ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ mnwwiki https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter မဳဒဳယာ တၟေင် ဓရီုကျာ ညးလွပ် ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ ဓရီုကျာ ဝှာင် ဝှာင် ဓရီုကျာ မဳဒဳယာဝဳကဳ မဳဒဳယာဝဳကဳ ဓရီုကျာ ထာမ်ပလိက် ထာမ်ပလိက် ဓရီုကျာ ရီု ရီု ဓရီုကျာ ကဏ္ဍ ကဏ္ဍ ဓရီုကျာ ပါင်မုက် ပါင်မုက် ဓရီုကျာ TimedText TimedText talk မဝ်ဂျူ မဝ်ဂျူ ဓရီုကျာ Event Event talk 0 2220 56154 55843 2026-07-16T00:26:44Z InternetArchiveBot 1698 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 56154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the country|the former Indonesian province|East Timor (province)}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{EngvarB|date=December 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{short description|Country in Southeast Asia}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|tet|Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste}}|{{native name|pt|República Democrática de Timor-Leste}}}} | common_name = East Timor | image_flag = Flag of East Timor.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of East Timor.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|pt|Unidade, Acção, Progresso|nolink=on}}<br>{{native phrase|tet|Unidade, Asaun, Progresu|nolink=on}}<br>({{Lang-en|"Unity, Action, Progress"}}) | national_anthem = {{native phrase|pt|"[[Pátria]]"|italic=no|nolink=on}}<br>({{Lang-en|"Fatherland"}})<br><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.2em;"></div><center>[[File:East Timorese national anthem.wav]]</center> | image_map = Timor Leste (orthographic projection).svg <!--|map_caption = Location of East Timor (red) toward the eastern end of the [[Indonesian Archipelago]]. --> | image_map2 = | capital = [[Dili]] | coordinates = {{Coord|8.55|S|125.56|E|display=inline,title}} | largest_city = Dili | official_languages = {{plainlist| *[[Tetum]] *[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]^a}} | languages_type = {{nobold|[[National language]]s}} | languages = {{Collapsible list|title=15 languages|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;| * [[Atauru language|Atauru]] * [[Uab Meto language|Baikeno]] * [[Bekais language|Bekais]] * [[Bunak language|Bunak]] * [[Fataluku language|Fataluku]] * [[Galoli language|Galoli]] * [[Habun language|Habun]] * [[Idalaka language|Idalaka]] * [[Kawaimina languages|Kawaimina]] * [[Kemak language|Kemak]] * [[Makalero dialect|Makalero]] * [[Makasae language|Makasae]] * [[Makuv'a language|Makuva]] * [[Mambai language (Timor)|Mambai]] * [[Tokodede]]}} | religion = {{plainlist| *97.57% [[Roman Catholic]] *2.43% other religions}} | religion_year = 2015 Census<ref name="religion">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/3_2015-V2-Nationality-Citizenship-Religion.xls|title=Nationality, Citizenship, and Religion|date=25 October 2015|accessdate=29 January 2020|publisher=Government of Timor-Leste|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221231647/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/3_2015-V2-Nationality-Citizenship-Religion.xls|archivedate=21 December 2019}}</ref> | demonym = {{plainlist| *East Timorese *Timorese *Maubere (informal)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EEKDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&dq=east+timor+maubere#v=onepage&q=east+timor+maubere&f=false|title=Rhetoric and the Decolonization and Recolonization of East Timor|first=David|last=Hicks|date=15 September 2014|publisher=Routledge|via=Google Books|isbn=9781317695356}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WRpHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA281&lpg=PA281&dq=east+timor+maubere#v=onepage&q=east+timor+maubere&f=false|title=No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation|first=Howard|last=Adelman|date=28 June 2011|publisher=Columbia University Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780231526906}}</ref>}} | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}} [[Republic|constitutional republic]]<ref name="Divided">{{Cite journal|last=Shoesmith|first=Dennis|date=March–April 2003|title=Timor-Leste: Divided Leadership in a Semi-Presidential System|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|volume=43|issue=2|pages=231–252|issn=0004-4687|oclc=905451085|doi=10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231|quote=The semi-presidential system in the new state of Timor-Leste has institutionalized a political struggle between the president, Xanana Gusmão, and the prime minister, Mari Alkatiri. This has polarized political alliances and threatens the viability of the new state. This paper explains the ideological divisions and the history of rivalry between these two key political actors. The adoption of Marxism by Fretilin in 1977 led to Gusmão's repudiation of the party in the 1980s and his decision to remove Falintil, the guerrilla movement, from Fretilin control. The power struggle between the two leaders is then examined in the transition to independence. This includes an account of the politicization of the defense and police forces and attempts by Minister of Internal Administration Rogério Lobato to use disaffected Falintil veterans as a counterforce to the Gusmão loyalists in the army. The December 4, 2002, Dili riots are explained in the context of this political struggle.|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="SpL">{{cite journal|last1=Neto|first1=Octávio Amorim|last2=Lobo|first2=Marina Costa|year=2010|title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1666842_code1512429.pdf|journal=APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper|ssrn=1644026|accessdate=25 August 2017|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="InstET">{{cite book|last=Beuman|first=Lydia M.|year=2016|title=Political Institutions in East Timor: Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GCFCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover|location=Abingdon, Oxon|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1317362128|lccn=2015036590|oclc=983148216|accessdate=18 August 2017|via=Google Books|quote=}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of East Timor|President]] | leader_name1 = [[José Ramos-Horta]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of East Timor|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Taur Matan Ruak]] | legislature = [[National Parliament of East Timor|National Parliament]] | sovereignty_type = [[East Timor (province)|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[Portugal]] and [[Indonesia]] | established_event1 = [[Portuguese Timor]] | established_date1 = 16th century | established_event2 = Independence declared | established_date2 = 28 November 1975 | established_event3 = [[East Timor (province)|Annexation by Indonesia]] | established_date3 = 17 July 1976 | established_event4 = Administered by [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor|UNTAET]] | established_date4 = 25 October 1999 | established_event5 = Independence restored | established_date5 = 20 May 2002 | area_km2 = 15,007 <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/geography.htm|title=East Timor Geography|website=www.easttimorgovernment.com}}</ref> | area_rank = 154th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 5,794 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_census = 1,183,643<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2_2015-V2-Population-by-Age-Sex.xls|title=Population by Age & Sex|date=25 October 2015|accessdate=29 January 2020|publisher=Government of Timor-Leste|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125141940/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2_2015-V2-Population-by-Age-Sex.xls|archivedate=25 January 2020}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2015 | population_density_km2 = 78 | population_density_sq_mi = 201 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = $7.221 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,561<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&pr.y=15&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=537&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org|accessdate=4 May 2019}}</ref> | GDP_nominal = $3.145 billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,422<ref name="imf.org"/> | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.626<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf|title=Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical update|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=15 September 2018|accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 131st | currency = [[United States dollar]]^b | currency_code = USD | time_zone = | utc_offset = +9 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+670]] | iso3166code = TL | cctld = [[.tl]]^c | footnote_a = Fifteen further "national languages" are recognised by the Constitution. <!----ORPHANED: |footnote_ = [[Indonesia]] invaded East Timor on 7 December 1975 and left in 1999. |footnote_ = Defined as a restoration by the Constitution. ----->| footnote_b = [[East Timor centavo coins|Centavo coins]] also used. | footnote_c = [[.tp]] has been phased out. | country_code = | official_website = [http://timor-leste.gov.tl/ timor-leste.gov.tl] }} <!-- NOTE: Please do not change the lead sentence without consulting the talk page first. This lead has been discussed numerous times and there is general consensus that this is the best one. Thanks. --> '''East Timor''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-East Timor.ogg|-|ˈ|t|iː|m|ɔr}}) or '''Timor-Leste''' ({{IPAc-en|t|i|ˈ|m|ɔr|_|ˈ|l|ɛ|ʃ|t|eɪ}}; [[Tetum language|Tetum]]: ''Timór Lorosa'e''), officially the '''Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP54_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%202011.pdf|title=UNGEGN list of country names|date=2–6 May 2011|accessdate=14 August 2016|publisher=[[United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names]]}}</ref> ({{lang-pt|República Democrática de Timor-Leste}},<ref name="ConstitPORT">{{cite web|title=Constituição da República Democrática de Timor|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constituicao_RDTL_PT.pdf|website=Government of Timor-Leste|accessdate=2 September 2016}}</ref> {{lang-tet|Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste}}),<ref name="ConstitTETUM">{{cite web|title=Konstituisaun Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constituicao_RDTL_TT.pdf|website=Government of Timor-Leste|accessdate=2 September 2016}}</ref> is a [[sovereign state|country]] in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web|last=CIA|title=East and Southeast Asia:Timor-Leste|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency|date=29 November 2012|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tt.html|accessdate=16 December 2012|archivedate=28 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128152225/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tt.html}}</ref> It comprises the eastern half of the island of [[Timor]], the nearby islands of [[Atauro Island|Atauro]] and [[Jaco Island|Jaco]], and [[Oecusse]], an [[enclave and exclave|exclave]] on the northwestern side of the island surrounded by [[Indonesia]]n [[West Timor]]. [[Australia]] is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the [[Timor Sea]]. The country's size is about 15,007&nbsp;km{{smallsup|2}} (5,794 sq&nbsp;mi).<ref name="auto"/> East Timor was colonised by [[Portugal]] in the 16th century, and was known as [[Portuguese Timor]] until 28 November 1975, when the [[Fretilin|Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor]] (Fretilin) declared the territory's independence. Nine days later, it was [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|invaded]] and [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|occupied]] by the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Indonesian military]], and was declared as the country's [[East Timor (province)|27th province]] the following year. The Indonesian occupation of East Timor was characterised by a highly violent, decades-long conflict between separatist groups (especially Fretilin) and the Indonesian military. In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory. East Timor became the first new [[List of sovereign states|sovereign state]] of the 21st century on 20 May 2002 and joined the [[United Nations]] and the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]]. In 2011, East Timor announced its [[Accession of East Timor to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|intention to become the eleventh member]] of the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN).