ဟိန္ဒူ

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      <text bytes="80909" sha1="ljlwprjemop7ooivlvgre450a7oh2ey" xml:space="preserve">'''ဟိန္ဒူ''' ဂှ် ဒှ်ဘာသာစၜုဲစၜော် မဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိ မရနုက်ကဵုပိရ။ ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ဒှ်ဘာသာ မကၠုင် နူဍုင်အိန္ဒိယ ကေုာံ မနွံကဵု ဓမ္မ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဒ္ဂေတ်လၟေတ် မဆေင်ကဵု ဘဝ {{refn|group=note|name=&quot;definition&quot;}}တုဲ မၞိဟ်ပ္ဍဲဒေသ ဆာပ်တိုက် အိန္ဒိယ (Indian subcontinent) ကေုာံ ဍုင်အာရှ အဂၞဲဂမၠိုင် လျိုင်ပတှ်ေဒၟံင်ရ။ ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူဂှ် မဂွံစၟတ်သမ္တီ ဒှ် ဘာသာတြေံအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဂၠးတိဝွံ၊{{refn|group=note|See:
* Fowler: &quot;probably the oldest religion in the world&quot; ({{harvnb|Fowler|1997|p=1}})
* Klostermaier: The &quot;oldest living major religion&quot; in the world ({{harvnb|Klostermaier|2007|p=1}})
* Kurien: &quot;There are almost a billion Hindus living on Earth. They practice the world's oldest religion...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kurien |first=Prema |title= Multiculturalism and American Religion: The Case of Hindu Indian Americans |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-forces_2006-12_85_2/page/723 |journal=Social Forces |volume=85 |issue=2 |year=2006 |pages= 723–741 |doi= 10.1353/sof.2007.0015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bakker: &quot;it [Hinduism] is the oldest religion&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first= F.L. |last= Bakker |title= Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments |journal= Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |year=1997 |volume=Deel 153, 1ste Afl. |issue= 1 |pages= 15–41 |jstor= 27864809|doi= 10.1163/22134379-90003943 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Noble: &quot;Hinduism, the world's oldest surviving religion, continues to provide the framework for daily life in much of South Asia.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Noble |first= Allen |title= South Asian Sacred Places |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-cultural-geography_spring-summer-1998_17_2/page/1 |journal= Journal of Cultural Geography |volume=17 |issue=2 |year=1998 |pages=1–3 |doi= 10.1080/08873639809478317 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} တုဲ ညးမလျိုင်ပတှ်ေ ကေုာံ တၠပညာ ပရေင်ဘာသာတအ်ဟီု ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ဒှ်ဘာသာ''သနာတနဳဓမ္မ (Sanātana Dharma)''၊ မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် &quot;ဒၠောအ်ဗတောန် ထာဝရ (the eternal tradition)&quot;၊ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး &quot;ဂၠံင်တရဴထာဝရ (eternal way)&quot;၊ လက္ကရဴ တၞောဝ်ဝင်ဘဝ ကောန်မၞိဟ်တအ်ရ။{{sfn|Knott|1998|pp=5, Quote: &quot;Many describe Hinduism as ''sanatana dharma'', the eternal tradition or religion. This refers to the idea that its origins lie beyond human history&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bowker|2000}}; {{harvnb|Harvey|2001|p=xiii}};&lt;/ref&gt; တၠပညာတအ် စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ဒှ်ဘာသာမွဲ မပံင်ပကောံလဝ် {{refn|group=note|name=Lockard}} ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဒှ် ဘာသာမွဲ သမ္ဘာရလဝ်{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=193}}{{refn|group=note|name= &quot;Hiltebeitel-synthesis&quot;}} အခိုက်ပြဝေဏဳ ကေုာံ ယေန်သၞာင် ကောန်ဍုင်အိန္ဒိယဂမၠိုင်&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel 2007 12&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}}; {{harvnb|Flood|1996|p=16}}; {{harvnb|Lockard|2007|p=50}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=note|name= fusion}} နူကဵု တမ်ရိုဟ်အခိုက်ကၞာမူလ နာနာသာ်{{sfn|Narayanan|2009|p=11}}{{refn|group=note| Among its roots are the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] of the late [[Vedic period]] ({{harvnb|Flood|1996|p=16}}) and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans ({{harvnb|Samuel|2010|pp=48–53}}), but also the religions of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] ({{harvnb|Narayanan| 2009|p=11}}; {{harvnb|Lockard|2007|p=52}}; {{harvnb|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=3}}; {{harvnb|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=xviii}}) the [[Sramana]] or renouncer traditions of [[Maurya Empire|north-east India]] ({{harvnb|Flood|1996|p=16}}; {{harvnb|Gomez|2013|p=42}}), with possible roots in a non-Vedic Indo-European culture ({{harvnb|Brokhorst|2007}}), and &quot;popular or [[Adivasi|local traditions]]&quot; ({{harvnb|Flood|1996|p=16}}).}}တုဲ ဟွံမဲ ကုညးခၞံဗဒှ်ရ။{{sfn|Fowler|1997|pp=1, 7}} အရာမကော်ခဴ သမ္ဘာရဟိန္ဒူ မဒှ် အခိုက်ကၞာ ဓဝ်ပတှ်ေဂမၠိုင် မပံင်ပကောံလဝ်တုဲ မကော်ဂး ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူခေတ်လၟုဟ်ဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲအကြာ ဘဳသဳ ၅၀၀ ကဵု အေဒဳ ၃၀၀၊{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}} ကြဴနူ ပယာံကာလဝေဒ (နူ ဘဳသဳ ၁၅၀၀ စဵုကဵု ဘဳသဳ၅၀၀) မစိုပ်ကၞောတ်အိုတ်အာတုဲ၊{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Larson|2009}} ဇၞော်မောဝ်တိုန် အခိင်ခေတ်လဒေါဝ် အိန္ဒိယ၊ မဒှ်ခေတ် ကိုပ်ကၠာ [[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ]] ဟွံမံက်ဂတဝ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အိန္ဒိယဏီဂှ်ရ။{{sfn|Larson|1995|p=109&amp;ndash;111}}  ဟီုမွဲသာ်ပၠန် ဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်လဒေါဝ် အကြာ ကြဴနူ ခေတ်ဝေဒအိုတ်၊ ကၠာနူ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ဟွံကတဵုဒှ်ဏီရ။

ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ နွံကဵု လညာတ်ဒဿနဂမၠိုင်ကီုလေဝ် ပရေင်ဘာသာဂှ် ဒက်ပတန် ပါ်ပရအ်လဝ် နကဵု လညာတ်သမ္တီ၊ အခိုက်အလိုက်၊ ပရူစက္ကဝါ၊ ပရူပရာကျာ်ဂမၠိုင် ကေုာံ ဒၞာဲဒတန် ဘာသာဂမၠိုင်ရ။ လိက် ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူတအ်ဂှ် နွံၜါဗီု၊ &quot;ၐြုတိ&quot; ဒဒှ်မမိင်ကေတ် ကဵု &quot;သ္မြတိ&quot; ဒဒှ်မသမ္တီလဝ်။ လိက်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်လိက်ဒ္ဂေတ်လၟေတ်ကျာ်၊ လိက်ဒဿန၊ ကေုာံ လိက်အာဂီုဝင်ကျာ်ဂမၠိုင် (ဒဏ္ဍာရဳ)၊ ယဇန၊ အဂမိစပူဇယ၊ ကေုာံ စမြိုင်ဘုတ်ဘာဂမၠိုင်ရ။{{sfn|Michaels|2004}} ပြကိုဟ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုင်မ္ဂး မပတံကဵု လိက်ဝေဒဂမၠိုင်၊ ''Vedas'' ကဵု လိက်ဥပနိသဒဂမၠိုင် (''Upanishads'')၊ လိက်ပုရဏာံဂမၠိုင် (''Puranas'') လိက်မဟာဘရတ(''Mahabharata'')၊ လိက်ယာမယန (လိက်သၟိင်ရာံ) (''Ramayana'') ကေုာံ လိက်အာဂမသတအ် (''Āgama (Hinduism)|Āgamas'')ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Hindu Scriptures|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0679410783| last=Zaehner|first=R. C.|publisher= Penguin Random House|year=1992|isbn= 978-0679410782|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0679410783/page/n36 1]–7|quote=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klostermaier 2007 p46–52, 76–77&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title= A Survey of Hinduism| url= https://archive.org/details/surveyofhinduism0003klos|last= Klostermaier| first=Klaus|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0791470824|edition=3rd|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/surveyofhinduism0003klos/page/46 46]–52, 76–77|quote=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; တင်ဂၞင် ကေုာံ ပွံက်အဓိပ္ပါယ် နူကဵုလိက်တအ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာအဓိက ကိစ္စဇၞော် ပ္ဍဲဘာသာဟိန္ဒူကီုလေဝ်၊ စပ်ကဵု ဗီုကံက်အဓိပ္ပါယ် နူလိက်တအ်ဂှ် လညာတ်တၞဟ်ခြာ ရေင်သကအ် နွံဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တုဲ အရာလဵု မဒှ်အရာဓဝ်ဍာံ အရာလဵု မဒှ်အခိုက်ကၞာဂှ် လညာတ်ဟွံတုပ် ရေင်သကအ်အိုတ်ရ။&lt;ref name=frazierintrop2&gt;{{cite book|last1=Frazier|first1=Jessica|title=The Continuum companion to Hindu studies |url=https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani0000unse_q7j3| date=2011|publisher= Continuum| location= London|isbn= 978-0-8264-9966-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/continuumcompani0000unse_q7j3/page/1 1]–15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

