustus]], [[Daftar unjuak raso Hong Kong September 2019|September]], [[Daftar unjuak raso Hong Kong Oktober 2019|Oktober]], [[Daftar unjuak raso Hong Kong November 2019|November]], [[Daftar unjuak raso Hong Kong Desember 2019|Desember]])</small> | partof = [[konflik Hong Kong–Cino Daratan]] jo [[unjuak raso 2019]] | image = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protest (48108527758).jpg | photo2a = 2019-09-15 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protest 036.jpg | photo2b = 2019-10-01_Demonstration_Hong_Kong_61.jpg | photo3a = Hong Kong protests - Panorama.jpg | photo3b = 2019-09-13_Lion_Rock,_Hong_Kong_04.jpg | photo4a = Demonstration_against_extradition_bill,_12_June_2019.jpg | photo4b = LR-7557 (49049938866).jpg | position = center | size = 300 | color = #F5F5F5 | border = 0 | color_border = black | spacing = 3 | foot_montage = }} | caption = Koleksi poto babagai unjuak raso di Hong Kong | date = {{plainlist| *15 March 2019 – ongoing (262 days, total)<ref name="now_340955" /> *9 June 2019 – ongoing (176 days, large-scale break out)<ref name="mingpao_1568611783705" />}} | place = {{plainlist| *Hong Kong *Many [[International reactions to the 2019 Hong Kong protests#Solidarity protests|other cities abroad]]}} | causes = * Proposal of the [[2019 Hong Kong extradition bill|Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019]] * [[Allegations of Hong Kong Police Force misconduct surrounding the 2019 Hong Kong protests|Alleged misconduct]] by the [[Hong Kong Police Force]] against protesters (since [[List of early 2019 Hong Kong protests#12 June – strike and siege of LegCo|12 June]])<ref name="hkfp_20190615_urgecarrie" /><ref name="bbc_49369052" /><ref name="nation_20190821_policebrutality" /> * [[Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict]], political screening, economic and social inequality<ref name="standnews_20190905_annouce" /> * The failure of the 2014 [[Umbrella Revolution]]<ref name="mingpao_1566064531" /> * Implementation of [[Anti-mask law#Hong Kong|anti-mask law]] and the invocation of the [[Emergency Regulations Ordinance]] (since [[List of October 2019 Hong Kong protests#3 October protests against anti-mask law|3 October]])<ref name="scmp_3031782" /> | goals = * Full withdrawal of the extradition bill from the legislative process * Retraction of the characterisation of the protests as "riots" * Release and exoneration of arrested protesters * Establishment of an independent commission of inquiry into police behaviour * Universal suffrage for [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|legislative council]] and [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|chief executive]] elections * Resignation of [[Carrie Lam]]<ref name="cnbc_20190729" /> * Dissolution and reorganisation of the Hong Kong Police Force<ref name="coconutshk_20190923" /> | methods = Diverse (see [[#Tactics and methods|tactics and methods]]) | result = | concessions = * Bill suspended on 15 June and officially withdrawn on 23 October<ref name="scmp_3034263" /><ref name="coconutshk_20190709" /> * Police partially retracted characterisation of protests on or before 12 June as "riots", except for five individuals in Admiralty on 12 June<ref name="scmp_3014914" /> | leadfigures3 = | injuries = {{plainlist| *2,600+ (as of 27 November 2019)<REF name="rthk_1494763"/> }} | arrests = 4,491 (as of 18 November 2019)<ref name="scmp_3038275" /> | casualties_label = Deaths, injuries and arrests | notes = | side1 = {{Collapsible list | title = Protesters: <br />(''no centralised authority'') | [[Civil Human Rights Front]] (CHRF) | [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-democracy camp]] * [[Demosistō]] | [[Localist groups (Hong Kong)|Localist groups]] | [[Hong Kong independence|Pro-independence groups]] * Student Localism * Students Independent Union | Student unions of the [[List of higher education institutions in Hong Kong|public universities]] * Hong Kong Higher Institutions International Affairs Delegation (HKIAD) | Workers from various sectors | Several religious groups | Citizens Press Conference | Protect the Children }} | side2 = {{Collapsible list |title = Authorities: |{{flagdeco|Hong Kong}} Hong Kong | | [[Government of Hong Kong|HKSAR Government]] * [[Government Secretariat (Hong Kong)|Secretariat]] * [[Executive Council of Hong Kong|Executive Council]] * [[Hong Kong Police Force]] | [[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-Beijing camp]] * Safeguard Hong Kong Alliance * [[Politihk Social Strategic]]<ref name="hkfp_20190803_denounceviolence" /> * Defend Hong Kong Campaign }} ---- {{Collapsible list |title = Supported by: |{{flagdeco|China}} China<ref name="scmp_3036547" /><ref name="hkfp_20191106_beijingsupports" /><ref name="scmp_3037811" /> | [[Central People's Government]] * [[Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office]] * [[Hong Kong Liaison Office]] * [[Ministry of State Security (China)|Ministry of State Security]] * [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Defense]] | [[Communist Party of China]] (CCP) * [[Central Coordination Group for Hong Kong and Macau Affairs]] * [[United Front Work Department]] | [[Triad (organized crime)|Triad]] groups (suspected)<ref name="bbc_49071502" /><ref name="ap_20190724_sixdetained" /><ref name="cbc_1.5219873" /><ref name="reuters_20190726_urgevillagers" /><ref name="reuters_20190721_policecriticised" /><ref name="wp_20190724_triadlinked" /><ref name="hkfp_20190722_condonedattacks" /><ref name="guardian_20190722_thugsgovernment" /><ref name="time_5631502" /><ref name="nyt_20190722_triadattack" /><ref name="diplomat_20141014_triadsinfiltrate" /><ref name="hkfp_20190727_antitriad" /><ref name="scmp_3019637" /><ref name="nyt_20190730_walkaway" /> }} | leadfigures1 = '''Protesters'''<br />(''no centralised leadership'') | leadfigures2 = {{Collapsible list |bullets = yes |title = {{flagicon|HKG}} Government |[[Carrie Lam]]<br /><small>([[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]])</small> |[[Matthew Cheung]]<br /><small>([[Chief Secretary for Administration]])</small> |[[Teresa Cheng (politician)|Teresa Cheng]]<br /><small>([[Secretary for Justice (Hong Kong)|Secretary for Justice]])</small> |[[John Lee (government official)|John Lee]]<br /><small>([[Secretary for Security (Hong Kong)|Secretary for Security]])</small> |[[Stephen Lo]]<br /><small>)[[Commissioner of Police (Hong Kong)|Commissioner of Police]]) (2015–2019)</small> |[[Chris Tang]]<br /><small>([[Commissioner of Police (Hong Kong)|Commissioner of Police]]) (2019–present)</small> }} | fatalities = 2{{efn|On 8 November, Alex Chow Tsz-Lok, a 22-year-old student, died from injuries sustained after a fall from the third floor to the second floor of a car park during a police dispersal operation a few days prior.}}<ref name="nyt_20191107_studentdies" />{{efn|On 14 November, a 70-year-old man died from head injuries sustained a day prior during a confrontation between protestors and local residents.}}<ref name="bbc_50428704" /> | sidebox = }}--> '''Unjuak raso Hong Kong 2019''', nan disabuik juo sabagai '''garakan Amandemen Rancangan Undang-Undang Anti-Ekstradisi''' ('''Anti-ELAB'''), adolah sarangkaian demonstrasi nan sadang balansuang di [[Hong Kong]], nan dipicu dek diusuakannyo amandemen ateh [[RUU Ekstradisi Hong Kong 2019|RUU Palanggaran Ukum Urang Palarian]] dek [[Pamarentah Hong Kong]].<ref name="bbc_49317695">{{cite news |title=The Hong Kong protests explained in 100 and 500 words |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49317695 |publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=30 August 2019 |date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828054507/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49317695|archive-date=28 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hkfp_20190213_trojanhorse">{{cite news|last=Chan |first=Holmes |date=13 February 2019 |title='Trojan horse': Hong Kong's China extradition plans may harm city's judicial protections, say democrats |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/02/13/trojan-horse-hong-kongs-china-extradition-plans-may-harm-citys-judicial-protections-say-democrats/|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|accessdate=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213103808/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/02/13/trojan-horse-hong-kongs-china-extradition-plans-may-harm-citys-judicial-protections-say-democrats/|archive-date=13 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Kok amandemen RUU itu dijalankan, mako ka mambuek pamarentah Hong Kong buliah manahan jo maekstradisi urang palarian kriminal nan dicari-cari di nagara lain, tamasuak ka nagara di mano Hong Kong indak ado pajanjian ekstradisi, tamasuak ka [[Taiwan]] jo [[Cino daratan]].<ref name="nyt_20190610_whatis">{{cite news|last=Ives |first=Mike |date=10 June 2019 |title=What Is Hong Kong's Extradition Bill? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/10/world/asia/hong-kong-extradition-bill.html|work=[[The New York Times]]||issn=0362-4331|location=Hong Kong|accessdate=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612202157/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/10/world/asia/hong-kong-extradition-bill.html|archive-date=10 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Iko manimbuakan raso khawatir baso RUU ko ka mambuek panduduak jo pangunjuang Hong Kong masuak dalam yurisdiksi jo sistem ukum Cino daratan, nan ka marusak [[ciek nagara, duo sistem|otonomi daerah]] jo kabebasan sipil urang Hong Kong.<ref name="reuters_20190524_eudiplomaticnote">{{cite news|last=Pomfret|first=James|date=24 May 2019|title=EU lodges formal diplomatic note against contentious Hong Kong extradition bill|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-extradition-eu/eu-lodges-formal-diplomatic-note-against-contentious-hong-kong-extradition-bill-idUSKCN1SU0OS|editor-last=Macfie|editor-first=Nick|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524095640/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-extradition-eu/eu-lodges-formal-diplomatic-note-against-contentious-hong-kong-extradition-bill-idUSKCN1SU0OS|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="eji_20190523">{{cite news|last=Chugani|first=Michael|date=23 May 2019|title=Is HK tilting from a semi-democracy to a semi-dictatorship?|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20190523-is-hk-tilting-from-a-semi-democracy-to-a-semi-dictatorship/|work=[[EJ Insight]]|access-date=20 June 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523041600/http://www.ejinsight.com/20190523-is-hk-tilting-from-a-semi-democracy-to-a-semi-dictatorship/|archive-date=23 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="hkfp_20190522_chrispatten">{{cite news|last=Chan|first=Holmes|date=22 May 2019|title=Ex-governor Chris Patten says extradition bill 'worst thing' for Hong Kong since 1997, as Carrie Lam faces grilling|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/05/22/ex-governor-chris-patten-says-extradition-bill-worst-thing-hong-kong-since-1997-carrie-lam-faces-grilling/|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522055041/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/05/22/ex-governor-chris-patten-says-extradition-bill-worst-thing-hong-kong-since-1997-carrie-lam-faces-grilling/|archive-date=22 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scmp_3004067">{{cite news|last=Leung|first=Christy|date=1 April 2019|title=Extradition bill not made to measure for mainland China and won't be abandoned, Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam says|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3004067/extradition-bill-not-made-measure-mainland-china-and-wont|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref> Sairiang wakatu unjuak raso balansuang, para paunjuak raso maajuan limo tuntutan utamo, yaitu (1) dicabuik baliaknyo RUU itu, (2) panyalidiakan dugaan kabrutalan jo palanggaran dek polisi, (3) palapehan baliak para paunjuak raso nan ditangkap, (4) paniadoan baliak panyabuikan rasmi unjuak raso-unjuak raso nan tajadi sabagai "karusuahan", (5) sarato pangunduaran diri Kapalo Eksekutif [[Carie Lam]] basamo jo mulai dibalakuannyo [[hak piliah universal]] untuak pamiliahan [[Dewan Legislatif Hong Kong|Dewan Legislatif]] jo Kapalo Eksekutif.<ref name="hkfp_20190904_billwithdrawn">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/04/breaking-hong-kong-officially-withdraw-extradition-bill-legislature-still-no-independent-commission-inquiry/|title=Hong Kong to officially withdraw extradition bill from legislature, but still no independent probe into crisis|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904100404/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/04/breaking-hong-kong-officially-withdraw-extradition-bill-legislature-still-no-independent-commission-inquiry/|archive-date=4 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="abc_66464962">{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/hong-kong-extradition-bill-officially-withdrawn/story?id=66464962|title=Hong Kong Extradition Bill officially withdrawn|publisher=ABC News|access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref> Walaupun tajadi demonstrasi massa nan cukuik gadang pado 9 Juni, pamarentah malanjuikan RUU tasabuik.<ref name="time_5603754" /><ref name="vox_18658650" /> Para paunjuak raso bakumpua di lua [[Kompleks Dewan Legislatif]] untuak maantian pambacoan kaduo RUU itu pado tangga 12 Juni,<ref name="scmp_3013797" /><ref name="cnbc_20190610" /><ref name="nyt_20190610_carriestandfast" /><ref name="bloomberg_20190610_pursuebill" /> nan maakibaikan pasalisiahan nan kareh antaro para paunjuak raso jo polisi, nan mamakai [[gas aia mato]] jo paluru kajai.<ref name="time_20190613_battlefront" />&nbsp;Pawai nan bahkan labiah gadang tajadi pado 16 Juni, anyo saari satalah panangguahan RUU tasabuik, dek kareno para paunjuak raso manuntuik panariakan sapanuahnyo RUU tasabuik jo bareaksi taradok dugaan panggunoan kakuatan balabiahan dek polisi pado 12 Juni.<ref name="scmp_3014695" />&nbsp;Paringekan ulang taun panyarahan pado 1 Juli manandoi [[Panyarbuan Kompleks Dewan Legislatif|panyarbuan Kompleks LegCo]] nan umumnyo dipandang sabagai paristiwa panantuan unjuak raso tasabuik.<ref name="hkfp_20190701_occupychamber" />&nbsp;Unjuik raso-unjuik raso salanjuiknyo sapanjang musim paneh manyeba ke babagai distrik, jo ado konfrontasi nan malibekan polisi, aktivis di duo sisi nan balawanan, tasangko geng-geng triad, sarato panduduak satampek.<ref name="nyt_20190722_trainstation" />&nbsp;Operasi polisi jo dugaan palanggaran, tamasuak indak batindak kutiko tasangko anggota triad manyarang paunjuak raso jo panompang komuter di Yuen Long pado 21 Juli<ref name="bbc_49074532" />&nbsp;sarato panyarbuan stasiun Pangeran Edward pado tangga 31 Agustus, samakin maningkekan unjuak raso nan tajadi.<ref name="amnesty_20190901_policeprotest" /> Lam manangguahan RUU ekstradisi itu pado 15 Juni jo manyatoan RUU itu "mati" pado 9 Juli, tatapi manulak untuak manariaknyo baliak sampai 4 September.<ref name="cnn_20190904_withdrawbill" /><ref name="guardian_20190719_extraditionbill" /><ref name="bbc_48917796" /> &nbsp;RUU itu akianyo ditariak pado 23 Oktober, tatapi pamarentah menulak untuak manyatujui ampek tuntutan lainnyo. Kutiko unjuik raso balanjuik, konfrontasi maningkek karano kaduo pihak manjadi samakin manggunoan karasan. Demonstrasi nan sabana gadang tajadi pado 1 Oktober ([[Ari Nasional Republik Rakyaik Cino]]), yaitu paringatan ari jadi ka-70 Republik Rakyaik Cino, di mano surang mahasiswa bausia 18 taun ditembak mati kutiko barusao mamukua surang patugeh polisi. Mangklaim untuak mangakang ujuak raso labiah lanjuik lai, Lam mambalakuan [[Ordonansi Paraturan Daruraik]] pado 4 Oktober untuak manerapan undang-undang anti-topeng, namun efeknyo kontraproduktif; konflik di saluruah kota balanjuik sapanjang Oktober.<ref name="rthk_1484040" /> Kamatian para mahasiswa [[kamatian Chan Yin-lam|Chan Yin-lam]] jo [[kamatian Chow Tsz-lok|Alex Chow]], sarato surang polisi nan manembak surang demonstran mahasiswa bausia 21 taun nag indak basinjato, samakin maningkekan unjuak raso, di mano para demonstran manduduaki kampus-kampus universitas jo mamblokir lalu linteh di sakitanyo. Polisi bareaksi jo mangapuang [[Universitas Cino Hong Kong]] (CUHK) jo [[Universitas Politeknik Hong Kong]] (PolyU) nan maakibaikan banyak nan luko-luko jo ditangkok.<ref name="inkstone_3038586" /> Unjuak raso umumnyo digambaran sabagai "indak bapamimpin"<ref name="bloomberg_20190823_onlineworld" />&nbsp;jo para paunjuak raso manjalanan prinsip "manjadi aia" sarato manggunoan babagai taktik untuak manakan pamarentah, nan barsamo jo polisi alah mandapek paringkek pasatujuan tarandah sajak panyarahan taun 1997 pado jajak pandapek publik.<ref name="hkfp_20191009_ratingplunges" /><ref name="independent_9158061" /><ref name="guardian_20191108_studentdeath" />&nbsp;Pamarentah Rakyaik Pusek alah maagiah indikasi baso inyo maliek unjuak raso-unjuak raso itu sabagai "krisis taburuak di Hong Kong" sajak [[Panyarahan kadaulatan Hong Kong|panyarahan]] pado taun 1997.<ref name="reuters_20190807_worstcrisis" />&nbsp;Unjuak raso-unjuak raso tasabuik alah maakibaikan duo kamatian,<ref name="scmp_3037622" /><ref name="guardian_20191108_studentdeath" /> jo babarapo kajadian bunuah diri.<ref name="guardian_20191022_mentalhealth" /> == Catatan kaki == {{reflist|2}} == Rujuakan == {{Reflist |refs= <ref name="abc_11565024">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-01/violence-flares-hong-kong-after-china-70-anniversary-parade/11565024|title=Hong Kong police filmed shooting teen protester at close range|date=1 October 2019|publisher=ABC News}}</ref> <ref name="abc_11689462">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-09/hong-kong-vigils-for-dead-protester-turn-into-violence/11689462|title=Hong Kong protests escalate after candlelight vigil marking death of student Chow Tsz-lok|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=9 November 2019|accessdate=10 November 2019}}</ref> <ref name="aljazeera_190801151538867">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/lack-affordable-housing-feeds-hong-kong-discontent-190801151538867.html|title=A lack of affordable housing feeds Hong Kong's discontent|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> <ref name="aljazeera_190914140138713">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/hong-kong-protesters-clash-pro-beijing-counterparts-190914140138713.html|title=Hong Kong protesters clash with pro-Beijing counterparts|date=15 September 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> <ref name="aljazeera_19092111251102">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/family-politics-hong-kong-protests-affect-home-dynamic-190902111251102.html|title=Family politics: How Hong Kong protests affect the home dynamic|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=3 September 2019|accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref> <ref name="aljazeera_191124051609941">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/months-protests-hong-kong-heads-key-polls-191124051609941.html|title=Hong Kong democrats score historic victory amid ongoing protests|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> <ref name="amnesty_20190621_policereport">{{Citation|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/0576/2019/en/|title=How not to police a protest: Unlawful use of force by Hong Kong Police|date=21 June 2019|publisher=Amnesty International|url-status=}}</ref> <ref name="amnesty_20190621_policeviolence">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.hk/en/verified-hong-kong-police-violence-against-peaceful-protesters/|title=Verified: Hong Kong Police Violence Against Peaceful Protesters|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=21 June 2019|accessdate=20 August 2019|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820011839/https://www.amnesty.org.hk/en/verified-hong-kong-police-violence-against-peaceful-protesters/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref name="amnesty_20190901_policeprotest">{{cite web |title=Hong Kong: Rampaging police must be investigated |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/09/hong-kong-rampaging-police-protest/ |publisher=Amnesty International |accessdate=1 September 2019 |date=1 September 2019 |quote=In response to the latest clashes between police and protesters in Hong Kong on Saturday night – including one incident where police stormed the platform of Prince Edward metro station and beat people on a train – Man-Kei Tam, Director of Amnesty International Hong Kong, said: "Violence directed at police on Saturday is no excuse for officers to go on the rampage elsewhere. The horrifying scenes at Prince Edward metro station, which saw terrified bystanders caught up in the melee, fell far short of international policing standards.}}</ref> <ref name="ap_20190724_sixdetained">{{cite news |last1=Wang |first1=Yanan |title=Who are the men in white behind Hong Kong's mob attack? |url=https://www.apnews.com/4867ea5aafbd45b78eb1747b8b84c04f |agency=Associated Press |date=24 July 2019 |quote=Six men have been detained, some with gang links, police said, without elaborating. The sudden attack, which came as a massive protest was winding down Sunday night, has spurred speculation about the men's backgrounds, motivations and possible political ties.}}</ref> <ref name="ap_20190824_36arrested">{{cite web |last1=Chan |first1=Kelvin |last2=Cheung |first2=Kin |title=Hong Kong police draw guns, arrest 36 from latest protest |url=https://apnews.com/b116e37159164abb9bfede0bc341dd0a |agency=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=31 August 2019 |date=24 August 2019}}</ref> <ref name="ap_20191105_knifearrest">{{cite news |last1=Ng |first1=Eileen |title=Hong Kong police arrest man in knife attack at protest site |url=https://apnews.com/fea5339c6b414b82a7df89331e5800ee |accessdate=5 November 2019 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=5 November 2019}}</ref> <ref name="ap_20191108_studentdeath">{{cite news |last1=Ng |first1=Eileen |title=Hong Kong student's death fuels more anger against police |url=https://apnews.com/25aaacdf85c9497f929302e0d8d24b6a |accessdate=8 November 2019 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=8 November 2019}}</ref> <ref name="ap_20191124_hkvotes">{{cite news |title=Hong Kong votes in election seen as referendum on protests |url=https://apnews.com/de8a8e79d7a640ccbf80e96c79e41828 |accessdate=24 November 2019 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=24 November 2019}}</ref> <ref name="appledaily_20736871">{{Cite web|url=https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20190725/20736871|title=元朗恐襲 ICAC查警黑勾結 前調查員：倘袖手旁觀 警隊上下皆瀆職|website=Apple Daily |language=zh|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> <ref name="appledaily_59771130">{{cite news|title=粉嶺21歲大學生留「反送中」字句後墮樓亡|url=https://hk.news.appledaily.com/breaking/realtime/article/20190629/59771130|work=Apple Daily |location=Hong Kong|accessdate=29 June 2019}}</ref> <ref name="appledaily_59773700">{{Cite web|url=https://hk.news.appledaily.com/breaking/realtime/article/20190630/59773700|title=【引渡惡法】29歲女子中環ifc墮樓亡 fb留遺言：七一我去不了|date=30 June 2019|website=Apple Daily |language=zh|url-status=|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> <ref name="appledaily_59774211">{{Cite web|url=https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20190701/59774211|title=【7.1遊行】歷來最多！55萬人上街促查6.12警暴 起步6小時龍尾先到金鐘|website=Apple Daily |archive-date=1 July 2019|url-status=|access-date=1 July 2019|language=zh-hk}}</ref> <ref name="appledaily_59799355">{{Cite web|url=https://hk.news.appledaily.com/breaking/realtime/article/20190708/59799355|title=【引渡惡法】警方唔克制驅散示威者：認X住我呀！隻揪呀！|date=8 July 2019|website=Apple Daily|access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> <ref name="appledaily_60003650">{{cite web |url=https://hk.news.appledaily.com/breaking/realtime/article/20190903/60003650|title=【逆權運動】警暴伸校園 撐罷課學生遭警員撲跌 爆嘴縫針甩2門牙|website=Apple Daily |language=zh|access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref> <ref name="appledaily_60010806">{{cite web|url=https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20190905/60010806|title=【逆權運動】林鄭遭質問失人命後始撤回修例 辯稱只為建構對話基礎非推《緊急法》|work=Apple Daily|date=5 September 2019|accessdate=5 September 2019}}</ref> <ref name="asiatimes_20190813_gasmasks">{{cite web|url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/08/article/taiwans-tear-gas-mask-stocks-running-out/|title=Taiwan's tear gas mask stocks running out|first=KG|last=Chan|work=[[Asia Times]]|date=13 August 2019|accessdate=7 September 2019}}</ref> <ref name="asiatimes_20191104_knifeattack">{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=KG |title=Fights and a knife attack on a rowdy HK weekend |url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/11/article/fights-and-a-knife-attack-on-a-rowdy-hk-weekend/ |accessdate=5 November 2019 |work=[[Asia Times]] |date=4 November 2019}}</ref> <ref name="asiatimes_20191115_brickkill">{{cite web |last1=Pao |first1=Jeff |title=Protester-thrown brick kills Hong Kong man, 70 |url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/11/article/hong-kong-man-70-dies-after-clash-with-protesters/ |website=Asia Times Online |date=15 November 2019}}</ref> <ref name="asiatimes_20191115_punishprotesters">{{cite web |last1=Tang |first1=Didi |title=You must punish Hong Kong protesters, Xi Jinping instructs police |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/world/you-must-punish-hong-kong-protesters-xi-jinping-instructs-police-ht0l2r0mj |website=The Times |date=15 November 2019 |quote=a 70-year-old cleaner was struck by a brick thrown by a protester}}</ref> <ref name="asiatimes_20191118_siegecrisis">{{cite web|url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/11/article/hong-kong-poly-u-siege-a-humanitarian-crisis/|title=Hong Kong Poly U siege a 'humanitarian crisis'|first=Jeff|last=Pao|work=[[Asia Times]]|date=18 November 2019|accessdate=18 November 2019}}</ref> <ref name="aspi_20190903_prelimanalysis">{{cite web |last1=Uren |first1=Tom |last2=Thomas |first2=Elise |last3=Wallis |first3=Dr. Jacob |title=Tweeting through the Great Firewall: Preliminary Analysis of PRC-linked Information Operations on the Hong Kong Protests |url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/tweeting-through-great-firewall |publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute |accessdate=4 September 2019 |date=3 September 2019 |quote=One of the features of well-planned information operations is the ability to subtly target specific audiences. By contrast, the information operation targeting the Hong Kong protests is relatively blunt. Three main narratives emerge: [1] Condemnation of the protestors, [2] Support for the Hong Kong police and 'rule of law', [3] Conspiracy theories about Western involvement in the protests.}}</ref> <ref name="atlantic_597205">{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/09/hong-kong-police-lost-trust/597205/|title=From Asia's Finest to Hong Kong's Most Hated|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 September 2019|accessdate=8 September 2019}}</ref> <ref name="bangkokpost_1731407">{{cite web|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1731407/hong-kong-protesters-face-crucial-weekend-test-after-airport-setback|title=Hong Kong protesters face crucial weekend test after airport setback|work=[[Bangkok Post]]|date=16 August 2019|accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_20190830_gunshot">{{cite news |last1=Asher |first1=Saira |last2=Tsoi |first2=Grace |title=What led to a single gunshot being fired? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/extra/1diisEsIvY/hong-kong-protests|accessdate=30 August 2019|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123130248/https://www.bbc.com/news/extra/1diisEsIvY/hong-kong-protests|archive-date=23 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_48607723">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48607723|title=Why are there protests in Hong Kong? All the context you need|first=Helier|last=Cheung|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908090424/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48607723|archive-date=8 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_48655474">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48655474|title=Hong Kong extradition: How radical youth forced the government's hand|first=Helier|last=Cheung|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=17 June 2019|accessdate=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617102656/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48655474|archive-date=17 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_48917796">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48917796|title=Hong Kong extradition bill 'is dead' says Lam|date=9 July 2019|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709031428/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48917796|archive-date=9 July 2019}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_48946993">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48946993|title=Scuffles at Hong Kong's sticky note 'Lennon wall'|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=11 July 2019|accessdate=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712175055/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48946993|archive-date=12 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_49061975">{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49061975 |title = Tear gas fired at Hong Kong protesters|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date= 21 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721203111/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49061975|archive-date=21 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_49071502">{{cite news |title=Hong Kong protests: Were triads involved in the attacks? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49071502 |publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=22 July 2019 |quote=There has been widespread speculation that the attackers belonged to triads – the name given to organised criminal networks that operate in Hong Kong, and are also known as the Chinese mafia.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722222717/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49071502|archive-date=22 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_49074532">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49074532| title= Hong Kong protests: Police criticised over mob violence|date= 23 July 2019|publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723175803/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49074532|archive-date=23 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_49276259">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49276259|title=Hong Kong protests: How badly has tourism been affected?|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=12 August 2019|accessdate=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813085938/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49276259|archive-date=13 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_49369052">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-asia-china-49369052/how-hong-kong-got-trapped-in-a-cycle-of-violence|title = How Hong Kong got trapped in a cycle of violence|date=17 August 2019|accessdate=30 August 2019|first=Tessa|last=Wong|publisher=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817152755/http://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-china-49369052/how-hong-kong-got-trapped-in-a-cycle-of-violence|archive-date=17 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_49452986">{{cite news |title=Hong Kong's human chain protest against extradition bill |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-china-49452986/hong-kong-s-human-chain-protest-against-extradition-bill |publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=24 August 2019 |format=video |date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823191620/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-china-49452986/hong-kong-s-human-chain-protest-against-extradition-bill|archive-date=23 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_49891403">{{cite news|title=Activist shot amid Hong Kong protests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49891403 |publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=1 October 2019|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001123639/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49891403|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_49914304">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-49914304|title=Hong Kong protests: Sheffield university students clash|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2 October 2019|accessdate=20 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003033309/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-49914304|archive-date=3 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_49931598">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49931598|title=Anger as Hong Kong bans face masks at protests|date=4 October 2019|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004111404/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49931598|archive-date=4 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_50312310">{{cite news |title=Pro-Beijing lawmaker stabbed by 'fake supporter' in Hong Kong |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50312310 |accessdate=8 November 2019 |publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106160608/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50312310|archive-date=6 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_50428704">{{cite news |title=Hong Kong protests: Man dies after being hit 'by hard object' during protests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50428704 |work=[[BBC News]] News |publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=15 November 2019|date=15 November 2019|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115010304/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50428704|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_50455727">{{cite news |title=Hong Kong protests: Police surround campus after night of violence |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50455727 |accessdate=18 November 2019 |publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118023337/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50455727|archive-date=18 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bbc_50457262">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50457262|title=Simon Cheng: Former UK consulate worker says he was tortured in China|first=John|last=Sudworth|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=20 November 2019|accessdate=20 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120081026/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50457262|archive-date=20 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="bi_20190705_killself">{{cite web |last=Perper |first=Rosie |title=Protesters in Hong Kong are killing themselves in a disturbing turn in their high-profile struggle against China |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/suicide-notes-hong-kong-protesters-reference-protests-2019-7/ |website=Business Insider |accessdate=5 July 2019 |date=5 July 2019}}</ref> <ref name="bi_20191008_nbaoffense">{{cite news |title=The NBA landed in hot water after the Houston Rockets GM supported the Hong Kong protests. Here are other times Western brands caved to China after offending the Communist Party. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/western-companies-apologize-china-communist-party-list-2019-10#christian-dior-after-an-employee-reportedly-used-a-map-of-china-that-did-not-include-taiwan-in-a-presentation-2 |work=Business Insider |date=8 October 2019}}</ref> <ref name="bi_20191029_retailersdestroyed">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.de/hong-kong-recession-protests-damage-retail-tourism-2019-10?r=US&IR=T/|title=Hong Kong to enter recession after protests destroyed retailers and brought the city's tourist industry to its knees|author=Sahar Esfandiari|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=29 October 2019|accessdate=31 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="bi_20191114_weaponsfactories">{{cite web |last1=Ioanes |first1=Ellen |title=Hong Kong's protestors are turning college campuses into improvised weapons factories 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news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/03/31/pictures-12000-hongkongers-march-protest-evil-china-extradition-law-organisers-say/|title=In Pictures: 12,000 Hongkongers march in protest against 'evil' China extradition law, organisers say|last=Chan|first=Holmes|date=31 March 2019|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331111128/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/03/31/pictures-12000-hongkongers-march-protest-evil-china-extradition-law-organisers-say/|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190530_hundredspetitions">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/05/30/hundreds-petitions-appear-protest-hong-kongs-controversial-china-extradition-bill/|title=Hundreds of petitions appear in protest of Hong Kong's controversial China extradition bill|date=30 May 2019|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|access-date=16 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190604_noreason">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/04/no-reason-pull-extradition-bill-says-chief-exec-carrie-lam-ahead-protests/|title=No reason to pull extradition bill, says Chief Exec. Carrie Lam ahead of protests|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=4 June 2019|accessdate=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604091806/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/04/no-reason-pull-extradition-bill-says-chief-exec-carrie-lam-ahead-protests/|archive-date=4 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190611_willpass">{{cite news|last=Fowler|first=Evan|date=11 June 2019|title=Why the extradition law will pass, despite the largest protest in Hong Kong history|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/11/extradition-law-will-pass-despite-largest-protest-hong-kong-history/|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611004831/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/11/extradition-law-will-pass-despite-largest-protest-hong-kong-history/|archive-date=11 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190615_manjump">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/15/man-protesting-hong-kongs-extradition-law-unconscious-jumping-mall-admiralty/|title=Man protesting Hong Kong's extradition law dies after falling from mall in Admiralty|first=Tom|last=Grundy|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=15 June 2019|accessdate=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615142927/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/15/man-protesting-hong-kongs-extradition-law-unconscious-jumping-mall-admiralty/|archive-date=15 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190615_urgecarrie">{{cite news|title= Hong Kong democrats urge leader Carrie Lam to drop extradition law plans entirely and resign; Sunday protest to proceed|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/15/hong-kong-democrats-urge-leader-carrie-lam-drop-extradition-law-plans-entirely-resign-sunday-protest-proceed/|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|first=Kris|last=Cheng|first2=Tom|last2=Grundy|accessdate=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615092421/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/15/hong-kong-democrats-urge-leader-carrie-lam-drop-extradition-law-plans-entirely-resign-sunday-protest-proceed/|archive-date=15 June 2019|date=15 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190617_policeaccess">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/17/police-can-access-full-details-injured-protesters-hospital-says-medical-sector-lawmaker-following-patient-arrests/|title=Police can access full details of injured protesters in hospital, says medical sector lawmaker following patient arrests|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=17 June 2019|accessdate=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617104424/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/17/police-can-access-full-details-injured-protesters-hospital-says-medical-sector-lawmaker-following-patient-arrests/|archive-date=17 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190618_backdown">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/18/hong-kong-police-chief-backs-categorisation-unrest-saying-five-people-rioters/|title=Hong Kong police chief backs down on categorisation of unrest, saying only five people were rioters|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=18 June 2019|accessdate=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618060132/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/18/hong-kong-police-chief-backs-categorisation-unrest-saying-five-people-rioters/|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190618_sincereapologies">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/18/live-hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-sincerely-apologises-extradition-row/|title=Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam 'sincerely apologises' for extradition row, but refuses to retract bill or resign|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=18 June 2019|accessdate=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618081547/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/18/live-hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-sincerely-apologises-extradition-row/|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190621_convergehq">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/21/pictures-flow-like-water-hong-kong-protesters-converge-police-hq-day-wildcat-road-occupations/|title=In Pictures: 'Flow like water' – Hong Kong protesters converge on police HQ after day of wildcat road occupations|date=21 June 2019|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621124022/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/21/pictures-flow-like-water-hong-kong-protesters-converge-police-hq-day-wildcat-road-occupations/|archive-date=21 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190621_displayid">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/21/hong-kong-activists-complain-police-failed-display-id-numbers-security-chief-says-uniform-no-room/|title=Hong Kong activists complain police failed to display ID numbers, as security chief says uniform has 'no room'|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=21 June 2019|accessdate=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621001033/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/21/hong-kong-activists-complain-police-failed-display-id-numbers-security-chief-says-uniform-no-room/|archive-date=21 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190621_protestsathqs">{{cite news|title=Hong Kong anti-extradition protesters occupy roads at gov't and police HQ after vowing 'escalation'|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/21/breaking-hong-kongs-anti-extradition-protesters-flock-legislature-block-traffic-govt-hq-shuts/|date=21 June 2019|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621031536/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/21/breaking-hong-kongs-anti-extradition-protesters-flock-legislature-block-traffic-govt-hq-shuts/|archive-date=21 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190625_felixsays">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/25/hong-kong-govt-completely-withdraw-extradition-bill-says-pro-beijing-lawmaker-felix-chung/|title=Hong Kong gov't should completely withdraw extradition bill, says pro-Beijing lawmaker Felix Chung|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=25 June 2019|accessdate=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624170109/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/25/hong-kong-govt-completely-withdraw-extradition-bill-says-pro-beijing-lawmaker-felix-chung/|archive-date=24 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190625_policeconfusion">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/25/asias-finest-public-enemy-no-1-hong-kongs-police-force-paralysed-state-confusion/|title=From 'Asia's finest' to 'public enemy no.1,' Hong Kong's police force are in a paralysed state of confusion|first=Kent|last=Ewing|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=25 June 2019|accessdate=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625004023/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/25/asias-finest-public-enemy-no-1-hong-kongs-police-force-paralysed-state-confusion/|archive-date=25 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190626_urgeg20">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/26/democracy-now-hundreds-gather-central-hong-kong-urging-g20-countries-raise-concerns-upcoming-summit/|title='Democracy now, Free Hong Kong': Thousands of protesters urge G20 to back anti-extradition law movement|last=Creery|first=Jennifer|date=26 June 2019|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|access-date=27 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626135537/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/26/democracy-now-hundreds-gather-central-hong-kong-urging-g20-countries-raise-concerns-upcoming-summit/|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190628_g20appeal">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/28/stand-hong-kong-g20-appeal-extradition-law-crisis-appears-10-intl-newspapers/|title='Stand with Hong Kong': G20 appeal over extradition law crisis appears in over 10 int'l newspapers|date=28 June 2019|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|access-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628045119/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/28/stand-hong-kong-g20-appeal-extradition-law-crisis-appears-10-intl-newspapers/|archive-date=28 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190629_studentfall">{{cite news |last1=Grundy |first1=Tom |title=21-year-old Hong Kong student falls to her death in Sheung Shui, leaving message opposing extradition law |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/29/21-year-old-hong-kong-student-falls-death-sheung-shui-leaving-message-opposing-extradition-law/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |accessdate=10 July 2019|date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629141129/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/29/21-year-old-hong-kong-student-falls-death-sheung-shui-leaving-message-opposing-extradition-law/|archive-date=29 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190630_lennonwall">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/30/video-thousands-join-pro-hong-kong-police-rally-anti-extradition-law-lennon-wall-messages-destroyed/|title=Video: Thousands join pro-Hong Kong police rally, as anti-extradition law 'Lennon Wall' messages destroyed|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=30 June 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630101313/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/30/video-thousands-join-pro-hong-kong-police-rally-anti-extradition-law-lennon-wall-messages-destroyed/|archive-date=30 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190701_55000attend">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/01/breaking-organisers-say-550000-attend-annual-july-1-democracy-march-amid-clashes-rear-legislature/|title=Organisers say 550,000 attend annual July 1 democracy march as protesters occupy legislature|date=1 July 2019|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701135333/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/01/breaking-organisers-say-550000-attend-annual-july-1-democracy-march-amid-clashes-rear-legislature/|archive-date=1 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190701_occupychamber">{{cite news |date=1 July 2019 |title=Hong Kong protesters occupy legislative chamber after smashing windows, vandalising corridors |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/01/breaking-hong-kong-protesters-storm-legislature-breaking-glass-doors-prying-gates-open/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |access-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701132846/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/01/breaking-hong-kong-protesters-storm-legislature-breaking-glass-doors-prying-gates-open/|archive-date=1 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190702_condemnsoccupation">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/02/hong-kongs-carrie-lam-condemns-protesters-occupation-legislature-extreme-use-violence/|title=Hong Kong's Carrie Lam condemns protesters' occupation of legislature as 'extreme use of violence'|first=Elson|last=Tong|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=2 July 2019|accessdate=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702012820/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/02/hong-kongs-carrie-lam-condemns-protesters-occupation-legislature-extreme-use-violence/|archive-date=2 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190704_policewatchdog">{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Cheng|title=Hong Kong's independent police watchdog to investigate protest complaints, but lacks legal power to summon witnesses|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/04/hong-kongs-independent-police-watchdog-investigate-protest-complaints-lacks-legal-power-summon-witnesses/ |work=HKFP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705150926/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/04/hong-kongs-independent-police-watchdog-investigate-protest-complaints-lacks-legal-power-summon-witnesses/|archive-date=5 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190705_moreprotests">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/05/hong-kong-extradition-bill-battle-continues-protests-planned-weekend/|title=Hong Kong extradition bill battle continues with more protests planned for the weekend|last=Cheng|first=Kris|date=5 July 2019|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|access-date=7 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705051922/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/05/hong-kong-extradition-bill-battle-continues-protests-planned-weekend/|archive-date=5 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190707_missingleader">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/07/hong-kongs-missing-leader-whatever-happened-new-look-carrie-lam/|title=Hong Kong's missing leader: Whatever happened to the new-look Carrie Lam?|first=Tim|last=Hamlett|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=7 July 2019|accessdate=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706163245/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/07/hong-kongs-missing-leader-whatever-happened-new-look-carrie-lam/|archive-date= 6 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190709_lennonwall">{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Kris |last2=Chan |first2=Holmes |title=In Pictures: 'Lennon Wall' message boards appear across Hong Kong districts in support of anti-extradition bill protesters |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/09/pictures-lennon-wall-message-boards-appear-across-hong-kong-districts-support-anti-extradition-law-protesters/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |accessdate=10 July 2019|date=9 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709131338/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/09/pictures-lennon-wall-message-boards-appear-across-hong-kong-districts-support-anti-extradition-law-protesters/|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190709_mentalhealth">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/09/every-one-us-counts-hong-kong-protesters-mobilise-promote-mental-health-awareness/|title='Every one of us counts': Hong Kong protesters mobilise to promote mental health awareness|first=Elaine|last=Yu|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=9 July 2019|accessdate=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709043754/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/09/every-one-us-counts-hong-kong-protesters-mobilise-promote-mental-health-awareness/|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190713_colonialflag">{{cite news |last1=Chai |first1=Holmes |title=Explainer: The conflicting messages behind protesters' use of the colonial Hong Kong flag |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/13/explainer-conflicting-messages-behind-protesters-use-colonial-hong-kong-flag/ |accessdate=29 October 2019 |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713013729/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/13/explainer-conflicting-messages-behind-protesters-use-colonial-hong-kong-flag/|archive-date=13 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190713_parralleltraders">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/13/reclaim-sheung-shui-thousands-hongkongers-protest-influx-parallel-traders-china/|title='Reclaim Sheung Shui': Thousands of Hongkongers protest influx of parallel traders from China|first=Jennifer|last=Creery|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=13 July 2019|accessdate=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713100234/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/13/reclaim-sheung-shui-thousands-hongkongers-protest-influx-parallel-traders-china/|archive-date=13 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190715_policekettling">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/15/hong-kong-democrats-question-police-kettling-tactic-sha-tin-mall-clearance-pro-beijing-side-slams-violence/|title=Hong Kong democrats question police 'kettling' tactic during Sha Tin mall clearance, as pro-Beijing side slams violence|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=15 July 2019|accessdate=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715071714/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/15/hong-kong-democrats-question-police-kettling-tactic-sha-tin-mall-clearance-pro-beijing-side-slams-violence/|archive-date=15 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190716_chinapropaganda">{{cite news |last1=Nip |first1=Joyce Y.M. |title=Extremist mobs? How China's propaganda machine tries to control the message in the Hong Kong protests |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/16/extremist-mobs-chinas-propaganda-machine-tries-control-message-hong-kong-protests/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |publisher=The Conversation |accessdate=17 July 2019|date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716035214/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/16/extremist-mobs-chinas-propaganda-machine-tries-control-message-hong-kong-protests/|archive-date=16 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190717_demandaccountability">{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Holmes |last2=Creery |first2=Jennifer |title=Hundreds of protesters gather at Sha Tin mall to demand accountability for violent clashes on Sunday |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/17/hundreds-protesters-gather-sha-tin-mall-demand-accountability-violent-clashes-sunday/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |accessdate=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716164718/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/17/hundreds-protesters-gather-sha-tin-mall-demand-accountability-violent-clashes-sunday/|archive-date=16 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190722_condemndeface">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/22/breaking-hong-kong-chief-carrie-lam-condemns-protesters-defacing-national-emblem-says-yuen-long-attacks-shocking/|title=Hong Kong chief Carrie Lam condemns protesters defacing national emblem; says Yuen Long attacks 'shocking'|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=22 July 2019|accessdate=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722073936/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/22/breaking-hong-kong-chief-carrie-lam-condemns-protesters-defacing-national-emblem-says-yuen-long-attacks-shocking/|archive-date=22 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190722_condonedattacks">{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Holmes |title='Servants of triads': Hong Kong democrats claim police condoned mob attacks in Yuen Long |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/22/servants-triads-hong-kong-democrats-claim-police-condoned-mob-attacks-yuen-long/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722090927/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/22/servants-triads-hong-kong-democrats-claim-police-condoned-mob-attacks-yuen-long/|archive-date=22 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190722_hurtfeelings">{{cite web |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/22/absolutely-intolerable-protesters-beijings-hong-kong-office-hurt-feelings-chinese-people-top-official-says/|title='Absolutely intolerable': Protesters at Beijing's Hong Kong office hurt the feelings of all Chinese people, top official says|last=Roxburgh|first=Helen|website=hkfp.com|publisher=Hong Kong Free Press|date=22 July 2019|access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190722_juniustrashed">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/22/video-office-hong-kong-pro-beijing-lawmaker-junius-ho-trashed-dozens-protest-response-yuen-long-attacks/|title=Video: Office of Hong Kong pro-Beijing lawmaker Junius Ho trashed as dozens protest response to Yuen Long attacks|first=Jennifer|last=Creenry|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=22 July 2019|accessdate=19 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722113910/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/22/video-office-hong-kong-pro-beijing-lawmaker-junius-ho-trashed-dozens-protest-response-yuen-long-attacks/|archive-date=22 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190724_secondappeal">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/24/34-ex-hong-kong-officials-legislators-make-second-appeal-investigation-extradition-bill-saga/|title=34 ex-Hong Kong officials and legislators make second appeal for investigation into extradition bill saga|first=Elson|last=Tong|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=24 July 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724000925/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/24/34-ex-hong-kong-officials-legislators-make-second-appeal-investigation-extradition-bill-saga/|archive-date=24 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190725_postersevolution">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/25/wilting-bauhinias-widemouthed-tigers-evolution-hong-kongs-protest-posters/|title=Wilting bauhinias and widemouthed tigers: The evolution of Hong Kong's protest posters|first=Jennifer|last=Creery|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=25 July 2019|accessdate=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725053913/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/25/wilting-bauhinias-widemouthed-tigers-evolution-hong-kongs-protest-posters/|archive-date=25 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190726_mistrustuncertainty">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/26/hong-kong-police-breed-mistrust-uncertainty-selective-law-enforcement/|title=Hong Kong police breed mistrust and uncertainty with selective law enforcement|first=John|last=Burns|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=26 July 2019|accessdate=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722090927/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/22/servants-triads-hong-kong-democrats-claim-police-condoned-mob-attacks-yuen-long/|archive-date=22 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190727_antitriad">{{cite news |title=Hong Kong braces for 'anti-triad' rally despite police ban |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/27/hong-kong-braces-anti-triad-rally-despite-police-ban/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |agency=Agence France-Presse |accessdate=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727044552/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/27/hong-kong-braces-anti-triad-rally-despite-police-ban/|archive-date=27 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190728_democracyfighters">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/28/hong-kongs-third-generation-democracy-fighters-not-just-rioters-last-line-resistance/|title=Hong Kong's third generation of democracy fighters are not just rioters, they are last line of resistance|first=Yan|last=Sham|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=28 July 2019|accessdate=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009064711/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/09/disastrous-performance-carrie-lams-rating-plunges-lowest-among-hong-kong-chief-exec-yet/|archive-date=9 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190729_49arrested">{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Kris |title=In Pictures: Hong Kong police arrested 49 during Sheung Wan turmoil, at least 16 injured |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/29/pictures-hong-kong-police-arrested-49-sheung-wan-turmoil-least-16-injured/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729043515/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/29/pictures-hong-kong-police-arrested-49-sheung-wan-turmoil-least-16-injured/|archive-date=29 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190731_fireworkattack">{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Kris |title=Hong Kong protesters injured in drive-by firework attack during demo outside Tin Shui Wai police station |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/31/hong-kong-protesters-injured-drive-firework-attack-demo-outside-tin-shui-wai-police-station/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |accessdate=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731031005/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/07/31/hong-kong-protesters-injured-drive-firework-attack-demo-outside-tin-shui-wai-police-station/|archive-date=31 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190802_generalstrike">{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Kris |title=Calls for general strike and 7 rallies across Hong Kong on Monday, as protests escalate |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/02/calls-general-strike-7-rallies-across-hong-kong-monday-protests-escalate/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |accessdate=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802105820/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/02/calls-general-strike-7-rallies-across-hong-kong-monday-protests-escalate/|archive-date=2 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190803_denounceviolence">{{cite news|last1=Chan |first1=Holmes |title=In Pictures: 'Hopeful tomorrow' -Pro-gov't group hosts rally denouncing violence and backing Hong Kong police |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/03/pictures-hopeful-tomorrow-pro-govt-group-hosts-rally-denouncing-violence-backing-hong-kong-police/ |accessdate=11 August 2019 |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615092421/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/06/15/hong-kong-democrats-urge-leader-carrie-lam-drop-extradition-law-plans-entirely-resign-sunday-protest-proceed/|archive-date=15 June 2019|date=15 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190803_teargas">{{cite news |last1=Press |first1=Hong Kong Free |title=Hong Kong police deploy tear gas after protesters bring Kowloon to a halt with wildcat road occupations |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/03/hong-kong-police-deploy-tear-gas-protesters-bring-kowloon-halt-wildcat-road-occupations/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803142818/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/03/hong-kong-police-deploy-tear-gas-protesters-bring-kowloon-halt-wildcat-road-occupations/|archive-date=3 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190804_chaoticshowdown">{{cite news |last1=Tong |first1=Elson |title=Chaotic showdown in Wong Tai Sin as angry residents clash with Hong Kong riot police firing tear gas |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/04/chaotic-showdown-wong-tai-sin-angry-residents-clash-hong-kong-riot-police-firing-tear-gas/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804021843/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/04/chaotic-showdown-wong-tai-sin-angry-residents-clash-hong-kong-riot-police-firing-tear-gas/|archive-date=4 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190806_maskedpressconf">{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Holmes |title=Masked protesters hold own press con as Hong Kong NGOs condemn alleged police abuses |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/06/masked-protesters-hold-press-conference-hong-kong-ngos-condemn-alleged-police-abuses/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806095116/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/06/masked-protesters-hold-press-conference-hong-kong-ngos-condemn-alleged-police-abuses/|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190806_mibslashed">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/06/hong-kong-man-black-slashed-assailants-targeting-protesters-tsuen-wan/|title=Hong Kong man in black slashed by assailants targeting protesters in Tsuen Wan|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=6 August 2019|accessdate=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806083640/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/06/hong-kong-man-black-slashed-assailants-targeting-protesters-tsuen-wan/|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190807_shamshuipo">{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Kris |title=Angry protests and tear gas in Sham Shui Po after arrest of Hong Kong student leader for possessing laser pens |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/07/angry-protests-tear-gas-sham-shui-po-arrest-hong-kong-student-leader-possessing-laser-pens/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807043827/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/07/angry-protests-tear-gas-sham-shui-po-arrest-hong-kong-student-leader-possessing-laser-pens/|archive-date=7 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190808_colourrevolution">{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Kris |title=Beijing deems Hong Kong protests 'colour revolution,' will not rule out intervention |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/08/beijing-deems-hong-kong-protests-colour-revolution-will-not-rule-intervention/ |agency=HKFP |date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808041129/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/08/beijing-deems-hong-kong-protests-colour-revolution-will-not-rule-intervention/|archive-date=8 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190808_leaderfreed">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/08/hong-kong-student-leader-arrested-laser-pointers-freed-protesters-challenge-police-safety-tear-gas-rubber-bullets/|title=Hong Kong student leader arrested over laser pointers freed, as protesters challenge police over safety of tear gas, rubber bullets|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=8 August 2019|accessdate=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808120048/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/08/hong-kong-student-leader-arrested-laser-pointers-freed-protesters-challenge-police-safety-tear-gas-rubber-bullets/|archive-date=8 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190809_coughedblood">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/09/hong-kong-reporters-coughed-blood-developed-rashes-tear-gas-exposure-doctors-say/|title=Hong Kong reporters coughed blood and developed rashes after tear gas exposure, doctors say|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=9 August 2019|accessdate=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809101331/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/09/hong-kong-reporters-coughed-blood-developed-rashes-tear-gas-exposure-doctors-say/|archive-date=9 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190809_toolkitevolved">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/09/explainer-frontline-protesters-toolkit-evolved-hong-kongs-long-summer-dissent/|title=Explainer: How frontline protesters' toolkit has evolved over Hong Kong's long summer of dissent|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=9 August 2019|accessdate=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809094814/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/09/explainer-frontline-protesters-toolkit-evolved-hong-kongs-long-summer-dissent/|archive-date=9 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190812_uncoverpolice">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/12/video-hong-kong-police-make-bloody-arrest-assisted-officers-suspected-undercover-protesters/|title=Video: Hong Kong police make bloody arrest, assisted by officers suspected to be undercover as protesters|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=12 August 2019|accessdate=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811212121/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/12/video-hong-kong-police-make-bloody-arrest-assisted-officers-suspected-undercover-protesters/|archive-date=11 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190815_arrestedprotesters">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/15/arrested-protesters-accuse-police-ill-treatment-detention-denial-access-lawyers/|title=Arrested protesters accuse police of ill-treatment in detention and denial of access to lawyers|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=15 August 2019|accessdate=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815073630/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/15/arrested-protesters-accuse-police-ill-treatment-detention-denial-access-lawyers/|archive-date=15 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190820_criticalcondition">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/20/26-year-old-hong-kong-woman-critical-condition-knife-attack-lennon-wall-tseung-kwan-o/|title=26-year-old woman in critical condition after knife attack at Hong Kong 'Lennon Wall'|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=20 August 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820081118/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/20/26-year-old-hong-kong-woman-critical-condition-knife-attack-lennon-wall-tseung-kwan-o/|archive-date=20 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190822_eye4hkcampaign">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/22/eye4hk-campaign-support-hong-kong-protesters-gains-international-momentum/|title=#Eye4HK campaign in support of Hong Kong protesters gains international momentum|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=22 August 2019|accessdate=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822093447/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/22/eye4hk-campaign-support-hong-kong-protesters-gains-international-momentum/|archive-date=22 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190828_doctorsstand">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/28/frontlines-hong-kong-public-hospital-doctors-making-stand-police-violence/|title=On the frontlines: the Hong Kong public hospital doctors making a stand against police violence|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=28 August 2019|accessdate=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828004026/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/28/frontlines-hong-kong-public-hospital-doctors-making-stand-police-violence/|archive-date=28 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190829_maxbeaten">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/29/hong-kong-protest-organiser-max-chung-beaten-tai-po-shortly-police-grant-unconditional-release/|title=Hong Kong protest organiser Max Chung beaten up in Tai Po, shortly after police grant him unconditional release|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=29 August 2019|accessdate=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829110258/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/08/29/hong-kong-protest-organiser-max-chung-beaten-tai-po-shortly-police-grant-unconditional-release/|archive-date=29 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190901_breackedguidelines">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/01/hong-kong-police-breached-internal-manufacturer-guidelines-improperly-firing-projectiles/|title=Hong Kong police breached internal and manufacturer guidelines by improperly firing projectiles|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=1 September 2019|accessdate=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901003205/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/01/hong-kong-police-breached-internal-manufacturer-guidelines-improperly-firing-projectiles/|archive-date=1 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190901_mtrclosed">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/01/hong-kong-reels-chaos-3-mtr-stations-remain-closed-police-defend-storming-trains-demos-planned/|title=Hong Kong reels from chaos: 3 MTR stations remain closed, police defend storming trains, more demos planned|first=Elson|last=Tong |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=1 September 2019|accessdate=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901053708/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/01/hong-kong-reels-chaos-3-mtr-stations-remain-closed-police-defend-storming-trains-demos-planned/|archive-date=1 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190904_toolittle">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/04/little-late-hong-kong-democrats-protesters-vow-action-despite-extradition-bill-withdrawal/|title='Too little, too late': Hong Kong democrats and protesters vow further action despite extradition bill withdrawal|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904133942/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/04/little-late-hong-kong-democrats-protesters-vow-action-despite-extradition-bill-withdrawal/|archive-date=4 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190907_interceptprotest">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/07/clashes-arrests-tung-chung-riot-police-deploy-across-hong-kong-intercept-airport-protest/|title=Clashes and arrests in Tung Chung as riot police deploy across Hong Kong to intercept airport protest|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=7 September 2019|accessdate=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907144724/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/07/clashes-arrests-tung-chung-riot-police-deploy-across-hong-kong-intercept-airport-protest/|archive-date=7 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190910_joushuagerman">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/10/china-fury-hong-kong-activist-joshua-wong-meets-german-foreign-minister/|title=China fury as Hong Kong activist Joshua Wong meets German foreign minister|first=Hui|last=Min Neo|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=10 September 2019|accessdate=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910103436/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/10/china-fury-hong-kong-activist-joshua-wong-meets-german-foreign-minister/|archive-date=10 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190910_offdutybatons">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/10/hong-kong-police-issue-extendable-batons-off-duty-officers-critics-concerned-potential-abuse/|title=Hong Kong police issue extendable batons to off-duty officers, but critics concerned over potential for abuse|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=10 September 2019|accessdate=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910070204/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/10/hong-kong-police-issue-extendable-batons-off-duty-officers-critics-concerned-potential-abuse/|archive-date=10 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190913_challengewarrant">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/13/high-court-allows-eye-injury-victim-challenge-hong-kong-police-medical-records-warrant/|title=Woman hit in eye objects to medical data being released to cops|first=Jane|last=Cheung|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=13 September 2019|accessdate=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913070908/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/13/high-court-allows-eye-injury-victim-challenge-hong-kong-police-medical-records-warrant/|archive-date=13 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190915_urgelondon">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/15/hundreds-rally-uk-consulate-hong-kong-urging-london-admit-china-violated-1997-handover-treaty/|title=Hundreds rally at UK consulate in Hong Kong urging London to admit China violated 1997 Handover treaty|first=Hong Kong Free|last=Press|date=15 September 2019|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915081439/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/15/hundreds-rally-uk-consulate-hong-kong-urging-london-admit-china-violated-1997-handover-treaty/|archive-date=15 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190916_bloodynight">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/16/hong-kong-protesters-journalists-attacked-bloody-night-north-point/|title=Hong Kong protesters and journalists attacked during bloody night in North Point|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=16 September 2019|accessdate=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916050417/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/16/hong-kong-protesters-journalists-attacked-bloody-night-north-point/|archive-date=16 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190916_doublestandards">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/16/hong-kong-police-deny-double-standards-accusations-leniency-towards-anti-protester-mob/|title=Hong Kong police deny 'double standards' after accusations of leniency towards anti-protester mob|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=16 September 