<ref>[http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/218897/east-timor-bid-to-join-asean-wins-trong-support East Timor Bid to Join ASEAN Wins 'Strong Support'], Bangkok Post, date: 31 January 2011.</ref> It is one of only two predominantly [[Christianity in Asia|Christian]] nations in [[Southeast Asia]], the other being the [[Philippines]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cavanaugh |first=Ray |url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2019/04/24/timor-leste-a-young-nation-with-strong-faith-and-heavy-burdens/ |title=Timor-Leste: A young nation with strong faith and heavy burdens |date=24 April 2019 |work=The Catholic World Report}}</ref> as well as the only [[Asia]]n country to be located completely in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. ==Etymology== "Timor" derives from ''timur'', the word for "east" in [[Malay language|Malay]], which became recorded as ''Timor'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], thus resulting in the [[List of tautological place names|tautological toponym]] meaning "East East": In Portuguese ''Timor-Leste'' (''Leste'' being the word for "east"); in [[Tetum]] ''Timór Lorosa'e'' (''Lorosa'e'' being the word for "east" (literally "rising sun")). In Indonesian, the country is called ''Timor Timur'', thereby using the Portuguese name for the island followed by the word for "east", as adjectives in Indonesian are put after the noun. The official names under the Constitution are Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste in English,<ref name="ConstitENG">{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf|website=Government of Timor-Leste|accessdate=2 September 2016}}</ref> República Democrática de Timor-Leste in Portuguese,<ref name="ConstitPORT" /> and Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste in Tetum.<ref name="ConstitTETUM" /> The [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) [[ISO 3166-1|official short form]] in English and all other languages is ''Timor-Leste'' (codes: TLS & TL), which has been adopted by the United Nations,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/list.shtml|title=United Nations Member States|publisher=United Nations|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024134907/http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml|archivedate=24 October 2007 }}</ref> the European Union,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/833&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en|title=European Union deploys Election Observation Mission to Timor Leste|work=Europa (web portal)|accessdate=28 March 2010}}</ref> and the national standards organisations of [[France]] ([[AFNOR]]), the [[United States]] ([[ANSI]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eap/ci/tt|title=US Department of State: Timor-Leste|publisher=State.gov|date=20 January 2009|accessdate=28 March 2010}}</ref> [[United Kingdom]] ([[BSI Group|BSI]]), [[Germany]] ([[DIN]]), and [[Sweden]] ([[Swedish Standards Institute|SIS]]), all diplomatic missions to the country by protocol and the CIA World Factbook.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/index.html|title=CIA World Factbook|publisher=US Govt.|accessdate=|date=1 July 2014}}</ref> == History == {{main|History of East Timor}} ===Prehistory=== Cultural remains at [[Jerimalai]] on the eastern tip of East Timor have been dated to 42,000 years ago, making it one of the oldest known sites of modern human activity in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marwick|first1=Ben|last2=Clarkson|first2=Chris|last3=O'Connor|first3=Sue|last4=Collins|first4=Sophie|title=Early modern human lithic technology from Jerimalai, East Timor|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|date=December 2016|volume=101|pages=45–64|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.09.004|pmid=27886810|url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/4268|type=Submitted manuscript}}</ref> Descendants of at least three waves of migration are believed still to live in East Timor. The first is described by anthropologists as people of the [[Vedda people|Veddo]]-[[Australoid]] type. Around 3000 BC, a second migration brought [[Melanesians]]. The earlier Veddo-Australoid peoples withdrew at this time to the mountainous interior. Finally, proto-Malays arrived from south [[China]] and north [[Indochina]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uc.pt/Timor/CURSO1A.HTM |title=Lesson 1 (First Part): Population Settlements in East Timor and Indonesia |website=University of Coimbra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990202035244/http://www.uc.pt/Timor/CURSO1A.HTM |archive-date=1999-02-02}}</ref> Hakka traders are among those descended from this final group.<ref name="TL">{{Cite web |url=http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/AboutTimorleste/history.htm |title=About Timor-Leste > Brief History of Timor-Leste: A History |website=Timor-Leste.gov.tl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029065300/http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/AboutTimorleste/history.htm |archive-date=29 October 2008 |accessdate=18 May 2020 |archivedate=29 October 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029065300/http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/AboutTimorleste/history.htm }}</ref> Timorese origin myths tell of ancestors who sailed around the eastern end of Timor arriving on land in the south. Some stories recount Timorese ancestors journeying from the [[Malay Peninsula]] or the [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] highlands of [[Sumatra]].<ref name="Taylor 2003 378">{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/378 378]|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|location= New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-10518-6}}</ref> [[Austronesian]]s migrated to Timor, and are thought to be associated with the development of agriculture on the island.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} ===Classical era=== {{see also|Greater India}} [[Pre-colonial Timor (pre-1515)|Before European colonialism]], Timor was included in Indonesian/Malaysian, Chinese and Indian trading networks, and in the 14th century was an exporter of aromatic [[sandalwood]], slaves, honey, and wax. Since the 1500s, the Timorese people had military ties with the [[Luções]] of present-day northern [[Philippines]].<ref>Pigafetta, Antonio (1969) [1524]. "First voyage round the world". Translated by J.A. Robertson. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild.</ref><ref>The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 A.D., SOURCE: Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente [1628], Lisbon, 1777, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194.</ref> It was the relative abundance of sandalwood in Timor that attracted European explorers to the island in the early 16th century.<ref name=leibosteven>{{citation|last1=Leibo|first1=Steven|title=East and Southeast Asia 2012|place=Lanham, MD|publisher=Stryker Post|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781610488853/page/161 161–165]|year=2012|edition=45|isbn=978-1-6104-8885-3|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781610488853/page/161}}</ref> During that time, European explorers reported that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} [[File:Lesser coat of arms of Portuguese Timor.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|Arms of Portuguese Timor (1935–1975)<ref name="Flags of the World">{{cite web|url=http://www.fotw.net/flags/tl!1967.html|title=Flags of the World|publisher=Fotw.net|accessdate=17 July 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408212757/http://www.fotw.net/flags/tl!1967.html|archivedate=8 April 2014 }}</ref>]] ===Colonial era=== {{see also|Battle of Penfui}} ====Portuguese period (1769–1975)==== The Portuguese established outposts in [[Timor]] and [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]]. Effective European occupation of a small part of the territory began in 1769, when the city of [[Dili]] was founded and the colony of [[Portuguese Timor]] declared.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/carneiroSousa.rtf|title=The Portuguese Colonization and the Problem of East Timorese Nationalism|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123193421/http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/carneiroSousa.rtf|archivedate=23 November 2006}}</ref> A definitive border between the Dutch-colonised western half of the island and the Portuguese-colonised eastern half of the island was established by the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] of 1914,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deeley |first=Neil |title=The International Boundaries of East Timor |year=2001 |pages=8}}</ref> and it remains the international boundary between the successor states East Timor and Indonesia. For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post until the late nineteenth century, with minimal investment in infrastructure, health, and education. Sandalwood remained the main export crop with coffee exports becoming significant in the mid-nineteenth century. As was often the case, Portuguese rule was generally neglectful but exploitative where it existed.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering home economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|last=Schwarz|first=A.|year=1994|title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s|page=[https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw/page/198 198]|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-1-86373-635-0|url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw/page/198}}</ref> During [[World War II]], first the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and later the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] occupied Dili, and the mountainous interior became the scene of a [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] campaign, known as the [[Battle of Timor (1942–43)|Battle of Timor]]. Waged by East Timorese volunteers and Allied forces against the Japanese, the struggle resulted in the deaths of between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese.<ref name=ASNCE>{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm|title=Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, "A Short History of East Timor"|accessdate=3 January 2007|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103133824/http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm|archivedate=3 January 2006 }} Access date: 3 January 2007.</ref> The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out. However, following the end of World War II and Japanese surrender, Portuguese control was reinstated. Following the [[Carnation Revolution|1974 Portuguese revolution]], Portugal effectively abandoned its colony on Timor and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975. [[Fretilin|The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin)]] resisted a [[Timorese Democratic Union]] (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975,<ref>{{cite book|last=Ricklefs|first=M. C.|title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition|publisher=MacMillan|year=1991|page=301|isbn=978-0-333-57689-2}}</ref> and [[East Timorese declaration of independence|unilaterally declared independence]] on 28 November 1975. Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|invasion of East Timor]] in December 1975.<ref>Jardine, pp. 50–51.