တင်ရန်တၟအ် ကေုာံ တိုင်ပ္ကဴဘဝ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူဂှ် နွံပန်သာ်၊ ဣဏအ်ဂှ် ညးကော်ဂး ပုရုၑါရထပန် (Puruṣārtha)။ ညးမ္ဂး ပန်သာ်ဂှ်ရော &quot;ဓမ္မ&quot; ပွမဒ္ဂေတ် ကေုာံ ကေတ်တာလျိုင်၊ &quot;အာရ်ထ&quot; (Artha) ပွမကၠောန်၊ &quot;ကာမ&quot; ပွမထၞေန်စေန်စပ် ကေုာံ &quot;မောက်ၐ&quot; ပွမတိတ်ဗၠး နူဘဲသံသာ ပွမဒးမချိုတ် ကေုာံ ပွမကလေင်ဂျိုင်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Bilimoria 2007 p. 103&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges|last=|first=|year=2007|isbn=|editor-last=Bilimoria|display-editors=etal|location=|pages= 103|quote=|via=}} See also {{Cite journal|last=Koller|first=John|year=1968|title= Puruṣārtha as Human Aims|url=|journal= Philosophy East and West|volume=18|issue= 4|pages=315–319|doi= 10.2307/1398408|jstor=1398408}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gavin Flood 1997 pages 11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| title=The Bhagavadgītā for Our Times|last=Flood|first= Gavin|publisher=Oxford University Press| year= 1997 |isbn= 978-0195650396|editor-last= Lipner|editor-first=Julius J.|location=|pages= 11–27|chapter=The Meaning and Context of the Puruṣārthas|quote=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကာမ မဒှ်အရာ မပကဵု ညံင်ဂွံချဳဓရာင် ညံင်ဂွံထၞေန်စပ်တုဲ ဇလိင်ကဵု ဘဝသံသာ မတွဟ်ဂး ပွမချိုတ် ပွမဒှ်တုဲ နကဵုဂၠံင်တရဴယောဂ/ပၟဝ်ဓဝ် ဂှ် ဗစိုပ်ကဵု မောက်ၐ ရ။ &lt;ref name=&quot;Klostermaier 2007 p46–52, 76–77&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Brodd|2003}} ပ္ဍဲဘာသာဟိန္ဒူဂှ် နွံကဵု အရာမကၠောန်ပ မပတံကဵု ပူဇဴ၊ ဖ္ဍောတ်ဗှ်၊ ဇပ၊ ပၟဝ်ဓဝ်၊ သဘင်လၟေင်သၞာံဂမၠိုင် ကေုာံ ပွမအာဂၠောဲအာလ္ၚောဝ်ကျာ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ညးလ္ၚဵုဂှ်မ္ဂး သၠးထောအ် ဘဝပရေင်မၞိဟ် ကေုာံ ပရေင်အရပ်အရာဝတ္ထုဂမၠိုင်တုဲ မံင်နဒဒှ် ဘဝခမဳ မကော်ဂး သညေ္ညသ သွက်ကလိဂွံ မောက်ၐ ရ။&lt;ref name=ellinger70&gt;{{cite book|author=Herbert Ellinger |title=Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pk3iAwAAQBAJ |year=1996|publisher= Bloomsbury Academic|isbn= 978-1-56338-161-4 |pages= 69–70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;ဒလောအ်ဗတောန် ဟိန္ဒူ လၟိုန်ထာဝရဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံ နွံကဵုစိုတ် ပွမတပ်တး၊ ဝေင်ပါဲ ပရေင်ပျဲပျာံ ဂစိုတ်သတ် မနွံကဵုလမျီု၊ ဒးနွံကဵု ဓဝ်ခန္တဳ ပွမအေင်ဒုင်၊ မဒးနွံစိုတ်တန်ကြန်၊ မဒးနွံကရုဏာ အကြာညးမွဲကုမွဲရ။&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;EB-sanatana dharma&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=History of Dharmasastra| last=Dharma|first=Samanya|last2=Kane|first2=P. V.|year=|isbn=|volume=2|location=|pages=4–5|quote=|via=}} See also {{Cite journal|last=Widgery|first= Alban|year=1930|title=The Priniciples of Hindu Ethics|url=|journal=International Journal of Ethics|volume=40|issue=2|pages=232–245|doi=10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဂကောံဂိုဏ်ဟိန္ဒူဇၞော်အိုတ် နွံပန်ဂိုဏ်၊ ဂိုဏ်ဝါဒဗိသၞုဟ် (Vaishnavism)၊ ဂိုဏ်ဝါဒသဳဝ (Shaivism)၊ ဂိုဏ်ဝါဒသကတ (Shaktism) ကေုာံ ဂိုဏ်ဝါဒသမာရတိ (Smartism)တအ်ရ။ &lt;ref&gt;Julius J. Lipner (2009), ''Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', 2nd Edition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-45677-7}}, pages 377, 398&lt;/ref&gt;

ဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ဒှ်ဘာသာမစၜုဲစၜော် ဇၞော်အိုတ် မရနုက်ကဵုပိ ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိဏအ်တုဲ၊ ကုညးမလျိုင်ပတှ်ေ ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ညးကော်စ ကောန်ဟိန္ဒူ၊ သီုဖအိုတ် နွံစ ၜိုတ် ၁.၁၅ ဗဳလဳယာန် မဒှ်လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်ဂၠးတိ ၜိုတ် ၁၅-၁၆%။&lt;ref group= &quot;web&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-hindu.aspx |title=The Global Religious Landscape – Hinduism |date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Foundation |work=A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups &lt;!-- {{as of|2010|lc=y}}--&gt; |accessdate=31 March 2013 |archivedate=6 May 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506104814/http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-hindu.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name =&quot;gordonconwell.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf|title=Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact|website=gordonconwell.edu|date=January 2015|accessdate=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141543/http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017|url-status=dead|archivedate=25 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141543/http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အိန္ဒိယ၊ ဍုင်နဳပဝ်၊ ဍုင်မဝ်ရိဂျုတ် (Mauritius)တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဍုင် မၞိဟ်မရှ်ေသှ်ေ ဟိန္ဒူဂၠိုင်အိုတ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲတကအ်ပါလဳ ဍုင်အေန်ဒဝ်နဳရှာဂှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် မရှ်ေသှ်ေ ဟိန္ဒူဂၠိုင်ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/page/warning|title=Peringatan|website=sp2010.bps.go.id}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပါဲနူဂှ်တုဲ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု တကအ်ကာရိဗ်ဗေန်(Caribbean) ဍုင်အာရှအဂၞဲ၊ ပ္ဍဲအမေရိကသၟဝ်ကျာ၊ ယူရောပ်၊ Oceania၊ [[အာဖရိက]] ကေုာံ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်တၞဟ်တအ်လေဝ် နွံကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| first=Steven | last= Vertovec|title=The Hindu Diaspora: Comparative Patterns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRVTAQAAQBAJ |year= 2013|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 978-1-136-36705-2|pages=1–4, 7–8, 63–64, 87–88, 141–143}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/|title=Hindus|date=18 December 2012|work=Pew Research Center's Religion &amp; Public Life Project|accessdate=14 February 2015}};&lt;br/&gt;{{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-number.php?sort=numberHindu|title=Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Numbers (2010)|date=18 December 2012|work=Pew Research Center's Religion &amp; Public Life Project|accessdate=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201224548/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-number.php?sort=numberHindu|archive-date=1 February 2013|url-status=dead|archivedate=1 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201224548/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-number.php?sort=numberHindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== နိရုတ္တိ ==

[[File:Bratan Bali Indonesia Balinese-family-after-Puja-01.jpg|thumb|ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ဟိန္ဒူ ပ္ဍဲတကအ်ပါလဳ ကြဴနူ မပူဇဴကျာ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာကျာ်ဗြတာန် ပ္ဍဲတကအ်ပါလဳ၊ ဍုင်အေန်ဒဝ်နဳရှာ]]
မအရေဝ်မ္ဂး ''ဟိန္ဒူ'' ဝွံ စေန်ဆက်ကၠုင် နူကဵု အရေဝ်အေန်ဒိ-အာရဳယာန်{{sfn|Flood|2008|p=3}}/သံသကြိုတ်{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} နကဵုမအရေဝ်တမ် ''သိန္ဒု (Sindhu)''ရ။{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}}{{sfnp|Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism|2015|loc=Chapter 1}} နကဵုလညာတ် အစာပါမောက္ခ Asko Parpola မ္ဂး အရေဝ်တြေံတြဟ်အဳရာန်နဳယာန် (Proto-Iranian) ရမ္သာင် ''သ(*s)'' ဒှ်အာ&gt; ''ဟ'' ဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲအကြာ ဘဳသဳ ၈၅၀–၆၀၀ ရ။{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
ဟိန္ဒူ နဒဒှ် နကဵုယၟု ဘာသာမစၜုဲစၜော်မွဲဂှ် စစၟတ်သမ္တီကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ဗြိတိန် မလုပ်ပကဝ်လဳနဳ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အိန္ဒိယရ။ ကိုပ်ကၠာနူဂှ်မ္ဂး ကောန်ဍုင်အိန္ဒိယတအ် ဟိန္ဒူဂှ် နဒဒှ်ဘာသာ မတၞဟ်ခြာ နူကဵု အခိုက်ကၞာ ကေုာံ ဂကူညးတအ်မွဲဂှ် ဟွံစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ်တုဲ ဟိန္ဒူဂှ် သီုဒှ်ဂကူ၊ အခိုက်ကၞာ မၞိဟ်မပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ် သီုဖအိုတ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Doniger&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=On Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/onhinduism0000doni|last=Doniger, Wendy.|isbn=9780199360079|location=Oxford|oclc=858660095|date = March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{page needed|date=October 2019}}