2019|accessdate=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916142922/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/16/hong-kong-police-deny-double-standards-accusations-leniency-towards-anti-protester-mob/|archive-date=16 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190917_congressionalhearing">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/17/live-hong-kong-activists-denise-ho-joshua-wong-testify-us-congressional-hearing-protests/|title=Hong Kong activists Denise Ho and Joshua Wong testify at US congressional hearing on protests|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=17 September 2019|accessdate=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917141502/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/17/live-hong-kong-activists-denise-ho-joshua-wong-testify-us-congressional-hearing-protests/|archive-date=17 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190920_supportradical">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/20/new-research-shows-vast-majority-hong-kong-protesters-support-radical-tactics/|title=New research shows vast majority of Hong Kong protesters support more radical tactics|first=Samson|last=Yuen|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=20 September 2019|accessdate=20 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920050315/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/20/new-research-shows-vast-majority-hong-kong-protesters-support-radical-tactics/|archive-date=20 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190922_mtrprotestors">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/22/explainer-communist-partys-railway-hong-kongs-respected-mtr-fell-afoul-protesters/|title=Explainer: 'The Communist Party's Railway' – How Hong Kong's once-respected MTR fell afoul of protesters|first=Jennifer|last=Creery|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=22 September 2019|accessdate=6 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922031451/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/22/explainer-communist-partys-railway-hong-kongs-respected-mtr-fell-afoul-protesters/|archive-date=22 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190924_royattacked">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/24/just-hong-kong-pro-democracy-lawmaker-roy-kwong-attacked-tin-shui-wai/|title=Hong Kong pro-democracy lawmaker Roy Kwong attacked in Tin Shui Wai|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=24 September 2019|accessdate=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924033231/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/24/just-hong-kong-pro-democracy-lawmaker-roy-kwong-attacked-tin-shui-wai/|archive-date=24 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20190930_antitotalitarianism">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/30/pictures-40-cities-hold-anti-totalitarianism-rallies-solidarity-hong-kong-protest-movement/|title=In Pictures: Over 40 cities hold anti-totalitarianism rallies in solidarity with Hong Kong protest movement|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=30 September 2019|accessdate=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930133127/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/09/30/pictures-40-cities-hold-anti-totalitarianism-rallies-solidarity-hong-kong-protest-movement/|archive-date=30 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191001_selfdefence">{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Kris |title=Hong Kong police say shooting of 18-year-old at close range was in self-defence |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/01/hong-kong-police-say-shooting-schoolboy-close-range-self-defense/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001151407/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/01/hong-kong-police-say-shooting-schoolboy-close-range-self-defense/|archive-date=1 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191002_singledayrecord">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/02/hong-kong-police-set-new-single-day-record-no-arrests-projectile-rounds-tear-gas-fired-tue/|title=Hong Kong police set new single day record with no. of arrests, projectile rounds and tear gas fired on Tue|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=2 October 2019|accessdate=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002123303/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/02/hong-kong-police-set-new-single-day-record-no-arrests-projectile-rounds-tear-gas-fired-tue/|archive-date=2 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191004_14yoshot">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/04/breaking-man-shot-off-duty-hong-kong-police-officer-protesters-attack-vehicle/|title=14-year-old shot by plainclothes Hong Kong police officer as protesters attack vehicle|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=4 October 2019|accessdate=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004143533/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/04/breaking-man-shot-off-duty-hong-kong-police-officer-protesters-attack-vehicle/|archive-date=4 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191005_challengeban">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/05/hong-kong-democrats-challenge-mask-ban-court-accuse-leader-carrie-lam-usurping-legislature/|title=Hong Kong democrats to challenge mask ban in court, accuse leader Carrie Lam of 'usurping legislature'|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=5 October 2019|accessdate=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005135030/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/05/hong-kong-democrats-challenge-mask-ban-court-accuse-leader-carrie-lam-usurping-legislature/|archive-date=5 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191006_outsideoffices">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/06/video-taxi-rams-pro-democracy-protesters-outside-local-hong-kong-govt-offices-driver-beaten/|title=Video: Taxi rams into pro-democracy protesters outside local Hong Kong gov't offices, driver beaten|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=6 October 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006115519/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/06/video-taxi-rams-pro-democracy-protesters-outside-local-hong-kong-govt-offices-driver-beaten/|archive-date=6 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191006_warningarmy">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/06/warning-flag-spotted-chinese-army-barracks-kowloon-tong-protests-escalate-across-hong-kong/ |title=Warning flag spotted at Chinese army barracks in Kowloon Tong as protests escalate across Hong Kong|first=Holmes|last=Chan|publisher=Hong Kong Free Press|date=6 October 2019|accessdate=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006152011/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/06/warning-flag-spotted-chinese-army-barracks-kowloon-tong-protests-escalate-across-hong-kong/|archive-date=6 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191009_hitandrun">{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Kris |title=Explainer: 'Renovation', 'decoration' and 'fire magic' – the businesses targeted by Hong Kong's hit-and-run protesters |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/09/explainer-renovation-decoration-fire-magic-businesses-targeted-hong-kongs-hit-run-protesters/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009051208/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/09/explainer-renovation-decoration-fire-magic-businesses-targeted-hong-kongs-hit-run-protesters/|archive-date=9 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191009_ratingplunges">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/09/disastrous-performance-carrie-lams-rating-plunges-lowest-among-hong-kong-chief-exec-yet/|title='Disastrous performance': Carrie Lam's rating plunges to lowest among any Hong Kong Chief Exec. yet|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=9 October 2019|accessdate=6 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191015_130000gather">{{cite news |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/15/fight-hong-kong-130000-gather-urge-us-pass-human-rights-act-monitor-citys-autonomy-organisers-say/ |title='Fight with Hong Kong': 130,000 gather to urge US to pass human rights act to monitor city's autonomy, organisers say |last=Creery |first=Jennifer |date=15 October 2019|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015011411/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/15/fight-hong-kong-130000-gather-urge-us-pass-human-rights-act-monitor-citys-autonomy-organisers-say/|archive-date=15 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191016_jimmyattacked">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/16/breaking-hong-kong-protest-leader-jimmy-sham-attacked-tai-kok-tsui/|title=Hong Kong protest leader Jimmy Sham attacked by men wielding hammers, Civil Front say|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=16 October 2019|accessdate=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016122806/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/16/breaking-hong-kong-protest-leader-jimmy-sham-attacked-tai-kok-tsui/|archive-date=16 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191020_mosquewater">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/20/thousands-defy-protest-ban-hong-kong-amid-tear-gas-vandalism-molotovs-mosque-hit-water-cannon-dye/|title=Hundreds of thousands defy protest ban in Hong Kong amid tear gas, vandalism and Molotovs, as mosque hit by water cannon dye|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=20 October 2019|accessdate=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020100337/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/20/thousands-defy-protest-ban-hong-kong-amid-tear-gas-vandalism-molotovs-mosque-hit-water-cannon-dye/|archive-date=20 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191021_leaderapologises">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/21/hong-kong-leader-apologises-kowloon-mosque-hit-police-water-cannon-blue-dye-community-leaders-say/|title=Hong Kong leader apologises over police striking Kowloon mosque with water cannon blue dye|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=21 October 2019|accessdate=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021061329/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/21/hong-kong-leader-apologises-kowloon-mosque-hit-police-water-cannon-blue-dye-community-leaders-say/|archive-date=21 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191021_notaccepted">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/21/ex-indian-assoc-chief-hit-police-blue-dye-says-not-accept-hong-kong-leaders-apology/|title=Ex-Indian Assoc. chief hit with police blue dye says he does not accept Hong Kong leader's apology|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=21 October 2019|accessdate=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021123353/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/21/ex-indian-assoc-chief-hit-police-blue-dye-says-not-accept-hong-kong-leaders-apology/|archive-date=21 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191023_officiallywithdrawn">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/23/just-hong-kong-officially-withdraws-controversial-extradition-bill-legislature/|title=Hong Kong officially withdraws controversial extradition bill from legislature|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=23 October 2019|accessdate=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023070812/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/23/just-hong-kong-officially-withdraws-controversial-extradition-bill-legislature/|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191024_servicedog">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/24/hong-kong-police-deny-service-dog-harmed-tear-gas-protest/|title=Hong Kong police deny service dog harmed by tear gas at protest despite abuse allegations|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=24 October 2019|accessdate=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024063343/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/24/hong-kong-police-deny-service-dog-harmed-tear-gas-protest/|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191025_catalanparallel">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/25/fight-oppression-hong-kong-catalan-protesters-hold-parallel-solidarity-rallies/|title='Fight against oppression': Hong Kong and Catalan protesters hold parallel solidarity rallies|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=25 October 2019|accessdate=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025015310/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/25/fight-oppression-hong-kong-catalan-protesters-hold-parallel-solidarity-rallies/|archive-date=25 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191025_personalinfo">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/25/hong-kong-police-ask-court-ban-release-personal-information-officers/|title=Hong Kong court orders temporary ban on the release of police officers' personal information|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=25 October 2019|accessdate=29 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025072818/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/25/hong-kong-police-ask-court-ban-release-personal-information-officers/|archive-date=25 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191030_independentprobe">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/30/hong-kong-govt-form-independent-probe-police-conduct-protests-says-pro-beijing-lawmaker-abraham-shek/|title=Hong Kong gov't should form independent probe into police conduct at protests, says pro-Beijing lawmaker Abraham Shek|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=30 October 2019|accessdate=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030073432/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/30/hong-kong-govt-form-independent-probe-police-conduct-protests-says-pro-beijing-lawmaker-abraham-shek/|archive-date=30 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191031_70arrested">{{cite news |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/31/hong-kong-police-arrest-70-tuen-mun-protest-tear-gas-smell/ |title=Hong Kong police arrest over 70 in Tuen Mun protest against tear gas smell |last=Cheng |first=Kris |date=31 October 2019 |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031050539/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/31/hong-kong-police-arrest-70-tuen-mun-protest-tear-gas-smell/|archive-date=31 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191101_activistsdox">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/01/bulletproof-china-backed-doxxing-site-attacks-hong-kongs-democracy-activists/ |title='Bulletproof' China-backed doxxing site attacks Hong Kong's democracy activists |last=Chan |first=Esther |date=1 November 2019 |agency=Agence France-Presse |last2=Blundy |first2=Rachel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101112411/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/01/bulletproof-china-backed-doxxing-site-attacks-hong-kongs-democracy-activists/|archive-date=1 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191102_socialworkers">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/02/hong-kong-social-workers-complain-mistreatment-riot-police/|title=Hong Kong social workers complain of mistreatment by riot police|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=2 November 2019|accessdate=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102072933/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/02/hong-kong-social-workers-complain-mistreatment-riot-police/|archive-date=2 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191103_injunctiondoxxing">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/03/broad-vague-court-injunction-obtained-hong-kong-police-not-just-doxxing/|title='Broad and vague': Why a court injunction obtained by the Hong Kong police is not just about 'doxxing'|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=3 November 2019|accessdate=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103031437/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/03/broad-vague-court-injunction-obtained-hong-kong-police-not-just-doxxing/|archive-date=3 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191106_beijingsupports">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/06/vice-premier-says-beijing-supports-hong-kong-authorities-leader-carrie-lam-saddened-3000-arrests-protests/|title=Vice-Premier says Beijing supports Hong Kong authorities, as leader Carrie Lam 'saddened' by 3,000 arrests during protests|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=6 November 2019|accessdate=8 November 2019|quote='[The central government] fully acknowledges the work done by [Lam] and the SAR government, and the dedicated performance of the Hong Kong police force,' he said|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106095834/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/06/vice-premier-says-beijing-supports-hong-kong-authorities-leader-carrie-lam-saddened-3000-arrests-protests/|archive-date=6 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191106_denyblocking">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/06/hong-kong-police-deny-blocking-ambulance-attending-student-fell-car-park-unrest/|title=Hong Kong police deny blocking ambulance from attending to student who fell from car park during unrest|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=6 November 2019|accessdate=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106054208/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/06/hong-kong-police-deny-blocking-ambulance-attending-student-fell-car-park-unrest/|archive-date=6 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191111_civilservicerifts">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/11/explainer-aggressive-policing-creates-rifts-hong-kongs-civil-service-firefighters-caught-fallout/|title=Explainer: Aggressive policing creates rifts in Hong Kong's civil service, with firefighters caught in fallout|first=Holmes|last=Chan|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=11 November 2019|accessdate=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111011234/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/11/explainer-aggressive-policing-creates-rifts-hong-kongs-civil-service-firefighters-caught-fallout/|archive-date=11 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191111_liverounds">{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Holmes |last2=Cheng |first2=Kris |last3=Creery |first3=Jennifer |title=Hong Kong police fire live rounds and tear gas as protesters disrupt morning traffic in citywide 'general strike' bid |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/11/hong-kong-police-fire-live-rounds-tear-gas-protesters-disrupt-morning-traffic-citywide-general-strike-bid/ |work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]] |accessdate=11 November 2019 |date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111014726/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/11/hong-kong-police-fire-live-rounds-tear-gas-protesters-disrupt-morning-traffic-citywide-general-strike-bid/|archive-date=11 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191111_manonfire">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/11/hong-kong-police-say-man-set-alight-arguing-protesters/|title=Hong Kong Police say man set alight when arguing with protesters|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=11 November 2019|accessdate=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111102746/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/11/hong-kong-police-say-man-set-alight-arguing-protesters/|archive-date=11 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref 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November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114085720/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/14/hong-kong-reporter-diagnosed-chloracne-tear-gas-exposure-prompting-public-health-concerns/|archive-date=14 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191115_justicesecretary">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/15/hong-kong-justice-sec-teresa-cheng-injured-brush-london-protesters/|title=Hong Kong Justice Sec. Teresa Cheng 'injured' in brush with London protesters|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=15 November 2019|accessdate=20 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115091710/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/15/hong-kong-justice-sec-teresa-cheng-injured-brush-london-protesters/|archive-date=15 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="hkfp_20191119_drivingintoprotesters">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/19/hong-kong-police-accused-driving-vehicles-protesters-clearance-operation/|title=Hong Kong police accused of driving vehicles into protesters during clearance operation|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|date=19 November 2019|accessdate=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119100807/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/11/19/hong-kong-police-accused-driving-vehicles-protesters-clearance-operation/|archive-date=19 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref 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rule|url=https://qz.com/1693865/hong-kong-emulates-a-human-chain-that-broke-soviet-rule/|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|accessdate=23 August 2019}}</ref> <ref name="qz_1694046">{{cite news|last=Hui|first=Mary|title=Photos: Hong Kong protesters unify in a human chain across the city|url=https://qz.com/1694046/hong-kong-way-pictures-protesters-human-chain-across-city/|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|accessdate=23 August 2019|quote=The Hong Kong Way comes just five days after as many as 1.7&nbsp;million demonstrators took to the streets in a peaceful rally on Aug. 18) — and before city gears up for another weekend of protests. 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Protesters are already defying it|first=Jen|last=Kirby|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=4 October 2019|accessdate=7 October 2019}}</ref> <ref name="wp_20190724_triadlinked">{{cite news |title=These are the Triad Gangs linked to Hong Kong protester attacks |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/these-are-thetriad-gangs-linked-to-hong-kong-protester-attacks/2019/07/24/91b6e2f2-adf8-11e9-9411-a608f9d0c2d3_story.html |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815203401/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/these-are-thetriad-gangs-linked-to-hong-kong-protester-attacks/2019/07/24/91b6e2f2-adf8-11e9-9411-a608f9d0c2d3_story.html |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref name="wp_20190826_warningshot">{{cite web |title=Tear gas, warning shot mark escalation in Hong Kong protests |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/tear-gas-warning-shot-mark-escalation-in-hong-kong-protests/2019/08/26/6b657a94-c7c2-11e9-9615-8f1a32962e04_story.html |website=[[The Washington Post]] |agency=Associated Press |quote=Hardliners confronted police anew after largely holding back the previous weekend. They occupied streets on Saturday and Sunday, erecting barriers across roads after otherwise peaceful marches by thousands of others. Wearing gas masks, they threw bricks and gasoline bombs toward the police, as the latter fired tear gas canisters at them. The return to confrontation signaled their belief that the government would not respond to peaceful protest alone. |access-date=2019-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826170603/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/tear-gas-warning-shot-mark-escalation-in-hong-kong-protests/2019/08/26/6b657a94-c7c2-11e9-9615-8f1a32962e04_story.html |archive-date=2019-08-26 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref name="wp_20190831_defiancearrests">{{cite news |last1=Mahtani |first1=Shibani |first2=Timothy |last2=McLaughlin |title=Hong Kong protesters take to streets in defiance of arrests, ban on rally |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/hong-kong-defies-ban-and-sweep-of-arrests-for-yet-another-protest/2019/08/31/a8f9aa7a-cb22-11e9-9615-8f1a32962e04_story.html |accessdate=31 August 2019 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=31 August 2019}}</ref> <ref name="wp_20191019_homemadebomb">{{cite 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Tactics|first=Jon|last=Emont|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=10 August 2019|accessdate=7 November 2019|url-access=subscription|archive-date=7 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107113241/https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kongs-protesters-test-riot-police-in-game-of-cat-and-mouse-11565444342/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref name="wsj_11565687274">{{Cite news|title=Hong Kong Protesters, Police Clash at Airport|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kong-protesters-overwhelm-airport-for-second-day-11565687274|accessdate=14 August 2019|first1=Jon|last1=Emont|first2=Mike|last2=Bird|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="wsj_11567458226">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/mom-says-come-home-hong-kong-protests-divide-families-11567458226|title='Mom Says Come Home': Hong Kong Protests Divide Families|first=Natasha|last=Khan |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=2 September 2019|accessdate=20 September 2019|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="wsj_11573442207">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kong-police-shoot-at-protesters-one-man-is-in-emergency-surgery-11573442207|title=Hong Kong Protester Shot by Police as Clashes Escalate|first=Joanne|last=Chiu |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=11 November 2019|accessdate=19 November 2019|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="wsj_11574205044">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-unanimously-approves-measure-backing-hong-kong-protesters-11574205044 |title=Senate Unanimously Approves Measure Backing Hong Kong Protesters |last=Duehren |first=Andrew |date=19 November 2019 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |accessdate=19 November 2019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="yahoo_123212403">{{cite news |title=Rare weekday protests flare in Hong Kong |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/rare-weekday-protests-flare-hong-123212403.html |accessdate=12 November 2019 |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=11 November 2019}}</ref> }} == Nota == <references group="lower-alpha"/> [[Kategori:Hong Kong]] igiei8k5c1npohrj46pwe8s18byltak Taman Nasional Redwood 0 326605 3352836 2010593 2026-09-25T20:03:44Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Redwood | photo = 20170709- DSC4501 (36496821796).jpg | photo_caption = [[Taman Nasional Redwood]] | map = | location = [[Humboldt County]], [[Del Norte County, California|Del Norte County]], California, US | nearest_city = [[Crescent City, California|Crescent City]] | coordinates = {{coord|41.3|N|124|W|region:US-CA}} | established = 2 November 1968 | area = 133.000 hektar | visitation_num = 482,536 | visitation_year = 2018 | visitation_ref = | governing_body = [[National Park Service]] | website = {{Official website}} }} '''Taman Nasional Redwood''' adolah taman nasional nan talatak di Kota Humboldt, sapanjang pantai [[utara]] [[California]]. Taman ko panuah dek batang Redwood barono sirah nan tinggi sarato tamasuak batang paliang gadang di bumi. Di taman ko indak hanyo ado batang Redwood, tapi tadapek pulo baragam tumbuhan, hewan, jo padang rumpuik nan masih alami. Lueh taman nasional ko mancapai 133.000 hektar.{{sfn|Puspasari|2012}} == Sijarah == Salamo ribuan taun, panduduak usali wilayah Pantai Utara California manjadian kayu sirah sarato ekosistem lainnyo sabagai rumahnyo. Urang-urang ko biasonyo dikana jo namo Indian Amerika nan sampai kini katurunannyo tingga di wilayah redwood. Urang Indian Amerika ko punyo kayakinan mandalam tantang pangatahuan dunia alami, [[bahaso]], jo adaik istiadaik, sahinggo manjadi ciri khas surang diantaro suku-suku lain nan ado di dunia ko. Sumber makanan panduduak usali Pantai Utara ko barupo rusa, ikan lauik, kacang-kacangan, beri-berian sarato biji-bijian. Untuak caro batahan iduiknyo jo mamanciang, baburu jo mangumpuan bahan-bahan makanan nan bamanfaaik. Rumah-rumah tradisional urang Indian Amerika ko dibuek dari papan nan dipisahan dari kayu sirah nan alah tumbang. Rumah tu diyakini dek panduduak usali ko sabagai mukaluak iduik, sahinggo kayu sirah nan manjadi papannyo tu dianggok sabagai mukaluak roh. Mukaluak roh ko diyakini pulo sabagai ras ilahi nan ado sabalun manusia di wilayah redwood ko ado jo nan maajaan caro untuak tingga disiko.{{sfn|National Park Service:Area History}} Katiko ameh ditamuan di sapanjang batang Trinity California pado taun 1850, banyak urang lua nan pindah kasitu sahinggo mambuek panduduak usali tagaduah. Urang nan baru tu mandorong urang Indian Amerika kalua dari wilayahnyo, mamburunyo, maino, sarato mampabudaknyo, sahinggo tajadi palawanan dari panduduak usali nan barakhia pambantaian. Ribuan urang mancari kahidupan baru di wilayah tapalosok Redwood ko, salain itu pandatang baru ko mambutuahan bahan baku untuak rumahnyo. Tajadi panabangan komersial nan dilanjuikan jo ekspansi Amerika disitu. Kayu-kayu sirah dari batang Redwood dibabek untuak kapantiangan komersil. Panipuan lahan marak tajadi manyebabak ribuan hektar tanah hilang sarato kayu sirah nan dibabek ditransfer ka industri swasta.{{sfn|National Park Service:Area History}} Pada taun 1960-an, penabangan hutan alah maabiahan ampia 90 persen dari sadolah kayu sirah usali. Baru pado tanggal 2 Oktober taun 1968 Taman Nasional Redwood didirian untuak mangamanan batang Redwoon nan tasiso nan ditandotangani dek [[Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson]]. Cagar alam nan baru ko tadiri dari 58.000 hektar lahan nan dilindungi. Pada tahun 1978, [[Presiden Jimmy Carter]] manambahan labiah banyak tanah nan tamasuak bagian Taman Nasional Redwood sakitar 39.000 hektar lahan, walaupun mandapek tantangan dari industri kayu. Barulah pado taun 1994, California Department of Parks (CDPR) jo National Park Service (NPS) sapakaik untuak mangalola ampek taman palinduangan sumber daya hutan ko. Kaampek taman tu iolah Taman Negara Bagian Redwood Jedediah Smith, Taman Negara Bagian Del Norte Coast, Taman Negara Bagian Redwoods Prairie Creek, jo Taman Negara Bagian Redwood. Taman Nasional Redwood manjadi situs warisan budayo jo marupoan bagian dari Cagar Biosfer Pasisia California.{{sfn|National Park Service:Area History}} Sampai kini ko, komunitas urang Indian Amerika di barat lauik Caifornia sampai kini masih batahan, komunitasnyo yaitu Tolowa, Yurok, Hupa, jo Karuk. Kini wilayah nenek monan Yurok jo Tolowa maliputi tanah jo sumber daya nan takandang dalam Taman Nasional Redwood. Wilayah Yurok baoperasi di muaro Batang Klamath, 40 mil ka hulu, sarato wilayah Tolowa di Del Norte County. Sajumlah aspek budayo India barat lauik California mulai bagabuang. Bahaso panduduak usali pun kini masih iduik jo dipatuturan dek urang tuo sarato dipalajari dek generasi nan labiah mudo.{{sfn|National Park Service:Area History}} == Tumbuhan == [[Berkas:Mammoetboom (Sequoiadendron giganteum) Hortus Haren.JPG|kiri|jmpl|240x240px|''Sequoiadendron giganteum'']] === Dawn Redwood === Dawn Redwood atau namo latinnyo ''Metasequoia glyptostroboides'' ko marupoan jinih pohon nan ado di Taman Nasional Redwood. Tumbuahan ko dipakiroan alah punah salamo jutaan taun nan lalu, tapi ditamuan baliak pado tahun 1944 dek saurang rimbawan di wilayah Sichuan-Hubei di [[Republik Rakyaik Cino|Cino]]. Dawn Redwood mudah dibedaan dari tumbuhan sajinihnyo di California liwaik ukurannyo nan labiah ketek jo dari daunyo nan gugua. Salain tadapek di taman nasional, tumbuahan ko biasonyo dijadian tanaman hias.{{sfn|RNSP:Visitor Guide}} === Giant Sequoia === Giant Sequoia nan banamo latin ''Sequoiadendron giganteum'' marupoan tumbuahan nan pakambangannyo capek jo barumua panjang (sakitar labiah dari 3.000 taun), indak ado pohon nan labiah masif daripado Sequoia raksasa. Di Taman Nasional Sequoia tadapek pohon Sequoia nan paliang masif di bumi, dipakiroan total volumenyo labiah dari 50.000 kaki kubik. Giant Sequoia tatuo nan pernah iduik sampai baumua 3.200-3266 taun lamonyo.{{sfn|RNSP:Visitor Guide}} === Coast Redwood === Coast Redwood atau nan banamo latin ''Sequoia sempervirens'' marupoan jinih pohon nan ado di Taman Nasional Redwood. Tinggi pohon ko bisa mancapai 380 kaki jo leba batang 9 meter. Coast Redwood ko dapek iduik 1.200 hinggo 2.000 taun lamonyo.{{sfn|Save the Redwoods League:Coast Redwood}} == Binatang == [[Berkas:Sturnella neglecta4.jpg|jmpl|314x314px|''Sturnella neglecta'']] Taman Nasional Redwood punyo karagaman ekologi nan diakui dek sadolah dunia, sarupo banyak tadapek jinih binatang nan baragam di taman ko. Taman jo sumber daya nan ado di taman tu alah ditetapan pulo sabagai Situs Warisan Dunia. JInih binatang nan ado di taman ko barupo singa laut California, anemon laut hijau raksasa, elang botak, rusa Roosevelt, dan tentu saja, siput pisang.{{sfn|National Park Service:Animals}} Di taman ko tadapek pulo jinih buruang nan baragam. Manuruik catatan Taman Nasional Redwood, tadapek 280 spesies buruang di taman ko, sapatigo dari 800 spesies buruang nan ado di [[Amerika Sarikat|Amerika Serikat]]. Jinih buruang nan ado di taman ko barupo ''marbled murrelet'' (''Brachyramphus marmoratus''), ''western meadowlark'' (''Sturnella neglecta''), ''American dipper'' (''Cinclus mexicanus''), ''belted kingfisher'' (''Meaceryle alcyon''), ''California brown pelicans'' (''Pelicanus occidentalis''), ''western snowy plovers (Charadrius nivosus), aspian terns'' (Hydroprogne caspia) jo ''pigeon guillemots'' (''Cepphus columba'').{{sfn|National Park Service:Birds}} Salain jinih-jinih buruang, tadapek pulo jinih ikan nan iduik di sungai taman ko. Tadapek duo sungai gadang, tigo anak sungai, jo sajumlah kolam. Di sungai tu iduik ikan usalinyo sarupo salmon jo ikan ''trout'' mudo.{{sfn|National Park Service:Fish}} Jinih karagaman ekologi nan lain di taman ko adolah tadapeknyo spesies mamalia darek jo lauik. Taman Nasional Redwood ko marupoan rumah baragam jinih mamalia darek. Tadapek 66 spesies mamalia darek jo 13 spesies kalalawa sarupo Virginia oppossum ''(Didelphis virginiana), Marsh shrew (Sorex bendirii), American shrew-mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii), Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), Chipmunk (Tamias sp.)'' jo lain sabagainyo. Untuak mamalia lauiknyo, tadiri dari spesies ''Harbor Seal'' ''(Phoca vitulina''), Paus abu-abu ''(Eschrichtius robustus),'' Paus bungkuk ''(Megaptera novaeangliae), Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) jo lain sabagainyo''.{{sfn|National Park Service:Land Mammals}} == Galeri == <gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="200"> Berkas:Armillaria solidipes 64716.jpg|Jamur madu di Taman Naional Redwood Berkas:Bald Hills Road (22906638543).jpg|Taman Nasional Redwood katiko musim dingin Berkas:Clover in the Avenue of the Giants (35303519493).jpg|Daun semanggi di Taman Nasional Redwood Berkas:Hidden Beach in Redwood National Park, California.jpg|Pantai tasambunyi di Taman Nasional Redwood </gallery> == Rujuakan == ; Catatan Kaki {{reflist}} ; Daftar Pustaka {{refbegin}} * {{Cite_web|url=https://travel.detik.com/dtravelers_stories/u-1928551/ada-pohon-raksasa-di-taman-nasional-ini|title=Ada Pohon Raksasa di Taman Nasional Ini|last=Puspasari|year=2012|publisher=detik.com|access-date=22 Desember 2019|ref={{sfnRef|Puspasari|2012}}}} * {{Cite_web|url=https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/historyculture/area-history.htm#__topdoc__|title=Area History|last=|year=2016|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=22 Desember 2019|ref={{sfnRef|National Park Service:Area History}}}} * {{Cite_web|url=https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/news/upload/RNSP_VG_2019-March-FINAL-small-508-2.pdf|title=Redwood Visitor Guide|last=|year=2019|publisher=Redwood National and State Park|access-date=24 Desember 2019|ref={{sfnRef|RNSP:Visitor Guide}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224034607/https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/news/upload/RNSP_VG_2019-March-FINAL-small-508-2.pdf|archive-date=2019-12-24|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite_web|url=https://www.savetheredwoods.org/redwoods/coast-redwoods/|title=Coast Redwood|last=|year=|publisher=Save the Redwoods League|access-date=24 Desember 2019|ref={{sfnRef|Save the Redwoods League:Coast Redwood}}}} * {{Cite_web|url=https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/nature/animals.htm|title=Animals|last=|year=2019|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=25 Desember 2019|ref={{sfnRef|National Park Service:Animals}}}} * {{Cite_web|url=https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/nature/birds.htm|title=Birds|last=|year=2019|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=25 Desember 2019|ref={{sfnRef|National Park Service:Biirds}}}} {{Commons}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional di California]] rxgj3yy8x7yi4nv5rsecqd3johdt8hk Valsartan 0 327032 3352853 3142231 2026-09-25T22:04:00Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pambantahan medis}} {{Infobox drug | drug_name = | INN = | type = <!-- empty --> | image = Valsartan skeletal.svg | width = | alt = | image2 = Valsartan ball-and-stick.png | width2 = | alt2 = | imageL = | widthL = | altL = | imageR = | widthR = | altR = | caption = <!-- Clinical data --> | pronounce = | tradename = Diovan, Co Diovan, Valesco, dan lainnyo | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|valsartan}} | MedlinePlus = a697015 | licence_CA = Sandoz Valsartan | licence_EU = yes | DailyMedID = 9402b022-5809-4251-dfef-54f6ef5723fe | licence_US = Valsartan | pregnancy_AU = D | pregnancy_AU_comment = | pregnancy_US = D | pregnancy_US_comment = | pregnancy_category = | dependency_liability = | addiction_liability = | routes_of_administration = Muluik | class = [[Antagonis reseptor angiotensin II]] <!-- Legal status --> | legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled--> | legal_AU_comment = | legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F--> | legal_BR_comment = | legal_CA = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --> | legal_CA_comment = | legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled--> | legal_DE_comment = | legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C --> | legal_NZ_comment = | legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --> | legal_UK_comment = | legal_US = Rx-only | legal_US_comment = | legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--> | legal_UN_comment = | legal_status = <!--For countries not listed above--> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> | bioavailability = 25% | protein_bound = 95% | metabolism = | metabolites = | onset = | elimination_half-life = 6 hours | duration_of_action = | excretion = [[Ginjal]] 30%, [[ampadu]] 70% <!-- Identifiers --> | verifiedrevid = 470628341 | IUPAC_name = (''S'')-3-methyl-2-(''N''-<nowiki/>{[2'-(2''H''-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}pentanamido)butanoic acid | index_label = <!-- parent --> | index2_label = tritiated | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = 137862-53-4 | CAS_supplemental = | ATCvet = | ATC_prefix = C09 | ATC_suffix = CA03 | ATC_supplemental = | PubChem = 60846 | PubChemSubstance = | IUPHAR_ligand = 3937 | IUPHAR_ligand2 = 593 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB00177 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 54833 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = 80M03YXJ7I | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D00400 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 9927 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 1069 | NIAID_ChemDB = | PDB_ligand = | synonyms = <!-- Chemical and physical data --> | chemical_formula = | C=24 | H=29 | N=5 | O=3 | molecular_weight = 435.519 g/mol | SMILES = O=C(O)[C@@H](N(C(=O)CCCC)Cc3ccc(c1ccccc1c2n[nH]nn2)cc3)C(C)C | Jmol = | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C24H29N5O3/c1-4-5-10-21(30)29(22(16(2)3)24(31)32)15-17-11-13-18(14-12-17)19-8-6-7-9-20(19)23-25-27-28-26-23/h6-9,11-14,16,22H,4-5,10,15H2,1-3H3,(H,31,32)(H,25,26,27,28)/t22-/m0/s1 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI_comment = | StdInChIKey = ACWBQPMHZXGDFX-QFIPXVFZSA-N | density = | density_notes = | melting_point = | melting_high = | melting_notes = | boiling_point = | boiling_notes = | solubility = | sol_units = | specific_rotation = }} '''Valsartan''' adolah [[ubek]] dari golongan [[antagonis reseptor angiotensin II]]. Ubek ko bakarajo maambek reseptor angiotensin II sainggo takanan darah manurun dan baguno dek pandarito takanan darah tinggi ([[hipertensi]]), [[gagal jantuang]] (''heart failure''), jo [[panyakik ginjal diabetik]] (nefropati diabetik).<ref name="AHFS2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/valsartan.html|title=Valsartan Monograph for Professionals|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=3 March 2019}}</ref> Valsartan tamasuak ubek kareh nan pamakaiannyo musti manyaratokan resep dokter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/valsartan|title=Valsartan|date=2015-01-15|website=Alodokter|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref> Valsartan tamasuak pulo dalam ubek kategori D nan aratinyo tabukti barisiko untuak janin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pionas.pom.go.id/monografi/valsartan|title=VALSARTAN {{!}} PIO Nas|website=pionas.pom.go.id|access-date=2020-01-08|archive-date=2020-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107055044/http://pionas.pom.go.id/monografi/valsartan|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Valsartan marupokan ubek nan dipakai jo caro diminum (oral) nan babantuak tablet.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Di Indonesia ubek ko tasadio dalam bantuak generik dan ado juo dalam bantuak paten jo namo dagang tanamo yaitu Diovan.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="BNF76">{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=179|edition=76}}</ref> Valsartan tasadio pulo dalam bantuak kombinasi jo [[hidroklorotiazid]], [[amlodipin]], atau [[sakubitril]].<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Valsartan dikontraindikasikan pamakaiannyo pado urang nan [[hipersensitif]] jo kanduangan ubek ko sarato pandarito [[Diabetes melitus|diabetes mellitus]] nan mamakai ubek [[aliskerin]]. Valsartan juo indak disarankan pamakaiannyo pado urang jo gangguan ati (hepar) jo gangguan ginjal manangah inggo barek. Efek sampiang nan dapek muncua antaronyo latiah, paniang, kadar potasium tinggi dalam dalam (hiperkalemia), diare, jo sakik di sandi tulang. Efek paliang barek bisa sampai gangguan ginjal, takanan darah randah, jo sambok-sambok badan (angioedema).<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Valsartan alah tamasuak dalam Formularium Nasional (Fornas) nan dikaluakan Kementerian Kesehatan Indonesia. Ubek ko juo alah ditangguang dek BPJS Kesehatan jo syaraik pandarito indak dapek mamakai ubek [[antihipertensi]] golongan paambek ACE (''ACE Inhibitor'').<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://bpjs-kesehatan.go.id/bpjs/arsip/detail/490|title=BPJS Kesehatan|website=bpjs-kesehatan.go.id|access-date=2020-01-08|archive-date=2020-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127160237/https://bpjs-kesehatan.go.id/bpjs/arsip/detail/490|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado taun 2018, babarapo merek dagang valsartan dilarang paredarannyo dek BPOM RI karano bahan bakunyo ado nan tabukti tacemar ''[[Nitrosodimethylamine]]'' (NDMA) nan bapotensi mamicu kanker (karsionogenik) pado pamakaian jangko lamo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20180724122335-255-316537/mengenal-valsartan-bahan-obat-hipertensi-yang-ditarik-bpom|title=Mengenal Valsartan, Bahan Obat Hipertensi yang Ditarik BPOM|last=Setyanti|first=Christina Andhika|website=gaya hidup|language=en|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref> == Sediaan ubek == Valsartan marupokan ubek nan dipakai jo caro diminum. Ado duo bantuak sediaan nan ado, yaitu tablet jo ''oral solution''. Banntuak tablet marupokan bantuak nan acok dipakai di Indonesia. Tablet valsartan tasadio dalam dosis 40mg, 80 mg, 160 mg, inggo 320mg. Samantaro bantuak ''oral solution'' tasadio dalam dosis 4mg/mL. Bantuak ''oral solution'' ko marupokan bantuak cairan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://reference.medscape.com/drug/diovan-prexxartan-valsartan-342325#10|title=Diovan, Prexxartan (valsartan) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more|website=reference.medscape.com|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> ==Indikasi== [[Berkas:Two boxes and a blister pack of Co-Diovan (Valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide), Singapore - 20150210.jpg|jmpl|Duo kotak ubek valsartan kombinasi hidroklorotiazid]] [[Berkas:Diovan 160 mg.jpg|jmpl|Tablet valsartan dosis 160 mg]] Valsartan marupokan ubek nan dipakai untuak maubek takanan darah tinggi (hipertensi), gagal jantuang (''heart failure''), jo panyakik ginjal diabetik. Ubek ko dapek pulo manurunkan risiko kamatian pado urang jo gangguan fungsi ventikel kiri (''left ventricular dysfunction'') sasudah takanai sarangan jantuang (''heart attack'').<ref name=G&G>{{cite book |last=Randa |first=Hilal-Dandan |chapter=Chapter 26. Renin and Angiotensin |title=Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics |editor1-last=Brunton |editor1-first=L. L. |editor2-last=Chabner |editor2-first=Bruce |editor3-last=Knollmann |editor3-first=Björn C. | name-list-format = vanc |edition=12th |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-162442-8|title-link=Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics }}</ref><ref name="PI">{{cite web|url = http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/diovan.pdf | title = Diovan prescribing information | publisher = Novartis}}</ref> Pado panyakik hipetensi, ubek ko bisa manjadi ubek piliahan partamo saroman ubek antihipertensi lainnyo.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Namun, Di Indonesia pado urang nan hipertensi jo Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) BPJS hanyo buliah dapek katiko ubek antihipertensinyo indak sasuai lai di dirinyo.<ref name=":1" /> == Kontraindikasi == Valsartan dikontraindikasikan pado urang [[diabetes melitus]] nan mamakai ubek aliskerin.<ref name="PI" />Salain itu, ubek ko dikontraiindikasikan pulo pado urang jo gangguan ginjal. Pado urang manganduang anak baitu pulo. ''Food and Drugs Administration'' (FDA) mamasuakan ubek ko dalam kategori D dek efeknyo nan babahayo pado janin nan dikanduang.<ref name="PI" /><ref name=Preg2019>{{cite web |title=Valsartan Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/valsartan.html |website=Drugs.com |accessdate=3 March 2019}}</ref> Ubek ko disarankan pulo untuak indak diagiah pado urang nan tangah manyusui.<ref name="lexi">{{cite web|url=http://webprod5.hc-sc.gc.ca/dpd-bdpp/index-eng.jsp|title=DIOVAN Product Monograph|website=Health Canada Drug Product Database|publisher=Novartis Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc.|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-date=23 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923014338/http://webprod5.hc-sc.gc.ca/dpd-bdpp/index-eng.jsp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==Farmakologi== Valsartan bakarajo jo manyakek karajo angiotensin II nan dapek mampasampik ukuran pambuluah darah sarato maaktivasi aldosteron, sainggo takanan darah dapek turun. Ubek ko ka takabek jo reseptor angiotensin II tipe I nan bakarajo balawanan dari angiotensin II. Salayang, karajo valsartan sarupo jo ubek golongan panyakek ACE (''angiotensin-converting enzyme).'' Namun, nyatonyo babeda. Panyakek ACE bakarajo jo manyakek parubahan angiotensin I manjadi II sainggo dapek maalangi karajo lain dalam tubuah. Samantaro valsartan lansuang pado tampek lakek angiotensin II sainggo efeknyo hanyo pado nan dikandaki sarupo manurunan takanan darah, tapi karajo lain sarupo metabolisme bradikinin indak taganggu. Valsartan masuak dalam tubuah malalui pamakaian sacaro oral (muluik). Katiko alah masuak dalam tubah, valsartan diedarkan dek protein darah. Ikatan jo protein sangaiklah arek inggo 95%. Efek alsartan dapek muncua dalam duo jam dan batahan inggo 24 jam. Valsartan ka dimetabolisme di hati nan kudian dibuang malalui kotoran (83%) jo urin (13%), jo wakatu paruah 6 jam dalam tubuah.<ref name="VALSARTAN 20172">{{cite web|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9402b022-5809-4251-dfef-54f6ef5723fe|title=Valsartan - Valsartan Tablet|date=2017-12-07|website=DailyMed|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Paredaran == Valsartan nan baredar di pasaran tasadio dalam bantuak generik ataupun bantuak paten, baiak hanyo barisi valsartan surang ataupun kombinasi. Valsartan nan baredar dalam bantuak kombinasi ado nan dikombinasikan jo [[amlodipin]] atau [[hidroklorotiazid]] nan baguno untuak maubek hipertensi jo terapi nan kombinasi.<ref name="DailyMed">{{cite web|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=valsartan&pagesize=20&page=1|title=Search Results for valsartan|website=DailyMed|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref><ref name="DailyMed 2018">{{cite web|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2e1d5c9d-f161-45ef-a2b0-702567139dc3|title=Amlodipine, Valsartan And Hydrochlorothiazide- Amlodipine, Valsartan And Hydrochlorothiazide Tablet|date=2018-02-13|website=DailyMed|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> Kombinasi lain nan ado yaitu [[valsartan/sakubitril]] (''valsartan/sacubitril'') nan baguno untuak pandarito gagal jantuang jo fraksi ejeksi bakurang (''heart failure with reduced ejection fraction'').<ref name="pmid26557227">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fala L|title=Entresto (Sacubitril/Valsartan): First-in-Class Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor FDA Approved for Patients with Heart Failure|journal=Ah & Db|volume=8|issue=6|pages=330–334|date=September 2015|pmc=4636283|pmid=26557227}}</ref><ref name="Entresto, a New Panacea for Heart Failure?">{{cite journal|vauthors=Khalil P, Kabbach G, Said S, Mukherjee D|title=Entresto, a New Panacea for Heart Failure?|journal=Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry|volume=16|issue=1|pages=5–11|date=2018|doi=10.2174/1871525716666180313121954|pmid=29532764}}</ref> === Panarikan === Pado 6 Juli 2018, ''Eupopean Medicines Agency'' (EMA) malakukan palarangan edar untuak valsartan tongga atau valsartan kombinasi nan baredar di [[Eropa]] inggo [[Kanada]].<ref name=":22">{{cite news|last1=Christensen|first1=Jen|title=Common heart drug recalled in 22 countries for possible cancer link|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/06/health/valsartan-heart-drug-recall-intl/index.html|website=CNN|access-date=14 July 2018|name-list-format=vanc}}</ref> Palarangan edar ko hanyo balaku untuak valsartan nan manggunokan bahan baku buatan [[Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co.]] (ZHP) di [[Linhai|Linhai,]] [[Republik Rakyaik Cino|Cino]]. Hal iko dilakukan dengan pado zat aktif tasabuik takontaminasi jo N-nitrosodimetilamin (NDMA) nan karsinogenik (bapotensi mamicu kanker).<ref name="carcinogen">{{cite news|title=Carcinogens Have Infiltrated the Generic Drug Supply in the U.S.|work=Bloomberg News|date=12 September 2019|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-09-12/how-carcinogen-tainted-generic-drug-valsartan-got-past-the-fda|access-date=17 September 2019|first1=Anna|last1=Edney|first2=Susan|last2=Berfield|first3=Evelyn|last3=Yu|name-list-format=vanc}}</ref> Diikuti pulo jo FDA (Food and Drug Adminitration; badan ubek Amerika Serikat) untuak malarang paredarannyo.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm620499.htm|website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|title=FDA provides update on its ongoing investigation into valsartan products; and reports on the finding of an additional impurity identified in one firm's already recalled products|date=13 September 2018|access-date=14 September 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207210712/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm620499.htm |date=7 February 2019 }}</ref> Di Indonesia, BPOM malakukan hal nan samo pulo <ref name=":3" /> nan diikuti nagara-nagara lainnyo.<ref>{{cite news|last=Harney|first=Alexandra|first2=Ben|last2=Hirschler|title=Toxin at heart of drug recall shows holes in medical safety net|website=Reuters|date=22 August 2018|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-pharmaceuticals-china-insight-idUSKCN1L71D8|access-date=23 November 2018|name-list-format=vanc}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Ubek]] [[Kategori:Antihipertensi]] glj0rfkm87040zotfrg2bxd6w5fh6sp Urang Cino Han 0 327056 3352849 3351699 2026-09-25T21:28:31Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Urang Cino Han<br />{{nobold|{{lang|zh-Hans|{{linktext|汉|族}}}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|漢|族}}}}<br />{{lang|zh-Hans|{{linktext|汉人}}}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|{{linktext|漢人}}}}}} | rawimage = | population = '''[[Circa|Labiah kurang]] 1,3 milyar'''<ref name="Han_Groups">{{cite book |first = James B. |last = Minahan |title = Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |url = https://books.google.com/?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ |year = 2014 |publisher = ABC-CLIO |isbn = 978-1-61069-018-8 |pages = 89–95}}</ref> | popplace = {{Flag|Cino daratan}} 1.268.375.111<ref name="ciastat">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html CIA Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612213511/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |date=2007-06-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011073205/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |date=2016-10-11 }}: "Han Chinese 91.6%" out of a reported population of 1,384,688,986 billion (July 2018 est.)</ref><br />{{Flagicon|Macau}} [[Makau]] 663.400<ref>[https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/a76b0b8b-6317-4207-adf7-439b1ec1ac38/E_DEM_FR_2018_Q3.aspx 2018 Demographics]</ref><br />{{Flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]] 6.723.786<ref>[https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/en/bc-pob.html Place of birth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112170213/https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/en/bc-pob.html |date=2019-11-12 }} 2016 Hong Kong census</ref><br />{{nowrap|{{Flagicon|ROC}} [[Taiwan]] 23.575.365{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}}} | tablehdr = [[Cino parantauan]] (dek katurunan) | region1 = {{Flagcountry|Thailand}} | pop1 = 9.392.987 | ref1 = <ref>Barbara A. Peru (2009), ''Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania'', Facts on File, p.&nbsp;794, {{ISBN|1-4381-1913-5}}.</ref> | region2 = {{Flagcountry|Malaysia}} | pop2 = 6.650.009 | ref2 = <ref name="statistics.gov.my">{{cite web |url = https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OWlxdEVoYlJCS0hUZzJyRUcvZEYxZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title = Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160812014710/https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column%2FcthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OWlxdEVoYlJCS0hUZzJyRUcvZEYxZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |archive-date = 2016-08-12 }}</ref> | region3 = {{Flagcountry|United States}} | pop3 = 3.795.007 | ref3 = <ref>{{cite web |title = Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010 more information |url = http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP8&prodType=table |publisher =[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date = 19 January 2014 }}</ref> | region4 = {{Flagcountry|Indonesia}} | pop4 = 2.833.134 | ref4 = <ref name="census 2010">{{cite book |publisher = Badan Pusat Statistik |title = Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk, 2010 |year = 2011 |access-date = |isbn = 978-979-064-417-5 |url = http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170710134114/http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html |archive-date = 2017-07-10 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | region5 = {{Flagcountry|Singapore}} | pop5 = 2.547.000 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nptd.gov.sg/portals/0/news/population-in-brief-2014.pdf |title=Home |access-date=2015-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082553/http://www.nptd.gov.sg/portals/0/news/population-in-brief-2014.pdf |archive-date = 2016-03-04 }}</ref> | region6 = {{Flagcountry|Myanmar}} | pop6 = 1.638.000 | ref6 = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html |title = The World Factbook |access-date=17 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006115241/https://cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html |archive-date=6 October 2010 }}</ref> | region7 = {{Flagcountry|Canada}} | pop7 = 1.469.000 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiapacific.ca/statistics/population/population-2011-census/population-ethnic-origin-province |title=Population by Ethnic Origin by Province |author=Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada |work=Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada |access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322152756/http://www.asiapacific.ca/statistics/population/population-2011-census/population-ethnic-origin-province |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | region8 = {{Flagcountry|Philippines}} | pop8 = 1.350.000 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |title = Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday |date=January 21, 2013|publisher=Senate of the Philippines|accessdate=2016-07-29 |url-status=live |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160409034225/http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |archivedate=2016-04-09 }}</ref>{{better source|reason=no reference to Han|date=August 2016}} | region9 = {{Flagcountry|Australia}} | pop9 = 1.214.000 | ref9 = <ref name=2016Aus>{{cite web|website=2016 Census QuickStats|title=Australia|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|url=http://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/036|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030150040/http://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/036|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | region10 = {{Flagcountry|Russia}} | pop10 = 998.000 | ref10 = <ref name="ocac">{{cite web |url = http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B |title= The Ranking of Ethnic Chinese Population|website=Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110104195124/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B |archive-date=4 January 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> | region11 = {{Flagcountry|Vietnam}} | pop11 = 823.000 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=476&idmid=4&ItemID=9815 |title=Population and Employment |publisher=General Statistics Office Of Vietnam|date=13 November 2010 |url-status=live|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101113153318/http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=476&idmid=4&ItemID=9815 |archivedate=13 November 2010}}</ref> | region12 = {{Flagcountry|Japan}} | pop12 = 731.000 | ref12 = <ref>{{cite web |title = 平成29年度末在留外国人確定値 |url = http://www.moj.go.jp/content/001254624.pdf |publisher = Ministry of Justice |date = 2018-04-13 |language = ja |access-date = 2018-04-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180327132827/http://www.moj.go.jp/content/001254624.pdf |archive-date = 2018-03-27 |url-status = dead }}{{Better source|reason=outdated|date=April 2018}}</ref> | region13 = {{Flagcountry|France}} | pop13 = 700.000 | ref13 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region14 = {{Flagcountry|Venezuela}} | pop14 = 450.000 | ref14 = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://gabrielsanz91.wordpress.com/2017/01/24/chinos_venezuela/|title=Población china en Venezuela|date=January 2019|accessdate=7 January 2019}}</ref> | region15 = {{Flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop15 = 433.000 | ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|title=2011 Census: Ethnic group. local authorities in the United Kingdom|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=11 October 2013|accessdate=13 April 2015|archive-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123182221/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | region16 = {{Flagcountry|Peru|state}} | pop16 = 375.954 | ref16 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html |title=archive copy |access-date=2020-01-14 |archive-date=2016-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105025708/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | region17 = {{Flagcountry|South Africa}} | pop17 = 350.000 | ref17 = <ref name="Park2009">{{cite book |url = http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/rei-v1.3b.pdf |work = Representation, Expression and Identity |year = 2009 |publisher = Interdisciplinary Perspectives |title = Recent Chinese Migrations to South Africa – New Intersections of Race, Class and Ethnicity |first = Yoon Jung |last = Park |isbn = 978-1-904710-81-3 |accessdate = September 20, 2010 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101228041728/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/rei-v1.3b.pdf |archivedate = December 28, 2010 }}</ref> | region18 = {{Flagcountry|Italy}} | pop18 = 334.000 | ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istat.it/it/files/2016/09/Cittadini-non-comunitari_2016.pdf?title=Cittadini+non+comunitari++-+29%2Fset%2F2016+-+Testo+integrale+e+nota+metodologica.pdf|title=Cittadini Non Comunitari: Presenza, Nuovi Ingressi e Acquisizioni di Cittadinanza: Anni 2015–2016|website=Istat.it|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> | region19 = {{Flagcountry|Germany}} | pop19 = 212.000 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bib-demografie.de/DE/Aktuelles/Presse/Archiv/2017/2017-03-01-zuwanderung-aussereuropaeische-Laender-fast-verdoppelt.html |title = BiB – Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung – Pressemitteilungen – Zuwanderung aus außereuropäischen Ländern fast verdoppelt |language = de |website=Bib-demografiie.de |accessdate=12 December 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171209232407/http://www.bib-demografie.de/DE/Aktuelles/Presse/Archiv/2017/2017-03-01-zuwanderung-aussereuropaeische-Laender-fast-verdoppelt.html |archive-date=9 December 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | region20 = {{flag|Korea Salatan}} | pop20 = 210.000 | ref20 = <ref>Dari 710.000 warganagara Cino nan iduik di Korea taun 2016, 500.000 adolah [[Urang Korea di Cino|etnis Korea]].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2016&no=638478 |title = Foreign national population in Korea up more than 40% in 5 yrs |website=Maeil Business News Korea |date=8 September 2016 |accessdate=10 Mai 2018 }}</ref> | region21 = {{Flagcountry|Cambodia}} | pop21 = 210.000 | ref21 = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/chinese-living-kingdom-more-doubles-17 |title=Chinese living in Kingdom more than doubles since '17 |website=|accessdate=15 September 2018|date=2018-09-14}}</ref> | region23 = {{Flagcountry|Laos}} | pop23 = 186.000 | ref23 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region24 = {{Flagcountry|Spain}} | pop24 = 172.000 | ref24 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ine.es/prensa/np980.pdf |title=Cifras de Población a 1 de enero de 2016 : Estadística de Migraciones 2015 : Adquisiciones de Nacionalidad Española de Residentes 2015 |language = es |website=Ine.es |accessdate=12 December 2017 }}</ref> | region25 = {{Flagcountry|New Zealand}} | pop25 = 171.000 | ref25 = <ref>{{cite web |url = http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/asian.aspx |title = 2013 New Zealand Census |accessdate = May 13, 2018 |archive-date = March 15, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190315052430/http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/asian.aspx |dead-url = yes }}</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}} | pop26 = 152.000 | ref26 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region27 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop27 = 145.000 | ref27 = <ref name="ocac" /> | region28 = {{Flagcountry|Panama}} | pop28 = 135.000 | ref28 = <ref>[http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/panama/ch_pa01.htm#3 ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204231050/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/panama/ch_pa01.htm#3 |date=December 4, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/media_reports/1166678.stm |work = BBC News |title = Little China in Belgrade |date = 2001-02-12 |accessdate = 2010-05-04}}</ref> | region29 = {{Flagcountry|Mexico}} | pop29 = 70.000 | ref29 = <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-chinese-mexicans-celebrate-repatriation-to-mexico-2012nov23-story.html|title=Chinese-Mexicans celebrate repatriation to Mexico |newspaper=The San Diego Union-Tribune|date=Nov 23, 2012|accessdate=Oct 8, 2017}}</ref> | region31 = {{Flagcountry|Costa Rica|state}} | pop31 = 19.000 | ref31 = <ref>{{cite web|title=X Censo Nacional de Población y VI de Vivienda 2011, Características Sociales y Demográficas|url=http://www.inec.go.cr/sites/default/files/documentos/inec_institucional/estadisticas/resultados/repoblaccenso2011-12.pdf.pdf|website=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica]]|accessdate=22 September 2016|page=61|date=July 2012|quote=Cuadro 23. Costa Rica: Población total por autoidentificación étnica-racial, según provincia, zona y sexo. Chino(a) 9,170|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619090918/http://www.inec.go.cr/sites/default/files/documentos/inec_institucional/estadisticas/resultados/repoblaccenso2011-12.pdf.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | region32 = {{Flagcountry|Ireland}} | pop32 = 11.000 | ref32 = <ref>[http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1835] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016092935/http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=1835 |date=October 16, 2012 }}</ref> | languages = [[Bahaso Cino|Cino]] | religions = Sabagian gadang [[indak baragamo]], [[Budhisme Cino|Mahayana]], [[kapicayoan tradisional Cino]] (tamasuak [[Taoisme]], [[pangoromaikan laluhua di Cino|panyambahan laluhua]], [[Konghucu]], jo lain-lain), sarato minoritas mamaluak [[Kristen]] jo agamo-agamo lain.<ref name="CSLS2010">2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. ''[http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184353/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/redaktion/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}''. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54, {{ISSN|2192-9289}}.</ref> | related = [[Urang Sino-Tibetan]] | footnotes = Babarapo sumber marujuak urang Cino Han lansuang sabagai "Cino" atau mangalompokannyo jo urang-urang Sino-Tibetan. | native_name = | native_name_lang = }} '''Urang Cino Han''',<ref>{{Cite book |title=China: A Religious State |last=Hsu |first=Cho-yun |publisher = Columbia University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-231-15920-3 |page=126}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Learning to Be Tibetan: The Construction of Ethnic Identity at Minzu |last=Yang |first=Miaoyan |publisher= Lexington Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4985-4463-4 |page=7}}</ref><ref name="Chinese people">[http://www.huayuqiao.org/articles/shcheong/shcheong02.htm Who are the Chinese people?] {{in lang|zh}}. Huayuqiao.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-26.</ref> '''''Hanzu''''',<ref>{{Cite book |title = The Han: China's Diverse Majority|last=Joniak-Luthi |first=Agnieszka|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-295-80597-9 |page = 3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Constructing Nationhood in Modern East Asia|last=Chow|first=Kai-wing|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-472-06735-0 |page = 2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|url=https://archive.org/details/lastemperorssoc00raws|last=Rawski|first=Evelyn|publisher=University of California Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-520-92679-0 |page = [https://archive.org/details/lastemperorssoc00raws/page/2 2] }}</ref> atau '''urang Han''',<ref>{{Cite book |title=China at War: An Encyclopedia |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |publisher= Pentagon Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8274-611-4 |page=155}}</ref><ref name="CHC12">{{cite book |last1=Fairbank |first1=John K. |date=1983 |title=The Cambridge History of China Volume 12: Republican China, 1912–1949, Part 1 |url = http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781139054799 |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page= |isbn= 978-1-139-05479-9 |access-date=May 20, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Wen2004Nature">{{cite journal |last1 = Wen |display-authors=etal | year = 2004 |title = Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-09-16_431_7006/page/302 | journal = Nature | volume = 431 | issue = 7006 | pages = 302–05 | doi=10.1038/nature02878 | pmid=15372031 |bibcode = 2004Natur.431..302W}}</ref><ref name="Stix2008">Stix, Gary (2008). [https://www.mcdb.ucla.edu/Research/Goldberg/HC70A_W12/pdf/Traces%20of%20a%20Distant%20Past.pdf "Traces of a Distant Past"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613000147/https://www.mcdb.ucla.edu/Research/Goldberg/HC70A_W12/pdf/Traces%20of%20a%20Distant%20Past.pdf |date=2018-06-13 }} ''Scientific American'', July: 56–63.</ref> ({{IPAc-en|UK|h|æ|n }};<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/han |title=Han definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |website=www.collinsdictionary.com|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|h|aː|n }};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/han "Han"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{zh|t=漢人|p=Hànrén|l=Han people|c=|s=汉人}}<ref name="Kim2004">{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hodong |date=2004 |title=Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=AtduqAtBzegC |location= |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=320 |isbn=978-0-8047-7364-5 |access-date=May 20, 2016}}</ref> or {{zh|labels=yes|c=|s=汉族|t=漢族|p=Hànzú|l=Han ethnicity|links=no}}),<ref>{{cite book|year=2015|author=Xiaobing Li |author2=Patrick Fuliang Shan|title=Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation, and Resistance|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|page=69|isbn=978-1-4985-0729-5}}</ref><ref name=Rawski>{{cite book|year=1998|last1=Rawski|first=Evelyn S.|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|page=2|isbn=978-0-520-92679-0}}</ref> adolah suatu [[Kalompok etnik|kalompok etnis]] jo [[bangso]] [[Asia Timur|Asia Timua]] nan marupoan panduduak asali Cino.<ref>{{cite journal |author1= Siska, Veronika |author2= Jones, Eppie Ruth |author3= Jeon, Sungwon |author4 = Bhak, Youngjune | author5= Kim, Hak-Min | author6= Cho, Yun Sung | author7= Kim, Hyunho | author8= Lee, Kyusang |author9= Veselovskaya, Elizaveta |author10= Balueva, Tatiana|author11= Gallego-Llorente, Marcos |author12= Hofreiter, Michael |author13= Bradley, Daniel G. |author14= Eriksson, Anders |author15 = Pinhasi, Ron|author16= Bhak, Jong |author17 = Manica, Andrea |title = Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago |journal = [[Science Advances]] |volume= 3 |issue= 2 |pages= e1601877 |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/3/2/e1601877.full.pdf |publication-date=February 1, 2017|doi = 10.1126/sciadv.1601877 |pmid= 28164156 |pmc=5287702 |year=2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1= Ang, Khai C.|author2= Ngu Mee S. |author3= Reid P. Katherine |author4= Teh S. Meh |author5= Aida, Zamzuraida |author6= Koh X.R. Danny |author7=Berg, Arthur|author8=Oppenheimer, Stephen|author9=Salleh, Hood |author10=Clyde M. Mahani|author11=ZainMd M. Badrul |author12=Canfield A. Victor|author13=Cheng C. Keith |title=Skin Color Variation in Orang Asli Tribes of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |issue=8 |volume= 7 |page= 2 |year=2012 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0042752 |pmid= 22912732 |pmc= 3418284 |bibcode= 2012PLoSO...742752A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1= Wang, Yuchen |author2= Lu Dongsheng |author3= Chung Yeun-Jun |author4 = Xu Shuhua |title = Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations |journal = Hereditas |volume= 155 |page = 19 |year=2018 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs41065-018-0057-5.pdf |doi = 10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 |pmid= 29636655 |pmc= 5889524 }}</ref><ref>{{cite biorxiv |last = Chiang |first = Charleston |title=Map of Genetic Variation in Han Chinese |url = https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/07/13/162982.full.pdf |page=10 |year=2017|biorxiv=162982}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Yuchen |last2= Lu |first2=Dongsheng |last3=Chung |first3=Yeun-Jun |last4=Xu |first4=Shuhua |title=Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations |journal=Hereditas |volume=155 |page=19 |publication-date=April 6, 2018 |doi=10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 |pmid=29636655 |pmc=5889524 |year=2018 }}</ref> Kalompok etnis iko adalah nan tagadang di dunia, mancapai labiah kurang 18% dari populasi dunia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Zhang |first1 = Feng |last2=Su |first2=Bing |last3=Zhang |first3=Ya-ping |last4=Jin |first4=Li |title=Genetic Studies of Human Diversity in East Asia |pmc=2435565 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=362 |issue=1482 |pages=987–996 |date=February 22, 2007|pmid=17317646 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2028 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Yong-Bin|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Zhang|first3=Quan-Chao|last4=Li|first4=Hong-Jie|last5=Cui|first5=Ying-Qiu|last6=Xu|first6=Zhi|last7=Jin|first7=Li|last8=Zhou|first8=Hui|last9=Zhu|first9=Hong|title=Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago |journal=[[PLoS ONE]]|year=2015|volume=10|issue=5|pages=e0125676|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125676|pmid=25938511|pmc=4418768 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025676Z }}</ref> Dipakiroan kini lai ado 1,3 milyar urang Cino Han, nan sabagian gadang tingga di [[Cino Daratan]] (kiro-kiro 91,6% dari populasinyo).<ref name="ciastat"/> Di [[Taiwan]], urang Cino Han mambantuak 95% dari populasinyo.<ref name="中華民國國情簡介2016">{{cite web |language=zh-TW |url=http://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=7C222A52A60660EC&s=FFD5D521BBC119F8 |script-title=zh:中華民國國情簡介 |trans-title=ROC Vital Information |date=2016 |website=Executive Yuan |access-date=2016-08-23 |quote={{lang|zh-TW|臺灣住民以漢人為最大族群，約占總人口97%}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218124716/http://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=7C222A52A60660EC&s=FFD5D521BBC119F8 |archive-date=2017-02-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Yearbook2014>{{cite book |year=2014 |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2014 |author=Executive Yuan, R.O.C. |url=http://www.ey.gov.tw/Upload/UserFiles/YB%202014%20all%20100dpi.pdf |accessdate=2016-06-11 |isbn=978-986-04-2302-0 |page=36}}</ref> Urang bakaturunan Cino Han mancapai sakita 75% dari total populasi [[Singapura]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf |title=Home |accessdate=2016-02-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216110141/http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf |archivedate=2016-02-16 }}</ref> Urang Cino Han mangaku baso asa niniak muyangnyo iolah dari ''[[Huaxia]]'', suatu pasakutuan kalompok suku-suku patani nan iduik manatap di pasisia [[Sungai Kuniang]] (''Huang He'').<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsofno0000jame |last= Minahan |first= James B. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2015 |isbn= 978-1-61069-017-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsofno0000jame/page/89 89]–90}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |title=Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region |last= Schliesinger |first= Joachim |publisher= Booksmango |year= 2016 |pages=13–14}}</ref> Istilah ''Huaxia'' bapakai untuak manggambaan pasakutuan suku-suku patani Hua jo Xia pado maso [[Neolitikum]] nan manatap di [[Zhongyuan|Dataran Tangah]], yaitu sakita bagian tangah jo ilia dari aliaran Sungai Kuniang di utara Cino.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chinese Business: Landscapes and Strategies |last=Liu |first=Hong |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn= 978-1-138-91825-2 |page=34}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |title=Chinese History: A New Manual |last= Wilkinson |first=Endymion Porter |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |year=2015 |isbn= 978-0-674-08846-7 |page=709}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese |url=https://archive.org/details/magiclotuslanter0000yuan |last= Yuan |first=Haiwang |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |isbn=978-1-59158-294-6|year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/magiclotuslanter0000yuan/page/6 6]}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> Kaduo suku itulah nan diakui sabagai niniak muyang dari urang Cino Han moderen nan kudian maasiakan kabudayaan Cino. Salain itu, istilah ''Huaxia'' (arati harafiah: "urang Xia nan beradab") bapakai sacaro kusuih untuak manyabuik kalompok-kalompok etnis nan dianggap beradab, untuak mambedoan jo kalompok-kalompok lain nan dianggap [[Pabedaan Hua-Yi|urang barbar]] nan bamukim di sakitanyo.