</ref> Indonesia declared [[East Timor (province)|East Timor its 27th province]] on 17 July 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.east-timor.org/AboutTimorleste/distt.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321012746/http://www.gov.east-timor.org/AboutTimorleste/distt.htm|archivedate=21 March 2012|title=Official Web Gateway to the Government of Timor-Leste – Districts|publisher=Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste|accessdate=16 July 2011}}</ref> The UN Security Council opposed the invasion and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml|title=The United Nations and Decolonization|website=www.un.org}}</ref> [[File:East Timor Demo.jpg|thumb|A demonstration for [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|independence from Indonesia]] held in Australia during September 1999]] ====Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)==== [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|Indonesia's occupation of East Timor]] was marked by violence and brutality. A detailed statistical report prepared for the [[Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor]] cited a minimum bound of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period 1974–1999, namely, approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 "excess" deaths from hunger and illness, with an estimated figure based on Portuguese, Indonesian and Catholic Church data of approximately 200,000 deaths.<ref>{{cite web|author=Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group|title=The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974–1999|work=A Report to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste|publisher=Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG)|date=9 February 2006|url=http://www.hrdag.org/resources/timor_chapter_graphs/timor_chapter_page_02.shtml|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65eZ8hHJe?url=http://www.hrdag.org/resources/timor_chapter_graphs/timor_chapter_page_02.shtml|pp=2–4|archivedate=22 February 2012 }}</ref> The East Timorese guerrilla force (Forças Armadas da Libertação Nacional de Timor-Leste, [[Falintil]]) fought a campaign against the Indonesian forces from 1975 to 1998.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} [[File:Präsidentschaftswalhkampf JRH 2007.JPG|thumb|left|upright|[[José Ramos-Horta]], 1996 Nobel Peace Prize winner, second President of East Timor]] The 1991 [[Dili Massacre]] was a turning point for the independence cause and an East Timor solidarity movement grew in Portugal, the Philippines, Australia, and other Western countries. Following the [[Fall of Suharto|resignation of Indonesian President Suharto]], a UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular [[East Timorese independence referendum, 1999|referendum]] in August 1999. A clear vote for independence was met with a [[1999 East Timorese crisis|punitive campaign of violence]] by East Timorese [[pro-Indonesia militia|pro-integration militia]] with the support of elements of the Indonesian military. With Indonesian permission, an Australian-led multi-national peacekeeping force ([[International Force East Timor|INTERFET]]) was deployed until order was restored. On 25 October 1999, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor]] (UNTAET), headed by [[Sergio Vieira de Mello]].<ref> https://thediplomat.com/2013/08/one-mans-legacy-in-east-timor/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/peace/etimor/etimor.htm|title=UNITED NATIONS TRANSITIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN EAST TIMOR – UNTAET|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=17 July 2011}}</ref> The INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN.<ref>{{cite web|author=Etan/Us|url=http://www.etan.org/et2000a/february/13-19/14untake.htm|title=UN takes over East Timor command|publisher=Etan.org|date=15 February 2000|accessdate=17 July 2011}}</ref> ===Contemporary era=== [[File:Xanana 2011.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Xanana Gusmão]], the first East Timorese President after Indonesian occupation.]] On 30 August 2001, the East Timorese voted in their first election organised by the UN to elect members of the Constituent Assembly.<ref name="ConstitENG" /><ref name="UNOct01">{{cite press release|title=Council endorses proposal to declare East Timor's Independence 20 May 2002|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2001/sc7192.doc.htm|website=United Nations|publisher=Security Council|date=31 October 2001|accessdate=2 September 2016}}</ref> On 22 March 2002, the Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution.<ref name="ConstitENG" /> By May 2002, over 205,000 refugees had returned.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Timor: More than 1,000 refugees return since beginning of month|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/timor-leste/east-timor-more-1000-refugees-return-beginning-month|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=13 February 2013|date=10 May 2002}}</ref> On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN.<ref name="UNOct01" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3dd8dd484.html|website=refworld|date=20 May 2002|accessdate=2 September 2016}}</ref> The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament and [[Xanana Gusmão]] was sworn in as the country's first President after Indonesian occupation. On 27 September 2002, East Timor was renamed to Timor-Leste, using the Portuguese language, and was admitted as a member state by the UN.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Unanimous Assembly decision makes Timor-Leste 191st United Nations member state|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2002/ga10069.doc.htm|publisher=United Nations|date=27 September 2002|accessdate=2 September 2016}}</ref> The following year, Gusmão declined another presidential term, and in the build-up to the [[East Timorese presidential election, 2007|April 2007 presidential elections]] there were renewed outbreaks of violence. [[José Ramos-Horta]] was elected [[President of East Timor|President]] in the May 2007 election,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6759703,00.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113222417/http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0%2C%2C-6759703%2C00.html|archivedate=13 January 2008|title=East Timor May Be Becoming Failed State|date=13 January 2008|location=London|url-status=dead }}</ref> while Gusmão ran in the [[East Timorese parliamentary election, 2007|parliamentary elections]] and became Prime Minister. Ramos-Horta was critically injured in [[2008 East Timor coup attempt|an attempted assassination]] in February 2008. Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed. Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7238142.stm |title=Shot East Timor leader 'critical' |date=11 February 2008 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> In 2006, the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order when unrest and factional fighting forced 15 percent of the population (155,000 people) to flee their homes. In March 2011, the UN handed over operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities. The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=UN wraps up East Timor mission|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-31/an-un-wraps-up-east-timor-mission/4448044|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=30 December 2012}}</ref> East Timor became a state party to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Convention]] on 31 January 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=The World Heritage Convention has entered into force for Timor-Leste |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1625/ |accessdate=4 May 2019 |work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |date=1 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref> ==Politics and government== {{main|Politics of East Timor}} The [[head of state]] of East Timor is the [[President of East Timor|President of the Republic]], who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Although their executive powers are somewhat limited, the President does have the power to appoint the Prime Minister and veto government legislation. Following elections, the President usually appoints the leader of the majority party or [[coalition]] as [[Prime Minister of East Timor]] and the cabinet on the proposal of the latter. As [[head of government]], the Prime Minister presides over the cabinet.<ref name="Divided" /><ref name="SpL" /> [[File:Präsidentenpalast 17-05-2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nicolau Lobato Presidential Palace]] in Dili.]] [[File:Timorese Parliament.jpg|thumb|left|The National Parliament of East Timor]] [[File:Procuradoria Geral da República.jpg|thumb|center|220px|East Timor's Attorney General's Office]] The [[unicameral]] East Timorese parliament is the [[National Parliament (East Timor)|National Parliament]] or ''Parlamento Nacional'', whose members are elected by popular vote to a five-year term. The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five. The East Timorese constitution was modelled on that of Portugal. The country is still in the process of building its administration and governmental institutions. Government departments include the [[Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste]] (police), East Timor Ministry for State and Internal Administration, [[Civil Aviation Division of Timor-Leste]], and Immigration Department of Timor-Leste.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} {{clear}} ==Administrative divisions== <!--[[Administrative divisions of East Timor]] redirects here--> {{main|Municipalities of East Timor|Administrative posts of East Timor|Sucos of East Timor}} [[File:2022 East Timor, administrative divisions - de - colour.tif|thumb|upright=1.75|The thirteen municipalities of East Timor]] East Timor is divided into 14 municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 66 administrative posts, 452 ''sucos'' (villages), and 2,233 ''aldeias'' (hamlets).<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf |work=Jornal da Républica, Série I, N.° 33, 16 de Setembro de 2009, 3588-3620 |title=Diploma Ministerial No:199/GM/MAEOT/IX/09 de 15 de Setembro de 2009 Que fixa o número de Sucos e Aldeias em Território Nacional Exposição de motivos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124211/http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Population and Housing Census 2015, Preliminary Results |url=http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1-Preliminary-Results-4-Printing-Company-19102015.pdf |publisher=Direcção-Geral de Estatística |access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref> # [[Oecusse District|Oecusse]] # [[Liquiçá District|Liquiçá]] # [[Dili District|Dili]] # [[Manatuto District|Manatuto]] # [[Baucau District|Baucau]] # [[Lautém District|Lautém]] # [[Bobonaro District|Bobonaro]] # [[Ermera District|Ermera]] # [[Aileu District|Aileu]] # [[Viqueque District|Viqueque]] # [[Cova Lima District|Cova Lima]] # [[Ainaro District|Ainaro]] # [[Manufahi District|Manufahi]] # [[Atauro]] Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution provide that Oetcussi Ambeno be governed by a special administrative policy and economic regime. Law 3/2014 of 18 June 2014 created the Special Administrative Region of Oe-Cusse Ambeno (Região Administrativa Especial de Oecusse, RAEOA).<ref>{{Citation |title=Lei N.º 3/2014 de 18 de Junho Cria a Região Administrativa Especial de Oe-Cusse Ambeno e estabelece a Zona Especial de Economia Social de Mercado |work=Jornal da República, Série I, N.