Eugene Merle Shoemaker

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      <text bytes="60598" sha1="24dfo9ntz7630fmzuovamkodh9z0jjk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name = Eugene Merle Shoemaker
|image = Eugene Shoemaker.jpg
|image_size = 250
|alt = Eugene Shoemaker at a stereoscopic microscope
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|04|28}}
|birth_place = Los Angeles, California
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1997|07|18|1928|04|28}} 
|death_place = [[Alice Springs]], [[Australia]]
|death_cause = [[Car crash]]
|nationality = American
|field = [[Planetary geology]]&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS&quot; /&gt;
|work_institutions = U. S. Geological Survey, California Institute of Technology
|alma_mater = California Institute of Technology&lt;br /&gt;Princeton University
|doctoral_advisor  = 
|doctoral_students = 
|known_for = [[Planetary science]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9]]
|influences = 
|influenced = 
|prizes = G. K. Gilbert Award &lt;small&gt;(1983)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Barringer Medal &lt;small&gt;(1984)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;National Medal of Science (1992)&lt;br /&gt;William Bowie Medalsmall|(1996)&lt;br /&gt;James Craig Watson Medal (1998)
|religion = 
|spouse = [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker]] 1951–1997 (his death)
|footnotes = 
|signatur =
}}

'''ဂျေန် ရှဝ်မုက်ကာ''' ({{Lang-en|'''Eugene Merle Shoemaker'''}}) (ဨပြဳ ၂၈၊ ၁၉၂၈ -ဂျူလာင် ၁၈၊ ၁၉၉၇) လဆောဝ် ပံင်ယၟု နကဵု '''Gene Shoemaker'''ဝွံ ဒှ်တၠပညာဘူမိဗေဒ ဂကူအမေရိကာန်၊ တုဲ ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲအရာမခၞံဗဒှ် ဘာသာသိပ္ပံဂြိုဟ်အကာသ (planetary science)ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် မွဲတၠရ။ ညးဝွံ ယၟုမြဟ်တဴ နကဵု ညးမဂွံဆဵုကေတ် သၞံင်ဒဂုဲ (Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9) မစွံ ကုသမ္ဘာညး Carolyn S. Shoemaker ကေုာံ David H. Levy တအ်ရ။ သၞံင်ဒဂုဲဏအ်ဂှ် အာဇီု ဂြိုဟ်ဂျူပိတာ (Jupiter) ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဂျူလာင် သၞာံ ၁၉၉၄ ဗီုမဇီုဂှ် ဗလးထ္ၜး ပ္ဍဲတဳဝဳ အလုံလိုက်မွဲရ။ တုဲပၠန် ရှဝ်မုက်ကာဂှ် သီုဒှ်မၞိဟ် မလ္ၚတ် ဒၞာဲခလံက်ဂၠးတိ ဗီုကဵု Barringer Meteor Crater ပ္ဍဲအရိဇြဝ်နာရ။ ရှဝ်မုက်ကာဂှ် ဒှ်ဒါရာ်တာ ဂကောံသုတေသန မလ္ၚတ်ပထဝဳသၞံင်အကာသ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် (the United States Geological Survey's Astrogeology Research Program) ကၠာအိုတ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် အရာညးဂမၠိုင် မတီ ဂျေန် မွဲပၠန်ဂှ် ညးဂွံ မဂွံအခေါင်တိုပ်ဇုတ်ညးတေအ် လတူဂိတုကၠာအိုတ်ရ။ 

==ပထမအဝဲ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ပညာဘာ==

ရှဝ်မုက်ကာ ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲလောသ် အေန်ဂျလေသ် (Los Angeles) ကာလဳဝှောရ်နဳယျာ (California) ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်၊ မဒှ်ကောန် အစာဘာ မူရေလ် မေ (Muriel May) ကေုာံ George Estel Shoemaker မဒှ် သၟာဗ္ၚ၊ သၟာပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်၊ အစာဘာ ကေုာံ ရုပ်ဒမျိုင် (motion pictures)ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/eugene-m-shoemaker-wop/|title=Eugene M. Shoemaker Biography|author=|date=|website=www.bookrags.com|accessdate=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/5082_1.html|title=- American Institute of Physics|author=|date=|website=www.aip.org|accessdate=31 March 2018|archivedate=14 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314230408/http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/5082_1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; မိမညးတေအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် ဇာတိ နူကဵု Nebraska။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ကာလညးဍောတ်တ်ဂှ် မိမညးတအ် ပြံင်လုပ်မံင် အကြာလောသ် အေန်ဂျလေသ် ကဵု နျူယံက်၊ ဗာပ်ဖလဝ် ကေုာံ Wyomingတုဲ အပါညး George ဂှ် လုပ်ကၠောန်ကမၠောန် နာနာသာ်ရ။ အပါညးတေအ်ဂှ် ဟွံမိက်မံင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်တုဲ ဒးဂၞပ် ကမၠောန် နကဵုကဆံင် ဒါရာ်တာ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာ Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) ပ္ဍဲဍုင် Wyoming မဒှ်ကွာန်ဍောတ်တ်မွဲရ။ ဆဂး မိညးတေအ်ဂှ် ညာတ်ကေတ် ယဝ်ရကောန်ဇကု ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ရးမ္ဂး ပရေင်ဇၞော်မောဝ် ဍိုဟ်ကေက် ဍိုန်လျတုဲ မိက်ဂွံမံင် လတူဍုင်ဇၞော်ရ။ ကာလ မိညးတေအ် ကလိဂွံ ကမၠောန်အစာဘာ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်ဗာပ်ဖလဝ် ဘာကဝ်လိက်အလဵုအသဳ (State Teachers College at Buffalo)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQBPj1s0G1wC&amp;pg=PA17&amp;lpg=PA17&amp;dq=Practice|title=Shoemaker by Levy - The Man Who Made an Impact|first=David H.|last=Levy|date=24 November 2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|accessdate=31 March 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=0691113254}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nasonline.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/shoemaker-eugene.pdf |title=Biographical memoir |last=Kieffer |first=Susan |date=2015 |website=www.nasonline.org |format=PDF |access-date=2019-10-26 |accessdate=2019-10-30 |archivedate=2017-07-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722105236/http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/shoemaker-eugene.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahernfuneralhome.com/condolences/?m=201103|title=2011 March – Ahern Funeral Home Condolences|author=|date=|website=www.ahernfuneralhome.com|accessdate=31 March 2018|archivedate=19 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019220803/http://www.ahernfuneralhome.com/condolences/?m=201103}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://suny.buffalostate.edu/history|title=History - SUNY Buffalo State|author=|date=|website=suny.buffalostate.edu|accessdate=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- search : &quot;Teachers-College&quot;|&quot;Normal-School&quot; &quot;School-of-Practice&quot;|&quot;Model-School&quot; --&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Eliza Kellas]]&lt;/ref&gt; အခိင်ဘာပံက်မ္ဂး ညးတေအ် မံင်ကရောမ်မိညးတေအ် ပ္ဍဲဗာပ်ဖလဝ်တုဲ အခိင်ကညင် ဘာကၟာတ်မ္ဂး ညးတအ် ပြံင်မံင် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲအပါညးတေအ် ကွာန် Wyoming ရ။ ဂျေန် စိုတ်ထတ် သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ် ပရူတၟအ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ တုဲ ညးတေအ် ဂွံအခေါင်လ္ၚတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု တိုက်ထ္ၜးပျးဗာပ်ဖလဝ် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲခန်ထ္ၜးသိပ္ပံရ။{{efn|Buffalo Museum of Education likely refers to the institution now known as the [[Buffalo Museum of Science]].}} ညးတေအ် တိုန်ဘာတန်စတုတ္ထ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာ the School of Practice တုဲ စနူအခိင်ဂှ် ညးတေအ် စပကောံ တၟအ်ဂကူနာနာ ဓါတ်မိနေရလ်နာနာရ။ ကြဴနူဂှ် မွဲသၞာံဂှ်  ညးတေအ် သီုတိုန်ဘာ ကဆံင်တန်သမၠုင် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်သဝ်တ္ၚဲကီုရ။ ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ညးတေအ် ပြံင်အာမံင် လောသ် အေန်ဂျလေသ် ပၠန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၂ ဂှ်တုဲ ဂျေန်လုပ်တိုန်ဘာတန်သမၠုင် ပ္ဍဲ Fairfax High School။ ကာလဂှ် ညးတေအ် ကလိဂွံအာယုက် ၁၃ သၞာံရ။ ကြဴနူဂှ် ပိသၞာံ ညးတေအ် ဘာတန်သမၠုင် အာစိုပ်ဒတုဲရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ညးတေအ် မတိုန်ဒၟံင် ဘာတန်သမၠုင်ဂှ် ညးတေအ် သီုဓဇက် ဂြဝ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဂဳတဘာ (the school orchestra)ကီုရ။ တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ကာယဗလလေဝ် စိုန်သကီု စိစောန်ကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဘာကၟာတ်မ္ဂး ညးတေအ် လုပ်ကၠောန်ကမၠောန် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲချူမတ် (lapidary)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kieffer&quot;&gt;[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/shoemaker-eugene.pdf Kieffer, Susan. W. &quot;Eugene M. Shoemaker (1928 - 1997).&quot; Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences. 2015.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722105236/http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/shoemaker-eugene.pdf |date=2017-07-22 }} Accessed April 22, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

ဂျေန် လုပ်တိုန်ဘာ ပ္ဍဲ California Institute of Technology ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၄ ကာလညးတေအ် မကလိဂွံအာယုက် ၁၆ သၞာံဂှ်ရ။{{efn|Astronomer and co-discoverer of the Shoemaker-Levy comet, David H. Levy, reportedly, said that Shoemaker had never considered going to any other university than Caltech.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kieffer&quot;/&gt;}} သကအ်ရဲ ပ္ဍဲဘာညးတေအ်ဂှ် အာယုက်ဇၞော် နူညးတေအ်အိုတ်တုဲ ကၠာဟွံစိုပ် ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိအလန်ဒုတိယဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဘာတိုန်ရ။ ဂျေန် ကလိဂွံ ဗြးမဟိမု ဗာတ်ချ်လာ ဒဳဂရဳ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၈ ကာလညးတေအ် မကလိဂွံ အာယုက် ၁၉ သၞာံရ။ တုဲဂှ် ညးတေအ် ကေတ် သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ်တၟအ် Precambrian metamorphic rocks မနွံ ပ္ဍဲ နျူ မက္ကဇြဳကဝ် လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာတုဲ ကလိဂွံ ဗြးမဟိမုမဟာ (M. Sc. degree) နူကဵု Caltech ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၉ ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Kieffer&quot;/&gt;

==သ္ၚိကၟိန်==
အခိင်ကာလ ဂျေန် မတိုန်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲ Caltech ဂှ် သကအ်ရဲညးတေအ် မွဲဂှ် ဒှ် Richard Spellman မဒှ်ညး မကၠုင်နူ ချဳကဝ်၊ ကာလဳဝှောရ်နဳယျာ။ ကာလညးတေအ် မလုပ်ကၠောန်ဒၟံင် အစဳအဇန်ဒံက်တာ ပ္ဍဲကဵုတက္ကသိုလ် Princeton University ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ကလေင်အာ ကာလဳဝှောရ်နဳယျာ သွက်ဂွံ တိုန်သဘင်ပမ္ၚဵုထပ်တဲ Richard ပ္ဍဲကဵု သၞာံ ၁၉၅၀ ဂှ်ရ။ ကာလဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဂွံဆဵု ကဵုဒေအ် Richard မနွံယၟု ကာရဝ်လေန် (Carolyn) ရ။ ကာရဝ်လေန်ဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန် Gallup၊ နျူမက္ကဇြဳကဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၂၉၊ ဆဂး ခြာဟွံလအ်ဂှ် ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ညးတအ် ပြံင်လုပ်မံင် ပ္ဍဲချဳကဝ် (Chico) တုဲ ညးတအ် ဆက်မံင်အာ စဵုကဵု အခိင်ဂှ်ရ။ ကာရဝ်လေန်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံ ဗြမဟိမုဒဳဂရဳ နူကဵု ကဝ်လိက်ချဳကဝ် (Chico State College) ဘာသာဝင် ကေုာံ ပရေင်သိပ္ပံပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ရ။ ညးတေအ် မွဲလှ်ေကီု စိုတ်ဟွံလုပ်စ လပါ်ကွတ်သိပ္ပံရ။ ဆဂး စုက်လုက် ကုဂျေန်တုဲ ညးတေအ် စိုတ်လုပ်စတုဲ တိုန်တန်ဗတောန် မဆေင်ကဵု ပထဝဳ ပ္ဍဲကဝ်လိက်ရ။ ဆဂး ညးတေအ်ထေင် ဒှ်အရာ စိုတ်မလုပ်စခိုဟ် မွဲဟွံသေင်ရ။ ညးၜါဂှ် ဖျေဟ်ဒၞာဲဒက်အိန်ထံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၁၇ အဝ်ဂေတ် သၞာံ ၁၉၅၁ ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapman&quot;&gt;[https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/people/carolyn-shoemaker Chapman, Mary G. &quot;Carolyn Shoemaker.&quot; USGS Astrogeology Center. May 17, 2002.] Accessed April 24, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

ညးတအ် ကလိဂွံ ကောန်ဇာတ်ပိ၊ ကောန်ဗြဴၜါ ကဵု ကောန်တြုဟ်မွဲ။ ကာရဝ်လေန်ဂှ် ဒှ်အာမၞိဟ်မမင်မွဲသ္ၚိ ကေုာံ ရံင်စကောန်ၚာ် ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိရ။ ကၠာညးတအ် ဟွံစှ်ေဒၞာဲဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ညးတေအ် ကလိဂွံကမၠောန် အစာဘာကီုလေဝ် ဟွံပြေပြံင်တုဲ တိတ်ထောအ်ရ။ ကာလကောန်ၚာ်တအ် ဇၞော်ဂေါဝ်အိုတ်တုဲ ကာရဝ်လေန် ကမၠောန် သွက်ကၠောန် ဟွံမဲ လ္ၚုတုဲ ဂျေန် ကဵုကသပ် ကဵုတိုန်ဘာ စပ်ကဵု နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ တုဲ လုပ်ကၠောန် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံညးတအ် သွက်ဂွံမင်ရံင် အကာသရ။ ကာလ ညးတေအ် ကလိဂွံအာယုက် ၅၁ ဂှ် ဂွံဒှ် သၟာနက္ခတ္တဗေဒ (a planetary astronomer) မွဲတုဲ ဆက်ကၠောန်အာကမၠောန်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapman&quot;/&gt;

== ပရေင်ရေင်တၠုင် မဆေင် ကုသိပ္ပံ ==

[[File:Gene shoemaker with rocket belt.jpg|thumb|150px|Eugene Shoemaker wearing a [[Bell Rocket Belt]] while training astronauts.]]

ဂကောံသုတေသနပထဝဳ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် (United States Geological Survey) (USGS) ခပတိုန်ကမၠောန် ကုဂျေန် နူသၞာံ ၁၉၅၀။{{efn|Gene would maintain some association with the USGS for the rest of his active life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kieffer&quot;/&gt;}} တာလျိုင်ညးတေအ် ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် သွက်ဂွံဂၠာဲ ဓါတ်ယူရေနဳယာမ် (uranium deposits) ပ္ဍဲဥထာ (Utah) ကဵု ကဝ်လဝ်ရာဒဝ် (Colorado)ရ။ ပရေင်ကမၠောန်ညးတေအ် ဂတဂှ် သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ် လၟေင်ဒဒှ်ဒဵုခတိုဟ် (volcanic processes) မုဟိုတ်ရောမ္ဂး ညးမလ္ၚတ်လဝ် ကိုပ်ကၠာတေအ် ဟီုလဝ် ကတိုင်ဓါတ်ယူရေနဳယာမ်ဂှ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ဒၞာဲဒဵုခတိုဟ် တြေံရ။ ပရေင်လ္ၚတ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဗလးကဵုညးတေအ် ဂၠာဲလ္ၚတ် ပ္ဍဲ Hopi Buttes မနွံလပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာ အရိဇြဝ်နာ (Northern Arizona) ဗဒါဲ (Meteor Crater)ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Kieffer&quot;/&gt;

[[Daniel Barringer (geologist)|Daniel Barringer]], an entrepreneur and mining engineer who had discovered Meteor Crater in 1891, had postulated that it had been caused by the impact of a meteor. About the same time, [[Grove Karl Gilbert|G. K. Gilbert]], the chief geologist of the USGS, examined the crater and announced that it had been created by an explosive venting of volcanic steam. A majority of scientists accepted Gilbert's explanation of the cause of the crater, This theory remained as conventional wisdom until Shoemaker's investigations a half century later.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kieffer&quot;/&gt;


===Astrogeology and Apollo===

[[File:Shoemaker training astronauts at Brooks Camp, Katmai National Park.png|thumb|left|Shoemaker training astronauts at [[Brooks Camp]], [[Katmai National Park]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Phinney |first1=William |title=Science Training History of the Apollo Astronauts |date=2015 |publisher=NASA SP -2015-626 |page=65}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree at [[Princeton University|Princeton]] (1960), under the guidance of [[Harry Hammond Hess]], Shoemaker studied the impact dynamics of [[Meteor Crater|Barringer Meteor Crater]].  Shoemaker noted Meteor Crater had the same form and structure as two [[explosion crater]]s created from [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]] tests at the [[Nevada Test Site]], notably [[Operation Buster-Jangle|Jangle U]] in 1951 and [[Operation Teapot|Teapot Ess]] in 1955. In 1960, [[Edward C. T. Chao]] and Shoemaker identified shocked quartz ([[coesite]]) at Meteor Crater, proving the crater was formed from an impact generating extremely high temperatures and pressures.  They followed this discovery with the identification of coesite within [[suevite]] at [[Nördlinger Ries]], proving its impact origin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Levy |first1=David |title=Shoemaker by Levy: The man who made an impact |url=https://archive.org/details/shoemakerbylevym0000levy |date=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=9780691113258 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/shoemakerbylevym0000levy/page/69 69],74-75,78-79,81-85,99-100}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1960, Shoemaker directed a team at the [[USGS]] center in [[Menlo Park, California]], to generate the first [[geologic map]] of the Moon using photographs taken by [[Francis G. Pease]].  Shoemaker also helped pioneer the field of [[Planetary geology|astrogeology]] by founding the [[Astrogeology Research Program]]. He was prominently involved in the [[Ranger program|Lunar Ranger]] missions to the Moon, joining the television imaging team of [[Harold Urey]] and [[Gerard Kuiper]], which turned into a preparatory mission for the future manned landing.  Shoemaker was then chosen to be the [[principal investigator]] for the [[Surveyor program]]'s television experiment, and then the lunar geology principal investigator for [[Apollo 11]], [[Apollo 12]], and [[Apollo 13]].&lt;ref name=Levy/&gt;{{rp|85-86,92-97,101,119,136}} 

Shoemaker was also involved in the training of the American [[astronaut]]s.  He himself was a possible candidate for an [[Apollo program|Apollo]] Moon flight and was set to be the first geologist to walk on the Moon but was disqualified due to being diagnosed with [[Addison's disease]], a disorder of the [[adrenal gland]].  Shoemaker would train astronauts during field trips to [[Meteor Crater]] and [[Sunset Crater]] near Flagstaff.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/About/AstroHistory/astronauts.html|title=About - USGS Astrogeology Science Center|author=|date=|website=astrogeology.usgs.gov|accessdate=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a [[CBS News]] television commentator on the early Apollo missions, especially the [[Apollo 8]] and [[Apollo 11]] missions, appearing with [[Walter Cronkite]] during live coverage of those flights.&lt;ref name=&quot;Astronomy obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal

 | last        = Graham

 | first       = Rex

 | title       = Making an exceptional impact. (planetary scientists Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker)

 | journal     = Astronomy

 |date=May 1998 

 | url         = http://business.highbeam.com/136942/article-1G1-20461558/making-exceptional-impact

 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509131721/http://business.highbeam.com/136942/article-1G1-20461558/making-exceptional-impact

 | url-status    = dead

 | archive-date = 2013-05-09

 | accessdate  = 2013-02-12

 | page        = 36

 | publisher   = Kalmbach Publishing Co.

 | location    = Waukesha, Wisconsin

 | issn        = 0091-6358

 | ref         = harv

}}

{{subscription required|via=HighBeam Research}}

&lt;/ref&gt;


According to [[David H. Levy]], just before the manned Moon landings, 

{{quotation|&quot;With humanity about to set forth upon this new world, geologists and astronomers were divided as to whether the lunar surface was a result of volcanic forces from beneath, or cosmic forces from above.  In 1949, Ralph Baldwin had articulated that the Moon's craters were mostly of impact origin and Gene Shoemaker revived the idea again around 1960.  He saw craters on the Moon as logical impact sites that were formed not gradually, in [[geologic time scale|eons]], but explosively, in seconds.&quot;&lt;ref name=Levy/&gt;{{rp|58-59}}

}}


He was awarded the [[John Price Wetherill Medal]] from the [[Franklin Institute]] in 1965.


Coming to [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]] in 1969, he started a systematic search for Earth orbit-crossing [[asteroid]]s, which resulted in the discovery of several families of such asteroids, including the [[List of Apollo asteroids|Apollo asteroids]]. Shoemaker advanced the idea that sudden geologic changes can arise from [[asteroid]] strikes and that asteroid strikes are common over geologic time periods.  Previously, [[Impact crater|astrobleme]]s were thought to be remnants of extinct volcanoes&amp;nbsp; — even on the Moon.

===Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9===

In 1993, he co-discovered [[Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9]] using the 18-inch Schmidt camera at [[Palomar Observatory]].  This comet was unique in that it provided the first opportunity to observe the planetary impact of a comet.  Shoemaker–Levy 9 collided with Jupiter in July 1994. The resulting impact caused a massive &quot;scar&quot; on the face of [[Jupiter]].

== Death ==

Shoemaker spent much of his later years searching for and finding several previously unnoticed or undiscovered [[impact crater]]s around the world.

Shoemaker died on July 18, 1997 during one such expedition in a head-on [[car collision]] on the remote [[Tanami Track]], a few hundred kilometers northwest of [[Alice Springs]], Australia. Shoemaker's wife Carolyn was severely injured in the crash.&lt;ref&gt;Malcolm W. Browne, [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/19/us/dr-eugene-shoemaker-69-set-record-for-finding-comets.html Dr. Eugene Shoemaker, 69; Set Record for Finding Comets], ''New York Times'' (July 19, 1997).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gcrg.org/bqr/13-1/gene.html|title=BQR - winter 1999-2000 - Gene Shoemaker|author=|date=|website=www.gcrg.org|accessdate=31 March 2018|archivedate=21 August 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821150556/http://www.gcrg.org/bqr/13-1/gene.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dandjribbans.blogspot.com.au/2010/12/in-wheel-ruts-of-len-beadell.html|title=Travels with an Oka: In the Wheel Ruts of Len Beadell|last=Dandj|date=26 December 2010|website=dandjribbans.blogspot.com.au|accessdate=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/573115/Astronomer-Eugene-Shoemaker-dies-in-car-crash.html|title=Astronomer Eugene Shoemaker dies in car crash|author=|date=19 July 1997|website=deseretnews.com|accessdate=31 March 2018|archivedate=20 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020032645/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/573115/Astronomer-Eugene-Shoemaker-dies-in-car-crash.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.economist.com/node/153207|title=Gene Shoemaker|author=|date=July 31, 1997|journal=The Economist|accessdate=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/news81.html|title=Eugene Shoemaker (1928-1997)|author=|date=|website=www2.jpl.nasa.gov|accessdate=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aas.org/obituaries/eugene-shoemaker-1928-1997|title=Eugene Shoemaker (1928 - 1997) - American Astronomical Society|author=|date=|website=aas.org|accessdate=31 March 2018|archivedate=19 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019220405/https://aas.org/obituaries/eugene-shoemaker-1928-1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nasonline.org&quot;/&gt;


On July 31, 1999, some of his ashes were [[Space burial|carried to the Moon]] by the [[Lunar Prospector]] space probe in a capsule designed by [[Carolyn Porco]].&lt;ref name=DSPTribute&gt;{{Cite web|last=Porco|first=Carolyn|title=The Eugene M. Shoemaker Tribute|url=http://ciclops.org/public/tribute.html|publisher=Diamond Sky Productions|accessdate=8 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AstronomyMag&gt;{{Cite news|last=Porco|first=Carolyn C.|title=Destination Moon|url=http://www.astronomy.com/~/media/Files/PDF/Magazine%20articles/Destination%20Moon.ashx|accessdate=8 June 2013|newspaper=Astronomy|date=February 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the only person whose ashes have been buried on any celestial body outside Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.com/news/080328-moon-burial.html|title=Fly Me to the Moon ... Forever|author=|date=|website=space.com|accessdate=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The brass foil wrapping of Shoemaker's memorial capsule is inscribed with images of [[Comet Hale–Bopp]] (&quot;the last comet that the Shoemakers observed together&quot;),&lt;ref name=AstronomyMag /&gt; the Barringer Meteor Crater, and a quotation from Shakespeare's ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' reading


{{quote|&lt;poem&gt;And, when he shall die

Take him and cut him out in little stars

And he will make the face of heaven so fine

That all the world will be in love with night

And pay no worship to the garish sun.&lt;ref name=DSPTribute /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/news82.html|title=Eugene Shoemaker Ashes Carried on Lunar Prospector|author=|date=|website=www2.jpl.nasa.gov|accessdate=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/poem&gt;}}

The fatal crash had happened when Hale-Bopp was still visible to the naked eye, having [[Comet Hale–Bopp#After perihelion|passed perihelion]] and having moved into the southern celestial hemisphere.

==Awards and tributes==

Gene Shoemaker received a large number of awards for his professional work. According to the obituary published by the [[USGS Astrogeology Science Center]], these included:&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS&quot;&gt;[https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/rpif/gene-shoemaker Chapman, Mary G. &quot;Gene Shoemaker - Founder of Astrogeology.&quot; USGS Astrogeology Science Center.] Accessed April 21, 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

* Doctorate of Science, Arizona State College, Flagstaff, 1965.

* Wetherill Medal of the Franklin Institute, co-recipient with E.C.T. Chao, 1965. 

* Arthur S. Flemming Award, 1966. Doctorate of Science, Temple University, 1967. 

* NASA Medal for Scientific Achievement, 1967. 

* U.S. Department of the Interior Honor Award for Meritorious Service, 1973. 

* Member, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1980. 

* U.S. Department of the Interior Distinguished Service Award, 1980. 

* Arthur L. Day Medal of the Geological Society of America, 1982. 

* G.K. Gilbert Award of the Geological Society of America, 1983. 

* [[:de:Rieser Kulturpreis|Rieser Kulturpreis]], co-recipient with E.C.T. Chao and Richard Dehm, 1983. 

* Honorary Doctorate of Science, University of Arizona, 1984. 

* Barringer Award of the Meteoritical Society, 1984. 

* Kuiper Prize of the American Astronomical Society, Division for Planetary Sciences, 1984.

* Leonard Medal of the Meteoritical Society, 1985. 

* Distinguished Alumni Award of the California Institute of Technology, 1986. 

* Rittenhouse Medal of the Rittenhouse Astronomical Society, co-recipient with C.S. Shoemaker, 1988. 

* U.S. National Medal of Science, 1992. 

* Whipple Award, American Geophysical Union, 1993.

* Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1993. 

* AIAA Space Science Award, 1996. 

* NASA [[Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal]], 1996. 

* Bowie Medal, American Geophysical Union, 1996. 

* Special Award, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1997. 

* Shoemaker Award, Texas Section of the American Institute of Professional Geologists, awarded posthumously, 1997.


On July 24, 1997, a memorial for Dr. Eugene Shoemaker and Dr. Jurgen Rahe was presented in the U.S. House of Representatives by California representative George E. Brown, Jr. The memorial was published in the ''Congressional Record''. The memorial credited Shoemaker with being either the discoverer or co-discoverer of 820 asteroids and comets during his career.{{efn|Dr. Rahe was a German-American astronomer and project leader at NASA who was killed in an auto accident near Washington D. C. on June 18, 1997.}} &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1997-07-24/html/CREC-1997-07-24-pt1-PgE1508-2.htm  &quot;In Remembrance of Dr. Eugene Shoemaker and Dr. Jurgen Rahe.&quot; ''Congressional Record'' Volume 143, Number 106 (Thursday, July 24, 1997).] Accessed April 23, 2017&lt;/ref&gt;


A ring-like topographic feature in Western Australia, an [[astrobleme]] previously named the &quot;Teague ring&quot; was renamed &quot;[[Shoemaker Crater]]&quot; in honor of Eugene M. Shoemaker.