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture |last=Perkins |first=Dorothy |publisher=Checkmark Books |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8160-2693-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00perk_0/page/202 202] |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00perk_0/page/202 }}</ref><ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite book |title=Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region |last= Schliesinger |first= Joachim |publisher = Booksmango |year = 2016 |page = 14 }}</ref> [[Dinasti Han]] dianggap sabagai salah satu era gadang partamo dalam sajarah Cino, dek karano manjadian Cino sabagai kakuatan regional utamo di Asia Timur jo banyak mampangaruahi nagara-nagara tatanggonyo, bahkan sampai manyaingi [[Kakaisaran Romawi]] dalam ukuaran populasi jo laweh geografisnyo.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsofno0000jame |last= Minahan |first= James B. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2015 |isbn= 978-1-61069-017-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsofno0000jame/page/92 92]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=East Asia: A New History |last=Walker |first=Hugh Dyson |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2012 |page=119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute |url=https://archive.org/details/eastasiabeforewe0000unse |last=Kang |first=David C. |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-231-15319-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/eastasiabeforewe0000unse/page/33 33]–34}}</ref> Gensi jo kaunggualan Dinasti Han mampangaruahi banyak kalompok ''Huaxia'' kuno untuak muloi manyabuik dirinyo surang sabagai "Urang Han".<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto7">{{Cite book |title=China: a History: From the Great Qing Empire through the People's Republic of China, 1644–2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/chinahistory0002tann |last= Tanner |first=Harold Miles |publisher=Hackett Pub Co. |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60384-204-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chinahistory0002tann/page/83 83]}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{Cite book |title=America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places |last= Ueda |first= Reed |publisher=Greenwood |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4408-2864-5 |page=403}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite journal |last=Eno |first=R. |title=The Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – A.D. 220) |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~e232/09-Han.pdf |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=1 |access-date=2020-01-24 |archive-date=2019-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711015633/http://www.indiana.edu/~e232/09-Han.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=China at War: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |publisher= Pentagon Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8274-611-4 |publication-date=June 30, 2012 |page=155}}</ref> Urang-urang Cino Han sajak itu manjadian namo dinasti iko sabagai namo etnisnyo, sarato uruf nan inyo pakai dinamoan juo "[[Uruf Cino|uruf Han]]".<ref name="auto6" />{{sfnp|Schaefer|2008|p=279}}<ref name="auto9" /> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} {{Daftar etnik di Malaysia}} [[Kategori:Cino]] [[Kategori:Asia Timur]] f61jqo9eh1bl6qqr765pgtbn2ut1uzy Taman Nasional Glacier 0 327068 3352834 2465065 2026-09-25T20:02:02Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Glacier | iucn_category = II | photo = Mountain Goat at Hidden Lake.jpg | photo_caption = Pamandangan Taman Nasional glacier jo kambiang gunuang nan marupoan salah ciek binantang nan iduik disinan | map = | relief = | map_caption = | label = Glacier National Park | label_position = bottom | mark = Red pog.svg | marker_size = 7 | location = [[Flathead County, Montana|Flathead County]] & [[Glacier County, Montana|Glacier County]], [[Montana]], United States | nearest_city = [[Columbia Falls, Montana]] | coordinates = | area_acre = 1013322 | area_ref = <ref name="area">{{NPS area|year=2011|accessdate=januari 10, 2020}}</ref> | established = May 11, 1910 | visitation_num = 2,965,309 | visitation_year = 2018 | visitation_ref = <ref name="visits">{{NPS Visitation|accessdate=Januari 10, 2020}}</ref> | governing_body = Badan Pangalola Taman Nasional Glacier | website = | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |child = yes |Part_of = [[Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park]] |ID = 354 |Year = 1995 |Criteria = Natural: vii, ix }} }} <mapframe latitude="43.197167" longitude="-114.697266" zoom="2" width="291" height="142" align="right">{ "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -116.89453125000001, 43.83452678223684 ] } } ] }</mapframe> '''Taman Nasional Glacier''' adolah salah ciek kawasan taman nasional nan barado di negara [[Amerika Sarikat|Amerika Serikat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/nature/index.htm|title=Nature - Glacier National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|last=Glacier|first=Mailing Address: PO Box 128 West|last2=Us|first2=MT 59936 Phone:888-7800 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> Taman nasional ko tapeknyo barado di negara bagian [[Montana]] di subalah baraik laut Amerika Serikat. Taman nasional iko babatehan jo [[propinsi Alberta]] nan barado di negara [[Kanada]]. Kawasan taman nasional ko dilalui dek dereran [[pagunuangan Rocky]]. Luweh taman nasional ko kiro-kiro sakitar 1.000.000 hektar atau 4.000 kilometer persegi.<ref name=":0" /> == Sijarah == Kawasan taman nasional glacier ko paratamo kali nyo di huni dek panduduak asli Amerika. Panduduak tasabuik tadiri dari babbarapo kalompok suku nan banamo [[Flathead]], [[Shoshone]] jo [[Cheyenne]]. Pado abiak ka 18, datanglah pandatang dari para panjalajah [[eropa]] nan manguasai lahan-lahan di kawasan taman nasional ko. Pado taun 1895, kalompok panjalajah eropa tadi nan banamo kalompok [[blackfeet]] manyarahan [[tanah]] nan tadiri dari babarapo wilayah pagunuangan ka pado [[Pamarentah|pamarintah]] nan bakuaso katiko itu. Akhianyo pado tanggal 11 Mei 1910, pamarintah satampek manatapkan kawasan iko manjadi taman nasional. Sasudah di tatapkan jadi taman nasional pamarintah mulai mambangun tampek-tampek panginapan sarato jo akses atau jalan nan rancak manuju kasinan tamsuak jalua [[kereta api]]. Pado taun 1932 pangarajoan tasabuik alah salasai sahinggo urang dapek bakunjuang ka pusek taman nasional tasabuik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/historyculture/index.htm|title=History & Culture - Glacier National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|last=Glacier|first=Mailing Address: PO Box 128 West|last2=Us|first2=MT 59936 Phone:888-7800 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> == Bantangan alam == Taman nasional glacier ko babateh juo jo taman nasional nan barado di negara [[Kanada]] yaitunyo taman nasional [[danau waterton]], salain itu babateh pulo jo [[hutan flathed]]. Di dalam kawasa taman nasional ko salain tadapek deretan-deretan pagunuangan, tadapek pulo babarapo danau jo batang aia nyo sarato jo hutan-hutanyo. Di kawasan ko tadapek puluahan [[danau]] gadang dan ado sakitar 300 danau-danau ketek. Danau-danau ketek ko kabanyakan tabantuak dari aia es pagunuangan nan mancayia. Danau nan paliang gadang di kawasan taman nasional ko iolah [[danau McDonald]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/nature/lakesandponds.htm|title=Lakes and Ponds - Glacier National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|last=Glacier|first=Mailing Address: PO Box 128 West|last2=Us|first2=MT 59936 Phone:888-7800 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> Danau ko punyo panjang sakitar 15 km. Danau-danau nan barado di kawasan taman nasional ko rato-rato ba suhu dingin, suhu-suhu ai danau tasabuik jarang nan diateh 10 derajat celcius sapanjang taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/education/aquatic_resources.htm|title=Aquatic Resources - Glacier National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|last=Glacier|first=Mailing Address: PO Box 128 West|last2=Us|first2=MT 59936 Phone:888-7800 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> Taman nasional glacier ko mampunyoi banyak aia tajun, ado sakitar 200 aia tajun di saluruah kawasan taman nasional ko. Ado dua buah aia tajun nan gadang di kawasan ko. Aia tajun tasabuik banamo aia tajun McDonald nan barado di daerah [[Two Medicine]] jo aia tajun Swiftcurrent nan barado di daerah [[Many glacier]]. Aia tajun [[Swiftcurrent]] iko marupoan aia tajun nan murah untuak manuju ka sinan jo di tambah lai adonyo panginapan disakitaran aia tajun untuak pangunjuang nan datang. Salain aia tajun nan gadang, ado pulo aia tajun nan tinggi di taman nasional ko. Aia tajun tasabuik banamo aia tajun bird woman. Aia tajun ko tinggi nyo sakitar 150 meter nan aia nyo barasa dari [[gunuang oberlin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=493|title=Bird Woman Falls {{!}} World Waterfall Database: World's Tallest Waterfalls|date=2010-01-05|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-01-10|archive-date=2010-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105143147/http://world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=493|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Tumbuahan jo binatang == Taman nasional glacier ko disabuik juo namo lainyo jo mahkota ekosistem dunia. Hampia rato-rato kawasan [[taman nasional]] ko masih babantuak hutan rimbo gadang. Salain itu, tumbuahan jo binatang nan ado di sinan alah ado samanjak kawasan taman nasional ko di jalajahi dek panjalajah dari eropa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/archive/glac/resources/bio1.htm#Crown|title=National Park Service|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=11 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313135833/http://www.nps.gov/blank.png#Crown|archive-date=2013-03-13|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Tumbuahan === Taman nasional ko punyo saribu labiah jinih tumbuah-tumbuahan. Tadapek banyak jinih batang [[kayu]]-kayu nan tumbuah. Sarupo batang kayu [[cemara]], batang [[pinus]] nan masiang-masiang punyo banyak jinih nyo. babarapo tumbuahan sarupo batang [[cottonwood]] jo [[batang kayu aspen]] adolah jinih batnag kayu nan paliang acok baganti daun. Batang kayu ko banyak tumbuah di sakitaran sungai-sungai jo danau-danau. Di lambah-lambah atau lereng gunuang tadapek pulo [[padang rumpuik]]. Padang rumpuik ko hanyo dapek tumbuah salamo tigo bulan, karano daerah tasabuik acok di tutuik dek salju.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/nature/wildflowers.htm|title=Wildflowers - Glacier National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|last=Glacier|first=Mailing Address: PO Box 128 West|last2=Us|first2=MT 59936 Phone:888-7800 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> Tumbuahan nan banamo [[Beargrass]] nan tumbuah di taman nasional ko marupon jinih dari tumbuahan bungo nan punyo batang nan tinggi. Tumbuahan bungo ko tumbuah di sakitaran tanah nan lambok, biasonyo bungo nyo ko tumbuah pado bulan Juli jo Agustus. Salain tu bungo-bungo nan lain nan tumbuah disiko antaro lain adolah [[bungo monyet]], [[lily gletser]], fireweed, balsamroot, jo [[bungo kuas Indian]].<ref name=":1" /> Disapanjang lambah danau McDonal banyak tadapek batang cemara, pinus sarato jo padang rumpuik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/nature/forests.htm|title=Forests - Glacier National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|last=Glacier|first=Mailing Address: PO Box 128 West|last2=Us|first2=MT 59936 Phone:888-7800 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> === Binatang === Taman nasional ko manjadi banyak tampek iduk dek binatang sarupo [[baruang]], [[kabau]] gadang, [[srigala]], [[kambiang gunuang]], [[domba bighorn]], [[ruso]], ruso gadang, rusa baikua putiah, jo [[kuciang hutan]]. Salain itu tadapek pulo barang-barang sungai, [[landak]], babarapo spesies [[marmut]], jo spesies [[kalelawa]]. Untuak jinih baruang, tadapek banyak jinih buruang nan manjadian taman nasional ko tampek tingganyo. Diantaronyo adolah [[alang]], alang ameh, [[bangau]], bangau biru gadang, [[angso kanada]], [[buruang hantu]], [[buruang pelatuk]], buruang pipik kamerahan. Buruang pelatuk banyak di tamui di hutan-hutan labek nan barado di lereng-lereng gunuang, sadangkan untuak buruang pipik merah adolah buruang pipik nan paliang banyak di tamuan di kawasan taman nasional ko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/glac/pdf/birds2005.pdf|title=Birds of Glacier National Park|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=11 Januari 2020|archive-date=2006-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061229224311/http://www.nps.gov/archive/glac/pdf/birds2005.pdf|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Binatang reptil nan iduik di kawasan taman nasional ko diantaro nyo adolah jinih [[ula]], salah ciek nyo jinih ula garter dan juo tadapek banyak jinih kura-kura. Untuak spesies binatang nan iduik di aia, tadapek babagai pulo diantaronyo nan tanamo adolah ikan salmon. Salain tu tadapek juo ikan asli daerah sinan sarupo ikan rout cutsroat westslope, ikan pike utara, [[ikan whitefish]], ikan salmon kokanee, jo [[ikan artik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/nature/fish.htm|title=Fish - Glacier National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|last=Glacier|first=Mailing Address: PO Box 128 West|last2=Us|first2=MT 59936 Phone:888-7800 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> == Poto-poto taman nasional glacier == <gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="400"> Berkas:Glacier National Park Two Medicine 07.jpg|Pamandangan taman nasional glacier di daerah Two medicine Berkas:Salmon fish swimming upstream.jpg|Ikan salmon marupoan salah ciek jinih ikan nan iduik di aliran-aliran sungai nan barado di kawasan taman nasional glacier </gallery> == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:Taman nasional di Amerika]] [[Kategori:Amerika Sarikat]] 1kz39j04orl9rr2911yasrpagnu6az9 Panjaro Alcatraz 0 327521 3352810 3151059 2026-09-25T15:48:47Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352810 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Alcatraz.JPG|jmpl|260x260px|Alcatraz|al=]] '''Alcatraz''' marupoan fasilitas nagara tampek manahan urang atau panjaro nan tadapek di [[Pulau Alcatraz]], [[San Francisco]], [[California]], [[Amerika Sarikat|Amerika Serikat]]. Panjaro Alcatraz alah baoperasi sajak 11 Agustus 1934 sampai 21 Maret 1963. Sajak taun 1850-an, Alcatraz manjadi situs benteng , taun 1910-1912 dibuek pulo bangunan panjaro utamo di Alcatraz nan digunoan sabagai panjaro militer Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat. Dek karano Departemen Kehakiman Amerika Serikat mangakuisisi Barak Disiplin Amerika Serikat, Cabang Pasifik, di Alcatraz pado 12 Oktober 1933, Alcatraz sarato pulaunyo manjadi panjaro dari Biro Panjaro Federal pado Agustus 1934.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:0::NO::P3_FID:218080|title=GNIS Detail - Alcatraz Island|website=geonames.usgs.gov|access-date=2020-03-07}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alcatraz digunoan untuak manahan tahanan nan acok mambuek masalah di panjaro federal lainnyo nan jumlahnyo sakitar 1.576 tahanan federal. Salain tahanan, di Alcatraz tadapek pulo Staf Biro Panjaro jo kaluarganyo. Dek karano biayo perawatan nan tinggi jo reputasi nan buruak, Alcatraz ditutuik pado 21 Maret 1963. == Sijarah == Bangunan panjaro dibangun jo manggabuangan sajumlah bagian benteng Alcatraz. Bangunan utamo panjaro dibangun pado taun 1910-1912 jo anggaran $ 250.000. Pado taun 1933-1934, bangunan tu dimodernisasi sarato manjadi sel utamo panjaro di lembaga pemasyarakatan federal sampai ditutup pada tahun 1963. Sabalun Alcatraz ditutuik, panjaro tu punyo reputasi nan buruak dibandiangan jo panjaro lainnyo. Hal itu disebaban dek banyaknyo tahanan nan babahayo nan mambuek masalah di panjaro tu. Masalah-masalah nan ado di Alcatraz antaro lain pambunuhan nan dilakuan dek tahanan, tahanan nan kabur dari panjaro, bacakak diantaro tahanan jo lain sabagainyo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Alcatraz: History and Design of a Landmark|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=7ivs4jv5KCQC&pg=PT76&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Chronicle Books|date=2012-02-03|isbn=978-1-4521-1310-4|language=en|first=Donald|last=MacDonald|first2=Ira|last2=Nadel}}</ref> Kondisi di Alcatraz mulai kondusif pado taun 1950-an, tahanan sacaro baansua diizinan mandapek hak istimewa sarupo mamainan alat musik, manonton film, malukih, manggunoan [[radio]], jo lain sabagainyo. Dek karano fasilitas nan mambuek tahanan mandapek hak istimewa tu, Alcatraz manjadi panjaro nan paliang maha di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/alca/learn/photosmultimedia/upload/TheRock-web.pdf|title=The Rock|last=Thompson|first=Erwin. N|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503015447/https://www.nps.gov/alca/learn/photosmultimedia/upload/TheRock-web.pdf|archive-date=2020-05-03|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sabuah laporan taun 1959 manyabuikan basonyo fasilitas tu tigo kali labiah maha dari panajaro pado umumnyo, ditambah biayo untuak mamelokan struktur bangunan nan abih dikikih dek aia garam lauik. Dek kondisi Alcatraz nan mode tu, Alcatraz ditutuik pado taun 1963. Kini Alcatraz manjadi museum jo tampek wisata utamo San Francisco. Satiok taunnyo, ampia 1,5 juta pangunjuang mangunjuangi Alcatraz. Disinan pangunjuang dapek bagabuang jo tur ka sadolah ruangan jo pulau, sarato tadapek patunjuakan dari mantan narapidano liwaik ''slide'' jo narasi audio.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Places of Public Memory: The Rhetoric of Museums and Memorials|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=BN5IV8RZ2jQC&pg=PA187&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=University of Alabama Press|date=2010-08-02|isbn=978-0-8173-5613-2|language=en|first=Greg|last=Dickinson|first2=Carole|last2=Blair|first3=Brian L.|last3=Ott}}</ref> == Administrasi == [[Berkas:Prison administration at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary (TK).JPG|kiri|jmpl|230x230px|Ruang kontrol nan tadapek di bagian administrasi Alcatraz]] Pusek adminstrasi utamo Alcatraz tadapek di pintu masuak panjaro, tamasuak kantua kapalo panjaro. Di kantua tu tadapek meja jo pakakeh radio, telegraf, masin tik, jo telpon. Salain kantua kapalo panjaro, tadapek pulo kantua sipir jo sekretaris, meja surek, meja kapten, kantua bisnis, kantua penitera, kantua akuntan, ruang kontrol, ruang tunggu panjago, gudang sanjato, area kunjungan, sarato toilet. Ado pula ruang bawah tanah Alcatraz nan barisi sel bawah tanah jo kamar mandi. Tangga utamo ka ruang bawah tanah nyo tadapek di sapanjang Sunrise Alley, blok A, jo di pintu jebakan sapanjang koridor Blok-D. Sadolah kunjuangan ka Alcatraz harus ado izin tatulihnyo dari kapalo panjaro.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of American Prisons|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ObIQUpJxHZYC&pg=PA34&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Infobase Publishing|date=2014-06-30|isbn=978-1-4381-2987-7|language=en|first=Carl|last=Sifakis}}</ref> Tadapek rumah sakik di Alcatraz di akhia abaik ka-19. Rumah sakik tu talatak di ateh ruang makan lantai duo. Staf rumah sakik barasa dari karyawan Layanan Kesehatan Masyarakat Amerika Serikat nan ditugasan di Alcatraz.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Alcatraz Screw: My Years as a Guard in America's Most Notorious Prison|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=WIEUx4IGqHMC&pg=PA151&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=University of Missouri Press|date=2013-12-17|isbn=978-0-8262-6373-5|language=en|first=George H.|last=Gregory}}</ref> Salaij itu Alcatraz pado mulonyo punyo 155 pegawai nan gajinyo bamacam-macam sasuai jabatannyo. Saurang panjago baru mandapek gaji $ 3.024,96 per taun, tapi ado pangurangan 6% untuak pajak pensiun per taunnyo. Panjago di Alcatraz bakarajo salamo 40 jam dalam saminggu sarato 8 jam untuak limo ''shift''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Alcatraz: The Gangster Years|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=kV6KXrkQjTsC&pg=PA102&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=University of California Press|date=2009-05-19|isbn=978-0-520-94298-1|language=en|first=David A.|last=Ward}}</ref> === Kaamanan === [[Berkas:A-Block at Alcatraz (2206096229).jpg|jmpl|Blok sel tahanan Alcatraz|al=|250x250px]] Alcatraz mampunyoi kaamanan nan tinggi dibandiangan jo panjaro umumnyo di Amerika Serikat. Teknologi takini untuak maningkekan kaamanan ditambahan ka bangunan. Tadapek minaro palinduang nan dibangun di lua panjaro di ampek lokasi strategis. Sel-sel panjaro diagiah baja jo parangkek panguncian nan dioperasian dari ruang kontrol, sadangkan untuak jendelanyo ditutuik jo pamanggang basi. Di pintu masuak ruang makan jo bengke, tadapek detektor logam elektromagnetik sarato tabuang gas aia mato nan tapasang di langik-langiknan dapek diaktifak jo ''remote control'' kok ado tahanannan marusuah atau malarian diri. Terowongan tuo disegel untuak manghindari adonyo narapidano nan basambunyi disitu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ca-alcatraz4.html|title=The Long History of Alcatraz Island, California - Page 4|date=2012-08-27|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-03-21|archive-date=2012-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827064619/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ca-alcatraz4.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Halaman rekreasi jo bagian lain dari oanjaro diagiah paga baduri sapanjang 25 kaki di atehnyo untuak mancagah tahanan nan mancubo malarian diri katiko latihan. 20 minik sasudah wakatu makan di ruang makan, garpu, sendok, jo pisau diatakan di ateh meja elok-elok sarato dietong untuak mamastian indak ado tahaan nan maambiaknyo untuak dijadian sanjato. Pada taun-taun sabalumnyo tahanan dilarang maota sambia makan, tapi kini aturan tu indak ado lai, tahanan buliah maota asa tanang.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Alcatraz Island: 1853-2008|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1duAUPaHSgcC&pg=PA12&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|date=2008|isbn=978-0-7385-5815-8|language=en|first=Gregory L.|last=Wellman}}</ref> == Kapalo Panjaro == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Image !! Name !! Term !! Summary |- |[[File:James A. Johnston.jpg|100px]] || [[James A. Johnston]] || 1934–48 ||'''James Aloysius Johnston''' (1874–1954) (namo panggilan "Old Saltwater") adolah kapalo panjaro Alcatraz nan patamo. Baliau dikana dalam pambuatan Lembaga Pamasyarakatan Federal Alcatraz dari konsepsi inggo desain. Baliau nan manciptaan aturan keheningan sarato disiplin nan sangaik ketat di Alcatraz. Salain itu, baliau nan manerapan adonyo jaket khusus jo kuruangan isolasi untuak tahanan nan marusuah.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Fading Voices of Alcatraz|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=GxH3-mB5rCcC&pg=PA52&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=AuthorHouse|date=2011-01-28|isbn=978-1-4567-1486-4|language=en|first=Jerry Lewis Champion|last=Jr}}</ref> |- |[[File:Edwin B. Swope.jpg|100px]] || [[Edwin B. Swope]] || 1948–55 ||'''Edwin Burnham Swope''' (1888–1955) (namo panggilan "Koboi") adolah kapalo panjaro Alcatraz keduo. Sabalumnyo balian manjabaik sabagai sipir di panjaro bagian [[New Mexico]] jo di Lambago Panjaro Federal [[Pulau McNeil]] di [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]. Baliau punyo badan nan tinggi jo rampiang sakitar 1,73 meter. Baliau hobi jo pacu kudo sarato bapakaian sarupo koboi katiko indak karajo.<ref name=":0" /> |- |[[File:Paul J. Madigan.jpg|100px]] || [[Paul J. Madigan]] || 1955–61 || '''Paul Joseph Madigan''' (1897–1974) adolah kapalo panjaro Alcatraz nan katigo. Sabalumnyo balian manjabaik sabagai wakil kapalo panjaro di maso jabatan James A. Johnston. Baliau nan dapek naiak pangkek dari jabatan pagawainyo sajak tahun 1930 an di Alcatraz. Pado 21 Mei 1941, Madigan mambatalan upayo tahanan nan malarian diri sarato disandra pulo. Dek karano itu lah baliau dapek naiak pangkek ka jabatannyo nan kini. Kapamimpinan Madigan labiah lunak dalam mangalola panjaro dibandiangan jo kapala panjaro sabalumnyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://genealogytrails.com/cal/sfranc/law/alcatraz.html|title=Alcatraz Island|website=genealogytrails.com|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> |- |[[File:Olin G. Blackwell.jpg|100px]] || [[Olin G. Blackwell]] || 1961–63 || '''Olin Guy Blackwell''' (1915–1986) adolah kapalo panjaro Alcatraz nan kaampek jo tarakhia. Baliau manjabaik katiko panjaro barado di maso sulik dari taun 1961 inggo 1963 katiko panjaro mulait ditutuik dek reputasi panjaro nan buruak. Blackwell dianggok sabagai kapalo panjaro nan paliang indak tageh dek karano kabiasaannyo minum minuman kareh jo parokok, sahinggo diagiah panggilan "Gypsy" jo "Blackie" dek kawan-kawannyo. Namun baliau dikana sabagai panembak nan andal salamo maso kapamimpinannyo.<ref name=":1" /> |- |} == Blok Tahanan == === Koridor === Di Alcatraz mampunyoi sistem panamoan koridor manuruik namo jalan jo bangunan utamo di Amerika, tamasuak koridor Broadway. Koridor Broadway ko barado di sisi blok A, nan marupoan tampek tahanan liwaik untuk bakumpua di Times Square (ruang nan tadapek jam dindiangnyo) sabalum masuak ruang makan. Broadway mamisahan blok B jo blok C nan tahanan di blok tu paliang saketek privasinyo di panjaro. Koridor antaro blok C jo perpustakaan disabuik Park Avenue. Koridor di blok D banamo Sunset Strip.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Escape from Alcatraz|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=dw-4z4Cmb8MC&pg=PA47&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=ABDO|date=2012-01-01|isbn=978-1-61478-468-5|language=en|first=Stephanie|last=Watson}}</ref> === Blok-A === Blok A marupoan sel tahanan nan indak pernah di modernisasi. Indak ado tahanan nan sacaro permanen dithan di blok ko. Tahanan tu dimasuakan ka blok A sabanta, salanjuinyo disidang atau dipindahan ka blok lainnyo. Pado taun-taun barikuiknyo, blok A digunoan sabagai tampek panyimpanan. Tadapek pulo perpustakaan hukum nan talatak di sajumlah titik di blok A. Salain itu ado pulo tampek tukang cukua ketek nan talatak di ujuang blok A nan digunoan tahanan untuak mancukua rambuiknyo tiok bulan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Alcatraz|url=http://archive.org/details/alcatraz00dunb|publisher=Bonechi|date=1999|last=Richard Dunbar}}</ref> === Blok B === Tahanan baru ditampekan di blok B jo dikarantina salamo tigo bulan patamo sarato indak dibuliahan mandapek pangunjuang salamo minimal 90 hari. Sasudah itu baru tahanan dapek ciek kunjuangan salamo sabulan. Surek-surek nan ditarimo tahanan dipareso dulu dek panjago panjaro untuak mancaliak ado atau indaknyo pesan rahasia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcatrazhistory.com/rock/rock.htm|title=The Rock - Table of Contents|website=www.alcatrazhistory.com|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> === Blok D === Blok D marupon blok kurungan atau tampek isolasi untuak tahanan. Tahanan indak diizinan makan di ruang makan, tapi diagiah makanan di sel masiang-masiang. Di dalam sel tadapek lubang untuak mambuang kotoran, sahinggo tahanan indak buliah kalua untuak ka kamar mandi atau toilet. Sasudah kalua dari sel tahanan di blok D, tahanan mandapek label merah nan barati indak buliah maninggaan selnyo salamo tigo bulan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Narrating the Prison: Role and Representation in Charles Dickens&#39; Novels, Twentieth-Century Fiction, and Film|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=tjfwXDZ25qUC&pg=PA27&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Cambria Press|isbn=978-1-62196-866-5|language=en}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> {{Commons}} [[Kategori:Hukum]] 3sghq05mt9k8onuq6yiya62oipd26x3 Pandemi koronavirus 2019 di Japang 0 327567 3352807 3350418 2026-09-25T15:40:51Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Current disaster}} {{Infobox pandemic | name = Pandemi koronavirus 2019 di Japang | map1 = COVID-19 outbreak Japan per capita cases map.svg{{!}}upright=1.7 | legend1 = Kasus takonfirmasi per sajuta panduduak manuruik prefektur | map2 = | legend2 = | disease = [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] | virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]] | disease = [[COVID-19]] | location = [[Japang]] | first_case = [[Prefektur Kanagawa]] | arrival_date = 16 Januari 2020 | origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[Cino]] | recovery_cases = 1.356 | deaths = 283<ref name="mhlw">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_10609.html |title=Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare |access-date=2020-04-01 |archive-date=2020-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401214107/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_10609.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | confirmed_cases = 11.543<ref name="mhlw"/> | suspected_cases = | total_ili = | website = }} '''Pandemi koronavirus 2019 di Japang''' partamo kali dilaporkan pado 23 Januari 2020. Panyakik ko partamo kali dibaok dari [[Cino]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/16-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-japan-ex-china/en/|title=WHO {{!}} Novel Coronavirus – Japan (ex-China)|website=WHO|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref> Pado akhia Februari, sikolah dari janjang dasar inggo tinggi akhianyo ditutuik untuak maambek panyebaran virus ko.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/02/c3c57bbce11d-breaking-news-govt-will-ask-all-schools-in-japan-to-shut-for-virus-fears-abe.html|title=PM Abe asks all schools in Japan to temporarily close over coronavirus|last=NEWS|first=KYODO|website=Kyodo News+}}</ref> Pandemi ko juo mambuek alek olahraga dunia, yaitu [[Olimpiade Musim Paneh 2020]] nan batampek di Japang batal diadoan dan diundua inggo 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tokyo 2020 Olympics officially postponed until 2021|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/28946033/tokyo-olympics-officially-postponed-2021|publisher=ESPN|date=24 March 2020}}</ref> == Garih wakatu == === Januari === Partamo kali baok dek surang laki-laki bakawarganagaraan [[Cino]] barumua 30 tahun nan sabalunnyo ado riwayaik bakunjuang ka Wuhan. Badannyo lah mulai [[Damam|mandamam]] pado 3 Januari dan baliak ka Japang pado 6 Januari. Masuak rumah sakik antaro 10 inggo 15 Januari dan dipareso jo hasia positif tainfeksi. Indak ado riwayaik bakunjuang ka [[Pasa Binatang Huanan]], Wuhan, tapi kamungkinan virusnyo tapindah dek kontak arek jo urang tainfeksi.<ref name="Walter16Jan2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/japan-confirms-first-case-of-infection-with-new-china-coronavirus|title=Japan confirms first case of infection from Wuhan coronavirus; Vietnam quarantines two tourists|last=Walter|first=Sim|date=16 January 2020|website=The Straits Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116072051/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/japan-confirms-first-case-of-infection-with-new-china-coronavirus|archive-date=16 January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WHO=16Jan2020">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/16-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-japan-ex-china/en/|title=WHO {{!}} Novel Coronavirus – Japan (ex-China)|website=WHO|access-date=17 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Baturuik-turuik kasus kaduo takonfirmasi pado 24 Januari jo kasus katigo pado 25 Januari nan samo-samo bakawarganagaraan Cino nan baru bapulang dari [[Wuhan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/01/70da752ed169-urgent-japan-confirms-2nd-new-coronavirus-infection.html|title=Japan confirms 2nd new virus case, braces for Chinese tourist influx|date=24 January 2020|agency=Kyodo News|access-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201162315/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/01/70da752ed169-urgent-japan-confirms-2nd-new-coronavirus-infection.html|archive-date=1 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/25/national/japan-confirms-third-case-new-coronavirus/|title=Japan confirms third case of new coronavirus infection|date=25 January 2020|newspaper=Japan Times|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=15 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315182635/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/25/national/japan-confirms-third-case-new-coronavirus/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kudian pamarintah Japang mulai maagiah paratian labiah pado kasus ko dek sabagai tuan rumah [[Olimpiade Musim Paneh 2020]] nan rencana ka balansuang sabanta lai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coronavirus spotlights Japan contagion risks as Olympics loom|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2020-china-virus/coronavirus-spotlights-japan-contagion-risks-as-olympics-loom-idUSKBN1ZM0YJ|agency=Reuters|date=23 January 2020|first1=Rocky|last1=Swift|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124225619/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2020-china-virus/coronavirus-spotlights-japan-contagion-risks-as-olympics-loom-idUSKBN1ZM0YJ|archive-date=24 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Kasus takonfirmasi taruih batambah tarutamo dari urang nan baru barulang dari Cino.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/national/update2-japan-sees-1st-coronavirus-case-not-linked-to-recent-travel-to-china|title=Japan confirms 1st domestic case of coronavirus infection|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202073703/https://japantoday.com/category/national/update2-japan-sees-1st-coronavirus-case-not-linked-to-recent-travel-to-china|archive-date=2 February 2020|access-date=8 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Untuak malinduangi warganyo dari Cino, pamarintah mulai maevakuasi warganyo nan kudian dipareso jo dikarantina.<ref name="test">{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/evacuation-of-japanese-citizens-from-wuhan-in-spotlight-after-two-returnees-refuse|title=Wuhan virus: Evacuation of Japanese citizens from China in spotlight after two returnees refuse testing|date=30 January 2020|website=The Straits Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131174249/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/evacuation-of-japanese-citizens-from-wuhan-in-spotlight-after-two-returnees-refuse|archive-date=31 January 2020|access-date=8 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> === Februari === Sajak 3 Februari, pamarintah Japang malarang masuak urang nan ado riwayaik bakunjuang dari Provinsi Hubei jo urang nan bakawarganagaraan Cino nan paspornyo dikaluakan dari pamarintah daerah Hubei.<ref name="JENotice">{{cite web|url=https://www.ph.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/00_001075.html|title=Important Notice on New Restrictions related to Novel Coronavirus : Embassy of Japan in the Philippines|date=3 February 2020|website=ph.emb-japan.go.jp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203045120/https://www.ph.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/00_001075.html|archive-date=3 February 2020|access-date=8 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Balaku pulo aturan untuak wajib maisi kuesioner riwayaik kunjuangan dalam 14 ari untuak palancong bukan kawarganagaraan Japang.<ref name="JENotice" /> Pado 13 Februari, kasus kamatian partamo dek COVID-19 dilaporkan di Japang. Korban maningga yaitu padusi barumua 80-an nan maningga di Prefektur Kanagawa (sabalah Tokyo) nan marupokan mintuo dari surang sopir taksi nan sabalunnyo takonfirmasi positif.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/02/13/national/science-health/tokyo-taxi-driver-coronavirus/|title=Japan reports first COVID-19 death as three more domestic infection cases logged|date=13 February 2020|work=Japan Times|access-date=15 February 2020|issn=0447-5763|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401173739/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/02/13/national/science-health/tokyo-taxi-driver-coronavirus/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado 18 Februari, Prefektur Wakayama maumumkan ado tigo takonfirmasi positif dan salah satunyo dibaok ka Rumah Sakik Saisekai Arida. Duo urang lainnyo adolah dotor jo parawaik nan bakarajo sabagai Tim Bantuan Medis jo Bancano dari Kapa Pesiar ''[[Diamond Princess (kapa)|Diamond Princess]]''.<ref name="WYMA">{{cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2020021800842/3-more-in-japan%27s-wakayama-confirmed-infected-with-coronavirus.html|title=3 More in Japan's Wakayama Confirmed Infected with Coronavirus|date=18 February 2020|website=nippon.com|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401173800/https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2020021800842/3-more-in-japan%27s-wakayama-confirmed-infected-with-coronavirus.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bisuaknyo, pamaresoan untuak 3.011 kasus di ateh kapa lah salasai dilakukan.<ref name="20200219 update">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09640.html|title=横浜港で検疫中のクルーズ船内で確認された新型コロナウイルス感染症について（第１３報）|website=www.mhlw.go.jp|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2020-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220004245/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09640.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado 20 Februari partamo kalinyo Prefektur Fukuoka mandapek kasus positif. Pandaritonyo adolah laki-laki Japang barumua 60-an nan indak punyo riwayaik pai ka lua nagari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fukuoka-now.com/en/news/first-covid-19-coronavirus-in-fukuoka/|title=First COVID-19 Coronavirus in Fukuoka|accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> Pado 21 Februari, dilaporkan duo anak-anak SD di Hokkaido jo ciek anak prasikolah takonfirmasi positif. Pado kasus anak prasikolah, didapek basonyo ado rowayaik bakunjuang dari Wuhan basamo ayahnyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jen.jiji.com/jc/eng?g=eco&k=2020022101117|title=(Update) 2 Hokkaido Boys Infected with New Coronavirus – JIJI PRESS|website=jen.jiji.com}}</ref> Pado 23 Februari, panyadio layanan jalan tol Nagoya maumumkan rencana manutuik babarapo gerbang jalan tol sarato marumahkan pagawainyo sasudah ciek pagayainyo takonfirmasi positif.<ref name="NEPC news">{{cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200223/k10012297741000.html|title=名古屋高速 料金所事務員が新型コロナ感染 ６料金所を閉鎖|website=NHKニュース}}</ref> Pado 27 Februari, Perdana Menteri [[Abe Shinzo]] maumumkan untuak manutuik sadoalah sikolah di Japang inggo April.<ref>[https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/02/c3c57bbce11d-breaking-news-govt-will-ask-all-schools-in-japan-to-shut-for-virus-fears-abe.html "PM Abe asks all schools in Japan to temporarily close over coronavirus"]. ''Kyodo News'', 27 February 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=All schools in Japan told to close until April over virus outbreak|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/02/27/national/hokkaido-coronavirus-school/#.XlehiyNS-00|publisher=[[The Japan Times]]|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=27 February 2020|newspaper=The Japan Times Online|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401173745/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/02/27/national/hokkaido-coronavirus-school/#.XlehiyNS-00|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Berkas:Shibuya_(49476143743).jpg|al=|kiri|jmpl|Urang-urang di Tokyo mamakai masker.]] === Maret === Pado 5 Maret, pamarintah Japang mawajibkan karantina untuak sadoalah pangunjuang dari Cino jo Korea Selatan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/covid19-japan-quarantine-visitors-china-south-korea-12505002|title=Japan to quarantine visitors from China, South Korea: Report|website=CNA|accessdate=8 March 2020|archive-date=6 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306180718/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/covid19-japan-quarantine-visitors-china-south-korea-12505002|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bisuaknyo, pamarintah Korea Selatan maajukan protes ateh karantina nan dilakukan Japang jo tindakan manunda visa masuak Korea Selatan untuak warga Japang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-southkorea-idUSKBN20T03O|title=South Korea suspends visas for Japanese in tit-for-tat coronavirus curbs|date=7 March 2020|website=reuters.com|accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> Pado 16 Maret, aturan restriksi atau pambatasan dipalaweh. Pangunjuang dari Italia jo Iran dibatasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20200317_12/|title=Japan to expand entry ban to more European regions|date=16 March 2020|website=njk.or.jp|accessdate=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318031048/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20200317_12/|archive-date=18 March 2020|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado 23 Maret, Gubernur Tokyo Yuriko Koike maingekan partisipasi warga untuak manjago diri dari infeksi supayo indak tajadi ''lockdown''. Pado 25 Maret diumumkan 41 kasus positif baru tiok ari di Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/03/25/national/science-health/tokyo-logs-40-coronavirus-cases/#.XnwlJ6nVKM8|title=Tokyo governor urges people to stay indoors over weekend as virus cases spike|website=[[Japan Times]]|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2020-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401175827/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/03/25/national/science-health/tokyo-logs-40-coronavirus-cases/#.XnwlJ6nVKM8|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Gubernur Tokyo pun maimbau warga untuak bisa karajo dari rumah (''working from home'') salamo duo pakan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200325/p2g/00m/0na/132000c|title=Tokyo residents asked to stay indoors at weekend due to coronavirus|website=[[The Mainichi]]|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2020-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401175828/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200325/p2g/00m/0na/132000c|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dek imbauan tu, tajadi "''Panic Buying''" di Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-25/virus-cases-jump-in-tokyo-governor-koike-set-to-brief-press|title=Tokyo Edges Toward Tougher Approach A-s Virus Cases Spread|website=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}</ref> Pado 31 Maret, PM Abe diimbau dek babagai tokoh politik, pamarintahan, jo kasihatan untuak mandeklarasikan kondisi darurat nasional.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200331/p2g/00m/0na/010000c|title=Calls grow for Japan PM Abe to declare state of emergency over virus|publisher=[[Mainichi Shimbun]]|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2020-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401181731/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200331/p2g/00m/0na/010000c|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Namun, PM Abe basamo Sekretaris Kabinet Suga manulak usua tasabuik dek diraso alun paralu.<ref name="imminent">{{Cite news|url=http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13259581|title=Abe, Suga flatly deny a state of emergency is imminent|publisher=[[The Asahi Shimbun]]|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=2020-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401181732/http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13259581|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Dampak sosial ekonomi == [[File:NoMasksLeft2020.jpg|pra=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NoMasksLeft2020.jpg|al=|jmpl|Rak ubek di sabuah apotek di Japang abih tandeh manjua masker pado 3 Februari 2020]] Perdana Menteri Abe manyabuik baso pandemi COVID-19 maagiah dampak gadang di sadoalah bidang khususnyo bidang pariwisata jo ekonomi.<ref name="20200201japantimesA">{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/02/01/national/shinzo-abe-combat-coronavirus-outbreak-japan/|title=Japan reports 20th case of coronavirus as Abe vows new steps to combat outbreak|date=1 February 2020|work=Japan Times|access-date=1 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201160519/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/02/01/national/shinzo-abe-combat-coronavirus-outbreak-japan/|archive-date=1 February 2020|issn=0447-5763}}</ref> Inyo mampatimbangkan untuak manggunokan dana darurat untuak mitigasi dampak wabah pado bidang pariwisata tamasuak panabangan, ritel, jo agen wisata nan biasonyo disumbang pandapatannyo 40% dari turis Cino. Panduduak nan barasa dari Cino pun mandapek palakuan diskriminatif dari warga Japang.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pfanner|first=Eric|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/30/world/chinese-tourists-finding-no-longer-welcome-fear-coronavirus-takes-hold/|title=Chinese tourists finding they are no longer welcome as fear over coronavirus takes hold|date=30 January 2020|work=Japan Times|access-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131064332/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/30/world/chinese-tourists-finding-no-longer-welcome-fear-coronavirus-takes-hold/|archive-date=31 January 2020|issn=0447-5763}}</ref> Di bidang hiburan, sadoalah wahana hiburan kelas dunia alah tutuik sajak 29 Februari walau sempat juo dibukak samantaro pado 15 Maret. PM Abe pun maimbau sadoalah alek hiburan jo budayo musti ditunda.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-disneyland/tokyo-disneyland-to-stay-closed-through-early-april-due-to-virus-idUSKBN20Y0KL|title=Tokyo Disneyland to stay closed through early April due to virus|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-11/tokyo-disneyland-extends-shutdown-may-see-longest-ever-closure|title=Tokyo Disneyland Extends Shutdown, May See Longest-Ever Closure|website=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/japan-considers-extra-spending-over-coronavirus-e2-80-99s-impact-on-tourism/ar-BBZvrUa|title=Japan Considers Extra Spending Over Coronavirus's Impact on Tourism|date=31 January 2020|publisher=MSN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131083426/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/japan-considers-extra-spending-over-coronavirus-e2-80-99s-impact-on-tourism/ar-BBZvrUa|archive-date=31 January 2020|author=Nohara, Yoshiaki|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20200226_28/|date=26 February 2020|work=NHK World Japan|accessdate=16 March 2020|language=en|title=Abe: Next 2 weeks 'crucial' in virus battle NHK WORLD-JAPAN News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309040617/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20200226_28/|archive-date=9 March 2020|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado bidang olahraga, alek gadang tingkek dunia cando Olimpiade Musim Paneh 2020 nan dijadwalkan balansuang di Japang akhia bulan Juli akhianyo ditunda ka 2021. Kaputusan iko diambiak sasudah Komite Olimpiade Internasional mamantau dampak wabah di Japang.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/02/5248dbcddb58-update2-sumo-spring-meet-unlikely-to-be-held-in-regular-fashion-jsa.html|title=Sumo: Spring meet unlikely to be held in "regular" fashion: JSA|date=28 February 2020|work=Kyodo News|accessdate=28 February 2020}}</ref> Salain itu, baragam alek olahraga tingkek nasional di Japang ditunda untuak diadoan.<ref name=":0" /> Samantaro pacu kudo di Japang tatap balansuang tapi tanpa panonton. Panonton nan ka maagiah taruhan ka kudo pacu hanyo dilakukan malalui internet atau telepon.<ref>[https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/238823/coronavirus-forces-bettors-online-in-japan Coronavirus Forces Bettors Online in Japan]</ref> == Pambatasan == [[File:"wash_your_hands"_announce_in_Tokaido_Shinkansen_during_Coronavirus.jpg|pra=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22wash_your_hands%22_announce_in_Tokaido_Shinkansen_during_Coronavirus.jpg|al=|jmpl|Imbauan ka panompang untuak mancuci tangan di ateh kareta Tokaido Shinkansen]] Manuruik hukum nan balaku di Japang, pamarintah indak bisa mambatasi pagarakan urang-urang nan alah tainfeksi virus. Pamarintah hanyo dapek malakukan imbauan ka warga untuak manjago jarak kontak supayo mangurangi dampak ekonomi nagara. Tindakan lain nan dilakukan adolah pambatasan pagarakan urang dari lua nagari ka dalam Japang.<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/03/01/national/japan-coronavirus-outbreak/#.XlupkCFKiUk Tomohiro Osaki "How far can Japan go to curb the coronavirus outbreak? Not as far as you may think]. ''The Japan Times'', 1 March 2020.</ref> Pado tingkek internasional, ado banyak nagara nan alah malarang kunjuangan warga Japang ka wilayah nagaranyo. Hal iko dilakukan dek kasus COVID-19 mulai maningkek di Japang. Di antaronyo: * [[India]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200303/p2a/00m/0na/005000c|title=18 countries, regions restricting entry from Japan over virus|date=3 March 2020|work=Mainichi Daily News|access-date=5 March 2020|language=en}}</ref> * [[Israel]]<ref name=":02" /> * [[Iraq]]<ref name=":02" /> * [[Kuwait]]<ref name=":02" /> *[[Arab Saudi]]<ref name=":02" /> *[[Korea Selatan]]<ref name="mofoa_ja2">{{cite web|url=https://www.anzen.mofa.go.jp/covid19/pdfhistory_world.html|title=新型コロナウイルス（日本からの渡航者・日本人に対する 各国・地域の入国制限措置及び入国・入域後の行動制限）|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|script-title=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307084853/https://www.anzen.mofa.go.jp/covid19/pdfhistory_world.html|archive-date=7 March 2020|access-date=6 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bahrain]]<ref name=":02" /> * [[Bangladesh]]: pangunjuang tanpa surek katarangan "bebas koronavirus" dilarang masuak<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/03/04/bangladesh-restricts-passengers-from-4-countries-over-covid-19|title=Coronavirus outbreak: Bangladesh restricts passengers from 4 countries|date=4 March 2020|website=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> * [[Bhutan]]<ref name="mofoa_ja2" /> * [[Ghana]]<ref name="mofoa_ja2" /> * [[Gibraltar]]<ref name="mofoa_ja2" /> *[[Korea Utara]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-pneumonia-northkorea-idUSKBN1ZK1PK|title=North Korea suspends foreign tourism over coronavirus fears: tour companies|date=22 January 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=5 March 2020|language=en}}</ref> * [[Malaysia]]: Larangan untuak dari [[Hokkaido]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/05/seven-provinces-in-italy-japan-and-iran-added-to-malaysia039s-covid-19-travel-ban-list|title=Seven provinces in Italy, Japan, and Iran added to Malaysia's Covid-19 travel ban list|website=thestar.com.my|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> * [[Mongolia]]<ref name=":02" /> * [[Nepal]]<ref name="mofoa_ja2" /> * [[Kazakhstan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akipress.com/news:636575:Kazakhstan_bars_entry_for_nationals_of_China,_Japan,_Iran,_Italy,_South_Korea/|title=Kazakhstan bars entry for nationals of China, Japan, Iran, Italy, South Korea|website=akipress.com|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> *[[Kirgizstan]]<ref name=":02" /> * [[Lebanon]]<ref name="mofoa_ja2" /> * [[Syria]]<ref name="mofoa_ja2" /> * [[Tajikistan]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-tajikistan-idUSKBN20P28G|title=Tajikistan shuts border to nationals of 35 countries: sources|date=2 March 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=5 March 2020|language=en}}</ref> * [[Turkmenistan]]<ref name="mofoa_ja2" /> *[[Mikronesia]]<ref name=":02" /> * [[Vanuatu]]<ref name=":02" /> * [[French Polynesia|Polinesia Parancih]]<ref name=":02" /> * [[Cook Islands|Kapulauan Cook]] <ref name=":02" /> * [[Marshall Islands|Kapulauan Marshall]] <ref name=":02" /> *[[Trinidad dan Tobago]]<ref name=":02" /> * [[Samoa]]<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200225/p2g/00m/0na/069000c|title=7 countries restrict entry from Japan to thwart new virus spread|date=25 February 2020|accessdate=8 March 2020|newspaper=Mainichi Daily News|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328040246/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200225/p2g/00m/0na/069000c|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * [[Kiribati]]<ref name=":12" /> * [[Tuvalu]]<ref name=":12" /> *[[Kapulauan Solomon]]<ref name=":12" /> *[[Komoro]]<ref name=":12" /> * [[Papua New Guinea]]<ref name=":22">{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/papua-guinea-bans-travellers-asian-ports-070752622.html|title=Papua New Guinea bans travellers from all 'Asian ports'|website=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> * [[Saint Lucia]]<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iatatravelcentre.com/international-travel-document-news/1580226297.htm|title=IATA - International Travel Document News|website=iatatravelcentre.com|access-date=2020-03-09|archive-date=2020-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627212520/https://www.iatatravelcentre.com/international-travel-document-news/1580226297.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]<ref name=":32" /> * [[Sint Maarten]]<ref name=":32" /> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Pandemi koronavirus 2019–2020 di Asia|Japang]] al1crf6ygzfs1a9rupnlhupopnenxaf True at First Light 0 327924 3352842 3351732 2026-09-25T20:46:41Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} [[File:Ernest and Mary Hemingway on safari, 1953-54.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Ernest jo Mary Hemingway di Kenya.]] '''True at First Light''' adolah karya nonfiksi nan ditulih dek [[Ernest Hemingway]]. Buku ko bacarito tantang pajalanannyo basamo istrinyo [[Mary Hemingway]] pado tahun 1953-54 di nagara-nagara di bagian timur banua [[Afrika]]. Buku ko tabikkan pado tahun 1999, jauah satalah kamatian Hemingway. == Latar == [[File:Hemingway 1953-1954 safari.png|thumb|Hemingway manembak gajah di [[Tanganyika]].]] Pado tahun 1953, Ernest Hemingway barancano untuak mangunjuangi anak laki-lakinyo [[Patrick Hemingway|Patrick]] nan sadang tingga di [[Tanganyika]]. Hemingway pado maso tu alah pernah ka Afrika untuak safari pado tahun 1933 basamo istri patamonyo [[Pauline Hemingway|Pauline]]; kunjuangan tu manginspirasinyo untuak manulih carito pendek "[[Snows of Kilimanjaro]]". Majalah ''[[Look]]'' manawaran Hemingway untuak manugasannyo ka Afrika, jo bayaran $15,000 untuak pangaluaran jo $10,000 untuak hak cipta tulisan sapanjang 3,500 kato tantang pajalananan. Salain istrinyo [[Mary Hemingway|Mary]], Hemingway dikawani dek fotografer [[Earl Theisen]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Mellow|1992|pp=337–340}}</ref> Pasangan Hemingway maninggaan [[Havana]], tampek tingga kaduonyo kutiko itu, pado bulan Juni 1953. Tujuan patamonyo adolah Eropa untuak mangurus babarapo urusan; kaduonyo barangkek dari [[Venesia]] ka Tanganyika dan sampai pado bulan Agustus.<ref name= "Mellow582ff">{{Harvnb|Mellow|1992|pp=582–588}}</ref> Di Tanganyika, Hemingway dipandu dek [[Philip Percival]], nan mamandunyo pado safari patamonyo pado tahun 1933.<ref>{{Harvnb|Baker|1981|p= 825}}</ref> Rombongan manjalajahi bantaran Sungai Salengai manuju rawa-rawa di Kimana jo [[Lambah Rift]] sabalun basobok jo Patrick nan tingga di sabuah ladang di tangah Tanganyika. Salapeh tu, Percival maninggaan pulang rombongan Hemingway. Ernest, Mary, jo Theisen malanjuikan pajalanan dan tingga salamo duo bulan di kaki [[Gunuang Kilimanjaro]].<ref name="Baker pp331-333">{{Harvnb|Baker|1972|pp=331–333}}</ref> === Kacalakaan kapa tabang === Pado 21 Januari 1956, Hemingway mancater sabuah kapa tabang raun-raun sabagai hadiah Natal untuak Mary. Duo hari sudah tu, dalam pajalanan manuju [[Aia Tajun Murchison]] di [[Uganda]], kapa tabang Hemingway malantak sabuah tiang listrik; saluruah panumpang mandapek luko ketek-ketek. Namun, sabuah kapa tabang lain nan tabang malinteh malaporan baso indak ado panumpang nan salamaik, sainggo pado isuak arinyo barito kamatian Hemingway alah takaba ka saluruah dunia.<ref name="Reynoldsp270ff">{{Harvnb|Reynolds|2000|pp=270–276}}</ref> Rombongan Hemingway disalamaikkan dek surang pilot nan tabang malinteh, namun kapa tabang [[de Havilland]] nan manyalamaikkan tu tabaka pado kutiko cubo tabang. Ladakan di kapa tabang panyalamaik tu mambuek anguih paspor rombongan, rol film, jo saluruah pitih nan ado. Rombongan tapaso bajalan ka [[Entebbe]] manaiki oto, dan malanjuikkan ka [[Nairobi]] untuak mamuliahan diri.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper = The New York Times|url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA071EF93C5E107B93C4AB178AD85F408585F9&scp=7&sq=ernest+hemingway+africa+plane&st=p |title=Hemingway out of the Jungle; Arm Hurt; He says Luck Holds; Hemingway Quips over his ordeal|date=26 January 1954|accessdate = 1 Juni 2020}}</ref> Walaupun luko-luko, Hemingway ikuik jo Patrick dan istrinyo pai mamanciang pado bulan Februari. Kutiko sabuah kabakaran hutan tajadi, Hemingway jatuah ka dalam api kutiko sadang mancubo mamadaman, nan mambuek kaki, paruik muko, bibia, jo kaki kirinyo ikuik tabaka. Pado kutiko dipareso di Venesia manjalang pulang ka Kuba, Hemingway diagnosa ratak tulang balakang, ratak ginjal jo hati, bahu tageser, jo ratak tangkurak.<ref name= "Mellow582ff"/><ref name="Meyers pp505-507">{{Harvnb|Meyers|1985| pp=505–507}}</ref> === Proses panulisan === Kutiko sadang mamuliahan diri di Nairobi, Hemingway mulai manulih laporannyo untuak ''Look'', nan mambayia tambahan $20,000 untuak laporan eksklusif tantang cilako kapa tabangnyo. Laporan Hemingway ditabikkan pado 26 Januari 1954, sapanjang duo puluah halaman majalah.<ref name="Reynoldsp270ff"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/amlit/hemmagazines/hem.html |title=Hemingway and the Magazines |author=Weaver, John B. |publisher=University of South Carolina |accessdate=1 Juni 2020}}</ref> Salapeh Hemingway tibo di Kuba, inyo lansuang manulih pangalamannyo salamo di safari walaupun masih sakik. Inyo lansuang manulih labiah dari 10,000 kato, sainggo naskah awalnyo mencapai labiah 800 halaman.<ref>{{Harvnb|Baker|1972|pp=335–336}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Reynolds|2000|p=366}}</ref> Pado bulan Oktober 1955, inyo manulih baso inyo alah mancapai sakitar 650 halaman<ref>{{Harvnb|Baker|1981|p= 847}}</ref>; namun pado Januari 1956, inyo mangaku mulai sulik maingek a nan tajadi salamo pajalanan tu. Karajo pado buku ko ditangguahan dek proses syuting film ''[[The Old Man and the Sea (film 1958)|The Old Man and the Sea]]'';<ref>{{Harvnb|Baker|1981|p= 853}}</ref> Hemingway kudian mangatoan pado redakturnyo baso inyo indak mungkin lai mangarajoan buku tu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Baker|1981|p= 868}}</ref> Naskah awalnyo disimpan pado sabuah kotak deposit di Havana, walaupun sasudah [[Revolusi Kuba 1959|Revolusi 1959]] Hemingway bapikia baso naskah tasabuik alah ilang.<ref>{{Harvnb|Reynolds|2000|p=354}}</ref> == Panabitan == ''True at First Light'' indak pernah ditabikan pado maso Hemingway masih iduik. Pado tahun 1965, Mary Hemingway mandirian Hemingway Foundation dan manyumbangan naskah jo surek paninggalan suaminyo ka [[John F. Kennedy Library]]. Pado tahun 1980, sakumpulan sarjana-sarjana pangkaji karya Hemingway mamutuihan untuak mandirian Hemingway Society, nan batujuan untuak mamaliaro karya-karyanyo. Salapeh Mary maningga pado tahun 1986, anak-anak Hemingway, [[John Hemingway|John]] jo Patrick mamintak pado Hemingway Society untuak turuik sato mangurus Hemingway Foundation.<ref name="Miller">{{Harvnb|Miller|2006|pp=78–80}}</ref><ref name="Seefeldt">{{Harvnb|Seefeldt|1999}}</ref> Pado awal tahun 1970an, ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' manabikkan cuplikan dari naskah Afrika Hemingway dalam babarapo seri ateh izin Mary Hemingway.<ref name=Blumenthal>Blumenthal, Ralph. [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/24/books/a-new-book-by-hemingway-blend-of-life-and-fiction-tells-of-african-bride.html?pagewanted=all A New Book By Hemingway; Blend of Life and Fiction Tells of African Bride] ''The New York Times''. 14 August 1998. Retrieved 1 Juni 2020.</ref> Pado tahun 1997, ahli waris jo Hemingway Society/Foundation basatuju untuak manabikkan pajalanan Hemingway di Afrika dalam duo buku. ''True at First Light'' disuntiang dek Patrick Hemingway, samantaro naskah nan labiah lengkap ditabikkan dalam judul ''Of Under Kilimanjaro''.<ref name=Seefeldt/> [[Scribner's]], panabik buku ko, mamintak pado Patrick untuak manyuntiang naskahnyo manjadi kurang dari 100,00 kato. Inyo bakarajo salamo duo tahun untuak manyuntiang naskah nan labiah dari 200,000 kato, mampakuek jalan carito, dan mambuang bagian-bagian nan ado opini-opini pribadi Hemingway taadok babarapo anggota keluarga jo urang nan masih iduik. ''True at First Light'' ditabikkan pado 7 Juli 1999. Cetakan patamonyo adolah sabanyak 200,000 eksemplar. Majalah '''[[The New Yorker]]'' manabikkan cuplikan bukunyo sacaro berseri. Versi rakaman suaro ditabikkan pado tahun 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=true+at+first+light&Search_Code=GKEY%5E*&PID=JG6ZCZZQgxvpBf4QZEtMYFzwvpE&SEQ=20100226111623&CNT=25&HIST=1 |title=Library of Congress Online Catalog |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=2010-02-26}}</ref> == Tanggapan == ''True at First Light'' masuak ka dalam daftar buku nan paliang banyak tajua versi ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/05/bsp/besthardfiction.html|newspaper = The New York Times|title=Best Sellers Plus |date=5 September 1999 |accessdate= 1 Juni 2020}}</ref> walaupun kritikus Ralph Blumenthal di koran tu surang manyatoan baso buku ko indak sarancak fiksi autobiografi Hemingway nan sabalunnyo. Dalam resensi tahun 1999, James Wood manyatoan baso Hemingway mamukasuikkan buku bukan sabagai novel, namun panyuntiang sasudahnyo maubahnyo manjadi novel.<ref name="Wood">{{cite news |last=Wood|first=James|newspaper = The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/11/reviews/990711.11woodlt.html |title=The Lion King|date=11 July 1999|work= |accessdate=1 Juni 2020}}</ref> Jim Campbell dari ''[[The Guardian]]'' manyatoan baso buku ko adolah salah satu karya Hemingway nan paliang buruak.<ref name="GuardianCampbell">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/1999/jul/04/featuresreview.review10|title=Rogue Hemingway|author=Campbell, Jim|newspaper = The Guardian|date=4 July 1999 |accessdate= 1 Juni 2020}}</ref> Namun, [[Christopher Ondaatje]] di ''[[The Independent]]'' bapandapek baso carito-carito Hemingway dari Afrika marupoan salah satu karyanyo nan paliang rancak.<ref>{{cite news |first=Christopher |last=Ondaatje |title=Bewitched by Africa's strange beauty |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/christopher-ondaatje--bewitched-by-africas-strange-beauty-633122.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=30 October 2001 |accessdate=1 Juni 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725030919/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/christopher-ondaatje--bewitched-by-africas-strange-beauty-633122.html |archive-date=25 July 2010 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Banyak kritikus nan mangkritik Patrick Hemingway subagai panyuntiang naskah ko. Di ''[[National Review]]'', Kenneth S. Lynn manulih baso Hemingway mungkin akan berang dek anak-anaknyo mamutuihan untuak manabikkan naskah nan inyo surang anggap indak layak tabik ko.<ref name="Lynn">{{Harvnb|Lynn|1999}}</ref> Panulih [[Joan Didion]] juo mangkritik kaputusan kaluarga Hemingway untuak manabikkan buku ko dan mangkomersialisasikan warisan Hemingway.<ref name= "NewYorker">{{cite journal |author=Didion, Joan |title= Last Words |journal=The New Yorker |url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1998/11/09/1998_11_09_074_TNY_LIBRY_000016772 |accessdate= 1 Juni 2020 | date= 9 November 1998}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} ==== Sumber ==== * {{cite book |editor1-first=Carlos |editor1-last=Baker |title=Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917 -1961 |year=1981 |publisher=[[Scribner's]] |location=New York |isbn=0-684-16765-4 |ref=harv |url=https://archive.org/details/ernesthemingways00hemi }} * {{cite book| title=Hemingway: The Writer as Artist| url=https://archive.org/details/hemingwaywritera00bake| url-access=registration| last =Baker | first = Carlos | publisher=Princeton University Press|location = Princeton, NJ | year=1972| edition=4th| ref = CITEREFBaker1972}} * {{cite book |title= Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences|url= https://archive.org/details/hemingwaylifewit00mell_0|last=Mellow |first=James R. |year=1992 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=New York|isbn=0-395-37777-3 |page=|pages=|ref = CITEREFMellow1992}} * {{cite book |last=Reynolds|first= Michael S. |title=Hemingway: The Final Years |url=https://archive.org/details/hemingwayfinalye0000reyn|year=2000 |publisher=Norton |location=New York |isbn=0-393-32047-2 |ref = CITEREFReynolds2000}} * {{cite book |title= Hemingway: A Biography|last=Meyers |first=Jeffrey |year=1985 |publisher=Macmillan|location=London|isbn=0-333-42126-4 |ref = CITEREFMeyers1985}} == Pautan lua == *[http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/The-Ernest-Hemingway-Collection.aspx Hemingway Archives], [[John F. Kennedy Library]] {{Hemingway}} [[Kategori:Karya Ernest Hemingway]] 0q3ox49eydwqrsdzt0poizpwfec6clc Pandemi Covid-19 di Britania Raya 0 335732 3352806 2064066 2026-09-25T15:37:29Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}}{{infobox pandemic|name=Pandemi Koronavirus di [[Britania Raya]]|map1=COVID-19 outbreak UK case counts.svg|legend1=|map2=|legend2=|map3=|legend3=|image=|caption=|disease=[[COVID-19]]|virus_strain=[[SARS-CoV-2]]|location=[[Inggris]]|first_case=[[York]], [[North Yorkshire]]|origin=[[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[Tiongkok]]|arrival_date=31 Januari 2020<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=31|year1=2020|month2=|day2=|year2=}})|recovery_cases=79<ref name=ArcGISUK>{{cite web|url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/f94c3c90da5b4e9f9a0b19484dd4bb14|title=Total UK cases COVID-19 Cases Update|website=gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com|publisher=[[Public Health England]]|access-date=17 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>|confirmed_cases=78,991<!--Please do not update this value with anything other than data from GOV.UK or ArcGIS--><ref name=ArcGISUK />|suspected_cases=|total_ili=|deaths=9,875<!--Please do not update this value with anything other than data from GOV.UK or ArcGIS--><ref group="nb" name="nb01">Not included in this data is the death of one British citizen on board the [[Diamond Princess (ship)|Diamond Princess]] cruise ship on 28 February – [[2020 coronavirus pandemic on cruise ships|see here]] for more information on this case. Also not included is the death of one British citizen in the [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]] of the [[Cayman Islands]] – [[2020 coronavirus pandemic in the Cayman Islands|see here]] for more information on this case.</ref><ref name=ArcGISUK />|website=[https://www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-information-for-the-public 'Coronavirus (COVID-19): latest information and advice' at www.gov.uk]<ref group="nb" name="nb02">Daily updates occur around 2&nbsp;pm.</ref>}}'''[[Pandemi koronavirus 2019]] di [[Britania Raya]]''' bamulo pado tanggal [[31 Januari]] [[2020]] katiko ado [[urang]] [[Cino]] nan bamalam di sabuah [[hotel]] di [[York, Inggirih|York]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-information-for-the-public|title=Number of coronavirus (COVID-19) cases in the UK|website=GOV.UK|language=en|access-date=2020-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Hunt for contacts of coronavirus-stricken pair in York|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hunt-for-contacts-of-coronavirus-stricken-pair-in-york-dh363qf8k|access-date=2020-06-22|issn=0140-0460|language=en|first=Tom Ball, Charlotte Wace {{!}} Chris Smyth, Whitehall Editor {{!}} David|last=Brown}}</ref> [[Pandemi koronavirus 2019]] sandiri adolah [[pandemi]] nan tajadi dek [[Koronavirus 2019|koronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)]] nan marusak [[sistem barangok]]. [[Organisasi Kasihatan Dunia|Organisasi Kasihatan Dunie (WHO)]] nan kudian manyatokan [[pandemi koronavirus 2019]] sabagai pandemi dunie pado tanggal [[11 Maret]] [[2020]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020|title=WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-06-22}}</ref> == Alua kajadian == === Januari 2020 === Kasus infeksi [[koronavirus 2019]] patamo di [[Inggirih]] dialami dek duo urang [[Cino]] nan bamalam di sabuah hotel di [[York, Inggirih|York]]. Sasudah dinyatokan positif tajangkik [[koronavirus 2019]] pado tanggal [[31 Januari]] [[2020]]. Duo urang [[Republik Rakyaik Cino|Cino]] ko kudian hari dipindahkan dari [[Hull University Teaching Hospital]] ka fasilitas isolasi di [[High Consequence Infectious Diseases Unit]] di [[Newcastle upon Tyne]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moss|date=2020-03|pages=e46|issue=10227|volume=395|language=en|journal=The Lancet|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673620304633|title=Lessons for managing high-consequence infections from first COVID-19 cases in the UK|first5=Anda|first=Peter|last5=Samson|first4=Patrick|last4=Lillie|first3=Nicholas|last3=Easom|first2=Gavin|last2=Barlow|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30463-3}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Hunt for contacts of coronavirus-stricken pair in York|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hunt-for-contacts-of-coronavirus-stricken-pair-in-york-dh363qf8k|access-date=2020-03-14|issn=0140-0460|language=en|first=Tom Ball, Charlotte Wace {{!}} Chris Smyth, Whitehall Editor {{!}} David|last=Brown}}</ref> Pado hari itu juo, misi panyalamaikan urang [[Inggirih]] dari [[Wuhan, Cino|Wuhan]] alah sampai ka [[RAF Brize Norton]]. Dari 83 urang nan disalamaikan indak manunjuakkan tado-tando infeksi, tapi kasodalahnyo [[Karantina|dikarantina]] di sabuah blok [[parumahan]] karyawan [[Arrowe Park Hospital]] di [[Wirral]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Evacuated Britons arrive at quarantine facility|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51318691|newspaper=BBC News|date=2020-01-31|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> Proses panyalamaikan iko mandapek banyak reaksi jo malalui proses panjang sabalunnyo apokah [[Inggirih|pamarintah]] harus manyalamaikkan urang Inggirih dari daerah nan paliang tadampak sajo di [[Cino]] atau indak samo sakali untuak mahalau datangnyo [[koronavirus 2019]] di [[Inggirih]]. [[Emily Thornberry]] dari [[Partai Buruh]] mangaritik pamarintahan [[Boris Johnson]] nan takasan lambek dalam manantuan sikap untuak urang [[Inggirih]] di [[Republik Rakyaik Cino|Cino]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/coronavirus-evacuate-britons-china-virus-hubei-warning-boris-johnson-a4345571.html|title=Pressure on PM to evacuate Brits from China over killer coronavirus|date=2020-01-27|website=Evening Standard|language=en|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> indak takah nagari lain nan labiah dahulu jo labiah siap mamulangkan urangnyo dari derah tadampak takah pamarintah [[Japang]], [[Parancih]], jo [[Spanyol]]. Urang-urang [[Inggirih]] di [[Wuhan, Cino|Wuhan]] diagiah kaba jikok inyo dapek disalamaikkan, namun pasangan atau [[anak-anak]] nan [[Paspor|bapaspor]] [[Republik Rakyaik Cino|Cino]] indak bisa, rancano iko dibatalkan dek masih ado urang [[Inggirih]] nan tatingga dek kabijakan iko.<ref name=":1" /> === Februari 2020 === Sapanjang bulan [[Februari]], [[koronavirus 2019]] makin banyak kasusnyo di [[Inggirih]]. Kasus [[koronavirus 2019]] katigo dikonfirmasi di [[Brihgton, Inggirih|Brihgton]] pado [[6 Februari]], apak-apak ko tajangkik dalam pajalannyo ka [[Singapura|Singapua]]. Sabalun sampai di Inggirih, pado 28 Januari, inyo sempat juo datang ka [[Haute-Savoie, Parancih]] nan mambuek inyo manulari 6 urang lainnyo dalam kunjuangan ka [[Parancih]] jo sakaliguih manjadi kasus infeksi [[koronavirus 2019]] patamo nan dialami dek urang Inggirih.<ref>{{Cite news|title=First British national to contract coronavirus had been in Singapore|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/06/third-person-in-uk-confirmed-as-having-coronavirus|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2020-02-06|access-date=2020-03-21|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Sarah|last=Boseley|first2=Denis|last2=Campbell|first3=Simon|last3=Murphy}}</ref> Sasudah kasus iko, pamarintah [[Inggirih]] mauimbau urangnyo untuak baliak dari [[Cino]], [[Japang]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Makau]], [[Malaysia]], [[Korea Salatan]], [[Singapua]], [[Taiwan]] jo [[Thailand]] jo tando-tando takah damam, batuak, jo gangguan sistem barangok, untuak maisolasi diri surang salamo 14 hari jo mahubungi nomor non-darurat palayanan kasihatan 111.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-for-staff-in-the-transport-sector/covid-19-guidance-for-staff-in-the-transport-sector|title=COVID-19: guidance for staff in the transport sector|website=GOV.UK|language=en|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> Pado tanggal [[10 Februari]], kasus positif [[koronavirus 2019]] batambah manjadi 8 kasus di [[Inggirih]] nan dikonfirmasi masih bahubuangan jo pasien di [[Brighton]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coronavirus closes Brighton GP practice|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51447761|newspaper=BBC News|date=2020-02-11|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/chief-medical-officer-for-england-announces-four-further-coronavirus-cases|title=Chief Medical Officer for England announces 4 further coronavirus cases|website=GOV.UK|language=en|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> Pado hari itu juo, sekretaris [[State for Health and Social Care]] mangumumkan [[Regulasi Proteksi Kasihatan Inggirih 2020|Regulasi Proteksi Kasihatan 2020]] nan isinyo maagiah wewenang ka patugas kasihatan untuak mangisolasi urang nan tajangkik maumun nan barisiko tinggi tainfeksi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahase|first=Elisabeth|date=2020-02-10|title=Coronavirus: NHS staff get power to keep patients in isolation as UK declares “serious threat”|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m550|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=368|doi=10.1136/bmj.m550|issn=1756-1833|pmid=32041792}}</ref> Aturan iko juo manjadikan [[Arrowe Park Hospital]], [[Merseyside]], [[Hotel Kents Hill Park]], dan [[Milton Keynes]] manjadi unit isolasi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahase|first=Elisabeth|date=2020-02-10|title=Coronavirus: NHS staff get power to keep patients in isolation as UK declares “serious threat”|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m550|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=368|doi=10.1136/bmj.m550|issn=1756-1833|pmid=32041792}}</ref> Sahari kudian, kasus kasambilan din Inggirih sakaligus kasus patamo di [[London]] dikonfirmasi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ninth coronavirus case found in UK|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51481469|newspaper=BBC News|date=2020-02-12|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> Pado tanggal [[23 Februari]], kasus di Inggirih batambah manjadi 13 kasus aktif nan sairiang dikatahuinyo 4 urang Inggirih nan tainfeksi di kapa [[Diamond Princess]] nan dikarantina di [[Japang]], duo urang pasien kudian dipindahan ka [[Royal Hallamshire Hospital]] di Sheffield, ciek urang di [[Royal Liverpool University Hospital]], jo salah surang lainnyo di [[Royal Victoria Infirmary]] [[Newcastle upon Tyne]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Four new UK coronavirus cases among ship evacuees|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51606368|newspaper=BBC News|date=2020-02-23|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> Pado tanggal [[27 Februari]], kasus di [[Inggirih]] batambah manjadi 16 urang sakaligih mangonfirmasi kasus patamo di [[Irlandia Utara]], saurang wanita nan baru baliak dari wilayah [[Italia]] utara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/world-news/coronavirus/coronavirus-ireland-passengers-who-travelled-with-northern-irish-patient-traced-in-bid-to-prevent-outbreak-38997601.html|title=Coronavirus Ireland: First case of coronavirus confirmed in Northern Ireland in patient who travelled through Dublin from Italy|website=independent|language=en|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> [[Wales]] maumuman kasus patamo pado tanggal [[28 Februari]] dari saurang nan juo tainfeksi dari pajalanan dari Italia Utara.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Three more coronavirus cases confirmed in UK|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51673068|newspaper=BBC News|date=2020-02-28|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> Pado hari nan samo, 2 kasus baru diidenfitikasi dari salah surang pasien nan jadi kasus ka 20 di Inggirih, iko marupokan kasus patamo infeksi walau indak ado ka lua nagari.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coronavirus patient first to be infected in UK|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-51683428.html|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229001409/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-51683428.html|archive-date=2020-02-29|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pamarintah Inggirih kudian mambalakukan uji masal pado 10.483 urang dan mangonfirmasi 3 kasus baru dari uji pado tanggal 29 Februari, katigonyo barasa dari [[Gloucestershire, Inggirih|Gloucestershire]], [[Hertfordshire, Inggirih|Hertfordshire]], dan [[Berkshire, Inggirih|Berkshire]]. Panalusuran manamukan duo urang tainfeksi dari pajalanan di Italia jo surang lai dari pajalanan di Asia.