ယၟုမ္ဂး &quot;ဟိန္ဒူ&quot; ဂှ် နူတမ်တေအ် ဒှ်ယၟုၜဳအေန်ဒူ (Indus River) မနွံဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ခေတ်လၟုဟ် ဍုင်ပါကာတ်သတာန် ကဵု အိန္ဒိယလပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာရ။{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}}{{refn|group=note|The Indo-Aryan word ''Sindhu'' means &quot;river&quot;, &quot;ocean&quot;.{{sfn|Flood|2008|p=3}} It is frequently being used in the [[Rigveda]]. The Sindhu-area is part of [[Āryāvarta]], &quot;the land of the Aryans&quot;.}} နကဵုလညာတ် Gavin Floodမ္ဂး &quot;ယၟုဂကောံမၞိဟ် မကော်ဂး ''ဟိန္ဒူ'' ဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု အရေဝ်ပါသဳ (အဳရာန်) မကော်စ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်/ဂကူ မပဒတဴ ဗဒါဲၜဳအေန်ဒူ မဒှ်မအရေဝ် မကၠုင်နူ သံသကြိုတ်''သိန္ဒု''&quot;၊{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} ဗွဲမကၠးဖ္ဍးဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲလိက်တၟအ် Darius I (550–486 BCE) မချူလဝ် ပ္ဍဲဘဳသဳ ၆ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;arvindsharmahhhh2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 3270470|title = On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva|journal = Numen|volume = 49|issue = 1|pages = 1–36|last1 = Sharma|first1 = Arvind|year = 2002|doi = 10.1163/15685270252772759}}&lt;/ref&gt; ယၟုမ္ဂး ''ဟိန္ဒူ'' မဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု အခိင်တမၠာတေအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ယၟု ပထဝဳမွဲတုဲ ဟွံဒှ် ယၟုမပစၞး ဘာသာမစၜုဲစၜော်မွဲရ။{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} ယၟုမ္ဂး &quot;ဟိန္ဒူ&quot; နဒဒှ် ဘာသာမစုဲစၜော်မွဲဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်ကြုက် နူကဵု ခေတ် ၇ ဗွဝ်ကၠံအေဒဳ မစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ပရူဘာသာရးပလိုတ် နကဵု Xuanzang၊&lt;ref name=&quot;arvindsharmahhhh2&quot;/&gt; တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲ ၁၄ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ် လိက်ပါသဳ ''Futuhu's-salatin'' နကဵု'Abd al-Malik Isami ရ။{{refn|group=note|There are several views on the earliest mention of 'Hindu' in the context of religion:

# Gavin Flood (1996) states: &quot;In Arabic texts, Al-Hind is a term used for the people of modern-day India and 'Hindu', or 'Hindoo', was used towards the end of the eighteenth century by the British to refer to the people of 'Hindustan', the people of northwest India. Eventually 'Hindu' became virtually equivalent to an 'Indian' who was not a Muslim, Sikh, Jain or Christian, thereby encompassing a range of religious beliefs and practices. The '-ism' was added to Hindu in around 1830 to denote the culture and religion of the high-caste Brahmans in contrast to other religions, and the term was soon appropriated by Indians themselves in the context of building a national identity opposed to colonialism, though the term 'Hindu' was used in Sanskrit and Bengali hagiographic texts in contrast to 'Yavana' or Muslim as early as the sixteenth century&quot;.({{harvnb|Flood|1996|p=6}})
# [[Arvind Sharma]] (2002) and other scholars state that the 7th-century Chinese scholar [[Xuanzang]], whose 17 year travel to India and interactions with its people and religions were recorded and preserved in Chinese language, uses the transliterated term ''In-tu'' whose &quot;connotation overflows in the religious&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;arvindsharmahhhh2&quot;/&gt; Xuanzang describes [[Hindu temple|Hindu Deva-temple]]s of the early 7th century CE, worship of [[Surya|Sun]] deity and [[Shiva]], his debates with scholars of Samkhya and Vaisheshika schools of Hindu philosophies, monks and monasteries of Hindus, Jains and Buddhists (both Mahayana and Theravada), and the study of the Vedas along with Buddhist texts at [[Nalanda]].&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Gosch and Peter Stearns (2007), ''Premodern Travel in World History'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415229418}}, pages 88–99&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Arvind Sharma (2011), Hinduism as a Missionary Religion, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-1438432113}}, pages 5–12&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bonnie Smith et al. (2012), ''Crossroads and Cultures, Combined Volume: A History of the World's Peoples'', Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-0312410179}}, pages 321–324&lt;/ref&gt;
# Arvind Sharma (2002) also mentions the use of word ''Hindu'' in Islamic texts such those relating to 8th-century Arab invasion of Sindh by Muhammad ibn Qasim, Al Biruni's 11th-century text ''Tarikh Al-Hind'', and those of the Delhi Sultanate period, where the term ''Hindu'' retains the ambiguities of including all non-Islamic people such as Buddhists and of being &quot;a region or a religion&quot;.&lt;ref name=arvindsharmahhhh2&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 3270470|title = On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva|journal = Numen|volume = 49|issue = 1|pages = 1–36|last1 = Sharma|first1 = Arvind|year = 2002|doi = 10.1163/15685270252772759}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[David Lorenzen]] (2006) states, citing Richard Eaton: &quot;one of the earliest occurrences of the word 'Hindu' in Islamic literature appears in 'Abd al-Malik Isami's Persian work, ''Futuhu's-salatin'', composed in the Deccan in 1350. In this text, 'Isami uses the word 'hindi' to mean Indian in the ethno-geographical sense and the word 'hindu' to mean 'Hindu' in the sense of a follower of the Hindu religion&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;David Lorenzen (2006), ''Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History'', Yoda Press, {{ISBN|978-8190227261}}, page 33&lt;/ref&gt;
# David Lorenzen (2006) also mentions other non-Persian texts such as ''Prithvíráj Ráso'' by ~12th century Canda Baradai, and epigraphical inscription evidence from Andhra Pradesh kingdoms who battled military expansion of Muslim dynasties in the 14th century, where the word 'Hindu' partly implies a religious identity in contrast to 'Turks' or Islamic religious identity.&lt;ref&gt;David Lorenzen (2006), ''Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History'', Yoda Press, {{ISBN|978-8190227261}}, pages 32–33&lt;/ref&gt; One of the earliest uses of word 'Hindu' in religious context, in a European language (Spanish), was the publication in 1649 by Sebastiao Manrique.&lt;ref&gt;David Lorenzen (2006), ''Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History'', Yoda Press, {{ISBN|978-8190227261}}, page 15&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Thapar ဟီု မအရေဝ်မ္ဂး ''ဟိန္ဒူ''ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ကိုပ်ကၠာတေအ် နကဵု ''ဟေပတဟိန္ဒု (heptahindu)'' ပ္ဍဲAvesta – မတုပ်ကဵု ''သပ္တ သိန္ဒု (sapta sindhu)''၊ ''hndstn'' (ပတိတ်ရမ္သာင် ''ဟိန္ဒုသတာန် (Hindustan)'') ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲလိက်တၟအ် သသနဳယာန် (Sasanian inscription) နကဵု အေဒဳ ၃ ဗွဝ်ကၠံတုဲ ယၟုဂှ် မကော်စ ဒေသ ပ္ဍဲအာရှသၠုင်ကျာ ဗွဲဒိုဟ်ဗာယပ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Romila Thapar (2004), ''Early India: From the Origins to A.D. 1300'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520242258}}, page 38&lt;/ref&gt; မလိက်အာရာပ် ''အယ်-ဟိန်ဒ (al-Hind)'' ဂှ် ရန်တၟအ် မကော်စ ဂကူမၞိဟ် မပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲမွဲဒမြိပ် ၜဳအေန်ဒု ရ။ {{sfn|Thapar|1993|p=77}} မအရေဝ်အာရာပ်ဝွံလေဝ် ကေတ်နူကဵု မအရေဝ်ပါသဳ နူကဵုအခိင်ပါသဳ ကိုပ်ကၠာအေဿလာမ် ဟွံကတဵုဒှ် မရန်တၟအ် ဂကောံမၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အိန္ဒိယဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ၜိုတ် ၁၃ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ် ယၟုဍုင် ဟိန္ဒူသတာန် (Hindustan) ဂှ် ဒှ်ယၟုတၞဟ် သွက်ဂကူအိန္ဒိယဂမၠိုင်၊ မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် ဍုင်ဟိန္ဒူ (ဟိန္ဒူသန္ထာန်)ရ။{{sfn|Thompson Platts|1884}}{{refn|group=note|In ancient literature the name ''Bharata'' or ''Bharata Vrasa'' was being used.({{harvnb|Garg|1992|p=3}})}}