The [[NEAR Shoemaker|Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous]] space probe was renamed &quot;NEAR Shoemaker&quot; in his honor. It arrived at asteroid [[433 Eros]] in February 2000, and landed on the asteroid after a year of orbital study. He was previously honored with the asteroid [[2074 Shoemaker]], discovered and named by his colleague, [[Eleanor F. Helin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2074+Shoemaker|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|first=Alan|last=Chamberlin|date=|website=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov|accessdate=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== List of discovered minor planets ==

{{See also cat|Discoveries by Eugene Merle Shoemaker}}


Gene Shoemaker is credited by the [[Minor Planet Center]] with the co-discovery of 183 [[minor planet]]s between 1977 and 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPC-Discoverers&quot; /&gt;


{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot;  style=&quot;width:100%; background:#fff;&quot;

|-

!List of minor planets discovered by Eugene Shoemaker

|-

| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 30em; display:inline-table; margin:8px; text-align:left; font-size:90%&quot;

|-

! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 13.5em;&quot; | Name

! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 12em;&quot; | Discovery Date

! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 4.5em;&quot;  | Listing

|-

| '''[[2430 Bruce Helin]]''' || 8 November 1977 || {{LoMP|2430|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| 3025 Higson || 20 August 1982 || {{LoMP|3025|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[3199 Nefertiti]]''' || 13 September 1982 || {{LoMP|3199|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[3225 Hoag]]''' || 20 August 1982 || {{LoMP|3225|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[3317 Paris]]''' || 26 May 1984 || {{LoMP|3317|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 3484 Neugebauer || 10 July 1978 || {{LoMP|3484|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| '''[[3554 Amun]]''' || 4 March 1986 || {{LoMP|3554|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[3671 Dionysus]]''' || 27 May 1984 || {{LoMP|3671|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[3700 Geowilliams]]''' || 23 October 1984 || {{LoMP|3700|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 3880 Kaiserman || 21 November 1984 || {{LoMP|3880|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 3927 Feliciaplatt || 5 May 1981 || {{LoMP|3927|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[4151 Alanhale]]''' || 24 April 1985 || {{LoMP|4151|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[4197 Morpheus]]''' || 11 October 1982 || {{LoMP|4197|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| 4379 Snelling || 13 August 1988 || {{LoMP|4379|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[4450 Pan]]''' || 25 September 1987 || {{LoMP|4450|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[4525 Johnbauer]]''' || 15 May 1982 || {{LoMP|4525|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}{{ref label|codisc|C|}}

|-

| '''[[4899 Candace]]''' || 9 May 1988 || {{LoMP|4899|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[4946 Askalaphus]]''' || 21 January 1988 || {{LoMP|4946|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[5023 Agapenor]]''' || 11 October 1985 || {{LoMP|5023|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5029 Ireland || 24 January 1988 || {{LoMP|5029|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5052 Nancyruth || 23 October 1984 || {{LoMP|5052|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5167 Joeharms || 11 April 1985 || {{LoMP|5167|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5168 Jenner || 6 March 1986 || {{LoMP|5168|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[5175 Ables]]''' || 4 November 1988 || {{LoMP|5175|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5211 Stevenson || 8 July 1989 || {{LoMP|5211|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[5259 Epeigeus]]''' || 30 January 1989 || {{LoMP|5259|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[5264 Telephus]]''' || 17 May 1991 || {{LoMP|5264|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[5284 Orsilocus]]''' || 1 February 1989 || {{LoMP|5284|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[5285 Krethon]]''' || 9 March 1989 || {{LoMP|5285|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[5430 Luu]]''' || 12 May 1988 || {{LoMP|5430|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[5436 Eumelos]]''' || 20 February 1990 || {{LoMP|5436|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[5511 Cloanthus]]''' || 8 October 1988 || {{LoMP|5511|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5551 Glikson || 24 January 1982 || {{LoMP|5551|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5579 Uhlherr || 11 May 1988 || {{LoMP|5579|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5632 Ingelehmann || 15 April 1993 || {{LoMP|5632|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5637 Gyas || 10 September 1988 || {{LoMP|5637|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[5638 Deikoon]]''' || 10 October 1988 || {{LoMP|5638|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[5652 Amphimachus]]''' || 24 April 1992 || {{LoMP|5652|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5670 Rosstaylor || 7 November 1985 || {{LoMP|5670|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5720 Halweaver || 29 March 1984 || {{LoMP|5720|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5725 Nördlingen || 23 January 1988 || {{LoMP|5725|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5726 Rubin || 24 January 1988 || {{LoMP|5726|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[5731 Zeus]]''' || 4 November 1988 || {{LoMP|5731|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5765 Izett || 4 April 1986 || {{LoMP|5765|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5863 Tara || 7 September 1983 || {{LoMP|5863|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[5899 Jedicke]]''' || 9 January 1986 || {{LoMP|5899|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5947 Bonnie || 21 March 1985 || {{LoMP|5947|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5953 Shelton || 25 April 1987 || {{LoMP|5953|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5957 Irina || 11 May 1988 || {{LoMP|5957|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 5999 Plescia || 23 April 1987 || {{LoMP|5999|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[6063 Jason]]''' || 27 May 1984 || {{LoMP|6063|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[6084 Bascom]]''' || 12 February 1985 || {{LoMP|6084|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 6087 Lupo || 19 March 1988 || {{LoMP|6087|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 6179 Brett || 3 March 1986 || {{LoMP|6179|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[6239 Minos]]''' || 31 August 1989 || {{LoMP|6239|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 6372 Walker || 13 May 1985 || {{LoMP|6372|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[6376 Schamp]]''' || 29 May 1987 || {{LoMP|6376|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[6398 Timhunter]]''' || 10 February 1991 || {{LoMP|6398|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}{{ref label|codisc|D|}}

|-

| 6401 Roentgen || 15 April 1991 || {{LoMP|6401|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}{{ref label|codisc|D|}}

|-

| 6436 Coco || 13 May 1985 || {{LoMP|6436|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[6478 Gault]]''' || 12 May 1988 || {{LoMP|6478|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 6485 Wendeesther || 25 October 1990 || {{LoMP|6485|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}{{ref label|codisc|D|}}

|-

| 6510 Tarry || 23 February 1987 || {{LoMP|6510|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 6543 Senna || 11 October 1985 || {{LoMP|6543|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 6585 O'Keefe || 26 September 1984 || {{LoMP|6585|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 6635 Zuber || 26 September 1987 || {{LoMP|6635|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 6740 Goff || 14 April 1993 || {{LoMP|6740|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 6901 Roybishop || 2 August 1989 || {{LoMP|6901|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 6909 Levison || 19 January 1991 || {{LoMP|6909|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 7051 Sean || 13 May 1985 || {{LoMP|7051|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 7086 Bopp || 5 October 1991 || {{LoMP|7086|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[7088 Ishtar]]''' || 1 January 1992 || {{LoMP|7088|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[7092 Cadmus]]''' || 4 June 1992 || {{LoMP|7092|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 7112 Ghislaine || 3 April 1986 || {{LoMP|7112|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[7119 Hiera]]''' || 11 January 1989 || {{LoMP|7119|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[7167 Laupheim]]''' || 12 October 1985 || {{LoMP|7167|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 7173 Sepkoski || 15 August 1988 || {{LoMP|7173|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 7480 Norwan || 1 August 1994 || {{LoMP|7480|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 7549 Woodard || 9 October 1980 || {{LoMP|7549|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 7560 Spudis || 10 January 1986 || {{LoMP|7560|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 7749 Jackschmitt || 12 May 1988 || {{LoMP|7749|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 7750 McEwen || 18 August 1988 || {{LoMP|7750|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 7756 Scientia || 27 March 1990 || {{LoMP|7756|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 7778 Markrobinson || 17 April 1993 || {{LoMP|7778|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[7958 Leakey]]''' || 5 June 1994 || {{LoMP|7958|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[8034 Akka]]''' || 3 June 1992 || {{LoMP|8034|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 8149 Ruff || 11 May 1985 || {{LoMP|8149|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 8326 Paulkling || 6 May 1981 || {{LoMP|8326|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 8327 Weihenmayer || 6 May 1981 || {{LoMP|8327|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 8347 Lallaward || 21 April 1987 || {{LoMP|8347|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 8356 Wadhwa || 3 September 1989 || {{LoMP|8356|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[8373 Stephengould]]''' || 1 January 1992 || {{LoMP|8373|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 8709 Kadlu || 14 May 1994 || {{LoMP|8709|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 8804 Eliason || 5 May 1981 || {{LoMP|8804|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 30em; display:inline-table; margin:8px; text-align:left; font-size:90%&quot;

|-

! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 13.5em;&quot; | Name

! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 12em;&quot; | Discovery Date

! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 4.5em;&quot;  | Listing

|-

| 8810 Johnmcfarland || 15 May 1982 || {{LoMP|8810|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| 8817 Roytraver || 13 May 1985 || {{LoMP|8817|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 9016 Henrymoore || 10 January 1986 || {{LoMP|9016|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 9022 Drake || 14 August 1988 || {{LoMP|9022|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[9023 Mnesthus]]''' || 10 September 1988 || {{LoMP|9023|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 9082 Leonardmartin || 4 November 1994 || {{LoMP|9082|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[9165 Raup]]''' || 27 September 1987 || {{LoMP|9165|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 9172 Abhramu || 29 July 1989 || {{LoMP|9172|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 9277 Togashi || 9 October 1980 || {{LoMP|9277|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 9299 Vinceteri || 13 May 1985 || {{LoMP|9299|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[9564 Jeffwynn]]''' || 26 September 1987 || {{LoMP|9564|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 9744 Nielsen || 9 May 1988 || {{LoMP|9744|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 9768 Stephenmaran || 5 April 1992 || {{LoMP|9768|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 10041 Parkinson || 24 April 1985 || {{LoMP|10041|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 10044 Squyres || 15 September 1985 || {{LoMP|10044|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 10060 Amymilne || 12 April 1988 || {{LoMP|10060|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 10108 Tomlinson || 26 April 1992 || {{LoMP|10108|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 10295 Hippolyta || 12 April 1988 || {{LoMP|10295|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 10487 Danpeterson || 14 April 1985 || {{LoMP|10487|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 10563 Izhdubar || 19 November 1993 || {{LoMP|10563|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 10683 Carter || 10 June 1980 || {{LoMP|10683|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 10739 Lowman || 12 May 1988 || {{LoMP|10739|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| {{mp|(10995) 1978 NS}} || 10 July 1978 || {{LoMP|10995|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| 11006 Gilson || 9 October 1980 || {{LoMP|11006|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[11066 Sigurd]]''' || 9 February 1992 || {{LoMP|11066|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[11277 Ballard]]''' || 8 October 1988 || {{LoMP|11277|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 11311 Peleus || 10 December 1993 || {{LoMP|11311|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 11836 Eileen || 5 February 1986 || {{LoMP|11836|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 12227 Penney || 11 October 1985 || {{LoMP|12227|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 12237 Coughlin || 23 April 1987 || {{LoMP|12237|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 12242 Koon || 18 August 1988 || {{LoMP|12242|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 12675 Chabot || 9 October 1980 || {{LoMP|12675|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[12714 Alkimos]]''' || 15 April 1991 || {{LoMP|12714|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 12753 Povenmire || 18 April 1993 || {{LoMP|12753|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| {{mp|(12977) 1978 NC}} || 10 July 1978 || {{LoMP|12977|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| '''[[13062 Podarkes]]''' || 19 April 1991 || {{LoMP|13062|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 13937 Roberthargraves || 2 August 1989 || {{LoMP|13937|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[14827 Hypnos]]''' || 5 May 1986 || {{LoMP|14827|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 14835 Holdridge || 26 November 1987 || {{LoMP|14835|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 15228 Ronmiller || 23 February 1987 || {{LoMP|15228|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 15304 Wikberg || 21 October 1992 || {{LoMP|15304|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| {{mp|(16397) 1982 JS|2}} || 15 May 1982 || {{LoMP|16397|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| 16452 Goldfinger || 28 September 1989 || {{LoMP|16452|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 16641 Esteban || 16 August 1993 || {{LoMP|16641|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| {{mp|(17355) 1978 NK}} || 10 July 1978 || {{LoMP|17355|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| 17399 Andysanto || 6 September 1983 || {{LoMP|17399|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 17408 McAdams || 19 October 1987 || {{LoMP|17408|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 19140 Jansmit || 2 September 1989 || {{LoMP|19140|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 19173 Virginiaterése || 15 April 1991 || {{LoMP|19173|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 19243 Bunting || 10 February 1994 || {{LoMP|19243|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| {{mp|(19920) 1978 NF}} || 10 July 1978 || {{LoMP|19920|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| 20007 Marybrown || 7 June 1991 || {{LoMP|20007|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 20037 Duke || 20 October 1992 || {{LoMP|20037|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[21062 Iasky]]''' || 13 May 1991 || {{LoMP|21062|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 21148 Billramsey || 16 April 1993 || {{LoMP|21148|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 21149 Kenmitchell || 19 April 1993 || {{LoMP|21149|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 22294 Simmons || 28 September 1989 || {{LoMP|22294|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 23452 Drew || 18 August 1988 || {{LoMP|23452|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[24626 Astrowizard]]''' || 9 October 1980 || {{LoMP|24626|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 24643 MacCready || 28 September 1984 || {{LoMP|24643|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 24654 Fossett || 29 May 1987 || {{LoMP|24654|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 24761 Ahau || 28 January 1993 || {{LoMP|24761|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 26879 Haines || 9 July 1994 || {{LoMP|26879|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 27706 Strogen || 11 October 1985 || {{LoMP|27706|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 27711 Kirschvink || 4 November 1988 || {{LoMP|27711|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 29133 Vargas || 29 May 1987 || {{LoMP|29133|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 29137 Alanboss || 18 October 1987 || {{LoMP|29137|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 29146 McHone || 17 March 1988 || {{LoMP|29146|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 30767 Chriskraft || 6 November 1983 || {{LoMP|30767|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 30779 Sankt-Stephan || 17 October 1987 || {{LoMP|30779|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 30785 Greeley || 13 August 1988 || {{LoMP|30785|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 30786 Karkoschka || 18 August 1988 || {{LoMP|30786|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 30844 Hukeller || 17 May 1991 || {{LoMP|30844|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 32776 Nriag || 29 May 1987 || {{LoMP|32776|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 35056 Cullers || 28 September 1984 || {{LoMP|35056|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 37609 LaVelle || 25 November 1992 || {{LoMP|37609|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| '''[[37655 Illapa]]''' || 1 August 1994 || {{LoMP|37655|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 43763 Russert || 30 May 1987 || {{LoMP|43763|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 48416 Carmelita || 24 January 1988 || {{LoMP|48416|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| {{mp|(52229) 1978 NN}} || 10 July 1978 || {{LoMP|52229|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| {{mp|(52230) 1978 NR}} || 10 July 1978 || {{LoMP|52230|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| '''[[52266 Van Flandern]]''' || 10 January 1986 || {{LoMP|52266|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 65672 Merrick || 16 August 1988 || {{LoMP|65672|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 73670 Kurthopf || 19 August 1982 || {{LoMP|73670|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| 79117 Brydonejack || 16 August 1988 || {{LoMP|79117|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

| {{mp|(99954) 1978 NH}} || 10 July 1978 || {{LoMP|99954|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| {{mp|(129437) 1978 NG}} || 10 July 1978 || {{LoMP|129437|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| {{mp|(136564) 1977 VA}} || 7 November 1977 || {{LoMP|136564|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|A|}}

|-

| {{mp|(408751) 1987 SF|3}} || 26 September 1987 || {{LoMP|408751|list}}&amp;thinsp;{{ref label|codisc|B|}}

|-

! colspan=3 style=&quot;font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 4px 12px;&quot; |'''Co-discovery''' made with:&lt;br /&gt;{{note label|codisc|A|}} [[Eleanor F. Helin|E. F. Helin]]&lt;br /&gt;{{note label|codisc|B|}} [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker|C. S. Shoemaker]]&lt;br /&gt;{{note label|codisc|C|}} [[Peter D. Wilder|P. D. Wilder]]&lt;br /&gt;{{note label|codisc|D|}} [[David H. Levy|D. H. Levy]]

|}

|}


==Notes==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|refs=


&lt;ref name=&quot;MPC-Discoverers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web

  |title      = Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)

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  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html

  |date       = 25 October 2018

  |accessdate = 18 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;


}} &lt;!-- end of reflist --&gt;

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== External links==

* ''Asteroids:  Deadly Impact'' [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] videos

* [https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/rpif/exhibits/pioneers/gene-shoemaker USGS page about Gene Shoemaker]

* [http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/news81.html NASA page about Gene Shoemaker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117090050/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/news81.html |date=2010-01-17 }}

[[Category:BEHM]]
[[Category:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ]]
[[Category:နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ]]
[[Category:ဘူမိဗေဒ]]</text>
      <sha1>24dfo9ntz7630fmzuovamkodh9z0jjk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>တ္ၚဲမိ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="14601" sha1="c2glcujn66aw1n9egh9ggpc7vwvojr4" xml:space="preserve">{{Celebration
|name = '''တ္ၚဲမိ'''&lt;br&gt; Mother's Day
|image = Mother and child-Mi Sajin.jpg
|image_caption = မိသဇင်မောဝ် ကေုာံ ကောန်ဗၠာဲ (၁၈ မာတ် ၂၀၁၉)
|birth_date = ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲအဒိုတ်ဒုတိယ ပ္ဍဲ ဂိတုမေ သၞာံ ၁၉၀၈
|birth_place = ပ္ဍဲ St. Andrew's Methodist Church
|monuments = 
|birth_name = တ္ၚဲမိ ဂၠးကဝ်
|occur_date = 
|occur_place =
|known_for = 
|purpose = မရော်ဂုဏ်မိ ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိကၟိန် ကေုာံ ဘဝဒဒှ်မိဂမၠိုင် 
|movement = 
|celebrated_place = အလုံဂၠးကဝ်
}}
'''တ္ၚဲမိ''' ({{Lang-en|Mother's Day}}) ဂှ် စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲအဒိုတ်ဒုတိယ ပ္ဍဲ ဂိတုမေ၊၊ လညာတ်မ္ဂး တ္ၚဲမိ မဒးရုဲစှ် ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲအဒိုတ်ဒုတိယ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမေဂှ် ကၠုင်နူ ဂျူလဳယျာ ဝါရ်ဒ် ဟောဝေ (Julia Ward Howe (1819-1910)) နူသၞာံ ၁၈၇၂ တေအ်ရ၊၊ ဂျူလဳယျာ ဝါရ်ဒ် ဟောဝေ (Julia Ward Howe (1819-1910)) ဂှ် ဒှ်အစာချူလိက် ဂကူအမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ် ပေါဲဗတိုက် သွက်အခေါင်ညးဗြဴ ညံင်မကလိဂွံ အခေါင်စုတ်မာဲရ၊၊ ဂျူလဳယျာ ဝါရ်ဒ် ဟောဝေဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအမေရိကာန် မၞိဟ်တအ်မတီလဝ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မချူလဝ် ဒွက်ဇက်ပၞာန်ဍုင် ＂the Battle Hymn of the Repubic＂ရ၊၊ နကဵုလညာတ်ဂျူလဳယျာမ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲမိဂှ် ညးဗတိုက်ဖအောဝ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဂှ် မၞးတအ် စဴသ္ၚိ ဇကုမိမၞးတအ်တုဲ ဟီုဂလာန် တင်ဂုန် ကုမိမၞးတအ် အရာညးမကၠောန်လဝ် ကုမၞးတအ်ရ၊၊&lt;ref name=NG&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140508-mothers-day-nation-gifts-facts-culture-moms/ |accessdate=2019-05-11 |archivedate=2014-05-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510211603/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140508-mothers-day-nation-gifts-facts-culture-moms/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ကသပ်လညာတ် အစာချူလိက်ဂျူလဳယျာဂှ် ညးမဗၟံက်ရုပ်ရဴ မကၠောန် ＂တ္ၚဲမိ＂ ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ် အန်န ဇရ်ဝိသ် (Anna Jarvis (1864-1948)) နမရန်တၟအ် ကုမိအံက်ညး အန်နာ မာရဳ ရေဝေသ် ဇရ်ဝိသ် (Ann Marie Reeves Jarvis)ရ၊၊ မိညး အန်နာ မာရဳဂှ် ဒှ် မၞိဟ်မဂစာန်ကၠောန်လဝ် သွက်ပရေင်ထတ်ယုက်ညးဗြဴ ကေုာံ ကောန်ၚာ် ကေုာံ ညံင်ဂွံဖအောန်ဖျေဟ် ပ္ဍဲအရာကောန်ၚာ် မဒးချိုတ်တအ်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ပၞာန်အပ္ဍဲဍုင်အမေရိကာန်ဂှ် ညးလပါ်လဵုဟွံလုပ် နကဵုမဒစဵုဒစးပၞာန်တုဲ ကုကောန်ပၞာန် မဒးဝပ် သီုၜါလပါ်ဂှ် ဗိုင်လွဳလွတ် ရံင်စံင်မင်မဲ ညံင်ကောန်ဇကု သီုဖအိုတ်ရ၊၊ စနူ သၞာံ ၁၉၀၈ အန်န ဇရ်ဝိသ် မကၠောန်ဗဒှ် တ္ၚဲမိ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲအဒိုတ်ဒုတိယ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမေ ပ္ဍဲဘာကျာ် သင် အာန်ဒရေဝ် မေထဝ်ဒိဒ် (St. Andrew's Methodist Church) ပ္ဍဲဍုင် ဂရဖ်တောန် (Grafton)၊ ဝိရ်ဂိနိယျာပလိုတ် (West Virginia) ဂှ်တုဲ အခိုက်ဂှ် ပြးဇးအာ ဗွဲမပြဟ်တုဲ စနူသၞာံ ၁၉၁၄ တုဲ နဒဒှ် တ္ၚဲတၟေင် တ္ၚဲပရဲမလုပ်ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်မွဲဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ်ရ၊၊ &lt;ref&gt;Kaag, John; Cleary, Skye C. (10 May 2018). &quot;Nietzsche Wishes You an Ambivalent Mother's Day&quot;. The Paris Review. Retrieved 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Engaging Families - U.S. Department of Education&quot;. www2.ed.gov. 14 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

တ္ၚဲမိ ပ္ဍဲအဒိုတ်ဒုတိယ ဂိတုမေဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ဒှ်တ္ၚဲမိဂၠးကဝ်ကီုလေဝ်ဂှ် ဍုင်မွဲကုမွဲ မကၠောန်ဗဒှ် တ္ၚဲမိ ဟွံတုပ်ရေင်သကအ်ရ၊၊ ဍုင်လ္ၚဵုတအ်ဂှ် ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုဘာသာ မရန်တၟအ် ကုမိနာဲယေသှု မာရဳတုဲ မကၠောန်နွံတုဲ ဍုင်လ္ၚဵုတအ်ဂှ် ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုရာသဳဥတု၊ ပရူဝင်ဍုင်ညးတအ်တုဲ မကၠောန်တဴအိုတ်ရ၊၊

== ဝင် ==
ကၠာ ဂျူလဳယျာ ဝါရ်ဒ် ဟောဝေ ဟွံဖန်ဗဒှ် တ္ၚဲမိ ပ္ဍဲအမေရိကာန်ဏီ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗြိတိန် နကဵုအခိုက်တြေံ ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်ဒၟံင် တ္ၚဲမိ နွံကီုရ၊၊ နူကဵု အေဒဳ ၁၆၀၀ တေအ်ရ ကောန်ၚာ် ကေုာံ သၟတ်တအ် ပ္ဍဲဗြိတိန် ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲအဒိုတ်မရနုက်ကဵုပန် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလသဘင်ခရေတ်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံအခေါင်သၠး နူကမၠောန်တုဲ ဂွံအာဇရေင် ဘာကျာ်မိ (mother church) မဒှ် ဘာကျာ်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဒေသ ဒၞာဲဇကုမမံင်တအ်ရ၊၊ တ္ၚဲဂှ် ညးကော်စ တ္ၚဲအဒိုတ်မိ(Mothering Sunday) တုဲ ပ္ဍဲပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဂှ် မွဲတ္ၚဲရ အလုံမွဲအိန်ထံင် ဂွံအခေါင် အာဘာကျာ်မွဲစွံရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵု နောရ်ဒေန်လာန် (Nordengland) ကဵု သကောတ်လာန်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူမဗစ ကွာင်မကော်စ ကာရ်လိန် Carling တုဲ ညးကော်စ တ္ၚဲအဒိုတ်ကာရ်လိန် ''Carling Sunday''ရ၊၊

အခိုက်အမေရိကာန် စိုပ်ကၠုင်တုဲ တ္ၚဲအဒိုတ်မိ (Mothering Sunday) ဗြိတိန်ဂှ် ဗွဲကြဴဏအ် ကၠေအ်အာရ၊၊ ဆဂး တ္ၚဲအဒိုတ် မရနုက်ကဵုပန် ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲသဘင်ဂမၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲဘာသာခရေတ်ယာန်ဂှ် ညးတအ် ဆက်ကၠောန်ဒၟံင်ဖိုဟ်ရ၊၊ ဆဂး ညးကော်စလၟုဟ် တ္ၚဲမိဂမၠိုင် (Mothers Day)တုဲ တင်ရန်တၟအ်တ္ၚဲဂှ်လေဝ် တုပ်ကဵု တင်ရန်တၟအ် နူအမေရိကာန်ကီုရ၊၊ 

အန်နာ ဇန်ဝိသ် ဂစာန်ဖန် ပ္ကဴ Dianthus အသာ်ဗုဂှ် နဒဒှ် သင်္ကေတ လက္သန် သွက်တ္ၚဲမိရ၊၊ Dianthus ဂှ် နကဵုသင်္ကေတ မိဂမၠိုင် မၞုံကဵု မသၠးဇ္ၚး၊ မပတှ်ေဖျေဟ်စိုတ်ဂွံ၊ မယဵုလဂူတပ်တး၊ မနွံမေတ္တာ၊ မနွံကရုဏာ ကေုာံ မနွံကဵု ပွမကျေဝ်ဂေါဝ်ရ၊၊ လညာတ်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုင် ဒုင်ကၠုင်တဲတုဲ ဆဂး စၞးပ္ကဴအသာ်ဗုဂှ် မၞိဟ်တအ် စကာပ္ကဴအသာ်ဗကေတ်ရ၊ ဆဂး ကာလမိ စုတိမ္ဂး ညးတအ် စုတ်ကဵုပ္ကဴDianthus အသာ်ဗုရ၊၊ အခိင်မဖန်ဗဒှ်လဝ်တေအ် ၜိုန်ရ ဟွံရန်လဝ် သွက်ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ကီုလေဝ် ဆဂး အခိင်လၟုဟ် ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲမိဂှ် ပ္ကဴDianthusဂှ် ဂွံသွံဗွဲမလောန် ဒှ်အာ အခိုက်မွဲရ၊၊

==တ္ၚဲမိ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာ==
တ္ၚဲမိ (အမေနေ့) ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် အစာချူလိက်ဗၟာ ဦးသုခ ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မဖန်ဗဒှ် စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုတ္ၚဲ ဂိတုပုဟ်ပေင် (မလေပ်ဒှ် ဂိတုပေင် ပ္ဍဲအကြာ ဒဳဇြေန်ပါ-ဇာန်နဝါရဳ)ရ၊၊ သၞာံကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မာန္တလေ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၅ တုဲ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဂှ် ညးဟီုတွဟ် ပရူမရောက်ဂုဏ်မိ ရ၊၊ &lt;ref&gt; “အမေဆိုသည့် စာကလေးနှစ်လုံးကို အသံထွက်အောင်ရွတ်ဆိုကြည့်လိုက်စမ်းပါ။ အလွန်ချိုမြိန်သော၊ သာယာသော၊ စိတ်ချမ်းသာသော၊ မေတ္တာနှင့်ထုန်မွှန်းသော အရသာကို ခံစားရပါလိမ့်မည်” (ဆရာကြီး ဦးသုခ၏ ပထမဆုံးအကြိမ် မန္တလေး အမေနေ့ 
ဟောပြောပွဲမှ&lt;/ref&gt;

==တ္ၚဲမိ တ္ၚဲတၞဟ်ခြာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်နာနာ==

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
!စၟတ်တ္ၚဲ
!ဍုင်
|-
|တ္ၚဲအဒိုတ် ဒုတိယ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ 
|ဍုင်နဝ်ဝေ
|-
|၃၀ တ္ၚဲ ပ္ဍဲဂိတု Schewat (ဒှ် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ)
|ဍုင်အေဿရေ
|-
|တ္ၚဲသဘင်မဆေင် ကုခရေတ်ယာန် မရနုက်ကဵု စတုတ္ထ
|ဗြိတိန်၊ အာရ်လာန်၊
|-
|၈ မာတ်
|အလ်ဗေနဳယျာ (Albanien)၊ ဗူလ်ဂေရဳယျာ (Bulgarien)၊ ရူမေနဳယျာ (Rumænien)၊ မောလ်ဒဝ်ဝါ (Moldova)
|-
|၂၁ မာတ်
|သဳရိယျာ
|-
|တ္ၚဲတမ်သၞာံ ၁ 
|လိဗနောန်
|-
|အဒိုတ်ပထမ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမေ 
| ဟုန်ဂေရဳ (Hungary)၊ ပဝ်တူဂြဳ၊ အဖရိသၠုင်ကျာ၊ သပိန်၊ လိထံင်နဳယျာ (Lithuania)
|-
|၁၀ မေ
|ဍုင်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲအမေရိကသၠုင်ကျာ၊ မက်သဳဂဝ်၊ Bahrain၊ ဟံင်ကံင် (Hong Kong)၊ အန္ဒိယ (Indien)၊ မလေရှာ (Malaysia)၊ အဝ်မေန် (Oman)၊ ပါကိသတာန် (Pakistan)၊ ကွာတာ (Qatar)၊ သဴဒိ-အရဗိယာန် (Saudi-Arabia)၊ သိင်ဂပူရ် (Singapore)၊ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အာရဗ် အဳမိရာတ် (United Arab Emirates)
|-
|တ္ၚဲအဒိုတ်ဒုတိယ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမေ၊၊
|အဝ်သတြေလျာ၊ ဗေလ်ဂျဳယာန်၊ ဗရာသဳ၊ ကနေဒါ၊ ကဝ်လောမ်ဗဳယျာ၊ ဒိန်မက်၊ ဝှိန်လာန်၊ ဂရိန်လာန်၊ အိသလာန်၊ အဳတလဳ၊ ဂျပါန်၊ နေတလာန်၊ နယူဇြဳလာန်၊ အဝ်သရဳလျာ၊ သွိတ်သလာန်၊ ထာင်ဝါန်၊ ချေက်ကဳ၊ ဂျာမနဳ၊ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်၊ လုဇေမ်ဗဝ်၊ ဖလိပိန်၊

|-
|၂၆ မေ
|ပဝ်လာန်
|-
|တ္ၚဲအဒိုတ်ကြဴအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမေ
|ပြင်သေတ်၊ သွိတ်ဒေန်
|-
|၁၂ အဝ်ဂေတ်
|ဍုင်သေံ၊ တ္ၚဲဂၞကျာ်သဳရိခိတ် Sirikit ဒှ်မၞိဟ်
|-
|၁၅ အဝ်ဂေတ် 
| အာန်တွေပ် (Antwerp - Belgien)၊ ကဝ်သတ ရိကာ (Costa Rica)
|-
|တ္ၚဲအဒိုတ်ဒုတိယ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအံက်တဝ်ပဝ် 
|အာဂျေန်တေန်နာ
|-
|၁၄ အံက်တဝ်ပါ 
|ရုရှာ၊ ဗေလရုသ် (Belarus)
|}


==နိဿဲ==

[[Category:ကဏ္ဍအဓိက!]]
[[Category:BEHM]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:တ္ၚဲမိ}}
[[Category:တ္ၚဲတၟေင် တ္ၚဲပရဲဂမၠိုင်]]

{{Mon celebrations and memorial days}}</text>
      <sha1>c2glcujn66aw1n9egh9ggpc7vwvojr4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်</title>
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      <text bytes="74379" sha1="gb8c0bnhp4cd69s1f20drk0t12sir6y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Award
| name = လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်&lt;br&gt;Nobel Prize
| image = NobelP2.png
| alt = 
| description = လာပ်မဇိုန်နှင်ကဵု ကုညးမကၠောန်ဒတဲုဖိုလ် ကောန်မၞိဟ်။ သီုဖအိုတ် နွံလာပ် ထပှ် ကဏ္ဍ၊ လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် ဓါတု၊ လိက်ပတ်၊ ၜိုဟ်လလံ၊ ရူပ၊ ဂဥုဲ၊ သိပ္ပံပိုန်ဒြပ်။
| sponsor = 
* Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute (ဇဳဝကမ္မ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဂဥုဲ)
* Norwegian Nobel Committee (ၜိုဟ်လလံ)
* Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (ဓါတု၊ သိပ္ပံပိုန်ဒြပ်၊ ရူပ)
* Swedish Academy (လိက်ပတ်)
| country = 
* သွိတ်ဒေန် (လာပ်သီုဖအိုတ် ပါဲနူ ၜိုဟ်လလံ) 
* နဝ်ဝေ (လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံ ဟေင်) 
| date = စနူသၞာံ ၁၉၀၁
| reward = ဂအုံသြန် ၉ မဳလဳယာန် (US$ 986,000 (2018)&lt;br&gt; တဆိပ်တင်္ကာထဝ်&lt;br&gt;တဆိပ်ကြာ
| holder_label = Number of laureates
| holder = လာပ် ၅၉၀ မၞိဟ် ၉၃၅ (၂၀၁၈)
| website = https://nobelprize.org
}}

'''လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်''' ({{Lang-en|'''Nobel Prize'''}}) ဝွံ ဒှ်လာပ်ဂၠးကဝ် မဇိုန်နှင်ကဵုဒၟံင် ဇၟာပ်ပ်သၞာံ မနွံကဵု ကဏ္ဍလပါ် နာနာသာ် နကဵုဂကောံ နူဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန် ကေုာံ နဝ်ဝေ မဒှ်လာပ် မဂွံပစၟတ်သမ္တီ ပရေင်ပညာ၊ ပရေင်ယေန်သၞာင် ကေုာံ ပရေင်ကွတ်သိပ္ပံရ။ 

ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုတၠပညာဓါတု၊ အေန်ဂျေန်နဳယျာ ကေုာံ သေဌဳရုင်စက် ဂကူသွိတ်ဒေန် အလ်ဖရေဒ် နဝ်ဗေလ်တုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်ဏအ် နူကဵုသၞာံ ၁၈၉၅ တေအ်ရ။ လာပ် မဆေင် ကု ဓါတု၊ လိက်ပတ်၊ ၜိုဟ်လလံ၊ ရူပ ကေုာံ ဇဳဝကမ္မ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဂဥုဲတအ်ဂှ် စကဵု နူကဵုသၞာံ ၁၉၀၁။&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/ |title=Nobel Prize facts| website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=25 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ |title=Nobel Prizes and Laureates |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=29 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Which country has the best brains? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11500373 |accessdate=6 December 2011 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=8 October 2010 |archivedate=9 November 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042345/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11500373}}&lt;/ref&gt; လာပ်ဂှ် ဇိုန်နှင် ကဵုဒၟံင် ကုညးမစိုန်သကီု စိစောန် ပ္ဍဲကဵုကမၠောန်မဆေင်စပ်ကဵုညးတအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/subject-survey/awards.html |title=Top Award, ShanghaiRanking Academic Excellence Survey 2018 |website=Shanghai Ranking |access-date=18 March 2019 |accessdate=11 October 2019 |archivedate=17 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017012526/http://www.shanghairanking.com/subject-survey/awards.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ireg-observatory.org/en/pdfy/IREG-list-academic-awards-EN.pdf |title=IREG List of International Academic Awards |website=IREG Observatory on Academic Ranking and Excellence |access-date= |accessdate=2019-10-11 |archivedate=2019-03-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312125455/http://ireg-observatory.org/en/pdfy/IREG-list-academic-awards-EN.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shalev8&quot;&gt;[[Nobel Prize#Shalev69|Shalev]], p. 8&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၆၈ ဗာန်ဗဟဵုဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန် (Sveriges Riksbank) ဒက်ပ္တန် လာပ်ဗဟဵုဗာန် ဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန် မဆေင်ကဵု သိပ္ပံပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် နမဗှ်ဗၞုဟ် အလ်ဖရေဒ် နဝ်ဗေလ် (Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel) ရ။ လာပ်ဂှ် ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုသြန်အဓိက နူကဵု နဝ်ဗေလ်ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် သၞာံ ၁၉၆၈ မဒှ်သြန် မကလိဂွံလဝ် သြန်ဒါန် နူကဵုဗာန်ဗဟဵု ဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန် နမပစၟတ်သမ္တီ ဗာန်ပေင်အာယုက် ၃၀၀ သၞာံရ။ လာပ်သိပ္ပံပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ဂှ် ဇိုန်နှာကဵုကၠာအိုတ် ကုရဂ်နာ ဖြိသ်ချ် (Ragnar Frisch) ကေုာံ ယန် တိန်ဗဴယေန် (Jan Tinbergen) ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၆၉ ဂှ်ရ။ လာပ်သိပ္ပံပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ဂှ် ဒှ်လာပ် နူကဵု ဂကောံတၠပညာသိပ္ပံ သၟိင်တၠ သွိတ်ဒေန် (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) မဇိုန်နှင်ကဵု အတိုင်ဗီုပြင် လာပ်နဝ်ဗဴတၞဟ်တအ်ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Noble Prize - Did You Know? |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/uncategorized/did-you-know |website=Nobel Prize |access-date=31 July 2019 |quote=The Noble Prize - Did You Know?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ လာပ်နဝ်ဗဴဟီုဂှ် နကဵုဂကောံနာနာ ဒက်ပတန် ကဵုဒၟံင် ဗီုဏအ်ရ။ လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် မဆေင်ကဵု ဓါတု (the Nobel Prize in Chemistry)၊ လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် မဆေင်ကဵု ရူပ (the Nobel Prize in Physics) ကေုာံ လာပ်ဗာန်ဗဟဵုသွိတ်ဒေန် မဆေင်ကဵု သိပ္ပံပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် နမဗှ်ဗၞုဟ် အလ်ဖရေဒ် နဝ်ဗေလ် (the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel( ဂှ် ဇိုန်နှင်ကဵု နူဂကောံတၠပညာသိပ္ပံ သၟိင်တၠ သွိတ်ဒေန်။ နကဵု ဂကောံအသေမ်ဗလဳ နဝ်ဗေလ် ပ္ဍဲ ခရဝ်လိန်သက (Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute) ဂှ် ဇိုန်နှင်ကဵုဒၟံင် လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် မဆေင်ကဵု ဇဳဝကမ္မ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဂဥုဲ (the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)။ နူကဵု ဂကောံတၠပညာအကေဒမဳ သွိတ်ဒေန် (Swedish Academy) ဂှ် ဇိုန်နှင်ကဵုဒၟံင် လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် မဆေင်ကဵု လိက်ပတ် (the Nobel Prize in Literature)။ တုဲပၠန် နူကဵု ကမ္မတဳနဝ်ဗေလ် ဍုင်နဝ်ဝေ (Norwegian Nobel Committee) ဂှ် ဇိုန်နှင်ကဵု လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် ၜိုဟ်လလံ (the Nobel Peace Prize)ရ။ 