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Three more cases of coronavirus in England|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51684624|newspaper=BBC News|date=2020-02-29|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rujuakan == <references /> {{Medis-stub}} s4nhxgxabz5o5qzx8nzjyh381n6zz70 Urang Malagasi 0 335993 3352851 2039952 2026-09-25T21:42:24Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Urang Malagasi<br><small>Malagasy</small><br><small>Malgache</small> | image = [[File:Orchestre_Hova1.jpg|220px]] | caption = Orkestra tradisional Malagasi, [[Valiha]] | pop = {{circa}} 25 juta | popplace = [[Madagaskar]]<br>[[Komoro]], [[Mayotte]], [[Reunion]], [[Mauritius]], [[Parancih]], [[Britania Rayo]], [[Amerika Sarikat]], [[Afrika Salatan]], [[Australia]] | langs = [[Bahaso Malagasi|Malagasi]], [[Bahaso Parancih|Parancih]] |rels=Agamo tradisional Malagasi, [[Protestan]], [[Katolik]], [[Islam]] | related = [[Urang Maanyan|Maanyan]], [[Urang Banjar|Banjar]], [[Urang Dusun|Dusun]], [[Urang Lawangan|Lawangan]], [[Rumpun bahaso Barito|Urang Barito]] lainnyo, [[Urang Austronesia]], [[Urang Bantu]] }} [[File:Ethnic groups of Madagascar Map.png|thumb|300px|Pasiaan kalompok-kalompok etnik Malagasi.]] '''Urang Malagasi''' ([[Bahaso Malagasi|Malagasi]]: ''Malagasy'', {{lang-fr|Malgache}}) adolah kalompok nan baisi [[Kalompok etnik|kalompok-kalompok etnik]] [[Pribumi|asali]] [[Madagaskar]] nan mampunyoi katakaikkan jo [[Urang Austronesia|urang-urang Austronesia]]. Urang Malagasi tabagi manjadi duo kalompok gadang: nan patamo, ado kalompok '''urang-urang darek''' bantuak [[Urang Merina]], [[Urang Sihanaka|Sihanaka]], jo [[Urang Betsileo|Betsileo]] nan banyak bamukim di [[Antananarivo]], [[Alaotra]], jo [[Fianarantsoa]]; ado pulo, '''urang-urang pasisia''' nan tingga di satiok pasisia Madagaskar. == Asa usua == [[File:Malagasy girls Madagascar Merina.jpg|thumb|Anak-anak [[Urang Merina|Merina]]]][[File:Sakalava 19.JPG|thumb|Anak-anak [[Urang Sakalava|Sakalava]]]] Pambalajaan takaik genetik Urang Malagasi nan tabaru manyatokan Urang Malagasi punyo katakaikkan pitarah jo urang-urang Asia jo Afrika.<ref name="Kusuma"/> Tigo etnik Malagasi, [[Urang Antaimoro|Antaimoro]], [[Urang Vezo|Vezo]], jo [[Urang Mikea|Mikea]], sakironyo punyo 70% gen Afrika jo 30% gen Asia samantaro nan lain punyo gen Afrika nan labiah randah.<ref name="Kusuma"/> Pado survei di sarato pulau, [[kromosom Y]] urang laki-laki nan baasa dari Afrika labiah banyak daripado nan baasa dari Asia Timua, tapi inyo bagantuang kapado angka nan didapek (70.7 vs. 20.7% atau 51% vs. 34%).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tofanelli |first1=S. |last2=Bertoncini |first2=S. |last3=Castri |first3=L. |last4=Luiselli |first4=D. |last5=Calafell |first5=F. |last6=Donati |first6=G. |last7=Paoli |first7=G. |title=On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=2009 |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=2109–2124 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msp120|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dd14/2b12e316f334603a0c3197eb14dc63097a14.pdf |pmid=19535740}}</ref> Ado pulo garih [[mtDNA]] nan turun dari ibu ka anak, mancatek angka nan balawanan (42,4% asa Afrika vs. 50.1% asa Asia Timua).<ref name="pmid28716916">{{cite journal |last1=Pierron |first1=Denis |last2=Heiske |first2=Margit |last3=Razafindrazaka |first3=Harilanto |last4=Rakoto |first4=Ignace |last5=Rabetokotany |first5=Nelly |last6=Ravololomanga |first6=Bodo |last7=Rakotozafy |first7=Lucien M.-A. |last8=Rakotomalala |first8=Mireille Mialy |last9=Razafiarivony |first9=Michel |last10=Rasoarifetra |first10=Bako |last11=Raharijesy |first11=Miakabola Andriamampianina |last12=Razafindralambo |first12=Lolona |last13=Ramilisonina |last14=Fanony |first14=Fulgence |last15=Lejamble |first15=Sendra |last16=Thomas |first16=Olivier |last17=Mohamed Abdallah |first17=Ahmed |last18=Rocher |first18=Christophe |last19=Arachiche |first19=Amal |last20=Tonaso |first20=Laure |last21=Pereda-loth |first21=Veronica |last22=Schiavinato |first22=Stéphanie |last23=Brucato |first23=Nicolas |last24=Ricaut |first24=Francois-Xavier |last25=Kusuma |first25=Pradiptajati |last26=Sudoyo |first26=Herawati |last27=Ni |first27=Shengyu |last28=Boland |first28=Anne |last29=Deleuze |first29=Jean-Francois |last30=Beaujard |first30=Philippe |last31=Grange |first31=Philippe |last32=Adelaar |first32=Sander |last33=Stoneking |first33=Mark |last34=Rakotoarisoa |first34=Jean-Aimé |last35=Radimilahy |first35=Chantal |last36=Letellier |first36=Thierry |title=Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2017 |volume=114 |issue=32 |pages=E6498–E6506 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1704906114 |pmc=5559028 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28716916 |pmid=28716916}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pado pambalajaan tahun 2010, frekuensi motif DNA Urang Polinesia (mtDNA haplotipe B4a1a1a) tasia di tigo etnik basa: 50% pado [[Urang Merina|Merina]], 22% pado [[Urang Vezo|Vezo]], jo 13% pado [[Urang Mikea|Mikea]]. Ado duo tambahan mutasi (1473 jo 3423A) nan ditamukan di kasado motif DNA Polinesia di Madagaskar, nan disabuik motif Malagasi.<ref name="Cox">{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Murray P. |last2=Nelson |first2=Michael G. |last3=Tumonggor |first3=Meryanne K. |last4=Ricaut |first4=François-X. |last5=Sudoyo |first5=Herawati |title=A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=2012 |volume=279 |issue=1739 |pages=2761–2768 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0012|pmc=3367776 |pmid=22438500}}</ref> Rako ulang nan paling sasuai adolah bamukimnyo panduduak-panduduak awal Madagaskar nan saketek pado 1200 tahun nan lalu nan baisi sakironyo 30 padusi; dima 28 urang atau 93% dari urang-urang itu bakaturunan Asia Tinggaro, jo 2 urang atau 7% urang-urang tu bakaturunan Afrika.<ref name="Cox"/> Panduduak Malagasi dibantuak dari panduduak-pandudak saketek nan bakawin campua. Pitarah tadakek dari Urang Malagasi adolah [[Urang Banjar]] jo kalompok-kalompok etnik [[Urang Dayak|Dayak]] lainnyo nan baasa dari tinggaro Kalimantan.<ref name="Kusuma">{{cite journal |last1=Kusuma |first1=Pradiptajati |last2=Brucato |first2=Nicolas |last3=Cox |first3=Murray P. |last4=Pierron |first4=Denis |last5=Razafindrazaka |first5=Harilanto |last6=Adelaar |first6=Alexander |last7=Sudoyo |first7=Herawati |last8=Letellier |first8=Thierry |last9=Ricaut |first9=François-Xavier |title=Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/srep26066|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="BrucatoKusuma2016">{{cite journal|last1=Brucato|first1=Nicolas|last2=Kusuma|first2=Pradiptajati|last3=Cox|first3=Murray P.|last4=Pierron|first4=Denis|last5=Purnomo|first5=Gludhug A.|last6=Adelaar|first6=Alexander|last7=Kivisild|first7=Toomas|last8=Letellier|first8=Thierry|last9=Sudoyo|first9=Herawati|last10=Ricaut|first10=François-Xavier|title=Malagasy Genetic Ancestry Comes from an Historical Malay Trading Post in Southeast Borneo|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=33|issue=9|year=2016|pages=2396–2400|issn=0737-4038|doi=10.1093/molbev/msw117|pmc=4989113|pmid=27381999}}</ref> Jajak pitarah Urang Malagasi nan baasa dari [[Asia Tanggaro|Asia Tinggaro]] dapek dicaliak dari banyaknya kasamoan kato pado [[Bahaso Maanyan]], sabuah bahaso nan dikecekkan di dakek [[Sungai Barito|Batang Barito]] di salatan Kalimantan. ==Kalompok-kalompok etnik== *Kalompok-kalompok etnik di darek: **[[Urang Merina|Merina]] **[[Urang Sihanaka|Sihanaka]] **[[Urang Betsileo|Betsileo]] ***[[Urang Zafimaniri|Zafimaniri]] *Kalompok-kalompok etnik di pasisia: **[[Urang Antaifas|Antaifasi]] **[[Urang Antaimoro|Antaimoro]] **[[Urang Antaisaka|Antaisaka]] **[[Urang Antambahoaka|Antambahoaka]] **[[Urang Antankarana|Antankarana]] **[[Urang Antanos|Antanosi]] **[[Urang Antandroi|Antanroi]] **[[Urang Bara|Bara]] **[[Urang Betsimisaraka|Betsimisaraka]] **[[Urang Bezanozano|Bezanozano]] **[[Urang Mahafal|Mahafali]] **[[Urang Makoa|Makoa]] **[[Urang Mikea|Mikea]] **[[Urang Sakalava|Sakalava]] **[[Urang Simiheti|Simiheti]] **[[Urang Tanala|Tanala]] **[[Urang Vezo|Vezo]] ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{Daftar etnik di Madagaskar}} fbtefiqcicwu721uh2tt71jeg7evabi Urang Banggalo 0 336004 3352848 3346520 2026-09-25T21:19:59Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Urang Banggalo<br><small>বাঙালি</small> | native_name = | native_name_lang = | population = {{circa|228}}–243 juta<ref name="ethnologue_ben">{{e21|ben}} {{e22|ben}} Note: As per discussion on talk page the range is provided since we don't have reliable source for exact number on ethnic group. The range figures are calculated on the basis of [[L1 speaker]]s, whereas [[L2 speakers]] are omitted as they non-Bengalis.</ref> | popplace = {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} 162.650.853<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html|title=SOUTH ASIA :: BANGLADESH|website=Cia.gov|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|accessdate=21 June 2020|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101182840/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br />{{flagcountry|India}} 97.237.669<ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|date=29 June 2018}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} | pop1 = 2.000.000<ref name="PAK1">—{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/322325/five-million-illegal-immigrants-residing-in-pakistan/|title=Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan|work=Express Tribune}}<br />—{{cite web|url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200305|title = Homeless In Karachi|publisher = [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|accessdate = 2 March 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140326181345/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200305|archive-date = 26 March 2014|dead-url = yes}}<br />—{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\story_17-12-2006_pg12_3 |title=Falling back |work=Daily Times |date=17 December 2006 |accessdate=25 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009194726/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C12%5C17%5Cstory_17-12-2006_pg12_3 |archivedate=9 October 2013}}<br />—{{cite book|last1=van Schendel|first1=Willem|title=The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia|date=2005|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843311454|page=250|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqTIhTWuAXcC&pg=PA249#v=onepage}}</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}} | pop2 = 1.309.004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/MigGMGProfiles/indicators/files/SaudiArabia.pdf|title=Migration Profile - Saudi Arabia|accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop3 = 1.089.917<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/MigGMGProfiles/indicators/files/UAE.pdf|title=Migration Profile – UAE|accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop4 = 451.000<ref name=2011census>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=11 October 2013 |accessdate=28 February 2015 |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123182221/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | region5 = {{flagcountry|Qatar}} | pop5 = 280.000<ref name=pop>{{cite web |url=http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |title=Population of Qatar by nationality – 2017 report |accessdate=7 February 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053320/http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry|Malaysia}} | pop6 = 221.000<ref>{{cite news |author=Aina Nasa |date=27 July 2017 |title=More than 1.7 million foreign workers in Malaysia; majority from Indonesia |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/07/261418/more-17-million-foreign-workers-malaysia-majority-indonesia |newspaper=New Straits Times |access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop7 = 213.372<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=pakistani&g=&lastDisplayedRow=18&table=B02018&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B02018&vintage=2018&mode=|title=ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS: 2018|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=30 July 2020}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|Kuwait}} | pop8 = 200.000<ref name=dt>{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/09/07/kuwait-restricts-imports-male-bangladeshi-workers/ |title=Kuwait restricts recruitment of male Bangladeshi workers |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=7 September 2016 |accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop9 = 135.000<ref>{{cite news |title=In pursuit of happiness |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20121008000549&mod=skb |newspaper=Korea Herald |date=8 October 2012 }}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Singapore}} | pop10 = 100.000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bangladesh.org.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=29 |title=Bangladeshis in Singapore |website=High Commission of Bangladesh, Singapore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103005640/http://bangladesh.org.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=29 |archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Bahrain}} | pop11 = 97.115<ref>{{cite web|title=Bahrain: Foreign population by country of citizenship|url=http://gulfmigration.eu/bahrain-foreign-population-by-country-of-citizenship-sex-and-migration-status-worker-family-dependent-selected-countries-january-2015/|website=gulfmigration.eu|accessdate=1 January 2015|archive-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216162345/http://gulfmigration.eu/bahrain-foreign-population-by-country-of-citizenship-sex-and-migration-status-worker-family-dependent-selected-countries-january-2015/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop12 = 69.420<ref>{{cite web |title=NHS Profile, Canada, 2011, Census Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Non-official%20language&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |date=8 May 2013 |website=Government of Canada, Statistics Canada |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop13 = 54.566<ref>{{cite web|title=Census shows Indian population and languages have exponentially grown in Australia|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/article/2017/06/28/census-shows-indian-population-and-languages-have-exponentially-grown-australia|website=SBS Australia|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Nepal}} | pop14 = 26.582<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Population%20Monograph%20of%20Nepal%202014/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918043750/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Population%20Monograph%20of%20Nepal%202014/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|South Korea}} | pop15 = 13.600<ref name="Immigration.go.kr">{{citation|url=http://www.immigration.go.kr/HP/COM/bbs_003/ListShowData.do?strNbodCd=noti0096&strWrtNo=126&strAnsNo=A&strOrgGbnCd=104000&strRtnURL=IMM_6050&strAllOrgYn=N&strThisPage=1&strFilePath=imm/ |script-chapter=ko:체류외국인 국적별 현황|title={{asiantitle|2013년도 출입국통계연보|||a}}|publisher=Ministry of Justice|location=South Korea|year=2013|accessdate=5 June 2014|page=290}}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|Japan}} | pop16 = 12.374<ref name="MOJ">{{cite web |script-title=ja:バングラデシュ人民共和国（People's Republic of Bangladesh）|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/bangladesh/data.html|website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)]]|accessdate=29 October 2017|language=ja-JP}}</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} | pop17 = 8.500 | ref17 = <ref>http://www.qatar-tribune.com/news.aspx?n=659B1F3A-7299-4D4A-B2DA-D3BAA8AE673D&d=20150625{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |region18 = {{flagcountry|Ireland}} |pop18 = 8.000 |ref18 = <ref>https://www.dfa.ie/travel/travel-advice/a-z-list-of-countries/bangladesh/</ref> | languages = [[Bahaso Banggalo|Banggalo]] | religions = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]] – Bangladesh (90.40%), India (~30%)<ref>Comparing State Polities: A Framework for Analyzing 100 Governments By Michael J. III Sullivan, pg. 119</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256513.pdf|title=BANGLADESH 2015 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT|accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Andre|first1=Aletta|last2=Kumar|first2=Abhimanyu|title=Protest poetry: Assam's Bengali Muslims take a stand|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/protest-poetry-assam-bengali-muslims-stand-161219094434005.html|accessdate=26 January 2017|agency=[[Aljazeera]]|publisher=[[Aljazeera]]|date=23 December 2016 |quote=Total Muslim population in Assam is 34.22% of which 90% are Bengali Muslims according to this source which puts the Bengali Muslim percentage in Assam as 29.08%}}</ref><ref name="ciafactbook"/> [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hindu]] – India (~70%), Bangladesh (8.54%)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf|title=Population Housing Census|accessdate=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903181037/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ciafactbook"/> [[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddha]], [[Jain]], [[Baha'i]], [[Kristen]], [[Ateisme]] jo lainnyo – (1%)<ref name="ciafactbook">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101182840/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html |date=2021-01-01 }}- [[CIA World Factbook]]</ref><ref name=relegionindia>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/| title = Data on Religion| accessdate = 26 August 2006 | work = Census of India (2001)| publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> | related_groups = [[Urang Indo-Arya]] | footnotes = }} '''Urang Banggalo''' ([[Bahaso Banggalo|bahaso Banggalo]]: বাঙালি, ''Bangali''), acok disabuik pulo '''Urang Bangla''',<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangalees and indigenous people shake hands on peace prospects|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/aug/25/bangalees-and-indigenous-people-shake-hands-peace-prospects|accessdate=16 April 2017|publisher=Dhaka Tribune|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611024345/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/aug/25/bangalees-and-indigenous-people-shake-hands-peace-prospects|dead-url=yes}}</ref> adolah kalompok etnik [[Urang Indo-Arya|Indo-Arya]] nan marupokan panduduak asali dari wilayah [[Banggalo]] di [[Asia Salatan]]. Pasiaan Urang Banggalo tapacah ka [[Bangladesh]] jo nagaro-nagaro bagian India, [[Banggalo Barat]], [[Tripura]], jo [[Assam]]. Bahaso nan acok dipakai jo Urang Banggalo adolah [[Bahaso Banggalo]] nan marupokan bahaso dari [[Rumpun bahaso Indo-Arya]]. Namo "Bangalee" acok dipakai juo untuak manyabuik Urang [[Bangladesh]] sabagai banso.<ref name="Citizenship CoB">{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24554|title=PART I ¶ THE REPUBLIC ¶ THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH|accessdate=9 September 2017|year=2010|website =|publisher=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]]}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} {{Daftar etnik di Bangladesh}} {{Daftar etnik di India}} 8u7abevb2ze4ri1a2sgkwra317x6em4 Simpanse 0 336209 3352828 3351284 2026-09-25T18:55:52Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox|status=EN|tribus=[[Hominini]]|subdivision_ranks=[[Spesies]]|range_map_caption=distribusi penyebaran spesies ''Pan spp.''|range_map=Pan (genus) distribution map.png|type_species_authority=[[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach|Blumenbach]], 1775|type_species=''[[Simia troglodytes]]''|genus_authority=[[Lorenz Oken|Oken]], 1816|genus='''''Pan'''''|subtribus='''Panina'''|subfamilia=[[Homininae]]|status_system=IUCN|familia=[[Hominidae]]|ordo=[[Primata]]|classis=[[Mammal]]ia|phylum=[[Chordate|Chordata]]|regnum=[[Animalia]]|image_caption=Simpanse (''Pan troglodytes'')|image=Schimpanse Zoo Leipzig.jpg|name=Simpanse|subdivision=''Pan troglodytes''{{br}} ''[[Bonobo|Pan paniscus]]''}} '''Simpanse''', (Disingkek dalam Bahaso Inggirih, '''chimp'''), adolah namo umum untuak duo spesies nan masih iduik dari karo dalam [[genus]] '''''Pan'''''. Sungai Kongo mambantuak bateh habitat alamiah dari kaduo spesies iko:<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pan_troglodytes.html|title=ADW:Pan troglodytes:information|website=Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan Museum of Zoology)|access-date=2007-08-11}} </ref> * Simpanse Biaso, ''Pan troglodytes'' (Afrika Barat jo [[Republik Afrika Tangah|Afrika Tangah]]) * Bonobo, ''Pan paniscus'' (hutan [[Republik Demokratik Kongo|Republik Demokrasi Kongo]]) Simpanse adolah anggota dari keluarga Hominidae, basamo jo gorila, [[manusia]], jo orangutan. Simpanse tapisah jo manusia dalam ranting keluarga sakitar 4 - 6 juta tahun lalu. Duo spesies simpanse di ateh adolah sanak nan paliang dakek jo manusia, sadoalah nyo anggota dari suku Hominini (berikut jo spesies nan punah dari sub-suku Hominina). Simpanse satu-satunyo anggota nan diketahui dari sub-suku '''Panina'''. Kaduo spesies ''Pan'' tersebut tapisah sakitar 1 juta tahun nan lalu. == Sijarah sacaro evolusi == [[Berkas:Hominoid_taxonomy_7.svg|kiri|jmpl|Hubungan taksonomi dari Hominoidea]] Genus ''Pan'' dianggap marupoan bagian dari sub-keluarga Homininae nan dima [[manusia]] juo salah satu bagiannyo. Kaduo spesies iko adolah kerabat nan paliang dakek jo manusia sacaro evolusi nan masih iduik, mamiliki kasamoan nenek moyang jo manusia anam juta tahun nan lalu.<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0831a-nih.html|title=Chimps and Humans Very Similar at the DNA Level|publisher=News.mongabay.com|access-date=2009-06-06}}</ref> Panalitian dek Mary-Claire King tahun 1973 manamukan 99% kasamoan DNA antaro manusia jo simpanse, walaupun panalitian lain alah maralat hasilnyo manjadi 94% kasamoan, jo babarapo perbedaan tadapek dalam non-coding DNA. Alah diusuakan bahwa ''troglodytes'' jo ''paniscus'' basamo jo ''sapiens'' ado dalam genus ''Homo'', daripado dalam ''Pan''. Salah satu alasan manganai hal iko adolah spesies lain nan alah diklasifikasi baliak manjadi genus nan samo berdasarkan persamaan genetis seperti nan tadapek pado manusia jo simpanse. === Fosil === Kabanyakan fosil manusia alah ditamuan, tatapi fosil simpanse indak dijalehan sampai pado tahun 2005. Populasi simpanse nan ado kini di Afrika Barat jo Tangah indak berbenturan jo situs besar fosil manusia di Afrika Timur. Namun, fosil simpanse kini alah dilaporkan barasa dari [[Kenya]]. Hal iko manjalehan bahwa manusia jo anggota dari clade ''Pan'' barado di Rift Valley Afrika Timur salamo Pertengahan Pleistocene.<ref name="firstfossil"> {{Cite journal|title=First fossil chimpanzee|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-09-01_437_7055/page/105|last=McBrearty|first=S.|coauthors=N. G. Jablonski|journal=Nature|date=2005-09-01|volume=437|issue=7055|pages=105–8|pmid=16136135|doi=10.1038/nature04008}}</ref> == Anatomi dan fisiologi == [[Berkas:Man&chimpbrains.png|kiri|jmpl|Tengkorak dan otak manusia dan simpanse, diilustrasikan oleh Gervais' dalam ''Histoire naturelle des mammifères'']] Kabanyakan simpanse jantan mamiliki tinggi 1.7 m katiko sedang tagak, jo mamiliki barek 70&nbsp;kg; nan batino labiah ketek. Panjang tangan simpanse umumnyo, bilo dilebaan, mamiliki rentang satu satangah kali tinggi badan jo tangan simpanse labiah panjang dari kakinyo. Bonobo saketek pendek jo kuruih daripado kabanyakan simapanse tatapi mamiliki tungkai nan labiah panjang. Kaduo spesies manggunoan tangannyo nan panjang jo kuek untuak mamanjek pohon. Di tanah, simpanse biasonyo bajalan manggunoan kaampeknyo jo bantuan baku tangan jo kepalan tangan, sabuah bantuak tanago panggerak nan disabuik jo knuckle-walking. Kaki simpanse labiah cocok untuak bajalan dibandiangan orangutan karano talapak kaki simpanse labiah lueh jo jempol nan pendek. Simpanse biasa jo bonobo dapek bajalan tegak jo kaduo kaki nyo katiko mambaok barang jo kaduo tangannyo. Bonobo sacaro proporsional mamiliki tungkai nan labiah panjang jo condong bajalan tegak dibandiangan Simpanse Biaso. Kuliknyo labiah galok; wajah, tangan, talapak tangan jo kaki tidak berbulu; jo simpanse indak mamiliki ikua. Kaduo spesies mamiliki warna pado kulik lua muko, tangan jo kaki nan baragam dari merah jambu sampai bawarna galok, tatapi mamiliki warna labiah tarang katiko mudo, manjadi labiah galok katiko alah galak. Panalitian Universitas Chicago Medical Center manamuan perbedaan genetis nan signifikan antaro populasi simpanse.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gene study shows three distinct groups of chimpanzees|date=2007-04-20|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-04/uocm-gss042007.php|work=EurekAlert|access-date=2007-04-23|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192241/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-04/uocm-gss042007.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tonjolan batulang diateh mato maagiah tampilan mundur pado dahi, jo iduangnyo data. Walaupun jo muluik manonjol, bibianyo hanyo mandorong kamuko katiko simpanse mancibia. Utak simpanse satangah dari ukuran utak manusia. Testikel simpanse labiah gadang untuak ukuran badannyo, jo kombinasi barek sakitar 110 gram dibandiangan jo gorilla 28 gram atau manusia 43 g. Hal iko sacaro umum diatribusikan pado kompetisi sperma karano sifek poliandri alamiah pado parilaku perkawinan simpanse.<ref name="rat_behavior"> {{Cite web|url=http://www.ratbehavior.org/testicles.htm|title=Why are rat testicles so big?|date=2003-2004|access-date=1 September 2009}}</ref> Simpanse mancapai maso puberti pado umua antaro 8 jo 10 tahun, sarato jarang iduik malabihi umua 40 di alam lia, tatapi diketahui iduik sampai 60 tahun salamo panangkaran. === Neoteny === Nancy Lynn Barrickman dari Departemen Evolutionary Psycholoy di Universitas Duke maklaim panamuan Brian T.Shea jo analisis multivariat bahwa Bonobo labiah ''neotenized'' dibandiangan simpanse biaso, jo maliek fitur saparti panjang batang tubuh nan labiah proporsional daro pado Bonobo. == Arga Ema == [[Berkas:Bonobo_009.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Bonobo]] Perbedaan anatomi antaro Simpanse biaso jo Bonobo hanyo saketek, tatapi dalam seksual jo parilaku sosial mereka mamiliki perbedaan nan jaleh. Simpanse biaso mangkonsumsi sagalo macam makanan, mamiliki kultur berburu sacara bakalompok sasamo pajantan mudo nan dipimpin dek jantan alfa, jo hubuangan sosial nan kompleks bana. Bonobo, disisi lain, umumnyo pamakan buah jo egaliter, indak malakukan kekerasan, matriarki, sifek mengerti sacaro seksual.<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/vecase/Behavior/Spring2004/laird/Social%20Organization.htm|title=Bonobo social spacing|last=Courtney Laird|website=Davidson College|access-date=2008-03-10}}</ref> Bonobo diketahui acok malakukan seks, jo norma biseksualitas untuak jantan jo batino, sarato manggunoan seks untuak mambantu mancegah jo manyalasaian konflik. Grup simpanse nan babeda juo mamiliki kultur nan babeda dalam pamilihan tipe pakakeh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.janegoodall.com/chimp_central/chimpanzees/behavior/default.asp|title=Chimp Behavior|publisher=Jane Goodall Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045315/http://www.janegoodall.com/chimp_central/chimpanzees/behavior/default.asp|archive-date=2007-09-27|access-date=2007-08-11|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Simpanse condong maliekan tingkat agresi nan labiah tinggi daripado Bonobo. <ref> {{Cite book|chapter-url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lDP4TPccgC8C&pg=PA30&dq=chimpanzee+bonobo+aggresion&ei=aJbQSJbULIH-sQPwlOHbAw&sig=ACfU3U0LoKGF-b2Q8gMffVix_d1xsHxFDA#PPA31,M1|title=Our Inner Ape|chapter=Apes in the family|last=de Waal|first=F|author-link=Frans de Waal|isbn=1594481962|year=2006|publisher=Riverhead Books|location=New York}}</ref> === Struktur sosial === Simpanse iduik dalam kalompok sosial multi-jantan jo multi-batino nan gadang nan disabuik jo komunitas. Dalam sabuah komunitas tadapek hierarki sosial nan jaleh nan didiktekan dek posisi dari satu individu jo pengaruh dari individu tersebut bagi nan lain. Simpanse iduik dalam sabuah hierarki nan labiah ramping nan dima labiah dari satu individu bisa mandominasi anggota lain dari tingkek labiah randah. Biasonyo ado jantan nan labiah dominan nan dijuluki jo jantan Alfa. Jantan Alfa adolah jantan jo tingkek paliang tinggi nan maatur kalompok jo maagiah parintah salamo tajadi nyo pasalisiahan. Dalam masyarakat simpanse 'jantan dominan' indak musti nan jantan paliang gadang atau nan paliang kuek tatapi jantan nan labiah manipulatif jo politis nan dapek maagiah pangaruh taadok kajadian dalam suatu kalompok. Simpanse jantan biasonyo mandapekan dominasi lewat pangaruh sakutu nan nio manyadioan dukuangan bagi individu tersebut kironyo beko tadapek pasalisiahan kakuatan. Jantan alfa biasonyo maliekan sifek sombong untuak maningkekan kuaso supayo taliek menggertak jo kuek sadapek mungkin. Hal iko batujuan untuak maintimidasi anggota lain nan bausaho maambiak alih kuaso jo manjago autoritas, sarato paralu bana bagi jantan alfa batahan pado status nan dimilikinyo. Simpanse paringkek-randah akan maagiah raso hormat jo gestur patuah dalam bahaso tubuh atau menjuluaan tangannyo sambia mangaluaan bunyi dengkur. Simpanse batino maagiah raso hormat pado jantan alfa jo memperlihatkan saparampek bagian balakangnyo. Simpanse batino juo mamiliki hierarki nan dipangaruhi dek posisi si batino dalam suatu kalompok. Dalam babarapo komunitas simpanse, batino mudo bisa mawarisi status tinggi dari ibu nan baparingkek-tinggi. Batino-batino juo ka mambantuak sakutu untuak mandominasi batino tingkek-randah. Babeda jo jantan nan tujuan utamo dari status dominasinyo yoitu untuak mandapaekan hak akses perkawinan jo takadang dominasi kekerasan taadok bawahan, nan batino mamparoleh status dominasi untuak mandapekan sumber saparti makanan. Batino tingkek-tinggi biasonyo mandapek akses patamo taadok sumber. Sacaro umum, kaduo kelamin mainginkan status dominan untuak maningkekan kadudukan sosial dalam suatu kalompok. Terkadang batinolah nan memilih jantan alfa. Bagi simpanse jantan supayo dapek status alfa, inyo musti mamparoleh panarimoan dari batino-batino dalam suatu komunitas. Batino-batino msuti mayakinkan bahwa kalompoknyo musti mamparoleh pasokan makanan nan cukuik. Dalam babarapo kasus, kalompok batino dominan akan mausia jantan alfa nan indak sasuai jo pilihan inyo jo ka mambantu jantan lain nan mereka liek bapotensi mamimpin kalompok sabagai jantan alfa nan sukses. === Inteligensi === [[Berkas:1911_EB_Chimpanzee_Brain.png|ka|jmpl|250x250px|Diagram dari otak. Pemetaan grup utama dari foci dalam ruang motor pada Simpanse]] Simpanse mambuek pakakeh jo manggunoannyo untuak mandapekan makan jo dipertontonkan; mereka mamiliki strategi baburu nan canggih nan mambutuahkan karajosamo, influensi jo tingkatan; inyo mamiliki status, manipulatif jo mampu mangicuah; inyo mampu baraja manggunoan simbol jo mamahami aspek dari bahaso manusia tamasuak beberapa sintaks relasi, konsep dari angko jo urutan numerik;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~origins/teach/A105/lectures/A105L12.html|title=Chimpanzee intelligence|date=2000-02-23|publisher=[[Indiana University]]|access-date=2008-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917161331/http://www.indiana.edu/~origins/teach/A105/lectures/A105L12.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> sarato inyo bisa mambuek perencanaan spontan untuak kaadaan atau kajadian pado masa depan. ==== Panggunoan pakakeh ==== Salah satu panamuan nan penting adolah pado Oktober 1960 katiko Jane Goodall maobservasi panggunoan pakakeh di antaro simpanse. Panalitian nan paliang baru mengindikasikan bahwa panggunoan pakakeh batu pado simpanse tajadi sakitar 4.300 tahun lalu. Panggunoan pakakeh pado simpanse tamasuak manggali sarang rayap manggunoan pakakeh sabuah tungkek kayu gadang, jo manggunoan tungkek kayu ketek untuak mamanciang rayap kalua.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/1006_041006_chimps.html|title=Chimps Shown Using Not Just a Tool but a "Tool Kit"|last=Bijal T.|date=2004-09-06|access-date=2010-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010065204/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/1006_041006_chimps.html|archive-date=2004-10-10|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Panalitian nan paliang baru maungkap panggunoan pakakeh labiah canggih saparti galah, di mana Simpanse di Senegall maasah galah jo giginyo nan digunoan untuak manusuak Senegal Bushbaby lewat lubang ketek di pohon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070222/sc_nm/chimps_hunting_dc|title=Hunting chimps may change view of human evolution|last=Fox, M.|date=2007-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224115149/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070222/sc_nm/chimps_hunting_dc|archive-date=2007-02-24|access-date=2007-02-22|dead-url=no}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iastate.edu/~nscentral/news/2007/feb/chimpstools.shtml|title=ISU anthropologist's study is first to report chimps hunting with tools|date=2007-02-22|publisher=Iowa State University News Service|access-date=2007-08-11|archive-date=2007-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816143403/http://www.iastate.edu/%7Enscentral/news/2007/feb/chimpstools.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sabalun panamuan panggunoan pakakeh pado simpanse, inyo dipicayo bahwa manusia satu-satunyo spesies nan mambuek jo manggunoan pakakeh, tetapi babarapo spesies pangguno-pakakeh lainnyo kini ko alah diketahui.<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/animals/070212_chimp_tools.html|title=Chimps Learned Tool Use Long Ago Without Human Help|last=Whipps|first=Heather|date=2007-02-12|publisher=LiveScience|access-date=2007-08-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://janegoodall.net/chimp_central/chimpanzees/gombe/tool.asp|title=Tool Use|publisher=Jane Goodall Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520045747/http://www.janegoodall.net/chimp_central/chimpanzees/gombe/tool.asp|archive-date=2007-05-20|access-date=2007-08-11|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==== Pembuatan-sarang ==== Pambuatan-sarang, takadang dianggap sabagai panggunoan pakakeh, tacaliak pado simpanse nan mambangun sarang di pohon jo manyatuan dahan dari satu atau labiah pohon. Hal iko mambantuak bagian nan paliang penting dalam parilaku, tautamo dalam kasus katiko ibu nan maajaan parlilaku iko ka anaknyo. Sarang tadiri dari matras, didukuang dek fondasi nan kuek, jo dilapisi jo daun-daun nan lembut jo rantiang. Sarang dibuek dalam pohon jo diameter minimal 5 m nan talatak pado katinggian 3 – 5 m. Siang jo malam sarang dibuek. Sarang bisa tadapek dalam kalompok.<ref name="WranghamSciences1996"> {{Cite book|last=Wrangham|first=Richard W.|title=Chimpanzee cultures|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IzBIHPeE45IC&pg=PA115|access-date=2 July 2011|year=1996|publisher=Chicago Academy of Sciences, Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674116634|pages=115-125}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Kategori:Primata]] [[Kategori:Category:Simpanse]] [[Kategori:Category:Mamalia di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Category:Mamalia Afrika]] cn7tqu8lkisho3kzlgwujfa41p3r5bs Norodom Sihamoni 0 336225 3352801 3346240 2026-09-25T14:30:34Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty |name = Norodom Sihamoni |image = King Norodom Sihamoni (2019).jpg |caption = Sihamoni taun 2019 |succession = [[Rajo Kamboja]] |reign = 14 Oktober 2004 – kini |coronation = 29 Oktober 2004 |predecessor = [[Norodom Sihanouk]] |successor = |reg-type = {{nowrap|[[Pardana Manteri Kamboja|Pardana Mantari]]}} |regent = [[Hun Sen]] |house = [[Wangsa Norodom]] |father = [[Norodom Sihanouk]] |mother = [[Norodom Monineath]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|5|14}} |birth_place = [[Phnom Penh]], [[Kamboja Parancih|Kamboja]] |death_date = |death_place = |religion = [[Theravada|Buddha Theravada]] |module = {{Infobox person |child=yes |website = http://norodomsihamoni.org/en }} |signature=Norodom Sihamoni signature.jpg}} '''Norodom Sihamoni''' (Khmer: នរោត្តម សីហ មុនី; lahia 14 Mai 1953) adolah surang rajo [[Kamboja]] nan naiak tahta pado 14 Oktober 2004, saminggu satalah ayahnyo, [[Norodom Sihanouk]] turun tahta.<ref>{{cite web|title=People and Society ::Cambodia|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cb.html|access-date=2020-11-05|archive-date=2010-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229001224/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cb.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Inyo adolah anak tatuo Rajo Sihanouk jo Ratu [[Norodom Monineath]]. Inyo sabalunnyo adolah duta basa Kamboja untuak [[UNESCO]], nan kudian ditunjuak dek sambilan anggota dewan tahta untuak manjadi rajo barikuiknyo satalah ayahnyo Norodom Sihanouk turun tahta pado taun 2004. Di maso mudonyo, Sihamoni dididiak di [[Cekoslowakia]] jo tanamo dalam pakarajoannyo sabagai duta budaya Kamboja di Eropa sarato sabagai instruktur tari klasik. Inyo indak manikah.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=The Real Danger of Cambodia’s ‘Gay King’ Episode|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/the-real-danger-of-cambodias-gay-king-episode/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> == Maso mudo == Namo Sihamoni adolah gabuangan dari namo ayah jo mandenyo, Sihanouk jo Monineath. Namo asali mandenyo Monique Izzi, inyo katurunan campuran [[Korsika]] jo [[Urang Khmer|Khmer]], sarato mantan pamanang patamo kontes kacantikan nasional taun 1951.<ref>"The First Lady of the Kingdom"; ''The Royal House of Cambodia'' by Julio A. Jeldres, 2003 {{oclc|54003889}}</ref> Salain itu, Ratu Monineath adolah cucu tiri Pangeran Norodom Duongchak, sarato anak dari Putri Pomme Peang jo suami kaduonyo Jean-François Izzi, surang bankir asa Korsika.<ref>[http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/king.biography.html King's biography] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427112429/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/king.biography.html |date=27 April 2008 }}</ref> == Pandidiakan == Sabagian gadang maso mudonyo dihabihan di lua [[Kamboja]]. Pado taun 1962, Sihamoni mudo dikirim dek ayahnyo ka Praha, nan daulu Cekoslowakia. Dek karano lamonyo samaso mudo baraja di Praha, rajo iko lanca [[Bahaso Ceko|babahaso Ceko]]. Sabuah filem nan disutradaroi dek Vladimir Sís dibuek tantang pangeran ko samaso Praha pado taun 1967, nan bajudua "Pangeran Ketek Lainnyo" (''Jiný malý princ'').<ref>http://www.csfd.cz/film/292603-jiny-maly-princ/komentare/ Movie "The Other Little Prince"</ref> Satalah luluih pado taun 1975, inyo maninggakan Praha jo baraja pambuekan filem di [[Korea Utara]], jo pado taun 1977 inyo baliak ka Kamboja.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tresbohemes.com/2017/05/monarch-world-speaks-czech-fluently/|title=The Only Monarch In The World Who Speaks Czech Fluently {{!}} Tres Bohemes|date=2017-05-02|website=Everything Czech {{!}} by Tres Bohemes|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-24|archive-date=2020-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627064032/http://www.tresbohemes.com/2017/05/monarch-world-speaks-czech-fluently/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pamarentah [[Khmer Sirah]] babaliak malawan karajaan, jo sacapeknyo manampekan kaluargo karajaan tamasuak Sihamoni dalam tahanan rumah, sampai invasi Vietnam taun 1979. Pado taun 1981 inyo pindah ka [[Parancih]] untuak mangaja balet, jo kudian manjadi presiden Asosiasi Tari Khmer. Inyo tingga di Parancih salamo ampia 20 taun, jo sacaro taratua bakunjuang ka Praha. Inyo sabalunnyo sampek ditunjuak untuak jadi duta basa Kamboja untuak Parancih, namun inyo manulak.<ref>[[The Weekend Australian]], 16–17 October 2004</ref> Norodom Sihamoni adolah satu-satunya rajo nan bakuaso di dunia nan lanca babahaso Ceko,<ref>[http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/king-sihamoni-of-cambodia-receives-warm-welcome-in-prague King Sihamoni of Cambodia receives warm welcome in Prague] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231120656/http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/king-sihamoni-of-cambodia-receives-warm-welcome-in-prague |date=2017-12-31 }}, [[Radio Prague]], 20 September 2006</ref> salain bahaso ibunyo [[bahaso Khmer]]. Inyo pandai pulo [[Bahaso Parancih|babahaso Parancih]], jo manguasoi tingkek pacakapan [[bahaso Inggirih]] jo [[Bahaso Rusia|Rusia]]. == Naiak tahta == Inyo sacaro rasmi baangkek manjadi rajo pado tanggal 29 Oktober 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3964277.stm|title=In Pictures: King Sihamoni's coronation|date=29 October 2004|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> Rajo Sihamoni jo kaduo urang gaeknyo, Ayah Rajo Norodom Sihanouk jo Ibu Suri Norodom Monineath, sacaro kusuih mintak supayo acaro baralek rajo indak balansuang mewah karano mareka indak mau nagara nan miskin tu mangaluakan banyak pitiah untuak alek tasabuik. Pado 29 Oktober 2014, diadoan alek untuak marayokan paringatan 10 taun panobatannyo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/10-years-into-reign-of-king-sihamoni-a-changed-palace-71176/|work=[[The Cambodia Daily]]|title=10 Years into Sihamoni's Reign, A Changed Palace|date=29 October 2014|accessdate=29 October 2014|first=Alex|last=Willemyns|archive-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029072453/http://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/10-years-into-reign-of-king-sihamoni-a-changed-palace-71176/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sihamoni indak manikah jo indak mampunyoi anak. Ayahnya Norodom Sihanouk manyatoan bahaso Sihamoni "mancintai urang padusi sarupo sanak padusinyo surang", jo Sihamoni manyatoan dirinyo indak gay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/the-real-danger-of-cambodias-gay-king-episode/|title=The Real Danger of Cambodia’s ‘Gay King’ Episode|last=Hutt|first=David|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-24}}</ref> == Kritik == Di Kamboja indak ado ukum ''[[lèse-majesté]]'' (panghinaan kapado rajo) sampai baru-baru iko sajo. Pado bulan Pebruari 2018, Majelis Nasional Kamboja mangaluaan undang-undang baru nan manyatoan bahaso maino rajo marupoan palanggaran ukum.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/cambodia-passes-lese-majeste-law |title=archive copy |access-date=2020-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025754/https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/cambodia-passes-lese-majeste-law |archive-date=2020-11-09 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> Babarapo tokoh oposisi Kamboja mangkritik sikap pasatujuan rajo, karano inyo dianggap talalu lunak taradok pamarentahan otoriter [[Hun Sen]] salamo puluahan taun di karajaan ko.<ref>http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43209362/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/t/cambodias-king-prisoner-his-palace/#.Ww6NEDSFPIU</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/asia/2012/11/17/tenth-out-of-ten</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Politikus Asia]] [[Kategori:Kamboja]] [[Kategori:Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2020]] sjxi0z4zal7tneysh0auj34p4lc194z Taman Nasional Puerto Princesa 0 336240 3352835 3162830 2026-09-25T20:03:42Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Puerto Princesa | alt_name = | iucn_category = II | photo = Puerto Princesa Underground River.jpg | photo_alt = | photo_caption = Jalan masuak ka Sungai Bawah Tanah Taman Nasional Puerto Princesa | photo_width = 240 | map = | relief = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_width = | location = [[Palawan]], [[Filipina]] | nearest_city = [[Kota Puerto Princesa|Puerto Princesa]], [[Filipina]] | embedded1 = {{designation list | embed=yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_date = 1999 <small>(sesi ke-23)</small> | designation1_type = Alam | designation1_criteria = vii, x | designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/652 652] | designation1_free1name = Negara | designation1_free1value = [[Filipina]] | designation1_free2name = Kawasan | designation1_free2value = [[Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia di Asia dan Oseania|Asia Pasifik]] }} | lat_d = | lat_m = | lat_s = | lat_NS = | long_d = | long_m = | long_s = | long_EW = | coords = | coords_ref = | region = | area = {{convert|22202|ha}} | established = 12 November 1999 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = Departemen Lingkungan Hidup jo Sumber Daya Alam<br>[[Kota Puerto Princesa]] | url = }} '''Taman Nasional Puerto Princesa''' adolah sabuah kawasan nan dilinduangi nan bajarak 80 kilometer di sebelah utara [[Kota Puerto Princesa]], [[Palawan]], [[Filipina]]. Taman nasional iko barado di Pagunuangan Saint Paul, di pasisia barat pulau iko, babatehan jo Taluak St. Paul di subalah utara jo batang aia Babuyan di subalah timur. Pamarintah Kota Puerto Princesa alah mangelola taman nasional iko sajak tahun 1992. Di kawasan taman nasional ko tadapek pulo sungai nan mangalia di dalam sabuah guo atau disabuik juo jo sungai bawah tanah. Jalan masuak ka sungai bawah tanah iko dapek ditampuh jo mendaki bukik atau dapek juo jo jalur lauik jo manggunoan parahu dari Sabang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.detik.com/international-destination/d-4794851/jelajahi-uniknya-sungai-bawah-tanah-puerto-princesa-filipina|title=Jelajahi Uniknya Sungai Bawah Tanah Puerto Princesa Filipina|last=Cinti|first=Putu Intan Raka|website=detikTravel|language=id|access-date=2020-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/gaya/eksotisme-taman-nasional-puerto-princesa-di-filipina.html|title=Eksotisme taman nasional Puerto Princesa di Filipina|website=merdeka.com|language=en|access-date=2020-11-08}}</ref> == Sijarah == Pado tahun 2010, sakalompok aktivis lingkuangan jo ahli geologi manamuan bahwasanyo sungai bawah tanah iko mampunyoi lantai dua, nan manunjuakan bahwasanyo tadapek aia tajun ketek di dalam guo. Para aktivis jo ahli ko manamuan pulo kubah guo saluweh 300 meter di ateh sungai bawah tanah ko. Daerah nan labiah dalam dari sungai bawah tanah iko hampia mustahil untuak dieksplorasi karano randahnyo kadar oksigennyo. Pado 11 November 2011, Sungai Bawah Tanah Puerto Princesa tapiliah sabagai salah ciek [[New7Wonders of Nature|''New7Wonders of Nature'']], basamo-samo jo [[Hutan Amazon]], [[Taluak Ha Long]], [[Aia tajun Iguazu]], [[Pulau Jeju]], [[Pulau Komodo]], jo [[Gununag Meja]]. Hasia pamilihan iko dikonfirmasi sacaro resmi pado 28 Januari 2012.<ref name=N7WN>[http://www.vote7.com/n7w/nature Voting procedure for the New7Wonders of Nature] at vote7.com</ref><ref name="test">{{cite news|url= http://www.puerto-undergroundriver.com/|publisher= Puerto Princesa Underground River|title= UR Declared As Official Finalist to the Search for the New 7 Wonders of Nature|date= 17 November 2011|accessdate= 8 November 2020}}</ref> == Bantangan alam == Taman nasional iko mampunyoi pamandangan pagunuangan kapua. Guo Sungai Bawah Tanah St. Pauls punyo panjang labih dari 24 km, tamasuk 8,2 km bagian dari Sungai Cabayugan. Angin sungai masuk malalui guo sabalum mangalia langsung ka [[Laut Tiongkok Selatan|Laut Filipina Barat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.ph/2012/09/05/administrative-order-no-29-s-2012/|title=Administrative Order No. 29, s. 2012|work=www.gov.ph}}</ref> Bagian dalam guo iko maliputi formasi batuan [[stalaktit]] jo [[stalagmit]] nan baukuran gadang, sarato babarapo ruangan laweh, salah cieknyo marupoan ruangan guo paliang gadang di dunia.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/Philippines/Palawan/PuertoPrincesaSubterranean.htm| title= Puerto Princesa Subterranean River| publisher= Wondermondo| access-date= 2020-11-08| archive-date= 2018-06-05| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180605173039/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/Philippines/Palawan/PuertoPrincesaSubterranean.htm| dead-url= yes}}</ref> Hinggo tahun 2007, katiko panamuan sungai bawah tanah di [[Semenanjung Yukatan]], [[Meksiko]], Puerto Princesa tanamo juo sabagai sungai bawah tanah tapanjang di dunia. Daerah iko marupoan habitat untuak konservasi kaanekaragaman hayati. Situs iko barisi [[ekosistem]] nan cukuik baragam mulai dari gunuang hinggo lauik sarato mampunyoi babarapo hutan pantiang di Asia. Taman iko tadaftar sabagai Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO pado tanggal 4 Desember 1999.<ref name="ngs">{{cite web| url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070305-cave-river.html| title= World's Longest Underground River Discovered in Mexico, Divers Say| last= Roach| first= John| date= 5 March 2007| work= [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]| publisher= [[National Geographic Society]]| accessdate= 2020-11-08| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070311004403/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070305-cave-river.html| archive-date= 2007-03-11| dead-url= yes}}</ref> == Tumbuahan == Taman nasional iko mampunyoi babagai formasi hutan nan mawakili dalapan dari tigo baleh jinih hutan tropis nan ditamuan di Asia. Para paniliti alah mangidentifikasi labiah dari 800 spesies tanaman dari 300 generasi jo 100 famili. Seindaknyo 295 pohon didominasi dek spesies [[dipterocarpaceae]]. Di hutan dataran rendah, pohon-pohon gadang sarupo Dao (''Dracontomelon dao''), Ipil (''Intsia bijuga''), Dita (''Alstonia scholaris''), Amugis (''Koordersiodendron pinnatum''), jo Apitong (''Dipterocarpus gracilis'') marupoan spesies nan umum. Tadapek pulo spesies hutan pantai diantaronyo Bitaog (''Calophyllum inophyllum''), ''Pongamia pinnata'', jo ''Erynthia orientalis''. Spesies tanaman lainnyo tamasuk Almaciga (''Agathis philippinensis''), Kamagong (''Diospyros pulganensis''), [[Pandan]] (''Pandanus'' sp.), Anibong, jo [[Rotan]] (''Calamus'' sp.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/652/|title=Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2020-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://puertoprincesa.ph/?q=about-our-city/puerto-princesa-city-profile|title=Puerto Princesa City Profile {{!}} City Government of Puerto Princesa|website=puertoprincesa.ph|access-date=2020-11-08}}</ref> == Binatang == Buruang marupoan kalompok binatang vertebrata tabanyak nan ado di taman nasional iko. Dari 252 jinih buruang nan iduik di Palawan, 165 spesies tacatat di taman iko. Spesies pantiang nan dapek ditamuan di taman nasional iko adolah [[betet-kelapa filipina]], [[beo]], rangkong palawan (''Anthracoceros marchei''), jo [[elang-laut dada-putih]]. Tadapek pulo 30 spesies mamalia nan alah tacatat.<ref name=Madulid98>Madulid, 1998</ref> Binatang nan paliang acok diamati dari kanopi hutan dan di sapanjang garih pantai katiko aia suruik adolah [[monyet kra|monyet ikua panjang]], satu-satunyo primata nan ditamuan di daerah iko. Spesies mamalia lain di taman nasional iko adolah babi hutan, [[binturung]], pantot jo landak palawan. 19 spesies reptil alah diidentifikasi, salapan diantaranyo adolah spesies endemik. Spesies umum di daerah iko maliputi predator gadang sarupo kadal monitor (''Varanus salvator'') jo kadal jambul hijau (''Bronchocoela cristatella''). Salah ciek spesies endemik di Palawan, ''Barbourula busuangensis'', dapek dicaliak pulo di daerah iko.<ref name=Madulid98 /> == Referensi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Filipina]] [[Kategori:Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2020]] ij5liihrhu2n4dokqgsjvuv7si7oje9 Rudolf Caracciola 0 336374 3352824 3346259 2026-09-25T18:13:51Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352824 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rudolf Caracciola''' atau '''Otto Wilhem Rudolf Caracciola''' marupoan saurang pambalap oto pasca-era parang dunia patamo nan lahia di [[Remagen]], [[Jerman]], pado tanggal 30 Januari 1901. Baliau pernah manang tigo kali di [[European Championship]] taun 1935, 1937 jo 1938 (ajang balap nan sarupo jo [[Grand Prix Formula One]]) mamakai oto Mercedes-Benz W25, W125, jo W154. Di [[European Hillclimb Championship]] (1930-1932) baliau manang pulo tigo kali mamakai oto Mercedes-Benz SSK jo Alfa Romeo P3 nan mambuek baliau manjadi pambalap asing patamo nan manang di balapan [[Mille Miglia]] di [[Italia]]. Baliau maningga dek panyakik [[kanker]] di umua 58 taun pado tanggal 28 September 1959 di Kassel, Jerman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://database.motorsportmagazine.com/database/drivers/rudolf-caracciola|title=Rudolf Caracciola {{!}} Motor Sport Magazine Database|date=2017-06-12|website=Motor Sport Magazine|language=en|access-date=2020-12-01}}</ref> Rudolf Caracciola dikana pulo jo julukan ''The Regenmeister'' atau (''Rainmaster'')<ref name=":0" /> atau ''King of the Rain''<ref name=":1" />, julukan tu bamakna pambalap nan ahli mambaok oto katiko hari sadang hujan. Julukan King of the Rain tu patamo kali didapekan dek baliau katiko manang di [[Grand Prix Jerman]] sirkuit Avus nan sirkuitnyo taganang dek aia hujan. Baliau mamacik rekor pambalap nan kecepatannyo 433 kilometer/jam (268.9&nbsp;mph) pado tanggal 28 Januari 1938 di Frankfurt manuju Darmstad manggunoan oto Mercedes W125 Rekordwagen.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rudolfcaracciola.org/|title=rudolfcaracciola.org|last=Comunicazione|first=Paolo Spalluto|date=|website=rudolfcaracciola.org|publisher=|language=en|access-date=2020-12-01|archive-date=2023-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326224339/http://rudolfcaracciola.org/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/117001-the-bleacher-report-formula-one-grand-prix-hall-of-fame|title=The Bleacher Report Grand Prix Hall of Fame: Rudolf Caracciola by Billy Sexton|last=Fame|first=Formula One Hall of|website=Bleacher Report|language=en|access-date=2020-12-01}}</ref> Kamanangan baliau patamo kali tajadi pado taun 1926 di Grand Prix Jerman di sirkuit Avus ([[Berlin]]) nan ditonton dek 230 ribu panonton, baliau mamakai oto Mercedes M128.<ref name=":0" /> == Riwayaik iduik == Rudolf Caracciola adolah anak kaampek dari [[Maximilian Caracciola]] jo [[Mathilde Caracciola]]. Baliau mandapek Surek Izin Mengemudi di umua ka 15 taun jo oto patamonyo yaitu Mercedes 16/45. Baliau baminat manjadi pamabalap dek pangalaman patamnonyo mambaok oto Mercedes 16/45 samaso parang dunia patamo.<ref name=":1" /> Sasudah parang dunia patamo, baliau bakarajo sabagai panjua oto (''salesman''), di Pabrik Oto [[Fafnir]] (mamproduksi oto antaro taun 1908-1926), di [[Aachen]], pado taun 1919 sarato mlai mambalap untuak mampromosian oto tu jo balap onda NSU. Pado taun 1922, baliau ikuik sato dalam balap oto Avus jo dapek paringkek kaampek sarato manjadi juara balap oto di [[Opelbah]], [[Russelsheim]]. Sataun kudian, baliau patamo kali manang di balao oto katiko baumua 22 taun.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandprixhistory.org/cara_bio.htm|title=Rudolf Caracciola - Biography|website=www.grandprixhistory.org|access-date=2020-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817055548/https://grandprixhistory.org/cara_bio.htm|archive-date=2021-08-17|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Baliau pindah dari Aachen ka [[Dresden]] dek manghantam tantara [[Belgia]] di klub malam. Pado taun 1923, baliau karajo di Daimler-Benz di Dresden sabagai ''salesman'' jo dibuliahan ikuik balapan di akhia pakan jikok jaraknyo indak jauah dari kantua Dresden. Baliau manang di lomba ADAC Berlin (Klub Oto Prinsipal Jerman) nan mambaok oto Ego.<ref name=":2" /> Sasudah mayakinan General Manager Daimler untuak maminjaman baliau oto balap di pabriknyo, Rudolf Caracciola ikuik sato di balap oto Grand Prix Jerman ateh namo dirinyo surang pado taun 1926. Wakatu tu baliau mambaok oto Mercedes M72/94 jo manang di balapan tu, baliau dapek hadiah 17.000 DM nan digunoannyo untuak modal manikah jo [[Charlotte Liesen]].<ref name=":2" /> Rudolf Caracciola manikah sabanyak duo kali, nan patamo jo Charlotte Liesen pado taun 1926 (istrinyo maningga taun 1934 dek kecelakaan ski), nan kaduo jo [[Alice Hoffman-Trobeck]] pado tanggal 19 Juni 1937. Alice Hoffman-Trobeck adolah jando dari Alfred Hoffman, industriawan Swiss jo pamilik karajaan farmasi [[Hoffman-LaRoche]], nan bacarai dek jo pambalap Louis Chiron.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grandprixhistory.org/people.htm|title=The People|last=|first=|date=|website=Grand Prix History|access-date=5 Januari 2020}}</ref> Rudolf Caracciola manang baliak di balap oto pado taun 1928 ([[Nürburgring]]) jo di [[Grand Prix Monako|GP Monaco]] sataun kudian mambaok oto Mercedes-Benz SSK. Kamenangan Tourist Trophy [[Irlandia]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Biography-Rudolf-Caracciola-1901---1959.xhtml?oid=9914200|title=Biography: Rudolf Caracciola (1901 - 1959)|website=marsMediaSite|language=en|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-date=2021-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908230337/https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Biography-Rudolf-Caracciola-1901---1959.xhtml?oid=9914200|dead-url=yes}}</ref> nan didapek baliau di Ulster Ards marupoan kamanangan lua nagari patamo baliau di arena nan basah, baliau dapek mancapai kecepatan 117,2&nbsp;km/jam.<ref name=":2" /> Pado taun 1930 jo 1931, baliau mandapekan juara European Hillclimb Championship untuak kelas oto sport jo balapan Mille Miglia, nan manjadi pambalap asiang patamo nan manang di ajang balap Italia, rekor kecepatan baliau rato-rato 101.1 kilometer/jam. Dek manurunnyo kondisi finansial Rudolf, baliau katiko itu manjadi pakarajo paruah wakatu dek indak mandapek dukungan resmi lai dari pabrik untuak balap oto.<ref name=":1" /> Salanjuiknyo baliau mambali oto dari siso tabungannyo inggo manang di Grand Prix Irish pado taun 1930.<ref name=":2" /> Sataun kudian, Rudolf Caracciola pindah ka tim Alfa Romeo jo manjadi pamanang di Europen Hillclimb Championship baliak, nan katiko itu baliau mancat otonyo manjadi rono putiah. Di taun nan samo, baliau muncua sabagai juara untuak katigo kalinyo di Grand Prix Jerman. Pado taun 1933, baliau basamo [[Luis Chiron]] mambuek Team CC nan manggunoan oto Alfas 8C. Namun kecelakaan di [[Monaco]] mambuek kaki kanan baliau labiah pendek 5 sentimeter dari kaki kidanyo, sahinggo baliau indak dapek malanjuikan siso musim balapnyo.<ref name=":1" /> Pado taun 1934, Rudolf Caracciola mambalap baliak mambaok oto Mercedes. Namun, pado bulan Februari, istrinyo maningga dek longsoran salju di Arosa. Dek kamatian istrinyo, baliau depresi. Sahabatnyo Alice "Baby" Hoffmann manolong baliau untuak bangkik inggo dapek manjuarai balap baliak di Grand Prix Italia.<ref name=":2" /> Pado taun 1935, baliau manang di European Championship untuak patamo kalinyo mambaok oto Mercedes Benz W25B jo mancetak rekor 311,985 kilometer/jam. Gala kaduonyo didapek katiko balap di Grand Prix Jerman pado taun 1937.<ref name=":1" /> Pado tanggal 28 Januari 1938, baiau mancetak rekor kecepatan barunyo yaitu 432,7 km/jam jo oto Mercedes W125 sarato manang di European Championship untuak katigo kalinyo. Pado taun 1939, baliau pindah samo istrinyo ka [[Castagnola]], di tapi Danau Lugano, [[Swiss]]. Pado taun 1946, baliau diundang ka Indianapolis 500 Miles, namun kecelakaan katiko mambaok Thorpe Special mambuek baliau koma. Salanjuiknyo pado taun 1952, baliau manarimo hadiah dari tim [[Monte Carlo Rally]]. Pado taun 1959, baliau maningga dunia dek kecelakaan di Bern katiko mambaok oto 300SL nan mambuek baliau baranti manjadi pambalap oto.<ref name=":1" /> == Pancapaian == Pado taun 1998, Rudolf Caracciola tapiliah masuak dalam daftar [[International Motorsports Hall of Fame]], sabuah apresiasi untuak pambalap nan alah pensiun minimal limo taun nan ditetapan dek voting 150 anggota panel dari media balap otomotif Amerika. International Motorsports Hall of Fame labiah banyak diisi dek pambalap nan barasa dari Amerika Serikat, walaupun ado pulo pambalap asiang takah Ayrton Senna.<ref name=":3" /> == Prestasi == Salamo 30 taun mambalap, Rudolf Caracciola manang labiah dari 225 kali balapan jo tigo kali juara European Driving Championship. Baliau manyumbang anam dari sambilan kamanangan Mercedes (total 14 seri Grand Prix) pado taun 1935.<ref name=":4" /> Pado musim balap taun 1937, baliau manang ampek dari limo sesi balap jo mambaok Mercedex Benz W125, tigo kali posisi poles, tigo kali juara I, ampek kali masuk podium, jo duo kali mancetak wakatu paliang capek.<ref name=":0" /> == Rekor == Rudolf Caraccola adolah pambalap nan paliang banyak mamacik rekor kamanangan di balapan khusus sirkuit Grand Prix Jerman. Baliau manang anam kali di Grand Prix Jerman, masiag-masiang pado taun 1926, 1928, 1931, 1932, 1937, dan 1937. Pado era Grand Prix Formula One, duo pambalap, yaitu Michael Schumacher (dari Jerman) jo Lewis Hamilton (dari Inggris) mamanangan ampekmkali balapan di Grand Prix Jerman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indosport.com/otomotif/20190726/5-fakta-jelang-gp-jerman-2019-balapan-berdarah-dan-rumah-mercede|title=5 Fakta Jelang GP Jerman 2019, Balapan ‘Berdarah’ dan Rumah Mercede|last=INDOSPORT.com|date=2019-07-26|website=INDOSPORT.com|language=en|access-date=2020-12-03}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Daftar Prestasi Kamanangan Rudolf Caracciola<ref name=":0" /> !No !Kompetisi Balap Oto !Taun !Sirkuit !Podium !Tim !Oto !Keterangan |- |1 |European Hillclimbing Champion | colspan="2" |1930 (sport cars) 1931 (sport cars) 1932 (racing cars) | | |Mercedes Benz Mercedes Benz Alfa Romeo |Kompetisi balap ko masih balangsuang inggo kini. Arena balapnyo adolah jalan umum nan ditutuik. Kategorinyo duo era 1930-an: oto balap jo oto sport |- | rowspan="16" |2 | rowspan="16" |European Champion | rowspan="7" |1935 |Grand Prix Monaco | | | |Mangalami karusakan valve |- |Grand Prix Perancis |Juara I |Daimler -Benz AG |Mercedes Benz W25B | |- |Grand Prix Belgia |Juara I |Daimler -Benz AG |Mercedes-Benz W25B | |- |Grand Prix Jerman |Juara III |Daimler -Benz AG |Mercedes-Benz W25B | |- |Grand Prix Swiss |Juara I |Daimler -Benz AG |Mercedes-Benz W25B |Manjadi pancetak wakatu paliang capek (waktu 2:44.4) |- |Grand Prix Italia | | | |Masalah transmisi |- |Grand Prix Spanyol |Juara I |Daimler -Benz AG |Mercedes-Benz W25B | |- | rowspan="5" |1937 |Grand Prix Belgia | | | |Indak ikuik sato |- |Grand Prix Jerman |Juara I |Daimler -Benz AG |Mercedes-Benz W125 | |- |Grand Prix Monaco |Juara II |Daimler -Benz AG |Mercedes-Benz W125 |Manjadi pancetak wakatu paliang capek (1:46.5) |- |Grand Prix Swiss |Juara I |Daimler -Benz AG |Mercedes-Benz W125 | |- |Grand Prix Italia |Juara I |Daimler -Benz AG |Mercedes-Benz W125 |Manjadi pancetak wakatu paliang capek (3:11) |- | rowspan="4" |1938 |Grand Prix Perancis |Juara II |Daimler -Benz AG |Mercedes-Benz W154 | |- |Grand Prix Jerman |Juara II |Daimler -Benz AG |Mercedes-Benz W154 | |- |Grand Prix Swiss |Juara I |Daimler -Benz AG |Mercedes-Benz W154 | |- |Grand Prix Italia |Juara III |Daimler -Benz AG |Mercedes-Benz W154 | |- |3 |Irish Grand Prix |1930 | | |Mercedes SSK | | |- |4 |AVUSrennen |1931 | | | | | |- |5 |Coppa Acerbo |1938 | | | |Mercedes-Benz W154 |Juara XIV Coppa Acerbo |- |6 |Coppa Ciano |1937 | | | |Mercedes-Benz W125 |XI Coppa Ciano (Gran Premio d'Italia) |- |7 |Grand Prix Belgia |1935 | | | | | |- |8 |Grand Prix Czechoslovakian |1937 |Masaryk Circuit | | |Mercedes-Benz W125 |Non-championship |- | rowspan="4" |9 | rowspan="4" |Eifelrennen |1927 | | | |Mobil Sport | |- |1931 | | | |Grand Prix | |- |1932 | | | |Grand Prix | |- |1935 | | | |Grand Prix | |- |10 |Grand Prix Perancis |1935 | | | | | |- | rowspan="3" |11 | rowspan="3" |Grand Prix Jerman |1926 |AVUS Berlin | | | | |- |1928 |Nürburgring Gesamtstrecke | | | | |- |1931, 1932, 1937, 1939 |Nürburgring Nordschleife | | | | |- |12 |Grand Prix Italia |1934, 1937 |Monza & Liverno | | | | |- |13 |Grand Prix Lemberg |1932 | | | | | |- |14 |Mille Miglia |1931 | | | |Mercedes-Benz SSKL | |- |15 |Grand Prix Monaco |1936 | | | | | |- |16 |Grand Prix Spanyol |1935 | | | | | |- |17 |Grand Prix Swiss |1935, 1937, 1938 | | | | | |- |18 |Grand Prix Tripoli |1935 | | | | | |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Musim Balap Championship Rudolf Caracciola<ref name=":2" /> !Musim !Namo lomba !Start !Poles !Podium !Juara !Posisi !Poin |- |1939 |European Championship Daimler-Benz |4 |0 |2 |1 | |0 |- |1938 |European Championship Daimler-Benz |4 |0 |4 |1 |1 |0 |- |1937 |European Championship Daimler-Benz |4 |3 |4 |3 |1 |0 |- |1937 |AAA National Championship Daimler-Benz |1 |1 |0 |0 | |0 |- |1936 |European Championship Daimler-Benz |3 |1 |1 |1 | |0 |- |1935 |European Championship Daimler-Benz |5 |1 |4 |3 |1 |0 |} == Rujuakan == <references /> [[Kategori:Pambalap]] rh6xltz3cbe7i88mot33ohrsff0i5hy Marriage Story 0 336563 3352793 2049946 2026-09-25T12:59:04Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|film 1992|Marriage Story (film 1992)}} {{Infobox film|name=Marriage Story|editing=[[Jennifer Lame]]|budget=$18 million<ref name="THR">{{cite web |title= Making of 'Marriage Story': How Noah Baumbach Crafted His "Love Story About Divorce" |url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/making-marriage-story-how-noah-baumbach-crafted-his-love-story-divorce-1250713 |last= Ford |first= Rebecca |website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date= November 5, 2019 |access-date= November 26, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191113003050/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/making-marriage-story-how-noah-baumbach-crafted-his-love-story-divorce-1250713 |archive-date= November 13, 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref>|language=English|country={{Plainlist| * United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Marriage Story - AFI Fest|url= https://fest.afi.com/2019/galas-2019/marriage-story/#elevent |website=[[American Film Institute]]|access-date=December 6, 2019 }}</ref> * United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |title= Marriage Story (2019) |url= https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5da78b62833cf |website= [[British Film Institute]] |access-date= January 13, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200113171354/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5da78b62833cf |archive-date= January 13, 2020 |url-status= live }}</ref> }}|runtime=137 minutes<!-- 136m 41s --><ref>{{cite web|title=Marriage Story BBFC|url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/marriage-story-2019|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=February 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205182342/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/marriage-story-2019|archive-date=February 5, 2020|dead-url=yes}}</ref>|released={{Film date|2019|8|29|[[76th Venice International Film Festival|Venice]]|2019|11|6|United States|2019|11|15|United Kingdom}}|distributor=[[Netflix]]|production_companies=[[Heyday Films]]|cinematography=[[Robbie Ryan (cinematographer)|Robbie Ryan]]|image|music=[[Randy Newman]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Randy Newman Scoring Noah Baumbach's Next Feature {{!}} Film Music Reporter |url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2019/07/17/randy-newman-scoring-noah-baumbachs-next-feature/ |website=Film Music Reporter |access-date=July 18, 2019 |date=July 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718033936/http://filmmusicreporter.com/2019/07/17/randy-newman-scoring-noah-baumbachs-next-feature/ |archive-date=July 18, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>|starring={{Plainlist| * [[Scarlett Johansson]] * [[Adam Driver]] * [[Laura Dern]] * [[Alan Alda]] * [[Ray Liotta]] * [[Julie Hagerty]] * [[Merritt Wever]] }}<!--PER POSTER BILLING BLOCK-->|writer=Noah Baumbach|producer={{Plainlist| * [[David Heyman]] * Noah Baumbach }}|director=[[Noah Baumbach]]|caption=Theatrical release poster|border=no|gross=$2.3 million<!--$2 million+$317,060--><ref name="IndieWireBO" /><ref name="BOM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt7653254/ |title=Marriage Story (2019) |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=January 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221211618/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt7653254/ |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} '''Marriage Story''' adolah film drama komedi nan tayang pado [[2019]]. Naskah dari film iko ditulih oleh [[Noah Baumbach]] dan sakaliguih manjadi sutradara. Noah Baumbach mambuek film iko dibantu jo [[David Heyman]]. Marriage story marupoan film nan mancaritoan tantang pasangan suami istri nan awalnyo tampak romantis dan saling melengkapi, tapi akhirnyo cerai. Film iko diparankan oleh [[Scarlett Johansson]], [[Adam Driver]], [[Laura Dern]], [[Alan Alda]], [[Ray Liotta]], [[Julie Hagerty]], dan [[Merrit Wever]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/80223779|title=Marriage Story {{!}} Netflix Official Site|website=www.netflix.com|language=en|access-date=2021-01-01}}</ref> Marriage Story patamo kali tayang di [[Venice Film Festival]] pado 29 [[Agustus 2019]] dan tayang sacaro streaming di Netflix pado 6 [[Desember]] 2019.<ref name=":0" /> == Daftar Pamaran == Daftar pamaran pado film Marriage Story adolah:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7653254/|title=Marriage Story (2019)|last=|first=|date=|website=imdb.com|publisher=imdb|access-date=1 Januari 2021}}</ref> * Adam Driver baparan sabagai Charlie Barber * Scarlett Johansson baparan sabagai Nicole Barber * Julia Greet baparan sabagai pangacara * [[Azhy Robertson]] baparan sabagai Henry Barber * [[Wallace Shawn]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[Matthew Maher]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[Eric Berryman]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[Mickey Sumner]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[David Turner]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[Gideon Glick]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[Jasmine Cephas Jones]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[Motell Gyn Foster]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[Raymond J. Lee]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[Mary Wiseman]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[Pete Simpson]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[Irene Choi]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[Matthew Shear]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[Becca Blackwell]] baparan sabagai aktor teater * [[Brooke Bloom]] baparan sabagai Mary Ann * [[Hannah Dunne]] baparan sabagai desainer * [[McKinley Belcher III]] baparan sabagai desainer pencahayaan * [[Roslyn Ruff]] baparan sabagai desainer kostum * [[Santiago Mallan]] baparan sabagai anak magang * [[Robert Smigel]] baparan sabagai penengah * [[Amanda Rovner]] baparan sabagai pengasuh bayi * [[Julie Hagerty]] baparan sabagai Sandra * [[Sarah Jones]] baparan sabagai produser acara TV * [[Carlos Jacott]] baparan sabagai produser acara TV * [[Dean Wareham]] baparan sabagai sinematografer * [[Bashir Salahuddin]] baparan sabagai direktur * [[Vinny Chhibber]] baparan sabagai efek visual pria * [[Mark O'Brien]] baparan sabagai Carter Mitchum * [[Ayden Mayeri]] baparan sabagai juru rias * [[Erin Evans]] baparan sabagai asisten lemari pakaian * [[Lucas Neff]] baparan sabagai Pablo * Laura Dern baparan sabagai Nora Fanshaw * [[Annie Hamilton]] baparan sabagai asisten Nora * [[Tunde Adebimpe]] baparan sabagai Sam * [[Jordyn Curet]] baparan sabagai Molly * [[Justin Claiborne]] baparan sabagai Jules * [[Merritt Wever]] baparan sabagai Cassie * Ray Liotta baparan sabagai Jay Marotta * [[Kyle Bornheimer]] baparan sabagai Ted *[[Pilar Holland]] baparan sabagai resepsionis hukum *Alan Alda baparan sabagai Bert Spitz *[[Emily Cass McDonnell]] baparan sabagai Nell *[[Andrew Steven Hernandez]] baparan sabagai urang nan batugeh di titik merah mudo *[[Amir Talai]] baparan sabagai Amir *[[Juan Alfonso]] baparan sabagai pasangan nan berdebat *[[Connie Marie Flores]] baparan sabagai pasangan nan berdebat *[[Jeremy Barber]] baparan sabagai pengacara *[[Rich Fulcher]] baparan sabagai hakim *[[Mary Hollis Inboden]] baparan sabagai rekan Nora *[[Martha Kelly]] baparan sabagai Nancy Katz *[[Peter Oliver]] baparan sabagai pangacara nan ado di jalanan * {{short description|2019 film by Noah Baumbach}}{{Use American English|date=November 2019}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2019}} == Rujuakan == hqt5g3hi8anqbk15x3v5ckv65cvl58a Urang rantau Minangkabau 0 336657 3352852 3348060 2026-09-25T21:58:59Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352852 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Urang rantau Minangkabau''' atau '''parantau Minangkabau''' (disabuik juo sabagai '''Diaspora Minang''') adolah panamoan untuak [[Urang Minangkabau|urang-urang Minangkabau]] nan hiduiknyo di parantauan atau di lua kampuang asanyo. Pado umumnyo kampuang asa urang rantau Minangkabau ko barado di sakitaran [[Dataran Tinggi Minangkabau|dataran tinggi Minangkabau]].<ref name="kompas.com1">[http://travel.kompas.com/read/2013/09/09/0746257/Jejak.Para.Perantau "Jejak Para Perantau"] ''[[Kompas.com]]'', 9 September 2013. Diakses 11 Februari 2021.</ref> Para parantau Minangkabau ko taseba di babagai [[wilayah]] di [[Indonesia]] sarato ado juo di lua nagari atau [[mancanegara]], sarupo di [[Malaysia]],<ref name="hidayatullah.com">[http://www.hidayatullah.com/berita/nasional/read/2014/11/23/33741/jalin-silaturahmi-perantau-minang-malaysia-pulang-basamo.html#.VLg4xtKUeEw "Jalin Silaturahmi, Perantau Minang Malaysia Pulang Basamo"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425095657/https://www.hidayatullah.com/berita/nasional/read/2014/11/23/33741/jalin-silaturahmi-perantau-minang-malaysia-pulang-basamo.html#.VLg4xtKUeEw |date=2019-04-25 }} ''Hidayatullah.com'', 23 November 2014. Diakses 11 Februari 2021.</ref> [[Singapura]],<ref name="liputan6.com">[http://m.liputan6.com/citizen6/read/2108453/singapura-tertarik-sistem-pendidikan-yayasan-di-tanah-datar "Singapura Tertarik Sistem Pendidikan Yayasan di Tanah Datar"] ''[[Liputan6.com]]'', 22-09-2014. Diakses 11-02-2021.</ref> [[Brunei]], [[Australia]],<ref name="tribunnews.com">[http://www.tribunnews.com/ramadan/2011/08/17/pebisnis-indonesia-sulap-gereja-di-melbourne-jadi-masjid "Pebisnis Indonesia Sulap Gereja di Melbourne Jadi Masjid"] ''[[Tribunnews.com]]'', 17 Agustus 2011. Diakses 11 Februari 2021.</ref> [[Eropah]],<ref name="hariansinggalang.co.id">[http://hariansinggalang.co.id/rancak-voice-akan-tampil-di-minangkabau-jazz/ "Rancak Voice akan Tampil di Minangkabau Jazz"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119065527/http://hariansinggalang.co.id/rancak-voice-akan-tampil-di-minangkabau-jazz/ |date=2015-01-19 }} ''[[Harian Singgalang|Singgalang]]'', 22 Oktober 2014. Diakses 11 Februari 2021.</ref> [[Amerika]], [[Timur Tengah]], dan lainnya.<ref name="antarasumbar.com">[http://www.antarasumbar.com/berita/provinsi/d/1/253656/perantau-minang-amerika-salurkan-bantuan-seragam-sekolah.html "Perantau Minang Amerika Salurkan Bantuan Seragam Sekolah"] ''[[Antara]]'', 30 Oktober 2012. Diakses 11 Februari 2021.</ref> [[Entitas]] parantau Minang marupoan [[masyarakat]] nan jumlahnyo dipakiroan samo kalaupun indak labiah banyak daripado urang Minang nan ado di tanah asalnya atau kampuang halaman, [[ranah Minang]]kabau.<ref name="niadilova">[http://niadilova.blogdetik.com/index.php/archives/917 "Perantau Minang"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829002908/http://niadilova.blogdetik.com/index.php/archives/917 |date=2013-08-29 }} ''[[Surya Suryadi]] - [[Harian Haluan|Haluan]]'', Rabu, 28 Maret 2012. Diakses 11 Februari 2021.</ref> Urang rantau Minangkabau manjalani kahidupan di [[Rantau|tanah rantau]] disababkan dek babarapo faktor, sarupo eksistensi diri, [[Matrilineal Minangkabau|adat matrilineal]], [[parang]], dan faktor [[ekonomi]],<ref name="niadilova"/> sarato baragam [[motivasi]], yaitunyo mancari kakayoan, ilimu pangatahuan, jo kamasyhuran.<ref name="Adat Minangkabau dan Merantau">Kato, Tsuyoshi (2005). [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=jC0xxehrArQC&pg=PR4&lpg=PR4&dq=Adat+Minangkabau+%26+Merantau+-+Tsuyoshi+Kato&source=bl&ots=6bnS1yEoP1&sig=WsSft4AiB1nZ8bbo9NfkywS210c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Luy-VOLMKYWY8QWym4HgCw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Adat%20Minangkabau%20%26%20Merantau%20-%20Tsuyoshi%20Kato&f=false "Adat Minangkabau dan Merantau dalam Perspektif Sejarah"] ''[[Balai Pustaka]]''. ISBN 979-690-360-1.</ref> == Sijarah == Para parantau Minang nan tadahulu alah maninggaan tanah pusakonyo samanjak barabaik-abaik nan lalu, dan katurunannyo alah manjadi [[warga]] [[masyarakaik]] nan babeda jo masyarakaik [[Minangkabau]] pado maso kini. Samintaro para 'parantau Minang baru' masih punyo hubungan dakek jo hubungan taikek atau [[emosional]] jo [[Budaya Minangkabau|budaya]] sarato jo tanah kalahirannyo.<ref name="niadilova"/> [[:wikiquote:id:Peribahasa Minang|Peribahasa Minang]] nan babunyi ''Karantau madang di hulu, babuah babungo balum. Ka rantau bujang dahulu, di rumah baguno balum'' atau ''Daripado malu pulang ka kampuang, labiah rancak rantau dipajauah'', mambuek banyak parantau Minang nan indak pernah pulang lai ka kampuang halamannyo, walaupun rindu dendam kapado ''[[Bundo Kanduang|ranah bundo]]'' jo sagalo isinyo bakacamuak saakan indak kasampaian untuk pulang ka kampuang halaman.<ref name="niadilova"/> === Maso lalu === Pado maso kiniko dipakiroan labiah dari satangah [[populasi]] urang Minangkabau hiduik jo bakambang di wilayah parantauan baiak itu di Indonesia maupun di lua nagari atau mancanegara. Pakiroan tasabuik indak tamasuak kapado katurunan parantau Minang nan alah pai marantau jo bakambang samanjak sakurang-kurangnyo 1000 tahun nan lalu di babagai wilayah di nusantara atau bahkan dunia pado maso modern kiniko. Banyak di antaro katurunan parantau Minang alah ba''transformasi'' manjadi urang "Minang Baru" atau bahkan suku-suku baru sarupo [[Aneuk Jamee]] di pantai barat [[Aceh]], [[Suku Pesisir]] di pantai barat [[Sumatra Utara]], masyarakat [[Negeri Sembilan]], di [[Semenanjung Malaya]], dan namo lainnyo nan tadapek di wilayah-wilayah lain nan alah lamo bana taputuih tali sijarah jo pasaudaraannyo jo [[Minangkabau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://society.fisip.ubb.ac.id/index.php/society|title=Society|last=Cipta|first=Hendra|date=2019|website=|publisher=Society|page=254|language=en-US|access-date=2021-02-11|archive-date=2021-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117002729/https://society.fisip.ubb.ac.id/index.php/society|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Legenda]] jo [[mitos]] sarato ingatan kolektif atau [[tradisi lisan]] nan ado di babagai kalompok masyarakaik tatantu di [[Nusantara]] mancaritoan tentang [[nenek moyang]] mereka nan barasa dari Minangkabau sajak barabaik-abaik nan lalu. Babarapo kalompok masyarakaik nan alah tacatat dalam sijarah, di antaronyo komunitas tatantu di [[Meulaboh]] jo [[Tapak Tuan]] ([[Aceh Barat|Aceh bagian barat]]), komunitas tatantu di [[Tanah Karo]] ([[Sumatra Utara]]), [[Siak Sri Indrapura]] jo Muara Takus ([[Riau]]), [[Pangkalan Jambu, Merangin|Pangkalan Jambu]] jo [[Tungkal Ulu, Tanjung Jabung Barat|Tungkal Ulu]] ([[Jambi]]), komunitas tatantu di [[Rejang]] ([[Bengkulu]]), [[Sekala Brak]] jo Paminggir ([[Lampung]]),<ref name="Adat Minangkabau dan Merantau"/> sarato Negeri Sembilan Malaysia nan populasinyo cukuik gadang sahinggo kamudian manjelma manjadi sabuah karajaan, komunitas di [[Sulu]] ([[Filipina|Filipina Selatan]]), komunitas di [[Sulawesi Selatan]], [[Kutai]], jo [[Palu]], sarato di [[Nusa Tenggara]], yaitu komunitas tatantu di [[Bima]] jo [[Manggarai]] ([[Pulau Flores|Flores]]).