မအရေဝ် ''ဟိန္ဒူ'' ဂှ် ဗွဲကြဴ စချူကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲလိက်သံသကြိုတ် မပ္တံကဵု ပ္ဍဲလိက် ''ရာဇတရန္ဂိနဳ'' (Hinduka, c. 1450) တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲ အကြာ ၁၆-၁၈ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ်လေဝ် ပ္ဍဲလိက်ဘာသာဗင်္ဂါလဳ လိက်ဂေါဒိယာ ဝိသနဝ (Gaudiya Vaishnava) သီုကဵု ပ္ဍဲလိက် စိန္တယ ဆရိတံရိတ (Chaitanya Charitamrita) ကေုာံ စိန္တယ ဘဂဝတ (Chaitanya Bhagavata)တအ်ရ။ လိက်တအ်ဂှ် ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜး ဗီုဟိန္ဒူ မတၞဟ်ခြာ နူကဵု မုသလေန်ရ။ မုသလေန်ဂှ် ညးကော် ပ္ဍဲလိက်ဂှ် ယဝနဿ မဂွံ အဓိပ္ပါယ် ညးသအာင်/ညးဍုင်သအာင် ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး မ္လေစ္ဆ (Mleccha) မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် &quot;အရိုင်&quot;၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက် ဘက္တ မလ (''Bhakta Mala'') မချူလဝ် &quot;''ဟိန္ဒူ ဓမ္မ''&quot;ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Word 'Hindu' in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Texts| author = O'Conell, Joseph T.| journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society| volume= 93| number =3 | year =1973| pages=340–344| doi=10.2307/599467| jstor = 599467}}&lt;/ref&gt; စိုပ်ၜိုတ် ၁၈ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ ကောန်ဗၞိက် ရဲယူရောပ်တအ် စိုပ်ကၠုင် အိန္ဒိယတုဲ ဘာသာစၜုဲစၜော် အိန္ဒိယဂှ် ကော်စ  ''ဟိန္ဒူ (Hindus)''ရ။

== ပွံက်အဓိပ္ပါယ်ဂမၠိုင် ==

ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူဂှ် စပ်ကဵု ပရေင်လျိုင်ပတှ်ေ ကေုာံ အခိုက်ပြဝေဏဳတုဲ နွံလညာတ်နာနာသာ်ကီုလေဝ် မၞိဟ်ကဆံင်မသၠုင်ပြဲ မစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ဗီုကဵု လကျာ် ဟွံမဲ၊ ညးမကလိဂွံလဝ် အဝဵုအသဳ မဆေင်ကဵုဘာသာ ညးမရှ်ေသှ်ေတအ် သ္ဒးကဠင်အမိင်ဟေင် ဗီုဏအ်လေဝ် ဟွံမဲ၊ ဂကောံပကင်ရင်အုပ်ဓုပ် ဟွံမဲ၊ ပရောဗက် ဟွံမဲ၊ ဒးရှ်ေသှ်ေ ကျာ်မွဲဇကုဟေင် ဗီုဏအ် ဟွံစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ်တုဲ ၜိုတ်ဂလိုင်ဇကု မနွံပၟိက်ဂှ် ဇကုရုဲစှ်တုဲ ရှ်ေသှ်ေဂွံ၊ တုဲပၠန် အရာအိုတ်သီုဂှ် နဒဒှ်ညံင်ရဴကျာ်ဖအိုတ် စွံစိုတ်တုဲ ရှ်ေသှ်ေဂွံ၊ တုဲပၠန် ဇကုရုဲစှ်ကေတ် ကျာ်မွဲဇကုဓဝ်တုဲ ရှ်ေသှ်ေလေဝ်ဂွံ၊ မွဲဟွံရှ်ေသှ်ေ ဇကုမွဲဓဝ် မမံင်ကေတ်တ်လေဝ်ဂွံ၊ ကျာ် ဒေဝတဴ ဟွံမဲ စှ်ေစိုတ်ဗီုဏအ်လေဝ်ဂွံ၊ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး စၞးမရှ်ေသှ်ေကျာ် ဒေဝတဴတအ်ဂှ် စွံအဓိက စေတနာလတူကောန်မၞိဟ် ဗီုဏအ်လေဝ်ဂွံကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;[[Julius J. Lipner]] (2009), ''Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'', 2nd Edition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-45677-7}}, page 8; Quote: &quot;[...] one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic,henotheistic, panentheistic ,pandeistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lester Kurtz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, {{ISBN|978-0123695031}}, Academic Press, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;MK Gandhi, ''[http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf The Essence of Hinduism]'', Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, &quot;a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; လညာတ် မဆေင်ကဵု ပြသၞာ မဆေင်ကဵု ဓဝ်ပတှ်ေ ကေုာံ အခိုက်မံင်စံင်ဘဝ မပတံကဵု မဟွံစဖျုန်၊ ဂၠံင်တရဴမဟွံပကီုပရာပ်၊ မပတှ်ေကေတ် ချိုတ်တုဲ ကလေင်ဒှ်၊ သီုကဵု ကဆံင်ဂကူမၞိဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာမဒးပါ်ပါဲတုဲ မဒှ်အရာ မဒးဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက်ဟေင် ဟွံသေင်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Doniger&quot; /&gt;{{page needed|date=October 2019}}

ဟိုတ်နူ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူဂှ် နွံကဵုအခိုက်ကၞာ ကေုာံ လညာတ်ဗွဲမလှဲလး မသက်ကုပယျဵုတုဲ ဂွံပံက်ပွံက် အရာလဵု မဒှ် ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူ ဒှ်အရာ မလောဲသွာမွဲ ဟွံသေင်ရ။ {{sfn|Flood|1996|p=6}} ဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ဒှ်အာဘာသာ &quot;ဗီုပိုယ် မနွံပၟိက် မိက်ဂွံ ကံက်အဓိပ္ပါယ်ဂှ် ကံက်ကေတ်ဂွံရ။&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction|url= https://archive.org/details/hinduismveryshor0000knot|edition= |last= Knott|first= Kim|year= 1998|publisher= Oxford University press|location= Oxford|isbn= 978-0-19-285387-5|page= [https://archive.org/details/hinduismveryshor0000knot/page/117 117]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ပံက် ပွံက်နာနာသာ် မပ္တံကဵု နဒဒှ် ဘာသာမစ္ၜုဲစ္ၜော်မွဲ၊ နဒဒှ် ဘာသာအခိုက်ကၞာမွဲ၊ (a religious tradition)၊ နဒဒှ် ဒတန်မဖန်ဗဒှ် သွက်ဂွံ လျိုင်ပတှ်ေဘာသာမွဲ၊ ကေုာံ နဒဒှ် ဒ္ဂေတ်လၟေတ်သွက်ဘဝမွဲရ။{{sfn|Sharma|2003|p=12-13}}{{refn|group=note|name=&quot;definition&quot;|Hinduism is variously defined as a &quot;religion&quot;, &quot;set of religious beliefs and practices&quot;, &quot;religious tradition&quot;, &quot;a way of life&quot; ({{harvnb|Sharma|2003|pp=12–13}}) etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: &quot;Establishing the boundaries&quot; in {{harvnb|Flood|2008|pp=1–17}}}} နကဵု လညာတ် စၟတ်သမ္တီ ကောန်ရးပလိုတ်တအ်မ္ဂး ဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ဒှ်ဘာသာ မလျိုင်ပတှ်ေမွဲ မတုပ်ညံင်ရဴ ဘာသာတၞဟ်သအာင်တအ်ကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲအိန္ဒိယ မအရေဝ်မ္ဂး ဓမ္မ/ဓရ် ဂှ် အဓိပ္ပါယ်လှဲလး နူကဵု လညာတ် ဗီုရဲရးပလိုတ်တအ် မကၠိုဟ်လဝ်ဏီရ။

ပွမလ္ၚတ် ပရူအခိုက်ကၞာ ယေန်သၞာင် ကေုာံ ပရေင်လျိုင်ပတှ်ေ အိန္ဒိယဂှ် ဒှ်ပွံက် ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူရ။ (ဝါ) ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူဟီုမ္ဂးဂှ် ဒှ်အခိုက်ကၞာ ကေုာံ ဘာသာ အိန္ဒိယရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sweetman|2004}}; {{harvnb|King|1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; စတမ်နူ ၁၉၉၀တအ်တုဲ ပရူဘာသာဟိန္ဒူ ကေုာံ အရာမဆက်စပ် ကုဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ဒှ်အရာမပါ်ပါဲ သ္ၚေဝ်ဂၠေပ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂကောံဗွိုင်တၠပညာ ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူတအ်ကီု{{sfn|Sweetman|2004}}{{Refn|group=note|Sweetman mentions:

* Wilhelm Halbfass (1988), ''India and Europe''
* IXth European Conference on Modern Asian Studies in Heidelberg (1989), ''Hinduism Reconsidered''
* [[Ronald Inden]], ''Imagining India''
* [[Carol Breckenridge]] and [[Peter van der Veer]], ''Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament''
* Vasudha Dalmia and [[Heinrich von Stietencron]], ''Representing Hinduism''
* [[S.N. Balagangadhara]], ''The Heathen in his Blindness...''
* [[Thomas Trautmann]], ''Aryans and British India''
* Richard King (1989), ''Orientalism and religion''}} သီုကဵု ဗွိုင်တၠပညာရးပလိုတ်တအ်ရ။{{sfn|Nussbaum|2009}}{{refn|group=note|See [[Rajiv Malhotra]] and [[Being Different]] for a critic who gained widespread attention outside the academia, [[Invading the Sacred]], and [[Hindu studies]].}}