အကြာသၞာံ ၁၉၀၁ ကဵု ၂၀၁၈ လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် (ကေုာံ လာပ် သိပ္ပံပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် နူကဵု သၞာံ ၁၉၆၉) ဇိုန်နှင်ကဵု ၅၉၀ အလန် ကုမၞိဟ် ကေုာံ ဂကောံ ၉၃၅ တၠရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ညးလ္ၚဵုတအ်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံ လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် ဂၠိုင်နူ မွဲအလန်တုဲ သီုဖအိုတ် နကဵုဂကောံဂှ် ၂၇ ဂကောံ၊ နကဵုပူဂိုလ်ဂှ် ၉၀၈ တၠရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/ &quot;All Nobel Prizes&quot;]. ''Nobel Foundation''. Retrieved 10 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; သဘင်မကဵုလာပ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် လၟေင်င်သၞာံ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇၞော်သတံက်ဟောမ်၊ သွိတ်ဒေန် (သွက်သဘင်မဇိုန်နှင်ကဵု လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်ၜိုဟ်လလံဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇၞော်အဝ်သလဝ်၊ နဝ်ဝေ)။ ကုညးမကလိဂွံလဝ် လာပ်တအ်ဂှ် ညးကော်စ လဝ်ရိယာတ် (laureate)၊ ကလိဂွံ တဆိပ်တင်္ကာထဝ်မွဲ၊ စၟတ်တဲမွဲတၞး ကေုာံ ဂအုံသြန် အတိုင်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် နူကဵု ဂကောံဖံင်ဒေရှေန် နဝ်ဗေလ်ရ။ (ဥပမာ ဂအုံသြန် သွက်လာပ်သၞာံ ၂၀၁၇ ဂှ်မ္ဂး ဇၟာပ်လာပ်ဂှ် နွံဂအုံသြန်ခရဝ်နာ သွိတ်ဒေန် 9,000,000 မတုပ်ကဵု သြန်ဒဝ်လာအမေရိကာန် 1,110,000 မတုပ်ကဵု သြန်ယူရဝ်  €944,000 ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;PrizeAmountRaised&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobel Prize amount is raised by SEK 1 million |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/press/#/publication/59c911c82a43dd000437b4b7/552bd85dccc8e20c00e7f979 |website=Nobel Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;) တဆိပ်တင်္ကာထဝ် မကၠောန်ကိုပ်ကၠာနူ သၞာံ ၁၉၈၀ တအ်ဂှ် နွံဍာ်ထဝ် ၂၃ ဂရာတ်၊ လက္ကရဴနူဂှ် ကၠောန်လဝ် ခတှ်ေ နကဵု ဍာ်ထဝ် ၁၈ ဂရာတ်တုဲ တဆိပ် နကဵုဍာ်ထဝ် ၂၄ ဂရာတ်။ 

လာပ်ဂှ် ကုညးမကလိလောန်အာတုဲတအ်ဂှ် ဟွံဇိုန်နှင်ကဵုရ။ ဆဂး ယဝ်ရ မၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲ လလောင်တြး သ္ဇိုန်ကဵုလာပ်ဂှ်ရောင်၊ ကၠာဟွံစိုပ် တ္ၚဲမကၠောန်သဘင်ဂှ် ယဝ်ရစုတိအာမ္ဂး လာပ်ဂှ် ဆက်ကဵုအာ အတိုင်အစဳအဇန်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;cbc1003&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Montreal-born doctor gets posthumous Nobel honour |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2011/10/03/nobel-prize-medicine.html |accessdate=3 October 2011 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=3 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; လာပ်ဂှ် နကဵုပူဂိုလ်မ္ဂး ဟွံပါ်ပရအ် မၞိဟ်ဂၠိုင်နူပိ ဟွံဂွံ၊ ဆဂး နကဵုဂကောံ မၞိဟ်မနွံ ဂၠိုင်နူပိဂှ် ဇိုန်နှင်ကဵုဒၟံင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/nobelshare.html |title=Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th century |last=Schmidhuber |first=Jürgen |df=dmy-all |year=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ဝင်==
[[ဝှာင်:AlfredNobel adjusted.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A black and white photo of a bearded man in his fifties sitting in a chair. | အလ်ဖရေဒ် နဝ်ဗေလ် ဗွဲမအမ်သဝ် စိုတ်ဟွံမိပ် ဂွံဗှ်ကေတ် ပရိုင်ချိုတ်ဂျိုင် ပရူဇကု ပ္ဍဲလိက်ပရိုင်ပြင်သေတ် မချူလဝ် နကဵုက္ဍိုပ်ပရိုင် &quot;သၟာဗၞိက် ဂမ္စိုက် ချိုတ်အာရ ''The merchant of death is dead'']]

အလ်ဖရေဒ် နဝ်ဗေလ် (Alfred Nobel) ({{Audio|Sv-Alfred Nobel.ogg|listen}}) ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲ ၂၁ အံက်တဝ်ပါ ၁၈၃၃ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇၞော် သတံက်ဟောမ်၊ သွိတ်ဒေန် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန် အေန်ဂျေန်နဳယျာ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz5&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 5&lt;/ref&gt; ညးဂှ် ဒှ်တၠပညာဓါတု၊ အေန်ဂျေန်နဳယျာ ကေုာံ ညးမခၞံဗဒှ်တၟိ (inventor)ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၈၉၄ နဝ်ဗေလ် ရာန်ကေတ် ရုင်စက်ကၠောန်လွဟ် ကေုာံ ကပေါတ်ပသဲတုဲ ညးတေအ် ကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် ကပေါတ်အရပ်အရာပၞာန်ဂမၠိုင် မပ္တံကဵု လွဟ်သေနာတ်တအ်ရ။ ညးတေအ် သီုကဵု မခၞံဗဒှ်တၟိ ယာန်ခတိုဟ်သက္ကုယက် (ballistite) ကီုရ။ ပရေင်မခၞံဗဒှ်တၟိဝွံ စကာ ပ္ဍဲကဵုမကမ် သက္ကုယက် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠေင် ဗွဲတၟေင် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဂဥုဲသေနာတ် အင်္ဂလိက် (cordite)ရ။ အရာညးမကၠောန်ဗဒှ်တၟိ မွဲပၠန်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာညးတေအ် မခၞံဗဒှ်တၟိ မဂၞန် ၃၅၅ မဒှ် ဒါင်နမာက် (ကပေါတ်ခတိုဟ်)ရ။ ဒါင်နမာက်ဂှ် ယၟုမြဟ် ဒှ်အရာမစကာဂၠိုင်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ညးတေအ် မဂျိုင်တန်တဴဒၟံင်လမျီုဂှ် နကဵုမကၠောန်ပတိတ်ဒါင်နမာက်၊ သွံနဲကဲဂှ် ဒှ်ဒြပ်ဗွဲမဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz11&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၈၈၈ ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဂွံဗှ်ကေတ် ပရိုင်ချိုတ်ဂျိုင် နကဵုက္ဍိုပ်လိက် &quot;သၟာဗၞိက် ဂမ္စိုတ် ချိုတ်အာရ။ ''The merchant of death is dead''နူကဵု လိက်ပရိုင်ပြင်သေတ်မွဲရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဟွံသေင် ချိုတ်၊ ကောညးတေအ် လုဒ်ဝိဂ် (Ludvig Nobel) မစုတိရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ပရိုင်ချိုတ်ဂျိုင်ညးတေအ်ဂှ် တိတ်ပြဟ်အာ နူညးတေအ် မစုတိဇေတ်တ် ပွိုင် ၈ သၞာံဟီုဂွံရ။ ညးတေအ် ဂွံဗှ်ကေတ် ပရိုင်ချိုတ်ဂျိုင်ဂှ်တုဲ ဒှ်လၞီ စိုတ်ဟွံခိုဟ် ဗွဲမလောန်ရ။ ကာလညးတေအ် မစုတိတုဲ ကောန်လိုက်တအ် မတီ မစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ်ညးတေအ် မၞိဟ်ဗီုလဵုရောဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။ အရာဏအ်ဂှ် ပကဵုညးတေအ် ညံင်ဂွံပြံင်လှာဲရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |first=Frederic |last=Golden |title=The Worst And The Brightest |date=16 October 2000 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998209,00.html |journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |accessdate=9 April 2010 |archivedate=3 November 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103153942/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998209,00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲ ၁၀ ဒဳဇြေန်ပါ ၁၈၉၆ ဂှ် နဝ်ဗေလ် မဒးစုတိအာ ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိညးတေအ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သင်ရေမဝ် (San Remo)၊ အဳတလဳ နကဵုယဲ မဆေင်ကဵုကၠေင်က္ဍဟ် (cerebral haemorrhage)ရ။ ညးကလိဂွံအာယုက် ၆၃ သၞာံရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Sohlman13&quot;&gt;[[#Sohlman69|Sohlman]], p. 13&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ညးတေအ် မဂျိုင်တန်တဴဒၟံင်ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ချူစွံလဝ် ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒညး ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ကဵုဒၞာဲရ။ ကိုပ်ကၠာ ညးဟွံဂွံချိုတ် ၜိုတ်မွဲသၞာံပြင်ပြင်ဂှ် ညးချူလဝ်ရ။ လိက်ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒညးဂှ် ညးထပက်စၟတ်တဲ ပ္ဍဲ ကလုပ်သွိတ်ဒေန်-နဝ်ဝေ (Swedish–Norwegian Club) ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ပဴရေတ်၊ ပြင်သေတ် ပ္ဍဲ ၂၇ နဝ်ဝေန်ပါ ၁၈၉၅။&lt;ref name=&quot;Sohlman7&quot;&gt;[[#Sohlman69|Sohlman]], p. 7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=von Euler |first=U. S. |title=The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science |url=http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=xu7j67w616m06488&amp;size=largest |format=PDF |journal=[[Die Naturwissenschaften]] |date=6 June 1981 |accessdate=21 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714080803/http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=xu7j67w616m06488&amp;size=largest |archivedate=14 July 2011 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲလိက်ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒဂှ် ညးချူလဝ် ဒြပ်ရတ်ညးတေအ်ဂှ် ဒးစကာ သွက်ဂွံဒက်ပတန် လာပ်သကာ မပူဇဴဇိုန်နှင်ကဵု ကုပူဂိုလ် မကၠောန်ဗဒှ် သွက်ကောန်မၞိဟ်တအ် ဂွံခိုဟ်စ ပ္ဍဲကဵုရူပ၊ ဓါတု၊ ဇဳဝကမ္မ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဂဥုဲ၊ လိက်ပတ်၊ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ၜိုဟ်လလံ ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;thelocal1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html |title=Full text of Alfred Nobel's Will |website=Nobel Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;ဒြပ်ရတ်ညး သီုဖအိုတ် ၉၄% နကဵုသြန်မ္ဂး လှုဲခရဝ်နာသွိတ်ဒေန် ၃၁ မဳလဳယာန် (ၜိုတ် US$186 million, €150 million in 2008)ဂှ် သၠးကဵု သွက်ဂွံ ဒက်ပတန် လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် မသုန်ဂကူဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Abrams7&quot;&gt;[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NobelFoundationPrizeAmount&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize Amounts |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/ |website=The Nobel Foundation |accessdate=7 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;ဟိုတ်နူ ညးပွဳပွုတအ် ဒှ်သံသယ လတူပၟိက်ဆန္ဒဂှ်တုဲ ပရေင်မဒက်ပတန် ဂကောံလာပ်ဂှ် စိုပ် ၂၆ ဨပြဳ ၁၈၉၇ နကဵု ရုင်ဗစာသၠုင်အိုတ် ဍုင်နဝ်ဝေ ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်တုဲဟေင် ကမၠောန်ဂှ် ဂွံစဗၟံက်ရုပ်ရဴမာန်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz13-25&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], pp. 13–25&lt;/ref&gt; ညးမဗမံက်ရုပ်ရဴကမၠောန် ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒ နဝ်ဗဴဂှ် ဒှ် ရဂ်နာရ် သောလ်မာန် (Ragnar Sohlman) ကဵု ရုဒေါပ် လိလ်လဳကွေတ် (Rudolf Lilljequist)တအ် နမဒက်ပ္တန် နဝ်ဗေလ် ဖံက်ဒေရှေန် (Nobel Foundation) သွက်ဂွံ မင်မဲ ဒြပ်ရတ်နဝ်ဗေလ် ကေုာံ ဂွံစဳရေင် ပရေင်ကမၠောန်လာပ်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Abrams7-8&quot;&gt;[[#Abrams|Abrams]], pp. 7–8&lt;/ref&gt;

ညးတအ်ရုဲစှ်ကေတ် ယၟု နဝ်ဗေလ်ကမ္မတဳ နဝ်ဝေ (Norwegian Nobel Committee) သွက်လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံ။ ကောန်ဂကောံမပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲကမ္မတဳဂှ် ကြဴနူ ကလိဂွံအခေါင် နူရုင်ဗစာတုဲဂှ် ရုဲစှ်ပတိုန် ဗွဲမပြဟ်ရ။ ကြဴနူဂှ် ခြာဟွံလအ်ဂှ် ဒက်ပ္တန်ပတိုန် ဂကောံနဝ်ဗေလ်တၞဟ်တအ်ရ။ Karolinska Institute ဂှ် ဒက်ပတန် ပ္ဍဲ ၇ ဂျောန်၊ the Swedish Academy ဂှ် ၉ ဂျောန်၊  the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲ ၁၁ ဂျောန်။&lt;ref name=&quot;Crawford1&quot;&gt;[[#Crawford69|Crawford]], p. 1&lt;/ref&gt; သၞောတ်ဝ် ကေုာံ ဗီုရုဲစှ် မၞိဟ်မကဵုလာပ်တအ်ဂှ် နကဵု နဝ်ဗေလ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ချူတုဲဒှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၀၀ ဂှ်တုဲ နကဵု ဨကရာဇ်ဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန် အဝ်သကာ ဒုတိယ (King Oscar II) ဒှ်မၞိဟ် မလလောင်တြး ပဒတန်ရ။ &lt;ref name=&quot;thelocal1&quot;/&gt; ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၀၅ ဂှ် ကောန်ဂကောံ နူဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန် ကဵု နဝ်ဝေန် နူမဒှ်ဒၟံင်မွဲဂှ် ပါ်ကရေက်ထောအ်ၜါရ။ 

===နဝ်ဗေလ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ===
==== လဒက်ပတန် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ====
[[ဝှာင်:Alfred Nobels will-November 25th, 1895.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A paper with stylish handwriting on it with the title &quot;Testament&quot;|လိက်ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒ နဝ်ဗေလ် မဟီုလဝ် ပိုန်ဒြပ်ညး ၉၄% သွက်ဂွံစကာ ပ္ဍဲအရာမဒက်ပတန် လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်]]

နဝ်ဗေလ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဂှ် ဒက်ပတန်လဝ် နဒဒှ် ဂကောံပုဂ္ဂလိက ပ္ဍဲ ၂၉ ဂျောန် ၁၉၀၀။ ကမၠောန်ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဂှ် သွက်ဂွံ ပကင်ရင် သြန် ကေုာံ လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz14&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 14&lt;/ref&gt;ကမၠောန်ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဂှ် သွက်ဂွံဗၟံက်ရုပ်ရဴ အတိုင်ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒနဝ်ဗေလ်ရ။ ကောဒေအ်ညး ရဝ်ဗာတ် နဝ်ဗေလ် (Robert Nobel) ကဵု လုဒ်ဝိဂ် နဝ်ဗေလ် (Ludvig Nobel)တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မကၠောန်သွံရာန်ကၠေင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အာဇြာဗါယ်ဂျာန် (Azerbaijan)တုဲ အတိုင်လညာတ် အစာဝင်သွိတ်ဒေန် E. Bargengren မ္ဂး သြန်ညးတအ် နူကဵုဍုင်ဗကု (Baku) မဒှ်ဍုင်ဇၞော် အာဇြာဗါယ်ဂျာန်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာ မပခိုင်ကဵု သွက်ဂွံဒက်ပ္တန် လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/42_folder/42_articles/42_readersforum.html |title=Nobel Prize Funded from Baku |journal=[[Azerbaijan International]] |date=30 April 1996 |accessdate=18 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; အရာကိစ္စဇၞော် စပ်ကဵုဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဏအ်မွဲပၠန်ဂှ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဝွံ ဒှ်လာပ်မဆေင်ကဵုအလုံဂၠးကဝ်တုဲ ဂကောံဂၠးတိဂမၠိုင် မင်မဲ ထံက်ပင် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဏအ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် နကဵု ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဂှ် ဟွံပါလုပ်ပထုဲ ပ္ဍဲလၟေင်ကမၠောန်မရုဲစှ် ညးလဵုမကဵုလာပ်ထေက်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz15&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 15&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Feldman16&quot;&gt;[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 16&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵုနဲကဲနာနာသာ်ဂှ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဝွံ တုပ်ဒၟံင် ကဵုကမ္မဏဳမဓလိုက်တမ်ရိုဟ်မွဲတုဲ သြန်တမ်နဝ်ဗေလ်ဂှ် ဓလုက်လဝ်တမ်ရိုဟ်တုဲ ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ကေုာံ ပရေင်မကဵုလာပ်ဂှ် ခိုင်တန်တဴဍာ်ဇမၠိင်မာန်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်နဝ်ဗေလ်ဂှ် သြန်လုပ်တိတ် သီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် ဗၠးအခေါန်နာနာ နူကဵုအလဵုအသဳဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန် (နူသၞာံ ၁၉၄၆)တုဲ နကဵုကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်ဂှ် ဂွံတိတ်ဗၠး နူအခေါန်ဓလိုက်တမ်ရိုဟ် နူစသၞာံ ၁၉၅၃ တေအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz17-18&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], pp. 17–18&lt;/ref&gt; စတမ်နူ သၞာံ ၁၉၈၀တအ်ဂှ် ပရေင်ဓလိုက်တမ်ရိုဟ်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံသြန်ပရဲ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠေင်တုဲ အတိုင်စရင် ဒဳဇြေန်ပါ ၂၀၀၇ ဂှ်မ္ဂး ဒှ်အာ သြန်ဗွဝ် သြန်သွိတ်ဒေန် 3.628 ဗဳလဳယာန် (ၜိုတ် US$560 မဳလဳယာန်)ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz15-17&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], pp. 15–17&lt;/ref&gt;

ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဂှ် ဒက်ပတန်လဝ် နကဵု ကောန်ဂကောံဗေါဒ် သီုဖအိုတ် မၞိဟ်မသုန်တၠ၊ မၞိဟ်မသုန်တၠဂှ် ဒးဒှ် ကောန်ဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန် ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး နဝ်ဝေ၊ ရုင်ဂှ် နွံ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သတံက်ဟောမ်။ ဥက္ကဌ ဂကောံဗေါဒ်ဂှ် သ္ဒးရုဲစှ် နကဵုဂကောံကံင်သဳဨကရာဇ်ဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန်တုဲ သၟေဟ်မၞိဟ်ပန်တၠဂှ် နကဵုဂကောံမကဵုလာပ်ဂမၠိုင် (the trustees of the prize-awarding institutions)ရုဲစှ်ပတိုန်ရ။ ဒါရိုက်တာပကင်ရင် (Executive Director)မွဲတၠဂှ် ရုဲခပတိုန် ပ္ဍဲမၞိဟ်မသုန်တၠဂှ်ရ။ လစေှ်ဒါရိုက်တာမွဲတၠ (Deputy Director)ဂှ် သ္ဒးရဲုစှ်ပတန် နကဵု ဂကောံကံင်သဳဨကရာဇ်ဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန်တုဲ သၟေဟ်လစှ်ေၜါတၠပၠန်ဂှ် သ္ဒးရုဲစှ်ပတိုန် နကဵုဂကောံမကဵုလာပ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ဆဂး ၜိုန်ရ စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ဗီုဏအ်ကီုလေဝ် စတမ်နူ သၞာံ ၁၉၉၅ ဂှ် မၞိဟ်စၞးဂကောံဗေါဒ် သီုမသုန်တၠဂှ် ရုဲစှ်ပတိုန်လဝ် နကဵု ဂကောံမကဵုလာပ်တအ်ဖအိုတ်ရ။ ဂကောံမကဵုလာပ်ဂမၠိုင်တအ်ဂှ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် နဝ်ဗေလ်ဂှ် ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵုဂကောံမကဵုလာပ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ညးမ္ဂး ဂကောံမကဵုလာပ်တအ်ရောမ္ဂး ၁၊ the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ၂၊ the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute ၃၊ the Swedish Academy ကေုာံ ၄၊ the Norwegian Nobel Committee တအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz15-17&quot;/&gt;

==== သြန်ဗွဝ်ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ကေုာံ သြန်အိုတ် ====
သြန်ဗွဝ် နဝ်ဗေလ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ၅၀% ဂှ် ဓလိုက်လဝ်တမ်ရိုဟ် ပ္ဍဲရှေလ်ယျာ ကမ္မဏဳဂမၠိုင်၊ ၂၀% ဖျေဟ်လဝ်အိက်သြန် ကုကမ္မဏဳ/အလဵုအသဳဂမၠိုင်၊ ၃၀% ဂှ် ဓလိုက်လဝ်တမ်ရိုဟ် ပ္ဍဲမပတံကဵု hedge funds or real estate တအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;dn20121202&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Rabatter räddar Nobelfesten |newspaper=[[Dagens Nyheter (Norwegian newspaper)|Dagens Nyheter]] |url-access=subscription |url=http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/rabatter-raddar-nobelfesten |trans-title=Discounts Save the Nobel Party |accessdate=18 March 2019 |language=Norwegian |date=2 December 2012 |last1=Sjöholm/Tt |first1=Gustav}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၈ လပါ်စဂှ် သြန်ဗွဝ် ၆၄% ဂှ် ဓလိုက်လဝ် တမ်ရိုဟ် ပ္ဍဲဗွဝ်ဖျာသတံက် အမေရိကာန် ကဵု ဥရဝ်ပ၊ ၂၀% ဂှ် ဖျေဟ်လဝ်အိက်တုဲ ၁၂% ဓလိုက်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲ real estate ကဵု hedge fundsတအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;handelsblatt2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobel-Stiftung: Noble Sorgen |newspaper=[[Handelsblatt]] |trans-title=Nobel Foundation: Noble Worries |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/journal/nachrichten/noble-sorgen;2106721;0 |accessdate=19 March 2019 |language=German |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704211447/http://www.handelsblatt.com/journal/nachrichten/noble-sorgen;2106721;0 |archive-date=4 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archivedate=4 July 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704211447/http://www.handelsblatt.com/journal/nachrichten/noble-sorgen;2106721;0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၁ ခရိတ်အိုတ်န သီုဖအိုတ် မွဲမွဲသၞာံ ၜိုတ် ၁၂၀ မဳလဳယာ ခရဝ်နာ၊ ၅၀ မဳလဳယာန်ခရဝ်နာဂှ် သွက်လာပ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ သြန်တၞဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ကဵုခရိတ်ဂကောံ ကေုာံ မၞိဟ်မဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲ ကုညးလဵုမကဵုလာပ်တအ်ဂှ် ၂၇,၄ မဳလဳယာန် ခရဝ်နာ။ သဘင်မကဵုလာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် ပ္ဍဲသတံက်ဟောမ် ကဵု အဝ်သလဝ်ဂှ် အိုတ်သြန် ၂၀,၂ မဳလဳယာန် ခရဝ်နာ။ ပရေင်ပကင်ရင် ကေုာံ ပရေင်လိက်စံင်နဝ်ဗေလ်ဂှ် အိုတ် ၂၂.၄ မဳလဳယာန် ခရဝ်နာ။ ခရိတ် လာပ်သိပ္ပံပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ၁၆.၅ မဳလဳယာန် ခရဝ်နာဂှ် ကဵုနကဵုဗာန်ဗဟဵုသွိတ်ဒေန် (Sveriges Riksbank)။&lt;ref name=&quot;dn20121202&quot; /&gt;

===လာပ် ကၠာအိုတ်===
[[ဝှာင်:Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad (1845-1923).jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=A black and white photo of a bearded man in his fifties sitting in a chair. |Wilhelm Röntgen မဒှ်မၞိဟ် မဂွံဒုင်ကေတ် လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် မဆေင်ကဵု ရူပ (ကၠာအိုတ်) ဟိုတ်မဂွံဆဵု X-rays.]]
နဝ်ဗေလ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ဖျေဟ်သၞောတ်ဝ် မကဵုလာပ်တုဲဒှ်အိုတ်တုဲဂှ် နူကဵု နဝ်ဗေလ်ကမ္မတဳ ဗက်ဂၠာဲ ညးမကဵုလာပ်ထေက်ရ။ ယၟုမၞိဟ် ၜိုတ်ညးတအ် မဂၠာဲဆဵုလဝ်ဂှ် ပကောံတုဲ ညးတအ် ပလံင်ဗစိုပ် ဇရေင် ဂကောံမရဲုစှ် မကဵုလာပ် (the prize-awarding institutions)ရ။

ခြာဟွံလအ်ဂှ် နူကဵု နဝ်ဗေလ် ကမ္မတဳ လာပ်မဆေင်ကု ရူပ ရုဲစှ်ကေတ် ညးၜါ Wilhelm Röntgen မဒှ်မၞိဟ် မဂၠာဲဆဵု တက်ဗီုX-ray မဒှ်တက်ဗီု အပ္ဍဲခန္ဓ၊ ကေုာံ Philipp Lenard ညးမကၠောန်ဗဒှ် အသာန်လျးကာတ်တောဒ် (cathode ray)ရ။ နကဵုဂကောံအကေဒမဳသိပ္ပံ ရုဲစှ် Röntgen သွက်ဂွံ ဇိုန်ကဵုလာပ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Feldman134&quot;&gt;[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 134&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leroy117-118&quot;&gt;[[#Leroy|Leroy]], pp. 117–118&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ၁၉ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ် တၠပညာသိပ္ပံ ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်လဝ် တၟာဂလိုင်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ နကဵုကမ္မတဳ ဂွံရုဲစှ် မၞိဟ်လဵု မကဵုထေက်ဂှ် ရုဲစှ်ဝါတ်ဒၟံင်ညိရ။ ညးတအ် ကလိဂွံစရင် ပူဂိုလ်မဒးကဵုထေက် သီုဖအိုတ် ၂၀ တၠ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz77&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 77&lt;/ref&gt;ပ္ဍဲအရာမခၞံဗဒှ်တၟိ သီုဖအိုတ် ၂၀ ဂှ် အရာ ၁၁ ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာ (Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff) မခၞံဗဒှ်လဝ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Crawford118&quot;&gt;[[#Crawford69|Crawford]], p. 118&lt;/ref&gt; ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ညးဂှ် ဂွံဒုင်ရုဲစှ် သွက်ဂွံဇိုန်နှင်ကဵု လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် မဆေင်စပ် ဓါတု ဟိုတ်နူမကၠောန်ဗဒှ်လဝ် (chemical thermodynamics)ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz81&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Feldman205&quot;&gt;[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 205&lt;/ref&gt;

ဂကောံအကေဒမဳသွိတ်ဒေန် ရုဲစှ် အစာကဗျ Sully Prudhomme သွက်လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် လိက်ပတ်။ ဂကောံအစာချူလိက် မၞိဟ် ၄၂ တၠတအ် ပါ်ပါဲ လတူအရာမရုဲစှ်ဂှ်တုဲ စၞးဂှ် ညးတအ် မိက်ဂွံကဵု Leo Tolstoy ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz144&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 144&lt;/ref&gt;လာပ် မဆေင်စပ် ဇဳဝကမ္မ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဂဥုဲ ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် ရုဲစှ်ကေတ် အစာဇဳဝကမ္မ ကေုာံ အနုဇဳဝဗေဒ (physiologist and microbiologist) Emil von Behring ဂကူဂျာမနဳရ။ သၞာံကာလ ၁၈၉၀တအ်ဂှ် von Behring ကၠောန်ပတိတ်ဂဥုဲဂစိုတ်စၟ antitoxin သွက်ဂွံလွဳ ယဲdiphtheria ရ။ နကဵုယဲဏအ်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်မဂၠိုင်ကဵုလ္ၚီ ဒးစုတိကၠုင်ဒၟံင် ရိုဟ်ဒဒှ်သၞာံရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Feldman242-244&quot;&gt;[[#Feldman|Feldman]], pp. 242–244&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leroy233&quot;&gt;[[#Leroy|Leroy]], p. 233&lt;/ref&gt;

လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် ၜိုဟ်လလံဂှ် ဇိုန်နှင်ကဵု ဂကူသဝေတ် Jean Henri Dunant ညးမဒက်ပတန်လဝ် ဂကောံခရာဇိုင်ခဍာ်ဍာဲဂၠးကဝ် ကေုာံ ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ဂကောံခရာဇိုင်ခဍာ်ဍာဲ(International Red Cross and Red Cross Movement)ရ။ လာပ်ဂှ် ပံင်ကောံကဵု ကုညးဒစဵုဒစးပၞာန် ဂကူပြင်သေတ် (Frédéric Passy) ဟိုတ်မဒက်ပတန်လဝ် ဂကောံပံင်ကောံၜိုဟ်လလံတုဲ မချဳဓရာင် သွက် (Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization)ရ။

===ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိ ဒုတိယ===
ပ္ဍဲအကြာ ၁၉၃၈ ကဵု ၁၉၃၉ ဂှ် သၟိင်တၠအဝဵုဂျာမနဳ အဒေါလ် ဟေတ္တလာ (Adolf Hitler)ပတိုန်ဂလာန် သွက်ဂွံကဵုလာပ် ကုမၞိဟ်နူ ဍုင်ဂျာမနဳပိတၠ Richard Kuhn, Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt, ကေုာံ Gerhard Domagk ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz23&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 23&lt;/ref&gt;သီုမၞိဟ်ပိဂှ် ဂွံဒုင်ကေတ် လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် သီုမၞိဟ်ဖအိုတ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilhelm85&quot;&gt;[[#Wilhelm69|Wilhelm]], p. 85&lt;/ref&gt; ၜိုန်ရ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ပၞာန်ဂှ် ဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန် မဒှ်ဍုင်မံင်လဒေါဝ်ကီုလေဝ် လာပ်ဂှ် ဒးကဵုဏာ နကဵုအတိုင်လၟေင်အစဳအဇန်ကမၠောန် ဟွံသေင်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၃၉ ဂှ် လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံဂှ် ဟွံဒှ်ဇိုန်ကဵုရ။ အကြာသၞာံ ၁၉၄၀ ကဵု ၁၉၄၂ ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူဂျာမနဳ လုပ်သီဍုင်နဝ်ဝေတုဲ လာပ်ကဏ္ဍဂကူလဵုလေဝ် ဟွံဒှ်ကဵုရ။ သၞာံဂတဂှ် စကလေင်ကဵုကီုလေဝ် လာပ်လိက်ပတ် ကဵု လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံဂှ် ရုဲဟွံတိတ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/all/ |title=All Nobel Laureates |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|accessdate=15 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂျာမနဳ မလုပ်သီ ဍုင်နဝ်ဝေဂှ် မၞိဟ်စၞး ဂကူနဝ်ဝေ ပ္ဍဲ နဝ်ဗေလ် ကမ္မတဳ ပိတၠ ဒးဒြေပ်ဒဴတိတ် ဍုင်သအာင်ရ။ နူကဵုနဝ်ဗေလ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ဟီု ရုင်နဝ်ဗေလ်ကမ္မတဳ မနွံ ပ္ဍဲအဝ်သလဝ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒြပ်ဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန် မပိုင်ပြဳတုဲ မၞိဟ်စၞး သၟေဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ဂွံတိတ်ဗၠး နူကဵု ဘဲဒဏ် ဂျာမနဳ။ သၞေဟ်ဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒၞာဲဂီုကၠီု သွက်ကောန်ပၞာန်ဂျာမနဳတုဲ ပ္ဍဲသွိတ်ဒေန်ဂှ် ဟွံဒှ်ပၞာန်။&lt;ref name=&quot;Abrams23&quot;&gt;[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 23&lt;/ref&gt;ကောန်ဂကောံသၟေဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ဆက်ကၠောန်အာ ကမၠောန်ကီုလေဝ် လာပ်ကဏ္ဍလဵုလေဝ် ကဵုဟွံမာန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၄ ဂှ် နဝ်ဗေလ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ကေုာံ မၞိဟ်စၞး မစိုပ်ဍုင်သအာင်ပိတၠတအ် ပံင်ကောံတုဲ ဒုင်တဲစရင် မၞိဟ်မကဵုလာပ်ထေက်တအ်တုဲ ညံင်ဂွံဆက်ကဵုအာ လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံ မွဲဝါပၠန်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz23&quot;/&gt;