<ref name="Sengketa Tiada Putus">Hadler, Jeffrey (2010). [http://sseas.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/faculty/files/hadlersengketa.pdf "Sengketa Tiada Putus"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421045358/http://sseas.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/faculty/files/hadlersengketa.pdf |date=2019-04-21 }} ''Freedom Institute''. ISBN 978-979-19466-5-0.</ref> Komunitas [[Melayu-Bugis]] di Sulawesi Selatan nan tabantuak dari babarapo unsur etnis, salah cieknyo Minangkabau, alah manjadi bagian indak tapisahkan dari masyarakaik Sulawesi Selatan. Tadapek pulo berita tentang katurunan [[Pagaruyung]] Minangkabau nan "''terdampar''" di padalaman [[Kalimantan Tengah]] ([[Kerajaan Kotawaringin]]) di sabuah negeri nan banamo [[Kudangan, Delang, Lamandau|Kudangan]], nan dek masyarakaik satampek diakui sabagai leluhur nyo. Samantaro di padalaman pagunuangan [[Flores]] ditemuan kampuang adaik misterius nan banamo [[Wae Rebo]] nan konon nenek moyang nyo barasa dari Minangkabau sajak barabaik-abaik nan lalu.<ref name="Detik.com">[http://travel.detik.com/read/2013/11/19/081331/2416645/1519/wae-rebo-kampung-adat-misterius-di-tengah-pegunungan-flores "Wae Rebo, Kampung Adat Misterius di Tengah Pegunungan Flores"] ''[[Detik.com]]'', 19 November 2013. Diakses 13 Februari 2021.</ref> [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]], saurang [[Gubernur Jenderal]] [[Inggris]], katiko malakuan kagiatan [[ekspedisi]] ka [[Luhak|pedalaman Minangkabau]] manyimpulkan bahwasannyo Minangkabau adolah inti jo sumber kakuatan bangsa [[Melayu]] nan manyebar di kapulauan timur ([[nusantara]]). Parantau Minang nan ''[[fenomena]]l'' alah ''melahiakan'' suku-suku baru di nusantara, dan iko adolah sasuatu nan alami dalam dinamika kahidupan alam. Katurunan parantau Minang dari abaik-abaik lalu alah indak mangana lai kampuang halaman [[nenek moyang]] nyo nan rancak, nan barado jauah di padalaman [[Pulau Sumatra|Sumatra]] bagian tangah, di [[dataran tinggi]] nan ba[[Gunung|gunuang-gunuang]] gagah nan mampnyoi hawo sajuak di [[Lembah|lambah-lambah]] ba[[danau]] rancak nan pinggiarannyo jadi tapian mandi sajak dulu kala sampai maso kini. === Maso kini === Pada moso kini atau di era [[globalisasi]] kini di mano bateh negara samakin tabukak sarato jo sarana [[transportasi]] samakin baiak, wilayah parantauan para parantau Minang samakin malaweh pulo. Malaysia sabagai negara nan dakek dijadian sabagai tujuan dek 'parantau Minang baru'. Mereka manambah populasi [[etnis]] Minang di negara jiran tasabuik disampiang katurunan Minangkabau nan alah ado sajak barabaik nan lalu di [[Negeri Sembilan]], Pulau Pinang, [[Malaka]], jo di babagai wilayah lainnya pado maso [[Kesultanan Malaka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://repository.unp.ac.id/1681/|title=Hubungan Minangkabau Dengan Negeri Sembilan|last=Zed|first=Mestika|date=2017-04-19|website=repository.unp.ac.id|language=en|access-date=2021-02-13}}</ref> Para 'parantau Minang baru' tasabuik banyak tadapek di kota-kota gadang Malaysia, sarupo di [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Johor Bahru]], [[Subang]], [[Shah Alam]], dan lainnya. Babagai wilayah nan alum jadi tujuan parantauan pado maso lalu, sarupo Australia, Amerika Serikat, Eropah, jo lainnyo, alah pulo dijadian tujuan dek para parantau Minang masa kini. Mereka mancari kahidupan di wilayah parantauan nan relatif baru itu sabagai profesional, wirausaha, jo lainnyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hariansinggalang.co.id/minang-senior-citizien-club-berdiri-di-sydney-australia/|title=Minang Senior Citizen Club Berdiri di Sydney Australia|date=2015-12-31|website=Portal Berita Singgalang|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-02-13}}</ref> == Kahidupan parantau == Baragam nasib banyak dialami dek para parantau Minang. Disampiang banyak nan sukses di tanah rantau, indak sakeek pulo nan gagal manaklukkan ''[[:wikiquote:id:Lauik sati rantau batuah|lauik sati rantau batuah]]'' ("''lautan sakti rantau bertuah''"). Mereka nan gagal kamudian banyak nan malakuan ''Rantau Cino'', sabuah [[istilah]] dalam dunia parantauan Minang nan aratinyo [[marantau]] jauah dan indak kan baliak pulang lai. Dek parantau Minang nan bahasia tahampar dunia nan panuah kahormatan jo namo gadang nan akan dikanang. Mereka bisa tacatat sabagai tokoh-tokoh parantauan nan dapek dibanggakan, antah itu sabagai pajuang [[kemerdekaan]] [[bangsa Melayu]] [[Nusantara]], [[Saudagar Minangkabau|saudagar/pengusaha gadang]], [[intelektual]] takamuko, [[ulama]] penyebar agamo [[Islam]], [[politisi]] tanamo, bahkan juo sabagai pandiri suatu [[kerajaan]] atau [[negara]]. Samintaro nan gagal namonyo hilang baitu sajo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/sasdayajournal/article/download/54565/|title=Merawat Ingatan: Filosofi Merantau dalam Pantun Minangkabau|last=|first=|date=|website=jurnal.ugm.ac.id|publisher=|access-date=2021-02-13}}</ref> == Pituah minang == Sasuai jo [[:wikiquote:id:Peribahasa Minang|papatah Minang]], ''[[:wikiquote:id:Dima bumi dipijak, di sinan langik dijunjuang|Di maa bumi dipijak di sinan langit dijunjuang]]'', para parantau Minang indak hanyo paduli pado kalompoknyo sajo. Banyak di antaro mereka manjadi tokoh masyarakaik tampek baikhtiar jo bajuang basamo demi kamajuan jo kasajahteraan masyarakaik di tampek inyo barado. Babarapo tokoh parantau Minang, sarupo [[Mohammad Hatta]], [[Tan Malaka]], [[Agus Salim]], dan banyak lai nan lainnyo, hampia indak pernah tadanga mamikiaan Minangkabau karano tanago jo pikirannyo alah tasita untuak kapantiangan nan labiah gadang, yaitunyo nasib jo kamardekaan [[bangsa Indonesia]] dari cengkeraman [[kolonialisme|kolonialis]] [[Belanda]]. Samintaro di [[Semenanjung Malaya|tanah semenanjung]] tacataik namo-namo sarupo [[Shamsiah Fakeh]], [[Ahmad Boestamam]], [[Burhanuddin al-Hilmi]], [[Khatijah Sidek]], dan pejuang lainnyo, mahabiskan sabagian gadang dayonyo untuak pajuangan bangsa Melayu samananjuang bia tabebas dari kolonialis [[Inggris]].<ref>{{Citebook|title=Pejuang, Pemimpin, dan Perempuan|last=Shamsiah Fakeh|first=Azzah Abdul Rahman|publisher=PTS Litera Utama|year=2011|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> == Kajayaan parantau minang == Jiko mancaliak ka maso daulunyo, babarapo namo parantau Minang alah tacataik kadalam sijarah sabagai pandiri karajaan, ulama nan manyebaan ajaran Islam, ataupun padagang nan mandirian koloni [[Saudagar Minangkabau|saudagar Minang]] di babagai tampek. [[Awang Alak Betatar]] atau labiah tasabuik juo jo namo Sultan Muhammad Shah tacataik dalam sijarah Brunei sabagai pandiri [[Kesultanan Brunei]] pado patangahan abaik ka-14. Samintaro [[Rajo Bagindo]] nan di Sulu labiah tanamo sabagai Rajo Baguinda tacataik pulo ka dalam ''Tarsilah Sulu'' sabagai pandiri [[Kesultanan Sulu]] pado akhia abaik ka-14.<ref name="viva.co.id">[http://nasional.news.viva.co.id/news/read/395685-kerajaan-sulu-didirikan-keturunan-minangkabau- "Pendiri-pendiri kerajaan Islam di Filipina dari Minangkabau"] ''[[VIVA.co.id]]'', 07 Maret 2013. Diakses 17 Februari 20121.</ref><ref name="republika.co.id">[http://www.republika.co.id/berita/dunia-islam/islam-mancanegara/14/02/03/n0f8v0-melongok-islam-di-filipina "Melongok Islam di Filipina"] ''[[Republika|Republika.co.id]]'', 03 Februari 2014. Diakses 17 Februari 2021.</ref><ref name="kompas.com2">[http://internasional.kompas.com/read/2013/03/21/11542278/Sultan.Sulu.Suka.Satai.Kambing "Sultan Sulu Suka Satai Kambing"] ''Kompas.com'', 21 Maret 2013. Diakses 17 Februari 2021.</ref> Sijarah pakambangan Islam di [[Pulau Sulawesi|Sulawesi]],<ref name="harianhaluan.com">[http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/berita/haluan-padang/15858-sejarah-minangkabau-ditemukan-di-sulawesi "Sejarah Minangkabau Ditemukan di Sulawesi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122092356/http://www.harianhaluan.com/index.php/berita/haluan-padang/15858-sejarah-minangkabau-ditemukan-di-sulawesi |date=2015-01-22 }} ''[[Harian Haluan|Haluan]]'', 18 Juni 2012. Diakses 17 Februari 2021.</ref> [[Kalimantan Timur]], sarato di [[Nusa Tenggara]] indak bisa talapeh dari paran pantiang para ulama parantau Minang pado akhia abaik ka-16 atau awal abaik ka-17. Tacataik namo-namo sarupo [[Datuak Ri Bandang]], [[Datuak Ri Tiro]], [[Datuak Patimang]] nan barasa dari [[Koto Tangah, Payakumbuh Barat, Payakumbuh|Koto Tangah]], [[Kota Payakumbuh|Payakumbuh]], sarato [[Datuak Karama]], jo [[Datuak Mangaji]] alah manyebakan Islam kapado masyarakaik di babarapo wilayah tasabuik.<ref name="Sewang">[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=HOcUtQAtl00C&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=datuk+ribandang+dan+tunggang+parangan&source=bl&ots=S3lBFKkfZQ&sig=U0NsvsynXyX801j_XwRQEjjWDcs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Dy0AUfTdJsfUrQfZ84GoCA&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=datuk%20ribandang%20dan%20tunggang%20parangan&f=false "Islamisasi Kerajaan Gowa: abad XVI sampai abad XVII"] ''Ahmad M. Sewang, Yayasan Obor Indonesia''. Diakses 17 Februari 2021.</ref> Sadangkan di [[Karajaan Kutai]] Islam disebakan dek Datuak Ri Bandang basamo-samo [[Tuan Tunggang Parangan]].<ref>[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=HiZvFZbm6sgC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=Datuk+Ri+Tiro&source=bl&ots=OVQPY9HjCU&sig=bdTusXah_SxwD6VsIuQvGIZ-9K4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jiUAUYWUBMi4rAfyrYHwCw&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBDgK#v=snippet&q=Tuan%20Tunggang%20Parang&f=false Sejarah nasional Indonesia, Volume 3] ''Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, Nugroho Notosusanto, PT Balai Pustaka''. Diakses 17 Februari 2021</ref> Babarapo parantau Minang pado abaik-abaik tadahulu nan aktif sabagai saudagar, sarupo [[Datuak Jannaton]], [[Nakhoda Bayan]], [[Nakhoda Intan]], jo [[Nakhoda Kecil]] alah mandirikan koloni dagang Minangkabau pado patangahan abaik ka-18 di [[Pulau Pinang]], Samananjuang Malaya.<ref name="thestar.com.my">[http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=%2f2008%2f12%2f31%2fnorth%2f2903662 "400 attend family reunion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116082000/http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file=%2f2008%2f12%2f31%2fnorth%2f2903662 |date=2014-01-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116082000/http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file=%2f2008%2f12%2f31%2fnorth%2f2903662 |date=2014-01-16 }} ''The Star'', 31 Desember 2008. Diakses 17 Februari 2021.</ref><ref>[http://www.penang-traveltips.com/dato-jenatons-grave.htm "Dato' Jenaton's Grave, Penang"] ''Penang Travel Tips''. Diakses 19 Januari 2015.</ref><ref name="penangstory.net.my">[http://www.penangstory.net.my/bm-content-paperabdur.html "Orang-Orang Indonesia di Pulau Pinang (1)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501015720/http://www.penangstory.net.my/bm-content-paperabdur.html |date=2023-05-01 }} ''Asian Public Intellectual, Nippon Foundation''. Diakses 17 Februari 2021.</ref><ref name="iias.nl">[http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/24/regions/24SEA3.html "The Indonesians in Penang, 1786-2000"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033743/http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/24/regions/24SEA3.html |date=2015-09-24 }} ''IIAS Newsletter Online''. Diakses 17 Februari 2021.</ref><ref name="utusan.com.my">[http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2006&dt=1012&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Rencana&pg=re_06.htm "Sejarah dari sudut Timur"] ''[[Utusan Malaysia]]'', 12 Oktober 2006. Diakses 17 Februari 2021.</ref><ref name="sinarharian.com.my">[http://www.sinarharian.com.my/edisi/utara/imej-kampung-tertua-terjejas-1.80819 "Imej kampung tertua terjejas"] ''Sinar Harian'', 1 September 2012. Diakses 17 Februari 2021.</ref> Banyak di antaro katurunan mereka nan manjadi tokoh bapangaruah di Malaysia jo Singapura di kamudian hari, sarupo [[Yusof Ishak]], [[Razali Ismail]], [[Aziz Ishak]], [[Abdul Rahim Ishak]], [[Mohammad Bakri Omar]], dan lainnyo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=121 Wartawan Hebat dari Ranah Minang|last=Caniago|first=Hasril|publisher=Biro Humas Setda Sumatera Barat|year=2018|isbn=978-602-51382-0-1|location=Padang|pages=437-438}}</ref> == Persatuan parantau minangkabau == Untuak manghubuangkan para parantau Minang djo masyarakaik Minang di Sumatra Barat (ranah Minang), babarapo [[Daftar tokoh Minangkabau|tokoh Minang]] rantau, sarupo [[Azwar Anas]], [[Emil Salim]], [[Harun Zain]], [[Bustanil Arifin]], [[Hasyim Ning]], [[Hasan Basri Durin]], [[Fahmi Idris]], [[Saafroedin Bahar]], [[Sjafaroeddin Sabar]], sarato babarapo tokoh lainnyo, mandirikan lembaga ''Gerakan Seribu Minang'' nan dipendekkan manjadi [[Gebu Minang]] pado 20 Januari 1990.<ref name="Azwar Anas">[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=s3m3YARcG_wC&pg=PA498&lpg=PA498&dq=azwar+anas+gebu+minang&source=bl&ots=g5F9mS5PNV&sig=2hSEwqvZZE8uJmT0LZUTPDLGqxY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Bx-9VKbJJaXYmgXfk4DIDA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=azwar%20anas%20gebu%20minang&f=false "Azwar Anas: teladan dari ranah Minang"] ''[[Abrar Yusra]], PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama''. Diakses 17 Februari 2021.</ref> Pado awalnyo lembaga iko mangumpuaan pitih saribu rupiah satiok bulan dari satiok warga parantau Minang untuak pambangunan babagai sarana di Sumatra Barat. Kabarhasilan lembaga iko sempat dijadian ''role model'' dek babagai kalompok masyarakaik lainnyo di Indonesia, sarupo masyarakaik [[Suku Karo|Karo]], masyarakaik Sulawesi Selatan, dan lainnya.<ref name="thejakartapost.com">[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/01/03/gebu-minang-hold-conference.html "Gebu Minang to hold conference"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119163916/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/01/03/gebu-minang-hold-conference.html |date=2015-01-19 }} ''[[The Jakarta Post]]'', 3 Januari 2001. Diakses 17 Februari 2021.</ref> Salain Gebu Minang, babarapo organisasi masyarakaik parantau Minang nan labih ketek jo badasarkan asa-usua kabupaten atau [[nagari]] banyak pilo nan didirian. Nan paliang tanamo jo gadang jo luaeh jangkauannyo adolah [[Sulit Air Sepakat]] (SAS), sabuah organisasi parantau Minang nan barasa dari [[Sulik Aia, X Koto Diateh, Solok|Sulik Aia]] (Sulit Air), [[Kabupaten Solok|Solok]], nan alah badiri pado sakitar awa abaik ka-20. Persatuan iko mampunyoi sakitar 80 Dewan Perwakilan Cabang (DPC) di saluruah Indonesia sarato jo ado pulo 4 DPC nan barado di lua nagari, yaitunyo di [[Malaysia]], [[Sydney]] jo [[Melbourne]] (Australia) tamasuak jo [[Washington DC]], Amerika Serikat, organisasi atau persatuan iko marupoan nan paliang gadang di antaro babagai organisasi parantau Minang badasarkan wilayah kabupaten/nagari di [[Sumatera Barat|Sumatra Barat]].<ref name="tribunnews.com"/><ref name="cimbuak.net">[http://www.cimbuak.net/artikel/13-artikel-bebas/977-sekilas-tentang-sas-sulit-air-sepakat "Sekilas tentang SAS (Sulit Air Sepakat)"]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Cimbuak.net'', 12 Desember 2013. Diakses 17 Februari 2021.</ref> Salain Sulit Air Sepakat, para tokoh parantau Minang asa kota [[Kota Pariaman|Pariaman]] jo kabupaten [[Kabupaten Padang Pariaman|Padang Pariaman]] mambantuak pulo organisasi [[Persatuan Keluarga Daerah Piaman]] (PKDP) pado [[29 April]] 1984 di Pariaman. Dewan Pimpinan Pusat PKDP barado di [[DKI Jakarta|Jakarta]] nan mampunyoi sajumlah cabang di babarapo kota di [[Indonesia]]. Kasado dari organisasi atau persatuan tasabuik didirian ateh dasa kapadulian tahadok kampuang halaman sarato acok pulo malakuan kagiatan sosial untuak masyarakaik lainnyo nan ado di wilayah rantau pulo.<ref name="pkdp.or.id">[http://www.pkdp.or.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=542 "Susunan Pengurus DPP PKDP 2013-2018"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323022403/http://pkdp.or.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=542 |date=2016-03-23 }} ''Situs Resmi PKDP''. Diakses 19 Februari 2021.</ref> == Caliak pulo == * [[Negeri Sembilan]] * [[Urang Minangkabau]] * [[Rumah makan Padang]] * [[Saudagar Minangkabau]] * [[Suku Aneuk Jamee]] * [[Suku Pasisia]] == Rujuakan == {{Reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] qswsd2lvf9oz7enbrqe6ax6hhen7utt Museum 0 337053 3352798 3351524 2026-09-25T13:59:31Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352798 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:World museums.png|thumb|Peta museum di saluruah dunia {{nowrap|([[ShareMap:traveler/Musuems|versi interaktif]])}}]] [[Berkas:Museum Nasional Courtyard.jpg|thumb|Aula [[Perisilium]] di [[Museum Nasional Indonesia]] di [[Jakarta]], museum tagadang jo salah satu nan tatuo di Indonesia]] [[Berkas:Louvre Museum Wikimedia Commons.jpg|thumb|[[Museum Louvre]] di [[Paris]]]] '''Museum''' adolah ciek lembaga nan marawaik atau mamaliaro koleksi artefak jo objek [[seni]], [[Budayo|budaya]], [[sijarah]], atau kapantiangan [[Sains|ilmiah]] lainnyo. Banyak museum umum punyo babagai koleksi bebas untuak dicaliak urang banyak barupo [[pameran]] nan bantuaknyo parmanen atau samantaro.<ref>Edward Porter Alexander, Mary Alexander; {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owHSEk96qxQC&q=Museums+history |title=Museums in motion: an introduction to the history and functions of museums |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield, 2008 |access-date=6 October 2009 |isbn=978-0-7591-0509-6 |author1=Alexander, Mary |author2=Alexander, Edward Porter |date=September 2007}}</ref> Museum gadang umumnyo talatak di kota-kota gadang di dunia, samantaro museum lokal tadapek di kota-kota nan labiah ketek, di daerah, atau di pakampuangan. Tiok-tiok museum punyo tujuan nan balainan, mulai dari malayani panaliti jo spesialis inggo malayani [[masarakaik umum]]. Tujuan malayani panaliti kini ko samakin bagarak ka arah malayani masarakaik umum. Ado banyak jinih museum, antaro lain [[museum seni]], [[museum sijarah alam]], [[museum sains]], [[museum parang]], jo [[museum anak-anak]]. Museum tagadang jo tabanyak dikunjuangi di dunia antaro lain [[Museum Louvre]] di [[Paris]], [[Museum Seni Metropolitan]] di [[Kota New York]], [[Museum Nasional Cino]] di [[Beijing]], [[Institut Smithsonian]] di [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Museum Britania]] jo [[Galeri Nasional]] di London, sarato [[Museum Vatikan]] di [[Vatikan|Kota Vatikan]]. Manuruik Dewan Museum Internasional, ado labiah dari 55.000 museum di dunia nan taseba di 202 nagara.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://icom.museum/en/faq/how-many-museums-are-there-in-the-world/ |title=How many museums are there in the world? |website=ICOM |date=31 May 2018 |access-date=15 April 2021 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405042129/https://icom.museum/en/faq/how-many-museums-are-there-in-the-world/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Etimologi == Kato ''museum'' barasa dari kata [[bahaso Yunani Kuno]] Μουσεῖον (''Mouseion''), nan marupoan tampek atau kuil untuak mamuja [[Mousai]] (dewi palinduang seni dalam [[mitologi Yunani]]), dek karanonyo marupoan bangunan nan dibuek tapisah untuak pandidikan jo seni,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Findlen|first=Paula|year=1989|title=The Museum: its classical etymology and renaissance genealogy|url=http://jhc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/1/1/59|journal=Journal of the History of Collections|volume=1|issue=1|pages=59–78|doi=10.1093/jhc/1.1.59|access-date=5 April 2008}}</ref> contohnyo [[Musaeum]] (limbago) [[pilsapaik]] jo panalitian di [[Alexandria]] nan didirian dek [[Ptolemaios I Soter]] sakita taun 280 SM.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/ptolemy1.htm|title=Ptolemy I Soter, The First King of Ancient Egypt's Ptolemaic Dynasty|work=Tour Egypt|access-date=5 April 2008}}</ref> == Paliang acok bakunjuangi == Barikuik iko adolah namo-namo 20 museum nan paliang acok bakunjuangi (data taun 2018) manuruik [[AECOM]] jo laporan taunan [[Themed Entertainment Association]].<ref name="aecom">{{cite web|url=https://www.aecom.com/content/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Theme-Index-2018-5-1.pdf|title=Theme Index Museum Index 2018|date=2019|publisher=AECOM}}</ref> [[London]] jo [[Washington, D.C.]] punyo labiah banyak museum nan paliang banyak bakunjuangi di dunia daripado kota-kota lainnyo, yaitu masing-masing ado limo jo ampek museum. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Paringkek !! Museum ! Lokasi !! Pangunjuang taunan |- | <center>1</center> || [[Museum Louvre]] |{{Flagicon|France}} [[Paris]]|| 10.200.000<ref name = aecom/><ref name="AN2018">{{cite web|url = https://www.theartnewspaper.com/analysis/fashion-provides-winning-formula |title = Art's Most Popular: here are 2018's most visited shows and museums|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330203448/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/analysis/fashion-provides-winning-formula |archive-date=30 March 2019 |work =The Art Newspaper|date =24 March 2019 |access-date = 6 June 2019}}</ref> |- | <center>2</center> || [[Museum Nasional Cino]] |{{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]]|| 8.610.092{{r|AN2018}} |- | <center>3</center> || [[Museum Seni Metropolitan]] |{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Kota New York]]|| 6.953.927{{r|AN2018}} |- | <center>4</center> || [[Museum Vatikan]] |{{Flagicon|Vatikan}} [[Vatikan|Kota Vatikan]] ({{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Roma]]) | 6.756.186{{r|AN2018}} |- | <center>5</center> || [[Museum Dirgantara jo Antariksa Nasional]] |{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Washington, D.C.]]|| 6.200.000{{r|SI}}{{r|aecom}} |- | <center>6</center> || [[Tate Modern]] |{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[London]]|| 5.868.562{{r|AN2018}}{{r|ALVA}} |- | <center>7</center> || [[Museum Britania]] |{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[London]]|| 5.828.552{{r|ALVA}} |- | <center>8</center> || [[Galeri Nasional]] |{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[London]]|| 5.735.831{{r|AN2018}}{{r|ALVA}} |- | <center>9</center> || [[Museum Sijarah Alam, London]] |{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[London]]|| 5.226.320<ref name="ALVA">{{cite web|url = http://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423 |title = Visits made in 2018 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA|website = Association of Leading Visitor Attractions|access-date = 6 June 2019}}</ref> |- | <center>10</center> || [[Museum Sijarah Alam Amerika]] |{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Kota New York]]|| 5.000.000{{r|aecom}} |- | <center>11</center> || [[Museum Sijarah Alam Nasional]] |{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Washington, D.C.]]|| 4.800.000<ref name="SI">{{cite magazine |url = http://newsdesk.si.edu/about/stats|magazine = Smithsonian |title = Visitor Statistics| access-date = 6 June 2019}}</ref>{{r|aecom}} |- | <center>12</center> || [[Galeri Seni Nasional]] |{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Washington, D.C.]]|| 4.404.212{{r|AN2018}} |- | <center>13</center> || [[Museum Sains jo Teknologi Cino]] |{{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]]|| 4.400.000{{r|aecom}} |- | <center>14</center> || [[Museum Ermitaz|Museum Negara Ermitaz]] |{{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]]|| 4.220.000{{r|AN2018}} |- | <center>15</center> || [[Museum Zhejiang]] |{{Flagicon|China}} [[Hangzhou]]|| 4.200.000{{r|aecom}} |- | <center>16</center> || [[Museum Nasional Sijarah Amerika]] |{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Washington, D.C.]]|| 4.100.000{{r|SI}} |- | <center>17</center> || [[Museum Victoria jo Albert]] |{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[London]]|| 3.967.566{{r|ALVA}}{{r|AN2018}} |- | <center>18</center> || [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía|Reina Sofía]] |{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]]|| 3.898.000{{r|aecom}} |- | <center>19</center> || [[Museum Istano Nasional]] |{{Flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taipei]]|| 3.860.000{{r|aecom}} |- | <center>20</center> || [[Museum Nanjing]] |{{Flagicon|China}} [[Nanjing]]|| 3.670.000{{r|aecom}} |} == Dekolonisasi museum == Selama abaik ka-21, mulai muncua bakambang garakan nan mandukuang dekolonisasi babagai museum di [[Inggirih]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-11/british-museum-battle-for-stolen-indigenous-gweagal-shield/11085534|title=The battle at the British Museum for a 'stolen' shield that could tell the story of Captain Cook's landing|last=Brennan|first=Bridget|date=10 May 2019|website=ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)|access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref> jo tampek lainnyo dunia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?q=decolonisation+of+museums&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart|title=Decolonisation of museums [search]|website=Google Scholar|access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref> Banyak nan manyuarokan malalui garakan iko, baso 'museum-museum adolah sabuah kotak bando-bando', mareka indak mawakili carito nan langkok, malainkan manunjuakkan narasi tatantu nan manampilan ideologi tapiliah di mano carito tatantu sangajo ditinggaan.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Procter|first=Alice|title=The whole Picture: the colonial story of the art in our museums and why we need to talk about it|publisher=Cassel|year=2020|isbn=9781788402217<!--, 1788402219-->|location=England}}</ref>{{rp|9-18}} Para pandukuang garakan iko, sarupo kalompok Museum Detox atau seniman Alice Procter malalui 'tur seni nan indak manyanangan'-nyo, salalu mandorong urang-urang untuak mampatimbangan perspektif nan ilang iko katiko mangunjuangi museum, karano satiok objek nan bacaliak di lingkungan sarupo itu ditampekan dek sasurang untuak mandorong suduik pandang tatantu, baik itu sijarah, budaya, atau pangatauan.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|9-18}} Salah satu contohnyo adolah manganai patuang [[Moai]] dari [[Pulau Paskah]] nan daulu diambiak sabagai adiah untuak [[Ratu Victoria]] jo kini tapajang di Museum Britania sajak 1869.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bartlett|first=John|date=16 November 2018|title='Moai are family': Easter Island people to head to London to request statue back|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/maoi-easter-island-statue-british-museum-talks-return|access-date=8 February 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Patuang iko dipandang sabagai niniak muyang/'dunsanak' atau jiwa dek urang [[Rapa Nui]] sarato punyo nilai budaya nan dalam bagi bangsa tu, dek itu masuak aka baso patuang tu paralu dibaliakan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bartlett|first=John|date=16 November 2018|title='Moai are family': Easter Island people to head to London to request statue back|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/maoi-easter-island-statue-british-museum-talks-return|access-date=8 February 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Contoh lain pameresoan baliak artefak [[Pribumi|masarakaik adat]] adolah pado kasus [[Parisai Gweagal]], nan dipandang sabagai parisai nan sabana pantiang nan diambiak dari [[Taluak Botany]] pado April 1770 jo kini ko tasimpan di Museum Britania, walaupun studi tarakia taun 2018 tantang bahan asal parisai manunjuakan dugaan itu indaklah batua.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Nicholas|date=2018|title=A Case of Identity: The Artefacts of the 1770 Kamay (Botany Bay) Encounter|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323281856|journal=Australian Historical Studies|volume=49:1|pages=4–27|doi=10.1080/1031461X.2017.1414862|via=ResearchGate|s2cid=149069484}}</ref> Panilaian baliak artefak di Museum Britania nan dikatoan juo barasa dari budaya bangso lain adolah pado kasus [[Pualam Elgin|pahatan pualam Parthenon]], nan diambiak dari [[Yunani]] dek Lord Elgin (Thomas Bruce, Earl Elgin ka-7) pado taun 1805.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2017/03-04/parthenon-sculptures-british-museum-controversy/|title=How the Parthenon Lost Its Marbles|date=28 March 2017|website=History Magazine|language=en|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011165026/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2017/03-04/parthenon-sculptures-british-museum-controversy/|archive-date=11 October 2019|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Walaupun inyo mangklaim alah manarimo otorisasi dari [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]], sajak Yunani mandapekan baliak kamardekaannyo pado taun 1832, satiok pamarentahan nagara itu baturuik-turuik salalu mangajuan petisi untuak pangambalian baliak pahatan pualam Parthenon tasabuik.<ref name=":2" /> [[Iasan kapalo Montezuma]] adolah contoh lain dari potongan bando budaya nan tasiso di museum asing, yaitu [[Museum Etnologi]] di [[Wina]], nan marupoan sumber pasalisiahan antaro [[Austria]] jo [[Meksiko]] dek karano alah indak ado lai potongan sarupo tu nan tasiso di Meksiko.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://prehist.org/news/104/Mexico+and+Austria+in+dispute+over+Aztec+headdress/|title=Mexico and Austria in dispute over Aztec headdress|date=22 November 2012|publisher=prehist.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020221/http://prehist.org/news/104/Mexico+and+Austria+in+dispute+over+Aztec+headdress/|archive-date=29 November 2014|access-date=24 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist|2}} ==Bacoan lanjutan== * {{Cite book | last=Bennett | first=Tony | author-link=Tony Bennett (sociologist)| title=The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics | url=https://archive.org/details/birthofmuseumhis0000benn | year=1995 | publisher=Routledge | location=London | isbn=978-0-415-05387-7 |oclc=30624669}} * {{cite book|last=Conn|first=Steven|title=Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876–1926|url=https://archive.org/details/museumsamericani0000conn|year=1998|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=0-226-11493-7}} * {{cite book|last=Cuno|first=James|title=Museums Matter: In Praise of the Encyclopedic Museum|url=https://archive.org/details/museumsmatterinp0000cuno_e5d3|year=2013|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-10091-3}} * {{cite book|last=Findlen|first=Paula|title=Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-20508-1}} * {{cite book|last=Marotta|first=Antonello|year=2010|title=Contemporary Milan|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarymuse0000maro|isbn=978-88-572-0258-7}} * {{cite book|last=Murtagh|first=William J.|title=Keeping Time: The History and Theory of Preservation in America|url=https://archive.org/details/keepingtimehisto0000murt_c2o0|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company|location=New York|isbn=0-471-47377-4}} * Rentzhog, Sten (2007). ''Open air museums: The history and future of a visionary idea''. Stockholm and Östersund: Carlssons Förlag / Jamtli. {{ISBN|978-91-7948-208-4}} * [http://www.participatorymuseum.org/read/ Simon, Nina K. (2010). ''The Participatory Museum.'' Santa Cruz: Museums 2.0] * {{cite book | last=van Uffelen | first=Chris | author-link=Chris van Uffelen | title=Museumsarchitektur | year=2010 | publisher=Ullmann | location=Potsdam | isbn=978-3-8331-6033-2 |language=de}} – also available in English: {{Cite book | title=Contemporary Museums – Architecture History Collections | year=2010 | publisher=Braun Publishing| isbn=978-3-03768-067-4}} * {{cite book |last = Yerkovich | first = Sally | title = A Practical Guide to Museum Ethics |url = https://archive.org/details/practicalguideto0000yerk | location = Lanham | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | year = 2016 | isbn = 9781442231641}} * {{cite web|title=The Museum and Museum Specialists: Problems of Professional Education, Proceedings of the International Conference, 14–15 November 2014|url=https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/wcm/connect/5471b8d8-b430-49af-8f49-e2050a6a77e1/conf-materials-02.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&amp%3B|publisher=The State Hermitage Publishers|access-date=6 December 2016|location=St. Petersburg|date=2015|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510201911/https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/wcm/connect/5471b8d8-b430-49af-8f49-e2050a6a77e1/conf-materials-02.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&amp%3B|dead-url=yes}} ==Pautan lua== * {{Commons category-inline|Museums}} * [http://icom.museum/ International Council of Museums] * [https://museist.com Museum Saluruah Dunia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104041146/https://museist.com/ |date=2021-11-04 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121212063856/http://archives.icom.museum/vlmp/ VLmp direktori museum] * {{curlie|Reference/Museums|Museums}} <!--{{Authority control}}--> [[Kategori:Museum]] [[Kategori:Wisata]] [[Kategori:Pandidikan]] [[Kategori:Sijarah]] d91shl3sin2avy62wrn08aviw5r23n7 Neptunus 0 337098 3352800 3351294 2026-09-25T14:26:15Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|[[planet]] nan ado di [[Solar System|Tata Surya]] Awak|[[galaxies|galaksi]] [[Milky Way Galaxy|Bima Sakti]]|Bima Sakti}} {{sadang karajo}} {{Infobox Planet <!-- Please note the formatting and layout of this infobox has been matched with the other bodies of the solar system. Please do not arbitrarily change it without discussion. Scroll down to edit the contents of this page. Additional parameters for this template are available at [[Template:Infobox Planet]]. --> |bgcolour = #97C3F4 |name = Neptunus |symbol = [[Berkas:Neptune symbol (bold).svg|24px|♆]] |image = [[Berkas:Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated.png|240px|Neptunus dari [[Voyager 2]]]] |caption = Neptunus dari wahana ''[[Voyager 2]]'' |discovery = yes |discoverer = [[Urbain Le Verrier]]{{br}} [[Johann Gottfried Galle|Johann Galle]] |discovered = [[23 September]] [[1846]]<ref name=Hamilton>{{cite web |first=Calvin J.|last=Hamilton|date=August 4, 2001 |url=http://www.solarviews.com/eng/neptune.htm |title=Neptune|publisher=Views of the Solar System |accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref> |orbit_ref = <ref name=horizons>{{cite web|first=Donald K.|last=Yeomans|date=2006-7-13 |url = http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons|title = HORIZONS System|publisher = NASA JPL |accessdate = 2007-08-08}}—At the site, go to the "web interface" then select "Ephemeris Type: ELEMENTS", "Target Body: Neptune Barycenter" and "Center: Sun".</ref><!--<ref name=barycentre>Orbital elements refer to the barycentre of the Neptune system, and are the instantaneous [[osculating orbit|osculating]] values at the precise [[J2000]] epoch. Barycentre quantities are given because, in contrast to the planetary centre, they do not experience appreciable changes on a day-to-day basis from to the motion of the moons.</ref>--> |epoch = [[J2000]] |aphelion = 4.553.946.490&nbsp;[[Kilometer|km]]{{br}}30,44125206&nbsp;[[Satuan astronomi|sa]] |perihelion = 4.452.940.833&nbsp;km{{br}}29,76607095&nbsp;sa |semimajor = 4.503.443.661&nbsp;km{{br}}30,10366151&nbsp;sa |eccentricity = 0,011214269 |period = 164.8&nbsp;[[tahun julian (astronomi)|tahun]] <br> {{val|60190.03|u=hari}}<ref name="fact2">{{cite web |first=K.|last=Munsell|author2=Smith, H.; Harvey, S. |url = http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune&Display=Facts |title = Neptune: Facts & Figures |date =November 13, 2007 |publisher = NASA|accessdate = August 14, 2007}}</ref> <br> {{val|89666|u=[[hari matahari]] Neptunus}}<ref name="planet_years"> {{cite web |last = Seligman|first = Courtney |url=http://cseligman.com/text/sky/rotationvsday.htm |title = Rotation Period and Day Length |accessdate = 13 Agustus 2009 }}</ref> |synodic_period = 367,49&nbsp;hari<ref name="fact">{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neptunefact.html|title = Neptune Fact Sheet|date = 2004-9-1|publisher = NASA|accessdate = 2007-08-14|last = Williams|first = David R.|archive-date = 2010-07-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100701192119/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neptunefact.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref> |avg_speed = 5,43&nbsp;km/s<ref name="fact"/> |inclination = 1,767975° ke [[Ekliptika]]{{br}}6,43° ke ekuator Matahari{{br}}0,72° ke [[bidang Invariabel]]<ref name=meanplane>{{cite web|date=2009-04-03|title=The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter|url=http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/MeanPlane.gif|accessdate=2009-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420194536/http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/MeanPlane.gif|archivedate=2009-04-20|dead-url=no}} (diproduksi dengan [http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ Solex 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220235836/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ |date=2008-12-20 }} ditulis oleh Aldo Vitagliano)</ref> |asc_node = 131,794310° |arg_peri = 265,646853° |mean_anomaly = 267,767281° |satellites = 14 |physical_characteristics = yes |flattening = 0,0171 ± 0,0013 <!-- calculated from data in ref name=Seidelmann2007 --> |equatorial_radius = 24.764 ± 15&nbsp;km<ref name=Seidelmann2007>{{cite journal |first=Seidelmann|last=P. Kenneth|author2=Archinal, B. A.; A’hearn, M. F. et al|title= Report of the IAU/IAGWorking Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements|journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy|volume=90|pages=155–180|year=2007|doi=10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y|publisher=Springer Netherlands|accessdate=2008-03-07}}</ref><ref name=1bar>Merujuk kepada tekanan atmosfer {{convert|1|bar|kPa}}</ref>{{br}}3,883 Bumi |polar_radius = 24.341 ± 30&nbsp;km<ref name=Seidelmann2007/><ref name=1bar/>{{br}}3,829 Bumi |surface_area = 7,6408{{e|9}}&nbsp;km²<ref name=1bar/>{{br}}14,98 Bumi |volume = 6,254{{e|13}}&nbsp;km³<ref name="fact"/><ref name=1bar/>{{br}}57,74 Bumi |mass = 1,0243×10<sup>26</sup>&nbsp;kg<ref name="fact"/>{{br}}17,147 Bumi |density = 1,638&nbsp;g/cm³<ref name="fact"/><ref name=1bar/> |surface_grav = 11.15&nbsp;[[Acceleration|m/s²]]<ref name="fact"/><ref name=1bar/>{{br}}1.14&nbsp;[[g-force|''g'']] |escape_velocity = 23,5&nbsp;km/s<ref name="fact"/><ref name=1bar/> |sidereal_day = 0,6713&nbsp;hari<ref name="fact"/>{{br}}16&nbsp;j 6&nbsp;men 36&nbsp;d |rot_velocity = 2,68&nbsp;km/det{{br}}9,660&nbsp;km/jam |axial_tilt = 28,32°<ref name="fact"/> |right_asc_north_pole = {{RA|19|57|20}}<ref name=Seidelmann2007/> |declination = 42,950°<ref name=Seidelmann2007/> |albedo = 0,290 ([[albedo terikat|terikat]]){{br}} 0,41 ([[albedo geometrik|geometrik]])<ref name="fact"/> |magnitude = 8,0 sampai 7,78<ref name="fact"/> |angular_size = 2,2[[menit busur|″]]–2.4″<ref name="fact"/> |temperatures = yes |temp_name1 = level 1 bar |min_temp_1 = |mean_temp_1 = 72&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]]<ref name="fact"/> |max_temp_1 = |temp_name2 = 0,1 bar{{br}}(10 kPa) |min_temp_2 = |mean_temp_2 = 55&nbsp;K<ref name="fact"/> |max_temp = |pronounced = {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Neptune.ogg|ˈ|n|ɛ|p|tj|uː|n}}<ref> {{cite book |first= Elizabeth|last=Walter |date=21 April 2003 |title=Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=2nd |isbn = 978-0-521-53106-1 }}</ref> |adjectives = Neptunian |atmosphere = yes |atmosphere_ref = <ref name="fact"/> |scale_height = 19,7&nbsp;±&nbsp;0,6 km |atmosphere_composition = <table> <tr><td> 80±3,2%</td><td>[[Hidrogen]] (H<sub>2</sub>) </td></tr><tr><td> 19±3,2%</td><td>[[Helium]] </td></tr><tr><td> 1,5±0,5%</td><td>[[Metana]] </td></tr><tr><td> ~0,019%</td><td>[[Hidrogen deuterida]] (HD) </td></tr><tr><td> ~0,00015%</td><td>[[Etana]] </td></tr><tr><td> '''Es''':</td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>[[Amonia]] </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>[[Air]] </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>[[Amonium hidrosulfida]](NH<sub>4</sub>SH) </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>Metana (?) </td></tr></table> }} '''Neptunus''' marupoan [[planet]] paliang jauah (kasalapan) kok ditinjau dari [[Matahari]]. Planet iko dinamoi dari [[Neptunus (mitologi)|dewa lautan Romawi]]. Neptunus marupoan planet paliang gadang kaampek bardasarkan diameter (49.530&nbsp;km) dan paliang gadang katigo berdasarkan massa. Massa Neptunus tacataik 17 kali labiah gadang daripado [[Bumi]], dan saketek labih ketek daripado [[Uranus]].<ref name=mass>{{cite web|last=Williams|first=David R.|date=2007-11-29|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/|title=Planetary Fact Sheet – Metric|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2008-3-13}}</ref> Neptunus mangorbit Matohari pado jarak 30,1 [[Satuan Astronomi|sa]] atau sakitar 4.450 juta km. Periode rotasi planet iko adolah 16,1 jam, sadangkan periode revolusinyo adolah 164,8 tahun. Simbol astronomisnya adolah ♆, nan marupoan [[trisula]] dewa Neptunus. Komposisi panyusun planet iko saroman jo [[Uranus]], dan komposisi kaduonyo babedo dari [[raksasa gas]] [[Jupiter]] jo [[Saturnus]]. Atmosfer Neptunus manganduang [[hidrogen]], [[helium]], [[hidrokarbon]], kamungkinan [[nitrogen]], jo kandungan "es" nan gadang takah es aia, [[amonia]], jo [[metana]]. Astronom kadang-kadang mangategorikan Uranus jo Neptunus sabagai "[[raksasa es]]" untuak manakanan pabedoannyo.<ref name=atmo>{{cite journal|title=The Atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune|last=Lunine|first=Jonathan I.|publisher=Lunar and Planetary Observatory, University of Arizona|year=1993|bibcode=1993ARA&A..31..217L|doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.001245}}</ref> Tajag Uranus, interior Neptunus adiri dari es djo n batu.<ref name=Podolak1995>{{cite journal |last=Podolak|first=M.|author2=Weizman, A.; Marley, M.|year=1995|title=Comparative models of Uranus and Neptune|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_planetary-and-space-science_1995-12_43_12/page/1517|journal=Planetary and Space Science|volume=43|issue=12|pages=1517–1522 |bibcode=1995P&SS...43.1517P|doi=10.1016/0032-0633(95)00061-5}}</ref> Metana di wilayah paliang lua planet marupoan salah ciek penyebab kanampakan kabiruan Neptunus.<ref name=bluecolour>{{cite web|first=Kirk|last=Munsell|author2=Smith, Harman; Harvey, Samantha|date=2007-11-13|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune&Display=OverviewLong|title=Neptune overview|work=Solar System Exploration|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2008-2-20|archive-date=2008-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303045911/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune&Display=OverviewLong|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Penemuan == Lukisan [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] manunjuakan bahasonyo inyo patamo mancaliak Neptunus pado tangga [[28 Desember]] [[1612]] jo [[27 Januari]] [[1613]]. Pado kaduo hari tersebut, Galileo salah mangiro Neptunus sabagai sabuah [[bintang tetap]] katiko planet iko mancogok sangaik dakek—[[Konjungsi (astronomi dan astrologi)|konjungsi]]—dengan Jupiter pado langik malam;<ref>{{cite book |first=Alan|last=Hirschfeld|title=Parallax: The Race to Measure the Cosmos|year=2001|publisher=Henry Holt|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-8050-7133-4}}</ref> dek itu, inyo indak dianggap sabagai panamu Neptunus. Pado maso pangamatan patamonya bulan Desember 1612, Neptunus basipaik tetap di langik dek planet iko baru sajo mangalami [[Gerakan manghulu dan langsuang|panghuluan]] pado hari itu. Gerakan ka balakang iko tabantuak katiko orbit Bumi mambaok Bumi malewati planet paliang lua. Dek Neptunus baru sajo mamulai siklus panghuluan tahunannyo, gerakan planet iko terlalu sariak dilacak manggunoan [[teleskop]] ketek Galileo.<ref>{{cite book|first=Mark|last=Littmann|author2=Standish, E. M.|title=Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System|year=2004|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|isbn=0-486-43602-0}}</ref> Pado Juli 2009, fisikawan [[Universitas Melbourne]], David Jamieson mangumuman adonyo bukti baru nan manyatoan bahasonyo Galileo saindaknyo sadar bahasonyo bintang nan inyo amati alah bapindah relatif terhadap [[bintang tetap]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Galileo discovered Neptune, new theory claims|first=Robert Roy|last=Britt|year=2009|publisher=MSNBC News|accessdate=2009-7-10|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31835303|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019183946/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31835303|archive-date=2012-10-19|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{Tata surya}} {{Astronomi-stub}} 9vq064cxevpgxa0h8x7sj3u1o920d5n The Good Side 0 337103 3352840 3345567 2026-09-25T20:22:21Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = The Good Side | cover = | type = single | artist = [[Troye Sivan]] | album = [[Bloom (Troye Sivan album)|Bloom]] | released = {{start date|2018|1|19|df=y}} | length = {{duration|m=4|s=28}} | label = {{hlist|[[EMI Music Australia|EMI Australia]]|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]}} | writer = {{hlist|[[Troye Sivan|Troye Sivan Mellet]]|[[Leland (musisi)|Brett McLaughlin]]|Bram Inscore|[[Allie X|Alexandra Hughes]]|[[Jam City|Jack Latham]]|[[Ariel Rechtshaid]]}} | producer = {{hlist|Ariel Rechshaid|Bram Inscore|[[Jam City]] ({{abbr|add.|additional producer}})}} | prev_title = [[My My My! (Troye Sivan song)|My My My!]] | prev_year = 2018 | next_title = [[Bloom (Troye Sivan song)|Bloom]] | next_year = 2018 | misc = }} "'''The Good Side'''" adolah lagu nan dinyanyian dek panyanyi jo panulih lagu Australia [[Troye Sivan]]. Lagu iko ditulih basamo-samo dek Sivan, [[Leland (musisi)|Leland]], [[Allie X]], Bram Inscore, [[Jam City]], jo [[Ariel Rechtshaid]], samantaro produksinyo ditangani dek tigo namo paliang ujuang. Lagu iko dirilis melalui [[EMI Music Australia]] pado 19 Januari 2018, sabagai singel kaduo dari album studio kaduo Sivan nan bajudul ''[[Bloom (album Troye Sivan)|Bloom]]'' (2018). ==Latar balakang== Pado 17 Januari 2018, Sivan maumuman singelnyo dan manampilan gambar dari singelnyo di media sosial.<ref>{{cite news|last=McNeilage|first=Ross|title=Troye Sivan Announces New Single 'The Good Side'|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/troye-sivan/news/troye-sivan-announces-new-single-the-good-side|accessdate=19 Januari 2018|work=MTV News|date=17 Januari 2018}}</ref> Katiko mangecek tentang lagu iko ka [[Zane Lowe]] dalam acara [[Beats 1]], Sivan manjalehan bahasonyo lagu iko adolah samacam surek terbuka untuak saurang mantan pacar. Inyo mangacekan bahasonyo lagu iko "saketek kasa" dan manyabuiknyo "salah ciek dari satu-satunyo lagu sadiah di album". Inyo malanjuikan: "Iko pado dasanyo tantang parpisahan nan awak alami babarapo wakatu lalu. Anda tahu, dalam sabuah parpisahan, awak pikia sipaik alami dari itu, adolah urang akan manjadi kasa. Dan kebetulan awak barado di sisi nan elok — awak harus pai tur, awak harus pai, dan mancaliak dunia, awak punyo pangalaman terapeutik manyanyian lagu tantang parpisahan itu dan mancaliak urang manyanyiannyo baliak ka awak, dan awak batamu urang nan baru indak lamo sasudah itu. Iko samacam surek ka paja itu untuak manyampaian parmintaaan maaf jo simpati dan kok awak bisa mangubahnyo untuak kasadonyo, awak akan malakuannyo. Jadi awak baharok lagu iko, babarapo tahun ka muko, akan manjadi pangalaman katarsis bagi kami baduo untuak manjadi sarupo, "caliak, mode iko hal-hal tajadi dan bilo sajo kami siap untuak taruih maju, molah lakukan."<ref>{{cite interview|last=Sivan|first=Troye|interviewer=Zane Lowe|title=World Record: Troye Sivan - "The Good Side"|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/post/sa.201cc280-fc6d-11e7-a7c4-7761cb29a9c0|date=18 Januari 2018|work=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=19 Januari 2018|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422081115/https://itunes.apple.com/us/post/sa.201cc280-fc6d-11e7-a7c4-7761cb29a9c0|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sivan manulih dalam cuitan di Twitter bahasonyo lagu itu "sangaik barati bagi [inyo]". Inyo batarimo kasiah kapado konco panulih lagu dek "mamahami nuansa jo kompleksitas sangkek itu dan mambantu mambueknyo hiduik".<ref name="Gay Times">{{cite news|last=Megarry|first=Daniel|title=Listen to Troye Sivan's heartbreaking new track The Good Side|url=http://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/97217/listen-troye-sivans-heartbreaking-new-track-good-side/|accessdate=19 Januari 2018|work=Gay Times|date=18 Januari 2018}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Partunjukan langsuang== Pado 20 Januari 2018, Sivan mambaokan lagu iko untuak patamo kalinyo di ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Payne|first=Chris|title=Troye Sivan Performs 'My My My!' & 'The Good Side' on 'SNL'|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8095262/troye-sivan-snl-my-my-my-good-side-video|accessdate=2 February 2018|work=Billboard|date=21 Januari 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Voss|first=Brandon|title=Troye Sivan Sexes Up "My My My!," "The Good Side," On "SNL"|url=http://www.newnownext.com/troye-my-my-my-the-good-side-snl/01/2018/|accessdate=2 February 2018|work=[[Logo TV]]|date=21 Januari 2018}}</ref> == Tangga lagu == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Tangga lagu (2018) ! scope="col"| Posisi ateh |- ! scope="row"| New Zealand Heatseekers ([[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4447|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=29 Januari 2018|accessdate=26 Januari 2018|archive-date=2018-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131024112/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4447|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | 4 |- {{singlechart|Scotland|99|date=20180126|rowheader=true|accessdate=27 Januari 2018}} |} ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Good Side}} [[Category:Singel tahun 2018]] [[Category:Lagu tahun 2018]] [[Category:Lagu Troye Sivan]] [[Category:Lagu nan ditulih dek Ariel Rechtshaid]] [[Category:Lagu nan ditulih dek Leland (musisi)]] [[Category:Rekaman lagu nan diproduksi dek Ariel Rechtshaid]] [[Category:Lagu nan ditulih dek Troye Sivan]] [[Category:Lagu nan ditulih dek Allie X]] sx5uu38qul511j8sqrxoxjaxxwfs2t7 Telegram (aplikasi) 0 337282 3352839 3343259 2026-09-25T20:16:49Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | name = Telegram | logo = Telegram 2019 Logo.svg | logo size = 100px | screenshot = File:Telegram Android screenshot.svg | caption = Telegram on [[Android Lollipop]] | collapsible = yes | developer = Telegram Messenger LLP | released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|8}} | operating_system = [[Android (sistem operasi)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[Windows Phone]], [[Ubuntu Touch]], [[MS Windows]], [[Linux]], [[OS X]] | language = [[Bahaso Inggirih]], [[Bahaso Arab]], [[Bahaso Spanyol]], [[Bahasa Jerman]], [[Bahaso Indonesia]], [[Bahaso Italia]], [[Bahaso Korea]], [[Bahasa Belanda]], [[Bahaso Portugis]] (Brasil jo Portugal) | genre = [[Pesan Instan]] | license = [[GPL|GPL v2]] (klien)<br />[[Perangkat lunak milik perorangan|Sumber-tertutup]] (server) | latest release version = {{Latest stable software release/Telegram}} | status = Aktif | size = {{Nowrap|23 MB}} (Android)<ref name="Telegram Messenger on Android">{{cite web|title=Telegram Messenger on Play Store|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.telegram.messenger|publisher=Google Inc.|accessdate=4 October 2020}}</ref><br />{{Nowrap|180.3 MB}} (iOS)<ref name="Telegram Messenger on iOS">{{cite web|title=Telegram Messenger on App Store|url=https://itunes.apple.com/en/app/telegram-messenger/id686449807|publisher=Apple Inc.|accessdate=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605012723/https://itunes.apple.com/en/app/telegram-messenger/id686449807|archive-date=5 June 2016|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br />{{Nowrap|49,3 MB}} (Windows Phone)<ref name="Telegram Messenger on Windows Phone">{{cite web|title=Telegram Messenger|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/apps/telegram-messenger/9wzdncrdzhs0|publisher=Microsoft Corporation|accessdate=4 October 2020}}</ref> | alexa = {{increase}} 3,825<ref name=Alexa>{{cite web|title=Telegram.org Site Info|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/telegram.org|publisher=Alexa, Inc.|accessdate=8 July 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305064113/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/telegram.org|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | website = {{URL|https://telegram.org}} }} Telegram iyolah saparangkaik alaik layanan mangirim pasan instan multiplatform babasis awan nan gratis jo nirlaba.<ref>[https://telegram.org/faq#q-how-are-you-going-to-make-money-out-of-this Telegram F.A.Q], Kutipannyo "...making profits will never be an end-goal for Telegram."</ref><ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2014/2/25/5445864/telegram-messenger-hottest-app-in-the-world Why Telegram has become the hottest messaging app in the world], ''The Verge''. Diakses baliak 30 Mei 2021. Kutipannyo "Telegram operates as a non-profit organization, and doesn’t plan to charge for its services."</ref> Klien Telegram tasadio untuak parangkaik talepon seluler ([[Android]], [[iOS]], [[Windows Phone]], [[Ubuntu Touch]]) jo sistem parangkaik komputer ([[Windows]], [[OS X]], [[Linux)]].<ref>[https://telegram.org/apps "List of Telegram applications"]. 6 February 2014. diakses baliak pado 30 Mei 2021</ref> Pangguno dapek mangirim pasan jo batuka [[poto]], [[vidio]], [[stiker]], [[audio]], jo tipe berkas file lainnyo. Telegram manyadiokan juo pangiriman pasan [[enkripsi ujuang-ka-ujuang]] opsional. Telegram dikambangan dek Telegram Messanger LLP dan didukuang panuah dek wirausahawan Rusia [[Pavel Durov]].<ref>[https://telegram.org/faq#q-who-are-the-people-behind-telegram "Telegram FAQ"]. 9 August 2015. diakses baliak 30 Mei 2021</ref> Kode pihak kliennyo barupo [[parangkaik lunak sistem tabukak]] namun bak'itu maganduang ''blob binari,'' jo [[kode sumber]] untuak versi tabaru indak capek dipublikasian,<ref>[https://github.com/DrKLO/Telegram/commits/master "Latest commits from official repository (Android version)"]. Github. 10 April 2016. diakses baliak 30 Mei 2021</ref> sadangkan kode sisi servernyo basumber tatutuik dan bapaten. Layanan iko manyadiokan juo [[API]] kapado pagambang independen. Pado Februari 2016, Telegram manyatokan bahwasanyo inyo alah mampunyoi 100 juta pangguno aktif bulanan, dan mangiriman 15 pasan per harinyo. Keamanan Telegram alah manghadapi pamaresoan nan talili nan manjadi paratian; para kritikus mangklaim model keamanan Telegram dirusak dek panggunoan protokol enkripsi nan dirancang sacaro khusus nan alum tabukti handal jo aman, sarato indak mangaktifan pacakapan nan aman sacaro ''default''. Telegram manghadapi juo kritikan karano panggunoan skala luweh dek [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam]] (NIIS). NIIS alah mambuek rekomendasi untuak mampagunoan Telegram kapado para pandukuang jo anggotanyo<ref>Haddad, Margot; Hume, Tim. [https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/01/europe/france-church-attack-telegram/index.html "Killers of French priest met 4 days before attack"]. cnn.com.</ref><ref>Zavolokyn, Gennady. [https://tjournal.ru/tech/56327-telegram-jihadi "Павел Дуров прокомментировал для CNN историю с подготовкой теракта через Telegram"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312152814/https://tjournal.ru/p/telegram-jihadi |date=2016-03-12 }}. ''TJournal.ru'' (dalam bahaso Rusia). Diakses tanggal 30 Mei 2021.</ref><ref>Steve Ragan (16 November 2015). [https://www.csoonline.com/article/3004648/after-paris-isis-moves-propaganda-machine-to-darknet.html "After Paris, ISIS moves propaganda machine to Darknet"]. CSO Online.</ref> dan tapek bulan Oktober 2015 inyo alah bisa malipekgandokan jumlah pangikuik saluran resmi inyo manjadi 9.000 urang.<ref>[https://id.yahoo.com/?p=us "Isis Telegram channel doubles followers to 9,000 in less than 1 week"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214002620/https://id.yahoo.com/?p=us |date=2022-12-14 }}. ''Yahoo News''. 12 October 2015. diakses baliak pado tanggal 30 Mei 2021</ref> == Sijarah == === Pagambangan === Telegram dirilih dek duo badunsanak [[Nikolai Durov]] jo [[Pavel Durov]] pado taun 2013, sabalumnyo inyo alah mambuek platform media sosial [[Rusia]] nan banamo [[VK|Vkontakte]], nan inyo tinggaan pado taun 2014 karano diambiak dek sekutu [[Vladimir putin|Presiden Putin]]. Pavel Durov manjua siso sahamnyo di VK dan maningga'an Rusia sasudah mandapek takanan dari pihak pamarentah.<ref name=":0">Hakim, Danny (2 December 2014). [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/03/technology/once-celebrated-in-russia-programmer-pavel-durov-chooses-exile.html "Once Celebrated in Russia, the Programmer Pavel Durov Chooses Exile"]. ''The New York Times''. Diakses kembali pada 29 Mei 2021.</ref> Nikolai mambuek protokol platform digital lainnyo nan babasis pado pangiriman pasan, samantaro Pavel dunsanaknyo manyadiokan dukuangan pandanaan jo infrastruktur dari parusahaannyo Digital Fortress.<ref name=":2">Shu, Catherine (27 October 2013). [https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/27/meet-telegram-a-secure-messaging-app-from-the-founders-of-vk-russias-largest-social-network/ "Meet Telegram, A Secure Messaging App From The Founders Of VK, Russia's Largest Social Network"]. ''TechCrunch''. Diakses kembali pada 29 Mei 2021.</ref> Telegram manyatokan bahwasanyo tujuan akhir Telegram ko bukanlah samato-mato untuak kauntungan sajo,<ref>[https://telegram.org/faq#q-how-are-you-going-to-make-money-out-of-this Telegram F.A.Q,]. kutipannyo "...making profits will never be an end-goal for Telegram."</ref><ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2014/2/25/5445864/telegram-messenger-hottest-app-in-the-world Why Telegram has become the hottest messaging app in the world], ''The Verge''. Diakses kembali pada 29 Mei 2021. Kutipannyo "Telegram operates as a non-profit organization, and doesn’t plan to charge for its services."</ref> dan indak pulo tamasuak kadalam struktur organisasi non-profit atau nirlaba.<ref>Dewey, Caitlin (23 November 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/11/23/the-secret-american-origins-of-telegram-the-encrypted-messaging-app-favored-by-the-islamic-state/ "The secret American origins of Telegram, the encrypted messaging app favored by the Islamic State"]. ''The Washington Post''. Diakses kembali pada 29 Mei 2021. Kutipan "The Telegram team declared numerous times in its FAQs and public statements that telegram was a non-profit,"</ref> Telegram tadaftar sabagai organisasi bisnis babantuak [[LLP]]<ref>[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.telegram.messenger "Telegram - Android Apps on Google Play"]. ''play.google.com''. Diakses kembali pada 29 Mei 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1399104D:RU "Telegram Messenger LLP - Company Profile and News"]. ''Bloomberg.com''. Diakses kembali pada 29 Mei 2021.</ref> di Inggris dan [[LLC]]<ref>[https://apps.apple.com/app/telegram-messenger/id686449807 "Telegram Messenger on the App Store"]. ''App Store''. Diakses kembali pada 29 Mei 2021.</ref> di Amerika, nan artinyo inyo indak mangunkapkan dimano inyo manyewa kantua atau badan hukum apo nan inyo pakai, alasannyo iyolah untuak malinduanggi timnyo dari pamintak'an data dek pamarentah.<ref>Thornhill, John (3 July 2015). [https://www.ft.com/content/21c5c7f2-20b1-11e5-ab0f-6bb9974f25d0 "Lunch with the FT: Pavel Durov"]. ''Financial Times''. Diakses kembali pada 29 Mei 2021.</ref> Pavel Durov mangatoan bahwasanyo kantua pusek inyo barado di [[Berlin]], Jerman, antaro taun 2014<ref name=":3">Brandom, Russell (6 October 2014). [https://www.theverge.com/2014/10/6/6926205/surveillance-drives-south-koreans-to-encrypted-messaging-apps "Surveillance drives South Koreans to encrypted messaging apps"]. ''The Verge''. Diakses kembali pada 29 Mei 2021. Kutipan "Based in Germany, Telegram reports ..."</ref> hinggo taun 2015, pindah dikaranoan pabedaan yuridiksi ijin tingga untuak satiok urang didalam timnyo.<ref name=":1">Turton, William (29 September 2017). [https://theoutline.com/post/2348/what-isn-t-telegram-saying-about-its-connections-to-the-kremlin "What isn't Telegram saying about its connections to the Kremlin?"]. ''The Outline''. Diakses kembali 29 Mei 2021. Kutipannyo "We used the Berlin base back in 2014 and early 2015, but failed to stay ... due to bureaucray with resident"</ref> Sasudah Pavel Durov maningga'an Rusia, inyo bapindah-pindah tampek dari ciek nagari ka nagari lain basamo sakalompok ketek programernyo nan marupokan 15 anggota inti.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telecoms-mobileworld-telegram-idUSKCN0VW2CM "Telegram app free-speech advocate no stranger to Apple-FBI woes"]. 23 February 2016 – ''via www.reuters.com''.</ref> Manuruik informasi media, Telegram mampunyoi karyawan di [[Saint Petersburg]],<ref name=":1" /> sadangkan tim intinyo bamarkas di [[Dubai]] per 2017.<ref name=":4">[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-12/cryptic-russian-crusader-says-his-5-billion-app-can-t-be-bought "This $5 Billion Encrypted App Isn't for Sale at Any Price"]. ''Bloomberg''. 12 December 2017. Diakses kembali 29 Mei 2021.</ref> === Jumlah pangguno === {{Graph:Chart |width=400 |height=160 |type=line |xType=date |xAxisFormat=%b %Y |xAxisAngle=-40 |yGrid= |x=2013-08-14, 2014-03-24, 2014-12-08, 2016-02-23, 2018-03-22, 2020-04-24, 2021-01-08 |y1=0, 35, 50, 100, 200, 400, 500 |xAxisTitle=Garih wakatu Telegram (Agustus 2013 – Januari 2021) |yAxisTitle=Pengguno aktif satiok bulannyo (Juta) }} Pado bulan Oktober 2013, Telegram mangumumkan 100.00 pangguno aktif harian.<ref name=":2" /> Pado 24 Maret 2014, Telegram mangumumkan bahwasanyo alah mancapai 35 juta pangguno bulanan jo 15 juta pangguno aktif harian.<ref>[https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/24/telegram-hits-35m-monthly-users-15m-daily-with-8b-messages-received-over-30-days/ ''Telegram Hits 35M Monthly Users, 15M Daily With 8B Messages Received Over 30 Days,''] ''TechCrunch'', Diakses baliak 30 Mei 2021.</ref> Oktober 2014, karano rancana pamarentah Korea Selatan dalam mancaliakan warganyo mambuek warganyo bapindah ka Telegram.<ref name=":3" /> Pado Desember 2014, Telegram mangumumkan bahwasanyo alah mancapai 50 juta pangguno aktif, dari situ manghasilkan 1 miliar pasan satiok harinyo, jo 1 juta pangguno baru satiok minggu,<ref>[https://telegram.org/blog/billion ''"Telegram Reaches 1 Billion Daily Messages",''] ''Telegram'', 8 Desember 2014, diakses baliak katiko 30 Mei 2021</ref> lalu lintas pasan manjadi duo kali lipek dalam limo bulan jo 2 miliar pasan satiok hari.<ref>[https://telegram.org/blog/billion "Telegram Hits 2 Billion Messages Sent Daily,"] 13 May 2015, diakses baliak katiko 30 Mei 2021</ref> Pado September 2015, Telegram mangumumkan bahwasanyo aplikasinyo kini alah mancapai 60 juta pangguno aktif jo alah mangirim 12 miliar pasan harian.<ref>Lomas, Natasha (21 September 2015). [https://techcrunch.com/2015/09/21/telegram-now-seeing-12bn-daily-messages-up-from-1m-in-february/ "Telegram Now Seeing 12BN Daily Messages, up From 1BN in February".] ''Techcrunch.'' Diakses baliak 30 Mei 2021.</ref> Februari 2016, Telegram mangumumkan alah mancapai 100 juta pangguno aktif satiok bulan, dengan 350.000 pangguno baru satiok harinyo; mangirimkan 15 miliar pasan harian.<ref>Burns, Matt (23 February 2016). [https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/23/encrypted-messaging-app-telegram-hits-100m-monthly-active-users-350k-new-users-each-day/ "Encrypted Messaging App Telegram Hits 100M Monthly Active Users, 350k New Users Each Day".] ''TechCrunch''.DIakses baliak 30 Mei 2021.</ref> Pado Desember 2017, Telegram mancapai 180 juta pangguno aktif bulanan.<ref name=":4" /> Pado Maret 2018 Telegram mancapai 200 juta pangguno aktif bulanan. Pado 14 Maret 2019, Pavel Durov mangklaim bahwasanyo "3 juta pangguno baru alah mandaftar dalam kurun waktu 24 jam".<ref>Lomas, Natasha. [https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/14/telegram-gets-3m-new-signups-during-facebook-apps-outage/ "Telegram gets 3M new signups during Facebook apps' outage".] ''TechCrunch''. Diakses baliak 30 Mei 2021.</ref> Durov indak manyabuik sacaro kusus apo nan mandorong banyaknyo pangguno baru mandaftar, tetapi tajawek dari periode waktu nan tapek katiko pamadaman teknis bakapanjangan nan dialami dek [[Facebook]] jo aplikasi anak parusahaannyo, tamasuak [[Instagram]].<ref>Shieber, Jonathan. [https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/13/facebook-instagram-and-messenger-are-down-for-some-users/ "Update: Facebook, Instagram and Messenger were down for many users".] ''TechCrunch''. Diakses baliak 30 Mei 2021.</ref> Manuruik Komisi Sekuritas jo Bursa AS, jumlah pangguno aktif per bulannyo Telegram hinggo Oktober 2019 adolah 300 juta urang di saluruah dunia.<ref>[https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2019/comp-pr2019-212.pdf "SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, ::Plaintiff, :19 Civ. 9439(PKC):-against -:ECF Case:TELEGRAM GROUPINC.andTON ISSUERINC"] (PDF). ''The US Securities and Exchange Commission''. 11 October 2019.</ref> Pado April 2020, Telegram mangumumkan bahwasanyo alah mancapai 400 juta pangguno aktif per bulannyo.<ref>[https://t.me/durov/147/ "Telegram hits 500M monthly active users".] ''Telegram''. Diakses baliak katiko 30 Mei 2021.</ref> Pado 8 Januari 2021, Durov mangumumkan dalam postingan blog di Telegram bahwa alah mancapai 500 juta pangguno aktif satiok bulan.<ref>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/respect-your-users-telegram-founder-slams-facebook/article33535421.ece ""Respect your users": Telegram founder Pavel Durov slams Facebook".] ''The Hindu Business Line''. 9 January 2021. Diakses baliak katiko 30 Mei 2021</ref> == Fitur == === Akun === Akun Telegram taikek ka nomor talepon pangguno nan diverifikasi malalui sms.<ref name=":5">Lopez, Miguel. [https://www.applesfera.com/aplicaciones-ios-1/configurando-telegram-en-el-iphone-en-la-web-y-en-el-mac "Configurando Telegram en el iPhone, en la web y en el Mac"] [Configuring Telegram in the Apple iPhone, the Web and the Mac] (Dalam bahaso Spanyol). ''Applesfera''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190807133141/https://www.applesfera.com/aplicaciones-ios-1/configurando-telegram-en-el-iphone-en-la-web-y-en-el-mac Diarsipkan] pado 7 Agustus 2019. Diakses baliak 27 Juni 2021.</ref> Untuk mambuek akun diparaluan parangkaik iOS atau Android talapeh dari platform apo nan akan digunoan.<ref>Witman, Emma (22 January 2021). [https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-make-a-telegram-account "How to make a Telegram account and start using the popular group chatting app".] ''Business Insider''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210209074302/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-make-a-telegram-account Diarsipkan] pado 9 Februari 2021. Diakses baliak pado 27 Juni 2021.</ref> Pangguno bisa manambahan babarapo parangkaik untuak akun inyo dan manarimo pasan dari sado parangkaik tasabuik. Parangkaik nan tahubuang bisa dilapehan sacaro ciek-ciek atau sakali kasadonyo. Nomor ta'ikek dapek diubah kapan sajo dan katiko malakuannyo, daftar kontak pangguno nan manyimpan nomor pangguno akan manarimo nomor baru sacaro otomatih.<ref name=":5" /><ref>Mateo, David G (1 December 2014). [https://www.tuexpertoapps.com/2014/12/02/telegram-ahora-permite-traspasar-mensajes-al-cambiar-de-numero/ "Telegram ahora permite traspasar mensajes al cambiar de número"] (Dalam bahaso Spanyol). ''TuExperto''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190512143429/https://www.tuexpertoapps.com/2014/12/02/telegram-ahora-permite-traspasar-mensajes-al-cambiar-de-numero/ Diarsipkan] pada 12 Mei 2019. Diakses baliak 27 Juni 2021.</ref><ref>Munizaga, Jonathan (1 December 2014). [https://www.tuexpertoapps.com/2014/12/02/telegram-ahora-permite-traspasar-mensajes-al-cambiar-de-numero/ "Telegram ya permite migrar conversaciones y contactos a una línea nueva"] [Telegram already allows migrating conversations and contacts to a new line] (in Spanish). ''Wayerless''. [https://www.tuexpertoapps.com/2014/12/02/telegram-ahora-permite-traspasar-mensajes-al-cambiar-de-numero/https://www.tuexpertoapps.com/2014/12/02/telegram-ahora-permite-traspasar-mensajes-al-cambiar-de-numero/ Diarsipkan] 19 Desember 2014. Diakses baliak 27 Juni 2021.</ref> Selain tuh, pangguno dapek mangatur namo pangguno sabagai alias nan mamungkinan inyo mangirim jo manarimo pasan tanpa manampakan nomor talepon inyo.<ref>[https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/23/secure-messaging-app-telegram-adds-usernames-and-snapchat-like-hold-to-view-for-media/ "Secure Messaging App Telegram Adds Usernames And Snapchat-Like Hold-To-View For Media".] ''Techcrunch''. 23 Oktober 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190512143411/https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/23/secure-messaging-app-telegram-adds-usernames-and-snapchat-like-hold-to-view-for-media/ Diarsipkan] katiko 12 Mei 2019. Diakses baliak 27 Juni 2021.</ref> Akun telegram bisa dihapuih kapan sajo dan dihapuih sacaro otomatih sasudah anam bulan indak aktif sacaro standarnyo, dan sacaro opsional dapek diubah dari 1 bulan paliang capek hinggo 12 bulan paliang lamo dan kisaran antaro kaduonyo. Pangguno dapek mangganti rincian stempel wakatu "tarakhir taliek" jo pasan nan labiah luweh sarupo "tarakhir taliek baru-baru iko".<ref>[https://telegram.org/blog/privacy-revolution "Hiding Last Seen Time - Done Right".] <u>''Telegram Blog''</u>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190509215752/https://telegram.org/blog/privacy-revolution Diarsipkan] pada 9 Mei 2019. Diakses baliak 27 Juni 2021.</ref> Metode autentifikasi standar nan digunoan Telegram untuak login adolah autentikasi faktor tunggal babasis sms.<ref>Kirk, Jeremy (15 January 2015). [https://www.pcworld.com/article/2871412/how-much-trust-can-you-put-in-telegram-messenger.html "How much trust can you put in Telegram messenger?".] ''PC World''. IDG. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190502055022/https://www.pcworld.com/article/2871412/how-much-trust-can-you-put-in-telegram-messenger.html Diarsipkan] pado 2 Mei 2019. Diakses baliak 28 Juni 2021.</ref><ref name=":6">Rad, Alex (9 January 2015). [http://www.alexrad.me/discourse/a-264-attack-on-telegram-and-why-a-super-villain-doesnt-need-it-to-read-your-telegram-chats.html "A 264 Attack On Telegram, And Why A Super Villain Doesn't Need It To Read Your Telegram Chats".] ''alexrad.me (Blog)''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160425091011/http://www.alexrad.me/discourse/a-264-attack-on-telegram-and-why-a-super-villain-doesnt-need-it-to-read-your-telegram-chats.html Diarsipkan] pad 25 April 2016. Diakses baliak 28 Juni 2021.</ref> Pangiriman kode sandi sakali via sms ka namor pangguno diparaluan untuak masuak ka akun sacaro default.<ref name=":6" /><ref>Lokot, Tetyana (2 May 2016). [https://advox.globalvoices.org/2016/05/02/is-telegram-really-safe-for-activists-under-threat-these-two-russians-arent-so-sure/ "Is Telegram Really Safe for Activists Under Threat? These Two Russians Aren't So Sure".] ''Advox. Global Voices''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190512143414/https://advox.globalvoices.org/2016/05/02/is-telegram-really-safe-for-activists-under-threat-these-two-russians-arent-so-sure/ Diarsipkan] pada 12 Mei 2019. Diakses kembali 28 Juni 2021.</ref> Pangguno juo mampunyoi pilihan untuak mambuek kato sandi sabagai bantuak verifikasi duo langkah.<ref>DelhiJune 5, Yasmin Ahmed New; June 5, 2020UPDATED; Ist, 2020 17:04. [https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/telegram-adds-two-step-verification-for-better-security-launches-in-app-video-editor-to-platform-1685933-2020-06-05 "Telegram adds two-step verification for better security, launches in-app video editor to platform".] ''India Today''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201219051314/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/telegram-adds-two-step-verification-for-better-security-launches-in-app-video-editor-to-platform-1685933-2020-06-05 Diarsipkan] pada 19 Desember 2020. Diakses kembali 28 Juni 2021.</ref> Telegram mamungkinan pambuaekan grup, bot, jo saluran media sosial terverifikasi resmi atau halaman wikipedia untuak diverifikasi tatapi indak akun pangguno.<ref>[https://telegram.org/verify "Page Verification Guidelines".] ''Telegram''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210114070820/https://telegram.org/verify Diarsipkan] pada 14 Januari 2021. Diakses kembali pada 28 Juni 2021.</ref> == Pasan babasis cloud == Pasan default Telegram ko babasis cloud juo bisa diakses dek parangkaik pangguno apopun nan tahubuang. Pangguno dapek babagi [[poto]], [[vidio]], [[pasan audio]], jo file lainnyo (hinggo 2 [[gigabyte]] per file). Pangguno dapek mangirim pasan ka pangguno lainnyo sacaro ciek-ciek atau languang kasadoalahnyo ka pangguno di dalam grup nan didalam grup ko barangotaan 200.000 anggota.<ref>Singh, Manish (10 August 2019). [https://techcrunch.com/2019/08/10/telegram-slow-mode-silent-notifications/ "Telegram introduces a feature to prevent users from texting too often in a group"]. ''TechCrunch''. Diakses baliak katiko 28 Juni 2021.</ref> Pasan takirim bisa diedit dalam kurun wakatu 48 jam sasudah pasan tasabuik takirim jo bisa dihapuih bilo sajo sakahandak hati baik di kolom pasan pangguno nan mangirim pasan ataupun panarimo pasan. Pasan pado sadoalah chat, tamasuak grup jo saluran, bisa diatur untuak dihapuih sacaro otomatih sasudah 24 jam atau 7 hari, hal iko hanyo balaku untuak pasan nan dikirim sasudah panghituang wakatu hapuih otomatih diaktifan.<ref>[https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/how-telegram-s-new-update-is-making-messages-private-11614388851319.html "How Telegram's new update is making messages private".] ''mint.'' 27 February 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210228184333if_/https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/how-telegram-s-new-update-is-making-messages-private-11614388851319.html Diarsipkan] pado 28 Februari 2021. Diakses baliak 28 Juni 2021.</ref><ref>[https://telegram.org/blog/unsend-and-usage "Unsend Messages, Network Usage, and More"]. ''Telegram''. 3 Januari 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191210213549/https://telegram.org/blog/unsend-and-usage Diarsipkan] pado 10 Desember 2019.Diakses baliak katiko 28 Juni 2021.</ref> Telegram manawakan draf pasan nan bisa disinkronan jo sadoalah parangkaik pangguno, sarupo katiko pangguno mulai mangetik pasan di ciek parangkaik dan kamudian dapek malanjuikan di parangkaik nan lainnyo. Draf ko tetap ado pado area panyuntiangan di parangkaik mano sajo hinggo pasan tasabuik dikirim atau dihapus.<ref>[https://venturebeat.com/2016/06/14/telegram-rolls-out-message-drafts-picture-in-picture-for-ios-video-player-for-android/ "Telegram rolls out message drafts, picture in picture for iOS, video player for Android"]. ''VentureBeat''. 14 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210525092951/https://venturebeat.com/2016/06/14/telegram-rolls-out-message-drafts-picture-in-picture-for-ios-video-player-for-android/ Diarsipkan] pado 25 Mei 2021. Diakses baliak 28 Juni 2021.</ref> Sado chat, tamasuak grup jo channel, bisa diuruikan kadalam folder nan disasuian surang dek pangguno. Pangguno punyo pilihan untuak manjadwalan pasan dalam kolom chat pribadi untuak dikirim katiko panarimo pasan sadang online.[] Pangguno bisa juo maambiak histori obrolan, tamasuak pasan, jo media, dari WhatsApp, Line jo Kakaotalk karano portabilits data, baiak mambuek chat baru untuak manyimpan pasan atau manambahkannyo ka pasan nan alah ado.<ref>"[https://www.eghtesadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-64/502325-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%AA%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%BE آخرین میخ تلگرام بر تابوت واتس‌اپ". اقتصاد آنلاین] (Bahaso Persia). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210205175049/https://www.eghtesadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-64/502325-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%AA%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%BE Diarsipkan] pado 5 Februari 2021. Diakses baliak 28 Juni 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.gsmarena.com/telegrams_latest_update_lets_you_import_chat_history_from_other_apps-news-47472.php "Telegram's latest update lets you import chat history from other apps".] ''GSMArena.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140209082001/https://telegram.org/faq#q-how-secure-is-telegram Diarsipkan] pado 31 Januari 2021. Diakses baliak 28 Juni 2021.</ref> Transmisi dari pasan cloud ka server Telegram dienkripsi dek layanan protokol MTProto, samantaro "Chat Rahasio" manggunoan [[enkripsi ujuang-ka-ujuang]] jo protokol nan samo.<ref>[https://telegram.org/faq#q-how-secure-is-telegram "How secure is Telegram?"]. FAQ. ''[[Telegram]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140209082001/https://telegram.org/faq#q-how-secure-is-telegram Diarsipkan] pado 9 Februari 2014. Diakses baliak 28 Juni 2021.</ref><ref>[https://telegra.ph/Why-you-should-stop-reading-Gizmodo-right-now-Long "Why you should stop reading Gizmodo right now"]. ''Telegraph''. 21 Juni 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171001165312/http://telegra.ph/Why-you-should-stop-reading-Gizmodo-right-now-Long Diarsipkan] pado 1 Oktober 2017. Diakses baliak pado 28 Juni 2021.</ref> Manuruik kabijakan privasi Telegram, "sadoalah data nan disimpan dengan sangaik taenkripsi jo kunci enkripsi pado satiok kasus disimpan pado babarapo data pusat nan lain jo yuridiksi nan babeda. Dengan caro ko teknisi programer atau panyusup indak bisa mangakses data pangguno.<ref>[https://telegram.org/privacy "Telegram Privacy Policy".] ''Telegram.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20150908095619/https://telegram.org/privacy Diarsipkan] pado 8 September 2015. Diakses baliak pado 28 Juni 2021.</ref> Database lokal untuak pasan di Telegram indak dienkripsi sacaro default.