=== ပြကာရဗေဒ (Typology) ===
[[File:Aum Om navy blue circle coral.svg|thumb|ဥုံ၊ မချူလဝ် နကဵု အက္ခရ် ဒေဝနာဂရဳ၊ မဒှ် သင်္ကေတ ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူ]]

ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူ မကော်ဒၟံင်လၟုဟ်ဂှ် ပါ်ကရေက် ဂိုဏ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော် မဂၠိုင်ကဵုပြာကာဂွံမာန်ရ။ အတိုင်အခိုက်တြေံ (ဝါ) အတိုင်ဝင်မ္ဂး နွံ ဆဋ္ဌဒေသနာ (တြဴဒေသနာ)၊ ၜါဂိုဏ်၊ ဝေဒန္တ ကေုာံ ယောဂ မြဴသာ်ဝွံ ဗွဲအပြောမ်ပါ်ကေတ်မာန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Development and Religion: Theology and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIvHQc0-rwgC&amp;pg=PA28|author=Matthew Clarke|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2011|page=28|isbn=9780857930736}}&lt;/ref&gt;ယဝ်ရ ပါ်နကဵု ဂကောံကျာ်ဒေဝတဴဂမၠိုင်မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲကဵုဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ပါ်ဂွံပန်ဝါဒ - ဂကောံကျာ်ဗိသၞုဟ်ဂှ် ဝါဒဗိသၞုဟ်၊ ဂကောံကျာ်သဳဝဂှ် ဝါဒသဳဝ၊ ဂကောံကျာ်ဒေဝဳဂှ် ဝါဒသကတ၊ ကေုာံ ဂကောံဒေဝတဴမသုန်သမာရတိဂှ် ဝါဒသမာရတိ။{{sfn|Nath|2001|p=31}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=113, 154}} ဘာသာဟိန္ဒူ သီုပတှ်ေကေတ် ညးတၠဣဓိ မပ္တံကဵု ဒေဝတဴဂမၠိုင်၊ ကျာ်တၠဣဓိကြဳဇှ် မွဲဇကုကီု သီုကဵု ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်၊ တုဲပၠန် ဒေဝတဴတအ်ပၠန်လေဝ် ဗွဲမဗဗွဲ ကုမဆေင်စပ် ကုညးဂှ် ညးနွံဣဓိကြဳဇှ် နကဵုကဆံင်နာနာသာ်ရ။{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=14}} အရာတၟေင်တၞဟ် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲဘာသာဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ညးတအ် ပတှ်ေကေတ် ဒဒှ်ရ နွံကဵု အာတမင် (ātman) (နာမ် ကေုာံ အဲ)၊ အာတမင်ဂှ် နွံကဵု မကလေင်ကတဵု (ချိုတ်တုဲ ကလေင်ဒှ်)၊ တုဲပၠန် ကမ်၊ သီုကဵု ပတှ်ေကေတ် ပ္ဍဲဓမ္မ၊ ဓမ္မဟီုဂှ် (တာလျိုင်၊ အရာမဍာံ၊ သၞောဝ်/သဳလ်၊ အရာမဒးဇၞော်ပၟဝ်၊ ဒ္ဂေတ် ကေုာံ ဂၠံင်တရဴဒ္ဂေတ်ဘဝတအ်ဂှ် လုပ်လၟိဟ်ဓရ်ဖအိုတ်ရ။

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note|30em}}

''Subnotes''

{{Reflist|group=subnote}}

== References ==

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{{reflist|20em}}

== Sources ==

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=== Printed sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* {{Cite book |last =Fowler | first =Jeaneane D. | year =1997 |title =Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices |url =https://archive.org/details/hinduismbeliefsp0000fowl | publisher =Sussex Academic Press |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=Christopher John |year=2004 |title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12048-5 |ref=harv }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Gaborieau | first =Marc | date =June 1985 | title =From Al-Beruni to Jinnah: Idiom, Ritual and Ideology of the Hindu-Muslim Confrontation in South Asia | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_anthropology-today_1985-06_1_3/page/7 | journal = Anthropology Today |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=7–14 | doi =10.2307/3033123 | jstor =3033123 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =Garg | first =Gaṅgā Rām | year =1992 | title =Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1 | publisher =Concept Publishing Company | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC | ref =harv | isbn =9788170223740 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Ghurye | first =Govind Sadashiv | authorlink =G. S. Ghurye | year =1980 | title =The Scheduled Tribes of India | publisher =Transaction Publishers | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=pTNmCIc9hCUC | ref =harv | isbn =9781412838856 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Gombrich |first=Richard F. | authorlink = Richard Gombrich |title=Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo|url=https://archive.org/details/theravadabuddhis00gomb |publisher=London: Routledge|year=1988|isbn=978-0-415-07585-5}}
* {{Cite book | last =Gombrich | first =Richard F. | authorlink=Richard Gombrich | year =1996 | title =Theravada Buddhism. A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo | place =London and New York | publisher =Routledge |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =Gomez | first =Luis O. | year =2013 | chapter=Buddhism in India |editor=Joseph Kitagawa |title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture | publisher=Routledge | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA42 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =Grapperhaus | first =F. H. M. | year =2009 | title =Taxes through the Ages | isbn =978-9087220549 |ref=harv}}
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* {{Cite book | last =Halbfass | first =Wilhelm | year =1995 | title =Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedānta | publisher =SUNY Press |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =Harman | first =William |chapter=Hindu Devotion |editor-last=Rinehart |editor-first=Robin |title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice | url =https://archive.org/details/contemporaryhind0000unse_x1k0 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |isbn=978-1576079058 |pp=[https://archive.org/details/contemporaryhind0000unse_x1k0/page/99 99]–122 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =Harshananda |first=Swami |year=1989 |title=A Bird's Eye View of the Vedas, in &quot;Holy Scriptures: A Symposium on the Great Scriptures of the World&quot; |place=Mylapore |publisher= Sri Ramakrishna Math |edition=2nd |isbn=978-81-7120-121-1 |ref=harv}}
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* {{Cite book | last =Harvey | first =Andrew | authorlink = Andrew Harvey (religious writer) | year =2001 | title =Teachings of the Hindu Mystics | url =https://archive.org/details/teachingsofhindu0000unse | publisher =Shambhala | isbn =978-1-57062-449-0 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =Hiltebeitel | first =Alf | year =2002 | chapter =Hinduism |editor=Joseph Kitagawa |title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture | publisher =Routledge | chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =Hiltebeitel | first =Alf | year =2007 | chapter=Hinduism |editor=Joseph Kitagawa |title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture |chapter-format=Digital printing | publisher =Routledge | chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last1 =Hopfe | first1 =Lewis M. | last2 =Woodward | first2 =Mark R. | authorlink2 =Mark R. Woodward | year =2008 | title =Religions of the World | publisher =Pearson Education | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=BVbiMBDVrdEC&amp;pg=PA79 | ref =harv | isbn =9780136061779 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Inden | first =Ronald | authorlink = Ronald Inden | year =1978 | chapter=Ritual, Authority, and Cycle Time in Hindu Kingship |editor=John F. Richards |title=Kingship and Authority in South Asia | place =New Delhi | publisher =South Asian Studies |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last= Inden | first =Ronald B. | year =2000 | title =Imagining India | publisher =C. Hurst &amp; Co. Publishers |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv |author=Knut A. Jacobsen |title=Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6_3oBFAqIC |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-59038-9 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Johnson |first = W. J. |title = A Dictionary of Hinduism | url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind00unse | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-19-861025-0  |ref=harv}}
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* {{Cite journal | last =Jouhki | first =Jukka | year =2006 | title =Orientalism and India | journal =J@rgonia | volume =8 | url =http://research.jyu.fi/jargonia/artikkelit/jargonia8.pdf | ref =harv }}
*{{cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |authorlink=Pandurang Vaman Kane |year=1953 |title=History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India |volume=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.4 |ref=harv }}
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* {{Cite journal | last =King | first= Richard | year=1999 | title =Orientalism and the Modern Myth of &quot;Hinduism&quot; | journal =NUMEN |volume=46 | issue= 2 |pages=146–185 |ref={{sfnref|King|1999-B}} | doi=10.1163/1568527991517950}}
* {{Cite book | last =King | first =Richard | year =2001 | title =Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and &quot;The Mystic East&quot; | publisher =Taylor &amp; Francis e-Library |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =King | first =Richard | year =2002 | title =Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and &quot;The Mystic East&quot; | publisher =Routledge |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv |author=Klaus K. Klostermaier |title=Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC |year=2010 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Klostermaier | first =Klaus K. | authorlink=Klaus Klostermaier | year =1994 | title =A Survey of Hinduism |edition=2nd | publisher =SUNY Press |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =Klostermaier | first =Klaus K. | year =2007 | title =A Survey of Hinduism | edition =3rd | publisher =SUNY Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C | ref =harv | isbn =9780791470824 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Knott | first =Kim | year =1998 | title =Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction | publisher =Oxford University Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=p4kzNzII3zAC&amp;pg=PA6#v=onepage&amp;q=roots%20of%20hinduism | ref =harv | isbn =9780191606458 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 =Koller | first1 =J. M.|title=The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in Its Continuity and Diversity, by J. L. Brockington (Book Review) | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophy-east-and-west_1984-04_34_2/page/234 | jstor =1398925 | pages =234–236 | volume =34 | issue=2 | journal=Philosophy East and West | year=1984 |ref=harv | doi=10.2307/1398925}}
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* {{Cite book | last =Larson | first =Gerald | year =1995 | title =India's Agony Over Religion | publisher =SUNY Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wIOSb97ph3EC | ref =harv | isbn =9780791424117 }}
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |author=Robert Lingat |title=The Classical Law of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sauo8iSIj7YC |year=1973 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01898-3 }}
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |author1=Axel Michaels |author2=Barbara Harshav (Transl) |title=Hinduism: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC |year=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691089539 }}
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* {{Cite book | last =Michell | first =George | year =1977 | title =The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms | publisher =University of Chicago Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC | ref =harv | isbn =9780226532301 }}
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* {{Cite book|last=Ramstedt|first=Martin|year=2004|title=Hinduism in Modern Indonesia: A Minority Religion Between Local, National, and Global Interests|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700715336|place=New York|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0700715336 |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book |last=Smith|first=Vincent A.  |authorlink=Vincent Arthur Smith |year=1999|title=The early history of India |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press  |origyear=first published 1908 |pp=381–384 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =Stein | first =Burton | authorlink =Burton Stein | year =2010 | title =A History of India, Second Edition | publisher =Wiley-Blackwell | url =http://www.investigacioneshistoricaseuroasiaticas-ihea.com/files/HISTORYINDIA-BurtonStein.pdf | ref =harv | url-status =dead | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140114070555/http://www.investigacioneshistoricaseuroasiaticas-ihea.com/files/HISTORYINDIA-BurtonStein.pdf | archivedate =14 January 2014 | df =dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114070555/http://www.investigacioneshistoricaseuroasiaticas-ihea.com/files/HISTORYINDIA-BurtonStein.pdf |date=14 January 2014 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Sweetman | first =Will | year =2004 | title =The prehistory of Orientalism: Colonialism and the Textual Basis for Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg's Account of Hinduism | journal =New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies | volume =6 | issue =2 | pages =12–38 | url =http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec04/6_2_3.pdf | ref =harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207044659/http://nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec04/6_2_3.pdf |date=2013-02-07 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Thapar | first =R. | year =1993 | title =Interpreting Early India | place =Delhi | publisher =Oxford University Press |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =Thompson Platts | first =John | year =1884 | title =A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindī, and English| publisher = W. H. Allen &amp; Co., Oxford University |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =Tiwari | first =Shiv Kumar | year =2002 | title =Tribal Roots Of Hinduism | publisher =Sarup &amp; Sons |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last1 = Toropov | first1 =Brandon | last2 =Buckles | first2 =Luke | year =2011 | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions|publisher=Penguin |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =Turner | first =Bryan S. | year =1996a | title =For Weber: Essays on the Sociology of Fate | authorlink =Bryan S. Turner (sociologist) | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=YDwRcguxbGwC | ref ={{sfnref|Turner|1996-A}} | isbn =9780803976344 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Vivekananda|first=Swami|authorlink=Swami Vivekananda|year=1987|title=Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda |place=Calcutta|publisher= Advaita Ashrama|isbn=978-81-85301-75-4 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =Vivekjivandas | year =2010 | title =Hinduism: An Introduction - Part 1 | url =https://archive.org/details/hinduismintroduc0000vive | publisher =Swaminarayan Aksharpith | place =Ahmedabad | isbn =978-81-7526-433-5 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =White | first =David Gordon | year =2000 | chapter=Introduction |editor=David Gordon White |title=Tantra in Practice | publisher =Princeton University Press |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book | last =White | first =David Gordon | year =2006 | title =Kiss of the Yogini: &quot;Tantric Sex&quot; in its South Asian Contexts | publisher =University of Chicago Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=5RwARVMg2_4C | ref =harv | isbn =9780226027838 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Wink | first =Andre | year =1991 | title =Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume 1 | publisher =Brill Academic | isbn =978-9004095090 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=1 |number=4 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |publisher=Praeger |ref=harv |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archivedate=11 June 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220153727/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |date=20 February 2012 }}
* {{Cite book | last=Zimmer | first=Heinrich | authorlink= Heinrich Zimmer | year=1951 | title=Philosophies of India | publisher=Princeton University Press |ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}