° 21, 18 de Junho de 2014, 7334-7341 |url=http://www.mj.gov.tl/jornal/public/docs/2014/serie_1/SERIE1_NO_21.pdf}}</ref> ==Foreign relations and military== {{main|Foreign relations of East Timor|Timor Leste Defence Force}} [[File:F-FDTL soldiers standing in formation.JPG|thumb|F-FDTL soldiers standing in formation]] East Timor is a full member state of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organisation and political association of [[Lusophone]] nations across four continents, where [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is an official language. East Timor sought membership in the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) in 2007, and a formal application was submitted in March 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://investvine.com/east-timor-aims-to-join-asean/|title=East Timor aims to join ASEAN|publisher=Investvine|date=30 December 2012|accessdate=30 December 2012|archivedate=2 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102125115/http://investvine.com/east-timor-aims-to-join-asean/}}</ref> [[File:Europa Haus.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Casa Europa]] in Dili, the [[European Union]]'s representation in East Timor]] [[File:Indo-timor border.jpg|thumb|[[Indonesia]]-East Timor border in [[Mota'ain]]]] The East Timor Defence Force (''Forças de Defesa de Timor-Leste'', F-FDTL) is the [[Armed forces|military body]] responsible for the defence of East Timor. The F-FDTL was established in February 2001 and comprised two small infantry battalions, a small naval component, and several supporting units. The F-FDTL's primary role is to protect East Timor from external threats. It also has an internal security role, which overlaps with that of the [[National Police of East Timor]] (Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste, PNTL). This overlap has led to tensions between the services, which have been exacerbated by poor morale and lack of discipline within the F-FDTL.{{cn|date=March 2020}} The F-FDTL's problems [[2006 East Timorese crisis|came to a head in 2006]] when almost half the force was dismissed following protests over discrimination and poor conditions. The dismissal contributed to a general collapse of both the F-FDTL and PNTL in May and forced the government to request foreign peacekeepers to restore security. The F-FDTL is being rebuilt with foreign assistance and has drawn up a long-term force development plan. [[File:Oil demo Timor 2013.JPG|thumb|Demonstration against Australia in December 2013]] Since the discovery of petroleum in the Timor Sea in the 1970s, there have been disputes surrounding the rights to ownership and exploitation of the resources situated in a part of the Timor Sea known as the [[Timor Gap]], which is the area of the Timor Sea which lies outside the territorial boundaries of the nations to the north and south of the Timor Sea.<ref name="ta">{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/investigations/new-timor-treaty-a-failure/2007/04/20/1176697092049.html|title=New Timor treaty 'a failure'|author=Richard Baker|accessdate=3 January 2010|date=21 April 2007|work=[[Theage.com.au]]|publisher=The Age Company Ltd }}</ref> These disagreements initially involved Australia and Indonesia, although a resolution was eventually reached in the form of the [[Timor Gap Treaty]]. After declaration of East Timor's nationhood in 1999, the terms of the Timor Gap Treaty were abandoned and negotiations commenced between Australia and East Timor, culminating in the [[Timor Sea Treaty]]. Australia's territorial claim extends to the bathymetric axis (the line of greatest sea-bed depth) at the Timor Trough. It overlaps East Timor's own territorial claim, which follows the former colonial power [[Portugal]] and the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] in claiming that the dividing line should be midway between the two countries. It was revealed in 2013 that the [[Australian Secret Intelligence Service]] (ASIS) planted listening devices to listen to the East Timorese government during negotiations over the Greater Sunrise oil and gasfields. This is known as the [[Australia–East Timor spying scandal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Timor-Leste activists 'shocked' by Australia's prosecution of spy Witness K and lawyer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/22/timor-leste-activists-shocked-by-australias-prosecution-of-spy-witness-k-and-lawyer |work=The Guardian |date=21 July 2018}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Geography== {{main|Geography of East Timor}} <gallery mode=packed heights=120> File:Jaco_3.jpg|''[[Jaco Island|Ilha de Jaco]]'', [[Lautém Municipality|Lautém]], East Timor File:Dili coast.jpg|Dili Coast File:Matebian12.jpg|[[Matebian]], [[Baucau Municipality|Baucau]], Timor-Leste File:View west towards Paitchau range off Hilapuna Beach, Tutuala, Lautem, Timor-Leste (8 Apr 2003).jpg|Paitchau range, East Timor File:Loihuno River quiet on 25 Jul 2010 before heavy rain.jpg|Loi-Huno, [[Viqueque Municipality|Viqueque]], East Timor File:Lariguto_valley_-_Ossu_de_cima_5.jpg|''Mundo Perdido'', Timor-Leste File:Aldeia de Berau, Atauro.jpg|Aldeia de Berau, Atauro, East Timor </gallery> Located in Southeast Asia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/maplib/worldregions.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402083134/http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/maplib/worldregions.htm|archivedate=2 April 2010|title=United Nations|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=28 March 2010}}</ref> the island of [[Timor]] is part of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], and is the largest and easternmost of the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]. To the north of the island are the [[Ombai Strait]], [[Wetar Strait]], and the greater [[Banda Sea]]. The [[Timor Sea]] separates the island from [[Australia]] to the south, and the [[Provinces of Indonesia|Indonesian Province]] of [[East Nusa Tenggara]] lies to East Timor's west. The total land size is {{convert|14,919|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}. East Timor has an [[exclusive economic zone]] of {{convert|70,326|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/summaryInfo.aspx?eez=608# Exclusive Economic Zones] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.</ref> Much of the country is mountainous, and its highest point is [[Tatamailau]] (also known as Mount Ramelau) at {{convert|2,963|m}}.<ref name="gb">{{cite web|title=Mount Ramelau|url=http://www.gunungbagging.com/ramelau/|publisher=Gunung Bagging|accessdate=18 December 2016}}</ref> The climate is tropical and generally hot and humid. It is characterised by distinct rainy and dry seasons. The capital, largest city, and main port is Dili, and the second-largest city is the eastern town of [[Baucau]]. East Timor lies between latitudes [[8th parallel south|8°]] and [[10th parallel south|10°S]], and longitudes [[124th meridian east|124°]] and [[128th meridian east|128°E]]. [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map TLS present.svg|thumb|center|[[Köppen climate classification]] map for East Timor.]] The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the [[Paitchau]] Range and the Lake [[Ira Lalaro]] area, which contains the country's first conservation area, the [[Nino Konis Santana National Park]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nino Konis Santana National Park declared as Timor-Leste's (formerly East Timor) first national park|url=http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/safaris/nino-konis.html#cr|publisher=Wildlife Extra|accessdate=18 May 2020|archivedate=25 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042905/http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/safaris/nino-konis.html#cr}}</ref> It contains the last remaining [[tropical dry]] forested area within the country. It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated.<ref>Norwegian energy and Water Resources Directorate (NVE) (2004), Iralalaro Hydropower Project Environmental Assessment</ref> The northern coast is characterised by a number of [[coral reef]] systems that have been determined to be at risk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reefgis.reefbase.org/default.aspx?wms=RGWRR&bbox=124.435391706464,-9.57341029858931,127.322447704801,-7.95947401551091|title=ReefGIS – Reefs At Risk – Global 1998|publisher=Reefgis.reefbase.org|accessdate=28 March 2010|archivedate=14 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203531/http://reefgis.reefbase.org/default.aspx?wms=RGWRR&bbox=124.435391706464,-9.57341029858931,127.322447704801,-7.95947401551091}}</ref> ==Economy== {{main|Economy of East Timor}} [[File:East Timor Export Treemap 2010.png|thumb|upright=1.35|East Timor export treemap, 2010]] [[File:Timor Lorosa'e centavo coin -2.JPG|thumb|right|Fractional coins "centavos"]] [[File:Mountain village.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Coffee plantations in [[Aileu District|Aileu]]]] East Timor has a [[market economy]] that used to depend upon exports of a few commodities such as [[coffee]], [[marble]], [[petroleum]], and [[sandalwood]].<ref name=debrowser>{{citation|last=de Brouwer|first=Gordon|author-link=Gordon de Brouwer|editor-last=Hill|editor-first=Hal|editor2-last=Saldanha|editor2-first=João M.|title=East Timor: Development Challenges For The World's Newest Nation|place=Canberra, Australia|publisher=Asia Pacific Press|pages=39–51|year=2001|isbn=978-0-3339-8716-2}}</ref> East Timor's economy grew by about 10% in 2011 and at a similar rate in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Timor-Leste's Economy Remains Strong, Prospects for Private Sector Development Strengthened|url=http://www.adb.org/news/timor-leste/timor-lestes-economy-remains-strong-prospects-private-sector-development-strengthen|publisher=Asian Development Bank|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6EzCjw2H7?url=http://www.adb.org/news/timor-leste/timor-lestes-economy-remains-strong-prospects-private-sector-development-strengthen|archivedate=9 March 2013}}</ref> East Timor now has revenue from offshore oil and gas reserves, but little of it has gone to develop villages, which still rely on subsistence farming.<ref name="Schonhardt"/> Nearly half the population lives in extreme poverty.<ref name="Schonhardt">{{cite news|last=Schonhardt|first=Sara|title=Former Army Chief Elected President in East Timor|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|date=19 April 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/19/world/asia/former-army-chief-elected-president-in-east-timor.html}}</ref> The [[Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund]] was established in 2005, and by 2011 it had reached a worth of US$8.7 billion.<ref name="irin-asia">{{cite web|title=Observers divided over oil fund investment|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94001/TIMOR-LESTE-Observers-divided-over-oil-fund-investment|publisher=IRIN Asia|date=18 October 2011}}</ref> East Timor is labelled by the International Monetary Fund as the "most oil-dependent economy in the world".<ref name=art4>{{cite web|title=Article IV Consultation with the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2011/pn1131.htm|publisher=IMF}}</ref> The Petroleum Fund pays for nearly all of the government's annual budget, which has increased from $70 million in 2004 to $1.3 billion in 2011, with a $1.8 billion proposal for 2012.<ref name="irin-asia"/> East-Timor's income from oil and gas stands to significantly increase after its announcement to cancel a controversial agreement with Australia, which has given Australia half of the income from oil and gas since 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|title=East Timor axes Australia border treaty over oil reserves|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38551628|publisher=BBC UK|newspaper=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> [[File:DSCI2950_Timor_Plaza.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shopping mall]] in Dili]] The economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from foreign donors.<ref name="us-dos">{{cite web|title=U.S. Relations With Timor-Leste|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35878.htm|publisher=U.S. Department of State|date=3 July 2012}}</ref> Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment.<ref name="us-dos"/> After [[petroleum]], the second largest export is [[coffee]], which generates about $10 million a year.<ref name="us-dos"/> [[Starbucks]] is a major purchaser of East Timorese coffee.