{{sfn|Rottermanner|2015|hal 6}} Babarapo klien Telegram maijinkan pangguno untuak mangenkripsi basis data lokal dari pasan dengan manggunoan phrasa sandi.<ref>Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo (24 February 2015). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/kbzx4w/encryption-fails-when-to-freak-out-and-when-to-chill "Encryption Fails: When to Freak Out and When to Chill".] ''Motherboard. Vice Media.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160311031842/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/encryption-fails-when-to-freak-out-and-when-to-chill Diarsipkan] pado 11 Maret 2016. Diakses baliak pado 28 Juni 2021.</ref> Pangguno Telegram dapek mambagian lokasi inyo sacaro langsuang ka obrolan salamo 15 minik, ciek jam, atau 8 jam. Jikok ado pangguno babagi lokasi inyo sacaro live dalam grup, lokasi akan dicaliakan di peta interaktif. Babagi "lokasi live" bisa dibarantian katiko kapan sajo.<ref>[https://www.androidpolice.com/2017/10/10/telegram-v4-4-adds-live-locations-new-media-player/ "Telegram v4.4 adds live locations, a new media player, and more"]. ''Android Police''. 10 Oktober 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210603124746/https://www.androidpolice.com/2017/10/10/telegram-v4-4-adds-live-locations-new-media-player/ Diarsipkan] pado 3 Juni 2021. Diakses baliak 28 Juni 2021.</ref> == Rujuakan == <references responsive="" /> == Sumber == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite web|url=https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/1177.pdf|title=On the CCA (in)security of MTProto|last1=Jakobsen|first1=Jakob|last2=Orlandi|first2=Claudio|date=8 December 2015|website=Cryptology ePrint Archive|publisher=International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR)|access-date=11 December 2015|ref={{harvid|Jakobsen|Orlandi|2015}}}} * {{Cite conference|last1=Rottermanner|first1=Christoph|last2=Kieseberg|first2=Peter|last3=Huber|first3=Markus|last4=Schmiedecker|first4=Martin|last5=Schrittwieser|first5=Sebastian|date=December 2015|title=Privacy and Data Protection in Smartphone Messengers|url=https://www.sba-research.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/paper_drafthp.pdf|conference=Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services (iiWAS2015)|publisher=ACM International Conference Proceedings Series|isbn=978-1-4503-3491-4|access-date=18 March 2016|ref={{harvid|Rottermanner|Kieseberg|Huber|Schmiedecker|2015}}|archive-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327011416/https://www.sba-research.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/paper_drafthp.pdf|url-status=live}} * {{cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.03141v1.pdf|title=Automated Symbolic Verification of Telegram's MTProto 2.0|last1=Miculan|first1=Marino|last2=Vitocolonna|first2=Nicola|date=5 December 2020|publisher=University of Udine|arxiv=2012.03141v1|access-date=21 December 2020|ref={{harvid|Miculan|Vitocolonna|2020}}|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209061148/https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.03141v1.pdf|url-status=live}} * {{cite journal|last1=Abu-Salma1|first1=Ruba|last2=Krol|first2=Kat|last3=Parkin|first3=Simon|last4=Kohl|first4=Victoria|last5=Kwan|first5=Kevin|last6=Mahboob|first6=Jazib|last7=Traboulsi|first7=Zahra|last8=Sasse|first8=M. Angela|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1560501/1/Abu-Salma%20et%20al.%20-%202017%20-%20The%20Security%20Blanket%20of%20the%20Chat%20World%20An%20Analyti.pdf|title=The Security Blanket of the Chat World:An Analytic Evaluation and a User Study of Telegram|publisher=[[University College London]]|journal=|access-date=7 February 2021|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205025259/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1560501/1/Abu-Salma%20et%20al.%20-%202017%20-%20The%20Security%20Blanket%20of%20the%20Chat%20World%20An%20Analyti.pdf|url-status=live}} * {{cite journal|last1=Hannan Bin Azhar|first1=M A|last2=Barton|first2=Thomas Edward Allen|url=https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/download/3e59ded778529baaf67e0be4d5c9b31b7fca48bb14ef965948fa5cc6d578c3c6/685125/15054.pdf|title=Forensic Analysis of Secure Ephemeral Messaging Applications on Android Platforms|publisher=[[Canterbury Christ Church University]]|journal=|access-date=7 February 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627152104/https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/download/3e59ded778529baaf67e0be4d5c9b31b7fca48bb14ef965948fa5cc6d578c3c6/685125/15054.pdf|url-status=live}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/foci17/foci17-paper-espinoza.pdf|title=Alice and Bob, who the FOCI are they?:Analysis of end-to-end encryption in the LINE messaging application|last1=Espinoza|first1=Antonio|last2=Tolley|first2=William|date=August 2017|website=Usenix|publisher=USENIX Association|access-date=12 May 2021|ref={{harvid|Espinoza|Tolley|Crandall|2017}}|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511230541/https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/foci17/foci17-paper-espinoza.pdf|url-status=live}} {{Refend}} hr63rqu554ojkrprnqh72jnuo9cs0pm Sistem koordinat galaksi 0 386138 3352829 3180008 2026-09-25T18:57:45Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Artist's impression of the Milky Way (updated - annotated).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Panggambaran soni tantang Galaksi Bima Sakti, manunjuakkan garih bujur galaksi. Sabuah vektor nan cocok dangan bidang galaksi, pado garih bujur 0°, tarutamo daerah atau planet nan punyo [[Pusek Galaksi]] bapotongan dangan longan imajener topek di luanyo. Jauah lebiah saketek dari galaksi nan talotak di samua titiak dangan garih bujur 180 ° nan balawanan]] '''Sistem koordinat galaksi''' adolah [[sistem koordinat langik]] pado [[Sistem koordinat bola|koordinat bola]] imajener buatan, dongan [[Matoari]] sabagai pusek, arah utamo sajajar dangan pusek pakiraan [[Galaksi]] [[Bima Sakti]] , dan bidang dasar (koordinat bola) sajajar dangan parkiraan bidang racano galaksi imajener nan di lalui tapi sajajar barimbang dangannyo.<ref>Blaauw, A.; Gum, C.S.; Pawsey, J.L.; Westerhout, G. (1960). [https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F121.2.123 "The new IAU system of galactic coordinates (1958 revision)"] [[:en:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|Pambaritahuan Bulanan Royal Astronomical Society]]. 121 (2): 123.</ref> Ko go paguno untua pajalanan angkaso lua dangan [[pasawat angkaso lua]] jarak jauah sabagai sistem [[elektronik]] [[komputer]]. ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{commons category-inline|Galactic coordinate system|Sistem koordinat galaksi}} * [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/convcoord/convcoord.pl Universal coordinate converter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041017044700/http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/convcoord/convcoord.pl |date=2004-10-17 }}. * [http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/GalacticCoordinateSystem/ Galactic Coordinate System - Wolfram Demonstration] * [https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/coordinate.html#galactic_coordinates Galactic coordinates], The [[:en:Internet Encyclopedia of Science|Internet Encyclopedia of Science]] * Fiona Vincent, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120910114035/http://star-www.st-and.ac.uk/~fv/webnotes/ Positional Astronomy: Galactic coordinates], [[University of St Andrews]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150718054637/http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ An Atlas of the Universe] {{astronomi-stub}} k43trnci6qk1yj6cc11fffhqxri7sjb Yerusalem 0 386684 3352859 3351691 2026-09-25T22:21:36Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Yerusalem |native_name = {{lang|ar|{{nobold|أُورُشَلِيمَ}}}} • {{Lang|he-n|{{nobold|ירושלים}}}} |settlement_type = Kota |image_skyline = Jerusalem infobox image.JPG |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = '''Dari kida ateh''': Yerusalem dicaliak dari Biaro Mar Elia, [[suq]] di [[Kota Lamo Yerusalem|kota tuo]], [[Mamilla|pusek balanjo Mamilla]], Gaduang [[Knesset]], [[Kubah Shakhrah]], [[Manaro Daud]], jo [[Tembok Barat]] |image_flag = Flag of Jerusalem.svg{{!}}border |image_shield = Emblem of Jerusalem.svg |shield_size = 60px |shield_alt = |shield_link = |image_seal = Al-Quds flag.svg{{!}}border |image_blank_emblem = Al-Quds star.svg |blank_emblem_size = 60px |blank_emblem_alt = |blank_emblem_link = |nickname = ''Ir ha-Kodesh'' (Kota Suci), ''[[Baitulmaqdis]]'' (Rumah Kasucian) |image_map = Jerusalem WBIL.jpg |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Palestina |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi Yerusalem |pushpin_map_alt = Lokasi Yerusalem |coordinates_region = IL |latd=31|latm=47|lats=|latNS=N |longd=35|longm=13|longs=|longEW=E |coordinates_display = inline,title |subdivision_type1 = Diklaim dek |subdivision_name1 = <br>{{flagicon|Palestina}} [[Nagara Palestina|Palestina]]{{ref label|pal-pos|vii|}} |subdivision_type2 = Dikalola dek |subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon|Palestina}} Palestina |subdivision_type3 = [[Daftar distrik di Palestina|Distrik Palestina]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Distrik Yerusalem|Yerusalem]] |subdivision_type4 = [[Kagubernuran di Otoritas Nasional Palestina|Kegubernuran Palestina]] |subdivision_name4 = [[Kagubernuran Yerusalem|Yerusalem]] |government_type = [[Pamarintahan wali kota–dewan|Wali kota–Dewan]] |governing_body = [[Munisipalitas Yerusalem]] |leader_title1 = Wali Kota Israel <br/> ([[Yerusalem Barat|Barat]]) |leader_name1 = [[Moshe Lion]] <br/> ([[Likud]]) |leader_title2 = Wali Kota Palestina <br/> ([[Yerusalem Timur|Timur]]) |leader_name2 = [[Zaki al-Ghul]] (tituler) |unit_pref = dunam |area_total_dunam = 125156 |area_metro_km2 = 652 |elevation_m = 754 |population_total = 890,428<ref>http://www.moin.gov.il/Subjects/Bchirot/Documents/num-member.pdf</ref> |population_metro = 1,029,300 |population_as_of = 2013 |population_density_km2 = 6400 |population_demonym = ''Yerusalem''<br>''[[Qudsi]]/[[Maqdisi]]'' (dipakai dek urang Palestina) |timezone1 =   |utc_offset1 = +2 |timezone1_DST =   |utc_offset1_DST = +3 |area_code = Panggilan lua nagari: +972-2<br>Panggilan lokal: 02 |website = [http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/en/Pages/default.aspx jerusalem.muni.il]{{ref label|muni-site|iv|}} |footnotes = }} '''Yerusalem''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|r|uː|s|ə|l|əm}}; {{lang-he-n|יְרוּשָׁלַיִם}} ''{{transl|he|Yerusyaláyim}}'', {{IPA-he|jeruˈʃalajim|pron|He-Jerusalem.ogg}}; {{lang-ar|أُورُشَلِيمَ|Ūrsyalīm}}), tanamo jo '''Al-Quds''' ({{lang-ar|القُدس}}, {{IPA-ar|ˈaːɫ ˈquːdsˤ|pron|ArAlquds.ogg|}}){{ref label|names|i|}} marupokan salah satu kota paliang tuo di dunia, talatak di sabuah dataran tinggi di [[Pagunuangan Yudea]] antaro [[Lauik Tangah]] jo [[Lauik Mati]]. Kota iko dianggap [[kota suci|suci]] dalam tigo [[agamo Abrahamik]] utamo—[[agamo Yahudi|Yahudi]], [[Kristen]], dan [[Islam]]. Sapanjang sijarahnyo nan panjang, Yerusalem panah dihancuakan saindaknyo duo kali, dikapuang 23 kali, disarang 52 kali, dan dirabuik sarato dirabuik-baliak 44 kali.<ref name="Moment">{{cite web |url=http://www.momentmag.com/Exclusive/2008/2008-03/200803-Jerusalem.html |publisher=Moment Magazine |title=Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City? |accessdate=5 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603214950/http://www.momentmag.com/Exclusive/2008/2008-03/200803-Jerusalem.html |archivedate=3 June 2008}} According to Eric H. Cline's tally in Jerusalem Besieged.</ref> [[Kota Daud|Bagian paliang tuo kota iko]] manjadi tampek pamukiman pado [[milenium ka-4 SM]].<ref name="aice">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/jerutime.html |title=Timeline for the History of Jerusalem|work=Jewish Virtual Library |accessdate=16 April 2007 |publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}}</ref> Pado taun 1538 dibangun [[Tembok Yerusalem|tembok]] di sakitar Yerusalem dalam pamarintahan [[Süleyman I|Suleiman Al-Qanuni]]. Kini tembok tasabuik mangaliliangi [[Kota Lamo Yerusalem|Kota Lamo]], nan mano sacaro tradisi tabagi manjadi ampek bagian—sajak mulo abaik ka-19 tanamo sabagai [[Bagian Armenia|Kawasan Armenia]], [[Bagian Kristen|Kristen]], [[Bagian Yahudi (Yerusalem)|Yahudi]], dan [[Bagian Muslim|Muslim]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City|url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemin19thc00bena|last=Ben-Arieh|first=Yehoshua|publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & St. Martin's Press|year=1984|page=[https://archive.org/details/jerusalemin19thc00bena/page/14 14]|isbn=0-312-44187-8}}</ref> Kota Lamo manjadi sabuah [[Situs Warisan Dunia]] pado tahun 1981, dan tamasuak dalam [[Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO nan dalam bahayo|Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia nan dalam Bahayo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/148|title=Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Convention|accessdate=11 September 2010}}</ref> Yerusalem modern alah bakambang jauah malampaui bateh-bateh Kota Lamo. Manuruik [[Tanakh|tradisi Alkitab]], Rajo [[Daud]] marabuik kota ko dari suku [[Yebus]] dan kudian didirikan sabagai ibu kota [[Karajaan Israel (karajaan basatu)|Karajaan Israel Basatu]]; putranyo, Rajo [[Salomo]], mamarintahkan pambangunan [[Bait Allah (Yerusalem)|Bait Partamo]]. Kajadian-kajadian pokok iko, sajak pamuloan millenium ka-1 SM, mamiliki peranan sentral sacaro simbolis untuak urang-urang Yahudi.<ref name="1000BCE">Sajak abaik ka-10 SM:{{ref label|bible-david|v|a}} * "Israel pertama kali ditempa menjadi suatu bangsa yang bersatu dari Yerusalem sekitar 3.000 tahun yang lalu, ketika Raja [[Daud]] merebut mahkota itu dan mempersatukan [[Suku Israel|kedua belas suku]] dari kota ini... Selama seribu tahun Yerusalem merupakan pusat kedaulatan bangsa Yahudi, situs rumah tangga para raja, lokasi istana dan dewan legislatifnya. Di pengasingan, bangsa Yahudi menjadi diidentifikasikan dengan kota ini yang mana pernah menjadi situs ibu kota kunonya. Orang Yahudi, di mana pun mereka berada, berdoa untuk pemulihannya." Roger Friedland, Richard D. Hecht. ''To Rule Jerusalem'', University of California Press, 2000, p. 8. ISBN 0-520-22092-7 * "Posisi sentral Yerusalem bagi Yudaisme begitu kuat sehingga bahkan orang Yahudi sekuler mengungkapkan devosi dan keterikatan mereka pada kota ini, serta tidak dapat membayangkan suatu Negara Israel modern tanpanya... Bagi orang Yahudi, Yerusalem adalah suci hanya karena kota ini ada... Kendati karakter suci Yerusalem kembali pada tiga milenium...". Leslie J. Hoppe. ''The Holy City: Jerusalem in the theology of the Old Testament'', Liturgical Press, 2000, p. 6. ISBN 0-8146-5081-3 * "Sejak Raja Daud menjadikan Yerusalem sebagai ibu kota Israel 3.000 tahun yang lalu, kota ini telah memainkan peran sentral dalam keberadaan bangsa Yahudi." Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Middle East Conflict'', Alpha Books, 2002, p. 330. ISBN 0-02-864410-7 * "Yerusalem menjadi pusat orang-orang Yahudi sekitar 3.000 tahun yang lalu" Moshe Maoz, Sari Nusseibeh, ''Jerusalem: Points of Friction – And Beyond'', Brill Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 1. ISBN 90-411-8843-6 * "Orang-orang Yahudi terikat erat pada kota Yerusalem. Tidak ada kota lain yang telah memainkan suatu peran dominan dalam sejarah, politik, budaya, agama, kehidupan berbangsa dan kesadaran dari suatu bangsa sebagaimana dimiliki Yerusalem dalam kehidupan Yahudi dan Yudaisme. Sejak Raja Daud mendirikan kota ini sebagai ibu kota negara Yahudi {{circa}} 1000 SM, kota ini telah berperan sebagai simbol dan ekspresi terdalam identitas orang Yahudi sebagai sebuah bangsa." [http://www.adl.org/israel/advocacy/glossary/jerusalem.asp Basic Facts you should know: Jerusalem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104013732/http://www.adl.org/israel/advocacy/glossary/Jerusalem.asp |date=2013-01-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104013732/http://www.adl.org/israel/advocacy/glossary/Jerusalem.asp|date=2013-01-04}}, [[Anti-Defamation League]], 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2007.</ref> Julukan kota suci (''עיר הקודש'', ditransliterasikan ''‘ir haqodesh'') mungkin disamekkan ka Yerusalem pado pasca-[[Pambuangan ka Babilonia|periode pambuangan]].<ref>Reinoud Oosting, {{Google books|id=at6SOl54gqAC|page=117|title=The Role of Zion/Jerusalem in Isaiah 40–55: A Corpus-Linguistic Approach}} BRILL 2012 p. 117-118. [[Kitab Yesaya|Yesaya]] 48:2;51:1; [[Kitab Nehemia|Nehemia]] 11:1,18; lih. [[Kitab Yoel|Yoel]] 4:17: [[Kitab Daniel|Daniel]] 5:24. Bagian Yesaya di mana mereka disebutkan termasuk dalam Deutero-Yesaya.</ref><ref>Shalom M. Paul, {{Google books|id=SkFTmo4ZnzMC|page=306|title=Isaiah 40–66}} Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2012 p.306. 'Kesucian' (''qodesh'') berasal dari bait di tengah-tengahnya, akar kata [[Q-D-Š|q-d-š]] mengacu pada suatu tempat kudus. Konsep ini dibuktikan dalam sastra Mesopotamia, dan julukan tersebut dapat berfungsi untuk membedakan Babilon/Babel, kota pembuangan, dari kota keberadaan Bait itu, tempat di mana mereka diperintahkan untuk kembali.</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Norman|last=Golb|url=http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/Jerusalem_OneCity.shtml|title=Karen Armstrong's Jerusalem—One City, Three Faiths|publisher=The Bible and Interpretation|year=1997|quote=Teks-teks kuno yang tersedia menunjukkan bahwa konsep tersebut dibuat oleh seorang tokoh atau lebih di kalangan pemimpin spiritual Yahudi, dan hal ini terjadi selambatnya abad ke-6 SM.|accessdate=10 July 2013|archive-date=2013-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011220541/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/Jerusalem_OneCity.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kasucian Yerusalem dalam Kristen, tajago dalam [[Septuaginta]]<ref>Isaiah 52:1 πόλις ἡ ἁγία.</ref> nan diadopsi kaum Kristen sabagai otoritasnyo surang,<ref>Joseph T. Lienhard,''The Bible, the Church, and Authority: The Canon of the Christian Bible in History and Theology,'' Liturgical Press, 1995 pp.65–66:'Septuaginta merupakan suatu terjemahan Yahudi dan juga digunakan dalam sinagoge. Tetapi pada akhir abad ke-1 M banyak orang Yahudi berhenti menggunakan Septuaginta karena umat Kristen awal telah mengadopsinya sebagai terjemahan mereka sendiri, dan karya tersebut mulai dianggap sebagai suatu terjemahan Kristen.'</ref> dipajaleh dek catatan [[Perjanjian Baru|Pajanjian Baru]] tantang [[panyaliban Yesus]] di sinan. Dalam pandangan [[Islam Sunni]], Yerusalem adolah kota paliang suci katigo salapeh [[Mekkah|Makah]] jo [[Madinah]].<ref name="3rd-holiest">Kota tersuci ketiga dalam Islam: *{{Cite book|title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed00espo|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2 November 2002|last=Esposito|first=John L.|authorlink=John Esposito|isbn=0-19-515713-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed00espo/page/n178 157]|quote=Perjalanan Malam tersebut menjadikan Yerusalem kota tersuci ketiga dalam Islam}} *{{Cite book|title=Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/religionstatemus0000brow|last=Brown|first=Leon Carl|publisher=Columbia University Press|date=15 September 2000|isbn=0-231-12038-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/religionstatemus0000brow/page/11 11]|chapter=Setting the Stage: Islam and Muslims|quote=Kota paling suci ketiga dalam Islam—Yerusalem—juga sangat banyak berada di pusat... }} *{{Cite book|title=The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament|url=https://archive.org/details/holycityjerusale0000hopp|last=Hoppe|first=Leslie J.|publisher=Michael Glazier Books|date=August 2000|isbn=0-8146-5081-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/holycityjerusale0000hopp/page/14 14]|quote=Yerusalem selalu mendapatkan suatu tempat yang istimewa dalam Islam. Yerusalem sering disebut sebagai kota paling suci ketiga dalam Islam... }}</ref><ref>''Middle East peace plans'' by Willard A. Beling: "Masjid Al-Aqsa di Kompleks al-Haram adalah tempat tersuci ketiga dalam Islam Sunni setelah Mekkah dan Madinah".</ref> Dalam tradisi [[Islam]], pado tahun 610 M Yerusalem manjadi [[kiblat]] partamo, yaitu arah nan dituju dalam [[salat]],<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Lewis|editor1-first=Bernard|editor2-last=Holt|editor2-first=P. M.|editor3-last=Lambton|editor3-first=Ann|title=Cambridge History of Islam|year=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> dan [[Muhammad]] malakukan [[Isra Mikraj|Pajalanan Malam]] di sinan 10 taun kudian, naiak ka sarugo di tampek liau babicaro kapado [[Allah]], manuruik [[Al-Qur'an]].<ref>{{cite quran|17|1|end=3|style=nosup}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Allen|authorlink=Allen Buchanan|year=2004|title=States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-52575-6|url={{Google books|id=bntCSupRlO4C|page=192|plainurl=yes }}|accessdate=9 June 2008}}</ref> Alhasil, walaupun hanyo marupokan daerah salaweh 0,9 kilometer persegi,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kollek|first=Teddy|authorlink=Teddy Kollek|chapter=Afterword|editor=John Phillips|title=A Will to Survive – Israel: the Faces of the Terror 1948-the Faces of Hope Today|url=https://archive.org/details/willtosurvive0000phil|publisher=Dial Press/James Wade|year=1977|quote=about {{convert|225|acre|km2}}}}</ref> Kota Lamo mamiliki banyak situs pantiang kaagamoan nan sangaik bapangaruah, di antaronyo yaitu Bukik Bait Suci atau [[Musajik Al-Aqsha]], tamasuak di dalamnyo [[Jami' Al-Aqsha]], Kubah Batu atau [[Kubah Shakhrah]], jo [[Tembok Barat]]; [[Gereja Makam Kudus|Gareja Makam Kudus]], jo Makam Taman. Kini status Yerusalem tatap manjadi salah satu isu utamo dalam [[Konflik Israel dan Palestina]]. Salamo [[Parang Arab-Israel 1948]], [[Yerusalem Barat]] tamasuak ciek daerah nan dirabuik dan kudian di[[aneksasi]] dek Israel; sadangkan [[Yerusalem Timur]], tamasuak Kota Lamo, dirabuik dan kudian dianeksasi dek [[Yordania]]. Israel marabuik Yerusalem Timur dari Yordania pado [[Parang Anam Hari]] taun 1967 dan salapeh itu maaneksasinyo ka dalam Yerusalem, basamo jo tambahan wilayah di sakitarnyo.{{ref label|area|viii|}} Salah satu Hukum Dasar Israel, yaitu [[Hukum Yerusalem]] taun 1980, manyabuik Yerusalem sabagai ibu kota nan tak tabagi dari nagara tasabuik. Sadoalah bidang pamarintahan Israel barado di Yerusalem, tamasuak [[Knesset]] (parlemen Israel), unian [[Perdana Menteri Israel|Perdana Menteri]] dan [[Presiden Israel|Presiden]], sarato [[Mahkamah Agung Israel|Mahkamah Agung]]. Walau masyarakaik internasional manulak aneksasi tasabuik jo manyabuiknyo ilegal dan mampalakukan Yerusalem Timur sabagai teritori Palestina nan [[pendudukan militer|diduduaki]] dek Israel,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11709617|title=Israel plans 1,300 East Jerusalem Jewish settler homes|work=BBC News|date=9 November 2010|quote=Masyarakat internasional menganggap Yerusalem Timur sebagai teritori Palestina yang diduduki, tetapi Israel mengatakan bahwa daerah itu adalah bagian dari teritorinya.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Question of Palestine & the United Nations|publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information|chapter=The status of Jerusalem|chapter-url=http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf|quote=Yerusalem Timur telah dipandang, oleh Majelis Umum maupun Dewan Keamanan, sebagai bagian dari teritori Palestina yang diduduki.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538791.stm|title=Israeli authorities back 600 new East Jerusalem homes|publisher=BBC News|date=2010-02-26|accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref><ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/441329a958089eaa852560c4004ee74d?OpenDocument Resolution 298 September 25, 1971:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819003928/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/441329a958089eaa852560c4004ee74d?OpenDocument |date=2013-08-19 }} "Mengingat kembali resolusi-resolusinya... mengenai berbagai langkah dan tindakan Israel yang dirancang untuk mengubah status bagian Yerusalem yang diduduki Israel,..."</ref> Israel mampunyoi suatu klaim nan labiah kuek untuak kadaulatannyo ateh Yerusalem Barat.<ref name="AkramDumper2010">{{cite book|authorlink=George Bisharat|first=George|last=Bisharat|editor1=Susan M. Akram|editor2=Michael Dumper|editor3=Michael Lynk|chapter=Maximizing Rights|title=International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBOsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA311|date=23 December 2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-85098-1|pages=311|quote=Sebagaimana kita ketahui sebelumnya bahwa status Yerusalem secara hukum internasional dipermasalahkan dan ditetapkannya kota ini oleh Israel sebagai ibu kotanya belum diakui oleh masyarakat internasional. Bagaimanapun klaimnya akan hak kedaulatan atas kota ini lebih kuat sehubungan dengan Yerusalem Barat dibandingkan dalam kaitannya dengan Yerusalem Timur.}}</ref><ref name="HirschHousen-Couriel1995">{{cite book|author1=Moshe Hirsch|author2=Deborah Housen-Couriel|author3=Ruth Lapidot|title=Whither Jerusalem?: Proposals and Positions Concerning the Future of Jerusalem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUhGYFwhx-0C&pg=PA15|date=28 June 1995|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=90-411-0077-6|pages=15|quote=Lalu apa status Israel di Yerusalem barat? Dua jawaban utama telah dikemukakan: (a) Israel memiliki kedaulatan di daerah ini; dan (b) kedaulatan berada di tangan rakyat Palestina atau ditangguhkan.}}</ref> Masyarakaik internasional indak mangakui Yerusalem sebagai ibu kota Israel, dan indak ado kadutaan asiang nan didirikan di kota iko. Di Yerusalem ado juo babarapo lembaga Israel non-pamarintah nan bakapantiangan nasional, misalnyo [[Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem|Universitas Ibrani]] jo [[Museum Israel]] jo [[Shrine of the Book]] di lapangannyo. Pado taun 2011 Yerusalem mamiliki populasi 801.000 panduduak, di antaronyo tadiri dari 497.000 panganuik agamo Yahudi (62%), 281.000 (35%) panganuik Islam, 14.000 (sakitar 2%) panganuik Kristen, dan 9.000 (1%) indak dikalompokkan manuruik agamo.<ref name="Population2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2012n/11_12_126e.pdf |title=Selected Data on the Occasion of Jerusalem Day |publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |date=16 May 2012 |accessdate=3 January 2014}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Timur Tengah]] b5l78l5ija54gk6oauwhduedv8yzsoh Palabuahan udaro Internasional Harry Reid 0 386781 3352804 3344425 2026-09-25T15:26:23Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Airport | name = ''Harry Reid International Airport'' <br/>Palabuahan udaro Internasional Harry Reid | image = Las_Vegas_McCarran.jpg | image-width = | image2 = | image2-width = | caption2 = | IATA = LAS | ICAO = KLAS | FAA = LAS | type = Umum | owner = | operator = Departemen Panabangan County Clark | city-served = [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] | location = [[Paradise, Nevada]] | hub = <!-- do not add Allegiant Air, Southwest Airlines, or US Airways (Southwest and Allegiant uses "focus cities" instead of hubs. US Airways dehubbed LAS in 2005) --> | elevation-f = 2,181 | elevation-m = 665 | latd = 36 | latm = 04 | lats = 48 | latNS = N | longd=115 | longm= 09 | longs= 08 | longEW= W | coordinates_region = US-NV | website = {{URL|harryreidairport.com}} | image_map = McCarran Airport Diagram.svg | image_mapsize = 180 | image_map_caption = Diagram bandara FAA | pushpin_map = United States Downtown Las Vegas | pushpin_label = LAS | pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi di Las Vegas | r1-number = 1L/19R | r1-length-f = 8,985 | r1-length-m = 2,739 | r1-surface = [[Beton]] | r2-number = 1R/19L | r2-length-f = 9,775 | r2-length-m = 2,979 | r2-surface = Beton | r3-number = 7L/25R | r3-length-f = 14,510 | r3-length-m = 4,423 | r3-surface = [[Aspal]] | r4-number = 7R/25L | r4-length-f = 10,526 | r4-length-m = 3,208 | r4-surface = Beton | stat-year = 2010 | stat1-header = Pergerakan pesawat | stat1-data = 578,949 | stat2-header = Jumlah panompang | stat2-data = 39,397,359 | stat3-header = Jumlah maskapai | stat3-data = 129 | footnotes = Source: Harry Reid International Airport<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.mccarran.com/Business/Statistics?id=7405 |title = Clark County Department of Aviation Statistics |publisher = McCarran.com |access-date = February 9, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095143/https://www.mccarran.com/Business/Statistics?id=7405 |archive-date = February 2, 2019 |url-status = live |df = dmy-all }}</ref> }} [[Berkas:McCarranwelcome.jpg|jmpl|Entrance sign]] '''Palabuahan udaro Internasional Harry Reid''' {{Airport codes|LAS|KLAS|LAS}} adolah [[palabuahan udaro]] internasional di [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], nagara bagian [[Nevada]], [[Amerika Sarikat]], jo kode [[IATA]] '''LAS''' atau kode [[ICAO]] '''KLAS'''. Namo palabuahan udaro iko sabalun 14 Desember 2021 adolah Palabuahan udaro Internasional McCarran. ==Maskapai== {{sadang karajo}} ==Galeri== <gallery> Takeoff from McCarran International Airport, Las Vegas, Nevada (15470224108) (cropped).jpg|Tarminal 1 McCarran International Airport, Las Vegas, Nevada (17575064814) (cropped T3 D-E Tower).jpg|Tarminal 3, di muko Concourse D File:KLAS10.JPG|Di dalam Terminal 3 File:LAS ATC & Viewing Tower.jpg|Minaro kontrol (kidagh) dan minaro lampu (suok) </gallery> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Wikivoyage}} *{{commons category inline|McCarran International Airport|Palabuahan udaro Internasional McCarran}} * [http://www.mccarran.com/ McCarran International Airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103043430/http://www.mccarran.com/ |date=2006-11-03 }}, official web site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110316173915/http://www.onlinenevada.org/mccarran_international_airport History of McCarran airport], ''onlinenevada.org'' * [http://www.lasvegassun.com/guides/flightdelays/ Flight and checkpoint delays], ''lasvegassun.com'' * {{PDF|[http://www.nevadadot.com/traveler/aviation/diagrams/pdf/LAS.pdf McCarran International Airport]|58.9&nbsp;KB}} diagram from Nevada DOT * {{FAA-diagram|00662}} * {{US-airport|LAS}} {{authority control}} hczy1mvckfdby7bogrzfoosg2qoqbuj Wayback Machine 0 387522 3352857 2496494 2026-09-25T22:12:29Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Website | name = Wayback Machine | logo = Wayback Machine logo 2010.svg | logo_alt = Stylized text saying: "INTERNET ARCHIVE WAYBACK MACHINE". The text is in black, except for "WAYBACK", which is in red. | screenshot = | caption = | url = {{Official URL}} | type = Arsip | registration = Opsional | owner = | launch date = 24 Januari 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011130142035/http://archive.org/|archivedate=2001-11-30|publisher=Internet Archive|title=The Internet Archive: Building an 'Internet Library'|date=November 30, 2001|accessdate=May 12, 2013|quote=The Wayback Machine was unveiled on October 24th at Berkeley's Bancroft Library.}}</ref> | current status = Aktif | revenue = | alexa = {{DecreasePositive}} 162 ({{as of|2013|10|29|alt=Oktober 2013}})<ref name="alexa">{{cite web |url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/archive.org |title= Archive.org Site Info |publisher= Alexa Internet |accessdate= 2013-10-29 |archive-date= 2013-10-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131028025923/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/archive.org |dead-url= yes }}</ref> }} '''Wayback Machine''' marupoan [[arsip]] digital dari ''[[Waring Wera Wanua]]'' dan informasi lain dari [[Internet]] nan dibuek dek ''Internet Archive'', sabuah organisasi nirlaba babasis di [[San Francisco, California]]. Situs iko diprogram dek ''Brewster Kahle'' dan ''Bruce Gilliat'', dan mandapek konten dari ''Alexa Internet''. Layanan iko mamungkinkan pangguno untuak mancaliak versi arsip dari [[laman web|halaman web]] sapanjang wakatu atau nan disabuik "indeks tigo dimensi." Namo Wayback Machine dipiliah dari sabuah parangkek serial animasi kartun, ''The Rocky dan Bullwinkle Show''. Ciek dari segmen nan kartun animasi tu, ''Peabody Improbable History'', karakter utamo ''Mr Peabody'' dan Sherman rutin manggunoan [[masin wakatu]] disabuik "''WABAC masin''" (dikecek "Wayback") untuak manyaksian, bapartisipasi dalam, dan, labiah soriang daripado idak, mangubah paristiwa takana di sijarah.<ref>{{cite news|first=Heather|last=Green|title=A Library as Big as the World|publisher=BusinessWeek|date=February 28, 2002|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2002/tc20020228_1080.htm|accessdate=2007-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020601134105/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2002/tc20020228_1080.htm|archive-date=2002-06-01|dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=TONG|first=JUDY|title=RESPONSIBLE PARTY – BREWSTER KAHLE; A Library Of the Web, On the Web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/08/business/responsible-party-brewster-kahle-a-library-of-the-web-on-the-web.html|accessdate=15 August 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=September 8, 2002}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== * {{URL|https://web.archive.org/}} * {{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8I28erYFLc | title = Internet history is fragile. This archive is making sure it doesn’t disappear | publisher = PBS Newshour | location = San Francisco | access-date=September 19, 2018 }} {{Authority control}} 73miezl8jeyux44mbicfvowyyg1d8j8 Nanoteknologi 0 387540 3352799 3352050 2026-09-25T14:15:55Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352799 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nanoteknologi''' adolah manipulasi materi pado skala atomik dan skala molekular nan ado satalah [[Zaman digital|zaman digital]]. Diameter atom bakisar antaro 62 [[pikometer]] (atom [[Helium]]) hinggo 520 pikometer (atom [[Cesium]]), sadangkan kombinasi dari babarapo atom mambantuak molekul jo kisaran ukuran nano, iyolah ukuran bando nan godangnyo: ciek par miliar meter (0,0000000001 m) atau sameter dibagi ciek miliar. Istilah Nanoteknologi partamo kali disabuik dalam pidato ilmiah Profesor Nario Taniguci taun 1974.<ref>{{Cite news|url=|title=Pengertian dan Sejarah Nanoteknologi|last=Saleh|first=Rosaria|date=20 Februari 2013|work=Harian Kompas|access-date=27 Desember 2019}}</ref> Deskripsinyo bamulo dari nanoteknologi nan mangacu pado tujuan panggunoan teknologi untuak mamanipulasi atom dan molekul untuak mambuek produk baskala makro.<ref>Drexler, K. Eric .1986. ''Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology.'' Doubleday.</ref><ref>Drexler, K. Eric .1992. ''Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation.'' New York: John Wiley & Sons.</ref> Deskripsi nan labiah umum iyolah manipulasi materi jo ukuran maksimum 100 [[nanometer]]. ==Panalitian dan pangambangan== {{sadang karajo}} ==Aplikasi== {{sadang karajo}} ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{sisterlinks|d=Q11468|mw=Nanoteknologi|m=Nanoteknologi|c:Special:Search/Category:Nanotechnology|species=no|n=no|display=Nanoteknologi|wikt=Ilimu|b=Nanoteknologi|v=Nanoteknologi|voy=no}} * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/3 What is Nanotechnology?] (A Vega/BBC/OU Video Discussion) * [http://www.nanotecexpo.com.br/english Nanotec Expo]{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Fair and Congress Latin American of Nanotechnology === Artikel === * [http://topics.developmentgateway.org/nanotechnology Nanotechnology for Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201223053/http://topics.developmentgateway.org/nanotechnology |date=2005-12-01 }} * [http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2005/030905/Nanotubes_boost_molecular_devices_Brief_030905.html Stanford University transistors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111163945/http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2005/030905/Nanotubes_boost_molecular_devices_Brief_030905.html |date=2022-11-11 }} * [http://mprc.pku.edu.cn/courses/architecture/spring2005/20nmpressfoils.pdf Intel prototypes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024080927/http://mprc.pku.edu.cn/courses/architecture/spring2005/20nmpressfoils.pdf |date=2005-10-24 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224010617/http://news.com.com/Barrett+No+end+in+sight+for+Moores+Law/2100-1006_3-5594779.html News.com, March 1 2005 "Barrett: No end in sight for Moore's Law"] * [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.html Drexler and Smalley make the case for and against 'molecular assemblers'] * [http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=7161 MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY: FULLY LOADED WITH BENEFITS AND RISKS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127141614/http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=7161 |date=2005-11-27 }}, by Mike Treder, published 2004 in [http://www.wfs.org/futurist.htm ''The Futurist''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101065129/http://www.wfs.org/futurist.htm |date=2012-01-01 }} * Margaret E. Kosal, [http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art_ofn=so04kosal "Is Small Scary?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928053317/http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art_ofn=so04kosal |date=2006-09-28 }}, ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'', September/October 2004. ===Jurnal dan Barito=== * [http://www.azonano.com/Materials.asp?Letter=_ Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials A to Z] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718072906/http://azonano.com/Materials.asp?Letter=_ |date=2005-07-18 }} * [http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php?cat=65 Recent Developments In Nanotechnology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026210405/http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php?cat=65 |date=2005-10-26 }} * [http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/0957-4484 Nanotechnology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222021522/http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/0957-4484 |date=2010-02-22 }}, electronic journal since [[1990]], available on web and CD-ROM. * [http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/ Nano Letters], electronic journal published by American Chemical Society. * [http://aspbs.com/jnn/ Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnolog] * [http://www.aspbs.com/ctn/ Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience] * [http://nanotechwire.com/ Nanotechnology news and related research] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181229143517/http://www.ntalert.com/ Nanotechnology news links - updated daily] * [http://nanotech-now.com/ Nanotechnology basics, news, and general information] * [http://www.smalltimes.com/ Small Times: News about MEMS, Nanotechnology and Microsystems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050920042134/http://www.smalltimes.com/ |date=2005-09-20 }} * [http://nanotechweb.org nanotechweb.org: nanotechnology news, products, jobs, events and information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025160907/http://nanotechweb.org/ |date=2005-10-25 }} ===Laboratorium=== * [http://www.memsnet.org/ The MEMS and Nanotechnology Clearinghouse / The world's most popular portal for Nanotechnology information, jobs, and events]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.london-nano.ucl.ac.uk/ The London Centre for Nanotechnology / A research centre jointly set up by University College London and Imperial College London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903084047/http://www.london-nano.ucl.ac.uk/ |date=2006-09-03 }} * [http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/ The California NanoSystems Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507110437/http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/ |date=2011-05-07 }} * [http://www.mems-exchange.org/ The MEMS and Nanotechnology Exchange / A repository of Nanotechnology fabrication information] * [http://smalley.rice.edu/ The Smalley Group / Carbon Nanotechnology Laboratory] * [http://cben.rice.edu/ Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123080414/http://cben.rice.edu/ |date=2010-01-23 }} * [http://bios.ewi.utwente.nl Bios: The Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Universiteit Twente ] * [http://www.cnm.utexas.edu/ Center for Nano & Molecular Science & Technology- CNM at UT Austin] * [http://cnst.rice.edu/ Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology at Rice University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609215608/http://cnst.rice.edu/ |date=2011-06-09 }} * [http://biomems.uwaterloo.ca/ Advanced Micro/Nanodevices Lab at the University of Waterloo] * [http://www.cns.cornell.edu/ Cornell University Center for Nanoscale Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050917095957/http://www.cns.cornell.edu/ |date=2005-09-17 }} * [http://www.cnf.cornell.edu/ Cornell NanoScale Science & Technology Facility (CNF)] * [http://www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/ MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology - Universiteit Twente] * [http://www.ns.tudelft.nl The Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft] * [http://www.uta.edu/engineering/nano/ NanoFab Research and Teaching Facility at the University of Texas at Arlington] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050901002527/http://www.uta.edu/engineering/nano/ |date=2005-09-01 }} ===Lainnyo=== * [http://www.foresight.org/ Foresight Institute] * [http://CRNano.org Center for Responsible Nanotechnology] * [http://icon.rice.edu/ International Council on Nanotechnology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314002422/http://icon.rice.edu/ |date=2007-03-14 }} * [http://www.MolecularAssembler.com Molecular Assembler website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905001746/http://www.molecularassembler.com/ |date=2021-09-05 }} * [http://www.nanobuildings.com/ NanoBuildings - Buildings for Advanced Technology Workshops] * [http://www.nanoaging.com/ The NanoAging Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111163937/http://www.nanoaging.com/ |date=2022-11-11 }} * [http://www.nano.gov/ National Nanotechnology Initiative] * [http://buckymesh.com/ Buckymesh]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} atomic level design of a very high strength-to-weight ratio material * [http://www.nanotec2005.com/ Nanotec Congress in Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050909172204/http://www.nanotec2005.com/ |date=2005-09-09 }} * [http://nprl.bham.ac.uk/ UK research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110050457/http://nprl.bham.ac.uk/ |date=2022-11-10 }} * [http://www.wise-nano.org Wise-Nano] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105233308/http://wise-nano.org/ |date=2009-01-05 }} A Wiki project, initiated by the [http://crnano.org/ Center for Responsible Nanotechnology] and devoted to ''Molecular engineering'' (Molecular Manufacturing) * [http://www.etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=375 The Big Down] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209205650/http://www.etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=375 |date=2006-02-09 }} - The first Civil Society Critique of Nanoscale technologies from [http://www.etcgroup.org ETC Group] * ''PNAS'' supplement: [http://www.pnas.org/content/vol99/suppl_2/ ''Nanoscience: Underlying Physical Concepts and Phenomena''] * [http://www.nanomedicine.com Medical nanorobotics textbooks online] * [http://www.zyvex.com/nano/ Nanotechnology by Dr.Ralph Merkle] * [http://www.nanoindustries.com/ Nanotechnology Industries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609195636/http://www.nanoindustries.com/ |date=2011-06-09 }} * [http://www.knhproductions.ca/nisnano/ Documentary on Nanotechnology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028202432/http://www.knhproductions.ca/nisnano/ |date=2005-10-28 }} * [http://www.human-evolution.org/nano.php Nanotechnology: Is it Real?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119134314/http://human-evolution.org/nano.php |date=2005-11-19 }} * [http://www.physorg.com/news3415.html Plasmons (Physorg)] * [http://www.nanocrete.com nanotechnology applied to concrete manufacturing] * [http://whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php/2005/06/22/nanoparticles_transport_cancer_killing_d Nanotechnology & Cancer Cures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026210952/http://whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php/2005/06/22/nanoparticles_transport_cancer_killing_d |date=2005-10-26 }} {{Authority control}} kw0h9iamoiecbgna70s3beujvd90aja Ransum tantara 0 387666 3352820 3160062 2026-09-25T17:49:23Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352820 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:French_combat_ration_dsc06927.jpg|jmpl|275x275px|Sebuah {{PAGENAME}} Angkatan Darat Parancih, jo duo [[makanan]] dan bar [[energi]].]] '''Ransum tantara''' (Inggirih: ''Individual Combat Rations'') adolah makanan siok saji atau makanan kaleng nan mudah disiokan dan dimakan. Dan biasonyo dibao dek pasukan [[militer]] di medan [[parang]]. Iko dibedaãn dari makanan biaso, basobok dirancang untuak parsiapan copek di lapangan, manggunoan kaleng, biaso alah masak bapangawet atau [[Pangariangan beku|beku kariang]], bubuak minuman, dan makanan konsentrat babantuak batang, saroto jo [[umua simpan]] jangko panjang. ==Di babagai nagara == {{Infobox sanjato Den |is_vehicle=yes |type=[[Makanan]] |origin= Amerika Sarikat | name = MRE (Meal, Ready-to-Eat) | image = MRE 20071124.PNG | image_size = 400 | caption = MRE (Meal, Ready-to-Eat), ransum tempur maso kini dan nan paliang umum digunoan dek militer Amerika Sarikat{{br}} [[Berkas:Commons-logo.svg|al=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] [[c:Combat ration|Media: Ransum tantara]] | length = | weight = | speed = | crew = }} ===Indonesia=== [[Indonesia]] alah mamparkanalkan ransum personil militer pado partangahan [[1970-an]] dalam rangko standardisasi nutrisi untuak prajurit di lapangan. Ado tigo jinih ransum dan masiang-masiang tadiri dari tigo menu dan paket minuman tambahan, hinggo energi sadonyo mancapai sakitar {{Convert|2700|kcal|abbr=on}}. Contohnyo, menu untuak tipe C iyolah nasi goreng Jawa, nasi goreng saus Bali, dan nasi [[ayam]]. Minumannyo ado kopi instan, gulo bubuak, jus jaruak bubuak, teh celup, dan bubuak susu. Sadonyo ransum haruih dipanehkan salamo 15 minik di ateh api. Hampir sadonyo produk nan dibuek di [[Indonesia]] dan diproduksi manuruik [[standar]] militer Indonesia . <ref>"Commando" Magazine, Volume VII, Edition No. 5, year 2011 (In Indonesian)</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180406133523/https://www.vice.com/id_id/article/wnkqp9/kami-menjajal-paket-ransum-tni-supaya-kalian-tak-penasaran-dengan-rasanya Daftar Paket ransum ] {{militer-stub}} 4j0ignryqtpxvzgrn2n9iyj97nok2qc Vladimir Putin 0 387961 3352855 3351710 2026-09-25T22:08:37Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|uː|t|ɪ|n}}; {{lang-rus|Владимир Владимирович Путин}}, {{lahirmati|[[Leningrad]], [[Uni Soviet]]|7|10|1952}}).<ref name=kremlinbio>{{cite web|title=Kremlin Biography of Mr. Vladimir Putin|url=http://eng.putin.kremlin.ru/bio|accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref><ref name=biocom>{{cite web|title=Mr. Vladimir Putin on Biography.com |url=http://www.biography.com/people/vladimir-putin-9448807# |accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref> adolah saurang [[politikus]] jo pamimpin tanamo [[Rusia]], inyo kini manjabat sabagai [[Presiden Rusia]]. Inyo marupokan presiden dengan maso jabatan talamo kaduo di Eropa sasudah [[Alexander Lukashenko]] nan marupoan Presiden Belarus. Putin alah manjadi Presiden Rusia sajak 7 Mei 2012. Putin sabalumnyo manjadi [[Perdana Menteri|Pardano Mantari]] dari 1999 sampai 2000, Presiden dari taun 2000 sampai 2008, dan baliak manjadi Pardano Mantari dari 2008 sampai 2012.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNiWnSOsAnE "Vladimir Putin's Presidential Inauguration Ceremony in the Kremlin"]. ''YouTube.com''. 7 May 2012. Diakses tanggal 23 June 2016.</ref> Pado maso jabatan kaduonyo sabagai Perdana Menteri, inyo manjadi Katua Partai Rusia Bersatu, sabuah partai pamarentah.<ref>[http://eng.putin.kremlin.ru/bio "Kremlin Biography of Mr. Vladimir Putin"]. Diakses tanggal 16 June 2016.</ref> Putin baraja [[bahaso Jerman]] di SMA Saint Petersburg 281 hinggo dapek mangecek dalam bahaso Jerman.<ref>[https://www.rt.com/news/338957-putin-translates-german-wimmer/ "Putin Dazzles With German Language Skills"]. ''Russia Today''. 8 April 2016. Diakses tanggal 16 April 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.rt.com/news/339003-putin-foreign-languages-diplomacy/ "5 Times Putin Used Foreign Languages for Diplomacy"]. ''Russia Today''. 9 April 2016. Diakses tanggal 16 June 2016.</ref> Putin baraja hukum di Univesitas Negeri Saint Petersburg pado 1970, jo luluih pado 1975.<ref>Hoffman, David (30 January 2000). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/russiagov/putin.htm "Putin's Career Rooted in Russia's KGB"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref> Putin manjadi pajabat intelijensi asing [[KGB]] salamo 16 taun, naiak pangkek manjadi Letnan Kolonel sabalum pensiun pado 1991 untuak masuak politik di kampuang halamannyo [[Saint Petersburg]]. Inyo bapindah ka Moskwa pado 1996 dan bagabuang jo pamarentahan Presiden [[Boris Yeltsin]], inyo capek mandapek babagai jabatan dan manjadi Pelaksana Jabatan pado 31 Desember 1999, katiko Yeltsin mangunduran diri. Putin mamanangan pamilihan presidern taun 2000 jo parolehan suaro sabanyak 52% sampai 30%, mangalahan lawannyo dari [[Partai Komunis]], Gennady Zyuganov.<ref>Paddock, Richard. [http://articles.latimes.com/2000/mar/27/news/mn-13176 "Putin Rolls to Victory, Avoiding a Runoff"], ''Los Angeles Times'' (27 March 2000).</ref> Inyo tapiliah baliak manjadi Presiden pado 2004 jo parolehan suaro sabanyak 72%. Karano sacaro konstitusional mamandatan bateh-bateh maso jabatan, Putin indak maju untuak maso jabatan presiden baturuik-turuik pado 2008. Pamilihan presiden 2008 dimanangkan dek [[Dmitry Medvedev]], yang malantiak Putin manjadi Pardano Mantari, manilai sabuah periode nan disabuik "tandemokrasi".<ref>Hale, Henry E.; Timothy J. Colton (8 September 2009). [http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2009_823-03_2_Hale.pdf "Russians and the Putin-Medvedev "Tandemocracy": A Survey-Based Portrait of the 2007–08 Election Season"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609172645/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2009_823-03_2_Hale.pdf |date=2012-06-09 }} (PDF). ''The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research''. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. Diakses tanggal 15 March 2012.</ref> Pado September 2011, sasudah maso jabatan presiden balangsuang dari ampek sampai anam taun,<ref>Vasilyeva, Natallya. [http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/2012/04/12/337618/Putin-claims.htm "Putin claims to support term limits as he readies to take helm for 3rd time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828204922/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/2012/04/12/337618/Putin-claims.htm |date=2014-08-28 }}, ''China Post'' (12 April 2012).</ref> Putin mangumuman bahwa inyo akan siap untuak maso jabatannyo sabagai Presiden. Inyo mamanangan pamilihan presiden Maret 2012 jo 64% suaro, sabuah hasil nan sasuai jo jajak pandapek pra-pamilihan.<ref>Shuster, Simon. [http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2108309,00.html "In Russia, an Election Victory for Putin and Then a 'Paid Flash Mob'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626224232/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2108309,00.html |date=2019-06-26 }}, ''Time'' (5 Maret 2012).</ref> Pado maso jabatan kepresidenan partamo Putin, ekonomi Rusia batumbuah salamo dalapan taun, dan GDP nan diukua dalam kamampuan balanjo maningkek 72%.<ref name=":0">Guriev, Sergei; Tsyvinski, Aleh (2010). "Challenges Facing the Russian Economy after the Crisis". Dalam Anders Åslund, Sergei Guriev, Andrew C. Kuchins. ''[[iarchive:russiaaftergloba00aslu|Russia After the Global Economic Crisis]]''. Peterson Institute for International Economics; Centre for Strategic and International Studies; New Economic School. hlm. [[iarchive:russiaaftergloba00aslu/page/12|12]]–13. ISBN 9780881324976.</ref><ref>[https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24443419/print/1/displaymode/1098/ "Russians weigh Putin's protégé"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119131007/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24443419/print/1/displaymode/1098/ |date=2012-11-19 }}. Moscow. ''Associated Press''. 3 May 2008. Diakses tanggal 29 December 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=13&sy=1992&ey=2007&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=922&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a=GDP of Russia from 1992 to 2007] ''International Monetary Fund''. diakses baliak 12 Mai 2008</ref> Patumbuahan tasabuik marupokan sabuah hasil dari bom komoditas 2000-an, naiaknyo harago minyak, jo dikaluannyo kabijakan ekonomi dan fiskal.<ref>''Putin: Russia's Choice'', (Routledge 2007), dek [https://id.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Sakwa&action=edit&redlink=1 Richard Sakwa]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Chapter 9</ref><ref>''Fragile Empire: How Russia Fell In and Out of Love with Vladimir Putin'', Yale University Press (2013), dek Ben Judah, hal 17</ref> Ekonomi mulai taraso sulik jo kadatangan [[krisis ekonomi dunia 2008-2009]],<ref>[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/economic-slowdown-eases-in-q3/389355.html "Economic Slowdown Eases in Q3 - Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301120342/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/economic-slowdown-eases-in-q3/389355.html |date=2016-03-01 }}. ''The Moscow Times''. Diakses tanggal 9 April 2016.</ref> nan manurunan harago minyak, sanksi nagari-nagari Barat nan diagiah pado pamulaan 2014 sasudah [[aneksasi Krimea]] dek Rusia, jo intervensi militer di Ukraina Timur jo GDP turun 3.7% pado 2015.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russians-average-monthly-salary-falls-to-500-as-food-prices-skyrocket/516947.html "Russians' Average Monthly Salary Falls to $500 as Food Prices Skyrocket - News"]. ''The Moscow Times''. Diakses tanggal 9 April 2016.</ref><ref>Thompson, Mark (26 January 2016). [http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/25/news/economy/russia-10-worst-emerging-economies/ "Russia: One of 10 worst economies in 2015"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422042518/http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/25/news/economy/russia-10-worst-emerging-economies/ |date=2017-04-22 }}. CNN.</ref><ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/12120113/Russian-economy-in-turmoil-as-Putin-is-battered-by-falling-oil-price-and-sanctions.html "Russian economy in turmoil as Putin is battered by falling oil price and sanctions"]. ''Telegraph.co.uk''. 25 January 2016. Diakses tanggal 9 April 2016.</ref> Putin mandapekan tingkek pasatujuan domestik jo asing nan sangek tinggi sapanjang karirnyo. Pado 2007, inyo diangkek manjadi Tokoh Taun iko dek [[Majalah Time|Majalah ''Time'']].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130824201145/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/0,28757,1690753,00.html "Person of the Year 2007"]. ''Time''. 2007. Diarsipkan dari [http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/0,28757,1690753,00.html versi asli] tanggal 2013-08-24. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-08.</ref> Pado 2015, inyo manampekan posisi #1 untuak Daftar Tokoh Paliang Bapangaruah manuruik Majalah Time.<ref>Druzhinin, Alexei (14 April 2015). [https://www.rt.com/news/249513-putin-time-poll-russia/ "Vladimir Putin Steals The Show In TIME 100 Magazine Reader's Poll"]. ''Russia Today'' (RT). Diakses tanggal 27 June 2016.</ref> Pado 2013, 2014, dan 2015, inyo manampati urutan partamo di Daftar Tokoh Paliang Bapangaruah di Dunia manuruik ''[[Forbes]]''.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2015/11/04/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2015/ "The World's Most Powerful People"]. ''Forbes''. November 2015. Diakses tanggal 4 November 2015.</ref> == Citra Publik == === Jajak pandapek jo paringkek === nuruik survei opini masyarakaik Juni 2007, paringkek pasatujuan Putin iolah 81%, tatinggi kaduo dari pamimpin dimano juo di dunia sangkek taun itu.[] Pado Januari 2013, pado saat protes Rusia 2011-2013, paringkek pasatujuan Putin turun manjadi 62%, angko tarandah sajak 2000 jo panurunan sapuluah poin salamo duo taun.[] Pado Mei 2014, sasudah revolusi Ukraina 2014 jo aneksasi Krimea, paringkek pasatujuan Putin alah puliah baliak manjadi 85,9% tatinggi dalam anam taun.[] Sasudah sanksi Uni Eropa jo AS ka panjabek Rusia sabagai akibek dari karusuahan pro-Rusia 2014 di Ukraina, paringkek pasatujuan Putin mancapai 87%, manuruik survei Levada Center nan ditabikan pado 6 Agustus 2014.[][] Pado Februari 2015, badasaran jajak pandapek domestik baru, Putin mandapek paringkek politisi paliang populer di dunia.[] === Citra pribadi === tin mamupuak citra publik sabagai pajantan tangguh di lua ruangan, sporty, jo macho, manunjuakan kehebatan fisiknyo jo malakuan kagiatan nan indak biaso atau babahayo, sarupo olahraga ekstrem dan interaksi jo hewan liar,[] bagian dari mandakekan hubungan jo masyarakaik, nan manuruik ''Weird'', "sangajo manumbuahan macho, bia nampak bakcando superhero".[] Misalnyo, pado 2007, tabloid ''Komsomolskaya Pravda'' manabikan poto gadang Putin batalanjang dado sadang balibur di pagunuangan Siberia jo judul: "''Be Like Putin''".[] Babarapo kagiatan dikritik karano dipentasan. Di lua Rusia, citra macho-nyo alah manjadi subjek parodi.[][] Ado banyak lagu tantang Putin.[] Namo jo gambar Putin banyak digunoan dalam iklan jo merek produk.[] Diantaro produk bamerek Putin yakni vodka Putinka, merek makanan kalen Putin, kaviar ''Gorbusha Putina'', jo koleksi kaos jo gambarnyo.[] Pado 2015, panasihatnyo ditamuan tewas sasudah bahari-hari maminum alkohol sacaro balabiahan, maskipun sasudahnyo dinyatoan sabagai kacalakaan.[] i a == Lanjuik Mambaco == * {{cite book|author-link=Richard Lourie|author-last=Lourie|author-first=Richard|title=Putin: His Downfall and Russia's Coming Crash|url=https://archive.org/details/putinhisdownfall0000lour|date=2017|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-53808-8}} * {{cite book|first=Anna|last=Arutunyan|year=2015|orig-year=2012; Czech ed.|title=The Putin Mystique: Inside Russia's Power Cult|location=Northampton, MA|publisher=Olive Branch Press|isbn=978-1-56656-990-3|oclc=881654740|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-DDAgAAQBAJ |ref=none}} * [[Ronald Asmus|Asmus, Ronald]] (2010). ''A Little War that Shook the World: Georgia, Russia, and the Future of the West''. NYU. {{ISBN|978-0-230-61773-5}}. * Frye, Timothy. 2021. ''[https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691212463/weak-strongman Weak Strongman: The Limits of Power in Putin's Russia]''. Princeton University Press. *[[Masha Gessen|Gessen, Masha]] (2012). ''[[The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin]]''. London: Granta. {{ISBN|978-1-84708-149-0}}. * {{cite book|first=Ben|last=Judah|year=2015|title=Fragile Empire: How Russia Fell in and Out of Love with Vladimir Putin|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-20522-0 |ref=none}} * Lipman, Maria. "How Putin Silences Dissent: Inside the Kremlin's Crackdown." ''Foreign Affairs'' 95#1 (2016): 38+. * Myers, Steven Lee. ''The New Tsar: The Rise and Reign of Vladimir Putin'' (2015). * Naylor, Aliide. ''[[The Shadow in the East|The Shadow in the East: Vladimir Putin and the New Baltic Front]]'' (I.B. Tauris, 2020), 256 pp. * Rosefielde, Steven. ''Putin's Russia: Economy, Defence and Foreign Policy'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Putins-Russia-Economy-Defense-Foreign/dp/9811212678/ excerpt] * Sakwa, Richard. ''The Putin Paradox'' (Bloomsbury, 2020) [https://kar.kent.ac.uk/80013/1/9781788318303_Final_Revised_Proofs.pdf online]. * Sakwa, Richard. ''Putin Redux: Power and Contradiction in Contemporary Russia'' (2014). [http://psw.sagepub.com/content/14/2/298.1.extract online review] * Sperling, Valerie. ''Sex, Politics, & Putin: Political Legitimacy in Russia'' (Oxford UP, 2015). 360 pp. *Stoner, Kathryn E. 2021. Russia Resurrected: Its Power and Purpose in a New Global Order. Oxford University Press. * Toal, Gerard. ''Near Abroad: Putin, the West, and the Contest Over Ukraine and the Caucasus'' (Oxford UP, 2017). == Rujuakan == <references /> ncx8bvej4oli8ddg1pfllltuhzeld0g Xi Jinping 0 387988 3352858 3351481 2026-09-25T22:18:10Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox urang}} '''Xi Jinping''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|iː|_|dʒ|ɪ|n|ˈ|p|ɪ|ŋ}} {{respell|SHEE|_|jin|PING}}; {{zh|s=习近平|p=Xí Jìnpíng}}, {{IPAc-cmn|x|i|2|-|j|in|4|-|p|ing|2}}; {{lahirmati||15|6|1953}}) adolah Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis, Presiden ka-7, jo Katua Kokmisi Militer Sentral Republik Rakyat Cino. Inyo juo manjadi Sekretaris Jenderal Komite Tetap Politbiro PKC.[] Pado 15 November 2012, sasudah sabuah pamunguikan suaro katiko patamuan parlemen di Beijing, inyo tapiliah sabagai [[Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Cino]].<ref>[http://internasional.kompas.com/read/2013/03/14/11442622/Xi.Jinping.Terpilih.Jadi.Presiden.Baru.China Artikel:"Xi Jinping "Terpilih" Jadi Presiden Baru China" di Kompas.com]</ref> Jinping adolah putra dari veteran komunis Xi Zhongxun (1913-2002), dan mangawali sabagian gadang karir politiknyo di provinsi [[Fujian]]. Inyo kudian diangkek sabagai ketua partai di provinsi tetangga, [[Zhejiang]], dan salanjuiknyo diangkek sabagai katua partai di [[Shanghai]] sasudah pamecatan Chen Liangyu. Jinping dikenal karano sipek karehnyo tahadok [[korupsi]] jo katerbukaannyo ka reformasi politik jo ekonomi pasar di RRC.<ref>Ansfield, Jonathan (22 December 2007). [http://www.newsweek.com/id/81558 "Xi Jinping: China's New Boss And The 'L' Word"]. ''Newsweek''. Diakses tanggal 20 Oktober 2010.</ref> Posisinyo di kancah perpolitikan Cino mambueknyo manjadi panaruih kalimo, manggantikan Hu Jintao, sabagai Sekretaris Jenderal dan pamimpin tatinggi dari [[Partai Komunis Cino]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120217211144/http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=%2Fcontent%2Fias%2Farchiv%2Fcds%2Fcds_0905.pdf "deckblatt-ca-data sup-form.pdf"] (PDF). Diarsipkan dari [http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/ias/archiv/cds/cds_0905.pdf versi asli] (PDF) tanggal 2012-02-17. Diakses tanggal 20 October 2010.</ref> Xi Jinping manyatoan bahwa kapamimpinannyo ka digunoan untuak mamajuan baliak parekonomian [[Republik Rakyat Cino]], basamo jo anam anggota papan ateh partai lainnyo, tamasuak anggota baru Li Keqiang jo Wang Qishan. Tujuah anggota kalompok "Komite Tetap Pollitburo" jo babarapo organisasi lainnyo mampradiksian bahwasanyo di bawah kapamimpinannyo, Cino akan kurang progresif.<ref>[http://stream.wsj.com/story/chinas-leadership-change/SS-2-96377/?mod=djemalertNEWS "China's Leadership Change"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306130456/http://stream.wsj.com/story/chinas-leadership-change/SS-2-96377/?mod=djemalertNEWS |date=2016-03-06 }} (''stream coverage''). Diakses tanggal 14 November 2012.</ref> == Karya == *{{cite book|last=Xi|first=Jinping|author-mask=|title=Theory and Practice on Modern Agriculture|volume=|year=1999|publisher=Fujian Education Press|location=Fuzhou|isbn=}} *{{cite book|last=Xi|first=Jinping|author-mask=|title=A Tentative Study on China's Rural Marketization|volume=|year=2001|publisher=Tsinghua University (Doctoral Dissertation)|location=Beijing|isbn= |url=https://qiwen.lu/uploads/xilunwen.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082909/https://qiwen.lu/uploads/xilunwen.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-17}} *{{cite book|last=Xi|first=Jinping|author-mask=|title=[[The Governance of China]]|volume=I|year=2014|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|location=Beijing|isbn=9787119090573}} *{{cite book|last=Xi|first=Jinping|author-mask=|title=[[General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series]]|volume=I|year=2014|publisher=People's Publishing House & Study Publishing House|location=Beijing|isbn=9787119090573}} *{{cite book|last=Xi|first=Jinping|author-mask=|title=General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series|volume=II|year=2016|publisher=People's Publishing House & Study Publishing House|location=Beijing|isbn=9787514706284}} *{{cite book|last=Xi|first=Jinping|author-mask=|title=The Governance of China|volume=II|year=2017|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|location=Beijing|isbn=9787119111643 }} *{{cite book|last=Xi|first=Jinping|author-mask=|title=The Governance of China|volume=III|year=2020|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|location=Beijing|isbn=9787119124117 }} *{{cite book|last=Xi|first=Jinping|author-mask=|title=On Propaganda and Ideological Work of Communist Party|url=https://archive.org/details/onpropagandaideo0000xiji|volume=|year=2020|publisher=Central Party Literature Press|location=Beijing|isbn=9787507347791}} == Biografi == Xi Jinping lahia pado tanggal 15 Juni 1953 di Beijing, kaluarganyo barasa dari [[County Fuping]], [[Shaanxi]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130123040758/http://hn.wenweipo.com/news/zhuanti/2012-11-16/23713.html "本报独家探访河南邓州习营村"]. [https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Wei_Po Wen Wei Po]. 2012-11-16. Diarsipkan dari [http://hn.wenweipo.com/news/zhuanti/2012-11-16/23713.html versi asli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123040758/http://hn.wenweipo.com/news/zhuanti/2012-11-16/23713.html |date=2013-01-23 }} tanggal 2013-01-23. Diakses tanggal 2012-11-156.</ref> Inyo adolah putra kaduo dari pasangan Qi Xin jo Xi Zhongxun. Ayahnyo adolah salah ciek urang nan jadi pandiri gerakan gilya komunis di Shaanxi jo mantan Wakil Pardano Mantari. Kutiko itu, ayahnyo manjabat sabagai departemen propaganda Partai Komunis nan kudian manjadi Wakil Katua Kongres Rakyat Nasional.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2009-04/28/content_11270872.htm "与丈夫习仲勋相伴58年 齐心：这辈子无比幸福_读书频道_新华网"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128102212/http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2009-04/28/content_11270872.htm |date=2013-01-28 }}. ''News.xinhuanet.com''. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-18.</ref> Katiko [[Revolusi Kabudayaan]], ayahnyo dituduah sabagai panghianat, dan ditangkok. Inyo pun karajo di sabuah pabrik di [[Luoyang]], [[Henan]]<ref>Bouée, Charles-Edouard, ''[https://id.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles-Edouard_Bou%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1 China's Management Revolution: Spirit, Land, Energy]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'', (Palgrave Macmillan, 15 December 2010), p. 93; via [[Google Buku|Googlebooks]]. Retrieved 15 February 2012.</ref> Xi kamudian pindah ka [[County Yanchuan]], Shaanxi, pado taun 1969 dan bakarajo di organisasi Gerakan Penduduk Desa [[Mao Zedong]]. Inyo kudian diangkek manjadi sekretaris tim produksi di kantua cabang Partai.<ref>Watts, Jonathan (26 October 2007). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/26/china.uknews4 "Most corrupt officials are from poor families but Chinese royals have a spirit that is not dominated by money"]. ''The Guardian''. London. Diakses tanggal 11 June 2008.</ref> Dari taun 1975 hinggo 1979, Xi baraja teknik kimia di Universitas Tsinghua. Sajak 1998 hinggo 2002, inyo mampalajari teroi Marxis jo pandidikan ideologi dalam program pasca-sarjana di Fakultas Humaniora jo Ilmu Sosial, masih di Universitas Tsinghua, jo mandapekan gala LLD.<ref>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90782/99727/6934773.html "Xi Jinping"]. March 30, 2010.</ref> Dari taun 1979 hinggo 1982, inyo manjabek sabagai Sekretaris Jenderal Komisi Militer Sentral. Xi tapiliah sabagai Wakil Presiden Republik Rakyat Cino pado tanggal 15 Maret 2008. Xi tapiliah manjadi Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Cino pado tanggal 15 November 2012 dalam sabuah pamunguikan suaro nan digala dek 18 Kongres Nasional Partai Komunis Cino di Beijing. Xi tapiliah manjadi Presiden Republik Rakyat Cino pado tanggal 14 Maret 2013 dalam sabuah pamunguikan suro nan digala dek Kongres Rakyat Nasionl. Inyo mamparoleh 2.952 suara, jo ciek suaro indak satuju jo tigo suaro abstain.[] Xi manggantian Hu Jintao nan pansiun sasudah manjabek salamo duo pariode.[] Xi manikah jo Ke Lingling, putri duta besar RRC untuak Inggris, pado awal 1980, tapi parnikahan ko baujuang pacaraian babarapo taun kamudian.[] Xi kamudian manikah baliak jo panyanyi terkenal Peng Liyuan pado taun 1987. Dari parnikahan ko, pasangan ko dikarunia saurang putri banamo Xi Mingze.[] == Rujuakan == <references /> m364sid2y0l46ej2j1wggmlxjtir0h9 Urang Bajau 0 388191 3352847 2504014 2026-09-25T21:19:42Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=Suku Bajau<br /><small>(Sama atau Samal)</small>|image=[[Berkas:Bajau Laut Pictures 6.jpg|250px|Sama-Bajau woman anchoring a family boat (banglo) in Malaysia]] [[Berkas:Bajau-Philippines 4.jpg|250px|A typical Sama-Bajau settlement in the Philippines]]|caption=|population=± 470.000 di Filipina; ± 436.672 di Sabah, Malaysia; ± 348.000 di Indonesia; ± 12.000 Brunei.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2010_PHIILIPPINES_FINAL%20PDF.pdf|title=2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A – Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables), Philippines|publisher=Government of the Philippines National Statistics Office|date=April 2013|access-date=17 Januari 2023}}</ref><ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sabah.pdf|title=Total population by ethnic group, administrative district and state, Malaysia|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|year=2010|access-date=17 Januari 2023|pages=369/1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227090345/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sabah.pdf|archive-date=17 Januari 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10582/ID|title=Bajau in Indonesia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12978/BX|title=Bajau, West Coast in Brunei}}</ref>|regions={{flagcountry|PHI}}<br />{{smaller|([[Kepulauan Sulu]], [[Semenanjung Zamboanga]], [[Davao del Sur]], [[Mindanao]])}} ---- {{flagcountry|MYS}}<br />{{smaller|([[Sabah]])}} ---- {{flagcountry|IDN}}<br />{{smaller|([[Kalimantan]] dan [[Sulawesi]])}} ---- {{flagcountry|BRU}}|languages=[[Rumpun bahasa Sama-Bajau|Rumpun Sama-Bajau]],<ref name="Bajau Language">{{cite web|url=http://sinama.org/2013/01/what-language-do-the-badjao-speak/|title=What Language do the Badjao Speak?|work=Kauman Sama Online|publisher=Sinama.org|accessdate=17 Januari 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601183946/https://sinama.org/2013/01/what-language-do-the-badjao-speak/|archive-date=2023-06-01|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Bahasa Suluk|Tausūg]], [[Bahasa Cebú|Cebuano]], [[Bahasa Tagalog|Tagalog]], [[Bahasa Melayu|Melayu]], [[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]] dan [[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]]|religions=[[Sunni|Islam Sunni]] (mayoritas),<br /> [[Abangan]], [[Animisme]], [[Kristen]]|related=[[Suku Yakan|Yakan]], [[Orang Lanun|Iranun]],<br /> [[Suku Suluk|Tausūg]], [[Bangsamoro|Moro]] lainnya,<br />[[Suku Melayu|Melayu]] dan [[Bangsa Austronesia]] lainnya}}'''Suku Bajau''' atau '''Suku Sama''' adolah [[suku]] [[bangsa|banso]] yang [[tanah]] asalnyo [[Kepulauan Sulu]], [[Filipina]] [[Selatan]]. Suku iko marupokan suku [[nomaden]] yang hiduik di ateh [[laut|lauik]], sahinggo disabuik [[gipsi laut]]. Suku Bajau manggunokan [[bahasa Sama-Bajau|bahaso Sama-Bajau]]. Suku Bajau sajak baratuih [[tahun|taun]] yang lalu alah manyebar ka [[negeri]] [[Sabah]] dan babagai [[wilayah]] [[Indonesia]]. Suku Bajau juo marupokan [[anak negeri|anak nageri]] di Sabah. Suku-suku di [[Kalimantan]] dipakirokan bamigrasi dari arah utara (Filipina) pado zaman prasejarah. Suku Bajau yang Muslim iko marupokan galombang tarakhir migrasi dari arah utara Kalimantan yang mamasuki [[pesisir|pesisia]] Kalimantan Timua hinggo Kalimantan Salatan dan manduduaki pulau-pulau sakitarnyo, lebih dahulu dari pado kadatangan suku-suku Muslim dari [[rumpun Bugis]] yaitu [[suku Bugis]], [[suku Mandar]].<ref name=":0" /> == Pasebaran Suku Bajau == Saat iko, Suku Bajau manyebar hampia di sagalo kapulauan Indonesia (terutama Indonesia Timur), bahkan sampai ka Madagaskar. Kabanyakan Suku Bajau yang manyebar mulai tingga manatap dan babaua jo suku-suku lain.<ref name=":0" /> Wilayah yang tadapek suku Bajau di Indonesia, antaro lain: # [[Kalimantan Timur]] ([[Berau]], [[Bontang]], [[Balikpapan]] dan lain-lain)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/bajau.html|title=Bajau Laut settlements in Kalimantan and Sulawesi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217013332/http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/bajau.html|archive-date=2014-02-17|dead-url=yes|access-date=2023-01-17}}</ref> # [[Kalimantan Selatan]] ([[kabupaten Kotabaru]]) disabuik urang Bajau Rampa Kapis<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://banjarmasin.tribunnews.com/2018/04/07/newsvideo-pesta-laut-suku-bajau-samma-desa-rampa-kotabaru|title=NEWSVIDEO: Pesta Laut Suku Bajau Samma Desa Rampa Kotabaru|website=Banjarmasinpost.co.id|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-02-26}}</ref> # [[Sulawesi Selatan]] ([[Selayar]]) # [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] # [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]] # [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] (Pulau boleng, Seraya, Longos, Komodo jo sakitarnyo) # [[Sapeken, Sumenep]] # Wilayah Indonesia timur lainnyo. Kalompok-kalompok suku Bajau ko ruponyo mampunyo pangatahuannyo surang tentang asa-usuanyo surang. Pado daerah Sulawesi Salatan urang Bajau tadapek di kampuang Bajoe, Kacamatan Tanette Riattang Kabupaten Bone. Kampuang ko talatak diantaro lakuak di duo samananjuang lawik. Ado duo versi asa-usua urang Bajau ko, nan partamo urang Bajau ko barasa dari Luwu. Kamudian sumber kaduo mangatokan urang Bajau ko barasa dari Johor yang manuruik Sijarahnyo urang ko iyolah kalompok pancarian tuan putri Johor yang hilang di pinggia pasia, kamudian kalompok yang mancari tuan putri ko akhirnyo sampai di tepian pantai karajaan Gowa, Sulawesi Salatan di maso nan lampau. Di Nusa tenggara timua urang bajau paliang indak tasebar di tigo tampek di wilayah kabupaten Flores Timur, yaitu di bibia pantai Meko-pulau Adonara, di lewoleba dan balauring-pulau lembata. Dari urang yang ado di tigo tampek tu juo di dapek katerangan yang babeda dan bavariasi tentang asa-usuanyo, ado yang mangatoan inyo iplah urang asli yang mandiami tampek dimano inyo tingga kini, dan yang lain mangatoan inyo barasa dari pulau Bajo dakek singapur (Sarong, 1991).<ref name=":0" /> == Pola iduik == Pola iduik urang bajo pado umumnyo sacaro pasti indak bisa di katahui, bakpo budaya urang tu belum bisa di pahami dengan baik, karano sajak dahulu urang suku Bajau biaso pindah-pindah tampek tarui-manarui. Kabiasoan iko dapek dilakukan karano urang suku Bajau sabana dakek jo kahidupan di lawik, cuman iko satu-satunyo kabudayaan yang bisa awak simpuan kalau urang Bajau banyak mahabian harinyo di lawik dan batahan hiduik dari hasil mancari ikan jo kahidupan lain di daerah pasia maupun lawik.<ref name=":0">Melalatoa, M.J. (1995). ''Ensiklopedi suku bangsa di Indonesia: A-K''. Ensiklopedi suku bangsa di Indonesia. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI. hlm. 216–217. Diakses tanggal 2023-1-17</ref> == Lagu dan tarian Bajau == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oevn7nTdi-U tari daling kreasi kaltim] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnCbjAy7sTo&t IGAL LINGGISAN - Berau, Kalimantan Timur] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1a7xi5RLTU Tarian Khas Kampung Tanjung Batu, Kecamatan Pulau Derawan, Kabupaten Berau, Kalimantan Timur] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPFj8rXfxOU Lampa-Lampa Pisang] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qhm81j8rjcY TARIAN KOLABORASI TIGA SUKU ASLI BERAU BAJAU DAYAK. kabupaten Berau] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aK7T0CRP5I4 Tarian Igal Igal (Lagu Lampa Lampa Pisang)] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPFj8rXfxOU Lampa-Lampa Pisang] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fE7b94FXDpo Bajau Kotabaru Kalsel] == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pranala lua == * https://www.pressreader.com/indonesia/kompas/20170530/282437054075921 * http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ejhg201788a.html?WT.feed_name=subjects_population-genetics {{Suku banso di Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Suku banso di Indonesia]] l3j74luqo8yx6lcdvn4d6lv0p5ektdl Urang Dayak Meratus 0 388338 3352850 3345683 2026-09-25T21:29:24Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ethnic group||group=Suku Dayak Meratus|gambar=[[Berkas:Ladang Dayak Rungkah Meratus.jpg]]|image=L1013237.jpg|poptime=kurang lebih '''50.000 jiwa'''.|popplace=[[Kalimantan Selatan]]: '''50.000'''''{{br}}|langs=[[Bahasa Bukit|Meratus]], [[bahasa Banjar|Banjar]], [[bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]]|rels=[[Kaharingan]]|related=[[suku Dayak Ngaju|Dayak Ngaju]], [[suku Banjar|Banjar]]}} [[Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kleurenlithos_getiteld_Orang-Boekit_uit_de_Afdeeling_Amoentai_en_Dajaksche_vrouw_uit_Longwai_van_haar_werk_huiswaarts_keerend_TMnr_5795-30.jpg|jmpl|300x300px|[[Litografi]] berjudul ''Orang-Boekit uit de Afdeeling Amoentai en Dajaksche vrouw uit Longwai'' ("Orang Bukit dari ''afdeeling'' [[Amuntai]] dan wanita Dayak Modang dari [[Long Wai]]") berdasarkan gambar oleh [[Carl Bock]] (1887)]] '''Urang Dayak Meratus''' adolah namo kolektif untuak sakumpulan sub-urang Dayang yang mandiami sapanjang kawasan pagunungan [[pegunungan Meratus|Meratus]] di [[Kalimantan Selatan]]. Urang Banjar Kuala manyabuik urang Daya Meratus sabagai '''Urang Biaju (Dayak Biaju)''' karano dianggap samo jo Dayak Ngaju (Biaju), sadangkan urang Banjar [[Hulu Sungai]] manyabuik urang Dayak Meratus samo sebutan '''Urang Bukit (Dayak Bukit/Buguet''')<ref name="The Monthly">{{en}} {{cite book|first=|last=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vEMFAAAAQAAJ&dq=Buguet%2C%20or%20Bukit&hl=id&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q=Buguet,%20or%20Bukit&f=false|title=The Monthly repository (and review).