===လာပ် မဆေင်စပ် သိပ္ပံပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်===
[[ဝှာင်:Worldmapnobellaureatesbycountry2.PNG|thumb|ဗီုတိ ဍုင်မကလိဂွံလဝ် လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်ဂမၠိုင်]]

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၆၈ ဗာန်ဗဟဵု သွိတ်ဒေန် (Sveriges Riksbank) ကၠောန်သဘင် ပေင် ၃၀၀ သၞာံတုဲ နကဵုဗာန်ဂှ် ကဵုဒါန်သြန်ဗွဝ် ကုနဝ်ဗေလ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တုဲ သွက်ဂွံဒက်ပတန် လာပ်မဆေင်ကဵု ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် နမဗှ်ဗၞုဟ် အလ်ဖရေဒ် နဝ်ဗေလ် ရ။ သၞာံဂတဂှ် လာပ်ဗာန်ဗဟဵုသွိတ်ဒေန် မဆေင်ကဵု သိပ္ပံပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် နမဗှ်ဗၞုဟ် အလ်ဖရေဒ် နဝ်ဗေလ် (Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel)ဂှ် စကဵုကၠုင်ရ။ နကဵု Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မကေတ်တာလျိုင် ပ္ဍဲအရာမရုဲစှ် မၞိဟ်မကဵုလာပ်ထေက်ရ။ ညးမကလိဂွံလာပ်ဏအ်ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ် Jan Tinbergen ကဵု Ragnar Frisch ဟိုတ်မဇၞော်မောဝ်ပတိုန်လဝ် နဲကဲသ္ၚေဝ်ဂၠေပ် ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် မကော်ဂး dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Feldman343&quot;&gt;[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 343&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz207&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 207&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု ဂကောံဗေါဒ် နဝ်ဗေလ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ဗွဲကြဴမ္ဂး လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်တၟိတၞဟ်တအ် ဟွံကဵုအခေါင် ဆက်ခၞံဗဒှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz20&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 20&lt;/ref&gt;

==လၟေင် မရုဲစှ် လာဘ်==
လၟေင်ကမၠောန် ဗီုမရုဲစှ်လာပ်ဂှ် လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် သီုဖအိုတ် တုပ်ဒၟံင်ရေင်သကအ်ရ။ အရာတၞဟ်ခြာဂှ် ညးဂှ် မဂွံပၠုပ်စရင်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Feldman16-17&quot;&gt;[[#Feldman|Feldman]], pp. 16–17&lt;/ref&gt;
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|caption1= The announcement of the laureates in Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 by [[Gunnar Öquist]], permanent secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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|caption2= 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature announcement by [[Peter Englund]] in Swedish, English, and German
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===ပၠုပ်စရင် Nominations===
လိက်မပၠုပ်စရင်ဂှ် နူကဵုကမ္မတဳ နဝ်ဗေလ် ပတိုန်ပၠုပ် မၞိဟ်ၜိုတ် ၃၀၀၀၊ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုသေတ်တေန်ပါ ကိုပ်ကၠာဟွံလလောင်တြး လာပ်ရ။ မၞိဟ်မဂွံပၠုပ်စရင်တအ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်မ္ဂး ဒှ်တၠပညာ ပ္ဍဲကဵုကမၠောန်ညးတအ် မကၠောန်ဒၟံင်ဂှ်ရ။ သွက်ဂွံ ရုဲစှ် လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံဂှ် ကုမၞိဟ်မပၠုပ်လဝ်စရင်တအ် သီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် ပလံင်ဏာ ဇရေင်အလဵုအသဳဍုင်၊ ညးမကလိဂွံလဝ် လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်ၜိုဟ်လလံ တြေံတအ်၊ ကေုာံ ဂကောံကမ္မတဳနဝ်ဗေလ်နဝ်ဝေတြေံကီု သီုကဵု မၞိဟ်အဃောမယိုက်ဂၠေင်ဒၟံင်ရ။ စရင်တအ်ဂှ် ဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၃၁ ဂှ် စွံတ္ၚဲလက္ကရဴအိုတ်တုဲ သ္ဒးကလေင်ကဵုရောင်။&lt;ref name=&quot;Feldman16-17&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz26&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], p. 26&lt;/ref&gt; နူကဵု နဝ်ဗေလ် ကမ္မတဳ ရုဲစှ်ပၠုပ်စရင် မၞိဟ်သီုဖအိုတ် ၜိုတ် ၃၀၀ နူကဵုစရင် မၞိဟ်ၜိုတ် ၃၀၀၀ ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Abrams15&quot;&gt;[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 15&lt;/ref&gt;ယၟုမၞိဟ်မပၠုပ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲစရင်တအ်ဂှ် အခေါင်ဟီုပတိတ်မ္ၚးဟွံမဲရ။ လိက်စၟတ်သမ္တီ မဆေင်ကဵု ပၠုပ်စရင်တအ်ဂှ် လုကဴပွိုင် ၅၀ သၞာံ ဒးကၟာတ်လဒဵုလဝ် အခေါင်ပတိတ်မ္ၚး ဟွံမဲရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Feldman315&quot;&gt;Feldman, Burton (2001)
 [https://books.google.dk/books?id=xnckeeTICn0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;redir_esc=y&amp;hl=da#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige]. Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-592-9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nomination/nomination_facts.html |title=Nomination Facts |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |accessdate=3 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109142845/http://nobelprize.org/nomination/nomination_facts.html &lt;!--Added by H3llBot--&gt; |archivedate=9 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===မရုဲစှ်===
နကဵု နဝ်ဗေလ် ကမ္မတဳ ကၠောန်ပတိတ် လိက်ဒုင်စဳရေင်မွဲ ဗွဲမဗဗွဲကဵု ကဏ္ဍတအ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်ဒုင်စဳရေင်ဂှ် ညးစုတ်လဝ် စရင်မၞိဟ်မရုဲစှ်လဝ်ကိုပ်ကၠာတအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပတိုန်ကဵု ဂကောံမရုဲစှ်သွက်ဂွံကဵုလာပ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Feldman52&quot;&gt;[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 52&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵုဂကောံမရုဲစှ်ဂှ် ရုဲစှ်ကေတ် မၞိဟ်မကဵုထေက် နကဵု နဲကဲမာဲလပါ်ဂၠိုင် ဗွဲမဗဗွဲ ကုကဏ္ဍညးကဵုညးရ။ သွဟ်မာဲဂှ် ဟွံကလိဂွံ လွာဲဂှ်ဏီရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz25-28&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], pp. 25–28&lt;/ref&gt;အောန်အိုတ် မၞိဟ်မဂွံဒုင်ရုဲစှ် ပိတၠ ပ္ဍဲကဵုကမၠောန်တၞဟ်ခြာ ၜါဂကူဂှ် ရုဲစှ်ပတိုန် ပ္ဍဲဇၟာပ် ကဏ္ဍဂကူလာပ်ရ။ ဆဂး လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံဂှ် နကဵုဂကောံမရုဲစှ်သွက်ဂွံကဵုလာပ်တအ် ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ကေတ်တ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Abrams8&quot;&gt;[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 8&lt;/ref&gt;

===ပၠုပ်စရင် ကုညးမကလိလောန်===
ကုညးမကလိလောန်အာတုဲတအ်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ဟွံကဵုလာပ်ကီုလေဝ်၊ မၞိဟ်မရုဲစှ်လဝ်တုဲ ယဝ်ရစုတိအာ ကၠာဟွံဂွံကဵုလာပ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး အတိုင်မဖျေဟ်လဝ် သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ဂှ်ဟေင် ဆက်ကဵုအာရ။ ဗီုဗီု ကတဵုဒှ်လဝ် ၜါအလန်တုဲရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၃၁ လာပ်လိက်ပတ် သွက် Erik Axel Karlfeldt ကဵု သၞာံ ၁၉၆၁ လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံ သွက် ညးအုပ်ကာနာနာကုလသမဂ္ဂ Dag Hammarskjöld တအ်ရ။ စတမ်နူ သၞာံ ၁၉၇၄ ဂှ် ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်မလလောင်တြး လာပ် ဂိတုအံက်တဝ်ပါဂှ် မၞိဟ်မရုဲစှ်လဝ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးဂျိုင်ဒၟံင်လမျီုဟေင်ရောင်။ အရာဏအ် ကေင်ဒှ်လဝ် မွဲဝါ လာပ်သိပ္ပံပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် သွက် William Vickrey၊ ညးစုတိအာ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၆ ကြဴနူမလလောင်တြးလာပ်တုဲ ကၠာဟွံဗဂိန်ကဵုလာပ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Abrams9&quot;&gt;[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;ပ္ဍဲ ၃ အံက်တဝ်ပါ ၂၀၁၁ ဂှ် ကမ္မတဳ လလောင်တြး လာပ်ဇဳဝကမ္မ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဂဥုဲ ကုမၞိဟ်ၜါတၠ၊ မၞိဟ်မွဲတၠ Ralph M. Steinman ဂှ် ကၠာဟွံလလောင်တြး ပိ တ္ၚဲဂှ် စုတိအာတုဲတုဲကီုလေဝ် နကဵုကမ္မတဳ ဟွံဂွံစွံသတိရ။ နကဵုကမ္မတဳ ဒးကလေင်ပါ်ပါဲတုဲ ဒဒှ်ရ မကဵုလာပ် ကုညးဂမ္စိုတ်/ကလိလောန်ဂှ်ရ။ ဆဂး ညးတအ် ကလေင်ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် အတိုင်မရန်တၟအ်ဂှ်ဟေင် ဆက်ကဵုဏာရ။ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/press_releases_archive/2011/steinman.html|accessdate=8 October 2012|publisher=[[The Nobel Foundation]]|date=3 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==သဘင်မဇိုင်နှင် လာပ်==
{{Multiple image
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ပါဲနူ လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံမွဲတုဲ လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်တၞဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ဇိုန်ကဵု ပ္ဍဲသတံက်ဟောမ်၊ သွိတ်ဒေန် ဇၟာပ်ပ်သၞာံ နကဵု သဘင်မဇိုင်နှင်လာပ် (Prize Award Ceremony) ပ္ဍဲ ၁၀ ဒဳဇြေန်ပါ မဒှ်တ္ၚဲ နဝ်ဗေလ် မစုတိရ။ ဗွဲဓမ္မတာမ္ဂး ညးမဂွံဒုင်တဲလာပ်တအ် တိုန်စိုပ် ပ္ဍဲသဘင်ဂှ်အိုတ်ရ။ လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံဂှ် မကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ဇၟာပ်ပ်သၞာံ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အဝ်သလဝ်၊ နဝ်ဝေ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲဒဳဇြေန်ပါ ၁၀ ကီုရ။ သဘင်မဇိုန်နှင်လာပ် ကေုာံ သဘင်စၞသဝ်တ္ၚဲ (banquets)တအ်ဂှ် မလေပ်ကၠောန် သဘင်ဇၞော်ဇၞော် ကဆံင်သဘင်ဂၠးတိရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.icm.ac.uk/technology/2009-nobel-prize-award-ceremony-live-online/4893/ |title=2009 Nobel Prize award ceremony live online &amp;#124; IT &amp;#124; ICM Commercial &amp; Business News |publisher=[[Institute of Commercial Management]] |date=10 December 2009 |accessdate=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209005839/http://news.icm.ac.uk/technology/2009-nobel-prize-award-ceremony-live-online/4893/ |archivedate=9 February 2010 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thelocal2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.se/23784/20091210/ |title=Pomp aplenty as winners gather for Nobel gala |work=[[The Local]] |date=10 December 2009 |accessdate=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215055502/http://www.thelocal.se/23784/20091210/ |archivedate=15 December 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; သဘင်မဇိုင်နှင်လာပ် ပ္ဍဲသတံက်ဟောမ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲၝောအ်ခန်ဂဳတသတံက်ဟောမ် (Stockholm Concert Hall) တုဲ သဘင်စၞသဝ်တ္ၚဲနဝ်ဗေလ် မကၠောန်သဝ်တ္ၚဲဂှ် ပ္ဍဲၝောအ်ခန်ဍုင်သတံက်ဟောမ် (Stockholm City Hall)ရ။ သဘင်လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်ၜိုဟ်လလံဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲရုင်နဝ်ဗေလ်နဝ်ဝေ (Norwegian Nobel Institute) (၁၉၀၅-၁၉၄၆) တုဲ နူစသၞာံ ၁၉၉၀ ဂှ် ကၠောန်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲၝောအ်ခန်ဍုင်အဝ်သလဝ် (Oslo City Hall)ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Levinovitz21-23&quot;&gt;[[#Levinovitz69|Levinovitz]], pp. 21–23&lt;/ref&gt;

အခိင်ကာလကိစ္စဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲသဘင်မဇိုန်နှင်လာပ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သတံက်ဟောမ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ဒှ်အခိင် ဇၟာပ်ပ် ညးမကလိဂွံလာပ်တအ် တိုန်ဒုင်ကေတ်လာပ် နူကဵု တဲဨကရာဇ်သွိတ်ဒေန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအဝ်သလဝ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ဥက္ကဌ နဝ်ဗေလ် ကမ္မတဳ နဝ်ဝေ ဒုင်ကဵု လာပ် ကုညးမကလိဂွံလာပ်တအ်ရ။ &lt;ref name=&quot;thelocal2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sweden2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Froman |first=Ingmarie |url=http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Education/Research/Reading/The-Nobel-Week--a-celebration-of-science/ |title=The Nobel Week — a celebration of science |publisher=[[Swedish Institute]] |date=4 December 2007 |accessdate=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014205607/http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Education/Research/Reading/The-Nobel-Week--a-celebration-of-science/ |archivedate=14 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===စၞသဝ်တ္ၚဲ နဝ်ဗေလ်===
[[File:Nobel-banquet-table.jpg|thumb|alt=A set table with a white table cloth. There are many plates and glasses plus a menu visible on the table.|ဝိုင်ပုင် စၞသဝ်တ္ၚဲ ပ္ဍဲသတံက်ဟောမ် သၞာံ ၂၀၀၅]]

ကြဴနူမကဵုလာပ်တုဲ သဝ်တ္ၚဲဂှ် ညးကၠောန်သဘင်စၞသဝ်တ္ၚဲ ပ္ဍဲ ဗလူဟဝ် (Blue Hall) ပ္ဍဲၝောအ်ခန်ဍုင်သတံက်ဟောမ်။ ပ္ဍဲသဘင်စၞသဝ်တ္ၚဲဂှ် ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ဨကရာဇ်သွိတ်ဒေန် ကေုာံ ကၟုဲသီုဖအိုတ်ၜိုတ် ၁၃၀၀ တိုန်စိုပ်ရ။ သဘင်စၞသဝ်တ္ၚဲ နဝ်ဗေလ် ပ္ဍဲအဝ်သလဝ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲ ဂရေန်ဟဝ်တေဝ် ကြဴနူ မကဵုလာပ်တုဲရ။ ပ္ဍဲသဘင်ဂှ် ပါဲနူ ညးမကလိဂွံလာပ်တုဲ ကၟုဲတၟေင် မပ္တံကဵု ဥက္ကဌကၠတ်ထဝ်၊ သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်တအ် တိုန်စိုပ်တုဲ စတမ်သၞာံ ၂၀၀၆ ဂှ်တုဲ ဨကရာဇ် ကဵု ဂၞကျာ်ဨကရာဇ်လေဝ် တိုန်စိုပ်ကၠုင်ကီုရ။ သီုဖအိုတ် မၞိဟ်နွံၜိုတ် ၂၅၀ ရ။

===ပရေင်ဟီုတွဟ် နဝ်ဗေလ်===
အတိုင်သၞောဝ် နဝ်ဗေလ်ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်မ္ဂး ဇၟာပ်ပ် ညးမကလိဂွံလာပ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးကဵု ပရေင်ဟီုတွဟ် စပ်ကဵုကဏ္ဍဇကု မကလိဂွံလာပ်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/statutes.html#par9 |title=The Nobel Foundation - Statutes |website=The Nobel Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပရေင်ဟီုတွဟ်ဂှ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် မလေပ်ကၠောန် ပ္ဍဲသတ္တဟမကဵုလာပ်၊ မဒှ်သတ္တဟ ကိုပ်ကၠာဟွံစိုပ် တ္ၚဲမကဵုလာပ်ဂှ်ရ။ ဆဂး ဟွံဖျေဟ်လဝ် အခိင်ကိုန်ဂစိုတ်ရ။ ကြဴနူမကလိဂွံလာပ်တုဲ လဇုဲအိုတ် တြဴဂိတု ဒးကဵုရ။ ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် လဆောဝ်မ္ဂး ကတဵုဒှ် ကြဴနူတြဴဂိတုလေဝ် ကေင်နွံကီုရ။ ဥပမာ သမတအမေရိကာန် Theodore Roosevelt ဂွံဒုင်ဇိုန်နှင် လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံ သၞာံ ၁၉၀၆၊ ဆဂး ညးတေအ် ကဵုပရေင်ဟီုတွဟ်ညးတေအ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၁၀ ကြဴနူ ညးဒေါအ်ဇူ နူသမတရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Abrams18-19&quot;&gt;[[#Abrams|Abrams]], pp. 18–19&lt;/ref&gt;ပရေင်ဟီုတွဟ်ဂှ်လေဝ် နကဵုဂကောံမရုဲစှ် မၞိဟ်မကလိဂွံမာဲတအ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဖန်ဇန် ကေတ်တာလျိုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/dec/08/jmg-clezio-nobel-lecture |title=Le Clézio uses Nobel lecture to attack information poverty |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 December 2008 |accessdate=20 January 2010 |first=Richard|last=Lea |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==လာပ်==
===တဆိပ်တင်္ကာထဝ်===
နဝ်ဖေလ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် လလောင်တြး ပ္ဍဲ ၃၀ မေ ၂၀၁၂ ဒဒှ်ရ ညးတအ် ထပက်လိက်ကသုက် ကု Svenska Medalj AB သွက်ဂွံကၠောန် တဆိပ်တင်္ကာထဝ် နဝ်ဗေလ်ရ။ တဆိပ်တင်္ကာထဝ် နဝ်ဗေလ် နူအကြာ သၞာံ ၁၉၀၂ ကဵု ၂၀၁၀ ဂှ် နူကဵုရုင်ဓမာတ် မကၠောန်မသြန် Myntverket (the Swedish Mint)၊ ဍုင်သွိတ်ဒေန် ကၠောန်ကၠုင်လဝ်ရ။ ကမ္မဏဳဓမာတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ကမ္မဏဳတြေံအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၁ ဂှ်မ္ဂး ကလိဂွံအာ အာယုက်ကမ္မဏဳ ၁၀၇ သၞာံရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၁ ဂှ် နူကဵုရုင်ဓမာတ်နဝ်ဝေ မနွံပ္ဍဲဍုင် Kongsberg ကၠောန်ကၠုင်တဆိပ်တင်္ကာဂှ်ရ။ တဆိပ်တင်္ကာနဝ်ဗေလ်ဂှ် ဒှ်တဆိပ် နူကဵု နဝ်ဖေလ် ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် မစၟတ်သမ္တီ ပလဝ်ဒတန်မွဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medalj – ett traditionellt hantverk |website=[[Myntverket]] |url= http://www.myntverket.se/products.asp?lang=sv&amp;page=3 |language=Swedish |accessdate=15 December 2007 |trans-title=Medals: A traditional Craft |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218102934/http://www.myntverket.se/products.asp?lang%3Dsv%26page%3D3 |archivedate= 18 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဇၟာပ်တဆိပ်ဂှ် နွံကဵု ရုပ်အလ်ဖေဒ် နဝ်ဗေလ် ပ္ဍဲကရေက် မုက်လပါ်ပါဲ အပ္ဍဲခတှ်ေဗီုခ္ဍမ်ခၟာဲစာင်ရ။ တဆိပ်တင်္ကာထဝ် သွက်ရူပ၊ ဓါတု၊ ဇဳဝကမ္မ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဂဥုဲ ကေုာံ လိက်ပတ်တအ်ဂှ် ဗီုပြင်ခ္ဍမ်တုပ်ဒၟံင်အိုတ်တုဲ နွံကဵု ရုပ်အလ်ဖေလ် နဝ်ဗေလ် ကေုာံ သၞာံညးကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ကေုာံ သၞာံစုတိတအ်ရ။ ဗီုရုပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံကီု သီုကဵု လာပ်သိပ္ပံပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ဂှ် ပါဒၟံင်ကီုရ။ ဆဂး ဇမၞော်တၞဟ်ခြာ ရေင်သကအ်ညိရ။ ဥပမာ ယၟုညးမကလိဂွံဂှ် ချူစုတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဓရီု ပ္ဍဲတဆိပ်တင်္ကာ သွက်လာပ်သိပ္ပံပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Feldman2&quot;&gt;[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 2&lt;/ref&gt; လပါ်စးတင်္ကာဂှ် ညးချူစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ပရူလာပ်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=Paulingmedal&gt;[http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/pictures/nobel-chemistry-medal.html &quot;Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Front and back images of the medal. 1954&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812032606/http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/pictures/nobel-chemistry-medal.html |date=2011-08-12 }}, &quot;Source: Photo by Eric Arnold. Ava Helen and [[Linus Pauling]] Papers. Honors and Awards, 1954h2.1&quot;, &quot;All Documents and Media: Pictures and Illustrations&quot;, ''Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History'', the [[The Valley Library|Valley Library]], [[Oregon State University]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Nobel Prize Diploma Fritz Haber 1918.JPG|thumb|alt=A heavily decorated paper with the name &quot;Fritz Haber&quot; on it.|Laureates receive a heavily decorated diploma together with a gold medal and the prize money. Here [[Fritz Haber]]'s diploma is shown, which he received for the development of a method to synthesise ammonia.]]

တဆိပ်တင်္ကာ မကၠောန်ကိုပ်ကၠာ နူသၞာံ ၁၉၈၀တအ်မ္ဂး ကၠောန်လဝ် နကဵုဍာ်ထဝ် ၂၃ ဂရာတ်။ ကြဴနူဂှ်မ္ဂး ကၠောန်လဝ် နကဵုဍာ်ထဝ် ၁၈ ဂရာတ် ကေုာံတၞးထဝ် နကဵုဍာ်ထဝ် ၂၄ ဂရာတ်။ လျိုင်ထဝ်ဂှ် နွံၜိုတ် ၁၇၅ ဂရာမ်။ ဒဳယာမဳတာ တဆိပ်ဂှ် နွံ ၆၆ မဳလဳမဳတာတုဲ သတီုတဆိပ်ဂှ် နွံ ၅.၂ မဳလဳမဳတာရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/medals/ |title=The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics |accessdate=2 April 2010 |last=Lemmel |first=Birgitta |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===တဆိပ်ကြာ===
ညးမဂွံဒုင်ဇိုန်နှင်တအ်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံ တဆိပ်ကြာ နူကဵု အလဵုတဲ ဨကရာဇ်သွိတ်ဒေန်၊ သွက် လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံဂှ် နကဵုတဲ ဥက္ကဌ နဝ်ဗေလ်ကမ္မတဳ နဝ်ဝေရ။ ဇၟာပ်တဆိပ်ကြာဂှ် ညးမွဲကုမွဲ ဟွံတုပ်ရေင်သကအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Feldman2&quot;/&gt; တဆိပ်ကြာဂှ် နွံကဵု ဗီုရုပ်၊ မလိက် နကဵုဘာသာသွိတ်ဒေန် မချူလဝ် ယၟုညးမကလိဂွံ ကေုာံ မအရေဝ် မုဟိုတ်ညးတအ် မဂွံမကလိဂွံလာပ်ဂှ်ရ။ သွက်လာပ်ၜိုဟ်လလံဂှ် လိက်မချူလဝ် မုဟိုတ် ညးတအ်မကလိဂွံလာပ်ဂှ် ဟွံမဲမွဲဏီရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Abrams18&quot;&gt;[[#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/diplomas/index.html |title=The Nobel Prize Diplomas |accessdate=12 March 2010 |last=Lemmel |first=Birgitta |year=2009 |website=Nobel Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===လာပ် သြန်===
ညးမဂွံဒုင်ဇိုန်နှင်တအ် ကာလညးတအ် ကလိဂွံဒုင်တဲ လာပ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ညးတအ် သီုကလိဂွံဂအုံသြန်ကီုရ။&lt;ref name=Feldman2/&gt; လၟိဟ်သြန်တအ်ဂှ် တန်တဴဒၟံင် ဂလိုင်လဵု နူကဵု နဝ်ဗေလ်ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် ဂလိုင်လဵု ညးတအ်မကဵုမာန် သွက်သၞာံဂှ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၈၀တအ်ဂှ် လာပ်သြန် နွံလဝ် မွဲမွဲလာပ် သြန်ခရဝ်နာသွိတ်ဒေန် ၈၈၀,၀၀၀ (သီုဖအိုတ် သြန်ခရဝ်နာသွိတ်ဒေန် ၜိုတ် ၂.၆ မဳလဳယာန်၊ တုပ်ကဵု သြန်ဒဝ်လာအမေရိကာန် ၃၅၀,၀၀၀)။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၉ လၟိဟ်လာပ်သြန် သွက်ဂွံကဵု သီုဖအိုတ် ဒှ်အာ သြန်ခရဝ်နာသွိတ်ဒေန် ၁၀ မဳလဳယာန် (သြန်ဒဝ်လာအမေရိကာန် ၁.၄ မဳလဳယာန်)ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel Prize Amounts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/prize_amounts_14.pdf |title=Prize Amount and Market Value |website=Nobel Foundation |year=2014 |accessdate=6 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/us/2009/10/11/foreman.how.nobel.awarded.cnn?iref=videosearch |title=Video – Breaking News Videos from CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date=11 October 2009 |accessdate=15 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831124519/http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/us/2009/10/11/foreman.how.nobel.awarded.cnn?iref=videosearch |archive-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archivedate=31 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831124519/http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/us/2009/10/11/foreman.how.nobel.awarded.cnn?iref=videosearch }}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဂျောန် သၞာံ ၂၀၁၂ ဂှ် အောန်စှ်ေအာ ဒှ်အာ ၈ မဳလဳယာန် ခရဝ်နာ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee lowers Nobel Prize by 2 million kronor |url=http://www.thelocal.se/41378/20120611/ |newspaper=The Local |accessdate=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615172218/http://www.thelocal.se/41378/20120611 |archivedate=15 June 2012 |date=2012-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;ယဝ်ရ ပ္ဍဲမွဲကဏ္ဍ မၞိဟ်ၜါ ဒးပရအ် ရေင်သကအ်မ္ဂး ဂလိုင်သြန်ဂှ် ဒးပါ်ပရအ်ရေင်သကအ် ကဝက်တုပ်ပ်ရ။ ယဝ်ရ ဒှ်ပရအ် ကဵုမၞိဟ်ပိတၠမ္ဂး ပါ်ကဵုရေင်သကအ် တုပ်ပ်၊ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ညးမွဲ ကလိဂွံမွဲကဝက်တုဲ ညးၜါဂှ် ကလိဂွံ ညးမွဲ ပန်ဂအုံမွဲဂအုံရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Abrams8-10&quot;&gt;[[#Abrams|Abrams]], pp. 8–10&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/oct/05/nobel-prize-medicine-2009-award |title=Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer |newspaper=The Guardian |date=5 October 2009 |accessdate=15 January 2010 |first=Ian |last=Sample |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sample |first= Ian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/oct/07/physics.nobel |title=Three share Nobel prize for physics |newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 October 2008 |accessdate=10 February 2010 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;ကုညးမကလိဂွံ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တအ်ဂှ် သြန်တအ်ဂှ် ကလေင်ကဵုဒါန် ကုပရေင်ပညာ၊ ပရေင်ယေန်သၞာင် ကေုာံ ပရေင်မၞိဟ်တအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Locke |first=Michelle |title=Berkeley Nobel laureates donate prize money to charity |url=http://www.ebcf.org/press/07/Smoot_AP_3-07.pdf |accessdate=10 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726012539/http://ebcf.org/press/07/Smoot_AP_3-07.pdf |archivedate=26 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/full/20/13/2186 |title=Reflections on the prize of prizes: Alfred Nobel|doi=10.1096/fj.06-1102ufm |pmid=17077294 |year=2006 |last1=Pederson |first1=T. |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=20 |issue=13 |pages=2186–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==နိဿဲ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:ကဏ္ဍအဓိက!]]
[[Category:BEHM]]