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Story of East Timorese Coffee|url=http://www.easttimornow.com.au/trade/coffee.aspx|publisher=East Timor Now|date=16 January 2018|accessdate=18 May 2020|archivedate=27 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227094015/http://www.easttimornow.com.au/trade/coffee.aspx}}</ref> [[File:ANL_Timor_Trader,_Dili,_2018_(02).jpg|thumb|left|Port of Dili]] 9,000 tonnes of coffee, 108 tonnes of [[cinnamon]] and 161 tonnes of cocoa were harvested in 2012 making the country the 40th ranked producer of coffee, the 6th ranked producer of cinnamon and the 50th ranked producer of cocoa worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/rankings/countries_by_commodity/E|title=FAOSTAT|website=faostat3.fao.org}}</ref> According to data gathered in the 2010 census, 87.7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18.9% of rural (821,459 people) households have electricity, for an overall average of 38.2%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Highlights of the 2010 Census Main Results in Timor-Leste|url=http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Census%20Summary%20English/English%20Census%20Summary%202011.pdf|publisher=Direcção Nacional de Estatística|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928190541/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Census%20Summary%20English/English%20Census%20Summary%202011.pdf|archivedate=28 September 2013 }}</ref> The agriculture sector employs 80% of the active population.<ref name="wb-expanding">{{cite web|title=Expanding Timor – Leste's Near – Term Non – Oil Exports|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTIMORLESTE/Resources/Volume1TimorLesteDTIS.pdf|publisher=World Bank|pages=iii|date=August 2010}}</ref> In 2009, about 67,000 households grew coffee in East Timor, with a large proportion being poor.<ref name="wb-expanding"/> Currently, the [[gross margin]]s are about $120 per hectare, with returns per labour-day of about $3.70.<ref name="wb-expanding"/> There were 11,000 households growing [[Mung bean|mungbeans]] as of 2009, most of them subsistence farmers.<ref name="wb-expanding"/> The country was ranked 169th overall and last in the East Asia and Pacific region by the [[Ease of doing business index|Doing Business]] 2013 report by the World Bank. The country fared particularly poorly in the "registering property", "enforcing contracts" and "resolving insolvency" categories, ranking last worldwide in all three.<ref name=edb>{{cite web|title=Doing Business in Timor-Leste|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/timor-leste/|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=13 February 2013}}</ref> Tourism is still of minor importance. In 2017, East Timor was visited by 74,000 tourists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.travelbook.de/ziele/laender/ranking-die-am-wenigsten-besuchten-laender-der-welt|title=Keine Lust auf Massentourismus? Studie: Die Länder mit den wenigsten Urlaubern der Welt|date=10 September 2018|website=TRAVELBOOK}}</ref> As regards telecommunications infrastructure, East Timor is the second to last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI), with only [[Myanmar]] falling behind it in southeast Asia. NRI is an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. East Timor ranked number 141 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 134 in 2013.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf| title=NRI Overall Ranking 2014| publisher=World Economic Forum| accessdate=28 June 2014}}</ref> The Portuguese colonial administration granted concessions to the Australia-bound Oceanic Exploration Corporation to develop petroleum and natural gas deposits in the waters southeast of Timor. However, this was curtailed by the Indonesian invasion in 1976.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} The resources were divided between Indonesia and Australia with the [[Timor Gap Treaty]] in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atns.net.au/biogs/A002026b.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050616125127/http://atns.net.au/biogs/A002026b.htm|archivedate=16 June 2005|title=TIMOR GAP TREATY between Australia and the Republic of Indonesia ...|publisher=Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project|date=|accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref> East Timor inherited no permanent maritime boundaries when it attained independence.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} A provisional agreement (the [[Timor Sea Treaty]], signed when East Timor became independent on 20 May 2002) defined a Joint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA) and awarded 90% of revenues from existing projects in that area to East Timor and 10% to Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/RN/2001-02/02rn45.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604224608/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/RN/2001-02/02rn45.htm|archivedate=4 June 2011|title=The Timor Sea Treaty: Are the Issues Resolved?|publisher=Aph.gov.au|accessdate=17 July 2011}}</ref> An agreement in 2005 between the governments of East Timor and Australia mandated that both countries put aside their dispute over maritime boundaries and that East Timor would receive 50% of the revenues from the resource exploitation in the area (estimated at [[Australian Dollar|A$]]26 billion, or about US$20 billion over the lifetime of the project)<ref>{{cite web|author=Geoff A. McKee|url=http://www.canb.auug.org.au/~wildwood/05mar26mckee.html|title=McKee: How much is Sunrise really worth?: True Value of a Timor Sea Gas Resource (26 Mar 05)|publisher=Canb.auug.org.au|accessdate=17 July 2011|archivedate=23 August 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823032214/http://www.canb.auug.org.au/%7Ewildwood/05mar26mckee.html}}</ref> from the Greater Sunrise development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pm.gov.tp/bill.htm|title=Prime Minister and Cabinet, Timor-Leste Government – Media Releases|publisher=Pm.gov.tp|accessdate=17 July 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615034259/http://www.pm.gov.tp/bill.htm|archivedate=15 June 2011 }}</ref> In 2013, East Timor launched a case at the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] in [[The Hague]] to pull out of a gas treaty that it had signed with Australia, accusing the [[Australian Secret Intelligence Service]] (ASIS) of [[Covert listening device|bugging]] the East Timorese cabinet room in Dili in 2004.<ref name=ABC>{{cite news|author=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|title=East Timor spying case: PM Xanana Gusmao calls for Australia to explain itself over ASIO raids|newspaper=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=5 December 2013|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-12-04/east-timor-pm-shocked-by-asio-raids-over-spying-case/5135146}}</ref> East Timor is part of the [[Timor Leste–Indonesia–Australia Growth Triangle]] (TIA-GT).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=14966&lang=en|title=Boosting Growth through the Growth Triangle « Government of Timor-Leste|website=timor-leste.gov.tl}}</ref> There are no [[Patent|patent laws]] in East Timor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billanderson.com.au/Gazetteer-Patents.htm|title=Gazetteer – Patents|publisher=Billanderson.com.au|accessdate=28 March 2010|archivedate=26 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926141115/http://www.billanderson.com.au/Gazetteer-Patents.htm}}</ref> A railway system has been proposed but the current government has yet to approve the proposal due to lack of funds and expertise. If established, the country's economy is projected to have an economic boom similar to that of [[Japan]] almost a century ago. ==Demographics== {{main|Demographics of East Timor}} [[File:Man in traditional dress, East Timor.jpg|thumb|left|upright|An East Timorese man partially dressed in traditional clothing]] {{Historical populations |title = Historical populations |percentages=pagr |align = right|width = |source = 2015 census<ref>{{cite web|title=East Timor: Administrative Division|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/timor-admin.php|publisher=City population}}</ref> |1980|555350 |1990|747557 |2001|787340 |2004|923198 |2010|1066582 |2015|1183643 }} [[File:Timor-Lestepop.svg|thumb|Population pyramid]] [[File:East Timor demographic change.png|thumb|East Timor demographic change between 1861 and 2010.]] East Timor recorded a population of 1,183,643 in its 2015 census.<ref name="census" /> The CIA's World Factbook lists the English-language demonym for East Timor as Timorese,<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tt.html|website=Cia.gov|accessdate=14 January 2018|archivedate=28 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128152225/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tt.html}}</ref> as does the Government of Timor-Leste's website.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government of Timor-Leste|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=547&lang=en|website=Timor-leste.gov.tl|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref> Other reference sources list it as East Timorese.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dickson|first1=Paul|title=Labels for Locals: What to Call People from Abilene to Zimbabwe|year=2006|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-06-088164-1|url=https://archive.org/details/labelsforlocalsw00dick}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The International Thesaurus of Refugee Terminology|url=http://www.refugeethesaurus.org/|publisher=UNHCR & FMO|accessdate=14 January 2018|archivedate=23 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323091934/http://refugeethesaurus.org/}}</ref> The word ''Maubere'',<ref>[[:de:Maubere|"Maubere" article at the German Wikipedia]].</ref> formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by Fretilin as a term of pride.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fox|first1=James J.|author1-link=James J. Fox|last2=Soares|first2=Dionisio Babo|author2-link=Dionísio Babo Soares|title=Out of the Ashes: Destruction and Reconstruction of East Timor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu4yJjUqxUgC&pg=PA60|year=2000|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-554-1|page=60}}</ref> Native East Timorese consist of a number of distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are of mixed [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] and [[Melanesians|Melanesian]]/[[Papuan peoples|Papuan]] descent.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} The largest Malayo-Polynesian ethnic groups are the [[Tetum]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|url-access=registration|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/378 378]|isbn=978-0-300-10518-6}}</ref> (100,000), primarily in the north coast and around Dili; the [[Mambai people (Timor)|Mambai]] (80,000), in the central mountains; the [[Tukudede]] (63,170), in the area around [[Maubara]] and [[Liquiçá]]; the [[Galoli]] (50,000), between the tribes of Mambae and [[Makasae]]; the [[Kemak people|Kemak]] (50,000) in north-central Timor island; and the [[Baikeno]] (20,000), in the area around [[Pante Macassar]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} The main tribes of predominantly Papuan origin include the [[Bunak]] (84,000), in the central interior of Timor island; the [[Fataluku language|Fataluku]] (40,000), at the eastern tip of the island near [[Lospalos]]; and the [[Makasae]] (70,000), toward the eastern end of the island.