=== Web sources ===
{{Reflist|group=web|30em}}

== Further reading ==

&lt;!-- only monographs dedicated to Hinduism in general should be listed here --&gt;

'''Introductory'''
* {{Cite book | last =Fowler | first =Jeaneane D. | year =1997 | title =Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices | publisher =Sussex Academic Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RmGKHu20hA0C | isbn =978-1-898723-60-8 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | authorlink = Gavin Flood | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | url =https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo_n5j0 | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}

'''Origins'''
* {{Cite book | last =Parpola | first =Asko | year =2015 | title =The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization | url =https://archive.org/details/rootsofhinduisme0000parp | publisher =Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism|2015}}}}
* {{Cite book | last =Samuel | first =Geoffrey | year =2010 | title =The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century | publisher =Cambridge University Press |ref=harv}}

'''Texts'''
* {{Cite book | last =Klostermaier | first =Klaus K. | year =2007 | title =A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition | publisher =State University of New York Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C |ref=harv| isbn =9780791470824 }}
* {{Cite book | last=Flood |first=Gavin (Ed) | authorlink=Gavin Flood | year =2003 |title=Blackwell companion to Hinduism |publisher= [[Blackwell Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-631-21535-6 }}
* Richards, Glyn, ed. (1985). ''A Sourcebook of Modern Hinduism''. London: Curzon Press. x, 212 p. {{ISBN|0-7007-0173-7}}

== External links ==
{{Z148}}&lt;!-- {{No more links}}

       Please be cautious adding more external links.

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If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on
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the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) and link there using {{Dmoz}}.

 --&gt;

{{Sister project links|Hinduism|d=Q9089|n=Category:Hinduism|s=Category:Hinduism|voy=Hinduism}}

* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism &quot;Hinduism&quot;]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' Online.
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/hindu-ph/ Hindu Philosophy and Hinduism], IEP, Shyam Ranganathan, York University
* [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf Vedic Hinduism] SW Jamison and M Witzel, Harvard University
* [[Wikisource:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 1/Lectures And Discourses/The Hindu Religion|The Hindu Religion]], Swami Vivekananda (1894), Wikisource
* [http://www.ramakrishna.org/catalog/archive/Spirit_of_Hinduism.htm Hinduism by Swami Nikhilananda], The Ramakrishna Mission (one of the Theistic Hindu Movements)
* [http://www.dlshq.org/download/hinduismbk.pdf All About Hinduism by Swami Sivananda (pdf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222000944/http://www.dlshq.org/download/hinduismbk.pdf |date=2019-12-22 }}, The Divine Life Society (one of the Theistic Hindu Movements)
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/adv-veda/ Advaita Vedanta Hinduism by Sangeetha Menon], IEP (one of the non-Theistic school of Hindu philosophy)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051103040233/http://hinduism.iskcon.com/ Heart of Hinduism: An overview of Hindu traditions], ISKCON (Hare Krishna Movement)
* [http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/wfchannel/index.php?wfc_cid=21 What is Hinduism?], Editors of Hinduism Today Magazine
* [http://www.pluralism.org/religion/hinduism/bibliography Hinduism outside India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420084630/http://pluralism.org/religion/hinduism/bibliography |date=2015-04-20 }}, A Bibliography, Harvard University (The Pluralism Project)
* [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00196705/ What's in a Name? Agama Hindu Bali in the Making – Hinduism in Bali, Indonesia] Michel Picard, Le CNRS (Paris, France)

'''Research on Hinduism'''

* [http://www.ochs.org.uk/ The Oxford Center for Hindu Studies], University of Oxford
* [http://jhs.oxfordjournals.org/content/current Latest issue of The Journal of Hindu Studies], Oxford University Press
* [https://link.springer.com/journal/volumesAndIssues/11407 Latest issue of the International Journal of Hindu Studies], Springer
* [http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/jhcs/ Latest issue of The Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies], Butler University
* [http://jewishstudies.fiu.edu/about-us/initiative-for-global-jewish-communities/society-for-indo-judaic-studies/journal-archives/ Latest issue of The Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies]{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Florida International University
* [http://www.internationaljournaldharmastudies.com Latest issue of the International Journal of Dharma Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131101153/http://www.internationaljournaldharmastudies.com/ |date=2016-01-31 }}, Springer (Topical publications on Hinduism, other Indic religions)

'''Audio on Hinduism'''