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| name = အောင်လ အေန်သာန်&lt;br&gt;Aung La Nsang
| nickname = Burmese Python&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aung La N Sang Profile|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Aung-La-N-Sang-13029|website=Sherdog|accessdate=October 17, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion = Christianity (Baptist)
| image = Aung La N Sang.jpg
| image_size      = 
| birth_name = Aung La Nsang
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|5|21}}
| birth_place = [[:en:Myitkyina|မျေတ်ကျဳနာ]], [[:en:Kachin State|ကချေန်]], ဍုင်ဗၟာ
| nationality = အမေရိကာန်]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.onefc.com/world-champions/aung-la-n-sang/ Aung La Nsang profile at ONE Championship]&lt;/ref&gt;
| residence =
| ethnicity= [[:en:Kachin people|ကချေန်]]
| height = ၆ ပေ၊ ၁ ၝောအ်တဲ
| weight = 184 lb (83.5 ကဳလဝ်)
| weight_class = [[:en:Middleweight (MMA)|Middleweight]]&lt;br&gt;[[:en:Light heavyweight (MMA)|Light Heavyweight]]&lt;br&gt;[[:en:Cruiserweight (MMA)|Cruiserweight]]
| reach           =
| style = [[:en:Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu|Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]], [[:en:Lethwei|Lethwei]], [[:en:Muay Thai|Muay Thai]]
| stance = Orthodox
| fighting_out_of = [[:en:Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], United States
| team = Hard Knocks 365
| rank            = 
| years_active = 2005–present
| mma_kowin       = 12
| mma_subwin      = 12
| mma_decwin      = 2
| mma_koloss      = 4
| mma_subloss     = 2
| mma_decloss     = 4
| mma_draw        =
| mma_nc          = 1
| occupation      =
| university      = 
| spouse          = 
| relatives       =
| students        =
| club            =
| school          = 
| url             =
| sherdog         = 13029
| footnotes       =
| updated         = 
}}
'''အောင်လသာန်'''{{Lang-en|'''Aung La Nsang'''}} (Burmese:အောင်လအန်ဆန်း)(ၜံင် ၂၁ မေ ၁၉၈၅) ဝွံ ဒှ်သၟာလက်ပၠုဲ ကောန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ဂကူကချေန်မွဲရ။ အောင်လသာန် ကလိဂွံ ဆာမ်ဗိယာမ် [[:en:ONE Championship|ONE]] လျိုင်လဒေါဝ် (middleweight) ကေုာံ လျိုင်ဇြိုင် သၟဝ် (light heavyweight champion) ရ။ ညးတေအ် ဂွံတတ်ၜက်အာ ကဆံင် MMA ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၅ တုဲ ကတဵုဒှ် သၞံင်ဇမၞော် ကြဴနူ လုပ်တက် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ONE Championship တုဲဂွံဇၞးကေတ်ၜါအလန်ဆက်ဆက် နကဵုယၟု  promotion ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/lifestyle/22946-a-day-in-the-life-of-aung-la-nsang.html/|title=Everybody wants a piece of Aung La Nsang|date=2016-10-07|work=Myanmar Times|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-15|archivedate=2019-04-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419234248/https://www.mmtimes.com/lifestyle/22946-a-day-in-the-life-of-aung-la-nsang.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en_asia/article/wj8qw9/myanmars-biggest-mma-star-wants-his-people-to-be-free/|title=Myanmar's Biggest MMA Star Wants His People to Be Free|date=2017-06-30|work=Vice.com|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-15|archivedate=2019-04-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420045907/https://www.vice.com/en_asia/article/wj8qw9/myanmars-biggest-mma-star-wants-his-people-to-be-free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/trentreinsmith/2018/04/22/one-championship-two-division-champion-aung-la-n-sang-to-defend-middleweight-title-in-june/#39f87a9f2870|title=ONE Championship Two-Division Champion Aung La N Sang To Defend Middleweight Title In June|date=2017-06-30|work=Forbes.com|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ပထမ အဝဲ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ပညာ==
အောင်လသာန် ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မျေတ်ကျဳနာ တွဵုရးဍုင်ကချေန် မဒှ်ဂကူကချေန် မိမ အပါ ညးသွံရာန်မတ် သာန်တူအောင် (Nsang Tu Awng) မိShadan Nang Bu ရ။ ပၞောဝ်ကဵု ကောန်ဒေအ်ဂမၠိုင်မသုန်တၠဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဒှ်ကောန်ဇၞော်အိုတ်ရ။ ညးတေအ်တိုန်ဘာ တန်သမၠုင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင် ပ္ဍဲဘာအေန်တာနေရှေန်နာ [[:en:International School Yangon|International School Yangon]]။ သၞာံ ၂၀၀၄ ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ပြံင်အာမံင် ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် သွက်ဂွံတိုန်ဘာ သိပ္ပံတဵုလွဳ ပ္ဍဲတက္ကသိုလ်[[:en:Andrews University|Andrews University]] ပ္ဍဲဍုင်[[:en:Berrien Springs|Berrien Springs]], [[:en:Michigan|Michigan]]ရ။ ညးတေအ်ဘာတုဲ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၇ တုဲ လုပ်ကၠောန်ကမၠောန် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲလွဳသာဲ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ညးတေအ် မလုပ်ပကေင်ပကတ်ဒၟံင် ကွတ်လက်ပၠုဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/07/sports/asian-american-mma-fighters-surprise-stars.html|title=Asian-American Fighters Return to Ancestral Homelands, and Find Fans Waiting|date=2016-10-06|work=New York Times|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ဘဝလက်ပၠုဲ==
အောင်လသာန် စလုပ်တက် လက်ပၠုဲ နဒဒှ်ကဆံင်အစာကွတ်မွဲဂှ် စနူသၞာံ ၂၀၀၅၊ တုဲ ခြာဟွံလအ်ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ယၟုမြဟ်တိုန်တုဲ ညးဂမၠိုင်ကော်စ “''The Burmese Python''&quot; ရ။ ဗွဲကိုပ်ကၠာဂှ် အောင်လသာန် လုပ်ပြိုင် သွက်တဆိပ် [[:en:King of the Cage|King of the Cage]] ကေုာံ Ring of Combat တအ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် ကဆံင်လက်ပၠုဲ promotion တၞဟ်ဟ်တအ်ရ။ ညးတေအ် ဂွံမာန်ကေတ် ကဆံင်ဆာမ်ဗိယာံ ONE Championship ကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဂျောန် သၞာံ ၂၀၁၄ မတက်ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဝိုင်သုဝဏ္ဏ ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ရ။ ကြဴနူ ညးတေအ် ထပက်စၟတ်တဲ သွက်ဂွံတက် ပ္ဍဲ ONE Championship ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၄ တုဲ ညးတေအ် စဴပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာရ။ ဂတဂှ် ၜါသၞာံ ပ္ဍဲ ''ONE: UNION OF WARRIORS'' ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဂွံဇၞးကေတ် အဆက်ဆက် ၜါအလန်တုဲ ဂွံဒှ် အာဇာနဲကောန်ဂကူမွဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/aung-la-n-sangs-first-title-defense-june.html|title=Aung La N Sang’s first title defense in June|publisher=[[The Myanmar Times|The Myanmar Times]]|date=|accessdate=|language=|archivedate=2021-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627221509/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/aung-la-n-sangs-first-title-defense-june.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၇ ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဂွံမာန်ကေတ် သၟာလက်ပၠုဲဒယှ် Vitaly Bigdash တုဲ ကလိဂွံ တဆိပ် ဝါန် ဆာမ်ဗိယာမ် လျိုင်လဒေါဝ် (ONE Championship middleweight)တုဲ ပ္ဍဲမွဲဝင်ဍုင်ဗၟာမ္ဂး ညးတေအ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် မကလိဂွံ တဆိပ်လက်ပၠုဲသၠုင်အိုတ်မွဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/other-sport/article/2100839/myanmar-hails-hero-burmese-python-aung-la-nsang-crowned-nations|title=Myanmar hails a hero as MMA fighter Aung La Nsang is crowned world champion – believed to be the nation’s first in any mainstream sport|date=2017-06-30|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;ပ္ဍဲသၞာံဂှ်ရ ညးတေအ် အာဆဵု ကဵု ညးမကဵုကသပ်ဍုင် ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ သွက်ဂွံဟီု ပရူပြသၞာ ပရေင်ပၞာန် မကတဵုဒှ်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု တွဵုရးကချေန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.mizzima.com/lifestyle-news/%E2%80%98i-am-stronger-ever%E2%80%99-says-aung-la-n-sang|title=‘I am stronger than ever,’ says Aung La N Sang|date=2017-11-01|work=Mizzima.com|access-date=2018-02-24|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101053301/http://www.mizzima.com/lifestyle-news/%E2%80%98i-am-stronger-ever%E2%80%99-says-aung-la-n-sang|archive-date=2017-11-01|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၁၈ မာတ် ၂၀၁၆ ညးတေအ် တက်ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ကၠာအိုတ် တက်ကဵု Mohamed Ali ဆဂး ညးတေအ် ဒးကမျ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/sports/martial-arts/19552-myanmar-s-fans-are-strength-for-the-burmese-python.html|title=Myanmar’s fans are strength for the ‘Burmese Python’|date=2016-03-18|work=Myanmar Times|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-15|archivedate=2021-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907155011/https://www.mmtimes.com/sports/martial-arts/19552-myanmar-s-fans-are-strength-for-the-burmese-python.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Aung-La-N-Sang-Guillotines-Mohamed-Ali-in-One-Championship-Union-of-Warriors-Main-Event-102167|title=Aung La N Sang Guillotines Mohamed Ali in One Championship ‘Union of Warriors’ Main Event|date=2016-03-18|work=Sherdog|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ပ္ဍဲ ၃၀ ဂျောန် ၂၀၁၇ ညးတေအ် တက်ကဵု Vitaly Bigdash ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင် ဂှ် ဂွံဇၞးကေတ် နကဵု ဒေင်မဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်တုဲ ကလိဂွံတဆိပ် ဝါန်ဆာမ်ဗိယာမ် လျိုင်လဒေါဝ် (ONE Championship middleweight title)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/other-sport/article/2100839/myanmar-hails-hero-burmese-python-aung-la-nsang-crowned-nations|title=Myanmar hails a hero as MMA fighter Aung La Nsang is crowned world champion – believed to be the nation’s first in any mainstream sport|date=2017-06-30|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၂၃ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၀၁၈ ညးတေအ် တက်ကဵု Alexandre Machado ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဂွံမာန်ကေတ် နကဵု ONE Championship titles ပၠန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://sports.abs-cbn.com/onechampionship/news/2018/02/24/aung-la-n-sang-captures-one-light-heavyweight-championship-38077|title=ONE Championship: Aung La N Sang stops Alexandre Machado to become two-divison champion|date=2017-06-30|work=ABS-CBN|access-date=2018-02-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၂၆ အံက်တဝ်ပါ ၂၀၁၈ ညးတေအ် တက်ကဵု Mohammad Karaki ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင် ဂွံမာန်ကေတ် တဆိပ် ONE Championship middleweight title ပၠန်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/aung-la-n-sang-defeats-mohammad-karaki.html|title=Aung La N Sang defeats Mohammad Karaki|publisher=[[:en:The Myanmar Times|The Myanmar Times]]|date=29 October 2018|accessdate=|language=|archivedate=17 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017153036/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/aung-la-n-sang-defeats-mohammad-karaki.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၃၁ မာတ် ၂၀၁၉ ညးတေအ် တက်ကဵု Ken Hasegawa သွက်ဂွံဆက်ထိင်အာ တဆိပ်ဇကုဂှ်လေဝ် ဂွံဆက်မာန် နကဵု မတက်ပဒေါမ်ထောအ် မၞိဟ်မပြိုင်ကဵုဇကုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/3/31/18289105/one-championship-a-new-era-results-shinya-aoki-chokes-eduard-folayang-xiong-jin-nan-stops-angela-lee|title=ONE Championship: A New Era results: Shinya Aoki chokes out Eduard Folayang to win title, Xiong Jing Nan stops Angela Lee|last=Lee|first=Alexander K.|date=2019-03-31|website=MMA Fighting|access-date=2019-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ကြဴနူ ညးတေအ် ဆက်ထိင်လဝ် တဆိပ်ညးတေအ်မာန်အာတုဲ အောင်လသာန် ထပက်စၟတ်တဲ လိက်ကသုက်တၟိ ကု ONE Championship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/09/aung-la-n-sang-one-championship-perfect-fit|title=Perfect fit: Why ONE Championship's Aung La N Sang is right where he belongs|date=September 3, 2019|publisher=mmajunkie.com|author=John Morgan}}&lt;/ref&gt; သွက်ဂွံ တက် ကဆံင်လတူဂှ်ရ။

သွက်တဆိပ်လက်ပၠုဲ လျိုင်ဇြိုင် သၟဝ် (Light Heavyweight title)ဂှ် ညးတေအ် တက်ကဵု[[:en:Brandon Vera|Brandon Vera]] ပ္ဍဲ ၁၃ အံက်တဝ်ပါ ၂၀၁၉ ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဂွံဇၞးကေတ် နကဵုမတက်ပဒေါမ်ဖျေဟ် ပ္ဍဲဟလေဟ်ဒုတိယဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/6/30/20545421/angela-lee-aung-la-nsang-bibiano-fernandes-title-fights-announced-for-one-championships-100th-show|title=Angela Lee, Aung La Nsang, Bibiano Fernandes title fights announced for ONE Championship’s 100th show|author=Alexander K. Lee|publisher=mmafighting.com|date=June 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onefc.com/news/aung-la-n-sang-imperious-with-magnificent-ko-of-brandon-vera/|title=Aung La N Sang Imperious With Magnificent KO Of Brandon Vera|website=www.onefc.com|access-date=2019-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ပရေင်စဵုဒၞာ သတ်ဂြိုပ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာ==
အောင်လဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မဆာန်တိရစ္ဆာန် သတ်ဂြိုပ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာဂမၠိုင်တုဲ ညးတေအ် ထံက်ပင် ဂကောံမင်မဲသတ်ဂြိုပ် Voices for momos ကေုာံ ပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲအရာမဒစဵုဒစး ပရေင်သွံရာန်သတ်ဂြိုပ် မၞးသၞောဝ် စတမ်နူ မစဒက်ပ္တန် နူကဵု နဝ်ဝေန်ပါ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၇ တေအ်ရ။ 

ပ္ဍဲ ၉ နဝ်ဝေန်ပါ ၂၀၁၈ ဂှ် အောင်လ ဂွံခပတန် နဒဒှ် မၞိဟ်စၞး မဗတိုက် ကမၠောန်ရာဇာဝတ် လတူသတ်ဂြိုပ်ဂမၠိုင် (Fighting Wildlife Crime) နူကဵု ဂကောံသြန်ဗွဝ်အလုံလိုက် သွက်သဘာဝ (ဌာန ဍုင်ဗၟာ)([[:en:World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wide Fund for Nature, Myanmar]])ရ။ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news-eleven.com/article/56290|title=ကမ္ဘာ့ချန်ပီယံ အောင်လအား တောရိုင်းတိရစ္ဆာန်ဆိုင်ရာ ရာဇဝတ်မှုများ တိုက်ဖျက်မှုဆိုင်ရာသံတမန်အဖြစ် ခန့်အပ်|publisher=[[Eleven Media Group|Eleven Media Group]]|date=11 November 2018|accessdate=|language=my}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ကမၠောန် ပရဟိတ ==
စတမ်နူ အောင်လ ယၟုဒယှ်တှ်ကၠုင် နဒဒှ် ညးမပိုင်ပြဳ ဝါန် ဆာမ်ဗိယာမ် (ONE Championship)တုဲ အောင်လ ဒက်ပတန် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်ပတိုန် ကမၠောန်ပရဟိတ သွက်ဂွံရီုဗင် ကောန်ဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် မပ္တံကဵု ဘာဗတောန်လိက်လတူဂၠံင် &quot;Street School Initiative&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://yangonlife.com.mm/en/article/outreach-children-one-championship-and-aung-la-nsang|title=Outreach for Children by One Championship and Aung La Nsang|work=Yangon Life|access-date=2018-12-03|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-15|archivedate=2018-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101926/http://yangonlife.com.mm/en/article/outreach-children-one-championship-and-aung-la-nsang}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကေုာံ ယၟုဂကောံကောန်ဍုင်ညးဂၠးကဝ် (Global Citizen) မရီုဗင်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးကချေန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://fightnewsasia.com/aung-la-n-sang-overwhelmed-upon-returning-hometown-myanmar/|title=Aung La N Sang Was Overwhelmed Upon Returning To His Hometown In Myanmar - Fight News Asia|date=2017-06-13|work=Fight News Asia|access-date=2018-12-03|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-15|archivedate=2019-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017153052/http://fightnewsasia.com/aung-la-n-sang-overwhelmed-upon-returning-hometown-myanmar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==လာပ်ဆာမ်ဗိယာမ် မကလိဂွံလဝ်ဂမၠိုင်==
*'''[[:en:ONE Championship|ONE Championship]]'''
**[[:en:List of ONE Championship champions#Middleweight Championship|ONE Middleweight Championship]] (One time, current)
***Three successful title defenses
**[[:en:List of ONE Championship champions#Light Heavyweight Championship|ONE Light Heavyweight Championship]] (One time, current)
***One successful title defense
*'''[[:en:World MMA Awards|World MMA Awards]]'''
**2018 International Fighter of the Year&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/7/3/20681393/world-mma-awards-2019-results|title=World MMA Awards 2019 Results|date=October 14, 2019|publisher=mmafighting.com|author=Bryan Tucker}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==နိဿဲ==

[[Category:ကဏ္ဍအဓိက!]]
[[Category:BEHM]]
[[Category:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:အောင်လ အေန်သာန်}}</text>
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    <title>ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ</title>
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      <text bytes="80972" sha1="5k7sofpouju9v7pch5hqrma61ytssbl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ&lt;br&gt;Rohingya people
| native_name =
| image = Displaced Rohingya people in Rakhine State (8280610831) (cropped).jpg
| population = 1,547,778&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood, Wroe, Fuller, Leaning 2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Mahmood |author2=Wroe |author3=Fuller |author4=Leaning|title=The Rohingya people of Myanmar: health, human rights, and identity |journal=Lancet |year=2016 |volume= 389|pages=1–10|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00646-2/abstract |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00646-2 |pmid=27916235 |issue=10081}}&lt;/ref&gt;–2,000,000+&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=David |last=Mathieson |title=Perilous Plight: Burma's Rohingya take to the seas |date=2009 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |isbn=978-1-56432-485-6 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| regions = [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]] ([[Rakhine State]]), [[Pakistan]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[India]], [[United States]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nepal]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
| region1 = {{flagdeco|Bangladesh}} [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
| pop1 = 1,300,000+ (March 2018)
| ref1 = &lt;ref name=&quot;ReliefWeb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/who-appeals-international-community-support-warns-grave-health-risks-rohingya|title=WHO appeals for international community support; warns of grave health risks to Rohingya refugees in rainy season|work= ReliefWeb|date=29 March 2018
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region3 = {{flag|Myanmar}}
| pop3 = ~400,000 (November 2017)
| ref3 = &lt;ref name=&quot;dhakatribune.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/11/08/rohingya-men-return-rakhine-dead-night/ |title=Why do some Rohingya men return to Rakhine at the dead of night? |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |date=9 November 2017 |accessdate=22 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region4 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| pop4 = 350,000 (October 2017)
| ref4 = &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561|title=Myanmar Rohingya: What you need to know about the crisis|work= BBC News|date=19 October 2017
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region5 = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| pop5 = 190,000 (January 2017)
| ref5 = &lt;ref name=&quot;myanmar_nationals&quot;/&gt;
| region6 = {{flag|Malaysia}}
| pop6 = 150,000 (October 2017)
| ref6 = &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;
| region7 = {{flag|UAE}}
| pop7 = 50,000 (December 2017)
| ref7 = &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;
| region8 = {{flag|India}}
| pop8 = 40,000 (September 2017)
| ref8 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=India in talks with Myanmar, Bangladesh to deport 40,000 Rohingya|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-india-idUSKBN1AR0MH|accessdate=17 August 2017|work=Reuters|date=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=India plans to deport thousands of Rohingya refugees|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/india-plans-deport-thousands-rohingya-refugees-170814110027809.html|accessdate=17 August 2017|publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region9 = {{flag|United States}}
| pop9 = 12,000+ (September 2017)
| ref9 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-myanmar-refugees/myanmar-refugees-including-muslim-rohingya-outpace-syrian-arrivals-in-u-s-idUSKCN11Q2LK |title=Myanmar refugees, including Muslim Rohingya, outpace Syrian arrivals in U.S.|language=English|first=Timothy |last=Mclaughlin|work=Reuters|date=20 September 2016|accessdate=3 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region10 = {{flag|Thailand}}
| pop10 = 5,000 (October 2017)
| ref10 = &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC News&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561|title=Myanmar Rohingya: What you need to know about the crisis|work=BBC News|date=19 October 2017
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region11 = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| pop11 = 1,000 (October 2017)
| ref11 = &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC News&quot;/&gt;
| region12 = {{flag|Japan}}
| pop12 = 300 (May 2018)
| ref12 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2017/eap/280826.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529213032/https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2017/eap/280826.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-05-29 |title=Report on International regious report|publisher=United States Department of State |date=2018-11-20 |accessdate=2018-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region13 = {{flag|Nepal}}
| pop13 = 200 (September 2017)
| ref13 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://myrepublica.com/feature-article/story/43651/over-200-rohingya-settle-illegally-in-capital.html |title=200 Rohingya Refugees are not being accepted as Refugees and the Nepali Government considers them illegal migrants |quote=An estimated 36,000 Rohingya Refugess living in India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604182045/http://myrepublica.com/feature-article/story/43651/over-200-rohingya-settle-illegally-in-capital.html |archivedate=4 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region14 = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop14 = 200 (September 2017)
| ref14 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-september-8-2017-1.4279354/we-have-the-right-to-exist-rohingya-refugees-call-for-intervention-in-myanmar-1.4279390 |title=200 'We have the right to exist': Rohingya refugees call for intervention in Myanmar|publisher=CBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region15 = {{flag|Ireland}}
| pop15 = 107 (December 2017)
| ref15 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thestateless.com/2017/02/im-really-excited-to-see-my-girls-growing-up-in-ireland.html |first=Sorcha |last=Pollak |title=I'm really excited to see my girls growing up in Ireland |website=The Stateless Rohinga |date=15 February 2015 |accessdate=16 January 2018 |archivedate=2 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702162915/http://www.thestateless.com/2017/02/im-really-excited-to-see-my-girls-growing-up-in-ireland.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region16 = {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| pop16 = 36 (June 2017)
| ref16 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thestateless.com/2017/05/sri-lanka-navy-detains-rohingya-majority-children.html |title=Sri Lanka Navy detains Rohingya – majority children |website=The Stateless Rohinga |date=12 June 2017 |accessdate=29 January 2018 |archivedate=20 September 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920045712/http://www.thestateless.com/2017/05/sri-lanka-navy-detains-rohingya-majority-children.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region17 = {{flag|Finland}}
| pop17 = 11 (October 2019)
| ref17 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Finland helps Myanmar's Rohingya refugees through the Red Cross |url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/article/-/asset_publisher/suomi-auttaa-myanmarista-paenneita-rohingyoja-punaisen-ristin-kautta |website=Valtioneuvosto}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| languages = ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ
| religions = သုန်နဳ အေဿလာမ်
| related-c = 
}}
{{Rohingya people}}
'''ဂကူရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ''' ({{IPAc-en|r|oʊ|ˈ|ɪ|n|dʒ|ə|,_|-|h|ɪ|n|-|,_|-|ɪ|ŋ|j|ə}}) ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူ မဟွံမဲကုဍုင်မွဲတုဲ မဒှ်တၞောဝ် ဂကူအေန်ဒဝ်-အာရဳယာန် (Indo-Aryan)၊ မဒှ်ညးလျိုင်ပတှ်ေ ကွေတ်အေဿလာမ်၊ မပဒတဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု တွဵုရးယခေင်၊ ဍုင်ဗၟာရ။ ကိုပ်ကၠာ ဓိကဵု ၂၀၁၆-၁၇ ဟွံကတဵုဒှ်ဏီဂှ် လၟိဟ် ကောန်ဂကူ ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာ နွံၜိုတ် ၁ မဳလဳယာန်ဒှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood, Wroe, Fuller, Leaning 2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/18000-rohingya-flee-violence-in-myanmar-into-bangladesh/2017/08/30/11a1bea6-8d58-11e7-9c53-6a169beb0953_story.html |title=Myanmar Buddhists seek tougher action against Rohingya |newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=lan&gt;{{cite book |title=Language and National Identity in Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/languagenational0000unse_j9p8 |publisher=Oxford University Press |first=Andrew |last=Simpson |year=2007 |location=United Kingdom |page=[https://archive.org/details/languagenational0000unse_j9p8/page/267 267] |isbn=978-0-19-922648-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; အတိုင်ကုလသမဂ္ဂ မချူဗၟံက်ထ္ၜး ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၃ မ္ဂး ဂကူရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူသၟတ် မဒးဒုင်ဍဵုဍိုက်ဂၠိုင်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဂၠးတိရ။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/burma-rohingya-myanmar-muslims-united-nations-calls-on-suu-kyi-a7465036.html |title=Nobel Peace Prize winner accused of overlooking 'ethnic cleansing' in her own country |date=9 December 2016 |newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://thecorrespondent.com/4087/meet-the-most-persecuted-people-in-the-world/293299468-71e6cf33 |title=Meet the most persecuted people in the world |first=Lennart|last=Hofman|date=25 February 2016 |website=The Correspondent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/recognizing-the-rohingya-and-their-horrifying-pers/ |title=Rohingya Muslims Are the Most Persecuted Minority in th1982e World: Who Are They? |website=Global Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာတအ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်တးပါဲ အခေါင်မဂွံဒှ် ကောန်ဍုင် ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ ကောန်ဍုင်အရင် သၞာံ ၁၉၈၂ ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_nationality_law Myanmar nationality law])ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 August 2017 |first=Yuichi |last=Nitta |title=Myanmar urged to grant Rohingya citizenship |newspaper=Nikkei Asian Review |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Policy-Politics/Myanmar-urged-to-grant-Rohingya-citizenship |accessdate=29 November 2019 |archivedate=7 October 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007144136/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Policy-Politics/Myanmar-urged-to-grant-Rohingya-citizenship }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thestateless.com/2017/08/annan-report-calls-for-review-of-1982-citizenship-law.html |title=Annan report calls for review of 1982 Citizenship Law |date=24 August 2017 |website=The Stateless |accessdate=29 November 2019 |archivedate=14 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071603/http://www.thestateless.com/2017/08/annan-report-calls-for-review-of-1982-citizenship-law.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HRW1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/burma/burm005-02.htm#P132_34464 |title=Discrimination in Arakan |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |volume=12 |issue=3 |date=May 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HRW1&quot; /&gt; တုဲပၠန် ညးတအ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ကၟာတ်လဒဵု နူကဵု အခေါင်မအာကၠုင် ဗွဲမဗၠးၜး (freedom of movement) ကေုာံ အခေါင်ဗတောန်ပညာ ကေုာံ အခေါင်မဂွံဒှ် ညးဒုင်ကာ ကမၠောန်သၟိင်တၠတအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;HRW1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/08/24/kofi-annan-led-commission-calls-myanmar-end-rohingya-restrictions |title=Kofi Annan–led commission calls on Myanmar to end Rohingya restrictions |website=SBS}}&lt;/ref&gt;ကောန်ဂကူ ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာတအ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ပါ်ကဆံင် ကၟာတ်လဒဵု အခေါင်အရာ တုပ်ညံင် မၞိဟ်လမ္စံက် ပ္ဍဲကဵု အာဖရိကသၠုင်ကျာ မွဲအခိင်တေအ်ကီုရဂှ်&lt;ref name=&quot;war_of_words_2016_06_16_yale_edu&quot;&gt;Ibrahim, Azeem (fellow at [[Mansfield College]], [[Oxford University]], and 2009 [[Yale World Fellow]]),[http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/war-words-whats-name-rohingya &quot;War of Words: What's in the Name 'Rohingya'?&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308234359/https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/war-words-whats-name-rohingya |date=2020-03-08 }}, 16 June 2016 ''Yale Online'', [[Yale University]], 21 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ultimate_test_2017_01_19_harvard_edu&quot;&gt;[http://hir.harvard.edu/article/?a=14495a &quot;Aung San Suu Kyi’s Ultimate Test&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922145315/http://hir.harvard.edu/article/?a=14495a |date=2017-09-22 }}, Sullivan, Dan, 19 January 2017, ''[[Harvard International Review]]'', [[Harvard University]], retrieved 21 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/myanmars-rohingya-apartheid/ |title=Myanmar's Rohingya Apartheid |first=Emanuel |last=Stoakes |website=The Diplomat}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/29/opinion/kristof-myanmars-appalling-apartheid.html |title=Myanmar's Appalling Apartheid |first=Nicholas |last=Kristof |date=28 May 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; တၠပညာ ဂၠးတိဂမၠိုင်၊ မၞိဟ်သ္ၚေဝ်ဂၠေပ် ပါ်ပါဲ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ဂမၠိုင် သီုကဵု ညးမကလိဂွံ [[လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်]] ခမဳပရဲ ဒေသမောန်တူတူ (Desmond Tutu) ညးမဒစဵုဒစး ဝါဒပါ်ဂကူ ရိုဟင်ဂျာများသည်ရှေးဟောင်းလူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းတွင်ပြည်ပရောက်ရာဇ ၀ တ်သားများ၏မျိုးဆက်များဖြစ်သည်။(anti-apartheid activist) ဟီုရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;tutu_slow_genocide_2017_05_29_harvard_edu&quot;&gt;Tutu, Desmond, former Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, Nobel Peace Prize (anti-apartheid and national-reconciliation leader), [http://www.newsweek.com/tutu-slow-genocide-against-rohingya-337104 &quot;Tutu: The Slow=Genocide Against the Rohingya&quot;], 19 January 2017, ''[[Newsweek]]'', citing &quot;Burmese apartheid&quot; reference in 1978 ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'' at [[Oslo Conference on Rohingyas]]; also online at: [http://www.tutufoundationusa.org/2015/05/29/desmond-tutu-the-slow-genocide-against-the-rohingya/ Desmond Tutu Foundation USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922193944/http://www.tutufoundationusa.org/2015/05/29/desmond-tutu-the-slow-genocide-against-the-rohingya/ |date=2017-09-22 }}, retrieved 21 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