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} As a result of [[interracial marriage]] which was common during the Portuguese era, there is a population of people of mixed East Timorese and Portuguese origin, known in Portuguese as ''[[mestiço]]s''. There is a small [[overseas Chinese|Chinese]] minority, most of whom are [[Hakka people#East Timor|Hakka]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Berlie |first=Jean A. |title=Chinese in East Timor: Identity, Society and Economy |date=2015 |url=https://open.lnu.se/index.php/hn/article/view/355 |work=HumaNetten |issue=35 |pages=37–49 |doi=10.15626/hn.20153503|doi-access=free }}</ref> Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Constâncio Pinto|author2=Matthew Jardine|title=East Timor's Unfinished Struggle: Inside the East Timorese Resistance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdHlt6CSp54C&pg=PA263|year=1997|publisher=South End Press|isbn=978-0-89608-541-1|page=263}}</ref> ===Languages=== {{main|Languages of East Timor}} [[File:Sprachen Osttimors-en.png|thumb|Major language groups in East Timor by ''[[suco]]'']] East Timor's two official languages are [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Tetum language|Tetum]]. [[English language|English]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] are sometimes used.<ref name="thejakartapost.com">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/20/timor-leste-tetum-portuguese-bahasa-indonesia-or-english.html |title=Timor Leste, Tetum, Portuguese, Bahasa Indonesia or English? |last=Ramos-Horta |first=J. |date=20 April 2012 |work=The Jakarta Post |language=en |author-link=José Manuel Ramos-Horta}}</ref> Tetum belongs to the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family of languages spoken throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/378 378]|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|location=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-10518-6}}</ref> The 2015 census found that the most commonly spoken [[mother tongue]]s were [[Tetum language|Tetum Prasa]] (mother tongue for 30.6% of the population), [[Mambai language (Timor)|Mambai]] (16.6%), [[Makasai]] (10.5%), [[Tetum language|Tetum Terik]] (6.05%), [[Baikenu]] (5.87%), [[Kemak language|Kemak]] (5.85%), [[Bunak language|Bunak]] (5.48%), [[Tokodede]] (3.97%), and [[Fataluku language|Fataluku]] (3.52%). Other indigenous languages accounted for 10.47%, while 1.09% of the population spoke foreign languages natively.<ref>{{citation|title=Language|url=http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/4_2015-V2-Language.xls|work=Population and Housing Census of Timor-Leste, 2015|publisher=Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance}}</ref> Under [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|Indonesian rule]], the use of [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] was banned and only [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] was allowed to be used in government offices, schools and public business.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gross|first=Max L.|title=A Muslim Archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tm8tSwyTa7AC&pg=PA119|archiveurl=http://ni-u.edu/ni_press/pdf/A_Muslim_Archipelago.pdf|archivedate=21 November 2002|date=14 February 2008|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-086920-4|page=119}}</ref> During the Indonesian occupation, Tetum and Portuguese were important unifying elements for the East Timorese people in opposing [[Javanese culture]].<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4A_RzBG4DjIC&pg=PA106 |title=Portuguese and Luso-Asian Legacies in Southeast Asia, 1511–2011 |last=Paulino |first=Vicente |date=2012 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-4345-50-7 |editor-last=Jarnagin |editor-first=Laura |volume=2 |location=Singapore |page=106 |chapter=Remembering the Portuguese Presence in Timor and Its Contribution to the Making of Timor's National and Cultural Identity}}</ref> Portuguese was adopted as one of the two official languages upon independence in 2002 for this reason and as a link to [[Lusophone]] nations in other parts of the world. It is now being taught and promoted with the help of Brazil, Portugal, and the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://languagemagazine.com/?page_id=3465 |title=East Timor Pumps Up Portuguese |last=Bivona |first=Kristal |website=Language Magazine |access-date=14 January 2018 |accessdate=18 May 2020 |archivedate=25 January 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042905/http://languagemagazine.com/?page_id=3465 }}</ref> According to the observatory of the Portuguese language, the East Timorese literacy rate was 77.8% in Tetum, 55.6% in Indonesian, and 39.3% in Portuguese, and that the primary literacy rate increased from 73% in 2009 to 83% in 2012.<ref name="ILLP">{{Cite web |url=https://iilp.wordpress.com/2015/05/29/o-estimulo-ao-uso-da-lingua-portuguesa-em-timor-leste-e-guine-bissau/ |title=O estímulo ao uso da língua portuguesa em Timor Leste e Guiné Bissau |date=29 May 2015 |website=Blog of the International Portuguese Language Institute |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Indonesian and English are defined as working languages under the Constitution in the Final and Transitional Provisions, without setting a final date. In 2012, 35% could speak, read, and write Portuguese, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report. Portuguese is recovering as it is now been made the main official language of Timor, and is being taught in most schools.<ref name="thejakartapost.com" /><ref>{{Cite report |url=http://jsmp.minihub.org/Reports/jsmpreports/Language%20Report/LanguageReport%28english%29.pdf |title=The Impact of the Language Directive on the Courts in East Timor |date=August 2004 |publisher=Judicial System Monitoring Programme |location=Dili, East Timor |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211212631/http://www.jsmp.minihub.org/Reports/jsmpreports/Language%20Report/LanguageReport%28english%29.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is estimated that English is understood by 31.4% of the population. East Timor is a member of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (also known as the [[Lusophone]] Commonwealth) and of the [[Latin Union]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Estados Membros|url=http://www.unilat.org/SG/Etats_membres/pt|publisher=União Latina|accessdate=18 May 2020|archivedate=7 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005253/http://www.unilat.org/SG/Etats_membres/pt}}</ref> Aside from Tetum, [[Ethnologue]] lists the following indigenous languages: [[Adabe language|Adabe]], Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, [[Galoli language|Galoli]], [[Habun language|Habun]], [[Idaté]], [[Kairui-Midiki language|Kairui-Midiki]], Kemak, [[Lakalei language|Lakalei]], Makasae, [[Makuv'a]], Mambae, [[Nauete language|Nauete]], Tukudede, and [[Waima'a language|Waima'a]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Languages of East Timor|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=tl|publisher=Ethnologue}}</ref> According to the [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]], there are six endangered languages in East Timor: [[Adabe]], [[Habu language|Habu]], [[Kairui-Midiki]], [[Maku'a language|Maku'a]], [[Naueti language|Naueti]], and [[Waima'a language|Waima'a]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> ===Education=== [[File:Portuguese School of Díli, Timor-Leste.jpg|thumb|[[Escola Portuguesa Ruy Cinatti]], the Portuguese School of Díli.]] East Timor's adult [[literacy]] rate in 2010 was 58.3%, up from 37.6% in 2001.<ref name=unescolit>{{cite web|title=National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|accessdate=18 May 2020|archivedate=29 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183908/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210}}</ref> Illiteracy was at 95% at the end of Portuguese rule.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roslyn Appleby|title=ELT, Gender and International Development: Myths of Progress in a Neocolonial World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYeGUXRBjGUC&pg=PA92|date=30 August 2010|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-84769-303-7|page=92}}</ref> The [[National University of East Timor]] is the country's main university. There are also four colleges.<ref name=robinson /> Since independence, both [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and Tetum have lost ground as [[Medium of instruction|media of instruction]], while [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] has increased: in 2001 only 8.4% of primary school and 6.8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81.6% for primary and 46.3% for secondary schools.<ref name=edulang>{{cite web|title=Table 5.7 – Profile Of Students That Attended The 2004/05 Academic Year By Rural And Urban Areas And By District|url=http://dne.mof.gov.tl/TLSLS/StatisticalData/5_Education/Main%20Tables/table5.7.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114124605/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/TLSLS/StatisticalData/5_Education/Main%20Tables/table5.7.htm|url-status=dead|archivedate=14 November 2009|publisher=Direcção Nacional de Estatística}}</ref> Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73.7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 it was used by most schools in [[Baucau District|Baucau]], [[Manatuto District|Manatuto]], as well as the capital district. The [[Philippines]] has sent Filipino teachers to East Timor to teach [[English language|English]], so that a program between the two countries can begin, where deserving English-knowledgeable East Timorese nationals will be granted university scholarships in the Philippines.<ref name=edulang/> ===Health=== See [[Health in East Timor]] ===Religion=== {{main|Religion in East Timor}} {{see also|Catholic Church in East Timor}} [[File:Motael Church, Dili, East Timor (312012049).jpg|thumb|upright|The Church of [[Motael Church|Santo António de Motael]], Dili]] According to the 2015 census, 97.57% of the population is [[Roman Catholic]]; 1.96% [[Protestant]]; 0.24% [[Muslim]]; 0.08% Traditional; 0.05% [[Buddhist]]; 0.02% [[Hindu]], and 0.08% other religions.<ref name="religion"/> A 2016 survey conducted by the [[Demographic and Health Survey]] programme showed that Catholics made up 98.3% of the population, Protestants 1.2%, and Muslims 0.3%.<ref name="DHS 2013">{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR329/FR329.pdf|title=Timor-Leste: Demographic and Health Survey, 2016|publisher=General Directorate of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Finance & Ministry of Health|page=35|accessdate=21 April 2018}}</ref> The number of churches has grown from 100 in 1974 to over 800 in 1994,<ref name=robinson>Robinson, G. ''If you leave us here, we will die'', Princeton University Press 2010, p.&nbsp;72.</ref> with Church membership having grown considerably under [[Indonesia]]n rule as ''[[Pancasila Indonesia|Pancasila]]'', Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to [[monotheism|believe in one God]] and does not recognise traditional beliefs. East Timorese [[animist]] belief systems did not fit with [[Constitution of Indonesia|Indonesia's constitutional]] [[monotheism]], resulting in mass conversions to [[Christianity]]. Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests and [[Latin language|Latin]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] [[Mass in the Catholic Church|mass]] was replaced by [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] mass.<ref name="Taylor, Jean Gelman 2003, p.381">{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|url-access=registration|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/381 381]|isbn=978-0-300-10518-6}}</ref> While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion.<ref name="Taylor, Jean Gelman 2003, p.381"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4410917.stm| work=[[BBC News]]|first=Jonathan|last=Head|title=East Timor mourns 'catalyst' Pope|date=5 April 2005}}</ref> In rural areas, Roman Catholicism is [[Religious syncretism|syncretised]] with local animist beliefs.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hajek|first1=John|last2=Tilman|first2=Alexandre Vital|title=East Timor Phrasebook|url=https://archive.org/details/easttimorphraseb00haje|url-access=registration|date=1 October 2001|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-020-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/easttimorphraseb00haje/page/56 56]}}</ref> With over 95% Catholic population, East Timor is currently one of the most densely Catholic countries in the world.