* [https://archive.org/details/SwamiVivekanandaSwamiVivekananda1893Speech Hinduism as a Religion, by Swami Vivekananda], ''World Parliament of Religion'', Chicago in 1893 (Audio Version, [http://www.parliamentofreligions.org/_includes/FCKcontent/file/Vivekananda.pdf Text]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})
* [http://www.ochs.org.uk/lectures/previous Scholarly lectures on Hinduism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620013322/http://www.ochs.org.uk/lectures/previous |date=2015-06-20 }}, OCHS, University of Oxford
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="17356" sha1="tsm94c9vo5vidlty4mv9obdtuhyjj6l" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဨကရာဇ် နဝ်ဝေ&lt;br/&gt;(Kingdom of Norway)
| native_name = Kongeriket Norge
| common_name = နဝ်ဝေ (Norway)
| image_flag = Flag of Norway.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Norway.svg
| image_map = Europe-Norway.svg
| capital = [[အဝ်သလဝ်]] (Oslo)
| largest_city = [[အဝ်သလဝ်]]
| official_languages = [[အရေဝ်ဘာသာ နဝ်ဝေ]] (Norwegian)
| ethnic_groups = ၈၃.၂% နဝ်ဝေ၊ ၁၆.၈% ညးကၠုၚ်စိုပ်တၟိ
| religion = ၆၈% ခရေတ်ယာန် လလူတာ (Lutheran)
| demonym = နဝ်ဝေဂျေန် (Norwegian)
| government_type = [[သၞောတ်ဨကရာဇ် သၟဝ်သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေသဇိုၚ်]] (Constitutional Monarchy)
| leader_title1 = ဨကရာဇ်
| leader_name1 = Haakon VIII (Haakon VIII)
| leader_title2 = သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်
| leader_name2 = ဂျောန်နာသ် ဂါ သတဝ်ရ် (Jonas Gahr Støre)
| legislature = [[သတဝ်တိၚ်]] (Storting)
| establishment_event1 = လဒက်ပတန် ဍုၚ်
| establishment_date1 = ၈၇၂ AD
| establishment_event2 = သၠးပွး နူ သွဳဒေန်
| establishment_date2 = ၇ ဂျောန် ၁၉၀၅
| area_km2 = ၃၈၅,၂၀၇
| population_estimate = ၅,၃၆၇,၅၈၀
| currency = ခရဝ်နာ နဝ်ဝေ (NOK)
| time_zone = CET (UTC+1)
| calling_code = +47
| cctld = .no
}}

'''နဝ်ဝေ''' ({{lang-en|Norway}}) ယၟုပေၚ်ပေၚ် ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဨကရာဇ် နဝ်ဝေ ဝွံ ဒှ်ဍုၚ် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ရးဥရဝ်ပ သၟဝ်ကျာ ကေုာံ တကအ်ဒေသသကေန်ဒဳနေဗဳယျာ ရ။ ဍုၚ်ဏအ်ဝွံ ပါ်ပယျဵု ကု ဍုၚ်[[သွဳဒေန်]] ပ္ဍဲလ္ပာ်ဗမံက်တုဲ၊ လ္ပာ်သၟဝ်ကျာ ကေုာံ အဂၞဲဂှ် ဆက်စပ်ဒၟံၚ် ကု ဍုၚ်[[ဖေန်လာန်]] ကေုာံ ဍုၚ်[[ရုရှ]] ရ။ ဍုၚ်ဇၞော် ကေုာံ ဍုၚ်မၞုံကဵု လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ် ဍုၚ်အဝ်သလဝ် (Oslo) ရ။

__TOC__

== ၁။ နိဒါန် ကေုာံ ပွံက်အဓိပ္ပါယ် (Introduction and Overview) ==
နဝ်ဝေ ဝွံ ဒှ် ဍုၚ် မၞုံကဵု ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ဇၞော်မောဝ် ကေုာံ ကဆံၚ်မံၚ်တန်တဴ သၠုၚ်အိုတ် မွဲ ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိရ။ ဍုၚ်ဝွံ ဒယှ်တမ္ညဝ်ဒၟံၚ် နကဵု ပရေၚ်မၚ်မွဲ သဘာဝ၊ ၜဳဖျောတ် (Fjords) မကျေဝ်ဂေါဝ် ကေုာံ သၞောတ်အုပ်ဓုပ် ဍုၚ် မသ္အးဇ္ၚးရ။ နဝ်ဝေ ဝွံ ဟွံလုပ်ပါဝင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂကောံသမဂ္ဂ ဥရဝ်ပ (EU) ကီုလေဝ်၊ ဍေံလုပ်ပါဝင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု နေတဝ် (NATO) ကေုာံ ဂကောံ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ဥရဝ်ပ (EEA) အလုံအစၚ်ရ။

== ၂။ ဝၚ် အတိက်တေံ ကေုာံ ခေတ် ဗိုက်ကေန် (History and Viking Age) ==
[[File:Viking_ship_museum_Oslo.jpg|thumb|left|250px|က္ၜၚ် ဗိုက်ကေန် (Viking Ship) မဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲ တိုက်ထ္ၜးပျး ဍုၚ်အဝ်သလဝ်။]]
ပ္ဍဲ '''အတိက်တေံ'''၊ တိဍာ် နဝ်ဝေဝွံ ဒှ်လဝ် ဒတန် မၞိဟ်တအ် ကၠုၚ်မံၚ်တန်တဴ နူကဵု ကြဴနူ ခေတ်ဍာ်ကလောအ် (Ice Age) ၜိုတ် ၁၀,၀၀၀ သၞာံ ဘဳသဳ တေအ်ရ။ ခေတ် မဒယှ်တမ္ညဝ်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲ ဝင် ညးတအ်ဂှ် ဒှ် ခေတ်ဗိုက်ကေန် (Viking Age) မစကတဵုဒှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၈ ဗွဝ်ကၠံရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ဂှ် ကောန်ဍုၚ်နဝ်ဝေတအ် စကာ က္ၜၚ်တုဲ အာဗတိုက် ကေုာံ တန်တဴ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဍုၚ်အၚ်္ဂလာန်၊ အာက်သလာန် ကေုာံ ဂရေန်လာန် တအ်ရ။ 

ဨကရာဇ် ဟာရလ် ဖေယျာဟဲ (Harald Fairhair) ပံၚ်ကောံလဝ် ဍုၚ်နဝ်ဝေ ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၈၇၂ ရ။ ကြဴနူဂှ် ဍုၚ်ဝွံ ဒးဒုၚ် ပံၚ်ကောံ သၟဝ် ဍုၚ်[[ဒိန်မက်]] (၁၅၃၇–၁၈၁၄) ကေုာံ [[သွဳဒေန်]] (၁၈၁၄–၁၉၀၅) ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၀၅ ဂှ် နဝ်ဝေ ကလိဂွံ ပရေၚ်သၠးပွး ပေၚ်ပေၚ် နူ သွဳဒေန် ရ။

== ၃။ ပထဝဳ ကေုာံ ရာသဳဥတု (Geography and Climate) ==
နဝ်ဝေဝွံ နွံကဵု ဇမၞော်တိဍာ် ၃၈၅,၂၀၇ စတုရံ ကဳလဝ်မဳတာတုဲ၊ နွံကဵု ဇၚ်ၜဳ မဂၠိၚ်သ္ၚောဲ ကေုာံ က္ဍိုပ်ဒဵု ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ 
* '''ၜဳဖျောတ် (Fjords):''' ဍုၚ်နဝ်ဝေဝွံ ဒယှ်တမ္ညဝ် နကဵု ၜဳဖျောတ် မဒှ် ဇၚ်ၜဳဍာ်ဖ္ဍုၚ် မလုပ်ဒၟံၚ် အကြာ က္ဍိုပ်ဒဵု သၠုၚ်သၠုၚ်တအ်ရ။
* '''ရာသဳဥတု:''' ၜိုန်ရ နွံပ္ဍဲ လ္ပာ်သၟဝ်ကျာ ကီုလေဝ်၊ ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ဍာ်ဂမ္တဴ ဂေါက်သထရိမ် (Gulf Stream) တုဲ ဥတုဂံက် ပ္ဍဲ ဒေသဇၚ်ၜဳဂှ် ဟွံဂံက်လောန်ကာဲရ။ ဆဂး လ္ပာ်ဒေသ ဒဵုတအ်မ္ဂး ဍာ်ကလောအ် ကေုာံ နှင်း စှ်ေဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ရ။

== ၄။ ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် ကေုာံ အလဵုအသဳ (Politics and Government) ==
ဍုၚ်နဝ်ဝေဝွံ ဒှ် ဍုၚ်မစကာ [[သၞောတ်ဨကရာဇ် သၟဝ်သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေသဇိုၚ်]] တုဲ၊ ဨကရာဇ် ဟာရလ် မရနုက်ကဵု ၅ ဂှ် ဒှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ် ဍုၚ် ရ။ အဝဵုအုပ်ဓုပ် ဍာံဇေတ်ဂှ် နွံ ဇရေၚ် ပါလဳမာန် မၞုံယၟု သတဝ်တိၚ် (Storting) ကေုာံ အလဵုအသဳ ရ။

လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော် ဍုၚ်ဂှ် ဒှ် ယောန်နာသ် ဂါ သတဝ်ရ် (Jonas Gahr Støre) မကၠုၚ်နူကဵု ဗော်ကောန်ကမၠောန် (Labour Party) ရ။ ညးဝွံ ကလိဂွံ အဝဵု ကြဴနူ မအံၚ်ဇၞးလဝ် ပရေၚ်ရုဲမာဲ သၞာံ ၂၀၂၁ ကေုာံ ဒက်ပတန်လဝ် အလဵုအသဳ ပံၚ်ကောံ ကု ဗော်လဒေါဝ် (Centre Party) ရ။

== ၅။ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ကေုာံ ကဆံၚ်လှဲသြန်ပြာဲရာဲ (Economy and Inflation) ==
[[File:Barcode_Oslo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ဒေသ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် တၟိ Barcode ပ္ဍဲ ဍုၚ်အဝ်သလဝ်။]]
ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် နဝ်ဝေဝွံ ဒှ် သၞောတ် ပံၚ်စပ် (Mixed economy) မၞုံကဵု ပရေၚ်ပပိုၚ်ပြဳ အလဵုအသဳ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကဏ္ဍ အဓိကတအ်ရ။ သၞာံ ၁၉၆၉ ဂှ် ညးတအ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ကၠေၚ်ဍာ် (Petroleum) ပ္ဍဲကဵု မှာသၟိတ် သၟဝ်ကျာ တုဲ၊ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ဍုၚ် ဇၞော်မောဝ်တိုန် ဗွဲမပြဟ်ရ။ လၟုဟ် နဝ်ဝေဂှ် ဒှ် ဍုၚ်မပလံၚ်ပတိတ် ကၠေၚ်ဍာ် ကေုာံ ဓါတ်ဂါတ် သဘာဝ အဓိက မွဲ ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိရ။