|publisher=|year=1822}}</ref><ref>Istilah bukit sudah terdapat [[Hikayat Banjar]] (1663) merujuk kepada lokasi/penduduk pegunungan Meratus yang hidup terpisah dengan penduduk yang tinggal di sepanjang hilir sungai. Dalam [[Hikayat Banjar]] tertulis: "Kemudian daripada itu raja itu menyuruh Aria Magatsari menundukkan batang Tabalung dan batang Balangan dan batang Petak serta '''bukit'''nya............Sudah kemudian daripada itu maka maharaja Negara-Dipa menitahkan Tumanggung Tatah Jiwa menundukkan batang Alai dan batang Hamandit serta '''bukit'''nya."</ref> Selato menduga, urang Bukit tamasuak golongan Urang [[Suku Punan|Punan]].<ref>{{en icon}}{{cite book|last=Sellato|first=Bernard|year=1994|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=T_TGggCgjRgC&lpg=PA26&dq=suku%20bukat&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=suku%20bukat&f=false|title=Nomads of the Borneo rainforest: the economics, politics,and ideology of settling down|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-8248-1566-1|pages=17}}ISBN 9780824815660</ref> Tatapi Dayak Alai, Dayak Amandit (Loksado), Dayak Tapin (Harakit), Dayak [[Kayu Tangi]], jo sabagainyo, salanjuiknyo manggolongan ka dalam [[Rumpun Ot Danum|Rumpun Ngaju]]. Namun panilitian tarakhir dari segi liguistik, bahaso yang digunoan sub urang Dayak ko tagolong babahaso [[bahasa Melayik|Melayik]], jadi sarumpun samo urang [[Suku Kedayan|Kedayan]], [[Dayak Kendayan]] jo [[Dayak Iban]].<ref>Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2013). [[Glottolog]].[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/banj1241] Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</ref> Sasuai habitat kadiamannyo tasabuik mako balakangan ko labiah sanang disabuik '''Urang Dayak Meratus''', daripado namo sabalumnyo '''Dayak Bukit''' yang alah talanjut dimaknai sabagai urang gunuang. Padohal manuruik [[Hairus Salim]] dari kosakata lokal di daerah tasabuik istilah bukit bararti ''bagian bawah dari suatu pohon'' ''yang juo bamakna urang atau kalompok urang atau rumpun kaluarga yang partamo yang marupoan cikal bakal masyarakaik lainnyo.'' Babarapo urang-urang Dayak Meratus yaitu:<ref>{{id}} [http://www.melawikab.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=77 Potensi Budaya Kabupaten Melawi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121143142/http://www.melawikab.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=77|date=2012-01-21}}</ref> * [[Dayak Pitap]], di desa [[Dayak Pitap, Tebing Tinggi, Balangan|Dayak Pitap]] dan sekitarnya.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxapDaxDaZM</ref> * Dayak [[Distrik Batang Alai|Alai]] terdiri atas: ** '''Dayak [[Labuhan, Batang Alai Selatan, Hulu Sungai Tengah|Labuhan]]'''<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvmQL7wdOjI&feature=related Good News LABUHAN People/Language Movie Trailer (Bahasa Labuhan/Bahasa Dayak Bukit di Labuhan)]</ref><ref>[http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=231911386382&v=wall FACEBOOK BOEBOEHAN BOEKIT LABUHAN]</ref> ** '''Dayak [[Atiran, Batang Alai Timur, Hulu Sungai Tengah|Atiran]]''', ** '''Dayak Kiyu''' mendiami desa [[Hinas Kiri, Batang Alai Timur, Hulu Sungai Tengah|Hinas Kiri]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.downtoearth-indonesia.org/sites/downtoearth-indonesia.org/files/R-5-Meratus.pdf |title=archive copy |access-date=2023-01-23 |archive-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613110124/http://www.downtoearth-indonesia.org/sites/downtoearth-indonesia.org/files/R-5-Meratus.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>http://anakmeratus.blogspot.com/2011/03/profil-komunitas-dayak-meratus-kiyu.html</ref><ref>http://www.pixoto.com/images-photography/people/portraits-of-women/dayak-kiyu-71943508</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpZ7s4WT1o8</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth-indonesia.org/sites/downtoearth-indonesia.org/files/R-5-Meratus.pdf|title=Salinan arsip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613110124/http://www.downtoearth-indonesia.org/sites/downtoearth-indonesia.org/files/R-5-Meratus.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-13|dead-url=yes|access-date=2014-08-03}}</ref> ** '''Dayak [[Juhu, Batang Alai Timur, Hulu Sungai Tengah|Juhu]]'''<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZQrz3zQGic</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJyvd5LH0mQ</ref> * Dayak Hantakan (Dayak Bukit), di desa [[Haruyan Dayak, Hantakan, Hulu Sungai Tengah|Haruyan Dayak]].<ref>[http://www.metrotanjung.com/2011/02/program-kat-sulit-terwujud.html Metro Tanjung]{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> * Dayak Labuan Amas * Dayak Loksado (Dayak [[Distrik Amandit|Amandit]]), di kecamatan [[Loksado, Hulu Sungai Selatan|Loksado]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manajemen.unnes.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PEMBERDAYAAN-MASYARAKAT-SUKU-DAYAK-LOKSADO-BERBASIS-KEARIFAN-LOKAL.pdf|title=Salinan arsip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216210139/http://manajemen.unnes.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PEMBERDAYAAN-MASYARAKAT-SUKU-DAYAK-LOKSADO-BERBASIS-KEARIFAN-LOKAL.pdf|archive-date=2013-12-16|dead-url=yes|access-date=2013-02-17}}</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBJqBweBagY</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9DxQa9XFbeA</ref> * Dayak Harakit (Dayak Tapin), di desa [[Harakit, Piani, Tapin|Harakit]] dan sekitarnya. * Dayak Paramasan, di kecamatan [[Paramasan, Banjar|Paramasan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yipd.or.id/main/readnews/3254|title=Tokoh Dayak Meratus Minta Perebutan Diakhiri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826023520/http://www.yipd.or.id/main/readnews/3254|archive-date=2013-08-26|dead-url=yes|access-date=2011-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://id.banjarkab.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1745|title=Pasca Diterbitkannya Keputusan MK Tokoh Paramasan Sampaikan Pernyataan Sikap|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114631/http://id.banjarkab.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1745|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|access-date=2011-04-17}}</ref> * Dayak [[Kayu Tangi]] (mandiami kawasan [[Distrik Riam Kanan|Riam Kanan]] sabalum dijadikan waduk) * Dayak Bangkalaan, di desa [[Bangkalan Dayak, Kelumpang Hulu, Kotabaru|Bangkalan Dayak]].<ref>[http://hileud.com/hileudnews?title=Dua+Kelompok+Suku+Dayak+Berdemo&id=361148 Dua Kelompok Suku Dayak Berdemo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728195938/http://hileud.com/hileudnews?title=Dua+Kelompok+Suku+Dayak+Berdemo&id=361148 |date=2021-07-28 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://fadlybatulicin.blogspot.com/2011/03/dayak-bangkalaan-terima-ambulance.html Dayak Bangkalaan Terima Ambulance Wallesta]{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AU8TUKq08qI</ref> * Dayak Sampanahan, di kecamatan [[Sampanahan, Kotabaru]]. * Dayak Riam Adungan, di desa [[Riam Adungan, Kintap, Tanah Laut|Riam Adungan]]. * Dayak Bajuin, di desa [[Bajuin, Bajuin, Tanah Laut|Bajuin]]. * Dayak [[Sebamban Baru, Sungai Loban, Tanah Bumbu|Sebamban Baru]]<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riQjYGw5tEs</ref> * dan lain-lain == Urang Dayak Pitap di Kabupaten Balangan == {{:Orang Dayak Pitap}} == Rumpun Ot Danum == Manuruik [[Cilik Riwut]], Urangu Dayak Bukit marupoan kaluarga yang tamasuak golongan urang Dayak Ngaju. Urang Dayak Ngaju marupoan salah satu dari ampek urang ketek bagian dari urang gadang (rumpun) yang juo dinamoi [[Dayak Ngaju]]. Silsilah Urang Bukit; Urang Dayak (urang asal), tabagi 5 urang gadang/rumpun : * Dayak Laut (Iban) * Dayak Darat * Dayak Apo Kayan / Kenyah-Bahau * Dayak Murut * Dayak Ngaju / Ot Danum, terbagi 4 suku kecil: ** Dayak Maanyan ** Dayak Lawangan ** Dayak Dusun ** Dayak Ngaju, tabagi babarapo urang kakaluargaan (sedatuk): *** Dayak Bukit *** Dayak Bakumpai *** Dayak Berangas *** Dayak Mendawai *** dan lain-lain == Kaparcayoan jo Budaya == Urang Meratus kaparcayoannyo biasonyo disabuik Balian yang labiah manakankan upacara dalam kahidupan sarupo upacara pado proses pananaman padi atau panen. Sabagaimano halnyo samo urang Kanayatn yang malakukan upacara pesta panen Naik Dango di Kalimantan Barat. Urang Dayak Bukit juga ndak mangenal tradisi '''[[ngayau]]''' yang ado zaman dahulu pado kabanyakan urang Dayak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eprints.unlam.ac.id/219/2/14%20Badingsanak%20Banjar%20Dayak.pdf|title=Salinan arsip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327232341/http://eprints.unlam.ac.id/219/2/14%20Badingsanak%20Banjar%20Dayak.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-27|dead-url=yes|access-date=2016-09-12}}</ref> Upacara ritual urang Dayak Bukit, misalnyo "Aruh Bawanang" yang disabuik juo [http://kerajaanbanjar.wordpress.com/2007/04/24/upacara-aruh-ganal/ Aruh Ganal]. Tarian ritual misalnyo tari ''Babangsai'' untuak padusi jo tari ''Kanjar'' untuak pria. Rumah ritual adaik (aruh) Dayak Meratus disabuik balai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kampus.okezone.com/read/2013/11/01/373/890425/sabet-gelar-doktor-dari-teliti-hunian-suku-dayak-bukit |title=archive copy |access-date=2023-01-23 |archive-date=2013-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102201036/http://kampus.okezone.com/read/2013/11/01/373/890425/sabet-gelar-doktor-dari-teliti-hunian-suku-dayak-bukit |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Istilah balai masih dilastarikan dek Dayak Meratus yang masuak Islam/Banjar Hulu Sungai untuak manyabuik surau/langgar (labiah tapek Balai Islam). Suku Dayak Bukit mangenal tigo kalompok roh pamaliharoan kawasan pamukiman jo tampek tingga yoitu : # Siasia Banua # Bubuhan Aing # Kariau Siasia Banua contohnyo: # Siasia Banua Kambat # Siasia Banua Pantai Batung # Siasia Banua Kambat # dan sebagainya Bubuhan Aing (= komunitas air) contohnyo: # Bubuhan Aing Muhara Indan # Bubuhan Aing Danau Bacaramin # Bubuhan Aing Maantas # dan sebagainya Kariau contohnyo: # Kariau Labuhan # Kariau Padang Batung # Kariau Mantuil # dan sebagainya == Bahaso Melayu Bukit == Bahasa Dayak Bukit, manuruik panilitian banyak kamiripan samo dialek Bahaso Banjar Hulu. Ado pula yang manamoan bahaso Bukit sabagai "bahaso Banjar archais". Bahaso Bukik tamasuak [[Bahasa Melayu Lokal|Bahaso Melayu Lokal]] yang disabuik Bahaso Melayu Bukit (bvu). === Populasi Urang Bangsa Dayak Bukit === Populasi urang Dayak Bukit di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan: 35.838 (BPS - sensus th. 2000) Badasarkan sensus [[penduduk]] tahun 2000 dek Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), populasi urangu Dayak Bukit di Kalimantan Selatan bajumlah 35.838 jiwa, yang terdistribusi pado babarapo [[kabupaten]] jo [[kota]], yoitu: * 585 jiwa di kabupaten [[Tanah Laut]] * 14.508 jiwa di kabupaten [[Kota Baru]] (termasuk [[Tanah Bumbu]]) * 1.737 jiwa di kabupaten [[Banjar]] * 836 jiwa di kabupaten [[Barito Kuala]] * 112 jiwa di kabupaten [[Tapin]] * 3.778 jiwa di kabupaten [[Hulu Sungai Selatan]] * 3.368 jiwa di kabupaten [[Hulu Sungai Tengah]] * 244 jiwa di kabupaten [[Hulu Sungai Utara]] (beserta [[Balangan]] sebelum pemekaran daerah) * 1.106 jiwa di kabupaten [[Tabalong]] * 7.836 jiwa di kota [[Banjarmasin]] * 1.728 jiwa di kota [[Banjarbaru]] == mtDNA suku Dayak Meratus == https://haplomaps.com/haplogroup-k/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803151100/https://haplomaps.com/haplogroup-k/|date=2020-08-03}} People: Meratus, Bukit Country/Region: Indonesia Group/Language: Malay A1a: 0.0 A1b1: 0.0 B: 0.0 B2a: 0.0 B2b: 0.0 C: 3.1 C2: 0.0<br /> D: 3.1 E: 0.0 E1: 0.0 E1b1a: 0.0 E1b1b: 0.0 E2: 0.0<br /> F: 3.1 G: 3.1 H: 0.0 I: 0.0 J: 0.0 J1: 0.0 J2: 0.0<br /> K: 6.3 L: 0.0 M: 3.1 N: 0.0 O: 9.4 O1: 9.4 O2: 34.4 O3: 21.9<br /> P: 0.0 Q: 0.0 R/R1: 0.0 R1a: 3.1 R1b: 0.0 R2a: 0.0 S: 0.0 T: 0.0<br /> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * {{YouTube|4dNUtpDaTHc}} ARUH BAKATUN * {{YouTube|7m_sLbh2pPI}} Aruh Baharin * {{YouTube|QZHXUnCKz3E}} Wadian/Balian Dayuhan * http://dayakbukitmeratus.blogspot.co.id/2011/08/mitos-simbolis-datu-ayuh-dalam-religi.html * {{id}} http://manajemen.unnes.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PEMBERDAYAAN-MASYARAKAT-SUKU-DAYAK-LOKSADO-BERBASIS-KEARIFAN-LOKAL.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216210139/http://manajemen.unnes.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PEMBERDAYAAN-MASYARAKAT-SUKU-DAYAK-LOKSADO-BERBASIS-KEARIFAN-LOKAL.pdf|date=2013-12-16}} * http://eprints.unlam.ac.id/225/2/10%20Kajian%20awal%20ttg%20Agama%20Orang%20Islam.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907172512/http://eprints.unlam.ac.id/225/2/10%20Kajian%20awal%20ttg%20Agama%20Orang%20Islam.pdf|date=2014-09-07}} * {{id}} http://travel.okezone.com/read/2014/02/03/408/935527/menyambangi-pedesaan-suku-dayak-di-pegunungan-meratus * {{id}} [http://vod.kompas.com/read/2011/04/29/212130/Pesta.Adat.Aruh.Ganal Aruh.Ganal]{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} * {{id}} [http://id.voi.co.id/fitur/voi-pesona-indonesia/2996-upacara-syukuran-suku-dayak-meratus-.html Dayak Meratus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910105618/http://id.voi.co.id/fitur/voi-pesona-indonesia/2996-upacara-syukuran-suku-dayak-meratus-.html|date=2010-09-10}} * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306213845/http://misacorindo.org/hatibaru?p=665 Misi Meratus] * {{id}} [http://bubuhanbanjar.wordpress.com/2010/02/28/orang-banjar-meratus/ ORANG BANJAR MERATUS] * {{id}} http://sains.kompas.com/read/2011/07/01/23310982/Terpuruk.di.Lereng.Meratus * {{id}} http://www.oocities.org/ngartofebruana/tanggapan.htm * {{id}} http://graminea.or.id/?p=107 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113044837/http://graminea.or.id/?p=107|date=2013-11-13}} * {{id}} http://jurnaltoddoppuli.wordpress.com/page/2/ [[Kategori:Dayak|Bukit, Suku]] [[Kategori:Malayu]] [[Kategori:Suku bangsa di Kalimantan Selatan|Dayak Bukit]] {{Suku banso di Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Suku banso di Indonesia]] k46cwhv88dmblahp0k9c81brce71hh1 Sikh 0 388400 3352827 3143626 2026-09-25T18:52:36Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|orang Sikh|informasi mengenai agama Sikh|Sikhisme}}{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Sikh|flag=|flag_caption=|caption=|population=27 juta<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 hlm. 385</ref>|region1={{flag|India}}|pop1=20.815.730|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |title = Census of India |url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |accessdate = 24 Januari 2023 }}</ref>|region2={{flag|Amerika Serikat}}|pop2=500.000–700.000|ref2=<ref>{{cite news | title = Sikhs express shock after shootings at Wisconsin temple | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19143281 | accessdate =24 Januari 2023 | date= 24 Januari 2023 | work=BBC }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Racialization of Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism in the United States, Khyati Y. Joshi, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://saldef.org/archive/learn-about-sikhs/#.VmexWriDGko|title = Learn About Sikhs|access-date = 24 Januari 2023|archive-date = 24 Januari 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170204103858/http://saldef.org/archive/learn-about-sikhs/#.VmexWriDGko|dead-url = yes}}</ref>|region3={{flag|Kanada}}|pop3=468.673|ref3=<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm | title = 2011 National Household Survey | publisher = Statistics Canada | date = 8 May 2013 | accessdate = 24 Januari 2023 }}</ref>|region4={{flag|Britania Raya}}|pop4=432.429|ref4=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/2011censuskeystatisticsforlocalauthoritiesinenglandandwales/r21ewrttableqs210ewladv1_tcm77-290988.xls|title=Table QS210EW 2011 Census: Religion (Detailed), local authorities in England and Wales|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=11 December 2012|accessdate=24 Januari 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2A_Religion_detailed_Scotland.pdf|title=Religion (detailed): All people|publisher=National Records of Scotland|accessdate=24 Januari 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011/QS218NI.ods|title=Religion - Full Detail: QS218NI|publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|accessdate=24 Januari 2023|archive-date=2017-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916182540/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011/QS218NI.ods|dead-url=yes}}</ref>|region5={{flag|Malaysia}}|pop5=100.000|ref5=<ref>{{cite web|title=Overseas Indian: Connecting India with its Diaspora |url=http://www.overseasindian.in/2007/jan/news/25n3.shtml |accessdate=24 Januari 2023 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231094957/http://www.overseasindian.in:80/2007/jan/news/25n3.shtml |archivedate=31 December 2008 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot }}{{cbignore}}</ref>|region6={{flag|Australia}}|pop6=72.000|ref6=<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features752012-2013 | title = Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census | publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics | date = 21 June 2012 | accessdate = 24 Januari 2023 }}</ref>|region7={{flag|Italia}}|pop7=70.000|ref7=<ref>{{cite web | title = 2004 Sikh Population of Italy | url = http://www.nriinternet.com/EUROPE/ITALY/2004/111604Gurdwara.htm | accessdate = 24 Januari 2023 }}</ref>|region8={{flag|Thailand}}|pop8=70.000|ref8=<ref>{{cite web | title = 2006 Sikh Population | url = https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71359.htm | accessdate = 24 Januari 2023 }}</ref>|region9={{flag|Pakistan}}|pop9=50.000|ref9=<ref>{{cite news | title = Pak NGO to resolve issues of Sikh community | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pak-NGO-to-resolve-issues-of-Sikh-community-/articleshow/7382102.cms | accessdate = 24 Januari 2023 | work = The Times Of India | first1 = Yudhvir | last1 = Rana }}</ref>|region10={{flag|Uni Emirat Arab}}|pop10=50.000|ref10=<ref>{{cite news | title = Dubai's Sikh temple feeds the masses | url = http://www.thenational.ae/blogs/national-view/dubais-sikh-temple-feeds-the-masses | date = 9 April 2014 | accessdate = 24 Januari 2023 | work = The National (Abu Dhabi) | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132908/http://www.thenational.ae/blogs/national-view/dubais-sikh-temple-feeds-the-masses | archive-date = 2 April 2015 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>|region11={{flag|Filipina}}|pop11=30.000|ref11=<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Gurdwara Philippines: Sikh Population of the Philippines |url=http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html |accessdate=24 Januari 2023 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201014811/http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html |archivedate=1 December 2011 }}</ref>|region12={{flag|Selandia Baru}}|pop12=19.191|ref12=<ref name="New Zealand Sikh population">{{cite web|title=2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/religion.aspx|website=Statistics New Zealand|accessdate=24 Januari 2023|archive-date=2017-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828162758/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/religion.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref>|region13={{flag|Jerman}}|pop13=10.000–20.000|ref13=<ref>''[http://remid.de/info_zahlen/verschiedene "Mitgliederzahlen: Sonstige"]'', in: ''Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst|Religionswissenschaftliche Medien- und Informationsdienst e. V. (Abbreviation: REMID)'', Retrieved 17 May 2017</ref>|region14={{flag|Singapura}}|pop14=15.000|ref14=<ref name="Iyer">{{cite news|url=http://www.topnews.in/law/sikhs-singapore-turbanators-rich-tradition-donning-uniform-254324|title=Sikhs in Singapore: Turbanators with rich tradition of donning uniform|last=Iyer|first=Raman|accessdate=24 Januari 2023|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017042229/https://www.topnews.in/law/sikhs-singapore-turbanators-rich-tradition-donning-uniform-254324|dead-url=yes}}</ref>|region15={{flag|Indonesia}}|pop15=10.000|ref15=<ref>''https://m.kumparan.com/@kumparannews/orang-orang-sikh-di-indones{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}ia''</ref>|rels=[[Sikhisme]]|langs=[[Bahasa Punjabi|Punjabi]] ([[aksara Gurmukhi]])|footnotes=}}'''Sikh''' ({{IPAc-en|s|iː|k|,_|s|ɪ|k}}; ''{{IAST|sikkh}}'' ) adolah pangikuik [[Sikhisme]] yang marupokan agamo [[Panenteisme|panenteistik]] yang barasa dari abad ka-15 di kawasan [[Punjab]] di [[anak benua India]] barat lawik.<ref>Dr. Gopal Singh, HP University, book = "The Politics of Sikh Homeland"</ref> Istilah "Sikh" barasa dari kato dalam [[Bahasa Sansekerta|bahaso Sansekerta]] शिष्य (''{{IAST|[[śiṣya]]}}''; pangikuik, murid) atau शिक्ष (''{{IAST|śikṣa}}''; instruksi).<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|authorlink=Khushwant Singh|year=2006|title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=India|isbn=0-19-567747-1|page=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nabha|first=Kahan Singh|year=1930|language=Punjabi|trans_title=Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahan Kosh|title=ਗੁਰ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਰਤਨਾਕਰ ਮਹਾਨ ਕੋਸ਼|url=http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm#mahankosh|accessdate=24 Januari 2023|page=720|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318143533/http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm#mahankosh|archivedate=24 Januari 2023|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Manuruik Pasal I ''[[Sikh Rehat Maryada]]'', saurang Sikh adolah "insan manopun yang picayo kapado [[Ik Onkar|Satu Tuhan Abadi]]; sapuluah Guru, dari [[Guru Nanak]] hinggo [[Guru Gobind Singh]]; [[Guru Granth Sahib]]; ajaran sapuluah Guru jo [[Khalsa]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html|title=Sikh Reht Maryada: Sikh Code of Conduct and Conventions|last=|first=|work=|publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010042708/http://sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html|archivedate=10 October 2008|deadurl=yes|accessdate=24 Januari 2023|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Istilah "Sikh" sabananyo hanyo mangacu kapado pangikuik Sikhisme dan indak kalompok etnik. Namun, Sikhisme jarang mancari panganuik dari lua, sahinggo sabagian gadang urang Sikh mampunyoi ikatan etno-religius yang kuek. Mako dari itu, banyak nagari (sarupo [[Britania Raya]]) yang mangakui Sikh sabagai kalompok etnis dalam sensus urang tu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedsikhs.org/petitions/census.php|title=Petition to Disaggregate Sikhs Correctly in the 2010 Census|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916184344/http://www.unitedsikhs.org/petitions/census.php|archive-date=2017-09-16|dead-url=yes|accessdate=24 Januari 2023}}</ref> == Asal-usua namo Sikh == Laki-laki Sikh mampunyoi namo tangah atau balakang "[[Singh]]" (singa), samantaro kaum padusi mampunyoi namo "[[Kaur]]" (putri). Urang Sikh yang alah malalui ''khanḍe-kī-pahul'' (upacara inisiasi Sikh) juo dapek dikenal dari [[lima K]]: [[Kesh (Sikhisme)|''Kesh'']], rambuik yang indak dipotong jo ditutuik jo [[Serban|saroban]]; [[Kara (Sikhisme)|''kara'']], galang basi atau baja; ''[[kirpan]],'' pedang yang dimasuakkan ka dalam tali pangabek ''gatra'' atau sabuak ''kamal kasa''; ''kachera'', pakaian dalam kapeh; dan ''kanga,'' sikek kayu ketek. Tanah aia urang Sikh adolah kawasan [[Punjab]] di [[anak benua India]], walaupun pado maso modern urang tu alah tasebar di babagai nagari, sarupo Britania Raya, Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Jerman, Malaysia jo Indonesia. == Catatan kaki == {{reflist}} == Bacoan lanjuik == * ''The Sikhs In History: A Millennium Study '' by Sangat Singh, Noel Quinton King. New York 1995. {{ISBN|81-900650-2-5}} * ''A History of the Sikhs: Volume 1: 1469–1838'' by Khushwant Singh. Oxford India Paperbacks (13 January 2005). {{ISBN|0-19-567308-5}} * ''The Sikhs'' by Patwant Singh. Image (17 July 2001). {{ISBN|0-385-50206-0}} * ''The Sikhs of the Punjab'' by J. S. Grewal. Published by Cambridge University Press (28 October 1998). {{ISBN|0-521-63764-3}}. * ''The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society'' by W.H. McLeod. Published by Columbia University Press (15 April 1989). {{ISBN|0-231-06815-8}} * ''The Sikh Diaspora: Tradition and Change in an Immigrant Community (Asian Americans&nbsp;— Reconceptualising Culture, History, Politics)'' by Michael Angelo. Published by Routledge (1 September 1997). {{ISBN|0-8153-2985-7}} * ''Glory of Sikhism'' by R. M. Chopra, Sanbun Publishers, 2001, {{oclc|499896556}}, {{google books|VGnRPgAACAAJ|Glory of Sikhism}}. * ''The Philosophical and Religious Thought of Sikhism'' by R. M. Chopra, 2014, Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, {{ISBN|978-81-89140-99-1}} * ''[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1NKC9g2ayJEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR10&dq=udasi+sikh&ots=bb6hqJ2K_W&sig=cTVuEkJHG7woUdohXBqVId8N6zc#v=onepage&q=udasi%20sikh&f=false The construction of religious boundaries: Culture, identity, and diversity in the Sikh tradition]'' - H Oberoi - 1994 University of Chicago press, {{ISBN|0-226-61592-8}} "Architectural Heritage of a Sikh State: Faridkot" by Subhash Parihar, Delhi: Aryan Books International, 2009, {{ISBN|978-81-7305-386-3}} * "A Study of Religions" by R. M. Chopra, Anuradha Prakashan, New Delhi, 2015. {{ISBN|978-93-82339-94-6}}. {{agama-stub}}{{budaya-stub}} 9o2a0wedvu741a1gyl3dfvmf75ixfvx Satelit mato-mato 0 389023 3352826 2504914 2026-09-25T18:39:38Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352826 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:U.S. RecSat Big Picture.jpg|thumb|Daftar jinih satelit paintaian AS nan digunoan mulai taun 1960 dan sataruihnyo.]] [[Berkas:CIA aerial view Osama bin Laden compound Abbottabad.jpg|thumb|275px|right|Pemandangan udara kompleks Osama bin Laden di kota Abbottabad Pakistan yang dibuat oleh CIA.]] [[Berkas:Kh-4b corona.jpg|thumb|right|Satelit Corona KH-4B]] [[Berkas:Lacrosse sat.jpg|thumb|right|Satelit mato-mato radar Lacrosse [[Lacrosse (satelit)|Satelit mato-mato radar Lacrosse]] sadang dibangun AS.]] [[Berkas:SAR-Lupe.jpg|thumb|right|Model satelit paintai SAR-Lupe Jerman pado roket Cosmos-3M.]] [[File:Rhyolite sat.svg|thumb|right|Intersepsi galombang mikro (Rhyolite)]] '''Satelit Paintai''' (sacaro rasmi disabuik '''satelit pamantau''') adolah sabuah [[Satelit pangamat Bumi|satelit pamantau Bumi]] atau [[satelit komunikasi]] nan babuek untuak kaparoluan [[militer]] maupun [[intelijen]]. Biasonyo marupoan [[teleskop bintang]] nan diarahkan ka Bumi dan bukan ka arah bintang. Generasi awal dari satelit iko iyolah [[Corona (satelit)|Corona]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nro.gov/corona/facts.html |title=Corona page at NRO |access-date=2011-10-22 |archive-date=2009-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729072619/http://www.nro.gov/corona/facts.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://samadhi.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/Programs/corona.html |title=Corona page at NASA |access-date=2011-10-22 |archive-date=2007-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311081546/http://samadhi.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/Programs/corona.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> dan [[satelit paintai Zenit|Zenit]] nan mekanismenyo iyolah, inyo maámbiak foto dari angkasa, kudian malontarkan kaleng baisi negatif film ke bumi untuak diambiak kudian. kapsul-kapsul dari Corona diambiak katiko ado di ateh langik katiko inyo mangambang jatuah manggunoan [[parasut]]. Nantinyo wahana antariksa punyo sistem pancitraan digital dan sanggup maunduh gamba-gamba nan diambiak malalui saluran radio nan alah di[[enkripsi]]. Di [[Amerika Sarikat]], sabagian gadang informasi nan tasadio iyolah program nan eksis sojak 1972. Informasi manganai program sabalun itu masiah [[rahasio]], dan sabagian ketek informasi tasabuik bocor ka misi-misi barikuiknyo. ==Caliak pulo== * [[Satelit pangamat Bumi|Satelit observasi]] ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== * [http://www.armyspace.army.mil/spacejournal/Article.asp?AID=13 Space-Based Reconnaissance by MAJ Robert A. Guerriero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175630/http://www.armyspace.army.mil/spacejournal/Article.asp?AID=13 |date=2011-07-22 }} * http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030921184833/http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/realtime/jtrack/3d/jTrack3d.html Java 3D satellite tracker] * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/imint.htm GlobalSecurity.org: Imagery Intelligence] * [http://www.isracast.com/transcripts/230905b_trans.htm Iran to Launch first spy satellite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212182519/http://www.isracast.com/transcripts/230905b_trans.htm |date=2005-12-12 }} * http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/egyptsat-1.htm * http://www.spacetoday.org/Rockets/Spaceports/Iraq.html * [http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Military Intelligence Satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027181013/http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/ |date=2009-10-27 }} (NASA, remote sensing tutorial) - {{militer-stub}} pphvm72t8kqpl8uvv75qqxabn1ymcfm Makanan kuciang 0 389041 3352791 3351258 2026-09-25T12:45:45Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Catdryfood.jpg|jmpl|Kuciang nan sadang mamakan makanan kuciang jinih kariang.]] '''Makanan kuciang''' adolah [[makanan]] khusus nan baâgiah dan dimakan dek [[kuciang|kuciang domestik]]. Makanan kuciang haruih punyo kabutuhan gizi nan dibutuhkan dek kuciang,<ref>{{en}} {{cite journal | doi = 10.2460/javma.2005.226.512 | last = Knight | first = A | year = 2005 | title = In defense of vegetarian cat food | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-veterinary-medical-association-journal_2005-02-15_226_4/page/512 | journal = Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | volume = 226 | issue = 4 | pages = 512–3 | pmid=15742685}} Diakses 05 Juni 2014.</ref> iyolah makanan nan banyak manganduang [[vitamin]] dan [[asam amino]].<ref>{{en}} Howell E. ''Food Enzymes for Health & Longevity'' Woodstock Valley, CT, US: Omangod Press. xx. 1980. Diakses 05 Juni 2014.</ref><ref name="perry">{{en}} Perry T. [http://www.preciouspets.org/truth.htm Commercial Pet Food Truth – What’s Really For Dinner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010124024/http://www.preciouspets.org/truth.htm |date=2012-10-10 }}. Diakses 05 Juni 2014.</ref> Makanan nan manganduang asam amino [[Taurina|taurin]] contohnyo iyolah [[dagiang]]. Kakurangan zat [[Taurina|taurin]] pado jangko wakatu panjang, misalnyo jiko kuciang baâgiah [[makanan anjiang]] nan manganduang saketek taurin, dapek barakibat [[degenerasi]] [[retina]], kahilangan panglihatan, dan karusakan jantuang.<ref name=aquirre>{{en}} {{cite journal| last1= Aquirre | first1 = GD | year = 1978 | title = Retinal degeneration associated with the feeding of dog foods to cats | journal = J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. | volume = 172 | pages = 791–796}}</ref> ==Makanan kuciang nan umum== {{sadang karajo}} ===Makanan kariang=== [[Berkas:Katzenfutter.JPG|jmpl|Makanan kucing jenis kering.]] ===Makanan basah=== [[Berkas:Canned_Cat_Food1.jpg|jmpl|Makanan kucing jenis basah.]] ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Bacoan labiah lanjuik == * {{Commons category-inline|Cat food|makanan kuciang}} * Dari ''Food and Drug Administration'' dan ''Center For Veterinary Medicine'' ** {{en}} ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090512000833/http://www.fda.gov/cvm/petfoods.htm Pet Foods]'' ** {{en}} ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090513004750/http://www.fda.gov/cvm/petfoodflier.html Information For Consumers - FDA's Regulation Of Pet Food]'' ** {{en}} ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090513105540/http://www.fda.gov/cvm/market.htm Information For Consumers - Information On Marketing A Pet Food Product]'' ** {{en}} ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090531230443/http://www.fda.gov/cvm/petlabel.htm Information For Consumers - Interpreting Pet Food Labels]'' ** {{en}} ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090513004756/http://www.fda.gov/cvm/labelint.htm Information For Consumers - Interpreting Pet Food Labels - Special Use Foods]'' ** {{en}} ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090525072044/http://www.fda.gov/cvm/may99.html#2564 Vegetarian Diets For Pets?]'' ** {{en}} ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080430142434/http://www.fda.gov/cvm/FOI/DFreport.htm Report on the risk from pentobarbital in dog food]'' * Dari ''Association of American Feed Control Officials'' ** {{en}} ''[http://www.aafco.org/Portals/0/Public/petfood_regulations.pdf Regulating Pet Foods (pdf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724212818/http://www.aafco.org/Portals/0/Public/petfood_regulations.pdf |date=2011-07-24 }}'' ** {{en}} ''[http://www.aafco.org/Portals/0/Public/Q-AND-A-REGARDING-PETFOODREGS.PDF Questions and Answers Regarding Pet Food Regulations (pdf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117095239/http://www.aafco.org/Portals/0/Public/Q-AND-A-REGARDING-PETFOODREGS.PDF |date=2009-01-17 }}'' * Dari ''[http://maxshouse.com/ Max's House] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416124508/http://maxshouse.com/ |date=2021-04-16 }}'' ** {{en}} ''[http://maxshouse.com/feline_nutrition.htm Feline Nutrition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604212727/http://maxshouse.com/feline_nutrition.htm |date=2011-06-04 }}'' ** {{en}} ''[http://maxshouse.com/nutrition/aafco_cat_food_nutrient_profiles.htm Cat Food Nutrient Profiles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529172000/http://maxshouse.com/nutrition/aafco_cat_food_nutrient_profiles.htm |date=2015-05-29 }}'' ** {{en}} ''[http://maxshouse.com/feline_nutrition.htm#Dry_Food_vs_Canned_Food.__Which_is_reall Dry food v/s canned (wet) food] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604212727/http://maxshouse.com/feline_nutrition.htm#Dry_Food_vs_Canned_Food.__Which_is_reall |date=2011-06-04 }}'' * Lainnya ** {{en}} ''[http://www.vegsoc.org/info/catfood.html The Vegetarian Society UK on concerns relating to a vegetarian diet for cats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105093636/http://www.vegsoc.org/info/catfood.html |date=2008-01-05 }}'' ** {{en}} ''[http://www.alternet.org/story/18767?page=entire The Cat That Ate Tofu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629173031/http://www.alternet.org/story/18767?page=entire |date=2011-06-29 }}'' Artikel dari ''[http://www.alternet.org/ Alternet]'' tentang makanan kucing vegan ** {{en}} ''[http://www.animalvoices.ca/shows/vegan_pets Vegan Pet Food: A Discussion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224082715/http://www.animalvoices.ca/shows/vegan_pets |date=2009-02-24 }}'' Audio wawancara dari ''[http://www.animalvoices.ca/ Animal Voices]'' ** {{en}} {{cite journal |author=Buffington CA |title=''Dry foods and risk of disease in cats'' |journal=Can. Vet. J. |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=561–3 |date=Juni 2008 |pmid=18624064 |pmc=2387258 }} ** {{en}} ''[http://www.api4animals.org/facts.php?p=359&more=1 Get The Facts - What's Really In Pet Food] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017172555/http://www.api4animals.org/facts.php?p=359&more=1 |date=2008-10-17 }}'' dari ''Animal Protection Institute'' {{Authority control}} {{Binatang-stub}} [[Kategori:Hewan]] 6x01wpeysxwtmzoj4a5airl620zknv6 ʻOumuamua 0 389172 3352861 3344620 2026-09-25T22:35:21Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox planet | minorplanet = yes | name = 1I/&#x02BB;Oumuamua | background = #FFE0C2 | image = A2017U1 5gsmoothWHT enhanced.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = &#x02BB;Oumuamua, Gamba diambiak jo Teleskop William Herschel . 1I/&#x02BB;Oumuamua iyolah titiak di tongah gamba. Basobok garak copek objek antarbintang, bintang-bintang di latar balakang tampak ajak garih-garih cahayo. | mpc_name = 1I/2017 U1 (&#x02BB;Oumuamua)<ref name="MPEC2017-V17"/> | alt_names = 1I/&#x02BB;Oumuamua<br>{{nowrap|1I/2017 U1{{·}}A/2017 U1 <ref name="A2017U1" />}}<br />C/2017 U1 <ref name="Discovery" />{{·}}P10Ee5V <!-- | pronounced = {{IPAc-en|audio=Haw-oumuamua.oga|oh|'|m|oo|@|'|m|oo|@}}--> | named_after = {{small|(namo [[Bahaso Hawaii|Hawaii]])}}<ref name="MPEC2017-V17" /> | mp_category = [[Objek antarbintang]],<ref name="MPEC2017-V17" /> asteroid hiperbola (JPL)<ref name="jpldata" /> | orbit_ref =  <ref name="jpldata" /> | epoch = 2017-Oct-31 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458057.5) | observation_arc = 34 hari | aphelion = | perihelion = 0,25534 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] | semimajor = −1,2799 AU<ref group="n">Objects in hyperbolic orbits have negative semimajor axis, giving them a positive orbital energy.</ref> | eccentricity = 1,19949 ± 0.00019 | inclination = 122,69° | asc_node = 24,599° | arg_peri = 241,70° | mean_anomaly = 35,060[[Degree (angle)|°]] | mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.6802|sup=ms}} / day | moid = 0,0958 AU{{·}}37,3 [[Lunar distance (astronomy)|LD]] | jupiter_moid = 1,455 AU | avg_speed = {{val|26.33|0.01|ul=km/s}} (antarbintang)<ref name="pseudoMPEC" /> | dimensions = 180 × 30 × 30 m {{small|(± [[Geometric albedo|0.10]])}}<ref name="Jewitt2017" /><ref name="NOAO2017" /><br />{{val|200|ul=m}} {{small|(± [[Geometric albedo|0.06–0.08]])}}<ref name="Bannister2017" /> | rotation = {{val|8.14|0.02}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="Bolin2017" /><br />{{val|8.10|0.42}} h<ref name="Bannister2017" /> | albedo = 0,1 {{small|(spectral est.)}}<ref name="Jewitt2017" /><br />0,06–0,08 {{small|(spectral est.)}}<ref name="Bannister2017" /> | spectral_type = [[Trans-Neptunian object#Colors|RR]] {{small|(merah, tidak berbentuk)}}<ref name="WHT">{{Cite tweet |number=923928561722982400 |user=FitzsimmonsAlan |title=Spectrum of A/2017 U1 obtained on Wednesday night with the @INGLaPalma 4.2m WHT. Colour is red like Kuiper Belt Objects, featureless. |author=Alan Fitzsimmons |date=27 Oct 2017 |first=Alan |last=Fitzsimmons}}</ref><br />[[D-type asteroid|D]]?<ref name="Jewitt2017" /><br />[[P-type asteroid|P]]?<ref name="Bannister2017" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|B–V]] = {{val|0.7|0.06}}<ref name="Jewitt2017" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|V-R]] = {{val|0.45|0.05}}<ref name="Jewitt2017" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|g-r]] = {{val|0.47|0.04}}<ref name="Bannister2017" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|r-i]] = {{val|0.36|0.16}}<ref name="Bannister2017" /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|r-J]] = {{val|1.20|0.11}}<ref name="Bannister2017" /> | abs_magnitude = {{val|22.08|0.45}}<ref name="jpldata" /> | magnitude = 19,7 hingga >27m5<ref name="pseudoMPEC" /><ref group="n">Range at which the object is expected to be observable. Brightness peaked at 19.7 mag on 18 October 2017, and fades below 27.5 mag (the limit of [[Hubble Space Telescope|HST]] for fast-moving objects) around 1 January 2018. By late 2019, it should dim to 34 mag.</ref><ref name="HubbleProposal" /> }} '''1I/&#x02BB;Oumuamua''' (sacaro rasmi banamo '''1I/2017 U1'''; sabalunnyo '''C/2017 U1 (PANSTARRS)''' dan '''A/2017 U1''') adolah objek antarbintang [[#Nomenclature|nan partamo dikana]] nan lalu ka [[Tata Surya]].<ref name="NYT-20171122">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/22/science/oumuamua-space-asteroid.html|title=An Interstellar Visitor Both Familiar and Alien|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|date=22 November 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|author-link=Dennis Overbye|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref> Objek iko awalnyo dikiro sabuah [[komet]], kudian diklasifikasikan sabagai [[asteroid]] saminggu kudian. Objek iko iyolah bando partamo dari [[objek antarbintang]]. Akibaik lintasan hiperbola, bando iko akan malalui orbit [[Neptunus]] pado taun 2022 dan maninggakan sistem Tata Surya kiro-kiro 20.000 taun. Jumlah wakatu objek tasabuik malayang di antaro bintang-bintang [[Cakram galaksi|galaksi cakram]] iko alun dikatahui. Badasarkan 34 hari observasi arc, [[eksentrisitas orbit]] &#x02BB;Oumuamua iko iyolah 1,20, nan paliang tinggi dari objek nan alun dicaliak dalam sistem Tata Surya. Pamogang rekor sabalunnyo iyolah C/1980 E1 dangan eksentrisitas orbit 1,057.<ref group="n">Unlike &#x02BB;Oumuamua, C/1980 E1's orbit got its high eccentricity due to a close encounter with [[:en:Jupiter|Jupiter]]. Its inbound-orbit eccentricity was less than 1.</ref> Eksentrisitas tinggi dari orbit &#x02BB;Oumuamua, baiak orbit masuak dan kalua, manunjuakan dek bando tu indak parnah tarikek gravitasi ka Tata Surya dan objek antarbintang basobok laju masuak nan labih capek daripado [[Laju lapeh]] Matoari. Benda iko bagarak pado arah nan balawanan dari orbit planet-planet, pado kamiringan ka [[ekliptika]] hinggo 60°. Arah garakan dari &#x02BB;Oumuamua iyolah 6° dari apeks tata surya. ==Nomenklatur== {{sadang karajo}} ==Catatan== {{reflist|group="n"}} ==Rujuakan== {{reflist|30em | refs = <ref name="Discovery">{{cite web |title=MPEC 2017-U181: COMET C/2017 U1 (PANSTARRS) |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K17/K17UI1.html |website=Minor Planet Center|publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]] |date=25 October 2017 |access-date=25 October 2017}} (CK17U010)</ref> <ref name="pseudoMPEC">{{cite web |title=Pseudo-MPEC for A/2017 U1 (Fact File) |url=https://projectpluto.com/temp/2017u1.htm |publisher=Bill Gray of Project Pluto |date=26 October 2017 |access-date=26 October 2017}} [https://projectpluto.com/temp/2017u1_a.htm#elements (Orbital elements)]</ref> <ref name="jpldata">{{cite web |type = JPL s14 with last obs: 17 November 2017 |title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: &#x02BB;Oumuamua (A/2017 U1) |url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2017U1;cad=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025125356/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2017U1;cad=1 |archive-date=25 October 2017 |dead-url=no |publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |access-date = 23 November 2017}}</ref> <ref name="A2017U1">{{cite web |title=MPEC 2017-U183: A/2017 U1 |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K17/K17UI3.html |website=Minor Planet Center |publisher=International Astronomical Union |date=25 October 2017 |access-date=25 October 2017}} (AK17U010)</ref> <ref name="NASA171026">{{cite web |title=Small Asteroid or Comet 'Visits' from Beyond the Solar System |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/small-asteroid-or-comet-visits-from-beyond-the-solar-system |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=26 October 2017 |access-date=29 October 2017 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202092239/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/small-asteroid-or-comet-visits-from-beyond-the-solar-system/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref name="MPEC2017-V17">{{cite web |title=MPEC 2017-V17 : NEW DESIGNATION SCHEME FOR INTERSTELLAR OBJECTS |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K17/K17V17.html |website=Minor Planet Center |publisher=International Astronomical Union |date=6 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="Knight2017">{{cite journal |last=Knight |first=Matthew |first2=Silvia |last2=Protopapa |first3=Michael S.P. |last3=Kelley |first4=Tony L. |last4=Farnham |first5=James M. |last5=Bauer |first6=Dennis |last6=Bodewits |first7=Lori M. |last7=Feaga |first8=Jessica M. |last8=Sunshine |title=The rotation period and shape of the hyperbolic asteroid A/2017 U1 from its lightcurve |journal=Submitted to [[Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |pages=5 |year=2017 |arxiv=1711.01402}}</ref> --> <ref name="Bolin2017">{{cite journal |last=Bolin |first=Bryce T. |first2=Harold A. |last2=Weaver |first3=Yanga R. |last3=Fernandez |first4=Carey M. |last4=Lisse |first5=Daniela |last5=Huppenkothen |first6=R. Lynne |last6=Jones |first7=Mario |last7=Juric |first8=Joachim |last8=Moeyens |first9=Charles A. |last9=Schambeau |first10=Colin T. |last10=Slater |first11=Zeljko |last11=Ivezic |first12=Andrew J. |last12=Connolly |title=APO Time Resolved Color Photometry of Highly-Elongated Interstellar Object 1I/&#x02BB;Oumuamua |journal=Submitted to [[Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |pages=11 |year=2017 |arxiv=1711.04927}}</ref> <ref name="Jewitt2017">{{cite journal |last=Jewitt |first=David |first2=Jane |last2=Luu |first3=Jayadev |last3=Rajagopal |first4=Ralf |last4=Kotulla |first5=Susan |last5=Ridgway |first6=Wilson |last6=Liu |first7=Thomas |last7=Augusteijn |title=Interstellar Interloper 1I/2017 U1: Observations from the NOT and WIYN Telescopes |journal=Submitted to [[Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |pages=11 |year=2017 |url=http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/papers/2017/JLR17.pdf |arxiv=1711.05687 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116174438/http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/papers/2017/JLR17.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-16 |access-date=2023-04-25 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref name="NOAO2017">{{cite web |title = A Familiar-Looking Messenger from Another Solar System |publisher = National Optical Astronomy Observatory |url = https://www.noao.edu/news/2017/pr1706.php |access-date = 15 November 2017 |archive-date = 2017-11-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171116133909/https://www.noao.edu/news/2017/pr1706.php |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="Bannister2017">{{cite journal |last1=Bannister |first1=Michele T. |last2=Schwamb |first2=Megan E. |title=Col-OSSOS: Colors of the Interstellar Planetesimal 1I/2017 U1 in Context with the Solar System |journal=Submitted to ApJL |pages=9 |year=2017 |arxiv=1711.06214}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="h">{{cite web |title = Asteroid Size Estimator |publisher = CNEOS – NASA/JPL |url = https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/ast_size_est.html |access-date = 9 November 2017}}</ref> --> <ref name="HubbleProposal">{{cite web |title = Which way home? Finding the origin of our Solar System's first interstellar visitor |publisher = NASA |url = http://www.stsci.edu/hst/phase2-public/15405.pdf |access-date = 15 November 2017}}</ref> }} ==Pautan lua== * {{Commons category-inline|1I/%CA%BBOumuamua|{{PAGENAME}}}} * [https://www.starobserver.org/ap171103.html Astronomy Picture of the Day – 3. November 2017 – A/2017 U1: ein interstellarer Besucher, NASA 2017-11-06] * [https://www.starobserver.org/ap171122.html Astronomy Picture of the Day – 22. November 2017 – &#x02BB;Oumuamua: Interstellarer Asteroid, NASA 2017-11-22] * [https://scienceblogs.de/astrodicticum-simplex/2017/11/14/ein-botschafter-aus-dem-raum-zwischen-den-sternen-oumuamua-der-erste-interstellare-asteroid/ Ein Botschafter aus dem Raum zwischen den Sternen: &#x02BB;Oumuamua, der erste interstellare Asteroid Florian Freistetter, 2017-11-14] * ESO: [https://www.eso.org/public/germany/news/eso1737/ VLT enthüllt dunkles, rötliches und langgezogenes Objekt]. Pressemitteilung mit Karte, Fotos und Animationen. 20. November 2017 * ESO: [https://www.eso.org/public/germany/news/eso1820/ Das VLT der ESO beobachtet, wie &#x02BB;Oumuamua zusätzlichen Schub erhält] mit Karte, Fotos und Animationen. 27. Juni 2018 * TED (Konferenz) Talk: Karen J. Meech [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfi3w9Bzwik The story of &#x02BB;Oumuamua, the first visitor from another star system] * Spektrum.de: ''[https://www.spektrum.de/news/neues-vom-interstellaren-besucher-oumuamua/1635770 Neues vom interstellaren Besucher]'' 29. März 2019 {{Authority control}} {{stub}} [[Kategori:Medium antarbintang]] akvzwhq3zdoicgr461cewoj22aq3p1q Ponsel pintar 0 389234 3352814 2505656 2026-09-25T16:54:23Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352814 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Aimoneyetap.jpg|jmpl|275px]] [[Berkas:A Google Glass wearer.jpg|jmpl|275px]] '''Kacomato pintar''' adolah [[kacomato]] [[komputer nan dapek dikonakan|komputer nan dikonakan]] nan dapek tahubuang ka jaringan [[telekomunikasi]] untuak maâgiah informasi sasuatu salain atau apo nan dicaliak pamakainyo.<ref name="IEEE Spectrum 2013. pp42-47">IEEE Spectrum, "Vision 2.0" IEEE Spectrum, Volume 50, Issue 3, Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/MSPEC.2013.6471058, pp42-47</ref><ref>[http://wearcam.org/ieeecomputer/ Wearable Computing: A First Step Toward Personal Imaging], IEEE Computer, Vol. 30, Iss. 2 Feb. 1997, pp. 25-32,</ref><ref>"Quantigraphic camera promises HDR eyesight from Father of AR", Chris Davies, Slashgear, 12 September 2012</ref> Parangkek kacomato pintar dapek juo punyo fitur-fitur nan ado pado [[Ponsel cerdas|telepon pintar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2013/12/19/atheer-google-glass-competitor/|title=Smart Glasses Reveal What It's Like to Have Superpowers|author=Samantha Murphy Kelly|date=19 December 2013|work=Mashable|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.laptopmag.com/google-glass-alternatives|title=Top 7 Google Glass Alternatives|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Bacoan tambahan== * {{Commons category-inline|smartglasses|{{PAGENAME}}}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130922113751/http://3dvis.optics.arizona.edu/ 3D VIS Lab], ''University of Arizona – "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130922085824/http://3dvis.optics.arizona.edu/publications/pdf/EOE_HMDsystem_Rolland_Hua_05.pdf Head-Mounted Display Systems]" by Jannick Rolland and Hong Hua * Optinvent – "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130829061148/http://optinvent.com/pdf/optinvent_position_paper_2012_AR_standards.pdf Key Challenges to Affordable See Through Wearable Displays: The Missing Link for Mobile AR Mass Deployment]" by Kayvan Mirza and Khaled Sarayeddine * Optics & Photonics News – "[http://www.osa-opn.org/home/articles/volume_20/issue_4/features/head-worn_displays_the_future_through_new_eyes A review of head-mounted displays (HMD) technologies and applications for consumer electronics]" by Jannick Rolland and Ozan Cakmacki * Google Inc. – "[https://docs.google.com/file/d/1v8lTssS4Upg1SuEwBWEoWaNaXbvsQpRPpQIcbgUZmNaDT1wVRCSbBV3J0ZfM/edit A review of head-mounted displays (HMD) technologies and applications for consumer electronics]" by Bernard Kress & Thad Starner (SPIE proc. # 8720, 31 May 2013) * SPIE Newsroom – [http://www.spie.org/x115300.xml Bernard Kress plenary: Designing the next generation of wearable displays] (31 August 2015, SPIE Newsroom) {{Komputer-stub}} [[Kategori:Panemuan Japang]] 99u9q1gz2ux2j4igubiu6t5c7xz16cg Guruh Soekarnoputra 0 473226 3352862 3161779 2026-09-26T01:29:24Z ~2026-48142-55 24678 /* */ 3352862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name =Guruh Sukarnoputra |image = GuruhSukarno (crop).jpg |birth_date = {{Birth date|1953|01|13}} |birth_place = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia |birth_name = Muhammad Guruh Irianto Sukarnoputra |death_date = {{death date and age|2026|09|26|1953|01|13}} |death_place = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] |spouse = {{marriage|Guseynova Sabina Padmavati|2002|2014|end=div.}} |children = |occupation = [[Pamusik]], [[aktor]], [[politikus]] |party = [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan|PDI Perjuangan]] |module = {{Infobox musical artist |embed=yes | genre = {{hlist|[[Rok progresif]]|[[Musik pop|Pop]]|Tradisional|Eksperimental}} | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Guruh Gipsy|Gipsy]]|[[Gank Pegangsaan]]|[[Chrisye]]|[[Keenan Nasution]]|[[Abadi Soesman]]|[[Fariz RM]]}} }} }} '''Muhammad Guruh Irianto Sukarnoputra''' ({{lahirmati|[[Jakarta]]|13|1|1953|[[Jakarta]]|26|09|2026}})<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.antaranews.com/berita/280819/guruh-persembahkan-pagelaran-seni-beta-cinta-indonesia | title = Guruh persembahkan pagelaran seni "Beta Cinta Indonesia | date = 21 October 2011 | website = antaranews.com | publisher = | access-date = 9 Januari 2024 | language = }}</ref> adolah saurang pamusik jo politikus [[Indonesia]]. == Biografi == Guruh Soekarnoputra adolah anak laki-laki paliang ketek dari presiden Indonesia partamo [[Soekarno]] jo bini katigonyo, [[Fatmawati]], sarato adiak dari mantan presiden [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2023/07/20/profil-guruh-soekarnoputra-adik-kandung-megawati-sekaligus-anak-soekarno-yang-kini-rumahnya-disita|title=Profil Guruh Soekarnoputra, Adik Kandung Megawati Sekaligus Anak Soekarno yang Kini Rumahnya Disita |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |date=20 Juli 2023|website=tribunnewswiki.com}}</ref> Guruh manampuah pandidikan SD jo SMP di [[Jakarta]].<ref name="DANWIT">Daniel Dhaidae & H. Witdarmono (2000) hlm. 79</ref> Kamudian inyo bakuliah di Fakultas Arkeologi di [[Universitas Amsterdam]], [[Balando]], nan luluih pado taun 1976. Bukannyo manuruikan jajak apaknyo di dunia politik, inyo mamiliah bakarier di bidang seni, nan sampai kini alah mamproduksi labiah dari 100 karya koreografi jo lagu-lagu tanamo di Indonesia. Pado taun 1991, inyo dianugerahi pangharagoan ''Chevalier de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres'' dek pamarentah [[Parancih]].<ref name="API">Yayasan API (2001) hlm. 667</ref> Guruh marilis album bajudul ''[[Guruh Gipsy]]'' pado taun 1977 basamo [[Chrisye]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-6886134/guruh-gipsy-album-terbaik-ke-2-di-ri-langka-dan-diburu-kolektor |title=Guruh Gipsy, Album Terbaik ke-2 di RI, Langka dan Diburu Kolektor |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 Agustus 2023 |website=detik.com |publisher= |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |quote= |archive-date=2024-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109024930/https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-6886134/guruh-gipsy-album-terbaik-ke-2-di-ri-langka-dan-diburu-kolektor |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Guruh tajun ka dunia politik pado taun 1992, manjadi anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia]] mawakili Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI). Katiko PDI tapacah pado taun 1996 satalah Kongres Partai di [[Medan]], inyo bagabuang jo Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan nan mamisahkan diri. Malalui partai iko, inyo tapiliah baliak dalam pamilu legislatif 2004, 2009, 2014, jo 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=M. GURUH IRIANTO SUKARNO PUTRA |url=https://dpr.go.id/blog/profil/id/299 |website=DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT REPUBLIK INDONESIA |publisher=Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |archive-date=2021-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106171226/https://www.dpr.go.id/blog/profil/id/299 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Kini, inyo manjadi anggota DPR mawakili [[Kabupaten Blitar]], [[Jawa Timur]].<ref name="DANWIT"/><ref name="DAN05">Daniel Dhaidae (Ed) (2005) hlm. 166</ref> Inyo taruih aktif jo talibek di dunia seni, tamasuak mangarahkan partunjukan seni pado upacara pambukaan [[Pekan Olahraga Nasional]] 2000 di [[Surabaya]].<ref name="DANWIT"/> Pado taun 2013, Guruh manyalanggarokan pagelaran batajuak Sri Mimpi Indonesia. Partunjukan iko manampilkan kumpulan lagu-lagu karya Guruh, nan diadokan di di Plenary Hall, Jakarta Convention Center (JCC), Jakarta pado tanggal 1 September 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/675709/guruh-soekarnoputra-siap-gelar-isri-mimpi-indonesiai |title=Guruh Soekarnoputra Siap Gelar ''Sri Mimpi Indonesia'' |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=27 Agustus 2013 |website=liputan6.com |publisher= |access-date= 9 Januari 2024|quote=}}</ref> ==Kahidupan pribadi== Pado taun 2002, baumua 49 taun, Guruh manikah jo saurang panari Azeri kalahiran [[Uzbekistan]] banamo Guseynova Sabina Padmavati, nan umuanyo 26 taun labiah mudo dari inyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/42314/guruh-sukarnoputra-akhirnya |title=Guruh Sukarnoputra, Akhirnya... |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=29 September 2002 |website=liputan6.com |publisher= |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |quote=}}</ref> Kaduonyo manikah pado tanggal 20 September 2002 di [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan. Resepsi diadokan pulo di Sriwidjaya Raya, Jakarta, pado tanggal 19-20 Oktober 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tokohindonesia.com/berita/nikah/2002/guruh_sabina.shtml |title=Guruh "Kesetrum" Sabina |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |archive-date=2008-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222195125/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/berita/nikah/2002/guruh_sabina.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Panikahan tasabuik barakhir jo pacaraian dan Sabina dikabakan babaliak ke Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Ultah ke-61, Guruh Soekarnoputra Tak Pedulikan Jodoh |url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/799679/ultah-ke-61-guruh-soekarnoputra-tak-pedulikan-jodoh |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |publisher=Liputan6.com |date=14 Januari 2014}}</ref> == Prestasi == Pado tanggal 23 Maret 2011, batepatan jo Perayaan Hari Musik Nasional, Guruh manarimo Penghargaan Nugraha Bhakti Musik Indonesia (NBMI) dari Persatuan Artis Penyanyi, Pencipta Lagu, dan Penata Musik Rekaman Indonesia (PAPPRI).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.antaranews.com/berita/1300963597/menbudpar-sematkan-satyalencana-kebudayaan-2010|title=Menbudpar Sematkan Satyalencana Kebudayaan 2010|access-date=9 Januari 2024|last=|editor-last=|editor-first=|work=[[Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara|ANTARA News]]|archive-date=2013-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302024228/http://www.antaranews.com/berita/1300963597/menbudpar-sematkan-satyalencana-kebudayaan-2010|dead-url=no}}</ref> === Pangharagoan === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Taun ! Pangharagoan ! Kategori ! Karya ! Hasil |- | 1998 | [[Anugerah Musik Indonesia 1998|Anugerah Musik Indonesia]] | [[Penghargaan AMI untuk Pencipta Lagu Pop Terbaik|Pencipta Lagu Pop Terbaik]] | ''Kala Cinta Menggoda'' | {{won}} |- | 2010 | [[Anugerah Musik Indonesia 2010|Anugerah Musik Indonesia]] | colspan= "2" | ''Lifetime Achievement Award'' | {{won|Penerima}} |- |} == Filmografi == === Film === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" width=" ! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Taun ! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Judul ! scope="col"| Peran ! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable"| Katerangan |- ! [[Komponis]] |- | 1977 | ''[[Ali Topan Anak Jalanan]]'' | {{yes}} | |- | rowspan="2"|1979 | ''[[Puspa Indah Taman Hati]]'' | {{yes}} | |- | ''[[Gita Cinta dari SMA]]'' | {{yes}} | |- | rowspan="2"|1980 | ''[[Untukmu Indonesiaku!]]'' | {{yes}} | Juga sabagai aktor |- | ''[[Roman Picisan (film 1980)|Roman Picisan]]'' | {{yes}} | |- | 1985 | ''[[Sembilan Wali (Wali Sanga)]]'' | {{yes}} | Juga sabagai aktor |- | 2011 | ''[[Misteri Hantu Selular]]'' | {{no}} | rowspan="2"| Sabagai aktor |- | 2016 | ''[[Pacarku Anak Koruptor]]'' | {{no}} |} ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist|2}} ;Daftar pustaka * Daniel Dhaidae & H. Witdarmono (Eds) (2000)''Wajah Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republic Indonesia Pemilihan Umum 1999''. Harian Kompas, Jakarta, {{ISBN|979-9251-43-5}} ('''Indonesian''') * Yayasan API (2001), ''Panduan Parlelem Indonesia''. Jakarta, {{ISBN|979-96532-1-5}} ('''Indonesia''') ==Pautan lua== * {{IMDb name|8904130}} *[https://www.discogs.com/artist/3297106-Guruh-Sukarno-Putra Guruh Sukarnoputra] di [[Discogs]] {{Soekarno}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sukarnoputra, Guruh}} [[Kategori:Politikus Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Musikus Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Jakarta]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Jawa]] [[Kategori:Kaluarga Soekarno]] n7s1ziof2xtmwf3gr9pp4yuaslhj9o2 Raja Gemini 0 473232 3352819 3169042 2026-09-25T17:47:10Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Raja Gemini | image = Raja (Sutan Amrull) at RuPaul's DragCon LA 2019 (cropped).jpg | caption = Raja di DragCon 2019 | birth_name = Sutan Ibrahim Karim Amrullah | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|06|14}} | birth_place = [[Baldwin Park, California|Baldwin Park]], [[California]], AS | other_names = {{flatlist| *Raja Gemini *Sutan Amrull *Crayola }} | occupation = [[Panata rias]]<br/>[[Ratu drag]]<br/>[[Bintang televisi]]<br/>[[Panyanyi]] | years_active = 1990–kini | education = [[California State University, Fullerton]] | height = {{convert|190|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} | known_for = ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]'' [[RuPaul's Drag Race (musim 3)|(musim 3)]]<br> ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars]]'' [[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (musim 7)|(musim 7)]] | spouse = {{marriage|Ryan Turner|2017}} | relatives = {{ill|Willy Amrull|id}} (apak)<br />[[Hamka]] (mamak) | website = [https://rajagemini.com rajagemini.com] }} '''Sutan Ibrahim Karim Amrullah''' ({{IPA-id|'suːtɑn ˈibrahɪm ka.riːm ˈamruːla|}}; {{lahirmati||14|6|1974}}), biaso disingkek '''Sutan Amrull''', adolah saurang [[ratu drag]] jo [[panata rias]] [[Amerika Sarikat]] nan mamakai namo pangguang '''Raja Gemini'''. Inyo dikana sabagai pamanang acara TV ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]'' musim katigo. Amrullah kamudian ikuik acara tu baliak pado musim katujuah. Inyo mamanangkan gala "Queen Of She Done Already Done Had Herses". Salain sabagai drag, inyo dikana pulo sabagai panata rias untuak acara realitas ''[[America's Next Top Model]]'' musim 4 sampai 12.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.omaha.com/article/20100911/LIVING04/709119887/-1|title=Designer eyes leaving Omaha to achieve their dreams|last=Loza|first=Josefina|date=11 September 2010|work=Omaha World-Herald|access-date=9 Januari 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905084709/http://www.omaha.com/article/20100911/LIVING04/709119887/-1|archive-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> Klien Amrullah tamasuak supermodel [[Tyra Banks]], [[Dita von Teese]], [[Pamela Anderson]], [[Paulina Porizkova]], [[Iman (model)|Iman]], [[Iggy Azalea]], [[RuPaul]], jo [[Twiggy]]. Sajak taun 2009, Amrullah alah manjadi panata rias untuak panyanyi [[Adam Lambert]]. Amrullah sabalumnyo parnah manjadi pambao acara siniar ''Very That'' basamo [[Delta Work]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dbknews.com/2021/10/28/drag-artist-podcasts-trixie-mattel-katya/|first=Evan|last=Hecht|title=Seven drag artist podcasts you need to check out |website=DBK News|date=28 Oktober 2021 |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102220104/https://dbknews.com/2021/10/28/drag-artist-podcasts-trixie-mattel-katya/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Kahidupan awal== Amrullah lahia di [[Baldwin Park, California]], [[Amerika Sarikat]]. Inyo badarah [[Balando]] jo [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=sutanamrull |postid=ByDi0ceh4Lm |title=I am indonesian. I am a blend of Indonesian and Dutch (on my mother’s side)(…) |date=29 Mei 2019|access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> Mandiang apaknyo banamo Abdul Wadud Karim Amrullah, nan badarah [[Suku Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] jo adiak tiri dari [[ulama]] [[Buya Hamka]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sumatran Warrior: Mighty Man of Love and Courage|last=Amrullah|first=Abdul Wadud Karim|publisher=Westbow Press|year=2016|isbn=9781512731835|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R19ADAAAQBAJ&q=Sutan+Amrull+hamka&pg=PT237}}</ref> Katiko baumua tigo taun, kaluarganyo pindah ka [[Bali]], jo tingga di sinan salamo anam taun kamudian babaliak ka AS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Renzi |first=Dan |title='Drag Race' Winner Sutan Amrull, a.k.a. Raja, Wants You To Have Sex In Heels |url=https://www.queerty.com/drag-race-winner-sutan-amrull-a-k-a-raja-wants-you-to-have-sex-in-heels-20110512 |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |website=Queerty|date=12 Mei 2011 }}</ref> ==Karier== ===Awal karier=== Katiko baumua anam baleh taun, Amrullah tajun ka dunia drag satalah manghadiri sabuah acara di klub malam di LA basamo kawan-kawannyo. Inyo adolah ratu drag nan tarinspirasi dek subbudayo goth jo [[punk]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://alivemag.com/interview-drag-queen-raja-talks-about-his-start-in-drag-coming-out-to-his-family-and-his-favorite-beauty-tip/|title=Interview: Drag Queen Raja Talks About His Start in Drag, Coming Out to His Family and His Favorite Beauty Tip|newspaper=Alive|access-date=9 Januari 2024|language=en-US|archive-date=1 Agustus 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801012924/http://alivemag.com/interview-drag-queen-raja-talks-about-his-start-in-drag-coming-out-to-his-family-and-his-favorite-beauty-tip/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Taun-taun partamo kariernyo dijalaninyo sabagai panari di sabuah klub jo namo Crayola.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.wowpresentsplus.com/fashion-photo-ruview/season:10/videos/fpr-158-rdr-909-yt|title=RDR 909: Fashion Photo RuView 423 {{!}} WOWPresents|publisher=[[WOWPresentsPlus]]|date=24 Mei 2017|access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> Amrullah basakolah di Bassett High School, kamudian malanjuikan ka [[California State University]], Fullerton, pado jurusan seni, jo konsentrasi pado pangarahan seni jo ilustrasi, salamo duo taun, kamudian mamutuihan untuak mangaja karier di bidang tata rias jo paniruan indentitas padusi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://chicago.gopride.com/news/interview.cfm/articleid/245236|title=Raja Gemini interview with ChicagoPride.com|last=Nunn|first=Jerry|newspaper=ChicagoPride.com|access-date=9 Januari 2024|language=en-US|archive-date=19 Februari 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219170239/http://chicago.gopride.com/news/interview.cfm/articleid/245236|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thepowdergroup.com/tas/team_member/sutan-amrull/ The Power Group – Sutan Amrull] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129192229/https://www.thepowdergroup.com/tas/team_member/sutan-amrull/ |date=2023-01-29 }}. thepowdergroup.com. Diakses 9 Januari 2024</ref> ===''RuPaul's Drag Race''=== [[File:DragCon 2022-157 (52075297933).jpg|thumb|right|Raja di ''[[RuPaul's DragCon LA]]'' pado 2022]] Amrullah adolah kontestan ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]'' musim katigo jo namo Raja.<ref name=MTV14>{{cite news |title=Conchita Wurst Walked At Paris Fashion Week, Might Be Drag's New Fashion Superstar |author=Jessie Peterson |url=http://style.mtv.com/2014/07/14/conchita-wurst-drag-superstar/ |work=MTV News |date=14 Juli 2014 |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |archive-date=7 Oktober 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007122630/http://style.mtv.com/2014/07/14/conchita-wurst-drag-superstar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inyo adolah anggota kalompok "Heathers",<ref name=EW>{{cite web |title='RuPaul's Drag Race: Reunited!': 'The Drag Race may be over, but the real drama is just getting started...' |author=Tanner Stransky |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2011/05/03/rupauls-drag-race-season-3-reunion |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=3 Mei 2011 |access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://gawker.com/5773538/rupauls-drag-race-takes-a-page-out-of-heathers | title = RuPaul's Drag Race Takes a Page Out of Heathers | access-date = 9 Januari 2024 | last = Davis | first = Madeliene | date = 1 Maret 2011 | work = [[Gawker]] | publisher = [[Gawker Media]]}}</ref> nan tarinspirasi dari judul film ''[[Heathers]]''. Pado episode tarakhir, Raja dinyatoan sabagai pamanang acara tasabuik jo dinobatkan sabagai ''America's Next Drag Superstar''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20484769,00.html|title=What's Next for the Winner of RuPaul's Drag Race?|last=Parsley|first=Aaron|date=26 April 2011|work=[[People (majalah)|People]]|access-date=9 Januari 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308015347/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20484769,00.html|archive-date=8 March 2016|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sabagai bagian dari tugasnyo sabagai pamanang'' Drag Race'' musim katigo , Amrullah manjalani tur ke AS jo [[Kanada]] pado taun 2011.<ref name=LOGOtour>{{cite news |title=Get Ready! The RuPaul's Drag Race Season 3 Winner's Tour Is Sashaying Your Way! |author=John Polly |url=http://www.newnownext.com/get-ready-the-rupauls-drag-race-season-3-winners-tour-is-sashaying-your-way-2/05/2011/ |work=LOGO Blog |date=11 Mei 2011 |access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref><ref name="Raja">{{cite news |title='RuPaul's Drag Race': Raja on their controversial win, 'I don't mind the criticism' |author=Jethro Nededog |url=http://www.zap2it.com/blogs/rupauls_drag_race_raja_on_her_controversial_win_i_dont_mind_the_criticism-2011-04 |work=Zap2It |date=26 April 2011 |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |archive-date=4 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404061358/http://zap2it.com/blogs/rupauls_drag_race_raja_on_her_controversial_win_i_dont_mind_the_criticism-2011-04 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pado bulan April 2022, Raja diumuman sabagai salah saurang dari salapan pamanang nan akan bakompetisi baliak dalam ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars]]'' musim katujuah, musim ''Drag Race'' nan sadoalah kontestannyo adolah pamanang musim sabalumnyo.<ref name="as7">{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/|title=RuPaul's Drag Race reveals first all-winners cast for All Stars 7|date=April 13, 2022|first1=Joey|last1=Nolfi|first2=Jillian|last2=Sederholm|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=9 Januari 2024|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413162119/https://ew.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-winners-season-cast-revealed-all-stars-7/}}</ref> Inyo mamanangkan gala "Queen of She Done Already Done Had Herses" jo mandapek hadiah sabanyak $50.000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 Juli 2022 |first=Dave |last=Quinn |title=RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Season 7: And the Winner Is... |url=https://people.com/tv/rupauls-drag-race-all-stars-7-and-the-winner-is/ |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |website=people.com |language=en}}</ref> ===Kagiatan lain=== Raja adolah saurang panata rias untuak ''[[America's Next Top Model]]'' dari taun 2005 sampai 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://rajagemini.com/about/ |access-date=9 Januari 2024 |website=Raja Gemini |language=en-US}}</ref> Pado bulan Mei 2011, Amrullah marilis singel partamonyo bajudul "[[Diamond Crowned Queen]]".<ref name=Yahoo>{{cite news |title=7 Actually Great Singles By 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Contestants |author=Lyndsey Parker |url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/8-actually-listenable-singles-by--rupaul-s-drag-race--contestants-231034373.html |work=Yahoo! Music |date=17 Februari 2015 |access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> Singel iko manampati posisi limo puluah di ''Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Dance Club Play Songs - Week of July 02, 2011|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/2011-07-02/dance-club-play-songs?order=gainer|magazine=[[Billboard (majalah)|Billboard]]|access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> kamudian naiak ka posisi tigo puluah limo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dance Club Play Songs - Week of July 30, 2011|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/2011-07-30/dance-club-play-songs?order=drop|magazine=[[Billboard (majalah)|Billboard]]|access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> Pado tanggal 21 Agustus 2012, singel kaduonyo bajudul "Sublime" dirilis. Singel katigonyo, "Zubi Zubi Zubi", dirilis pado 1 Juni 2013.<ref name=Zubi>{{cite news |title=Raja Serves New Single, "Zubi Zubi Zubi": LISTEN |author=Dan Avery |url=http://www.newnownext.com/raja-serves-new-single-zubi-zubi-zubi-listen/06/2013/ |work=LOGO Blog |date=1 Juni 2013 |access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> Pado bulan Februari 2017, inyo baperan sabagai makhluk intergalaksi dalam video musik untuak singel [[Blondie]] bajudul "Fun".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newnownext.com/raja-blondie-music-video/02/2017/|title=Watch Raja Play A Psychedelic Space Queen In New Blondie Music Video|newspaper=LOGO News|access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> Inyo muncua dalam lagu iklan Diesel "Make Love Not Walls", nan disutradaroi dek [[David LaChapelle]], sarato dalam iklan [[Urban Decay (kosmetik)|Urban Decay]] basamo alumni ''Drag Race'' [[Alaska Thunderfuck|Alaska]], [[Jiggly Caliente]], jo [[Katya Zamolodchikova|Katya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desroches|first=Steve|date=6 Agustus 2019|title=REVIEW: Raja - Lush Life|url=https://provincetownmagazine.com/index.php/2019/08/06/review-raja-lush-life/|website=Provincetown Magazine|access-date=9 Januari 2024}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Commons category|Raja Gemini}} * {{IMDb name|2204056}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Amerika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari California]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Indonesia-Amerika]] [[Kategori:Tokoh LGBT dari Amerika Sarikat]] pxm3s0aw8nzxhjo94uz1943kyza7e2o Ratna Sari Dewi Soekarno 0 474802 3352821 3158294 2026-09-25T17:51:26Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ratna Sari Dewi Sukarno | image = Ratna Sari Dewi Sukarno (1970).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Ratna Sari Dewi Sukarno pada tahun 1970 | other_names = | birth_name = Naoko Nemoto<br>根本 七保子 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|2|6|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Tokyo]], [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | occupation = Pebisnis, sosialita, filantropis | employer = | known = Istri keenam [[Presiden Indonesia]] [[Soekarno]] | height = | weight = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | spouse = [[Soekarno]] | partner = | children = [[Kartika Sari Dewi Soekarno]] | relations = | website = | footnotes = | residence = [[Shibuya]], [[Jepang]] | salary = }} '''Ratna Sari Dewi Sukarno''' ({{lahirmati|[[Tokyo]], [[Kekaisaran Jepang]]|6|2|1940}}), nan biaso dipanggia '''Dewi Soekarno''', marupoan bini ka-6 [[Soekarno|dari Soekarno]] na n marupoan [[Presiden Indonesia|Presiden patamo Indonesia]]. Dewi manikah jo Soekarno pado taun 1962 katiko inyo baumua 22 taun jo punyo surang anak, [[Kartika Sari Dewi Soekarno]]. Dewi basobok jo Soekarno malalui saurang dunsanak katiko Bung Karno barado di Hotel Imperial, Tokyo. Manjalang redupnyo kakuasoan Soekarno, Dewi maninggaan [[Indonesia]]. Sasudah tingga di Paris salamo labiah dari sapuluah taun, sajak 1983 D ewi babaliak ka [[Jakarta]]. Pado taun 2008, inyo babaliak ka [[Japang]] dan manatap di [[Shibuya]], [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://garudasakura.blogspot.com/p/sejarah-singkat-naoko-nemoto-istri-pak.html|title=GAKURA: Sejarah singkat Naoko Nemoto, istri Pak Soekarno dari Jepang|website=GAKURA|access-date=2024-10-31}}</ref> == Biografi == Kutiko inyo baumua 19 taun, Naoko Nemoto basobok jo Soekarno nan baumua 57 taun kutiko dalam kunjungan negara ka Japang. Indak lamo sasudah tu, Soekarno maajak Naoko ka Indonesia, dan kaduonyo mamutuihan untuak manikah. Sabalun manjadi bini Soekarno, inyo adolah mahasiswa jo panghibur. Ado kaba-kaba baso inyo pernah bakarajo sabagai [[geisha]], tapi inyo alah baulang-ulang mambantah hal iko. Sasudah manikah, Soekarno maagiahnyo namo Indonesia, ''Ratna Sari Dewi'' . Mareka dikaruniai anak padusi nan banamo Kartika.<ref name="Weighty">"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E2DD173FF934A25751C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print Jakarta Journal; Weighty Past Pins the Wings of a Social Butterfly]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. 17 Februari 1998.</ref> Sasudah Soekarno maningga, Ratna Sari Dewi kamudian pindah ka babagai nagara di [[Eropa]] tamasuak [[Swiss]], [[Parancih]] jo [[Amerika Sarikaik|Amerika Serikat]]. Pado taun 2008 inyo manatap di [[Shibuya]], [[Tokyo]], Japang, di mano inyo tingga di tampek nan lapang jo ampek lantai sarato panuah jo barang-barang kenang-kenangan.<ref>"[http://www.japantoday.com/jp/newsmaker/165; A Life in the Day of Madame Dewi]{{Dead link|date=Maret 2022|fix-attempted=yes}}," ''[[Japan Today]]''</ref> Ratna Sari Dewi tanamo jo kepribadiannyo nan taruih tarang. Dalam dunia hiburan di Japang, inyo acok disabuik sabagai Dewi Fujin (デヴィ 夫人 Dewi Fujin, sacaro harafiah "Nyonya Dewi" atau "Madame Dewi"). Namo langkoknyo adolah Ratna Sari Dewi Sukarno, tapi inyo labiah acok disabuik sabagai "Madame Dewi". Inyo mambuek panampilan di media massa pado Januari 2008 sasudah kamatian panaruih suaminyo, [[Soeharto|Suharto]], manyalahkannyo karano malimbagoan rezim represif jo manyarupoi [[Despotisme|despot]] [[Kamboja]], [[Pol Pot]].