<ref>[http://www.etan.org/et2000c/september/17-23/21etslow.htm East Timor slowly rises from the ashes] ETAN 21 September 2001 Online at [http://www.etan.org/ etan.org]. Retrieved 22 February 2008</ref> [[File:8-Igreja_da_Imaculada_Conceição_Viqueque_2015-08-22.jpg|thumb|left|''Igreja da Imaculada Conceição'' church, in [[Viqueque Municipality|Viqueque]]]] The number of [[Protestant]]s and [[Muslim]]s declined significantly after September 1999 because these groups were disproportionately represented among supporters of integration with [[Indonesia]] and among the Indonesian civil servants assigned to work in the province from other parts of Indonesia, many of whom left the country in 1999.<ref name=report>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90135.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Timor-Leste]. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (14 September 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> There are also small Protestant and Muslim communities.<ref name=report/> The [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Indonesian military forces]] formerly stationed in the country included a significant number of Protestants, who played a major role in establishing Protestant churches in the territory.<ref name=report/> Fewer than half of those congregations existed after September 1999, and many Protestants were among those who remained in [[West Timor]].<ref name=report/> The [[Assemblies of God]] is the largest and most active of the Protestant denominations.<ref name=report/> While the [[Constitution of East Timor]] enshrines the principles of [[freedom of religion]] and [[separation of church and state]] in Section 45 Comma 1, it also acknowledges "the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation" in its preamble (although this has no legal value).<ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf |title=Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste |publisher=Governo de Timor-Leste}}</ref> Upon independence, the country joined the [[Philippines]] to become the only two predominantly Roman Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as [[West Timor]] and [[Flores]] also have Roman Catholic majorities. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] divides East Timor into [[List of Roman Catholic dioceses in East Timor|three dioceses]]: the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Díli|Diocese of Díli]], the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Baucau|Diocese of Baucau]], and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Maliana|Diocese of Maliana]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pope Benedict XVI erects new diocese in East Timor|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope_benedict_xvi_erects_new_diocese_in_east_timor/|publisher=Catholic News Agency|accessdate=18 May 2020|archivedate=17 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217015334/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope_benedict_xvi_erects_new_diocese_in_east_timor/}}</ref> ==Culture== {{main|Culture of East Timor}} [[File:Lospalos klein.jpg|thumb|upright|Sacred house (''lee teinu'') in [[Lospalos]]]] The culture of East Timor reflects numerous influences, including Portuguese, Roman Catholic and Indonesian, on Timor's [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] and [[Melanesia]]n cultures. East Timorese culture is heavily influenced by Austronesian legends. For example, East Timorese [[creation myth]] has it that an ageing [[crocodile]] transformed into the island of Timor as part of a debt repayment to a young boy who had helped the crocodile when it was sick.<ref name="wiseamanda">{{Cite book |title=Exile and Return Among the East Timorese |last=Wise |first=Amanda |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8122-3909-6 |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=211–218}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Legend and History of Timor Leste |url=https://visiteasttimor.com/legend-history-timor-leste/ |work=VisitEastTimo}}</ref> As a result, the island is shaped like a crocodile and the boy's descendants are the native East Timorese who inhabit it. The phrase "leaving the crocodile" refers to the pained exile of East Timorese from their island. East Timor is currently finalising its dossiers needed for nominations in the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]], [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]], UNESCO [[Creative Cities Network]], UNESCO [[Global Geoparks Network]], and UNESCO [[Biosphere Reserve]] Network. The country currently has one document in the UNESCO [[Memory of the World Register]], namely, ''On the Birth of a Nation: Turning points''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/access-by-region-and-country/tl/|title=Timor-Leste – Memory of the World Register – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org}}</ref> ===Arts=== [[File:Timorese Dancers.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Traditional Timorese dancers]] There is also a strong tradition of poetry in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lusofonia.x10.mx/timor.htm |title=Literatura timorense em língua portuguesa |website=lusofonia.x10.mx |trans-title=Timorese literature in the Portuguese language |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929080148/http://lusofonia.x10.mx/timor.htm |archive-date=2019-09-29 |language=Portuguese |accessdate=18 May 2020 |archivedate=29 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929080148/http://lusofonia.x10.mx/timor.htm }}</ref> Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet, earning the moniker "poet warrior".<ref name="poetxan">{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-09/xanana-gusmao-resignation-profile/6081170 |title=East Timor's president accepts Xanana Gusmao's resignation |date=9 February 2015 |work=ABC News |access-date=22 January 2017 |language=en-AU}}</ref> Architecturally, Portuguese-style buildings can be found, along with the traditional totem houses of the eastern region. These are known as ''uma lulik'' ("sacred houses") in Tetum and ''lee teinu'' ("legged houses") in Fataluku.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} Craftsmanship and the weaving of traditional scarves (''tais'') is also widespread.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} An extensive collection of Timorese audiovisual material is held at the [[National Film and Sound Archive|National Film and Sound Archive of Australia]]. These holdings have been identified in a document titled The NFSA Timor-Leste Collection Profile, which features catalogue entries and essays for a total of 795 NFSA-held moving image, recorded sound and documentation works that have captured the history and culture of East Timor since the early 20th century.<ref>[http://www.nfsa.gov.au/about/media/releases/2012/12/14/nfsa-provides-insight-timor-leste-history/ NFSA provides insight into Timor-Leste history] on ''nfsa.gov.au''</ref> The NFSA is working with the East Timorese government to ensure that all of this material can be used and accessed by the people of that country.<ref>[http://nfsa.gov.au/blog/2013/04/24/connection-timor-leste/ A connection with Timor-Leste] on ''nfsa.gov.au''</ref> ===Cinema and TV drama=== In 2009 and 2010, East Timor was the setting for the Australian film ''[[Balibo (film)|Balibo]]'' and the South Korean film ''[[A Barefoot Dream]]''. In 2013, the first East Timorese feature film, ''[[Beatriz's War]]'', was released.<ref name="SMH">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/fresh-start-for-east-timors-film-scene-20131002-2urxt.html|title=Fresh start for East Timor's film scene|accessdate=3 October 2013|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> Two further feature-length films, ''[[Abdul & José]]'' and ''[[Ema Nudar Umanu]]'', were respectively released on 30 July 2017 through the television network of [[East Timor Broadcasting Service|RTTF]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Abdul & José EN (2017)|url=https://www.fifotahiti.com/movie/abdul-jose-en/|website={{Interlanguage link|FIFO Tahiti|fr|Festival international du film documentaire océanien de Tahiti}}|publisher=Association FIFO|accessdate=10 December 2018}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=ETAN|author2=Media ONE Timor|title=The Stolen Child New Documentary|url=https://mediaonetimor.com/2017/07/25/the-stolen-child-new-documentary/|accessdate=10 December 2018|work=Media ONE Timor|publisher=MediaONETimor.com|date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211072733/https://mediaonetimor.com/2017/07/25/the-stolen-child-new-documentary/|archive-date=11 December 2018|url-status=dead|author1-link=East Timor and Indonesia Action Network|archivedate=11 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211072733/https://mediaonetimor.com/2017/07/25/the-stolen-child-new-documentary/}}</ref> and on 16 August 2018 at the [[Melbourne International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ema Nudar Umanu|url=http://miff.com.au/program/film/ema-nudar-umanu|website=[[Melbourne International Film Festival|MIFF]]|publisher=Melbourne International Film Festival|accessdate=14 September 2018|archivedate=8 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808151143/http://miff.com.au/program/film/ema-nudar-umanu}}</ref> In 2010, the first East Timorese TV drama, ''[[Suku Hali]]'' was released. ===Cuisine=== The [[cuisine of East Timor]] consists of regional popular foods such as [[pork]], fish, [[basil]], [[tamarind]], [[legumes]], [[corn]], [[rice]], [[root vegetables]], and [[tropical fruit]]. East Timorese cuisine has influences from [[Southeast Asian cuisine]] and from [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese dishes]] from its colonisation by Portugal. Flavours and ingredients from other former Portuguese colonies can be found due to the centuries-old Portuguese presence on the island. Due to the East and West combination of East Timor's cuisine, it developed features related to [[Filipino cuisine]], which also experienced an East-West culinary combination. ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in East Timor}} Sports organisations joined by East Timor include the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC), the [[International Association of Athletics Federations]] (IAAF), the International Badminton Federation (IBF), the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]], the International Weightlifting Federation, the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), and [[East Timor national football team|East Timor's national football team]] joined [[FIFA]]. East Timorese athletes competed in the [[2003 Southeast Asian Games]] held 2003. In the 2003 ASEAN [[Paralympics]] Games, East Timor won a bronze medal. In the [[2004 Summer Olympics|Athens 2004 Olympic Games]], East Timorese athletes participated in athletics, weightlifting and boxing. East Timor [[East Timor at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games|won three medals]] in [[Arnis at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games]]. East Timor competed in the [[2006 Lusophony Games|first]] [[Lusophony Games]] and, in October 2008, the country earned its first international points in a [[FIFA]] football match with a 2–2 draw against Cambodia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Madra|first=Ek|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/10/30/soccer-asia-timor-idUKLNE49T08T20081030|title=World's worst football team happy to win first point|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=30 October 2008|accessdate=11 February 2013|archivedate=8 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508175959/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/10/30/soccer-asia-timor-idUKLNE49T08T20081030}}</ref> East Timor competed at the [[2014 Winter Olympics]]. [[Thomas Americo]] was the first East Timorese fighter to fight for a world [[boxing]] title. He was murdered in 1999, shortly before the Indonesian occupation of East Timor ended.