နကဵု ဂကူရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာမ္ဂး ညးတအ်ဟီု ညးတအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူရးတၞံ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဍုင်ဗၟာ သကုတ်လပါ်ပလိုတ် သၞာံမဂၠိုင်ကဵု လ္ၚီတုဲ ယေန်သၞာင်အာရာပ် မုဃူလ် (Mughals) ကေုာံ ပဝ်တူဂြဳ မပြံက်နှဴဒၟံင်မွဲရ။ ညးတအ် ဒုင်ကေတ်လဝ် ညးတအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူတမ်မူလ ပ္ဍဲအာရကာန် (ယခေင်)တုဲ မဒှ်ဂကူ မကေင်မံင်လဝ် နကဵု ဍုင်ဗၠးၜးမွဲ မနွံ အကြာအာရှအဂၞဲ ကဵု ဆာပ်တိုက်အိန္ဒိယရ။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anderscorr/2016/12/29/secret-1978-document-indicates-burma-recognized-rohingya-legal-residence/#5fa4b2cb5a79 |title=Secret 1978 Document Indicates Burma Recognized Rohingya Legal Residence |website=Forbes |date=2016-12-29 |accessdate=22 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Partha S. |last=Ghosh |title=Migrants, Refugees and the Stateless in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X242DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA161 |date=23 May 2016 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-93-5150-855-7 |page=161}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဆဂး အလဵုအသဳကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် ဒစဵုဒစး လညာတ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဟီု ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာဂှ် ဒှ်တၞောဝ်ဗဳဇ ဂကူရးတၞံ ဍုင်ဗၟာ ဟွံသေင်၊ ဒှ် ညးမကၠတ်လုပ်မံင် နူကဵုဍုင်ဝုတ်ဒိုဟ် ဍုင်ဗင်္ဂလာဒေသ် ရ။ အလဵုအသဳဍုင်ဗၟာဟီု ဂကောံမၞိဟ်မူသလေန် မပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ် ကိုပ်ကၠာ နူ ခေတ်ကဝ်လဝ်နဳဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူ ကမာန် (Kamein)၊ ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာတအ် ပထုဲကေတ် ဝင်ဂကူကမာန်တအ်တုဲ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်မူသလေန် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးယခေင်ဖအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ ဂးတုဲ လီဠာန်ဒၟံင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.networkmyanmar.org/ESW/Files/Leider-Rohingya.pdf|title=Rohingya The name. The movement. The quest for identity.|last=Leider|first=Jacques|publisher=Myanmar Publishing House|year=2013|isbn=|location=Yangoon|pages=163-177}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kzt&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Background of Rohingya Problem |author=Kyaw Zan Tha, MA |date=July 2008 |page=1 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/12964670/Background-of-Rohingya-Problem |via=Scribd}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Leider-2012-presentation-slide23&quot; /&gt; ပါဲနူဂှ်တုဲ အလဵုအသဳဍုင်ဗၟာ ဟွံစၟတ်သမ္တီ ယၟုမ္ဂး &quot;ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ&quot; တုဲ စၞးဂှ် ကဵုကော် ဂကောံမၞိဟ် &quot;ဗင်္ဂလဳ&quot; ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/0602/Why-Myanmar-s-Rohingya-are-forced-to-say-they-are-Bengali |title=Why Myanmar's Rohingya are forced to say they are Bengali |date=2 June 2013 |website=Christian Science Monitor |accessdate=16 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဂကောံချဳဒရာင် ဂကူရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာတအ် အာတ်မိက် အခေါင်ကမ်ကုသိုလ်ဇကုဇကုဖန်ကေတ်တ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rohingya.org/portal/index.php/who-we-are.html |title=Who we are? |website=Arakan Rohingya National Org. |accessdate=2019-11-29 |archivedate=2017-09-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928075322/http://www.rohingya.org/portal/index.php/who-we-are.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပရေင်တဝ်စၞေဟ် နကဵုလွဟ် ပ္ဍဲဂကူရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ် နူကဵု သၞာံ ၁၉၄၀တအ်တုဲ ဂကောံတဝ်စၞေဟ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ဗတိုက်သရိုဟ်ထောအ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၇၈ မွဲဝါ တုဲ ပ္ဍဲ ၁၉၉၁-၁၉၉၂ ဂှ်မွဲဝါ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/160000/asa130071997en.pdf|title=Myanmar/Bangladesh: Rohingyas – the Search for Safety|date=September 1997|website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2012 Rakhine State riots|2012]], [[2015 Rohingya refugee crisis|2015]], [[2016-17 Rohingya persecution in Myanmar|2016–2017]]  တုဲပၠန် အလန်လက္ကရဴအိုတ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၇-၂၀၁၈၊ မဒှ်အခိင် ကောန်ဂကူ ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒးဒြေပ်ဒဴ ပါဲဘဲပၞာန် လုပ်အာ ဍုင်ဝုတ်ဒိုဟ် ဗင်္ဂလာဒေသ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;un_report_A_HRC_39_64_ohchcr_2018_08_27&quot;&gt;[https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/FFM-Myanmar/A_HRC_39_64.pdf Human rights situations that require the Council’s attention: ''Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar,''] (Advance Unedited Version: English) 24 August 2018, [[United Nations]], [[Human Rights Council]], 39th session, 10–28 September 2018, Agenda item 4, retrieved 28 August 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;un_calls_2018_08_27_reuters&quot;&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-un/myanmar-generals-had-genocidal-intent-against-rohingya-must-face-justice-u-n-idUSKCN1LC0KN &quot;U.N. calls for Myanmar generals to be tried for genocide, blames Facebook for incitement,&quot;] 27 August 2018, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved 28 August 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;military_leaders_must_face_2018_08_27_bbc&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-45318982 &quot;Myanmar Rohingya: UN says military leaders must face genocide charges,&quot;] 27 August 2018, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 28 August 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;investigators_call_2018_08_27_cbs_news&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rohingya-crisis-myanmar-genocide-military-commanders-un-human-rights-mission/ &quot;Investigators call for genocide prosecutions over slaughter of Rohingyas,&quot;] 27 August 2018, ''[[CBS News]]'', retrieved 28 August 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;myanmar_generals_2018_08_27_reuters_us_news&quot;&gt;[https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-08-27/myanmar-generals-had-genocidal-intent-against-rohingya-must-face-justice-un &quot;Myanmar Generals Had 'Genocidal Intent' Against Rohingya, Must Face Justice: U.N.,&quot;] 27 August 2018, ''[[U.S. News]]'', retrieved 28 August 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;year_after_rohingya_massacres_2018_08_27_ny_times&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/25/world/asia/rohingya-myanmar-ethnic-cleansing-anniversary.html &quot;Year After Rohingya Massacres, Top Generals Unrepentant and Unpunished,&quot;] 27 August 2018, ''[[New York Times]]'', retrieved 28 August 2018&lt;/ref&gt; စတမ်နူ ဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် သၞာံ ၂၀၁၇ စဵုကဵုစိုပ် ဂိတုဒဳဇြေန်ပါ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၇ ဂှ် ညးဒဒိုက်ဘဲပၞာန် ၜိုတ် ၆၂၅,၀၀၀ နူတွဵုရးယခေင်၊ ဍုင်ဗၟာ တတ်ပယျဵုတုဲ ဒဴလုပ် ဍုင်ဗင်္ဂလာဒေသ် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-widows/rohingya-widows-find-safe-haven-in-bangladesh-camp-idUSKBN1E136I|title=Rohingya widows find safe haven in Bangladesh camp|date=7 December 2017|website=Reuters|accessdate=16 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41260767|title=Rohingyas facing 'catastrophic' situation|date=14 September 2017|work=BBC News|via=www.bbc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/02/rohingya-fleeing-myanmar-tales-ethnic-cleansing|title=Thousands of Rohingya flee Myanmar amid tales of ethnic cleansing|last=Judah|first=Jacob|date=2 September 2017|newspaper=The Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/world/southeast-asia/rohingya-crisis-hindu-people-too-fleeing-persecution-myanmar-violence-1456756|title=Hindus too fleeing persecution in Myanmar|date=31 August 2017|newspaper=Daily Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/173972/hindus-myanmar-muslim-rohingyas-refuge-bangladesh/|title=Hindus From Myanmar Join Muslim Rohingyas in Seeking Refuge in Bangladesh|website=[[The Wire (Indian web publication)|The Wire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ကေုာံ ဂကောံရံင်စံင်အခေါင်အရာမၞိဟ် (Human Rights Watch) ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜး ဒဒှ်ရ ဂကူရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာတအ် ဒးဒုင် ဂစိုတ်ပဠက်ဂကူရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38091816|title=Myanmar wants ethnic cleansing of Rohingya – UN official|date=24 November 2016|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HRW2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/node/114882|title=Crimes Against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma's Arakan State|date=22 April 2013|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကလုတ် အခေါင်အရာမၞိဟ် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ပတိတ် လိက်ဒုင်စဳရေင် &quot;ပရေင်ပါ်ဂကူ၊ ကေုာံ ဍဵုဍိုက် ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်ဒၟံင် သၞာံအခါ ဗွဲမလအ်လ... ဂှ် စိုပ်အာ ကဆံင် ဒုဟ်ရာဇာဝတ် မဒစဵုဒစး ကောန်မၞိဟ် (crimes against humanity)&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;un_expert_alarmed_2017_04_07_un&quot;&gt;[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47517#.Wb-Z8pUo5kA &quot;UN expert alarmed at worsening human rights situation in Myanmar’s Rakhine state&quot;], 7 April 2014, [[United Nations]] News Centre, retrieved 18 September 2017&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲပၠန် စိုပ်ဒၟံင် ကဆံင် မဂစိုတ်ပဠက်ဂကူ (genocide)ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/azeem-ibrahim/the-rohingya-are-at-the-b_b_12445526.html|title=The Rohingya Are At The Brink Of Mass Genocide|last=Ibrahim|first=Azeem|date=11 October 2016|website=The Huffington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/burma-rohingya-muslims-government-trying-to-expel-un-warning-a7629716.html|title=Burmese government accused of trying to 'expel' all Rohingya Muslims|date=14 March 2017|newspaper=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;နကဵု ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် သက်သဳ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် မပတံကဵု ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ မဇက်ပၞာန်ဂှ် ကောန်ဍုင်ကွာန် ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာတအ်၊ &quot;မဒးဒုင်ဂစိုတ် နကဵုဂကောံ၊ မဒးဖန် ညံင်ဂွံဒြေပ်ဒဴ (enforced disappearances)၊ မဒးဒုင်ရပ် သက်ကုဒုဟ် ကေုာံ မဒးရပ်ကြိုင်၊ မဒးပျဲပျာံၜုင်တက်၊ ကေုာံ မဒးစကာ ကမၠောန် ဗွဲအနိင်အထက်&quot;ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;forced_labour_1998_07_19_intl_labour_ofc&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url= https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/09604(1998-81-serie-B-special-suppl).pdf |contribution= Conclusions on the substance of the case |at=item 528, p.&amp;nbsp;140 |title=Forced labour in Myanmar (Burma): Report of the Commission of Inquiry... |date= 19 July 1998 |series= Official Bulletin |volume=LXXXI |issue= Series B |publisher=[[International Labour Office]] |access-date= 21 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;al jazeera&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/rohingya-victims-crimes-humanity-160620131906370.html|title=UN: Rohingya may be victims of crimes against humanity|publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news  |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-39218105 |title=Myanmar Muslim minority subject to horrific torture, UN says |last=Fisher |first=Jonah |date=2017-03-10 |work=BBC News |access-date=2017-03-10 |language=en-GB }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ကိုပ်ကၠာ ပရေင်ဓိကဵု ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ ၂၀၁၅ ကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ လုပ်ဗတိုက်ပလီု ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၆ ကဵု ၂၀၁၇ ဂှ် လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ဂကူရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာ နွံၜိုတ် ၁.၀ ကဵု ၁.၃ မဳလဳယာန်၊&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ash.harvard.edu/files/a_fatal_distraction_from_federalism_religious_conflict_in_rakhine_10-20-2014_rev_6-26-15.pdf |title=Fatal Distraction from Federalism: Religious Conflict in Rakhine|date=June 2015 |publisher=Harvard Ash Center |last=Dapice|first=David}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AsianHistory&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://asianhistory.about.com/od/Asian_History_Terms_N_Q/g/Who-Are-The-Rohingya.htm|title=Who Are the Rohingya?|website=About Education|year=2014|accessdate=8 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118161625/http://asianhistory.about.com/od/Asian_History_Terms_N_Q/g/Who-Are-The-Rohingya.htm|archivedate=18 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmood, Wroe, Fuller, Leaning 2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33007536|title=Will anyone help the Rohingya people?|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဗွဲတၟေင် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဒေသ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ဂမၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးယခေင် လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာဂှ် မၞိဟ် ၈၀-၉၈% ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာတအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF15/Leider-Note.pdf|title=&quot;Rohingya&quot;: Rakhaing and Recent Outbreak of Violence: A Note|date = |website = |publisher = Network Myanmar|last=Leider|first=Jacques P.|accessdate=11 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; စတမ်နူ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၅ ညးဒဒိုက်ဘဲပၞာန် ဂကူရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ ဒဴလုပ် ဍုင်ဗင်္ဂလာဒေသ် သၟးဂှ် ဒှ်အာ ၉၀၀,၀၀၀၊ &lt;ref name=&quot;refugee_crisis_2017_08_daily_star&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/world/myanmar-rohingya-refugee-crisis-1%2C000-killed-Myanmar-%20violence-%20un-rapporteur-1459426|title=Myanmar violence may have killed more than 1,000: UN rapporteur|work=The Daily Star|date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်တၞဟ် ဗွဲတၟေင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မုသလေန်တအ်လေဝ် နွံတၟာဂလိုင်ဏီရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;india_plans_to_deport&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/india-plans-deport-thousands-rohingya-refugees-170814110027809.html|title=India plans to deport thousands of Rohingya refugees|publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2017/5/590990ff4/168000-rohingya-likely-fled-myanmar-since-2012-unhcr-report.html|title=Over 168,000 Rohingya likely fled Myanmar since 2012 – UNHCR report|publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;emergency_response&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://kopernik.info/project/rohingya-refugees-emergency-response-indonesia|title=Rohingya Refugees Emergency Response, Indonesia |website=Kopernik}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;myanmar_nationals&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=25 January 2017 |title=190,000 Myanmar nationals' get residency relief in Saudi Arabia |website=Al Arabiya English |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2017/01/25/Over-190-000-Myanmar-nationals-granted-Saudi-residency.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;identity_issue&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1165299|title=Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population|last=Rehman|first=Zia Ur|date=23 February 2015|work=Dawn|quote=Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them.|access-date=26 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကောန်ဂကူ ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ လၟိဟ် ၁၀၀,၀၀၀ ပြင်င် နွံပ္ဍဲဗဒိုပ် ညးဒဒိုက် အပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာ ဟိုတ်နူဍုင်ကွာန်ဇကုလီုလာ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;trappped_inside_camps&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/20/burma-rohingya-muslim-refugee-camps |title=Trapped inside Burma's refugee camps, the Rohingya people call for recognition |newspaper=The Guardian |date=20 December 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;us_holocaust_museum_highlights&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=US Holocaust Museum highlights plight of Myanmar's downtrodden Rohingya Muslims|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/11/06/us-holocaust-museum-highlights-plight-myanmar-downtrodden-rohingya-muslims/|date=6 November 2013|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]]|accessdate=29 November 2019|archivedate=19 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019125757/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/11/06/us-holocaust-museum-highlights-plight-myanmar-downtrodden-rohingya-muslims/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကိုပ်ကၠာ သပုန်ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ လုပ်ဗတိုက် ကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ၁၂ မချိုတ်အာ ပ္ဍဲအဝ်ဂေတ် ၂၅ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၇ ဂှ်ညိဂှ်ရ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ လုပ်စဗတိုက် ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ မူသလေန် ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးဍုင်ယခေင်&lt;ref name=&quot;ohchr_mission_report_2017_10_11_un&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/MM/CXBMissionSummaryFindingsOctober2017.pdf |title=Mission report of OHCHR rapid response mission to Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, 13-24 September 2017 |date=11 October 2017 |publisher=U.N. Office of the [[U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights|High Commissioner for Human Rights]], [[United Nations]] |access-date=12 October 2017 |quote=The 'clearance operations' started before 25&amp;nbsp;August 2017, and as early as the beginning of August. The apparently well-organised, coordinated and systematic nature of the attacks carried out by the Myanmar security forces against the entire Rohingya population across northern Rakhine State has led to a mass exodus of more than 500,000 people fleeing to Bangladesh. The testimonies gathered by OHCHR indicate that the attacks against Rohingya villages constitute serious human rights violations. As recalled by many victims, the security forces and the Rakhine Buddhist individuals incited hatred, violence and killings against the Rohingya population within northern Rakhine State through extremely derogatory abuse based on their religion, language and culture and ethnic identity. There are indications that violence is still ongoing at the time of writing this report.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;un_report_details_2017_10_11_reuters_guardian&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/11/rohingya-refugees-myanmar-aung-san-suu-kyi-un-report |title=UN report details brutal Myanmar effort to drive out half a million Rohingya |date=11 October 2017 |agency=[[Reuters]] |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=12 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲ အတိုင် ဂကောံအေန်ဂျဳအဝ်ဂမၠိုင်၊ အလဵုအသဳ ဍုင်ဗင်္ဂလာဒေသ်၊ ကေုာံ ဌာနပရိုင်ဂၠးကဝ်နာနာတအ်မ္ဂး ကောန်ဍုင်ကွာန် ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ မဒးချိုတ်အာ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠေင်၊ မဒးလွဟ်သရ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠေင်၊ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒးဒုင်ရပ်တုဲ ဒးဒုင်ပျဲပျာံ ဒးဒုင်ပလီုကောန်သမ္ဘာ၊ ကွာန်ဒးဒုင်စံင်ပလီုထောအ်ရ။ တင်တအ်ဏအ် သီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် အလဵုအသဳဍုင်ဗၟာ တးပါဲ ဒဒှ်ရ ညးတအ် ဟွံကလိလောန်လဝ်ရ။

==ယၟု==
ယၟု ခေတ်လၟုဟ် မကော်ဒၟံင် ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ (Rohingya)ဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် နူ အခိင်ကဝ်လဝ်နဳ ကေုာံ ကိုပ်ကၠာ-ကဝ်လဝ်နဳ နကဵုယၟု ''ရဝ်အေန်ဂါ (Rooinga)'' ကေုာံ ''ရွဂျာ (Rwangya)''ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/FCO-1952-12-31-The_Mujahid_Revolt_in_Arakan-en-red.pdf |title=The Mujahid revolt in Arakan}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဂကူရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာတအ် ညးတအ် ကော်ညးတအ် ''ရူအာဂ္ဂါ (Ruáingga)'' {{IPA|/ɾuájŋɡa/}}. နကဵုဗီုဗၟာမ္ဂး နကဵုရမ္သာင် ''ရဝ်ဟေန်ဂျာ (rui hang gya)'' နမချူလိက်မ္ဂး &quot;ရိုဟင်ဂျာ&quot; {{IPA|/ɹòhɪ̀ɴd͡ʑà/}}၊ ဂကူဗင်္ဂလဳတအ် ကော်ညးတအ် ''ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂါ (Rohingga)'' (রোহিঙ্গা/ɹohiŋɡa)ရ။ ယၟုမ္ဂး &quot;ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ&quot; ဂှ် ကၠုင်နူ ''ရခင်ဂါ (Rakhanga)'' ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ''ရဝ်ရှင်ဂါ (Roshanga)'' မဒှ်ယၟု ဒေသ ရခါင် ရ။ အဓိပ္ပါယ် ''ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ'' ဂှ် &quot;ကောန်ဍုင် ရဝ်ဟင် (Rohang)&quot;၊ ရဝ်ဟင်ဂှ် ဒှ်ယၟု ဍုင်ယခေင် မကော် နကဵု ဗီုမူသလေန်တအ် မကော်စ နူခေတ်တမၠာတေအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/7857480|title=Forced migration of Rohingya: the untold experience|first1=Mohshin|last1=Habib|first2=Christine|last2=Jubb|first3=Salahuddin|last3=Ahmad|first4=Masudur|last4=Rahman|first5=Henri|last5=Pallard|date=July 18, 2018|publisher=Ontario International Development Agency, Canada|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|isbn=9780986681516}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/275016;jsessionid=7C5F9903ED0D23A031507806D08686D8?redirectedFrom=Rohingya#eid |title=Rohingya etymology at Oxford Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=11 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF13/jacques-leider.pdf|title=Rohingya: A historical and linguistic note |date=26 August 2012 |accessdate=9 February 2015 |website=Network Myanmar |last=Leider |first=Jacques P. }}&lt;/ref&gt;

မစကာ ယၟုမ္ဂး ''ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ'' ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်သက်သဳဝင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု အခိင်ကာလ ပကင်ရင်ဗြိတိန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၇၉၉ ဖရာန်သဳ ဗုဆာန်နာန် (Francis Buchanan) ချူလိက်ပရေင် မကော်ဂး &quot;A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire&quot; (ၜတ်ကၞာတ် မဝေါဟာရ အရေဝ်ဘာသာဂမၠိုင် မဟီုဂးဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲအေန်ပါယာဗၟာ) ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ယၟုဂကူ ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ ရ။ လိက်ဂှ် မိရှေလ် ချာနေ (Michael Charney) ကလေင်ပတိတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်လၟေင် သုတေသန ဍုင်ဗၟာ (SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research) ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၃ ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;buchanan_burma&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Buchanan |first=Francis |authorlink=Francis Buchanan |date=1799 |title=A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire |url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64276.pdf |journal=Asiatic Researches |publisher=[[The Asiatic Society]] |volume=5 |pages=219–240 |accessdate=9 July 2012 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020051420/http://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64276.pdf |date=20 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Charney Arakan&quot;&gt;{{cite article|last=Charney |first=Michael W.|title=A Comnparative vocabulary of some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/AComparativeVocabularyOfSomeOfTheLanguagesSpokenInTheBurmaEmpire |work=[[SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research]] |date=8 April 2018 |accessdate=8 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;leider_arakan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Leider |first=Jacques P.|title=Interview: History Behind Arakan State Conflict |url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/archives/8642 |work=[[The Irrawaddy]] |date=9 July 2012 |accessdate=9 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပၞောဝ်ကဵု ဂကူရးတၞံ ပ္ဍဲ အာရကာန် (ယခေင်) ဂှ် ညးချူဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ် &quot;''မဝ်ဟာမ်မေဒိန် (Mohammedan)'' မဒှ်ဂကူ မပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲအာရကာန် နူကဵု သၞာံဗွဲမလအ်လတုဲ ညးတအ် ကော်စ ဂကူညးတအ် ''ရဝ်အေန်ဂျာ (Rooinga)''၊ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ကောန်ဍုင်''အာရကာန် (Arakan)''ရ။&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Salim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://heritagetimes.in/rohingya-crisis-a-historical-perspective/|title=ROHINGYA CRISIS: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE|last=Salim|first=Saquib|website=HeritageTimes|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;buchanan_burma&quot; /&gt; ပ္ဍဲလိက်ဂျာနေဝ် ''Classical Journal'' မပတိတ်လဝ် သၞာံ ၁၈၁၁ ဂှ် ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ် &quot;ရဝ်အေန်ဂျာ (Rooinga)&quot; မဒှ်အရေဝ် မဟီုဂး ပ္ဍဲအေန်ပါယာ ဍုင်ဗၟာ မွဲဘာသာရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၈၁၅ Johann Severin Vater စုတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲစရင်လိက်ညး &quot;ရုအေန်ဂျာ (Ruinga)&quot; မဒှ် ဂကူ မနွံကဵု အရေဝ်ဘာသာတၞဟ်ခြာ ပ္ဍဲကဵု စရင်လၟိဟ် အရေဝ်ဘာသာဂမၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref name=Inside24&gt;{{cite book|title=The Rohingyas: Inside Myanmar's Hidden Genocide|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|first=Azeem |last=Ibrahim|pages=24–25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၃၆ မဒှ်အခိင် ဗြိတိန် မပကင်ရင်ဒၟံင် ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ်  ဂကောံဂကူရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ မကော်ဂး &quot;''Rohingya Jam’iyyat al Ulama''&quot; ဂှ် ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု အာရကာန်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Leider-2012-note&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF13/jacques-leider.pdf |title=&quot; Rohingya &quot; A historical and linguistic note |last=Leider |first=Jacques P. |date=26 August 2012 |website=Network Myanmar |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429193644/http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF13/jacques-leider.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leider-2012-presentation-slide23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Jacques-P-Leider-2012-The_Muslims_in_Rakhine_and_the_political_project_of_the_Rohingyas-en.pdf#page=23 |title=&quot;The Muslims in Rakhine and the political project of the Rohingyas&quot;: Historical background of an unresolved communal conflict in contemporary Myanmar |last=Leider |first= Jacques P. |date=18 October 2012 |website=Online Burma/Myanmar Library |location=Yangon |at=slide 23 |type= presentation slides |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015125701/http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Jacques-P-Leider-2012-The_Muslims_in_Rakhine_and_the_political_project_of_the_Rohingyas-en.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2017 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=note |In a subsequent article, the same author notes the creation of an association of Muslim teachers in 1936 called &quot;''JamiyatRohingyaUlema''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leider-2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Leider |first=Jacques P. |date=June 2013 |chapter=Rohingya: the name, the movement and the quest for identity |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/7994939 |chapter-format=PDF |title=Nation Building in Myanmar |publisher=Myanmar egress and the Myanmar Peace Center |page=234 |access-date=15 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; or &quot;''Jamiyat Rohingya Ulema''&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leider-2014-p16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Leider |first=Jacques P. |date=28 January 2014 |chapter=Rohingya: The name. The movement. The quest for identity. |chapter-url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Jacques-P-Leider-2014-01-28-Rohingya-The_Name-The_movement-The_quest_for_identity-en.pdf#page=17 |chapter-format=PDF |title=Nation Building in Myanmar |publisher=Myanmar Egress and the Myanmar Peace Center; Network Myanmar |page=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015130220/http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Jacques-P-Leider-2014-01-28-Rohingya-The_Name-The_movement-The_quest_for_identity-en.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; This may be a different translation for the name of the same organization.}}

နကဵုလညာတ် Jacques Leider မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလဍုင်ဗၟာ နွံသၟဝ်ကဝ်လဝ်နဳ ဗြိတိန်ဂှ် ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာတအ်ဂှ် မလေပ်ခဴစ ချိတ်တဂဝ်နဳယာန် (Chittagonians) တုဲ စဵုကဵုစိုပ် သၞာံ ၁၉၉၀တအ်ဂှ် ဟွံပထုဲကော် ကုဂကူဗင်္ဂလဳတအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=Leider&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/7994939 |title=Rohingya: the name, the movement and the quest for identity |last=Leider |first=Jacques |publisher=Myanmar Egress and the Myanmar Peace Center |year=2013 |pages=210–211 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Leider သီုကဵု မဟီုလဝ် ဒဒှ်ရ မကော် &quot;ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ&quot; နကဵုယၟု &quot;ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ မူသလေန်&quot;၊ &quot;အာရကာန် မူသလေန်&quot;၊ ကေုာံ &quot;မူသလေန်ဗၟာ&quot; တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာ ညးဂၠးကဝ်တအ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် မဒုင်တဲမာန်မွဲ ဟွံသေင်ရ။&lt;ref name=jpl-218&gt;Leider 2013: 218&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=note&gt;See (Leider 2013) for a comprehensive survey of the academic opinion on the historical usage of the term. &lt;br /&gt; (Leider 2013: 216) citing Christina Fink: &quot;small armed group of Muslims generally known as Rohingya&quot;. &lt;br /&gt; (Leider 2013: 215–216): Lewa in 2002 wrote that &quot;the Rohingya Muslims are ethnically and religiously related to the Chittagonians of southern Bangladesh.&quot; &lt;br /&gt; Selth in 2003: &quot;These are Bengali Muslims who live in Arakan State ... Most Rohingyas arrived with the British colonialists in the 19th and 20th centuries.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲပၠန် ဗီုကဵု တၠပညာမနုဿဗေဒ Christina Fink ဟီု မကော် ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ ဂှ် မဒှ်ယၟု ဂကူဟွံသေင် မဒှ် ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်မွဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Rohingya Ethnic |url=http://flotilla2arakan.com/2016/12/16/aboutrohingyaethnic/ |website=Flotilla 2 Arakan |accessdate=27 October 2017 |archivedate=29 October 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029174826/http://flotilla2arakan.com/2016/12/16/aboutrohingyaethnic/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Leider စှ်ေစိုတ် ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ ဂှ် ဒှ်ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်မွဲ မစကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် နူကဵု ၁၉၅၀တအ် သွက်ဂွံ ဒက်ပတန် ဒတန်ဒၞာဲမူသလေန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု တွဵုရးယခေင်မွဲရ။&lt;ref name=rl-208&gt;Leider 2013: 208&lt;/ref&gt;

သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော် ဥူနု မဒှ်အခိင်ဍုင်ဗၟာ မဒှ်ဍုင်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ ၁၉၄၈-၁၉၆၂ ဂှ် စကာလဝ် ယၟု &quot;ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ&quot; ပ္ဍဲလလောင်တြး ရေဒဳယော ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ မဒက်ပတန် ဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံ ပ္ဍဲကဵုဒေသမယု ရ။&lt;ref name=WaPo&gt;{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Taylor |title=The battle over the word 'Rohingya' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/29/the-battle-over-the-word-rohingya/ |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term was broadcast on Burmese radio and was used in the speeches of Burmese rulers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh2016&quot; /&gt; လိက်ဒုင်စဳရေင် UNHCR မဆေင်ကဵု ညးဒဒိုက်တအ် ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ် ညးမဒးဒုင်ဘဲ &quot;မူသလေန် ဗင်္ဂလဳ (မကော် ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ)&quot;ရ။&lt;ref name=jl-212-213&gt;Leider 2013: 212–213&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, the term ''Rohingya'' wasn't widely used until the 1990s.&lt;ref name=WaPo /&gt;&lt;ref name=jl-212-213 /&gt;&lt;ref name=jl-216&gt;Leider 2013: 216&lt;/ref&gt;

လၟုဟ် မကော်ယၟု &quot;ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ&quot; လညာတ်တၞဟ်ခြာ ဒှ်ဒၟံင် ညံင်ပိကဵုပန်ရ။ အလဵုအသဳဍုင်ဗၟာ ဟွံဒုင်တဲ စကာယၟုဏအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=WaPo /&gt; In the 2014 census, the Myanmar government forced the Rohingya to identify themselves as &quot;Bengali&quot;.&lt;ref name=TimeRohingya&gt;{{cite book |title=Why Burma is trying to stop people from using the name of its persecuted Muslim minority |url=http://time.com/4322396/burma-myanmar-rohingya-us-embassy-suu-kyi/ |magazine=Time magazine |date=2016-05-09 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120180746/https://time.com/4322396/burma-myanmar-rohingya-us-embassy-suu-kyi/ |date=2023-11-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာတအ်မ္ဂး ပွမတးပါဲ ယၟုညးတအ်ဂှ် တုပ်ညံင် မတးပါဲ အခေါင်အရာသဇိုင်ညးတအ်&lt;ref name=jl-211&gt;Leider 2013: 211&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲပၠန် လညာတ်ဂှ် လိက်ဒုင်စဳရေင် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ မဆေင်ကဵု အခေါင်အရာမၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာ ဒုင်တဲကီုရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;un_expert_alarmed_2017_04_07_un&quot; /&gt; Jacques Leider ချူ ဒဒှ်ရ မူသလေန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု တွဵုရးယခေင် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် မိက်ဂွံကော် ဇကုညးတအ် &quot;အာရကာန် မူသလေန်&quot; ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး &quot;မူသလေန် မကၠုင်နူ တွဵုရးယခေင်&quot; စၞးမကော် &quot;ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ&quot; ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=jpl-218 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;leider_arakan&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Derek&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://blog.irrawaddy.org/2014/04/blog-post_52.html |title=The 'Rohingya' Identity – British experience in Arakan 1826–1948 |first=Derek |last=Tonkin |newspaper=The Irrawaddy |accessdate=19 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119082025/http://blog.irrawaddy.org/2014/04/blog-post_52.html |archivedate=19 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ရုင်ကလုတ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင် ဆက်စကာဒၟံင် နကဵုယၟု &quot;ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ&quot; ရ။&lt;ref name=TimeRohingya /&gt;

==ဝင်==

===ဝင် တမၠာ===
လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ကောန်ဂကူရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာတအ်ဂှ် ပဒတဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဒေသဍုင်တြေံဂမၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးယခေင် မဒှ်ဍုင်ဓရောင်သြင်ၜဳ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အာရှအဂၞဲတုဲ ဂကူလဵု မပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဒေသအာရကာန်ကၠာအိုတ်ရောဂှ် ဟွံတီကၠးကၠးရ။ ဝင်ဍုင်ယခေင်(အာရကာန်) ဟီု ဒဒှ်ရ ဂကူယခေင်ညးတအ် ပဒတဴကၠုင်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ် နူကဵု ဗဳသဳ ၃၀၀၀ တေအ်ရ။ ဆဂး နကဵု သက်သဳဝင်ခိုင်င်မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲအေဒဳ ၄ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ် ဒေသယခေင်ဝွံ ဒှ်လဝ် ဍုင်ဂကူဂလာအိန္ဒိယ တြေံမွဲ ပ္ဍဲကဵု အာရှဒိုဟ်အဂၞဲရ။ ဍုင်မဒှ်ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဍုင်ဓညဝတဳရ။ တုဲဂှ် ဍုင်ဇၞော်ဂှ် ပြံင်အာ ဇရေင် ဍုင်ဝေသာလဳ။ လိက်တၟအ် မချူလဝ် နကဵု ဘာသာသံသကြိုတ် နူဒေသဂှ် ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ် ဒဒှ်ရ ညးမပတန်ဍုင်အာရကာန်/ယခေင် ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူအိန္ဒိယရ။ သၟိင်ဍုင်အာရကာန်ဂှ် ဒှ်တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်စန္ဒြာ (Chandra dynasty)ရ။ &lt;ref name=&quot;TopichLeitich2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=William J. Topich|author2=Keith A. Leitich|title=The History of Myanmar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIuaa5yKv-sC&amp;pg=PA17|date=9 January 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35725-1|pages=17–22}}&lt;/ref&gt; အစာဝင်ဗြိတိန် Daniel George Edward Hall ဟီု &quot;စဵုကဵုစိုပ် ကၞောတ် ၁၀ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ် ဂကူဗၟာတအ် ဟွံစိုပ် ဟွံပဒတဴလဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒေသအာရကာန်ဏီ ဒှ်မာန်ရ။ ဂကူမပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူအိန္ဒိယာန်၊ မပကင်ရင်ဒေသဂှ် ညံင်ရဴဒေသ ဗင်္ဂါလ်ကီုရ။ ဍုင်ဇၞော် မဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲဝင်တအ်ဂှ် နွံဒၟံင် ဗွဲဒိုဟ်သၟဝ်ကျာ ဗဒါဲအကျပ် (ဍုင်သေတ်တွေ) ဖအိုတ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;D. G. E Hall, ''A History of South East Asia'', New York, 1968, P. 389.&lt;/ref&gt;

===ဘာသာအေဿလာမ် မစိုပ်===
ပ္ၚံက်ၜဳဗင်္ဂလာ ဒေသအာရကာန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒၞာဲဒတန် သၞေဟ်ဗၞိက် မၞိဟ်မအာကၠုင်ဂၠိုင်တုဲ အခိုက်ကၞာ ယေန်သၞာင်လေဝ် ကၠောအ်ဍ ကုညးဒေသ ကဵု ဂၠးတိမ္ၚး နူကဵု အခိင် အေန်ပါယာမောရိယာန် အိန္ဒိယ (the Indian Mauryan Empire) မဒှ်ခေတ် လက်ထက် သၟိင်အာသောက မပကင်ရင်ဍုင်တေအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Academy2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=British Academy |title=Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 121, 2002 Lectures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Q0nkz1w8z0C&amp;pg=PA76 |date=4 December 2003 |publisher=OUP/British Academy |isbn=978-0-19-726303-7 |page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵုလညာတ် သယေတ် အိသလာမ်၊ တၠပညာသိပ္ပံ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဟီု နူကဵု အေဒဳ ပိဗွဝ်ကၠံ သၟာဗၞိက်အာရာပ်တအ် စကာ ပ္ၚံက်ၜဳဗင်္ဂလာတုဲ လုပ်ပဗၞိက် ကုအာရကာန်ရ။&lt;ref name=ArakanArabs&gt;{{cite book |title=A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia | author = Syed Islam|editor=Andrew T. H. Tan |page=327 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဂၠံင်သုတ် (Silk Road) လပါ်သၠုင်ကျာ မဆက်ကဵု အိန္ဒိယ၊ ဍုင်ဗၟာ ကေုာံ ဍုင်ကြုက်ဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ်လဝ် နူကဵု အခိင် ကြဴနူခေတ်တၟအ် (neolithic)တေအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Stockwell2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Foster |last=Stockwell |title=Westerners in China: A History of Exploration and Trade, Ancient Times through the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTlVP0u7JmsC&amp;pg=PA15 |date=30 December 2002 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-8189-7 |page=15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gan2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Fuxi |last=Gan |title=Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVVkDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA70 |year=2009 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-283-357-0 |page=70}}&lt;/ref&gt; သၟာဗၞိက်အာရာပ် မစိုပ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒေသပြင်ၜဳ ဗင်္ဂလာ မဒှ်ပယျဵု ကုအာရကာန်ဂှ် စတမ်နူ ၉ ဗွဝ်ကၠံတေအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Arabs,_The |title=Arabs, The |website=Banglapedia |accessdate=2019-12-01 |archivedate=2018-07-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709064846/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Arabs,_The }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Rohingya population trace their history to this period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/malaysia/maybr008-01.htm |title=Malaysia/Burma: Living In Limbo – Background |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

အတိုင်လညာတ် သယေတ် အေသလာမ် (Syed Islam)မ္ဂး မူသလေန် စပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒေသအာရကာန်ဂှ် နူကဵု ၇ ဗွဝ်ကၠံတေအ်ရ။ သၟာဗၞိက်အာရာပ်တအ်ဂှ် သီုစန်ဒက် တွဟ်ဓရ် ညံင်ဂကောံမၞိဟ် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာတအ် ဂွံလျိုင်ပတှ်ေ ဘာသာအေဿလာမ်ဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ် ပ္ဍဲ ၜိုတ် အေဒဳ ၇၈၈။ ပါဲနူ ညးဒေသတအ် ပြံင်လုပ် ဘာသာအေဿလာမ်တုဲ သၟာဗၞိက်အာရာပ်တအ် ဖျေဟ်ဒၞာဲ ဒက်အိန်ထံင် ကုညးဗြဴ ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ်တုဲ ပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲအာရကာန်ရ။ နကဵု မၞိဟ်မပြံင်ပဒတဴ ကေုာံ ဖျေဟ်ဒၞာဲအိန်ထံင် ကေုာံ ညးဒေသတအ် ပြံင်လုပ် ဘာသာအေဿလာမ်တုဲ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်မူသလေန် ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ် ဂၠိုင်ကၠုင်ရ။&lt;ref name=ArakanArabs /&gt;