<ref>"[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/28/2148252.htm?section=justin; Suharto was Indonesia's Pol Pot: Sukarno widow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726042627/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/28/2148252.htm?section=justin; |date=2009-07-26 }}," ''[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]''</ref> Pado taun 2008 Ratna Sari Dewi manjalankan usaho parhiasan jo kosmetik surang sarato aktif dalam pangumpuaan dana. Inyo kadang-kadang tampil di acara TV Japang dan manjadi juri untuak patandiangan kecantikan, sarupo [[Miss International|Miss Internasional]] 2005 di Tokyo. == Kontroversi == Pado Januari 1992, Dewi talibaik dalam pacakakan nan banyak dipublikasikan pado sabuah alek di [[Aspen]], [[Colorado]], [[Amerika Sarikaik|Amerika Sarikat]] basamo sasamo tokoh publik internasional sarato [[ahli waris]] [[Minnie Osmeña]], anak padusi mantan presiden [[Filipina]]. Katagangan alah ado antaro kaduonyo, dimulai jo pertukaran di sisi lain babarapo bulan sabalunnyo, di mano Dewi tadanga tagalak-galak katiko Osmena manyatoan rencana politiknyo, di antaronyo adolah kainginan untuak mancalonkan diri untuak [[Daftar Wakil Presiden Filipina|wakil presiden Filipina]]. Aspen maludah yang kudian dilaporkan dipicu dek kiasan nan dibuek dek Dewi kapado Osmena pado maso lalu nan kamudian puncaknyo Dewi mambae Osmena di muko jo gelas anggur. Pukulan tu maninggaan luko nan paralu 37 jahitan.<ref>"[http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/sb/sb003097.htm What's the Buzz] {{Webarchive}}," ''[[Philippine Star]]''</ref> Dewi kamudian dipanjaro salamo 34 hari di Aspen karano parangai nan indak taratur sasudah kajadian tu.<ref name="Weighty" /> Pado [[1998|taun 1998]], inyo bapose untuak buku foto nan bajudul ''[[Madame Syuga]]'' nan diterbitkan di nagari asanyo, di mano babarapo gambarnyo manampilkannyo dalam pose satangah talanjang jo apo nan tampaknyo adolah tato.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mydans|first=Seth|year=1998|title=Jakarta Journal; Weighty Past Pins the Wings of a Social Butterfly|location=|publisher=The New York Times|isbn=|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Mardani|title=4 Kontroversi Ratna Sari Dewi Soekarno yang menggegerkan {{!}} merdeka.com|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/4-kontroversi-ratna-sari-dewi-soekarno-yang-menggegerkan-pampasan-perang-jepang-7/berpose-topless-di-buku-madame-de-syuga.html|newspaper=merdeka.com|language=en|access-date=2024-10-30}}</ref> Bukunyo untuak samantaro indak didistribusikan di Indonesia jo indak lamo kamudian dilarang karano banyak panduduak Indonesia nan maraso tasingguang jo apo nan mareka maanggap sabagai pancemaran namo baik Soekarno jo warisannyo.<ref name="Weighty" /><ref>[http://64.203.71.11/kompas-cetak/0309/20/pustaka/573102.htm Sejarah Hidup Dewi Soekarno Lewat Foto] {{Webarchive}}, [[Kompas (surek kaba)|Kompas]], diakses [[19 April]] [[2008]]</ref> Baliau hanyo mananggapi enteng kritikan kareh masyarakaik Indonesia nan ditingkekkan pado Ratna Sari Dewi, karano manuruiknyo buku nan diluncuakannyo adolah karya seni nan manunjuakan baso padusi nan labiah tuo masih punyo kelok tubuah nan rancak.<ref name=":0" /> == Panampilan di dunia pop == Di [[Daikon Nerima Brothers]] sabagai Yukika Karakuri/Deb Soekarno/"Lady Deb" adolah parodi dari Ratna Sari Dewi Soekarno. Di [[Sayonara Zetsubou Sensei]] "Presiden Sukarno" ado dalam daftar "hal-hal nan mengesankan nan tabayang-bayang"; "Madame Dewi" nan tabayang dek inyo. Di [[Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende]] inyo punyo panampilan cameo salamo Pamainan Batsu Hotelman No Laughing 2009 sabagai supir taksi. Dalam sabuah anime nan bajudul ''[[PriPara Minna no Akogare Let's Go PriPari]]'' inyo manjadi [[Seiyu|palakon suaro]] jo baparan sabagai Ploria Ōokanda. == Galeri == <gallery> Berkas:Toshio_Tamogami_and_Dewi_Sukarno_2014-02-02.JPG|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Toshio_Tamogami_and_Dewi_Sukarno_2014-02-02.JPG|Dewi{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Sukarno berkampanye untuk mendukung [[:id:Toshio_Tamogami|Toshio Tamogami]] (Calon Gubernur [[:id:Tokyo|Tokyo]] 2014). Berkas:Ratna_Sari_Dewi_Soekarno,_vrouw_van_de_afgezette_president_Soekarno_van_Indonesi,_Bestanddeelnr_923-4803.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Ratna_Sari_Dewi_Soekarno,_vrouw_van_de_afgezette_president_Soekarno_van_Indonesi,_Bestanddeelnr_923-4803.jpg|Ratna{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Sari Dewi Soekarno di Hotel Apollo, Amsterdam. Berkas:Ratna_Sari_Dewi_Soekarno,_vrouw_van_de_afgezette_president_Soekarno_van_Indonesi,_Bestanddeelnr_923-4804.jpg|pra=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Ratna_Sari_Dewi_Soekarno,_vrouw_van_de_afgezette_president_Soekarno_van_Indonesi,_Bestanddeelnr_923-4804.jpg|Ratna{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Sari Dewi Soekarno di hotel Apollo, Amsterdam. </gallery> == Pautan lua == * '''{{Id}}''' [http://www.pdat.co.id/ads/html/R/ads,20030625-74,R.html Ratna Sari Dewi Soekarno - Naoko Nemoto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413054653/http://www.pdat.co.id/ads/html/R/ads,20030625-74,R.html |date=2008-04-13 }} Diarsipkan 2008-04-13 di Wayback Machine. * [http://www.japan-zone.com/modern/dewi_sukarno.shtml Dewi Sukarno], ''JapanZone'' == Rujuakan == 573b5mxiwccdo4ir2g6nwcpbc0ofgw3 Masakan Singapua 0 475310 3352794 3160571 2026-09-25T13:03:38Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food/wikidata |image={{Multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 290 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Hainanese Chicken Rice.jpg | image2 = Nasipadangsg.jpg | image3 = Singapore style noodles.jpg | image4 = Chicken makhani.jpg | image5 = Katong Laksa.jpg | image6 = Chendol.jpg | image7 = Turtle soup chinese.jpg }} |caption=[[masakan]] [[Singapua]]{{sadang karajo}} |alternate= |country={{SGP}} |region=[[Singapua]] |creator= [[Urang Singapua]] |course= |served= |main_ingredient= |variations= | item = Q136726 | other = }}{{sadang karajo}}Basobok lotak geografis [[Singapua]], '''masakan Singapua''' mancarminkan budayo [[Singapua]] jo [[Malaysia]],<ref name="singaporefoodhistory">[http://www.singaporefoodhistory.com/sing-main.htm "Singapore Food."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705005629/http://www.singaporefoodhistory.com/sing-main.htm |date=2011-07-05 }} [http://www.singaporefoodhistory.com Singaporefoodhistory.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102003/http://www.singaporefoodhistory.com/sing-main.htm |date=2015-09-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102003/http://www.singaporefoodhistory.com/sing-main.htm |date=2015-09-24 }} Accessed July 2011.</ref> sarato karagaman budayo dari kaduo nagara, tamasuak dari [[Cino]], [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Urang Paranakan|Paranakan]], [[Vietnam]], [[Kamboja]], [[Filipina]], [[Myanmar]], jo [[Inggirih]] sojak abaik ka-19. {{Masakan-stub}} 5b2r9r0aci2kz57tfd4rwe3ixjacyap Taluak Meksiko 0 475389 3352833 3160735 2026-09-25T20:00:06Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352833 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:GulfofMexico3D.jpg|jmpl|223px|Taluak Meksiko dalan bantuak 3 Dimensi]] [[Berkas:15-07-14-Yucatan-Ölfelder-RalfR-WMA 0481.jpg|jmpl|Cantarell]] '''Taluak Meksiko''' ({{lang-en|Gulf of Mexico}}; {{lang-es|Golfo de México}}) adolah bagian dari [[Lauik Karibia]] nan dibatehi dek [[Meksiko]] di sabalah barat jo selatan sarato [[Amerika Serikat]] di sabalah utara dan barat. [[New Orleans]] jo [[Houston]] marupoan [[kota]] palabuahan utamo di taluak iko. Di [[Amerika Serikat]], negara bagian nan malintasi taluak iko adolah [[Florida]], [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]], [[Louisiana]], jo [[Texas]] sarato di [[Meksiko]], negara bagian nan malintasi taluak iko adolah [[Tamaulipas]], [[Veracruz (negara bagian)|Veracruz]], [[Tabasco]], [[Campeche]], [[Yucatán]], jo [[Quintana Roo]]. Lueh taluak iko adolah 1,6 juta km (615,000&nbsp;mi²). Hampia satangahnyo marupoan parairan dangka di tapi benua. Titiak tadalamnyo adolah 14.383&nbsp;ft (4.384 m) pado "[[Sigsbee Deep]]", sabuah ngarai nan bantuaknyo indak taratur sapanjang labiah dari {{convert|300|nmi|km}} (550&nbsp;km). Volume teluk ini kira-kira 660 quadrillion gallons (2.5 × 10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>3</sup>).<ref name="epa">{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/about/facts.html |title=General Facts about the Gulf of Mexico |publisher= |accessdate=December 27, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003033047/http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/about/facts.html |archive-date=October 3, 2006 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Dipakiroan tabantuak kurang labiah 300 juta tahun lalu karano pagerakan [[tektonika lempeng]].<ref name="HuertaOther2012a">Huerta, A.D., and D.L. Harry (2012) ''Wilson cycles, tectonic inheritance, and rifting of the North American Gulf of Mexico continental margin.'' Geosphere. 8(1):GES00725.1, first published on March 6, 2012, {{doi|10.1130/GES00725.1}}</ref> == Pulau == Barikuik iko pulau nan tadapek di taluak Meksiko: * [[Bermeja]] == Rujuakan == {{Reflist}} == Pautan lua == {{Commons category|Gulf of Mexico}} * [http://www.gulfbase.org/ Resource Database for Gulf of Mexico Research] * [http://gulfsci.usgs.gov/ Gulf of Mexico Integrated Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603122307/http://gulfsci.usgs.gov/ |date=2008-06-03 }} * {{Cite EB1911|Mexico, Gulf of}} * {{Cite Collier's|Mexico, Gulf of|year=1921}} {{Coord|25|N|90|W|type:waterbody_scale:10000000|display=title}} {{Daftar lauik}} {{geo-stub}} [[Kategori:Taluak di Amerika Serikat|Meksiko]] [[Kategori:Lauik marjinal Samudra Atlantik|Meksiko]] [[Kategori:Taluak di Meksiko|Meksiko]] [[Kategori:Taluak di Samudra Atlantik|Meksiko]] [[Kategori:Pabatehan Amerika Serikat–Meksiko]] d6bw8z9xnyj621o342n1lhy2b094kfy Paus Benediktus XVI 0 476420 3352812 3184616 2026-09-25T16:08:32Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paus Benediktus XVI''' ( bahasa Latin <span lang="la">''XVI''</span> ; bahasa Italia; bahasa Jerman; lahia dek '''Yusuf'''; {{Lahiamati|[[Marktl]], [[Jerman]]|16|4|1927|[[Biara Mater Ecclesiae]], [[Vatikan]]|31|12|2022}} ) adolah Paus [[Daftar Paus Gereja Katolik|ka-265]] [[Paus (Katolik Roma)|dari Gereja Katolik]] jo kapalo [[Vatikan|Negara Kota Vatikan]] dari 19 April 2005 sampai [[Pengunduran diri Paus Benediktus XVI|pangunduran dirinyo]] pado 28 Februari 2013. Pamiliahan Benediktus sabagai [[Paus (Katolik Roma)|paus]] tajadi pado [[konklaf 2005]] sasudah [[Kematian dan pemakaman Paus Yohanes Paulus II|maningganyo Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] . Benediktus mamiliah untuak dikenal sabagai " [[Uskup di Gereja Katolik|paus emeritus]] " sasudah inyo mangunduakan diri, dan inyo mampatahankan gala iko sampai [[Kematian dan pemakaman Paus Benediktus XVI|maningganyo]] pado 31 Desember 2022. <ref name="pope emeritus ncr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/benedicts-new-name-pope-emeritus-his-holiness-benedict-xvi-roman-pontiff-em|title=Nama Baru Benediktus: Paus Emeritus, Yang Mulia Benediktus XVI, Paus Roma Emeritus|last=Petin|first=Edward}}</ref> Ditahbiskan sabagai [[Sakramen Imamat (Gereja Katolik)|imam]] pado taun 1951 di nagari asanyo [[Bavaria]], Ratzinger mamulai karier [[Akademi|akademik]] jo managakkan dirinyo sabagai [[Teolog|ahli teologi]] nan sangaik dihormati pado akhia taun 1950-an. Inyo diangkek sabagai profesor panuah pado taun 1958 pado umua 31. Sasudah bakarier panjang sabagai profesor teologi di babarapo universitas Jerman, inyo diangkek sabagai [[Keuskupan Agung München dan Freising|Uskup Agung Munich jo Freising]] dan kamudian diangkek manjadi [[kardinal]] dek [[Paus Paulus VI]] pado taun 1977, pangalaman nan indak biaso untuak babarapo urang. Pado taun 1981, inyo diangkek sabagai Prefek [[Kongregasi bagi Doktrin Iman|Jemaat untuak Doktrin Iman]], salah satu [[Dikasteri|dikaster]] nan paliang pantiang dari [[Kuria Romawi]] . Dari taun 2002 sampai tapiliah sabagai Paus, inyo juo manjabat sabagai [[Kepala Dewan Kardinal|Kapalo Perguruan Tinggi Kardinal]] . Sabalun manjadi Paus, inyo alah manjadi "tokoh utamo di panggung [[Takhta Suci|Vatikan]] salamo saparampek abaik"; inyo punyo "pangaruah nan indak ado tandiangannyo dalam manantuan prioritas jo arah gereja" sabagai salah satu urang nan paliang dakek [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II|jo Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Walsh|first=Mary Ann|title=Dari Paus Yohanes Paulus II hingga Benediktus XVI: pandangan mendalam tentang akhir sebuah era, awal era baru, dan masa depan gereja|url=https://archive.org/details/frompopejohnpaul0000unse|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2005|page=[https://archive.org/details/frompopejohnpaul0000unse/page/135 135]|isbn=1-58051-202-X}}</ref> Tulisan-tulisan Paus Benediktus XVI produktif dan umumnyo mampatahankan doktrin, nilai-nilai, jo [[Liturgi Katolik|liturgi]] Katolik tradisional . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Owen|first=Richard|title=Vatican akan menerbitkan seluruh karya penulis buku terlaris Pope Benediktus XVI|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vatican-to-publish-entire-work-by-bestselling-author-pope-benedict-xvi-lbjn2rcsh6d|work=The Times|location=London|date=6 Juni 2008|access-date=10 Februari 2019}}</ref> Baliau pado mulonyo marupoan [[Katolik liberal|ahli teologi liberal]] tapi maadopsi pandangan konservatif sasudah taun 1968. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/disillusioned-german-catholics-the-pope-s-difficult-visit-to-his-homeland-a-787314-2.html|title=Umat Katolik Jerman yang Kecewa : Dari Liberal ke Konservatif|work=Der Spiegel|date=20 September 2011|access-date=17 Februari 2013}}</ref> Salamo jabatan pausnyo, Benediktus manganjurkan pambalikan ka nilai-nilai Kristen mandasar untuak malawan paningkekan [[sekularisasi]] banyak nagara Barat. Inyo mamandang panulakan [[relativisme]] taradok [[Objektivitas (filsafat)|kabanaran objektif]], jo panulakan kabanaran moral khususnyo, sabagai masalah gadang abaik ka-21. Benediktus juo mahiduikan baliak babarapo tradisi, tamasuak [[Misa Tridentina|Misa Tridentin]] . <ref>Gledhill, Ruth [http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/religion/1717167/posts?page=62 "Paus akan membawa kembali bahasa Latin Misa yang memecah belah Gereja"], ''The Times'', 11 Oktober 2006.</ref> Inyo mampakuek hubungan antaro [[Seni rupa Gereja Katolik|Gereja Katolik jo seni]], mampromosikan panggunoan [[Bahasa Latin|bahaso Latin]], <ref>{{Cite news|last=Tom Kington di Roma|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/31/pope-benedict-latin-academy|title=Paus Benediktus akan membuka akademi Latin baru di Vatikan|access-date=12 Maret 2013|location=London|date=31 Agustus 2012}}</ref> jo mampakenalkan baliak [[Jubah (Kekristenan)|jubah kepausan]] tradisional, untuak itu inyo disabuik "paus estetika". Pananganan Benediktus taradok [[Kasus pelecehan seksual Gereja Katolik|kasus panyalahgunoan seksual di dalam Gereja Katolik]] jo panulakannyo pado panggunoan [[kondom]] di daerah-daerah nan [[HIV/AIDS di Afrika|tinggi panularan HIV]] manyababkan kritik substansial dari pejabat kasehatan masyarakaik, aktivis anti-AIDS, jo organisasi hak-hak korban. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Parker|first=Claire|date=31 Desember 2022|title=Pernyataan signifikan – dan kontroversial – yang membentuk Warisan Paus Benediktus XVI|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/12/31/pope-benedict-legacy-quotes/|access-date=31 Desember 2022|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/benedict-xvi-pope-who-resigned-to-spend-final-years-in-quiet-dies-at-95|title=Benediktus XVI, paus yang mengundurkan diri untuk menghabiskan tahun-tahun terakhirnya dalam ketenangan, meninggal pada usia 95|last=Winfield|first=Nicole|date=31 Desember 2022|access-date=31 Desember 2022}}</ref> Pado 11 Februari 2013, Paus Benediktus XVI mangumumkan pangunduran dirinyo jo alasan "kurangnyo kakuatan pikiran jo tubuah" karano umuanyo nan alah lamo. Pangunduran dirinyo marupoan nan partamo kali dilakukan dek surang paus sajak [[Paus Gregorius XII]] pado taun 1415, jo nan partamo kali diprakarsai dek surang paus sajak [[Paus Selestinus V|Paus Celestinus V]] pado taun 1294. Inyo digantian dek [[Paus Fransiskus]] pado 13 Maret 2013 dan pindah ka [[Biara Mater Ecclesiae]] City nan baru direnovasi untuak Vaalitasnyo. Salain bahaso aslinyo Jerman, Paus Benediktus XVI fasiah babahaso Parancih, Italia, Inggirih, jo Spanyol. Inyo juo dapek babahaso [[Bahaso Portugih|Portugis]], Latin, [[Ibrani|Ibrani Alkitab]], jo [[Yunani|Yunani Alkitab]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/the-tale-of-the-polyglot-pope|title=Kisah Paus Poliglot|last=Babbel.com|last2=GmbH|first2=Pelajaran Sembilan|website=Majalah Babbel|access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref> Inyo adolah anggota dari babarapo akademi ilmu sosial, sarupo ''Akademi Ilmu Moral jo Politik'' Parancih . Inyo bamain [[piano]] jo manikmati komponis klasik sarupo [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] jo [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]] . == Awal kahidupan (1927-1951) == [[Berkas:PopeBenedicts1stHome.jpg|jmpl|Rumah lahia Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger di [[Marktl]], Bavaria .]] Yusuf Aloisius Ratzinger lahia pado 16 April, [[Sabtu Suci]], 1927 di Schulstraße 11 pado pukua 8:30 pagi di rumah urang tuonyo di [[Marktl]], [[Bavaria]], [[Jerman]]. Baliau [[Baptis|dipamandikan]] di ari nan samo. Inyo adolah anak katigo jo bungsu dari Joseph Ratzinger Sr., saurang polisi, jo Maria Ratzinger ( nama gadis Tukang cat ); inyiak dari pihak ayahnyo adolah imam-politisi Jerman [[Georg Ratzinger (politisi)|Georg Ratzinger]]. Kaluarga ibunyo barasa dari [[Tyrol Selatan|Tirol Selatan]] (kini barado di Italia). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/articolo.asp?c=536395|title=Vatican Radio – Paus Benediktus: bangga menjadi bagian dari Tyrol, sebuah "tanah yang dibuat oleh para Malaikat"|date=9 November 2011|publisher=En.radiovaticana.va|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517123128/http://en.radiovaticana.va/articolo.asp?c=536395|archive-date=17 Mei 2013|access-date=17 Februari 2013}}</ref> Kakak laki-laki Benediktus, [[Georg Ratzinger|Georg]], manjadi [[Pastor|imam Katolik]] jo mantan direktur paduan suaro [[Regensburger Domspatzen]]. Adiak padusinyo, Maria, nan indak pernah manikah, mauruih rumah tanggo adiaknyo Yusuf sampai maningganyo pado taun 1991. Pado umua limo taun, Ratzinger tamasuak sakalompok anak-anak nan manyambuik Kardinal Uskup Agung Munich nan bakunjuang, [[Michael von Faulhaber]], jo bungo. Takajuik jo pakaian khas kardinal tu, inyo mangumumkan pado hari itu baso inyo nio manjadi [[kardinal]]. Inyo basikola SD di [[Aschau am Inn]], nan diganti namo untuak manghormatinyo pado taun 2009. Pado taun 1939, pado umua 12 taun, inyo mandaftar ka [[Seminari|seminari SD]] di [[Traunstein]] . <ref name=":0">''Kardinal Ratzinger: penegak iman Vatikan''.</ref> Periode iko balangsuang sampai seminari ditutuik untuak tujuan militer pado taun 1942, dan sadoalah mahasiswa dikirim pulang. Ratzinger babaliak ka Traunstein. <ref name=":0" /> == Maso Parang jo Penasbihan == Periode iko balangsuang sampai seminari ditutuik untuak tujuan militer pado taun 1942, dan sadoalah mahasiswa dikirim pulang. Ratzinger babaliak ka Traunstein.<ref name=":0" /> Setelah ulang tahunnya yang ke-14 pada tahun 1941, Ratzinger dimasukkan ke dalam [[Pemuda Hitler]] – karena keanggotaan diwajibkan oleh hukum untuk semua anak laki-laki Jerman berusia 14 tahun setelah Maret 1939<ref name=":0" /> – tetapi merupakan anggota yang tidak antusias dan menolak menghadiri rapat, menurut saudaranya. Pada tahun 1941, salah satu sepupu Ratzinger, yang berusia 14 tahun -anak laki-laki tua dengan [[Sindrom Down]], dibawa pergi oleh rezim Nazi dan dibunuh selama ''[[Aktion T4]]'' kampanye [[Nazi eugenics]].<ref>{{Cite news|first=John|last=Allen|author-link=John L. Allen Jr.|title=Prelatus Anti-Nazi Dibeatifikasi|url=http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/word/word101405.htm#five|work=Firman dari Roma|publisher=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> Pada tahun 1943, saat masih di seminari, dia direkrut menjadi korps antipesawat Jerman sebagai [[Luftwaffenhelfer]]. Ratzinger kemudian dilatih di Infanteri Jerman.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paus Benediktus XVI|last2=Thornton|first2=John F.|last3=Varenne|first3=Susan B.|title=Yang Penting Paus Benediktus XVI: Tulisan dan Pidato Utamanya|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-112883-7|pages=xxxix–xl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tK0s971r_cC}}</ref> Saat pasukan Sekutu semakin dekat ke posnya pada tahun 1945, ia kembali ke rumah keluarganya di Traunstein setelah unitnya tidak ada lagi, tepat ketika pasukan Amerika mendirikan markas besar di rumah tangga Ratzinger.<ref name="FoxNews_19April2005">{{Cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,153942,00.html|title=Pope Mengingat Menjadi POW Jerman|publisher=Fox News|archive-date=2013-06-07|access-date=9 Desember 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607043032/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,153942,00.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sebagai seorang tentara Jerman, dia diinternir di kamp [[tawanan perang]] AS, pertama di Neu-Ulm, kemudian di Fliegerhorst Bad Aibling (segera diubah menjadi [[Bad Aibling Station]]) di mana dia berada pada saat [[Hari Kemenangan di Eropa]], dan dibebaskan pada 19 Juni 1945.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ratzinger|first=Josef Kardinal|title=Salz der Erde|date=2005-11-08|url=https://archive.org/details/salzdererde0000jose|publisher=Wilhelm Heyne Verlag|isbn=3-453-87942-2|edition=2nd|location=Munich, Jerman|pages=[https://archive.org/details/salzdererde0000jose/page/61 61]}}</ref><ref name="FoxNews_19April20052">{{Cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,153942,00.html|title=Pope Mengingat Menjadi POW Jerman|publisher=Fox News|archive-date=2013-06-07|access-date=9 Desember 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607043032/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,153942,00.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ratzinger jo adiaknyo Georg masuak Seminari Saint Michael di Traunstein pado November 1945, kamudian baraja di [[Ducal Georgianum]] ( {{Lang|de|Herzogliches Georgianum}} ) dari [[Universitas Ludwig Maximilian]] di Munich. Kaduonyo ditahbiskan di [[Freising]] pado 29 Juni 1951, dek Kardinal Michael von Faulhaber dari Munich  urang nan samo ditamui Ratzinger wakatu ketek. Inyo takana: "saat Uskup Agung gaek malatakkan tangannyo ka ambo, buruang ketek  mungkin buruang  tabang dari altar di katedral tinggi jo manyanyikan lagu nan manggadangkan saketek". <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tonggak Sejarah: Memoar 1927–1977|url=https://archive.org/details/milestonesmemoir00ratz/page/99|isbn=978-0-89870-702-1|last=Ratzinger|first=Joseph Cardinal}}</ref> Inyo marayoan [[Misa]] partamonyo kudian musim paneh itu di Traunstein, di Gereja Santo Oswald. Disertasi Ratzinger pado taun 1953 adolah tantang [[Agustinus dari Hippo]] dan bajudul ''Rakyat jo Rumah Tuhan dalam Doktrin Gereja Agustinus.'' Habilitasinyo (nan mamanuahi syaratnyo untuak manjadi profesor) adolah di [[Bonaventura|Bonaventure]]. Inyo salasai pado taun 1957 dan inyo manjadi profesor di Perguruan Tinggi Freising pado taun 1958. == Batamu jo Romano Guardini == Pado awal umua duo puluahan, Ratzinger sangaik dipangaruahi dek pamikiran [[Romano Guardini]] dari Jerman-Italia, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/intellectual-relationship-between-joseph-ratzinger-and-romano-guardini-10147|title=Hubungan Intelektual antara Joseph Ratzinger dan Romano Guardini|website=EWTN Jaringan Televisi Katolik Global}}</ref> nan maaja di [[Munich]] dari taun 1946 inggo 1951 samantaro Ratzinger baraja di Freising dan kamudian di [[Universitas Munich]]. Kadekatan intelektual antaro kaduo pamikir ko, nan ka manjadi tokoh nan manantukan untuak [[Gereja Katolik abad ke-20|Gereja Katolik abaik ka-20]], disibukkan untuak manamukan baliak inti dari agamo Kristen: Guardini manulih ''Inti dari Agamo Kristen'' pado taun 1938, sadangkan Ratzinger manulih ''Pengantar Agamo Kristen'' pado taun 1938, sadangkan Ratzinger mambari inspirasi pado taun 1990. Tradisi sosial-demokratis Katolik, khususnyo garakan [[Persekutuan dan Pembebasan|Komuni jo Pembebasan]] dalam [[Evangelisasi Baru|Injil Baru]] nan dipaliharo di bawah paus [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]]. Ratzinger manulih katarangan untuak penerbitan ulang Guardini pado taun 1954 ''[[The Lord (buku)|The Lord]]'' . == Karir sabalum manjadi Paus (1951-2005) == === Karir akademik (1955-1977) === Pado taun 1966, Ratzinger diangkek manjadi kursi teologi dogmatik di [[Universitas Tübingen]], di mano inyo adolah kolega Hans Küng. Dalam bukunyo taun 1968, ''[[Introduction to Christianity|Pengantar Agamo Kristen]]'', inyo manulih baso Paus punyo kawajiban untuak mandangakan suaro-suaro nan babeda di dalam Gareja sabalun maambiak kaputusan, dan inyo mamandang remeh sentralitas kepausan. Salamo maso iko, inyo manjauah dari suasana Tübingen jo kecenderungan radikalisasi nan capek dari garakan [[Marxisme|mahasiswa]] taun 1960-an, nan puncaknyo adolah sarangkaian karusuahan jo karusuahan pado bulan April jo Mei 1968. dari ajaran tradisional Katolik. Walaupun inyo reformis dalam kecenderungannyo, pandangannyo samakin kontras jo gagasan-gagasan liberal nan mandapek popularitas di kalangan teologi. Baliau diundang dek Ayah [[Theodore Hesburgh]] untuak bagabuang jo fakultas teologi di [[Universitas Notre Dame]], tapi manulak jo alasan bahaso Inggirihnyo indak cukuik elok. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.nd.edu/news/hesburgh-sought-ratzinger-for-spot-on-nd-faculty/|title=Hesburgh mencari Ratzinger untuk mendapat tempat di fakultas ND|website=Berita Notre Dame}}</ref> Beberapa suara, di antaranya Küng, menganggap periode kehidupan Ratzinger ini sebagai peralihan ke arah konservatisme, sementara Ratzinger sendiri mengatakan dalam sebuah wawancara tahun 1993, "Saya tidak melihat adanya perubahan dalam pandangan saya sebagai seorang teolog [selama bertahun-tahun]". Ratzinger terus membela karya Konsili Vatikan Kedua, termasuk ''[[Nostra aetate]]'', dokumen tentang penghormatan terhadap agama lain, [[ekumenisme]], dan deklarasi hak atas [[kebebasan beragama]]. Belakangan, sebagai [[Joseph Ratzinger sebagai Prefek Kongregasi bagi Ajaran Iman|Prefek Kongregasi Ajaran Iman]], Ratzinger dengan paling jelas menguraikan posisi Gereja Katolik terhadap agama-agama lain dalam dokumen tahun 2000 [[Dominus Iesus]] ''yang juga berbicara tentang cara Katolik untuk terlibat dalam "dialog [[Gereja Katolik dan ekumenisme|ekumenis]]". Selama berada di Universitas Tübingen, Ratzinger menerbitkan artikel di jurnal teologi reformis [[Concilium (journal)|Concilium]], meskipun ia semakin memilih tema yang kurang reformis dibandingkan kontributor majalah lainnya seperti Küng dan Schillebeeckx.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/really|title=Benarkah?|publisher=Commonweal|access-date=31 Desember 2022}}</ref>'' Pado taun 1969, Ratzinger babaliak ka [[Bavaria]], ka [[Universitas Regensburg]] dan basamo-samo mandirian jurnal teologi ''[[Communio]]'', basamo [[Hans Urs von Balthasar]], [[Henri de Lubac]], [[Walter Kasper]], dan lain-lain, pado taun 1972. manjadi jurnal tanamo pamikiran teologi Katolik kontemporer. Sampai tapiliah sabagai Paus, inyo tatap manjadi salah satu kontributor jurnal nan paliang produktif. Pado taun 1976, inyo manyarankan supayo [[Pengakuan Iman Augsburg|Pangakuan Augsburg]] diakui sabagai panyatoan agamo Katolik. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dulles, s.j.|first=Avery|author-link=Avery Dulles|date=Oktober 1983|title=The Catholicity dari Pengakuan Iman Augsburg|journal=Jurnal Agama|volume=63|doi=10.1086/487060|jstor=1203403}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|first=Erwin|first2=Geoffrey William|last2=Bromiley|first3=David B.|last3=Barrett|title=Ensiklopedia Kekristenan|isbn=90-04-11695-8}}</ref> Babarapo mantan murik Benediktus manjadi urang picayonyo, tarutamo [[Christoph Schönborn]], dan sajumlah mantan muriknyo sakali-sakali basuo untuak diskusi. <ref name="zenit1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/cardinal-schonborn-explains-what-ratzinger-students-will-discuss|title=Cardinal Schönborn Menjelaskan Apa yang Akan Didiskusikan & Didiskusikan Siswa Ratzinger #124; ZENIT – Dunia Dilihat Dari Roma|date=30 Agustus 2012|publisher=ZENIT|access-date=20 Februari 2013}}</ref> Baliau manjabat sabagai wakia presiden Universitas Regensburg dari taun 1976 inggo 1977. Pado 26 Mei 1976, baliau dijadian [[Prelatus|Prelatus Yang Mulia]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Segretaria di Stato|trans-title=Sekretariat Negara|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-68-1976-ocr.pdf|url-status=live|department=Diarium Romanae Curiae|journal=Acta Apostolicae Sedis – Commentarium Officiale|volume=LXVIII|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-68-1976-ocr.pdf|archive-date=9 Oktober 2022}}</ref> == Uskup Agung Munich jo Freising (1977-1982) == [[Berkas:Palais_Holnstein_Munich.JPG|ka|jmpl|[[Istana Holnstein]] di Munich, tampek tingga Benediktus sabagai [[Keuskupan Agung München dan Freising|Uskup Agung Munich jo Freising]]]] Pado 24 Maret 1977, Ratzinger diangkek sabagai [[Keuskupan Agung München dan Freising|Uskup Agung Munich jo Freising]], dan dikuduskan sabagai [[uskup]] pado 28 Mei {{Lang|la|Cooperatores veritatis}} ( [[Latin]] untuak 'pakarajo kabanaran'), dari [[Surat Yohanes yang Ketiga|Surat Katigo Yahya]], pilihan nan dikomentarinyo dalam karya otobiografinyo ''Tonggak Sejarah'' . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tonggak Pencapaian: Memoirs 1927–1977|url=https://archive.org/details/milestonesmemoir00ratz/page/153|isbn=978-0-89870-702-1|last=Ratzinger|first=Joseph Cardinal}}</ref> Dalam konsistori pado 27 Juni 1977, baliau dijadikan Kardinal-Imam [[Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino]] dek [[Paus Paulus VI]]. Pado wakatu [[Konklaf 2005]], baliau marupoan salah satu dari ampek baleh kardinal nan tasiso nan diciptakan dek Paulus VI, jo salah surang dari tigo nan baumua di bawah 80. Dari jumlah iko, hanyo baliau jo [[William Wakefield Baum]] nan maambiak bagian dalam konklaf tasabuik. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0502405.htm|publisher=Catholic News Pelayanan|first=John|last=Thavis|first2=Cindy|last2=Kayu|title=Kardinal Ratzinger, penjaga doktrin gereja, terpilih sebagai Paus ke-265|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907074836/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0502405.htm|archive-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> == Prefek Jemaat untuak Ajaran Iman (1981–2005) == Pado 25 November 1981, [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]], sasudah pansiunnyo [[Franjo Šeper]], manunjuak Ratzinger sabagai Prefek [[Kongregasi bagi Doktrin Iman|Jemaat untuak Doktrin Iman]], nan daulunyo dikenal sabagai "Jemaat Suci [[Kantor Suci|Jabatan Suci]] ", [[Inkuisisi Roma|Inkuisisi Romawi]] nan basejarah. Akibaiknyo, inyo mangunduakan diri dari jabatannyo di Munich pado awal 1982. Inyo dinaiakkan pangkaik di Perguruan Tinggi Kardinal manjadi [[Keuskupan Suburbikaris Velletri-Segni|Uskup Kardinal Velletri-Segni]] pado 1993 dan diangkek sabagai wakil dekan perguruan tinggi pado 1998 jo [[Kepala Dewan Kardinal|dekan]] pado 2002. Hanyo satahun sasudah pandiriannyo [[European Academy of Sciences and Arts|dari Ac9y]] . [[European Academy of Sciences and Arts|Ilmu jo Seni]] di Salzburg. <ref>[http://www.theology.de/ theologie/theologen/papstbenediktxvi.php teologi] → Biografi Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger / Paus Benediktus XVI → Mitgliedschaften → EuropAcad → 1991</ref> <ref>[http://www.abitur-werne.de/english/religion/bio- Pope-Benedict.html Biografi Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger / Paus Benedict XVI] {{Webarchive}}</ref> [[Berkas:Ratzinger-Rom88.JPG|kiri|jmpl|Kardinal Rajo di Roma, 1988]] Ratzinger mambela jo managakan baliak doktrin Katolik, tamasuak pangajaran tantang topik-topik sarupo [[Pengendalian kelahiran|kontrol kalahiran]], homoseksualitas, jo dialog antar agamo. Ahli teologi [[Leonardo Boff]], misalnyo, digantung, samantaro nan lain sarupo [[Matthew Fox (pastor)|Matthew Fox]] dikutuk. Isu-isu lain juo mandorong sensor atau pancabutan hak istimewa pangajaran: misalnyo, babarapo tulisan pasca maningga pendeta [[Yesuit|Jesuit]] [[Anthony de Mello]] manjadi subyek [[Pemberitahuan (Takhta Suci)|pamberitahuan]]. Ratzinger jo jamaahnyo mamandang banyak karya-karya iko, khususnyo nan kudian, sabagai manganduang unsur-unsur [[Indiferentisme agama|acuah tak acuah agamo]] (dengan kato lain, baso Kristus adolah "satu tuan di sampiang nan lain"). Sacaro khusus, Dominus Iesus, nan diterbitkan dek jamaah pado taun jubileum 2000, managakan baliak banyak gagasan "indak populer" nan baru-baru ko, tamasuak posisi Gereja Katolik baso "kasalamatan indak ditamukan pado urang lain, karano indak ado namo lain di bawah namo lain." Dokumen tu mambuek banyak gereja Protestan bangih jo mangaku baso mareka bukanlah gereja, tapi "komunitas gerejawi." Surek Ratzinger pado taun 2001 ''[[De delictis gravioribus]]'' manjalehan karahasiaan panyalidik internal gereja, sarupo nan ditantuan dalam dokumen ''[[Crimen solliitationis]]'' taun 1962, manjadi tuduahan nan dibuek taradok pendeta tantang kajahatan tatantu, tamasuak [[Pelecehan seksual|panyalahgunoan seksual]]. Hal iko manjadi subyek kontroversi salamo kasus-kasus pelecehan seksual. Salamo 20 taun, Ratzinger adolah urang nan ditugaskan untuak managakkan dokumen tasabuik. Walaupun uskup-uskup hanyo manjago karahasiaan sacaro internal, jo indak mahalangi panyalidikan dek penegak hukum sipil, surek tu acok dipandang sabagai mandukuang panutuik. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Uskup Inggris Marah dengan Serangan BBC terhadap Paus|date=2 Oktober 2006|url=http://www.ewtn.com/vnews/getstory.asp?number=71831|agency=Kantor Berita Katolik|publisher=Eternal Word Television Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128181538/http://www.ewtn.com/vnews/getstory.asp?number=71831|archive-date=28 Januari 2011}}</ref> Kudian, sabagai Paus, inyo dituduh dalam gugatan bakonspirasi untuak manutuik panyalahgunoan tigo paja di [[Texas]], namun dicari jo mandapekkan [[kekebalan diplomatik]] dari tangguang jawab. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/pope-seeks-immunity-over-sex-abuse-suit-20050817-gdlw57.html|title=Pope seeks immunity over sex abuse suit|date=2005-08-17|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en|access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref> Pado 12 Maret 1983, Ratzinger, sabagai prefek, maagiah tahu kapado awam jo pendeta baso Uskup Agung [[Ngô Đình Thục|Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục]] alah malakuan [[ekskomunikasi]] ''[[latae sententiae]]'' untuak patahbisan haram uskup tanpa mandat rasul. Pado taun 1997, katiko inyo baumua 70 taun, Ratzinger mamintak izin kapado [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] untuak maninggaan Jemaat untuak Doktrin Iman jo manjadi pangarsipan di [[Arsip Apostolik Vatikan|Arsip Rasul Vatikan]] jo pustakawan di [[Perpustakaan Vatikan]], tapi Paus Yohanes Paulus II manulak persetujuannyo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/|title=Religion - News and Comment on Religion - Telegraph|website=Telegraph.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=7114|title=Kardinal Ratzinger diminta mengundurkan diri 1997, menjadi pustakawan Vatikan &#124; Judul Berita|website=catholicculture.org}}</ref> Pado bulan Oktober 2008, kanonisasi barikuik tajadi: [[Alphonsa Yang Dikandung Tanpa Noda|Alphonsa dari Konsepsi India nan indak bacacek]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiovaticana.va/page404.html|title=Vatican Radio|website=www.radiovaticana.va|access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref> [[Gaetano Errico]], [[Narcisa de Jesus Martillo Moran]], jo [[Maria Bernarda Bütler]] . Pado April 2009, Paus kanonisasi [[Arcangelo Tadini]], [[Bernardo Tolomei]], [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]], [[Geltrude Comensoli]], jo [[Caterina Volpicelli]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/homilies/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20090426_canonizzazioni.html|title=26 April 2009: Misa Kudus untuk Kanonisasi Arcangelo Tadini, Bernardo Tolomei, Nuno de Santa Maria Alvares Pereira, Gertrude Comensoli dan Caterina Volpicelli &#124; Benediktus XVI|website=vatican.va}}</ref> == Kepausan (2005-2013) == [[Berkas:Papst_Benedikt_XVI.,_Pfingstmesse_im_Petersdom,_15._Mai_2005.jpg|jmpl|Paus Benediktus XVI di [[Basilika Santo Petrus]], 15 Mei 2005]] === Pemilihan Kepausan === Pado bulan April 2005, sabalun tapiliah sabagai Paus, Ratzinger diidentifikasi sabagai salah satu dari [[Time 100|100 urang paliang bapangaruah di dunia]] dek ''[[Time]]'' . Samantaro manjadi Prefek Jemaat untuak Doktrin Iman, Ratzinger baulang-ulang manyatoan kainginannyo untuak pansiun ka rumahnyo di kampuang Bavaria [[Pentling]] dakek [[Regensburg]] jo mangabdikan diri untuak manulih buku. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/wohnhaus-von-papst-blau-weiss-gekachelte-bescheidenheit-1.1474839|title=Blau-weiß gekachelte Bescheidenheit|last=Wittl|first=Wolfgang|website=Süddeutsche.de}}</ref> Pado [[Konklaf|konklaf kepausan]], "jiko indak Ratzinger, mako sia? Dan katiko mareka bakanalan jo baliau, pertanyaannyo, baa mangko indak Ratzinger?" <ref name="goodstein">{{Cite news|last=Goodstein, Laurie dan Elisabetta Povoledo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/11/world/europe/among-cardinals-deep-divisions-over-next-pope.html|title=Sebelum Merokok Bangkit di Vatikan, Ini Roma vs. Para Reformator|work=The New York Times|date=11 Maret 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ivereigh|first=Austen|title=Apakah ada kebingungan besar berarti konklaf yang panjang?|url=http://www.osvdailytake.com/2013/03/ivereigh-in-rome-does-cardinal.html|work=Pengunjung Minggu Kami|archive-date=2013-03-16|access-date=2025-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316114559/http://www.osvdailytake.com/2013/03/ivereigh-in-rome-does-cardinal.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pado 19 April 2005, inyo tapiliah pado hari kaduo sasudah ampek suaro suaro. <ref name="goodstein" /> Kardinal [[Cormac Murphy-O'Connor]] manggambarkan surek suaro tarakhia, "Sangaik suci katiko Sanak naiak ciek-ciek untuak malatakkan suaro Sanak ka dalam guci dan Sanak maliek ''[[Penghakiman Terakhir (Michelangelo)|Pangadilan Tarakhia]]'' [[Michelangelo]]. Dan ambo masih takana sangaik jaleh Kardinal Ratzinger duduak di tapi kursinyo." <ref>Cormac Murphy-O'Connor berbicara di ''Midweek'' BBC Radio 4, 13 Mei 2015</ref> Ratzinger baharok untuak pansiun sacaro damai jo mangatoan baso "Pado suatu katiko, ambo badoa kapado Tuhan 'tolong jan dilakukan iko kapado ambo'...Ruponyo, kali ko Baliau indak mandangakan ambo." <ref>Pizzey, Allen [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/04/02/world/main684865.shtml "Benediktus: Saya Berdoa Untuk Tidak Menjadi Paus"], [[CBS News]], 11 Februari 2009.</ref> Pado 24 April [[Cincin Nelayan|,]] Benediktus marayoan Misa [[Pelantikan Paus|Peresmian Kepausan]] [[Pallium|di]] [[Lapangan Santo Petrus|Lapangan St.]] Pado 7 Mei, inyo sacaro resmi ditahtakan di [[Basilika Agung Santo Yohanes Lateran|Basilika Agung St.]] === Pamiliahan namo === Paus Benediktus XVI mamiliah [[Nama Paus|namo]] kepusannyo, nan barasa dari kato Latin nan bararti "diberkati", untuak manghormati [[Paus Benediktus XV]] jo [[Benediktus dari Nursia]] . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Paus Benediktus XVI MeninggalPembaruan: Paus Fransiskus Akan Memimpin Pemakaman Benediktus pada hari Kamis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/12/31/world/pope-benedict-dies|work=The New York Times|last=Horowitz|first=Jason|last2=Povoledo|first2=Elisabetta}}</ref> [[Paus Benediktus XV]] adolah paus pado maso Parang Dunia Patamo, dan pado wakatu itu inyo jo gigiah mancari kadamaian antaro bangso-bangso nan baparang. Santo Benediktus dari Nursia adolah pandiri biara-biara [[Benediktin|Benediktus]] (sabagian gadang biara pado Abaik Patangahan adolah Benediktus) jo panulis ''[[Peraturan Santo Benediktus|Aturan Santo Benediktus]]'', nan tatap manjadi karya nan paliang bapangaruah pado kahidupan biara [[Gareja Katolik Roma|di agamo Kristen Barat]]. === Imej Kapausan === [[Berkas:Benedikt_XVI_im_Papamobil.jpg|jmpl|Pajalanan partamo Benediktus di [[Mobil Paus|oto paus]], 2005]] Pado Misa perdana Benediktus, kabiasaan sabalunnyo satiok kardinal manunduak kapado Paus digantikan jo sambutan dek duo baleh urang, tamasuak kardinal, pendeta, urang baagamo, pasangan jo anak-anaknyo, jo babarapo urang nan baru [[Konfirmasi|ditahbiskan]]; para kardinal alah sacaro resmi basumpah patuah pado pamiliahan Paus baru. Inyo mulai manggunoan [[Mobil Paus|ponsel kepausan]] nan bapucuak tabukak, mangatoan baso inyo nio labiah dakek jo rakyaik. Benediktus malanjuikan tradisi pandahulunyo [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] jo mambaptis babarapo bayi di [[Kapel Sistina]] pado awal satiok taun, pado [[Pesta Pembaptisan Tuhan|Hari Rayo Baptisan Tuhan]], dalam peran pastoralnyo sabagai [[Paus (Katolik Roma)|Uskup Roma]]. === Beatifikasi === Pado 9 Mei 2005, Benediktus XVI mamulai proses [[beatifikasi]] untuak pandahulunyo, [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] . Biasonyo, limo tahun harus balalu sasudah kamatian urang sabalun proses beatifikasi dapek dimulai. Namun, dalam audiensi jo Benediktus, [[Camillo Ruini]], wakil jenderal [[Keuskupan Roma]] jo pejabat nan batangguang jawab untuak mampromosikan [[Kanonisasi|panyabab kanonisasi]] siapo sajo nan maningga di keuskupan tasabuik, mangutip "kaadaan luar biaso" nan manunjuakan baso maso manunggu dapek dibebaskan. (Iko alah tajadi sabalunnyo, katiko [[Paus Paulus VI]] malapehan pamarintahan limo taun jo mangumumkan proses beatifikasi kaduo pandahulunyo, [[Paus Pius XII]] jo [[Paus Yohanes XXIII]]. Benediktus XVI maikuiki preseden iko katiko inyo malapehan pamarintahan limo taun untuak [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II|Paulus II]]. Pesta [[Bunda dari Fátima|Bunda Maria Fátima]] jo ulang tahun ka-24 dari usaho pambunuhan pado kahidupan Yohanes Paulus II. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Drummer, Alexander|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-13001?l=english|title=Masa Penantian Dibebaskan untuk John Paulus II|agency=Kantor Berita Zenit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001064726/http://www.zenit.org/article-13001?l=english|archive-date=1 Oktober 2012}}</ref> Yohanes Paulus II acok mangkreditkan Bunda Fátima untuak mamaliharonyo pado hari itu. Kardinal Ruini maresmikan tahap keuskupan dari proses beatifikasi di [[Katedral Roma|Basilika Lateran]] pado 28 Juni 2005. Beatifikasi patamo di bawah Paus baru dirayoan pado 14 Mei 2005, dek [[José Saraiva Martins]], Prefek Kardinal [[Dikasteri untuk Penyebab Penganugerahan Gelar Santo-Santa|Jemaat untuak Panyabab Urang-urang Suci]]. Nan baru dihormati adolah [[Marianne Cope]] jo [[Ascensión Nicol Goñi|Ascension Nicol Goñi]] . Kardinal [[Clemens August Graf von Galen]] 9 Oktober 2005. [[Mariano de la Mata]] dibeatifikasi pado November 2006 dan [[Rosa Eluvathingal]] dibeatifikasi pado 3 Desember taun itu, dan [[Basil Moreau]] [[Maria Anna Donati|dibeatifikasi]] pado September 2007. [[Maria Anna Donati|Tuhan]], Giuseppina Nicoli, Hendrina Stenmanns, Maria Rosa Flesch, Marta Anna Wiecka, [[Michael Sopocko]], [[Petrus Kibe Kasui dan 187 Sahabat]], [[Candelaria dari San José|Susana Paz-Castillo Ramírez]], dan Maria Isbael Salvat Romero. Pado 19 September 2010, salamo [[Kunjungan kenegaraan Paus Benediktus XVI ke Britania Raya|bakunjuang ka Inggirih]], Paus Benediktus XVI sacaro pribadi mamproklamirkan beatifikasi [[John Henry Newman]] . <ref name="Beatification">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11360529|title=Paus membeatifikasi Kardinal Newman saat turnya di Inggris berakhir (dengan klip video)|work=BBC News|date=19 September 2010}}</ref> Berbeda dengan pendahulunya, Benediktus mendelegasikan pelayanan liturgi beatifikasi kepada seorang kardinal. Pada tanggal 29 September 2005, Kongregasi Penggelaran Para Kudus mengeluarkan komunike yang mengumumkan bahwa selanjutnya beatifikasi akan dirayakan oleh wakil Paus, biasanya prefek Kongregasi tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050929_comunicato_en.html|title=Komunike tentang proses beatifikasi|date=29 September 2005|publisher=Vatican.va|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103085410/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050929_comunicato_en.html|archive-date=3 November 2011|access-date=2 Februari 2010}}</ref> === Kanonisasi === Salamo maso pausannyo, Benediktus XVI kanonisasi 45 urang. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/new-saints/how-do-you-become-saint-what-know-about-canonization-n89846|title=Bagaimana Anda Menjadi Orang Suci? Yang Perlu Diketahui Tentang Kanonisasi|date=27 April 2014|access-date=11 Agustus 2021}}</ref> [[Zygmunt Gorazdowski|Inyo]] [[Gaetano Catanoso|marayoan]] kanonisasi partamonyo pado 23 Oktober 2005 [[Josef Bilczewski|di]] [[Felice da Nicosia|Lapangan]] [[Lapangan Santo Petrus|St.]] Kanonisasi marupoan bagian dari misa nan manandai akhia [[Sinode Uskup-Uskup (Katolik)|Majelis Umum Sinode Uskup]] jo [[Tahun Ekaristi]] . Benediktus mangkanonisasi Uskup [[Rafael Guizar Valencia|Rafael Guizar y Valencia]], [[Theodore Guerin]], [[Filippo Smaldone]], jo [[Rosa Venerini]] pado 15 Oktober 2006. Salamo kunjungannyo ka Brasil pado taun 2007, Paus Benediktus XVI mamimpin kanonisasi [[Frei Galvão]] pado 11 Mei, samantaro [[George Preca]], pandiri [[Masyarakat Doktrin Kristen|MUSEUM]] nan barado di Malta, [[Szymon dari Lipnica]], [[Charles dari Gunung Argus|Charles dari Gunuang Argus]], jo [[Marie-Eugénie de Jésus]] dikanonisasi pado [[Istana Apostolik|cer3]] 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/vnews/getstory.asp?number=76178|title=Paus Menjadwalkan Lima Kanonisasi untuk Mei–Juni|publisher=EWTN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206083133/http://www.ewtn.com/vnews/getstory.asp?number=76178|archive-date=6 Desember 2010}}</ref> Preca adolah urang suci Malta patamo sajak nagara ko masuak agamo Katolik pado taun 60 M katiko Santo Paulus manginjilkan panduduaknyo. Pado bulan Oktober pado taun nan samo inyo mangkanonisasikan [[Jeanne Jugan]], [[Damien de Veuster]], [[Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński]], [[Francisco Coll Guitart|Francisco Col Guitart]], jo [[Rafael Arnáiz Barón|Rafael Arnaiz Barón]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/homilies/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20091011_canonizzazioni.html|title=11 Oktober 2009: Kanonisasi lima Orang Suci baru: Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński, Francisco Coll y Guitart, Josef Daamian de Veuster, Rafael Arnáiz Barón, Marie de la Croix (Jeanne) Jugan &#124; Benediktus XVI|website=vatikan.va}}</ref> Pado 17 Oktober 2010, Benediktus mangkanonisasi [[André Bessette]], saurang Parancih-Kanada; [[Stanisław Sołtys]], saurang pendeta Polandia pado abaik ka-15; Biarawati Italia [[Giulia Salzano]] jo [[Camilla Battista da Varano]]; Biarawati Spanyol [[Candida Maria de Jesus Cipitria y Barriola|Candida Maria de Isa Cipitria y Barriola]]; jo urang suci Australia patamo, [[Mary MacKillop]] . Pado 23 Oktober 2011, inyo makanonisasi tigo urang suci: biarawati Spanyol [[Bonifacia Rodríguez y Castro]], uskup agung Italia [[Guido Maria Conforti]], jo pendeta Italia [[Luigi Guanella]] . Pado bulan Desember 2011, Paus sacaro rasmi mangakui kabasahan mukjizat-mukjizat nan diparaluan untuak malanjuikan kanonisasi [[Kateri Tekakwitha]], nan ka manjadi urang suci panduduak asli Amerika patamo; Marianne Cope, saurang biarawati nan bakarajo jo [[Penderita kusta|urang kusta]] di tampek nan kini dinamokan nagara bagian Hawaii; [[Giovanni Battista Piamarta]], saurang imam Italia; [[Jacques Berthieu]], saurang pendeta Jesuit Parancih jo [[Martir|syahid]] Afrika; [[Carmen Salles y Barangueras]], saurang biarawati Spanyol jo pandiri Suster-suster dari Konsepsi Tak Basalah; [[Peter Calungsod]], surang [[katekis]] jo syahid awam dari Filipina; jo [[Anna Schäffer]], nan kainginannyo untuak manjadi misionaris indak tapanuahi karano sakiknyo. Mareka dikanonisasi pado 21 Oktober 2012. == Referensi == 996np8fu1x5kjaimrf9vzfrt89soses Musajik 17 Ramadan 0 477265 3352797 3344734 2026-09-25T13:46:06Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|33.3147|44.4220|display=title}} {{Infobox religious building | building_name = Musajik 17 Ramadan | native_name = [[Abjad Arab|Arab]]: جامع ١٧ من رمضان | native_name_lang = ara | religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] | image = جامع 17 رمضان في بغداد 6.jpg | image_upright = 1.3 | alt = | caption = | map_type = Iraq | coordinates = | map_size = 240 | map_relief = 1 | map_caption = Lokasi di [[Irak]] | location = [[Bagdad]], [[Irak]] | locale = | deity = | rite = | festival = <!-- or | festivals = --> | cercle = | sector = | municipality = | district = | territory = | prefecture = | state = | province = | region = | country = | administration = | consecration_year = | organisational_status = [[Musajik]]<!-- or | organizational_status = --> | functional_status = Aktif | heritage_designation = | leadership = | bhattaraka = | patron = | website = | coordinates_footnotes = | architect = | architecture_type = | architecture_style = [[Arsitektur Islam|Islami]] | founded_by = | creator = | funded_by = | general_contractor = | groundbreaking = | year_completed = 1959 | construction_cost = | renovation_date = <!-- or | date_destroyed = --> | facade_direction = | capacity = | length = | width = | width_nave = | interior_area = | height_max = | dome_quantity = 1 | dome_height_outer = | dome_height_inner = | dome_dia_outer = | dome_dia_inner = | minaret_quantity = 1 | minaret_height = | spire_quantity = | spire_height = | site_area = {{convert|5000|m2}} | materials = | elevation_m = <!-- or | elevation_ft = --> | elevation_footnotes = | designated = | added = | refnum = }} '''Musajik 17 Ramadan''' ([[Abjad Arab|Arab]]: جامع ١٧ من رمضان, <small>[[Aliah aksara Arab-Latin|aliah aksara]]:</small> ''Jami' Sabata'sh Ramaḍān'') adolah [[musajik]] di [[Al-Rusafa, Irak|Al-Rusafa]], [[Bagdad]].<ref>[http://wikimapia.org/6068908/ar/جامع-17-رمضان جامع 17 رمضان - محافظة بغداد] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208163014/http://wikimapia.org/6068908/ar/جامع-17-رمضان|date=08 ديسمبر 2017}}</ref> Musajik iko dibangun pado era [[Karajaan Irak]] jo dianggap sabagai [[Markah tanah|mercu tando]] basijarah penting karano barado di alun-alun utamo kota.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://tableegh.imamali.net/index.php?id=1448 |title=جامع 17 رمضان |trans-title=Masjid 17 Ramadan |year=2017 |website=Imam Ali |language=bahasa Arab |access-date=12 Maret 2025 |dead-url=no }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sijarah == === Latar balakang === Batu partamo pambangunan musajik iko dilatakan pado masuk pamarintahan [[Ghazi I dari Irak|Rajo Ghazi I]], tapi pangarajoannyo baru salasai pado 14 Juli 1959 maso tajadinyo [[Revolusi 14 Juli]] nan dipimpin dek [[Abdul Karim Qasim]]. Maso itu, musajik iko diagiah namo "Musajik Syuhada". Meskipun alah resmi dibuka, kagiatan ibadah di musajik baru dilaksanakan mulai 6 Desember 1963 pado maso kapresidenan [[Abd as-Salam Arif|Abdul Salam Arif]]. Pado maso itu, namo musajik iko diubah manjadi "Musajik 14 Ramadan" seaagai panghormatan tahadap [[Revolusi Ramadan|Revolusi Ramadan 1963]].<ref name=":1">[http://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=175301&issueno=8958#.XA7CL9szbIU ساحة الفردوس أصبحت رمز سقوط نظام صدام وتحولت اليوم إلى أكبر مركز لتبديل العملات في بغداد، أخبــــــار] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010455/http://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=175301&issueno=8958|date=11 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">[http://magazine.imn.iq/%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2-%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B6/ ساحة الفردوس رمز سقوط صدام تسوده الفوضى والاهمال – مجلة الشبكة العراقية، IMN Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122064816/http://magazine.imn.iq/ذاكرة-مكان/ساحة-الفردوس-رمز-سقوط-صدام-تسوده-الفوض/|date=22 يناير 2021}}</ref> Musajik iko punyo sijarah panjang takait parubahan namonyo. Awalnyo, musajik iko direncanakan banamo "Musajik al-Alawiyyah", tapi satalah Revolusi 14 Juli, musajik iko disabuik "Musajik Republik." Sasudah dibuka, Qasim nio maubah namonyo manjadi "Musajik Syuhada". Pado 6 Desember 1963, musajik baganti namamo manjadi "Musajik 14 Ramadan."<ref name=":0"/> === Paristiwa barikutnyo === [[Berkas:SaddamStatue.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Musajik iko sabagai latar panggulingan patuang Saddam Hussein nan takenal.]] Taun 1959, Abdul Karim Qasim marasmian Monumen Prajurit Tak Dikenal partamo di Lapangan Firdaus di muko musajik iko. Monumen itu dirancang manjadi tampek panghormatan bagi tokoh-tokoh politik senior nan bakunjuang ka Irak jo malatakan karangan bungo di sinan. Meski musajik maalami babarapo parubahan namo, Lapangan Firdaus tatap batahan. Pado taun 1981 monumen tasabuik dirubuahan jo dipindahan ka tampek lain. Sabagai gantinyo, patuang Presiden [[Saddam Hussein]] ditagakan di tampek itu. Katiko [[Invasi Irak 2003|invasi Amerika Sarikat ka Irak]], patuang tasabuik diturunan dan musajik iko baganti namo manjadi namo nan kini untuak manganang [[Pertempuran Badar]]. Lapangan sarato musajik iko manjadi simbol barakhirnyo suatu sakaligus awal baru bagi Irak. Tampek iko juo mancaminkan kakacauan nan tajadi sasudah invasi.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Kini, musajik tasabuik tatap aktif jo dipakai untuak [[salat Jumat]] dek umaik [[Sunni|Muslim Sunni]] jo [[Syiah]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alhurra.com/iraq/2013/07/26/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82 |title=صلاة موحدة بين السنة والشيعة في العراق |access-date=2026-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330210028/https://www.alhurra.com/a/joint-sunni-shiite-friday-prayers-in-iraq/228018.html |archive-date=2019-03-30 |dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330210028/https://www.alhurra.com/a/joint-sunni-shiite-friday-prayers-in-iraq/228018.html|date=30 مارس 2019}}</ref> == Deskripsi == [[Berkas:Une_mosquée_à_Bagdad.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Pamandangan musajik dari Lapangan Firdaus pado taun 2003.]] Musajik iko dianggap penting karano kaindahan konstruksi jo gaya arsitektur Islamnyo nan khas, sarato manjadi mercu tando urban kuno [[Bagdad]]. Total laweh musajik mancapai 5.000 [[Meter persegi|meter]] [[Meter persegi|persegi]] jo ruang salat utamo mampu manampuang labiah dari 2.500 jamaah. Fasilitas lainnyo mancakup ruang salat khusus padusi, ruang administrasi jo pakerja, sarato taman nan mangaliliangi masjid. Tadapek pulo satu rumah untuak imam jo [[katik]], sarato aula nan dipakai untuak acara kaagamaan. Musajik iko juo mamiliki pusat studi jo panghafalan [[Al-Qur'an]] nan banamo "Pusat Ahlul Qur’an".<ref name=":0"/> Salah satu kaistimewaan musajik ini adolah dekorasi [[Kaligrafi Islam|kaligrafi]] jo lukisan nan dibuek dek maestro kaligrafi Irak banamo Hashem Muhammad al-Baghdadi. Jariah kaligrafinyo manghiasi arah [[kiblat]] jo maadok taman musajik. Kontribusi Al-Baghdadi pado musajik iko acok dianggap sabagai salah satu karya paliang gadangnyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://almadasupplements.com/view.php?cat=11399 |title=نابغة الخط العربي هاشم محمد البغدادي |trans-title=Kejeniusan Kaligrafer Arab, Hashim Muhammad al-Baghdadi |website=almada |language=bahasa Arab |date=19 November 2014 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530081051/https://almadasupplements.com/view.php?cat=11399 |archive-date=30 Mei 2023 |access-date=12 Maret 2025}}</ref> <gallery class="center" widths="150" heights="150" caption="Detail umum masjid"> Berkas:زخارف_الجدران_في_مصلى_جامع_17_رمضان_4.jpg|al=Wall and ceiling decorations in the Mosque's chapel.| Hiasan dindiang jo langik-langik di ruang utamo musajik. Berkas:زخارف_القبة_في_جامع_17_رمضان.jpg|al=The inside of the dome.| Bagian dalam kubah. Berkas:زخارف_الجدران_والسقف_في_جامع_17_رمضان.jpg|al=The inside walls of the Mosque.| Dindiang bagian dalam masjid. Berkas:النوافذ_والابواب_في_جامع_17_رمضان.jpg|al=Ornate wooden door in the Mosque.| Pintu musajik jo ornamen. Berkas:جامع_17_رمضان_في_بغداد_4.jpg|al=Façade of the 17th of Ramadan Mosque.| Bagian muko Musajik 17 Ramadan. </gallery> == Caliak pulo == {{Stack|{{portal|Iraq|Islam}}}} * [[Islam di Irak]] == Referensi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Bangunan jo struktur di Bagdad]] [[Kategori:Arsitektur Irak]] [[Kategori:Koordinat di Wikidata]] [[Kategori:Wiki Cinto Ramadan 2026]] f0dfxf3gb0w0su9ws1f8egrd4xyzhne Syamsu Rahim 0 478724 3352832 3352654 2026-09-25T19:51:50Z InternetArchiveBot 12718 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 3352832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox urang}} '''Syamsu Rahim''' ({{lahirmati|[[Paninjauan, X Koto Diateh, Solok]], [[Sumatera Barat]]|6|3|1956}}) adolah politikus jo mantan birokrat nan manjabaik [[Bupati Solok]] periode 2010–2015 jo [[Wali Kota Solok]] periode 2005–2010.<ref>[http://www.kppod.org/datapdf/pejabat/profil-bupati-pemilukada-2010.pdf "Profil Bupati dan Wakil Bupati"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102033505/http://www.kppod.org/datapdf/pejabat/profil-bupati-pemilukada-2010.pdf |date=2013-11-02 }} Situs Komite Pemantauan Pelaksanaan Otonomi Daerah. Diakses 20 Juli 2013.</ref> Syamsu Rahim manjabaik sabagai Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Wilayah (DPW) [[Partai NasDem]] Sumatera Barat sajak 2016 hinggo 2017. Pado pamilu 2019, Syamsu Rahim maju sabagai caleg DPR RI, tapi parolehan suaronyo dikalahan dek [[Lisda Hendrajoni|Lisda]], bini Bupati Pesisir Selatan [[Hendrajoni]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/235109-2-istri-kepala-daerah-di-sumbar-melaju-ke-senayan|title=2 Istri Kepala Daerah di Sumbar Melaju ke Senayan|last=developer|first=mediaindonesia com|date=2019-05-12|website=mediaindonesia.com|language=id|access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref> == Kahidupan awal jo pandidikan == Syamsu Rahim marupokan anak kaanam dari 13 basaudaro dari kaluarga sadarhano. Apaknyo bakarajo sabagai guru sakolah dasar (SD) sakaligus patani, sadang amaknyo pernah pulo manjadi guru SD, tapi maunduarkan diri dari karajonyo untuak mauruih rumah tanggo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=hHcMAQAAMAAJ&q=syamsu+rahim+guru+sd&dq=syamsu+rahim+guru+sd&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijltiArM-WAxXC4jgGHZQNASYQ6AF6BAgIEAM#syamsu+rahim+guru+sd|title=Syamsu Rahim walikota Solok|first=Man|last=Campay|date=2 Sep 2008|publisher=Lembaga Kemitraan Pembangunan Sosial|accessdate=2 Sep 2026|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=evAbV27tGPkC&q=syamsu+rahim+guru&dq=syamsu+rahim+guru&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi316fxq8-WAxVRyzgGHXtNLIAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#syamsu+rahim+guru|title=Sejarah Kota Solok, 1956-2018|first=Zaiyardam|last=Zubir|date=2 Sep 2018|publisher=Minangkabau Press|accessdate=2 Sep 2026|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=evAbV27tGPkC&q=syamsu+rahim+saudara&dq=syamsu+rahim+saudara&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiy9LSArc-WAxX7yzgGHdkrGDkQ6AF6BAgMEAM#syamsu+rahim+saudara|title=Sejarah Kota Solok, 1956-2018|first=Zaiyardam|last=Zubir|date=2 Sep 2018|publisher=Minangkabau Press|accessdate=2 Sep 2026|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.id/books?id=hHcMAQAAMAAJ&q=Syamsu+Rahim+dibesarkan+Ayah+dan+Ibunya+dalam+keluarga+sederhana+,+agamis+dengan+jumlah+yang+cukup+besar+,+yakni+terdiri+dari+13+orang+bersaudara+,+dan+ia+adalah+anak+ke+-+6+.+Ayahnya+hanya+sebagai+seorang+guru+SD+,+sedangkan+Ibunya+...&dq=Syamsu+Rahim+dibesarkan+Ayah+dan+Ibunya+dalam+keluarga+sederhana+,+agamis+dengan+jumlah+yang+cukup+besar+,+yakni+terdiri+dari+13+orang+bersaudara+,+dan+ia+adalah+anak+ke+-+6+.+Ayahnya+hanya+sebagai+seorang+guru+SD+,+sedangkan+Ibunya+...&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0ztbIrs-WAxVySWwGHdA1DT0Q6AF6BAgIEAM#Syamsu%20Rahim%20dibesarkan%20Ayah%20dan%20Ibunya%20dalam%20keluarga%20sederhana%20,%20agamis%20dengan%20jumlah%20yang%20cukup%20besar%20,%20yakni%20terdiri%20dari%2013%20orang%20bersaudara%20,%20dan%20ia%20adalah%20anak%20ke%20-%206%20.%20Ayahnya%20hanya%20sebagai%20seorang%20guru%20SD%20,%20sedangkan%20Ibunya%20...</ref> Syamsu Rahim manampuah pandidikan di SD Negeri 02 Paninjauan (luluih 1968), SMP Negeri 1 Bukittinggi (luluih 1971), jo [[SMA Negeri 1 Padang]] (1973–1976). Inyo lalu malanjuikan pandidikan sarjana mudo/D3 di [[Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri|Akademi Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri (APDN) Bukittinggi]] (1976–1979, luluih 1981). Pado 1985, inyo mandapek tugas baraja di Fakultas Ilmu Sosial jo Ilmu Politik [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]] (FISIPOL UGM) sarato maraih gala sarjana langkok (Drs.) pado 1987.<ref name=kpu>{{Cite web |url=https://silonpemilu.kpu.go.id/publik/calon/73869/2 |title=archive copy |access-date=2026-09-05 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023090859/https://silonpemilu.kpu.go.id/publik/calon/73869/2 |dead-url=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Agustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=majalahsaran>https://majalahsaran.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/saran-07.pdf</ref><ref name=srwako>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=hHcMAQAAMAAJ&q=syamsu+rahim+gadjah+mada&dq=syamsu+rahim+gadjah+mada&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip-oCFo8-WAxWC3TgGHZ2sO_QQ6AF6BAgJEAM#syamsu+rahim+gadjah+mada|title=Syamsu Rahim walikota Solok|first=Man|last=Campay|date=2 Sep 2008|publisher=Lembaga Kemitraan Pembangunan Sosial|accessdate=2 Sep 2026|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=evAbV27tGPkC&q=syamsu+rahim+gadjah+mada&dq=syamsu+rahim+gadjah+mada&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip-oCFo8-WAxWC3TgGHZ2sO_QQ6AF6BAgNEAM#syamsu+rahim+gadjah+mada|title=Sejarah Kota Solok, 1956-2018|first=Zaiyardam|last=Zubir|date=2 Sep 2018|publisher=Minangkabau Press|accessdate=2 Sep 2026|via=Google Books}}</ref> Wakatu mudo pado 1970-an, Syamsu Rahim pernah manggaleh lontong di sampiang gaduang SMP Negeri [[Salayo, Kubung, Solok|Salayo]] (kini SMP Negeri 1 Kubung), Kabupaten Solok. Kutiko itu inyo tingga basamo kakaknyo nan batugas manjadi mantri kasehatan di Puskesmas Salayo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/56041/bupati-saya-ini-pelayan-alumus-smpn-salayo|title=Bupati: Saya Ini Pelayan Alumus SMPN Salayo|first=ANTARA News|last=Agency|date=21 Agu 2013|website=Antara News Sumbar|accessdate=2 Sep 2026}}</ref> == Karier == {{multiple image|align=left|direction=horizontal|caption_align=center|image1=Syamsu Rahim Wali Kota.jpg|width1=125|footer=Foto rasmi Syamsu Rahim sabagai Wali Kota Solok jo Bupati Solok|image2=Bupati Solok Syamsu Rahim.png|width2=125}} Syamsu Rahim mamulai karier birokratnyo sabagai asisten dosen di almamaternyo, iyolah kampus APDN Bukittinggi. Di Sekretariat APDN Bukittinggi inyo tacataik manjadi Kapalo Bagian Panalitian jo Pangambangan antaro 1982 hinggo 1984, kamudian manjadi Kapalo Bagian Kauangan jo Anggaran antaro 1984 hinggo 1989. Inyo lalu diangkek sabagai Camat [[Barangin, Sawahlunto|Barangin]] di [[Kota Sawahlunto]] antaro 1991 hinggo 1993. Pado 1993, inyo dipromosikan masuak [[Pemerintah Kota Sawahlunto|Sekretariat Daerah Kota Sawahlunto]] manjadi Kapalo Bagian Pambangunan hinggo 1995 dan kamudian manjadi panjabaik Asisten Administrasi Pambangunan sajak 1995 hinggo maakhiri karier birokratnyo pado 1999.<ref name=kpu/><ref name=majalahsaran/> Pado [[Pemilu 1999]], inyo maju dalam politik sabagai calon legislatif dari [[Partai Golongan Karya]] jo tapiliah manjadi Ketua [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kota Sawahlunto|DPRD Kota Sawahlunto]] periode 1999–2004.<ref name=kpu/><ref name=majalahsaran/> Pado 2000, Syamsu Rahim pernah maju sabagai calon Wali Kota Solok, dan pado 2003 Syamsu Rahim pernah maju sabagai calon Wali Kota Sawahlunto, kaduo-duo pamiliahan wali kota itu malalui sistem pamiliahan di DPRD satampek. Dalam panyatoan di partamuan APKASI jo APEKSI Tulak RUU Pilkada pado 11 September 2014 jo acara bincang ''[[Mata Najwa]]'' pado 17 September 2014, Syamsu Rahim maaku kalah dalam duo pamiliahan wali kota itu dek indak sanggup mambari mahar politik sabanyak Rp50 juta–Rp250 juta kapado satiok anggota DPRD, sahinggo inyo manulak sistem pilkada indak langsuang malalui DPRD.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/09/11/14542201/Kisah.Bupati.Solok.Dipalak.Anggota.Dewan.Saat.Pilkada.lewat.DPRD|title=Kisah Bupati Solok "Dipalak" Anggota Dewan Saat Pilkada lewat DPRD|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medcom.id/nasional/politik/GNlXMDPN-kepala-daerah-punya-pengalaman-buruk-saat-pilkada-tidak-langsung|title=Kepala Daerah Punya Pengalaman Buruk saat Pilkada Tidak Langsung|first=medcom id|last=developer|date=11 Sep 2014|website=medcom.id|accessdate=2 Sep 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://video.medcom.id/mata-najwa/nbwYP0RK-pengalaman-bupati-solok-dimintai-uang-di-pilkada-dprd|title=Pengalaman Bupati Solok Dimintai Uang di Pilkada DPRD|first=medcom id|last=developer|date=18 Sep 2014|website=medcom.id|accessdate=2 Sep 2026}}</ref> Inyo maju baliak pado [[Pemilu 2004]] jo baliak tapiliah sabagai Ketua DPRD Sawahlunto (2004–2005).<ref name=kpu/><ref name=majalahsaran/> Pado Pilkada Kota Solok 2005, Syamsu Rahim maju sabagai calon Wali Kota Solok bapasangan jo [[Irzal Ilyas]] dan diusuang dek [[Partai Golongan Karya]], [[Partai Bulan Bintang]], sarato [[Partai Patriot (Indonesia)|Partai Patriot]]. Pasangan Syamsu–Irzal tapiliah jo mamparoleh 8.325 suaro atau 37,8 parsen dari total suaro sah. Manuruik survei Statistik Politik jo Kaamanan dek [[Badan Pusat Statistik]] pado 2005, pasangan Syamsu–Irzal tapiliah dek masyarakaik maanggab program nan ditawakan pasangan ko manarik. Dalam visi misi nan disampaian di Sidang Paripurna DPRD Kota Solok, pasangan Syamsu–Irzal bafokus pado pabaikan ekonomi karakyatan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.neliti.com/publications/50493/|title=Statistik Politik dan Keamanan 2005|first=Statistics|last=Indonesia|date=15 Mei 2009|accessdate=5 Sep 2026|via=www.neliti.com}}</ref> Sangkek manjadi Wali Kota Solok, pamarintahan Syamsu Rahim malakukan pamasangan lampu jalan, pambangunan Taman Syech Kukut, jo pambangunan Gaduang DPRD Kota Solok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patronnews.co.id/2023/01/sengkarut-dana-pen-kota-solok-ambisi.html|title=Sengkarut Dana PEN Kota Solok, Ambisi Gila Memaksakan Legacy, Berbungkus Inovasi|accessdate=2 Sep 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patronnews.co.id/2023/02/mantan-walikota-solok-minta-penegak.html|title=Mantan Walikota Solok Minta Penegak Hukum Usut Sengkarut "RSUD Kota Solok"|accessdate=2 Sep 2026}}</ref> Di akhia maso jabatannyo, pado 12 Mei 2010 Syamsu Rahim sabagai wali kota basamo DPRD Kota Solok manatapkan Paraturan Daerah Kota Solok Nomor 1 Tahun 2010 tantang Rancana Pambangunan Jangka Panjang Daerah Kota Solok Tahun 2005–2025 nan sangkek itu diundangkan dek sekretaris daerah [[Suryadi Nurdal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/257518898/RPJPD-Kota-Solok-2005-2025|title=RPJPD Kota Solok 2005-2025|website=www.scribd.com|accessdate=2 Sep 2026}}</ref> Pamasalahan nan alun tasalasaikan dek Syamsu Rahim sabagai Wali Kota Solok adolah tanah konsolidasi salaweh 240 hektare nan talatak di tigo kelurahan (Nan Balimo, Laing, jo Kampung Jawa) di [[Tanjung Harapan, Solok|Kecamatan Tanjung Harapan]] dek banyaknyo pihak nan mangklaim sabagai pamilik tanah di area tasabuik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patronnews.co.id/2023/03/kilas-sejarah-konflik-tanah-pemko-solok.html|title=Kilas Sejarah Konflik Tanah Pemko Solok dengan Warga dan Instansi Lain|accessdate=2 Sep 2026}}</ref> Pado Pilkada 2010, inyo tapiliah sabagai [[Bupati Solok]] periode 2010–2015.<ref name=kpu/><ref name=majalahsaran/> == Kontroversi == Syamsu Rahim mamimpin Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPW) [[Partai NasDem]] Sumbar sajak 2 Februari 2016. Namun, inyo dipecat dari jabatannyo pado 12 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rmolsumbar.com/read/2017/09/13/556/Syamsu-Rahim-Diberhentikan-Dari-Jabatan-Ketua-DPW-Partai-|title=Syamsu Rahim Diberhentikan Dari Jabatan Ketua DPW Partai|last=RMOL|website=rmolsumbar.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-18|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518125239/http://www.rmolsumbar.com/read/2017/09/13/556/Syamsu-Rahim-Diberhentikan-Dari-Jabatan-Ketua-DPW-Partai-|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spiritsumbar.com/syamsu-rahim-dipecat-haryono-isman-pimpin-nasdem-sumbar/|title=Syamsu Rahim Dipecat, Haryono Isman Pimpin NasDem Sumbar|last=+Saribulih|website=Spirit Sumbar|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-05-18|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518125244/https://spiritsumbar.com/syamsu-rahim-dipecat-haryono-isman-pimpin-nasdem-sumbar/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Panguruih di 13 Dewan Pimpinan Daerah (DPD) atau tingkek kabupaten/kota sa-Sumbar mangajuan mosi indak picayo kapado dirinyo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jawapos.com/jpg-today/13/03/2017/13-pengurus-dpd-layangkan-mosi-tak-percaya-ke-ketua-nasdem-ada-apa/|title=13 Pengurus DPD Layangkan Mosi tak Percaya ke Ketua Nasdem, Ada Apa?|last=JawaPos.com|date=2017-03-13|work=[[Jawa Pos|JawaPos.com]]|language=id|access-date=2019-05-18|editor-first=Ilham|editor-last=Safutra}}</ref> Sajumlah panguruih daerah maanggab Syamsu alah mamacah-balah partai jo batindak sawanang-wanang tahadok kader jo kapangurusan di daerah.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jpnn.com/news/kena-mosi-tak-percaya-ketua-dpw-nasdem-sumbar-cuek|title=Kena Mosi Tak Percaya, Ketua DPW NasDem Sumbar Cuek|last=53788620694|date=2017-03-13|work=[[Jawa Pos|JPNN.com]]|language=id|access-date=2019-05-18|last2=Budi}}</ref> Manganai adonyo indikasi papacahan di DPW Nasdem Sumbar, Syamsu manudiang ado katakuikan dari sajumlah kader. Hal iko takaik jo kamungkinan dirinyo maju manjadi salah satu calon legislatif (caleg) DPR RI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metroandalas.co.id/berita-13-dpd-ajukan-mosi-tidak-percaya-pada-syamsu-rahim.html|title=13 DPD Ajukan Mosi Tidak Percaya pada Syamsu Rahim|last=Andalas|first=Metro|website=Metro Andalas|language=Indonesia|access-date=2019-05-18|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518125237/https://www.metroandalas.co.id/berita-13-dpd-ajukan-mosi-tidak-percaya-pada-syamsu-rahim.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Kahidupan pribadi == Syamsu Rahim manikah jo Erlinda, saurang birokrat nan tarakhia manjabaik sabagai Kapalo Dinas Pananaman Modal jo Palayanan Tapadu Satu Pintu [[Kota Solok]]. Baru babarapo bulan sasudah manikah, Syamsu Rahim mandapek tugas baraja ka FISIPOL UGM.<ref name=srwako/> Jalang pensiun pado 2020, Erlinda dibebastugaskan dek [[Wali Kota Solok]] [[Zul Elfian]] nan ka maju baliak dalam [[pemilihan umum Wali Kota Solok 2020]] walaupun manuruik aturan Zul indak buliah malakukan pagantian panjabaik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patronnews.co.id/2020/06/dituding-tidak-loyal-walikota-solok.html|title=Dituding Tidak Loyal, Walikota Solok Nonjob-kan Kepala DPM PTSP|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minangsatu.com/terkait-pencopotan-jabatan-erlinda-syamsu-rahim-wako-zul-elfian-jabatan-bukan-hak-melainkan-kepercayaan-dari-pimpinan_8456|title=Terkait Pencopotan Jabatan Erlinda Syamsu Rahim, Wako Zul Elfian: Jabatan Bukan Hak, Melainkan Kepercayaan Dari Pimpinan|website=minangsatu.com|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref> Maraso kabaratan sarato adonyo palanggaran hukum dalam pancopotannyo, Erlinda mamanangkan gugatan di Pangadilan Tata Usaho Nagara Padang jo upayo bandiang dek Pamarintah Kota Solok di Pangadilan Tinggi Tata Usaho Nagara Medan, tapi indak dapek mandapekan baliak jabatannyo dek alah mamasuaki umua pensiun [[pegawai negeri sipil|pagawai nagari sipil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patronnews.co.id/2020/06/mutasi-di-tahapan-pilkada-walikota.html|title=Mutasi di Tahapan Pilkada, Walikota Solok Di-PTUN-kan|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://langgam.id/wali-kota-digugat-mantan-kadis-ini-tanggapan-pemko-solok/|title=Wali Kota Digugat Mantan Kadis, Ini Tanggapan Pemko Solok|first=Irwanda|last=Saputra|date=29 Jun 2020|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagar.id/tanggapan-pemko-solok-soal-mantan-kadis-gugat-wako|title=Tanggapan Pemko Solok Soal Mantan Kadis Gugat Wako|first=Tagar|last=News|date=23 Des 2017|website=TAGAR|accessdate=31 Agu 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260831195530/https://www.tagar.id/tanggapan-pemko-solok-soal-mantan-kadis-gugat-wako|archive-date=2026-08-31|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harianhaluan.com/sumbar/pr-10238962/sidang-gugatan-terhadap-wali-kota-solok-berlanjut-zul-elfian-tak-ajukan-jawaban|title=Sidang Gugatan terhadap Wali Kota Solok Berlanjut, Zul Elfian Tak Ajukan Jawaban - Harian Haluan|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padangkita.com/mantan-kadis-pm-ptsp-kota-solok-menangkan-gugatan-di-ptun-padang-terkait-pemecatannya-oleh-zul-elfian/|title=Mantan Kadis PM PTSP Kota Solok Menangkan Gugatan di PTUN Padang Terkait Pemecatannya oleh Zul Elfian|first=Fakhruddin|last=Arrazzi|date=8 Okt 2020|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patronnews.co.id/2020/10/erlinda-menangkan-gugatan-di-ptun.html|title=Erlinda Menangkan Gugatan di PTUN Terkait Pencopotan Sebagai Kepala DPM PTSP Kota Solok|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patronnews.co.id/2021/03/pencopotan-erlinda-syamsu-rahim.html|title=Pencopotan Erlinda Syamsu Rahim, Walikota Solok Kalah Lagi di Sidang Banding PTTUN Medan|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref> Erlinda juo mangajuan gugatan pancalonan Zul Elfian dalam Pilwako Solok 2020 tahadok Komisi Pamiliahan Umum Kota Solok jo Badan Pangawas Pamiliahan Umum Kota Solok kapado [[Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilihan Umum]] Republik Indonesia dek pancopotan dirinyo dari jabatannyo nan malanggar hukum nan balaku.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagar.id/eks-pejabat-solok-minta-kpu-batalkan-calon-petahana|title=Eks Pejabat Solok Minta KPU Batalkan Calon Petahana|first=Tagar|last=News|date=23 Des 2017|website=TAGAR|accessdate=31 Agu 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260831172825/https://www.tagar.id/eks-pejabat-solok-minta-kpu-batalkan-calon-petahana|archive-date=2026-08-31|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padangkita.com/mantan-kadis-pm-ptsp-kota-solok-minta-kpu-dan-bawaslu-batalkan-pencalonan-zul-elfian-ini-alasannya/|title=Mantan Kadis PM-PTSP Kota Solok Minta KPU dan Bawaslu Batalkan Pencalonan Zul Elfian, Ini Alasannya|first=Fakhruddin|last=Arrazzi|date=21 Okt 2020|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dkpp.go.id/selasa-6-april-2021-dkpp-akan-periksa-sembilan-penyelenggara-pemilu-kota-solok/|title=Selasa 6 April 2021, DKPP Akan Periksa Sembilan Penyelenggara Pemilu Kota Solok – DKPP RI – Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu Republik Indonesia|website=dkpp.go.id|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dkpp.go.id/dkpp-periksa-seluruh-anggota-kpu-dan-bawaslu-kota-solok/|title=DKPP Periksa Seluruh Anggota KPU dan Bawaslu Kota Solok – DKPP RI – Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu Republik Indonesia|website=dkpp.go.id|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref> Syamsu Rahim jo Erlinda mamiliki tigo urang anak kanduang iyolah Efio Lasyera, Ilhamy Fadil Akwan, jo Suci Humairah, sarato saurang anak angkek banamo Muhammad Saif Al Hafid nan disahkan malalui putusan pangadilan pado 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rusmeldatuaksati.wordpress.com/2014/04/17/kala-bintang-menjadi-muhammad-saif-al-hafid/|title=Kala Bintang Menjadi Muhammad Saif Al Hafid|date=17 Apr 2014|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref> Cucu partamo Syamsu Rahim dari Efio Lasyera maningga dunia dalam umua 5 tahun pado tahun 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sumbar.antaranews.com/berita/65068/cucu-pertama-bupati-solok-meninggal|title=Cucu Pertama Bupati Solok Meninggal - ANTARA Sumbar|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref> == Pangharagoan == Sawakatu manjabaik Wali Kota jo Bupati Solok, Syamsu Rahim mandapekan babarapo pangharagoan, iyolah: * Adipura dari Pamarintah Republik Indonesia (2007). * Pangharagoan Widyakrama dari Pamarintah Republik Indonesia (2007). * Leadership Award 2007 dari Leadership Park Institute, [[Kota Jakarta|Jakarta]] (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tokoh.id/biografi/2-direktori/pelopori-etika-pemerintahan/|title=Pelopori Etika Pemerintahan|first=Tokoh|last=Indonesia|date=29 Jan 2008|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref> * Damandiri Award 2012 dari Yayasan Damandiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unnes.ac.id/rektor-unnes-terima-damandiri-award/|title=Rektor Unnes Terima Damandiri Award|date=30 Jan 2012|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref> * Pangharagoan sabagai salah satu kapalo daerah tabaiak dalam pangalolaan pandidikan di Sumatera Barat pado tahun 2015 dari Gubernur Sumatera Barat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sumbarsatu.com/berita/10166-muslim-kasim-serahkan-penghargaan-pendidikan-pada-indra-catri-syamsu-rahim-dan-shadiq-pasadigoe|title=Muslim Kasim Serahkan Penghargaan Pendidikan pada Indra Catri, Syamsu Rahim, dan Shadiq Pasadigoe|accessdate=31 Agu 2026}}</ref> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pagawai nagari sipil Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Gadjah Mada]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Sumatera Barat]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dari Solok]] [[Kategori:Politikus Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Politikus Partai Nasional Demokrat]] [[Kategori:Bupati Solok]] [[Kategori:Wali Kota Solok]] 8gtjy2okt7v3jep2hk8mz2125tffmbb