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Thomas_Americo|title=Thomas Americo – BoxRec|website=boxrec.com}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Asia}} * [[Outline of East Timor]] * [[Index of East Timor-related articles]] * <!--[[Bibliography of East Timor]]--> * <!--{{Wikipedia books link|East Timor}}--> {{clear}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin|40em}} * Cashmore, Ellis (1988). ''Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations''. New York: Routledge. {{ASIN|B000NPHGX6}} * Charny, Israel W. ''Encyclopedia of Genocide Volume I''. Denver: Abc Clio. * {{cite book|last=Dunn|first=James|date=1996|title=East Timor: A People Betrayed|location=Sydney|pages=|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|isbn=|author-link=James Dunn (diplomat)}} * {{cite book|last1=Durand|first1=Frédéric|title=East Timor: A Country at the Crossroads of Asia and the Pacific, a Geo-Historical Atlas|date=2006|publisher=Silkworm Books|location=Chiang Mai|pages=|isbn=9749575989}} * {{cite book|last1=Groshong|first1=Daniel J|title=Timor-Leste: Land of Discovery|date=2006|publisher=Tayo Photo Group|location=Hong Kong|pages=|isbn=988987640X}} * Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1999), Timor Loro Sae: 500 years. Macau: Livros do Oriente. {{ISBN|972-9418-69-1|}} [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07TM1KZFZ ] * {{HD of East Timor}} * Hägerdal, Hans (2012), ''Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea; Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600–1800.'' [http://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=408241 Oapen.org] * {{cite book|last1=Kingsbury|first1=Damien|author1-link=Damien Kingsbury|last2=Leach|first2=Michael|title=East Timor: Beyond Independence|series=Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, no 65|date=2007|publisher=Monash University Press|location=Clayton, Vic|pages=|isbn=9781876924492}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Hill|editor1-first=H|editor2-last=Saldanha|editor2-first=J|title=East Timor: Development Challenges for the World's Newest Nation|last=|first=|date=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|location=London|pages=|isbn=978-0-333-98716-2}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Leach|editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Kingsbury|editor2-first=Damien|editor2-link=Damien Kingsbury|title=The Politics of Timor-Leste: Democratic Consolidation After Intervention|last=|first=|series=Studies on Southeast Asia, no 59|date=2013|publisher=Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program Publications|location=Ithaca, NY|pages=|isbn=9780877277897}} * Levinson, David. ''Ethnic Relations''. Denver: Abc Clio. * {{cite book|last1=Molnar|first1=Andrea Katalin|title=Timor Leste: Politics, History, and Culture|series=Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia series, 27|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=London; New York|pages=|isbn=9780415778862}} * Rudolph, Joseph R. ''Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts''. Westport: Greenwood P, 2003. 101–106. * Shelton, Dinah. ''Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity''. Thompson Gale. * Taylor, John G. (1999). ''East Timor: The Price of Freedom''. Australia: Pluto Press. {{ISBN|978-1-85649-840-1|}}. * {{cite book|editor1-last=Viegas|editor1-first=Susana de Matos|editor2-last=Feijó|editor2-first=Rui Graça|title=Transformations in Independent Timor-Leste: Dynamics of Social and Cultural Cohabitations|last=|first=|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|location=London|pages=|isbn=9781315534992}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184308/http://direct.bl.uk/bld/PlaceOrder.do?UIN=147446017&ETOC=RN&from=searchengine ''East Timor: a bibliography''], a bibliographic reference, [[Jean Berlie|Jean A. Berlie]], launched by PM [[Xanana Gusmão]], Indes Savantes editor, Paris, France, published in 2001. {{ISBN|978-2-84654-012-4|}}, {{ISBN|978-2-84654-012-4|}}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040321134359/http://kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/issue/issue2/article_232.doc ''East Timor, politics and elections'' (in Chinese)/ 东帝汶政治与选举 (2001–2006): 国家建设及前景展望], [[Jean Berlie|Jean A. Berlie]], Institute of Southeast Asian Studies of Jinan University editor, Jinan, China, published in 2007. * Mats Lundahl and Fredrik Sjöholm. 2019. The Creation of the East Timorese Economy. Springer. {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|East Timor|voy=East Timor}} <!-- Wikipedia is not a link list nor a Web directory. If your link points to a website that does not cover many subjects about East Timor, it's most likely in the wrong place here and you should go and search for a more specific article. --> '''Government''' * [http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/ Timor-Leste official government website] * [http://www.timorleste.tl/ Timor-Leste official tourism website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321142212/https://www.timorleste.tl/ |date=21 March 2025 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210074013/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/timor-leste.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] '''General information''' * {{CIA World Factbook link|tt|Timor-Leste}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081029214745/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/etimor.htm East Timor] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596313/East-Timor East Timor] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14919009 East Timor profile] [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas|East Timor}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TL Key Development Forecasts for Timor-Leste] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190326203827/http://www.tlstudies.org/index.html Timor Leste Studies Association] {{Cookbook}} {{East Timor topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{Municipalities of East Timor}} {{Capitals of Municipalities of East Timor}} {{Administrative posts of East Timor}} {{Sucos of East Timor}} {{Countries of Asia}} {{Countries and territories of Southeast Asia}} {{Countries of the Malay Archipelago}} {{Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)}} {{Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)}} {{East Asia Summit (EAS)}} {{Non-Aligned Movement}} {{World Trade Organization}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)|state=collapsed}} {{Portuguese overseas empire}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ရးနိဂီု]] 0jyt93mk8lne5ee0ibemf18hykh7fgb 4 11633 56155 2026-07-16T08:53:25Z Aue Nai 24 ခၞံကၠောန်လဝ် မုက်လိက် နကု "<noinclude> {{Wikipedia:On this day/Header}} </noinclude> '''[[၁၆ ဂျူလာင်]]''': * ၆၂၂ – စတင် '''[[ပြက္ခဒိန် အေဿလာမ်]]''' (Islamic calendar) အခိင် တမၠာတ် မဟာမေတ် ပြံင်ဌာန် နူကဵု ဍုင် မက္ကာ (Mecca) စိုပ် ဍုင် မေဒဳနာ (Medina)။ * ၁၉၄၅..." 56155 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:On this day/Header}} </noinclude> '''[[၁၆ ဂျူလာင်]]''': * ၆၂၂ – စတင် '''[[ပြက္ခဒိန် အေဿလာမ်]]''' (Islamic calendar) အခိင် တမၠာတ် မဟာမေတ် ပြံင်ဌာန် နူကဵု ဍုင် မက္ကာ (Mecca) စိုပ် ဍုင် မေဒဳနာ (Medina)။ * ၁၉၄၅ – ကၟိန်ဍုင် အမေရိကာန် တအ် စမ်ၜတ် ခတိုဟ် ဗုံး [[အက်တမ်]] (Atomic bomb) ပထမအိုတ် သွက် '''[[ပရေင်စမ်ၜတ် တြဳနဳတဳ]]''' (Trinity test) ပ္ဍဲ သြင်ဗ္တဳ နေဝ်မက္ကသဳကဝ် (New Mexico)။ * ၁၉၆၉ – ပရေင်လ္ၚတ် အကာသ '''[[အပဝ်လဝ် ၁၁]]''' (Apollo 11) မဒှ် ကမၠောန် ပလံင် မၞိဟ် စိုပ် ဂိတု ပထမအိုတ် ဂှ် စတင် ပလံင် ပတိုန် လဝ် နူကဵု ဌာန် ပလံင်ဗစိုပ် ကနေဒဳ (Kennedy Space Center)။ * ၁၉၉၀ – ဟိုတ်နူ တမ်သိုင် ဇၞော် ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်ဖဳလဳပေန် (Philippines) တုဲ ဍုင် ၜါဂဳယဝ် ကေုာံ သြိုင်ခၞံ '''[[ဘာကျာ် ၜါဂဳယဝ်]]''' (Baguio Cathedral) ဒးလီုလာ် ကေုာံ မၞိဟ် ၁,၆၀၀ ပြင်င် ဒးချိုတ် အာ။ * ၁၉၉၄ – ကောန်ဒကုတ် ကြက်ဂြိုဟ် '''[[သျူးမိတ်ကာ-လဳဗဳ ၉]]''' (Shoemaker-Levy 9) ဂှ် စဇီုကပိုက် ကု ဂြိုဟ် ဂျူပဳတာ (Jupiter)။ '''တ္ၚဲဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်''': * ၁၈၇၂ – '''[[ရဝ်အလ် အာမန်သေန်]]''' (Roald Amundsen) ညးမလ္ၚတ် ဌာန် ပၞိဟ်သၠုင်ကျာ (South Pole) ဍုင်နဝ်ဝေ (Norway)။ * ၁၉၆၈ – '''[[လာရဳ သန်ဂါ]]''' (Larry Sanger) ညးမပါလုပ် ဒက်ပတန် ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ (Wikipedia)။ '''တ္ၚဲစုတိဂမၠိုင်''': * ၁၅၅၇ – '''[[အာန် အော့ပ် ကလဳဗ်]]''' (Anne of Cleves) ဂၞကျာ် ဍုင်အင်္ဂလာန် (England)။ * ၁၉၈၉ – '''[[ဟာဗတ် ဗွန် ကာရာဂျာန်]]''' (Herbert von Karajan) ညးက္ဍိုက်က္ဍိုပ် ကွိင်ကွိုက် ဍုင်သြသတြဳယျာ (Austria)။ <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:On this day/Footer}} </noinclude> 7zxjhqp3rey8hdzsn9eomsuu6plp0jx 4 11634 56156 2026-07-16T08:57:19Z Aue Nai 24 ခၞံကၠောန်လဝ် မုက်လိက် နကု "<div style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; border-radius: 5px;"> <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; margin-bottom: 10px;"> '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ|တ္ၚဲဏအ် ပ္ဍဲ ဝင်]]''' </div> <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 10..." 56156 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; border-radius: 5px;"> <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; margin-bottom: 10px;"> '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ|တ္ၚဲဏအ် ပ္ဍဲ ဝင်]]''' </div> <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 10px;"> '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/ဇာန်နဝါရဳ|ဇာန်နဝါရဳ]]''' · '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ|ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ]]''' · '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/မာတ်|မာတ်]]''' · '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/အေဗရဳ|အေဗရဳ]]''' · '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/မေ|မေ]]''' · '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/ဂျောန်|ဂျောန်]]''' · '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/ဂျူလာင်|ဂျူလာင်]]''' · '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/အဝ်ဂေတ်|အဝ်ဂေတ်]]''' · '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ|သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ]]''' · '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/အံက်တဝ်ဗါ|အံက်တဝ်ဗါ]]''' · '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ|နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ]]''' · '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/ဒဳဇြေမ်ဗါ|ဒဳဇြေမ်ဗါ]]''' </div> <div style="background-color: #eaf3ff; border-left: 5px solid #36c; padding: 10px; font-size: 90%;"> '''တင်သမ္တီ သွက် ညးမပလေဝ်ဒါန်:''' * ပရူဒဒှ် မစုတ် လဝ် ပ္ဍဲ ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ဏအ် ဝွံ သ္ဒး နွံကဵု လိက်ပရေင် မချူလဝ် ပ္ဍဲ ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ မန် ဍိုက်ဍိုက်ပေင်ပေင် ရောင်။ * သ္ဒး ဒှ် ပရူဒဒှ် မကိစ္စဇၞော် ပ္ဍဲ ဝင် သမိုင်း ဂၠးတိ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဝင် ဂကူမန် တုဲ ဒးနွံကဵု သက်သဳ ခိုင်ကၠိုက် ရ။ * လိက်ပရေင် မဆက်စပ် တအ်ဂှ် စုတ် ကဵု လေန် (Link) ရမ္ประสေင် ညိ။ </div> </div> 7nodj5ro5uqrrfq5r9on5u15ht7jmov 4 11635 56157 2026-07-16T09:00:31Z Aue Nai 24 ခၞံကၠောန်လဝ် မုက်လိက် နကု "<div style="clear: both;"></div> <div style="text-align: right; font-size: 85%; margin-top: 10px; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-top: 5px;"> '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ|စရင် ပရူဒဒှ် တ္ၚဲဏအ် သီုဖအိုတ်]]''' &nbsp;·&nbsp; '''ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပ..." 56157 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div style="text-align: right; font-size: 85%; margin-top: 10px; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding-top: 5px;"> '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ|စရင် ပရူဒဒှ် တ္ၚဲဏအ် သီုဖအိုတ်]]''' &nbsp;·&nbsp; '''[[ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ:ကာဒ် တ္ၚဲ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ/စၞောန်ပညုင်|စၞောန်ပညုင်ဂမၠိုင်]]''' &nbsp;·&nbsp; '''[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} ပလေဝ်ဒါန် မုက်လိက်ဏအ်]''' </div> 9n8d2jn9z84vcefrw1fqkupdq2s5lxn