လညာတ်တၞဟ် မဆေင်ကဵု အေဿလာမ် မစိုပ် ပ္ဍဲအာရကာန်ဂှ် စတမ်နူ ပထမဗွဝ်လ္ၚီတေအ်ရ။ နကဵုလညာတ်ဏအ်မ္ဂး ဝင်ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာတအ်ဂှ် ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုသက်သဳဝင်ခိုင်င်တုဲ မဟီုလဝ် ဟွံသေင်၊ ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုပေါမ်အာဂီု ကေုာံ မဇန်ဗဒှ်ပတိုန်တုဲ ချူဖန်ဗဒှ်လဝ် ဝင်ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာရ။&lt;ref name=ayechan&gt;{{cite journal |author=Aye Chan |date=Autumn 2005 |title=The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar) |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf |journal=SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research |volume=3 |number=2 |pages=396–398 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712065830/http://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf |date=2013-07-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု သက်သဳညိည ၜိုတ်မဂွံဆဵုကေတ်မ္ဂး ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ မပြာကတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲအာရကာန် မွဲအခိင်တေအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်မဟာယာနဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ၊ အခိင်ဂှ် ဒှ်အခိင်ၜိုတ် အေဒဳ ၄ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် တၞောဝ်သၟိင်စန္ဒြာ မပကင်ရင်ဍုင်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyanuttara2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Ashon Nyanuttara|title=A Study of Buddhism in Arakan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBzJrQEACAAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oo Thein Maung|isbn=978-0-615-94044-1|pages=–17, 19–20, 77–78 with footnote 119, 239–240}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဂကောမၞိဟ်မူသလေန် ဂွံဇၞော်ဂၠိုင်တိုန် ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ဂကောံမၞိဟ်မူသလေန်ဗင်္ဂလဳတအ် မပြံင်လုပ်ကီုဒှ်မာန်ရ။ ဆဂး ယၟုမ္ဂး ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဏအ် ဟွံဂွံဆဵုကေတ်တုဲ ကြဴနူဂှ်ညိဟေင် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။ နကဵု လညာတ်အစာဝင် ယခေင် ဒံက်တာအေချာမ် မ္ဂး ယၟုမ္ဂး ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာဂှ် ဒှ်ယၟု ဂကူဗင်္ဂလဳ မပြံင်လုပ်ကၠုင် နူကဵု သေတ်တကံင် (Chittagong) ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ၂၀ ဗွဝ်ကၠံရ။&lt;ref name=ayechan/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nyanuttara2014&quot;/&gt;

===ဍုင်ဨကရာဇ် မြံက်ဥူ (Mrauk U)===
[[File:Muhghazi.jpg|thumb|တင်္ကာ မစကာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗင်္ဂလာ နူကဵုသၞာံၜိုတ် ၁၅၅၄-၁၅၅၅ မဂွံဆဵုကေတ် နူ အာရကာန်]]
[[File:Vista de Mrauk-U, ou Arrakan (cidade de Arracão) no primeiro plano o bairro português.jpg|thumb|Set against the backdrop of the [[Arakan Mountains]], [[Mrauk U]] was home to a multiethnic population, including the poet [[Alaol]] ]]
[[File:Elephant in Battle.jpg|thumb|[[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Prince Shah Shuja]] received [[Right of asylum|asylum]] in Arakan in 1660]]

ဂကူယခေင်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူ တၞောဝ်ဗဳဇ တိဗေတ်တဝ်ဘာမာ (ဝါ) မလုပ်လၟိဟ် ဂကောံဂကူဗၟာမွဲကီုရ။ ယခေင်တအ် တတ်ဒဵုယခေင်တုဲ စပြံင်လုပ်မံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု အာရကာန် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ၜိုတ် ၉ ဗွဝ်ကၠံရ။  ဂကူယခေင်တအ် ဖျေဟ်ဒၞာဲ ပတန်ကွာန် ပ္ဍဲမွဲဒမြိပ် ကြုင်လေမျေအ် (Lemro River/လေးမြို့မြစ်)တုဲ ပတန်လဝ် ဍုင်ကွာန် မပတံကဵု Sambawak I, Pyinsa, Parein, Hkrit, Sambawak II, Myohaung, Toungoo and Launggret တအ်ရ။ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ စလုပ်သီကေတ် ဍုင်ကွာန်ယခေင်တအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၄၀၆။&lt;ref name=&quot;TopichLeitich2013&quot; /&gt; ဟိုတ်နူ ပၞာန်ဗၟာ မကၠုင်သီဍုင်တုဲ သၟိင်ယခေင် ဒးဒြေပ်ဒဴမံင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဝုဟ်ဒိုဟ် ဗင်္ဂလ် ပ္ဍဲလပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;TopichLeitich2013&quot; /&gt;

ၜိုတ်သက်သဳ မဂွံဆဵုကေတ်မ္ဂး မူသလေန်ဗင်္ဂလ်တအ် ပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အာရကာန် နူကဵု လက်ထက်သၟိင်ယခေင် မင်စောမောန် (Min Saw Mon) (1430–34) မဒှ်သၟိင် ဍုင်မြံက်ဥူရ။ ကြဴနူ ညးပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဗင်္ဂလ် ပွိုင် ၂၄ သၞာံတုဲ နကဵုအရီုအဗင်ပၞာန် နူဍုင်ဗင်္ဂလ်ဂှ် ညးကလေင်ဗတိုက်တုဲ ကလေင်ပတန် ၝောအ်ကိုဋ်အာရကာန် မာန်ပၠန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၄၃၀ ရ။ ကောန်ပၞာန်ဗင်္ဂလဳ မပါကၠုင် ကရောမ်ညးဂှ် ညးပတန်သ္ၚိဌာန် ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ်တုဲ ပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ်ရ။{{Sfn|Aye Chan|2005|p=398}}{{Sfn|Yegar|2002|p=23}} ဗလဳSantikanဂှ် သြိုင်လဝ် နူသၞာံ ၁၄၃၀တအ်ရ။{{Sfn|Aye Chan|2005|p=398}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150625-myanmar-burma-rohingya-refugees-archaeology-world/ |title=Lost Myanmar Empire Is Stage for Modern Violence |website=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=26 June 2015 |accessdate=1 December 2019 |archivedate=29 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629091947/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150625-myanmar-burma-rohingya-refugees-archaeology-world/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

သၟိင်မင်စောမောန် ကဵု သၟိင်ဗင်္ဂလ် ပါ်ပယျဵုရေင်သကအ်တုဲ ပကင်ရင်ကၠုင်ဍုင်ရ။ နမပစၟတ်သမ္တီ ဍုင်ဇကု ဒုင်သြဇာသၟဝ် ဍုင်ဗင်္ဂလ်တုဲ ဨကရာဇ်ယခေင် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာဂှ် ဒုင်ကေတ် မဟိမုမူသလေန် တုဲ တင်္ကာ ဍုင်ဗင်္ဂလ်ဂှ်လေဝ် စကာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇကုကီုရ။ သၟိင်မင်စောမောန် ကၠောန်တင်္ကာဇကု နကဵုမလိက်ယခေင်/ဗၟာ မွဲကရေက်၊ လိက်ပါသဳ (လိက်အဳရာန်)မွဲကရေက်ရ။{{Sfn|Yegar|2002|p=23}}

စပ်ကဵု ပရေင်မဒုင်သြဇာ ဗင်္ဂလ်ဂှ် ပတှ်ေကေတ်၊ ကြဴနူ သၟိင်ဗင်္ဂလ် သုလ်တာန် မစုတိအာ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၄၃၃ တုဲ၊ သၟိင်ယခေင် နရမိတ်လှမင်စောမောန်ဂှ် ဗတိုက်ဗင်္ဂလ် သီကေတ် ရမု ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၄၃၇ တုဲ ပ္ဍသၞာံ ၁၄၅၉ ဂှ် ညးသီဂွံအာ သေတ်တကံင်ရ။ အာရကာန်/ယခေင် ဆထိင်လဝ် သေတ်တကံင် စဵုကဵုသၞာံ ၁၆၆၆ ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;app-78&quot;&gt;Phayre 1883: 78&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;geh-140-141&quot;&gt;Harvey 1925: 140–141&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၁၇ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူကောန်ပၞာန်အာရကာန်တအ် မရပ်နင် နဒဒှ်ဍိက်ကီု ဟိုတ်နူ ပဝ်တူဂြဳ လုပ်မံင် ပ္ဍဲဗင်္ဂလ်တုဲ မၞိဟ်နူဗင်္ဂလ်ဂှ် ပြံင်လုပ်ကၠုင်ကီုတုဲ လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ ဂၠိုင်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အာရကာန်ရ။ {{Sfn|Yegar|2002|p=24}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;{{Sfn|Aye Chan|2005|p=398}}ဍိက်တအ်ဂှ် ညးတၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်သၟိင်လေဝ်နွံ၊ ညးတၠပညာလေဝ်နွံရ။ ဍိက်တအ်ဂှ် ညးလ္ၚဵု လုပ်ကၠောန် ပ္ဍဲဗွိုင်နန် ညးလ္ၚဵု လုပ်ကၠောန် ပ္ဍဲပၞာန်၊ ညးလ္ၚဵု ကၠောန်ဗ္ၚ မြဴသာ်ဝွံရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OrsiniSchofield2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Francesca Orsini|author2=Katherine Butler Schofield|title=Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0SlCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA424|date=5 October 2015|publisher=Open Book Publishers|isbn=978-1-78374-102-1|page=424|author1-link=Francesca Orsini}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rizvi, S.N.H. (1965). &quot;East Pakistan District Gazetteers&quot; (PDF). Government of East Pakistan Services and General Administration Department (1): 84. Retrieved 22 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၆၆၀ ဂှ် ကောန်သၟိင် (Prince Shah Shuja) နူမုဃူလ်ဗင်္ဂလ် ဟိုတ်နူကောဒေအ်ညး ဗတိုက်တုဲ ဒးဒြေပ်ကၠုင် ပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲအာရကာန်၊ ညးစိုပ် အာရကာန်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၂၆ အဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၆၆၀။&lt;ref name=&quot;Manucci1907&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Niccolò |last=Manucci |title=Storia Do Mogor: Or, Mogul India, 1653–1708|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VEtAAAAMAAJ|year=1907|publisher=J. Murray}}&lt;/ref&gt; သၟိင်စနြသူဓမ္မ ကဵုအခေါင်ညးတေအ် မံင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ရ။ တုဲဂှ် သၟိင်အာရကာန် ကဵုညးပ သကိုပ်သက ဂကူမုဃူလ်ဗင်္ဂလ်ဂမၠိုင် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇကုရ။ အာရကာန် အာဗတိုက် ဍုင်မုဃူလ်ဗင်္ဂလ်။ ဍုင်ဒက္ကာဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ဗတိုက် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၆၂၅။&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Stefan Halikowski |last=Smith|title=Creolization and Diaspora in the Portuguese Indies: The Social World of Ayutthaya, 1640–1720|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lrHeQ0zB7sC&amp;pg=PA225|date=23 September 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-19048-1|page=225}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဨကရာဇ် Aurangzeb ကဵုအမိင် ဗလးဏာ Shaista Khan ညးမဒှ်သၟိင်မုဃူလ်ဗင်္ဂလ် သွက်ဂွံ ဗတိုက်ပၞာန်အာရကာန်-ပဝ်တူဂြဳတအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Wheeler1874&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=James Talboys |last=Wheeler|title=The History of India from the Earliest Ages: pt. I. Mussulman rule. pt.II. Mogul empire. Aurangzeb|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrRLA24a2h4C&amp;pg=PA456|year=1874|publisher=N. Trübner|pages=456–457}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Farooqui2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Salma Ahmed |last=Farooqui|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&amp;pg=PA261|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3202-1|pages=261–264}}&lt;/ref&gt; သၞာံ ၁၆၆၆ ဂှ် Shaista Khan  ဇက်ကၠုင်ပၞာန် နကဵု မၞိဟ် ၆၀၀၀၊ က္ၜင်ပၞာန် ၂၈၈ သွက်ဂွံလုပ်သီ ဍုင်သေတ်တကံင် နူကဵု ယခေင်တအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Trudy, Ring; M. Salkin, Robert; La Boda, Sharon; Edited by Trudy Ring (1996). International dictionary of historic places. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. {{ISBN|1-884964-04-4}}. Retrieved 21 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;ပၞာန်မုဃူလ်ဂှ် ဆက်ဗတိုက် သီဂွံ စဵုကဵု ကြုင်ကလာဒါန် (Kaladan River)ရ။ မုဃူလ် ဖျေဟ်ဒၞာဲ ပ္ဍဲအာရကာန် လပါ်ကရေက်သၟဝ်ကျာ နကဵုပကင်ရင်ဇကုကဵုဇကု သၟဝ်ဨကရာဇ် Aurangzeb ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (2007) [First published 1974]. ''The History and Culture of the Indian People''. Volume VII: &quot;The Mughal Empire.&quot; Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.&lt;/ref&gt; စနူဂှ်တုဲ လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်မူသလေန် ဂၠိုင်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု အာရကာန် လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၆၀ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၆၀ ဂှ် သုလ်တာန် မဟမုဒ် (Sultan Mahmud) စၟတ်သမ္တီ ကြုင်ကလာဒါန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ပယျဵု အကြာ ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ/မုဃူလ် ကဵု ယခေင်ရ။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thestateless.com/2016/08/mr-sultan-mahmud-and-statehood-of-arakan.html |title=Mr Sultan Mahmud and Statehood of Arakan |website=The Stateless Rohingya |date=2016-08-30 |accessdate=22 December 2017 |archivedate=2018-07-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721221918/http://www.thestateless.com/2016/08/mr-sultan-mahmud-and-statehood-of-arakan.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ဗၟာ လုပ်သီဍုင်===
တၞောဝ်သၟိင်ဗၟာကံင်ဗံင် လုပ်သီဍုင်အာရကာန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၇၈၅၊ ကောန်ဍုင်ယခေင် ၜိုတ် ၃၅,၀၀၀ သီုကဵု သၟိင်ဍုင်ယခေင် ဒြေပ်ဒဴလုပ် ဍုင်ဝုတ်ဒိုဟ် ဒေသသေတ်တကံင် မဒှ်ဍုင်သၟဝ် ဗြိတိန်/အင်္ဂလိက်-ဗင်္ဂလ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၇၉၉ သွက်ဂွံပါဲဘဲဗၟာ၊ ကေတ်စဵုဒၞာဂီုကၠီု သၟဝ်သၟိင်ရာဇဗြိတိန်ရ။{{Sfn|Aye Chan|2005|pp=398–9}} ဗၟာဂစိုတ်ထောအ် ယခေင်မၞိဟ်မဂၠိုင်ကဵုလ္ၚီတုဲ မၞိဟ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ်လေဝ် ရပ်ဏာ ဇရေင်ဍုင်ဗၟာ သ္ဂုတ်လဒေါဝ်ကီုရ။{{Sfn|Aye Chan|2005|p=399}}

အတိုင်လိက်ပရေင် &quot;''Burma'' Empire&quot; မပတိတ်လဝ် နကဵု the British [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၇၉၉ မ္ဂး &quot;မဝ်ဟာမေဒ်ဒိန် ''[[Mohammedan]]s'' (မူသလေန်) ညးမပဒတဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲအာရကာန် သၞာံဗွဲမလအ် ညးတအ် ကော်ဂကူညးတအ် နကဵု ယၟု ''ရဝ်အေန်ဂျာ Rooinga'', ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ကောန်ဍုင်အာရကာန် ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;buchanan_burma&quot; /&gt; ဆဂး အတိုင်လညာတ် Derek Tokin မ္ဂး Hamilton ဟွံဆက်စကာ နကဵုယၟုဏအ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်ညးတအ် မဆက်ပတိတ် လက္ကရဴဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=Derek /&gt; Sir Henry Yule ချူစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ဒဒှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဍုင်ကံင်ဗံင်ဂှ် မူသလေန် လုပ်ယိုက်ဂၠေင်ဒၟံင် လျိုင်သၟိင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အင်ဝ တၟာဂလိုင်ဂှ် ညးဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Thant Myint-U (2007), p. 126 {{Google books|tsTOKi8l1ywC|The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma|page=126}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Yegar|1972|p=10}}

==အကံက်==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==ဆက်ဗှ်==
[[ဂဗုတ် ဂမ္စိုတ်ကမၠက်ဂကူ ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ]]

==နိဿဲ==
{{Reflist}}

===တင်ဂၞင်===
* {{cite article|last=Charney |first=Michael W.|title=A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire written by Francis Buchanan |url=https://archive.org/details/AComparativeVocabularyOfSomeOfTheLanguagesSpokenInTheBurmaEmpire |work=[[SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research]] |date=8 April 2018 |accessdate=8 April 2018 |ref={{Sfnref|Charney|2003}}}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/7994939|title=Rohingya: The name, the movement and the quest for identity &lt;!--Yangon 2013--&gt;|last=Leider|first=Jacques|publisher=Myanmar Egress and the Myanmar Peace Center|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=204–255|quote=|ref={{Sfnref|Leider|2013}}|via=}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book|last=Yegar|first=Moshe|title=Between integration and secession: The Muslim communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma / Myanmar|year=2002|publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield|Lexington Books]]|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0-7391-0356-2|url=https://archive.org/details/betweenintegrati0000yega|ref={{Sfnref|Yegar|2002}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Yegar|first=Moshe|title=Muslims of Burma|url=http://www.netipr.org/policy/downloads/19720101-Muslims-Of-Burma-by-Moshe-Yegar.pdf|year=1972|publisher=Verlag Otto Harrassowitz|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=|ref={{Sfnref|Yegar|1972}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/burma-myanmar/261-myanmar-the-politics-of-rakhine-state.pdf|title=Myanmar:The Politics of Rakhine State |publisher=International Crisis Group |date=22 October 2014 |access-date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106132722/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/burma-myanmar/261-myanmar-the-politics-of-rakhine-state.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2014 |ref={{Sfnref|Crisis Group|2014}}}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/khin-mg-saw-on-rohingya.pdf|title=Khin Maung Saw on Rohingya|author=Khin Maung Saw|date=May 1993|ref={{Sfnref|Khin Maung Saw|1993}}}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305162959/http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/khin-mg-saw-on-rohingya.pdf |date=2016-03-05 }}
* {{cite journal |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf |title=The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar) |journal=[[SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research]] |year=2005 |accessdate=11 September 2017 |author=Aye Chan |ref={{Sfnref|Aye Chan|2005}} }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712065830/http://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf |date=12 July 2013 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa16/005/2004/en/|title=Myanmar, The Rohingya Minority: Fundamental Rights Denied|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=13 August 2005}}
* {{cite book |last=Harvey |first= G. E.|title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |publisher=Frank Cass &amp; Co. Ltd |year=1925 |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Myint-U |first=Thant |title=The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma |url=https://archive.org/details/riveroflostfoots0000than_d0r2 |year=2006 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-16342-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Phayre |first=Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. |title=History of Burma |year=1883 |edition=1967 |publisher=Susil Gupta |location=London}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085846/http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF13/aye%20chan%20bwb.pdf &quot;Burma's Western Border as Reported by the Diplomatic Correspondence (1947–1975)&quot;] by Aye Chan
* [https://www.ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/burmamyanmar International Center for Transitional Justice, Myanmar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417214453/https://www.ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/burmamyanmar |date=2021-04-17 }}

==External links==

[[Category:BEHM]]</text>
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'''တၞံခရေတ်သမာတ်''' ({{Lang-en|Christmas tree}}) ဂှ် ဒှ်တၞံပြဳ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ခရေတ်သမာတ်မ္ဂး ကေတ်ပၠုပ် အပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိတုဲ ကွက်ကယျိုင်စုတ် နာနာသာ် မပတံ ကဵုဗီုကောန်ကၟအ်၊ ဗီုဗဝ်ခ္ဍမ်မ်ကျေဝ်ဝ်တအ်ရ။ တၞံဆုမကၠောန်လဝ် နကဵုပလာသတေတ်လေဝ် နွံကီုရ။ စိုပ်အခိင်ပတိတ် ကာလသဘင်တုဲ ဂိုင်စွံလဝ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကၞောတ်လတူအိုတ်ဂှ် ရုပ်မစုတ် မွဲဍုင် ကဵု မွဲဍုင် ဟွံတုပ်ရေင်သကအ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲဒိန်မက်မ္ဂး ညးစုတ် ရုင်သၞံင် နကဵုသင်္ကေတ လျးသၞံင်မတၟး ပ္ဍဲအခိင် နာဲယေသှု မသၠးဂပ္ဘ၊ ဍုင်အင်္ဂလိက်မ္ဂး စုတ်ရုပ် ကောန်အိန် မဒှ်သင်္ကေတ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် နာဲယေသှု သၠးဂပ္ဘ ပ္ဍဲဗာတ္တလာဟေန်ဂှ် ကောန်အိန်တအ် ကောံကၠုင်ရ။ 

==ဝင်အတိက်==
အခိုက် တၞံခရေတ်သမာတ်ဝွံ နူတမ်မူလ ကၠုင်နူ ဍုင်ဂျာမနဳ၊ စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၅၀၀တအ် နူကဵုဒေသဍုင် ဗေန် (Bern)၊ ဖရိန်ဗဝ် (Freiburg)၊ ကေုာံ သတြာသ်ဗေါက် (Strasbourg)ရ။&lt;ref name=SkovForeningen&gt;[http://www.skovforeningen.dk/site/juletraeets_historie/ juletræets historie - Dansk Skovforening. Hentet den 19. december 2014.]&lt;/ref&gt; မာရ်တိန် လုတေရ် (Martin Luther) ဟီု ဒဒှ်ရ မဂွံ ဍေန်စုတ် ပၞာင်မဍေန်လဝ် လတူတၞံဆုမသ္ၚေက်လၟိုန်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikyr6IrlD5wC&amp;pg=PA119 |author=Helen Haidle |title=Christmas Legends to Remember' |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-56292-534-5 |page=119 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=http://booheyheyks.google.com/books?id=YDx3g-05fNoC&amp;lpg=PA22 |author=Debbie Trafton O'Neal, David LaRochelle |title=Before and After Christmas |publisher=Augsburg Fortress |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8066-4156-0 |page=22 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; တၞံဆုခရေတ်သမာတ် ကၠာအိုတ် ၜိုတ်ညးစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ်မ္ဂး ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဖရိန်ဗဝ် သၟာကၠောန်ကွာင်မွဲ ညးကွက်စုတ်လဝ် မခၜေတ် ပ္ဍဲတၞံပြဳမွဲတၞံရ။&lt;ref&gt;Füssler, Claudia: Der Baum der Bäume, I. Badische Zeitung, 2017.12.17&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၅၂၁ ဂှ် သၟိင်ပကင်ရင်ဍုင်တအ် ဒးဗလး ပၟင်ပၟဲ ပ္ဍဲဂြိုပ်ဍုင်ညး ဗဒါဲ Kinzheimer သွက်ဂွံမင်ရံင် ညံင်ညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် ဟွံဂွံဗက်ထောအ် တၞံပြဳတုဲ ပတၞံခရေတ်သမာတ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၆၀၅ အစာချူလိက် ဟွံတီယၟုမွဲ ချူဇန်လဝ် &quot;''တ္ၚဲ[[ခရေတ်သမာတ်]]သဝ်တ္ၚဲ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သတြာသ်ဗဗေါက် မၞိဟ်တအ် ပစူတၞံပြဳ ပ္ဍဲလဒေါဝ်ဆိုန်ကၟုဲ၊ တုဲ ကွက်စုတ် ပ္ကဴရောသာ၊ ရုပ်စက္ခော အသာ်နာနာ၊ သတ်ဗဴ၊ ထဝ်ဂတှေ်ကီု သီုကဵု သဂြာ နာနာဂၠိုင်ရာ''&quot;&lt;ref name=SkovForeningen /&gt; 

စဵုကဵုစိုပ် ၜိုတ် ၁၈၀၀တအ်ဂှ် အခိုက်မပစူ တၞံခရေတ်သမာတ် ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိတုဲ မကွက်ကယျိုင်စုနာနာသာ်ဂှ် နွံဆ ပ္ဍဲဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန် သေဌဳတအ်ဟေင်ရ။ ကြဴနူဂှ် အခိုက်ဂှ် ပြးတိတ် နူဂျာမနဳ။ တၞံခရေတ်သမာတ် ပစူကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု နန် Wandsbech Slot ပ္ဍဲ (Holsten) ဂှ် ဒှ်သၞာံ ၁၇၉၆ ရ။&lt;ref name=SkovForeningen /&gt;

ကောန်ဂျာမနဳ မပြံင်မံင် ပ္ဍဲဒိန်မက်တအ် ကေုာံ မစှ်ေဒၞာဲ ကုဒိန်မက်တုဲ ကၠုင်မံင် ဒိန်မက်တုဲ အခိုက်ဏအ် စိုပ်အာ ဍုင်ဒိန်မက်ရ။ တၞံခရေတ်သမာတ် ပစူကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဒိန်မက်ဂှ် ဒှ်သၞာံ ၁၈၀၈ ပ္ဍဲ Holsteinborg။ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇၞော်ဂဝ်ပေန်ဟုက်ဂေန်ဂှ် စဒှ် နူသၞာံ ၁၈၁၁ ပ္ဍဲဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန် Lehmann ပ္ဍဲဂၠံင် Ny Kongensgade ရ။ ညးတၞဟ်တအ် မိက်ဂွံဗဵုတုဲ ကေတ်ဇိုင်ကၞိန်တုဲ ကၠတ်ဗဵု ပ္ဍဲဗဒင်ရ။&lt;ref name=SkovForeningen /&gt;

အခိုက်မ္ဂး တၞးသ္ၚေက် ပ္ဍဲဥတုဂံက်ဂှ် ကေတ်ပၠုပ် ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိတုဲ မပယျေဝ် သွက်သဘင်ခရေတ်သမာတ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဗြိတိန်ကေင်နွံကၠုင်ဒၟံင် သၞာံမဂၠိုင်ကဵု ကၠံကီုလေဝ်&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42959/42959-h/42959-h.htm#Footnote_213_213|title=Survey of London|last=Stow|first=John|publisher=John Windet|year=1603|location=London|quote=&quot;Against the feast of Christmas every man's house, as also the parish churches, were decked with holm, ivy, bays, and whatsoever the season of the year afforded to be green.&quot;|access-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193124/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42959/42959-h/42959-h.htm#Footnote_213_213|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;ဗက်နင်တၞံဆုဍောတ်တ် အတိုင်မွဲတၞံတုဲ မကေတ်ပၠုပ် ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိ ဗီုကဵု တၞံခရေတ်သမာတ်ဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် ၜိုတ်ၜါဗွဝ်ကၠံ မတုဲကၠုင်ရ။ အတိုင်လိက်စၟတ်သမ္တီမ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၈၀၀ ဂှ် ကောန်ဗၠာဲဨကရာဇ်အင်္ဂလိက် စှ်ေဒၞာဲ ကုကောန်ဨကရာဇ်ဂျာမနဳတုဲ အခိုက်ဂျာမနဳ မပၠုပ် တၞံခရေတ်သမာတ် ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ် ပ္ဍဲဗွိုင်နန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/christmas/christmas_tree.html|title=The History of the Christmas Tree at Windsor|access-date=3 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224161224/http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/christmas/christmas_tree.html|archive-date=24 December 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ဨကရာဇ်ဗြဴဝိတဝ်ရဳယျာ (Queen Victoria) မဒှ် ဘဝကောန်ၚာ်ဂှ် ညးချူလဝ် ပ္ဍဲလိက်စၟတ်သမ္တီညး ဇၟာပ်ပ်မစိုပ် အခိင်ခရေတ်သမာတ်မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲခဒမ်ညး ပတူစုတ်လဝ် တၞံဆုမွဲတၞံရ။ ပ္ဍဲလိက်ဂျာနေဝ်ညး သဘင်ခရေတ်သမာတ် သၞာံ ၁၈၃၂ အခိင်ညးကလိဂွံ အာယုက် ၁၃ သၞာံဂှ် ညးချူလဝ်&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty's diaries |url=https://archive.org/details/girlhoodofqueenv19122vict |page=[https://archive.org/details/girlhoodofqueenv19122vict/page/61 61] |publisher=J. Murray |year=1912 |author=Queen Victoria |author-link=Queen Victoria |editor=[[Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
ကြဴနူ စၞသဝ်တ္ၚဲတုဲ... ပိုယ်အာ ဇရေင်ခဒမ် ဓဇက်ရုပ် မနွံဗဒါဲ ခဒမ်စပုင်... ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဂှ် နွံခုင်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်ၜါမ တုဲပၠန် စွံပစူလဝ် တၞံဆု ဇၞော်ဇၞော်ၜါတၞံ၊ ပ္ဍဲတၞံဆုတအ်ဂှ် ကွက်လဝ် ပၟတ် ကေုာံ မခၜေတ် ကေုာံ ကပေါတ်ကိရိယာနာနာသာ်။ တၟာဲတဲတအ်ဂှ် ဖျေဟ်စွံလဝ် သၟဝ်တၞံဆုတအ်ဂှ်ရ...
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ကြဴနူ ဝိတဝ်ရိယျာ ဖျေဟ်ဒၞာဲ ကုကောန်ၝောဲကောန်ဒေအ်ညး ကောန်သၟိင်ဍုင်ဂျာမနဳ အာလ်ဗာတ် (Prince Albert) ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၈၄၁ တုဲ အခိုက် တၞံခရေတ်သမာတ်ဂှ် ပြးဇးဂၠိုင်ကၠုင်၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Marie Claire Lejeune |title=Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe |page=550 |publisher=Man &amp; Culture |isbn=978-90-77135-04-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5GBAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ပြးစိုပ်အာ ဇရေင် ဂကောံသ္ၚိသေဌဳ၊ သမ္ၚေဟ်တအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;&quot;GERMAN CHRISTMAS TREES. The nobility and gentry are respectfully informed that these handsome JUVENILE CHRISTMAS PRESENTS are supplied and elegantly fitted up...&quot;:''Times'' [London, England] 20 December 1842, p.&amp;nbsp;1.&lt;/ref&gt; 

====တၞံခရေတ်သမာတ် လဒေါဝ်ဍုင်====
စတမ်နူ ၂၀ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ် တၞံခရေတ်သမာတ် ပ္ဍဲလဒေါဝ်ဍုင် ဒၞာဲမၞိဟ်တအ် မအာကၠုင်ဂၠိုင်ဂှ် ဇၟာပ်မစိုပ် အခိင်ခရေတ်သမာတ်မ္ဂး ပစူတၞံခရေတ်သမာတ်အိုတ်ရ။ ဥပမာ ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် တၞံခရေတ်သမာတ်ဍုင် (National Christmas Tree) စပစူကၠုင် နူသၞာံ ၁၉၂၃ ရိုဟ်ဒဒှ်သၞာံ ပ္ဍဲကဵု သ္ၚိဗတာင်သမတရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;npspp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/whho/historyculture/lighting-of-the-national-christmas-tree-history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115224842/http://www.nps.gov/whho/historyculture/lighting-of-the-national-christmas-tree-history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2008 |title=Lighting of the National Christmas Tree |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |accessdate=5 April 2009 |archivedate=15 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115224842/http://www.nps.gov/whho/historyculture/lighting-of-the-national-christmas-tree-history.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