သြန်မစကာဂှ် ဒှ် ခရဝ်နာ နဝ်ဝေ (Norwegian krone) ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၂၄ ဂှ်၊ **ကဆံၚ်လှဲသြန်ပြာဲရာဲ** (Inflation rate) ပ္ဍဲနဝ်ဝေဝွံ နွံ ၜိုတ် ၃.၃% တုဲ၊ အလဵုအသဳတအ် ဂစာန် ထိၚ်ဒဝ်ဒၟံၚ် ညံၚ်ဟွံဂွံ ဇီုကပိုက် လ္တူ ဘဝ ကောန်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ်ရ။

== ၆။ လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ကေုာံ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ် (Demographics and Society) ==
လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲနဝ်ဝေဝွံ နွံ ၜိုတ် ၅,၃၆၇,၅၈၀ တၠ (အတိုၚ် စရၚ် ၂၀၂၀) ရ။ နဝ်ဝေဝွံ နွံကဵု သၞောတ် စဵုဒၞာ ဂကောံမၞိဟ် (Social security system) မခိုဟ်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲ ဥရဝ်ပ တုဲ၊ ပရေၚ်ဝါတ်ဂါတ် ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ဟွံတုပ်သၟဟ် ပ္ဍဲ ဂကောံမၞိဟ် ညးတအ် နွံအောန် ဗွဲမလောန်ရ။

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; text-align:center;&quot;
|+ တၚ်နၚ် သ္ၚိအၚ် ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ကေုာံ မၞိဟ် နဝ်ဝေ
|-
! လက္ခဏာ (Indicator) !! စၟတ်သမ္တီ (Value) !! တၚ်စၟတ် (Notes)
|-
| လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် (Population) || ၅.၃၆ ပြကောဋိကိုဋ် || သၞာံ ၂၀၂၀
|-
| GDP မွဲတၠ (Per capita) || $၉၀,၃၂၀ || ကဆံၚ် ၄ ပ္ဍဲ ဂၠးတိ (၂၀၂၄)
|-
| ပရေၚ်ဇၞော်မောဝ် မၞိဟ် (HDI) || ၀.၉၆၆ || ကဆံၚ် ၂ ပ္ဍဲ ဂၠးတိ (၂၀၂၂)
|-
| ကဆံၚ် ဟွံမဲကမၠောန် (Unemployment) || ၃.၉% || ဇန်နဝါရဳ ၂၀၂၄
|}

== ၇။ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ (Language) ==
**အရေဝ်ဘာသာ** ရုၚ် ကေုာံ အရေဝ်ဘာသာ အဓိက ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဒှ် ဘာသာနဝ်ဝေ (Norwegian) ရ။ အရေဝ်ဘာသာဏအ်ဝွံ ပါဝင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂကောံ ဘာသာ ဂျာမာန်နေတ် သၟဝ်ကျာ တုဲ ကြပ်ညောန် ကု ဘာသာ သွဳဒေန် ကေုာံ ဒိန်မက် ဗွဲမလောန်ရ။ 

ဘာသာနဝ်ဝေ နွံကဵု ဗီုပြၚ် အချူ ၜါသာ် မဒှ် ဘံက်မာလ် (Bokmål) ကေုာံ နဳနံက် (Nynorsk) ရ။ သၟတ် နဝ်ဝေ ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ် မာန်ဟီု ဘာသာ အၚ်္ဂလိက် ဗွဲမပြဟ်ပြေဟ်ရ။

== ၈။ ယေန်သၞာၚ် ကေုာံ အနုသုခုမ (Culture and Arts) ==
ယေန်သၞာၚ် ဍုၚ်နဝ်ဝေဝွံ ဆက်စပ်ဒၟံၚ် ကု ပွဳပွူသဘာဝ ကေုာံ ဝၚ် ခေတ်တမၠာ ညးတအ် ဗွဲမဇြိုဟ်နက်ရ။
* '''လိက်ပတ်:''' အစာချူလိက် နဝ်ဝေ ညံၚ်ရဴ ဟေန်ရေတ် အေပ်သေန် (Henrik Ibsen) တအ်ဂှ် ဒယှ်တမ္ညဝ် အလုံဂၠးတိရ။ ညးဝွံ ချူလဝ် ပြဇာတ် မဒယှ် ညံၚ်ရဴ &quot;A Doll's House&quot; ရ။ 
* '''သဘၚ်:''' ညးတအ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် သဘၚ် တ္ၚဲကောန်ဂကူ ပ္ဍဲစၟတ်တ္ၚဲ ၁၇ မေ ဇၟာပ်ပ်သၞာံ နကဵု လတက် ကယျာၚ် အခိုက်ကၞာ ဘူနာတ် (Bunad) ရ။

== ၉။ ပရေၚ်ပညာ ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ထတ်ယုက် (Education and Health) ==
ပရေၚ်ပညာ ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ထတ်ယုက် ပ္ဍဲ နဝ်ဝေ ဝွံ ဒှ် ပရေၚ်ကမၠောန် မကဵုလဝ် အခိၚ် ကေုာံ သြန်ဗွဝ် နူ အလဵုအသဳ သီုဖအိုတ် ရ။ ကောန်ၚာ် သီုဖအိုတ် ဒးတိုန်ဘာ မူလ ကေုာံ လဒေါဝ် သက်ကုၚုဟ်မးတုဲ၊ တက္ကသိုလ် အလဵုအသဳ တအ်လေဝ် ဟွံကံက် ၚုဟ်မး တန်ဗတောန် သွက် ကောန်ဍုၚ် ညးတအ်ရ။ 

ပရေၚ်ထတ်ယုက်ဂှ် လွဳလွတ်ကဵု သက်ကုၚုဟ်မး (ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး ၚုဟ်မး အောန်အိုတ်) နကဵု သြန်အခေါန် ကောန်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ်ရ။

== ၁၀။ အနာဂတ် ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်မၚ်မွဲ သဘာဝ (Future and Sustainability) ==
ပ္ဍဲ အနာဂတ်ဏအ် ဍုၚ်နဝ်ဝေ ဂစာန်ဒၟံၚ် သွက်ဂွံ ဒှ် ဍုၚ် မစကာ ဒြဟတ် သဘာဝ ၁၀၀% ရ။ ၜိုန်ရ ညးတအ် ပတိတ်ဒၟံၚ် ကၠေၚ်ဍာ် ကီုလေဝ်၊ ပ္ဍဲအပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်မ္ဂး ကွဳစက် မစကာ ဒြဟတ် လလဳ (EV) သီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် နဝ်ဝေ ဒှ် ဍုၚ်မစကာ ဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲ ဂၠးတိဏအ် ရ။ 

သြန်မကလိဂွံ နူကဵု ကၠေၚ်ဍာ် တအ်ဂှ် အလဵုအသဳ စုတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု သြန်ဗွဝ် ဍုၚ် (Sovereign wealth fund) သွက် အနာဂတ် တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ် ဂတတေအ် ဂွံစကာ **ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မာန်** ရ။

* **ဗဳဒဳယော သ္ၚေဝ်ဂၠေပ်:** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1b3yTzQ_v9M ပရူပရာ ဍုၚ်နဝ်ဝေ (YouTube)]

== နိဿဲ (References) ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia contributors. (2024). History of Norway. In ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia contributors. (2024). Culture of Norway. In ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia contributors. (2024). Jonas Gahr Støre. In ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia contributors. (2024). Economy of Norway. In ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Wikipedia contributors. (2024). Norway. In ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

{{Navbox
| name       = နဝ်ဝေ ကေုာံ ဍုၚ် ဥရဝ်ပ
| title      = [[နဝ်ဝေ]] ကေုာံ ဍုၚ် ဥရဝ်ပ သၟဝ်ကျာ
| listclass  = hlist
| group1     = ဍုၚ် နဝ်ဒေတ် (Nordic Countries)
| list1      = 
* [[နဝ်ဝေ]]
* [[အာက်သလာန်]]
* [[သွဳဒေန်]]
* [[ဒိန်မက်]]
* [[ဖေန်လာန်]]
| group2     = ဍုၚ်ဇၞော် ကေုာံ ဒေသ နဝ်ဝေ
| list2      = 
* [[အဝ်သလဝ်]] (Oslo)
* [[ဗာဂေန်]] (Bergen)
* [[ထရွမ်သဝ်]] (Tromsø)
| group3     = ပထဝဳ
| list3      = 
* [[ၜဳဖျောတ်]] (Fjords)
* [[မှာသၟိတ် အာတ်လာန်တေတ်]]
* [[ဒေသ သကေန်ဒဳနေဗဳယျာ]]
}}

[[Category:နဝ်ဝေ]]
[[Category:ဍုၚ် ပ္ဍဲ ဥရဝ်ပ]]
[[Category:ဒေသ နဝ်ဒေတ်]]
[[Category:သၞောတ်ဨကရာဇ်]]</text>
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    </revision>
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