&lt;gallery heights=&quot;100px&quot; caption=&quot;တၞံခရေတ်သမာတ် လဒေါဝ်ဍုင် (Public Christmas trees)&quot;&gt;
File:Albero di Natale Milano dicembre 2008.jpg|Christmas tree in [[Milan]], Italy, 2008
File:Vatican Christmas Tree.jpg|Christmas tree in [[Vatican City]], 2007
File:Piazza Portanova Natale 2008.jpg|Christmas tree in [[Salerno]] old town, Italy, 2008.
File:Trafalgar Square Christmas tree9.jpg|[[Trafalgar Square Christmas tree]]
File:New Year Tree on the Minin and Pozharsky Square 04.jpg|Christmas tree on [[Minin and Pozharsky Square]], 2018. [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Russia]]
File:Xmastreenewyork06.jpg| [[Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree]]
File:Weihnachtsbaum Römerberg.jpg|Christmas tree on the [[Römerberg (Frankfurt)|Römerberg]] in [[Frankfurt]] (2008)
File:Christmas Lisbon 2005 b.JPG| in [[Lisbon]] (2005), at {{convert|75|m|abbr=off}} the tallest Christmas tree in Europe.
File:2010 Boston Halifax Christmas tree on Boston Common USA 5273771973.jpg|[[Boston Christmas Tree|Boston's Christmas Tree]].
File:Plaza de San Juan de la Cruz (Madrid) 07.jpg| An {{lang|es|Árbol navideño luminoso}} in Madrid (2011)
File:Choinka plac Zamkowy 2011.jpg|Christmas tree in [[Warsaw]]
File:South Coast Plaza (2013) 01.jpg|Christmas tree in [[South Coast Plaza]], California
File:Stockholm - NK.jpg|Christmas tree in [[Stockholm]] at [[Nordiska Kompaniet|NK]] shopping mall
File:HK TST night Harbour City front entrance indoor stairs interior Xmas trees Nov-2013.JPG|Christmas trees in Ocean Terminal, Harbour City, [[Hong Kong]]
File:Christmas tree in Lugano (2018).jpg|Christmas tree in [[Lugano]] (2018)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==နိဿဲ==</text>
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    <title>ဗါမဳယာန်၊ ကျာ်ပဋိမာရုပ် ဍုင်အာဖဂါန်နေတ်သတာန်</title>
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| Part_of = Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamyan Valley
| Image = Buddha of Bamiyan.jpg  
| Caption = ကျာ်ဇၞော် ကိုပ်ကၠာ ၂၀၀၁
| Location = ဗါမဳယာန်၊ အာဖဂါန်နေတ်သတာန်
| Area = 105 ha
| Buffer_zone = 225.25 ha
| Criteria = Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv, vi.
| ID = 208-001
| Coordinates = {{coord|34|49|55|N|67|49|36|E}}
| Year = 2003
| Danger = 2003–present
| locmapin = Afghanistan
|relief = 1
|width = 250
|float = central
|caption = 
|alt = ဒၞာဲဗါမဳယာန် နွံ
|label = Lockerbie
|mark = Blue_pog.svg
|marksize = 9
|lat_deg = 34 |lat_min = 49 |lat_sec = 55 |lat_dir = N
|lon_deg = 67 |lon_min = 49 |lon_sec = 36 |lon_dir = E

}}
'''ကျာ်ဗါမဳယာန်''' ({{Lang-en|'''Buddhas of Bamyan'''}}) (ဒါရဳ၊ بت‌های باميان)၊ (ပါတ်သတူ၊د باميانو بتان) ဂှ် ဒှ်ကျာ်ပဋိမာရုပ်ဇၞော် ၜါဇကု နူကဵု ခေတ် အေဒဳ ၆ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ&lt;ref name=&quot;Gall 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/05/world/asia/05iht-buddhas.3793036.html?pagewanted=all | title=Afghans consider rebuilding Bamiyan Buddhas | work=International Herald Tribune/The New York Times | date=5 December 2006 | accessdate=8 March 2014 | last=Gall | first=Carlotta}}&lt;/ref&gt; မဗုတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲဖျေင်ဒဵုတၟအ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဗါမဳယာန်၊ ပ္ဍဲရးဟဇရဇာတ် (Hazarajat) ဒေသလဒေါဝ် ဍုင်အာဖဂါန်နေတ်သတာန်၊ {{convert|230|km|mi}} ဗွဲ[[ဒိုဟ်]]ဗာယပ် ကုဍုင်ကာဗူ မဒှ်ဒၞာဲ နွံလတူ ဗလးမုက်မှာသၟိတ် {{convert|2,500|m|ft}} ဂှ်ရ။ ကျာ်ဍောတ်ညိဂှ် ခၞံဗဒှ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ်ခရေတ် ၅၀၇ တုဲ ကျာ်ဇၞော်ဂှ် ခၞံဗဒှ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲ ၅၅၄၊&lt;ref name=&quot;Gall 1&quot;/&gt; တုဲ ရုပ်ကျာ်ဝွံ ဒှ်ရုပ်အခိုက် [[ပါန်ကွတ်]] ဂန္ဓရ (Gandhara art)ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Morgan | first = Kenneth W | authorlink = | title = The Path of the Buddha | page=43 | via = Google Books | url = https://books.google.com/?id=g6OHBCgmmGAC&amp;pg=PA43 | doi = | accessdate = 2 June 2009| isbn = 978-8120800304 | year = 1956 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ကျာ်တအ်ဂှ် သီုဖအိုတ် နွံသမၠုင်{{convert|35|and|53|m|ft|abbr=on}}ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;state&quot;/&gt;

အလဵုဇကု ကျာ်ပဋိမာရုပ်တအ်ဝွံ ပုတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲဖျေင်ဒဵု တၟအ်ဗတဳတုဲ ကလေင်ပညဳဗပေင်လဝ် နကဵုတိ မနှဴကုဆံက်၊ အင်္ဂဒေတအ်ရ။ အရာမပညဳဗပေင်လဝ်တအ်ဂှ် လီုလာ်တိတ်အာ နူကဵု အခိင်ဗွဲမလအ်ရ။ အခိင်ကိုပ်ကၠာတေအ်မ္ဂး ကျာ်ဇၞော်ဂှ် လံက်လဝ် ဍာ်ဂဥုဲ အသာ်ဗကေတ်ဍာဲဍာဲတုဲ ကျာ်ဍောတ်ဂှ် လံက်လဝ် ဍာ်ဂဥုဲ အသာ်နာနာသာ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;gall1&quot;&gt;{{cite news | last = Gall| first = Carlotta|date=6 December 2006| title = From Ruins of Afghan Buddhas, a History Grows| newspaper = The New York Times| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/06/world/asia/06budd.html?pagewanted=2&amp;_r=2&amp;th&amp;emc=th| accessdate = 6 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;ပဋိမာရုပ် သီုၜါ ဒကုတ်သၟဝ် နူကဵုတဲဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗပေင်လဝ် နကဵုတိမနှဴကုဆံက်တုဲ ရပ်ပခိုင်လဝ် နကဵုဆုရ။ ဒကုတ်လတူ ပ္ဍဲကဵုမုက်ဂှ် စှ်ေစိုတ် ကၠောန်ဗပေင်လဝ် နကဵုဆု ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး နကဵုအင်္ဂဒေရ။ ပထောင်မဂွံဆဵုဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဗီုရုပ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ပထောင် မစုတ်လဝ်ဆု သွက်ဂွံထိင်အင်္ဂဒေ ရ။

ကျာ်ပဋိမာရုပ်ၜါဝွံ ဒးဒုင်ပလီု နမခတိုဟ် နကဵုဒါင်နမာက် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမာတ် ၂၀၀၁ ကုတလဳဗာန် (Taliban) နကဵုအမိင် နူကဵု က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ် မူလ္လာ မဝ်ဟာမ်မေဒ် အဝ်မာရ် (Mullah Mohammed Omar)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sacredland.org/bamiyan-valley/|title=Bamiyan Valley – Afghanistan|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကြဴနူ အလဵုအသဳတလဳဗာန် မလလောင်တြး ဒဒှ်ရ ညးတအ် ပလီုပဋိမာရုပ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/science/archaeology/2001-03-22-afghan-buddhas.htm |title=Why the Taliban are destroying Buddhas |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=22 March 2001 |accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကြဴနူ မပလီုထောအ် ရုပ်ကျာ်တအ်တုဲ မွဲၜါသတ္တဟဂှ် ကလုတ်ကုလသမဂ္ဂမွဲ အာစိုပ်တုဲဟီု ဒဒှ်ရ မပလီုထောအ် ရုပ်အာဲကၟာဲဂၠးတိ မစဵုဒၞာလဝ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာ ပကဵု ညံင်အာဖဂါန်နေတ်သတာန် ညံင်ဂွံဒှ်ကၞောဝ်မွဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Taliban Explains Buddha Demolition|newspaper = The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/19/world/19TALI.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဆဂး နူကဵု ဝန်ဇၞော်ကာဍုင်သအာင် အာဖဂါန်နေတ်သတာန် တလဳဗာန်ဟီု ပွမရှေ်သှ်ေ ပဋိမာရုပ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာ မဒစဵုဒစး ကုအေဿလာမ်တုဲ ညးတအ် ပလီုထောအ် ရုပ်ကျာ်တအ်ရ။ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ဂၠးတိတအ် ဒစဵုဒစး ပတိုန်ဒုဟ် ဗွဲမသကာတ်မြဟ် လတူမပလီုထောအ် ရုပ်ကျာ်တအ်ရ။ 

==ဝင်==
[[File:Bamiyan Buddhas Burnes.jpg|thumbnail|left|ရုပ်ကသူ ကျာ်ဗါမဳယာန်၊ ညးမစိုပ်လဝ် Alexander Burnes ပ္ဍဲ ၁၈၃၂]]
[[File:Françoise Foliot - Afghanistan - 006.jpg|thumb|left|ဗီုဓါတ် နကဵု Françoise Foliot]]
ဗါမဳယာန်ဂှ် နူလတူ ဂၠံင်ဇၞော်သုတ် (Silk Road) မဒှ်ဂၠံင်ဇၞော် မတတ်အာ ဒေသဒဵုဟိန္ဒူကုသ် (Hindu Kush) ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကွာန်ဗါမဳယာန်ဂှ်ရ။ ဂၠံင်ဇၞော်သုတ်ဂှ် အတိုင်ဝင်မ္ဂး ဒှ်ဂၠံင်ဗၞိက်မွဲ မဆက်စၠောအ် ရးပလိုတ် ကဵု ဍုင်ကြုက်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု မွဲဒမြိပ်ဂၠံင်ဂှ် ဘာလကျာ် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ နွံဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တုဲ မဒှ်ဒတန်သာသနာ၊ ဒဿန ကေုာံ [[ပါန်ကွတ်]] မမြဟ်တမ္ညဝ် ဇၞော်မောဝ်မွဲရ။ ခမဳ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာတအ်ဂှ် ညံင်ရဴရသိတအ်ကီု ပဒတဴလဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုထီု ပ္ဍဲကဵုဖျေင်ဒဵု ဗါမဳယာန်ဂှ်ရ။ ခမဳတအ်ဂှ် ထီုညးတအ် မပဒတဴဒၟံင်တအ်ဂှ် ပလေဝ် လံက်လဝ် ဍာ်ဂဥုဲ ဗွဲမခိုဟ်ဆာဲအိုတ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ် ဒှ်လဝ် ဒတန်သာသနာဗုဒ္ဓ မဇၞော်မောဝ် နူကဵု အေဒဳ ၂ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ စဵုကဵုစိုပ် အခိင်အေဿလာမ် မလုပ်သီ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကၞောတ် ၇ ဗွဝ်ကၠံရ။ တုဲဂှ် စိုပ် ၉ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဂှ် နကဵုအေဿလာမ်ဟေင် အုပ်ဓလီုလဝ်ပေင်င်တုဲ အခိုက်ယေန်သၞာင် ဗါမဳယာန်ဂှ် တုပ်ဒၟံင် ကုအခိုက် ဂန္ဓရ ရးရ။

[[File:Taller Buddha of Bamiyan before and after destruction.jpg|thumb|right|ကျာ်ဇၞော် နူကဵုသၞာံ ၁၉၆၃ ကဵု နူသၞာံ ၂၀၀၈ ကြဴနူ မဒးဒုင်ပလီုတုဲ]]

ပဋိမာရုပ်ဇၞော်အိုတ် ၜါဇကုဂှ် ဒှ်ရုပ်ကျာ်ဒတဴ ဝေရောစန (Vairocana) ကဵု သကျမုနိ (Sakyamuni)၊ ရံင်နကဵု မုဒြာသ်တဲတုဲ စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ်ရ။ ကျာ်ဇၞော်ဂှ် ညးလ္ၚဵုကော်စ ကျာ်&quot;Solsol&quot; မနွံသမၠုင် ၅၃ မဳတာ၊ ကဵု ကျာ်&quot;Shahmama&quot; ဂှ် နွံ ၃၅ မဳတာ ယဝ်ရ တော်စ သီုဖအိုတ်မ္ဂး သမၠုင် ကျာ်တအ်ဂှ် နွံ ၅၈ ကဵု ၃၈ မဳတာရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;state&quot;&gt;Research of state and stability of the rock niches of the Buddhas of Bamiyan in [http://www.unibw.de/bauv5/forschung/abgeschlossene_forschungsvorhaben/buddha &quot;Completed Research Results of Military University of Munich&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032715/http://www.unibw.de/bauv5/forschung/abgeschlossene_forschungsvorhaben/buddha |date=4 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/template/doc/antalya/120.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216070456/http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/template/doc/antalya/120.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2013 |title=Computer Reconstruction and Modeling of the Great Buddha Statue in Bamiyan, Afghanistan |accessdate=9 October 2013 |archivedate=16 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216070456/http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/template/doc/antalya/120.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; ကိုပ်ကၠာ ဟွံဒးဒုင်ပလီုဏီ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၁ ဂှ်မ္ဂး ရုပ်ကျာ်တအ်ဝွံ ဒှ်ရုပ်ကျာ်ဒတဴ သမၠုင်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိရ။ ရုပ်ကျာ်ဇၞော်လေရှာန် (Leshan Giant Buddha) နူ ၈ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ် သၠုင်နူ ကျာ်ၜါဏအ်ဏီရ။ ဆဂး ကျာ်ဍုင်ကြုက်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂဇအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/779 |title=Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |date= |accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; စတမ်နူဂှ် ရုပ်သၟဟ်န် (Statue of unity) မကၠောန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲအိန္ဒိယဂှ် ဒှ်သမၠုင်အိုတ် နွံသမၠုင် {{convert|182|m|ft|abbr=on}}ဂှ် ဒှ်သမၠုင်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိ မဒှ်ရုပ်သမၠုင် နူရုပ်ကျာ်ဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ကြုက် (Spring Temple Buddha) မနွံသမၠုင်{{convert|128|m|ft|abbr=on}} မနွံ ပ္ဍဲ Fodushan Scenic Area, Lushan County, Henan ဂှ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်မဂွံ ကၠောန်ရုပ်ကျာ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ကြုက်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဒၟာနူ ကျာ်ပ္ဍဲဗါမဳယာန် မဒးဒုင်ပလီုရ။ 

[[File:BamyanBuddha Smaller 1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ကျာ်ဍောတ် နူသၞာံ ၁၉၇၇]]

ကျာ်ပဋိမာရုပ် မပုတ်ကၠောန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဖျေင်ဒဵုတၟအ်ဗါမဳယာန်တအ်ဝွံ ပတှ်ေကေတ် ကၠောန်လဝ် အကြာအေဒဳ ၃ ကဵု ၆ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ၊ ထီု ကေုာံ ကျာ်မၞုံ ၃၈ မဳတာ ကရေက်လပါ်ဗမံက်ဂှ် သြိုင်ကၠောန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၃ ကဵု ၄ ဗွဝ်ကၠံရ။ ကျာ်သမၠုင် ၅၅ မဳတာဂှ် စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ဒဒှ်ရ မကၠောန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲအကြာ ၅ ကဵု ၆ ဗွဝ်ကၠံအေဒဳရ။ နကဵုသက်သဳဝင်မ္ဂး ကျာ်တအ်ဝွံ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်တအ် နွံကဵု တ္ၚဲမကၠောန်သဘင် ဇၟာပ်ပ်သၞာံတုဲ မၞိဟ်မကၠုင်လ္ၚောဝ်ကျာ်လေဝ် နွံဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |work=UNESCO |title=Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley |url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/208rev.pdf |year=2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲကဵုဒေသဂှ်မ္ဂး ဒၞာဲဒတန်ဂှ် ဒှ်လဝ် ဒၞာဲဒတန် ယၟုပြာကတ်အိုတ်မွဲလေဝ် ဒှ်မာန်တုဲ နကဵု ယူနေတ်သကဝ် စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် နဒဒှ် ဒၞာဲ အာဲကၟာဲဂၠးတိ ပ္ဍဲကဵုပွဳပွူဒေသဂှ် သွက်ဂွံမင်မဲ အာဲကၟာဲသၟေဟ်တအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110225122816.htm |title=Bamiyan Buddhas Once Glowed in Red, White and Blue |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=25 February 2011 |accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

လကျာ်ကြုက် Xuanzang ညးမအာလ္ၚောဝ်ကျာ် စိုပ်လဝ် ဒၞာဲဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၃၀ ဨပြဳ ၆၃၀ အေဒဳ၊&lt;ref&gt;Yamada, Meiji (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100707012445/http://www.shin-ibs.edu/documents/pwj3-4/07YM4.pdf Buddhism of Bamiyan], Pacific World, 3rd series 4, 109–110&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/afghanistan/bamiyan.html |title=Bamiyan and Buddhist Afghanistan |publisher=Depts.washington.edu |date= |accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;laputanlogic&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.laputanlogic.com/articles/2003/09/21-106424100165818095.html |title=Xuan Zang and the Third Buddha |publisher=Laputanlogic.com |date=9 March 2007 |accessdate=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130127095257/http://www.laputanlogic.com/articles/2003/09/21-106424100165818095.html |archivedate=27 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲ ချူစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ဗါမဳယာန် ပ္ဍဲလိက်စၟတ်သမ္တီအာတရဴညး နဒဒှ် ဒတန်သာသနာကျာ်ဗုဒ္ဓ မရာင်ဆာဲဂဵုလဟဵုမွဲ မနွံကဵု &quot;ဘာလကျာ် စှ်ဘာပြင်င်တုဲ လကျာ်နွံ မွဲလ္ၚီပြင်&quot;ရ။ ညးသီုချူလဝ် ကျာ်ပဋိမာရုပ်သီုၜါဂှ် &quot;ကောပ်ပဆာဲလဝ် နကဵု ထဝ် ကေုာံ ရတ်နာနာသာ်&quot; (Wriggins, 1995)ရ။ အရာစိုတ်မလုပ်စခိုဟ်မွဲပၠန်ဂှ်၊ လကျာ်ကြုက် Xuanzang ဂှ် ချူလဝ် ကျာ်မရနုက်ကဵုတတိယ မဒှ်ကျာ်ပပရိနိဗ္ဗာန်သတိက်ဂှ် ဇၞော်နူကဵု ကျာ်ဒတဴၜါဂှ်ဏီရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;gall1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;laputanlogic&quot;/&gt; ကျာ်ဂဇအ်၊ မတုပ်ကဵု ဗီုပြင် ပ္ဍဲဗါမဳယာန်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် စဵုကဵုတ္ၚဲဏအ် ပ္ဍဲဘာလကျာ်ထီုဗိန်လိန် (Bingling Temple) ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ကြုက်၊ ခရိုင်ဂါန်သူ (Gansu province)ရ။

ပွမပလီု ကျာ်ပဋိမာရုပ် ဗါမဳယာန်ဂှ် ဒှ်လက်သန် မထ္ၜး မကၟာတ်လဒဵု အခေါင်မရှ်ေသှ်ေဘာသာ ဗၠးၜးမွဲရ။ ၜိုန်ရ မၞိဟ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲအာဖဂါန်နေတ်သတာန် ခေတ်လၟုဟ် ဒှ်မူသလေန်ကီုလေဝ် ပွမပလီုထောအ် ရုပ်ကျာ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာ မပလီုကၠေအ် ဝင်အတိက်ညးတအ်ဂှ် ညးတအ် စိုတ်ဟွံမိပ် ဒှ်လၞီကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Tim McGirk/Bamiyan |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,238674,00.html |title=What Lies Beneath |publisher=Time.com |date=20 May 2002 |accessdate=9 October 2013 |archivedate=24 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824131214/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,238674,00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ပလီု ပဋိမာရုပ်===
[[File:Destruction of Buddhas March 21 2001.jpg|thumb|တလဳဗာန် ပလီုပလာ် ရုပ်ကျာ်ဗုဒ္ဓ]]
[[File:Taller Buddha of Bamiyan after destruction, 2005.jpg|thumb|ရုပ်ကျာ်ဇၞော် ကြဴနူ မဒးဒုင်ပလီုတုဲ]]
[[File:Bouddhas de Bâmiyân - Aout 2005.jpg|thumb|ရုပ်ကျာ်ဍောတ် နူသၞာံ ၂၀၀၅]]
====နူ ၁၃ စဵုကဵု ၂၀ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ====
ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၂၂၁ ကာလပၞာန်မန်ကိုဝ်ရဳယျာ ဂျေန်ဂဳ ကာန် (Genghis Khan) ဂှ် ပလီုပလာ်ထောအ် ဍုင်ကွာန်ဗါမဳယာန်ရ။&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/afghanistan/bamiyan.html |title=Bamiyan and Buddhism Afghanistan |publisher=Depts.washington.edu |date= |accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kashgar.com.au/articles/Remembering-Bamiyan |title=Remembering Bamiyan |publisher=Kashgar.com.au |accessdate=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004201837/http://www.kashgar.com.au/articles/Remembering-Bamiyan |archivedate=4 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ဆဂး ပဋိမာရုပ်တအ်ဂှ် ပါဲစွံ ဟွံပလီုရ။ ဗဗူရ် (Babur) ညးဒှ်ဨကရာဇ်မူသလေန် ပတိတ်အမိင် ၜါအလန် ပ္ဍဲ ဂိတုသေတ်တေန်ပါ ၁၅၂၈ သွက်ဂွံပလီုရုပ်ပဋိမာရုပ်တအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor, trans. Wheeler M. Thackston (Washington, DC: Ferrer Gallery of Art/Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 1996), 406–07; cf. Zahiru'd-Din Muhammed Babur Padshah Ghazi, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur), trans. Annette Susannah Beveridge (1922; New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1979), 608–13. Beveridge notes that Babur's destruction amounted to cutting off the heads of the idls, which were restored with plaster by the Jains in the locality.&lt;/ref&gt; ကြဴနူဂှ် ညးတအ်စကာ လွဟ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်တုဲ ကဵုပလီု ပဋိမာရုပ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ညးမဂစာန် ပလီုပဋိမာရုပ် ပ္ဍဲဗါမဳယာန် တၞဟ်မွဲပၠန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ၁၈ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ ဨကရာဇ်ပါသဳ နဒေရ် အဖရှာရ် (Nader Afshar) ကဵုပန် နကဵုအမၠံက် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;''Asian Art'', chap. &quot;History of attacks on the Buddhas&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

ဨကရာဇ် အာဖဂါန်နသတာန် အာပ်ဒူရ် ရးမေန် ခါန် (Abdur Rahman Khan) ပလီုထောအ် မုက်ကျာ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ညးအာဗတိုက် သပုန်ရှဳယျာ ဟာဇာရာ (Shia Hazara) ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ်ရ။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=54808 |title=Ancient Buddhas Will Not Be Rebuilt – UNESCO |publisher=Ipsnews.net |accessdate=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913032140/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=54808 |archivedate=13 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၈၄၇ ဂှ် ကောန်ဍုင်ပြင်သေတ် မနွံယၟု Dureau ဂွံတက်ကေတ် ဗီုဓါတ် ရုပ်ကျာ်တအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.idb.arch.ethz.ch/files/04_ag-remondino_zhang_photogr.record.pdf |title=Photogrammetric Reconstruction of the Great Buddha of Bamiyan |access-date=27 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824114215/http://www.idb.arch.ethz.ch/files/04_ag-remondino_zhang_photogr.record.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |accessdate=26 January 2020 |archivedate=24 August 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824114215/http://www.idb.arch.ethz.ch/files/04_ag-remondino_zhang_photogr.record.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====၁၉၉၈ စဵုကဵု ၂၀၀၁၊ သၟဝ် တလဳဗာန်====
ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ကာလပၞာန်အပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဒေသဗါမဳယာန်ဝွံ နွံသၟဝ်အုပ်ဓုပ် ဒပ်ပၞာန် Hizb-i-Wahdat မဒှ်ဂကောံ ပ္ဍဲဒပ်မဟာမိတ်လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာ (Northern Alliance) မဗတိုက်ဒၟံင် ကုတလဳဗာန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအဝ်ဂေတ် ၁၉၉၈ ဂှ် တလဳဗာန် ရပ်ဂွံအာ သကိုပ်ပၞာန် Mazar-i-Sharif တုဲ ကွာန်ဗါမဳယာန်လေဝ် ဒးဒုင်ဗိုင်လဝ် နကဵု တလဳဗာန်ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1998-08-13 |title=Aid staff flee Taliban shells |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/aid-staff-flee-taliban-shells-1171523.html |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၁၃ သေတ်တေမ်ပါ ဂှ် တလဳဗာန်တအ် သီဂွံအာဍုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Taleban take opposition stronghold |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/170362.stm |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် ကောန်ဍုင်အာဖဂါန်နေတ်သတာန်ဂှ် &quot;ဍောင်ၜတ်၊ ကၠောဝ်ဗျဵုဒၟံင်ရ&quot;။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Taliban tanks and artillery fire on Buddhas |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1324918/Taliban-tanks-and-artillery-fire-on-Buddhas.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250418080849/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1324918/Taliban-tanks-and-artillery-fire-on-Buddhas.html |archive-date=2025-04-18 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

အာပ်ဒူလ် ဝါဟေဒ် (Abdul Wahed) သကိုပ်ပၞာန်တလဳဗာန်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင် မဗိုင်လဝ်ဍုင်ဂှ်ရ လလောင်တြးလဝ် သွက်ဂွံခတိုဟ်ပလီု ရုပ်ကျာ်တအ်ဂှ်ရ။ ကာလညးတေအ် သီဂွံဒေသဂှ်တုဲ ဝါဟေဒ် ခပူပထောင်ဇၞော် ပ္ဍဲက္ဍိုပ်ကျာ်တအ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲဂှ် ညးစုတ် ဒါင်နမာက်တုဲ ခတိုဟ်ပလီုထောအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Semple, Michael [http://aan-afghanistan.com/index.asp?id=1538 ''Why the Buddhas of Bamian were destroyed''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707072441/http://aan-afghanistan.com/index.asp?id=1538 |date=2011-07-07 }}, [[Afghanistan Analysts Network]] 2 March 2011&lt;/ref&gt; 

====၂၀၀၁ ပလီု နကဵု တလဳဗာန်====
ရုပ်ကျာ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ပလီု ဒးဒုင်ခတိုဟ် နကဵုဒါင်နမာက် သတ္တဟဗွဲမဂၠိုင်၊ စတမ်နူကဵု ၂ မာတ် ၂၀၀၁ ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|journal=Vigilo|last=Domingo|first=Plácido|author-link=Plácido Domingo|title=End the International Destruction of Cultural Heritage|date=December 2016|publisher=[[Din l-Art Ħelwa]]: National Trust of Malta|pages=30–31|issue=48|issn=1026-132X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Amir|last=Shah|date=3 March 2001|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/taliban-destroy-ancient-buddhist-relics-694425.html|title=Taliban destroy ancient Buddhist relics – International pleas ignored by Afghanistan's Islamic fundamentalist leaders|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106181318/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/taliban-destroy-ancient-buddhist-relics-694425.html|archive-date=6 January 2011|work=The Independent|accessdate=26 January 2020|archivedate=6 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106181318/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/taliban-destroy-ancient-buddhist-relics-694425.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပရေင်ပလီုပလာ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ကၠုင် မွဲလဂါံတုဲ မွဲလဂါံရ။ ညးတအ် စကာလွဟ် ပန်က္ၜင်ကျာတုဲ ပန်ရုပ်ကျာ်တအ်ဂှ် ရုပ်ကျာ်တအ်ဂှ် တူဒၟံင် မဂၠိုင်ကဵု တ္ၚဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/03/12/afghan.buddha.02/ |title=Photos document destruction of Afghan Buddhas |accessdate=2007-03-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313235406/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/03/12/afghan.buddha.02/ |archivedate=13 March 2007 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; လက္ကရဴအိုတ်ဂှ် တလဳဗာန် စကာ ဗုမ်ခတိုဟ် ကွဳကာခြပ် (anti-tank mines) စွံသၟဝ်ကျာ်ဂှ်တုဲ ခတိုဟ်တုဲ ကျာ်ဂှ် လီုလာ်အာရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2104119/entry/2104187|title=Destruction and Rebuilding of the Bamyan Buddhas |magazine=Slate Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ဗီုရုပ်ဂမၠိုင် ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley-109152.jpg| Taller Buddha, after destruction
Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley-109154.jpg| Smaller Buddha, after destruction
Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley-130348.jpg| View of the rock where monasteries and Buddhas are carved
Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley-109157.jpg| The landscape of the archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==လေန် မ္ၚး==
* [https://japantoday.com/category/national/japan-offered-to-hide-bamiyan-statues-but-taliban-asked-japan-to-convert-to-islam-instead Japan offered to hide Bamiyan statues, but Taliban asked Japan to convert to Islam instead]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023075942/http://tamu.edu/anthropology/Buddhas.html News articles about the Buddhas of Bamyan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070307141401/http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/crbst_21.html Photos of the Buddhas of Bamyan]
* [http://www.bamiyanlaser.org/ Bamyan Afghanistan Laser Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219085719/http://www.bamiyanlaser.org/ |date=2014-12-19 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080407004350/http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/central-asia/afghanistan/bamiyan/monks-caves/sphere-quicktime.html World Heritage Tour: 360 degree image ''(after destruction)'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181231070512/http://www.bamiyan-development.org/ Bamyan Development] Community Portal for cultural heritage management of Bamyan
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080311222733/http://wmf.org/watch2008/watch.php?id=S8255 The World Monuments Fund's Watch List 2008 listing for Bamyan]
* {{YouTube|RDbrZaoXh4I|Historic Footage of Bamyan Statues, c. 1973}}
* [https://archive.org/details/TheValleyOfBamiyan ''The Valley of Bamiyan''] A tourist pamphlet from 1967
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110302103707/http://www.aolnews.com/2011/03/01/researchers-say-they-can-restore-1-of-destroyed-bamiyan-buddhas/ Researchers Say They Can Restore 1 of Destroyed Bamiyan Buddhas]
* [http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/1345.htm Secrets of the Bamiyan Buddhas], CNRS
* [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/multimedia/photos/bamiyan-photo-gallery/ Bamiyan photo gallery], UNESCO
* [http://www.esrf.eu/UsersAndScience/Publications/Highlights/2008/imaging/imaging8 Secrets of Bamiyan Buddhist murals]. ESRF
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130127085215/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2922/stories/20121116292206100.htm Photo Feature Covering Bamiyan Site]
==နိဿဲ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:BEHM]]
[[Category:ကျာ်]]
[[Category:ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ]]
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|name = {{native name|ar|مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;{{native name|zh|联合国安全理事会|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;{{native name|fr|Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies}}&lt;br /&gt;{{native name|ru|Совет Безопасности Организации Объединённых Наций|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;{{native name|es|Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas}}&lt;!-- only list the official UN languages http://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/official-languages/ --&gt;
|image = UN-Sicherheitsrat - UN Security Council - New York City - 2014 01 06.jpg|The security council room.
|caption = ဂၠံတိုက် ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ပ္ဍဲ နျူယံက်
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  |title = '''၁၅ ဍုင်'''
  |'''ကောန်ဂကောံ လၟိုန်:'''
  |{{flag|China}}
  |{{flag|France}}
  |{{flag|Russia}}
  |{{flag|United Kingdom}}
  |{{flag|United States}}
  |'''ကောန်ဂကောံ လၟိုန်ဟွံသေင်:'''
  |{{flag|Belgium}}
  |{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
  |{{flag|Estonia}}
  |{{flag|Germany}}
  |{{flag|Indonesia}}
  |{{flag|Niger}}
  |{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
  |{{flag|South Africa}}
  |{{flag|Tunisia}}
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|status = ဂျိုင်ချဳဒၟံင်
|established = ၁၉၄၅
|website = {{url|www.un.org/securitycouncil/|www.un.org}}
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{{Sidebar 
| title = သၞောတ်လဒက်ပတန် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
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| above = အဝဲလစှ်ေဂမၠိုင်
| heading1=[[ဌာန ညးအုပ်ကာနာနာ]]
| heading2=[[အသေမ်ဗလဳနာနာ]] 
| heading3=[[ရုင်ဗစာ သၞောဝ်ဓဝ် ဂၠးကဝ်]]
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'''ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု ကုလသမဂ္ဂ''' ({{Lang-en|United Nations Security Council}}) ဂှ် ဒှ်အဝဲလစှ်ေ ကုလသမဂ္ဂမွဲ ပၞောဝ်ကဵု အဝဲလစှ်ေ သီုဖအိုတ် နွံတြဴဂှ်တုဲ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 7 (1) of Charter of the United Nations|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကေတ်တာလျိုင် ကၠောန်သွက် ဂၠးကဝ် ဂွံၜိုဟ်လလံ ကေုာံ ဂီုကၠီု၊&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 24 (1) of Charter of the United Nations|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; မထံက်ဂလာန် အသေမ်ပလီနာနာ သွက်ဂွံဒုင်တဲ ကောန်ဂကောံတၟိ ပ္ဍဲကုလသမဂ္ဂ၊ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 4 (2) of Charter of the United Nations|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကေုာံ ပဒတန် ပရေင်ပြံင်လှာဲ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပဋိညာဉ် (ဝါ) သၞောဝ်ဗီုဒက်ပ္တန် ကုလသမဂ္ဂတအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 108 of Charter of the United Nations|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲပၠန် နကဵုအဝဵု ကံင်သဳဝွံဂှ် ဒက်ပတန် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ပၟင်ပၟဲၜိုဟ်လလံ (peacekeeping operations) ကေုာံ ကၟာတ်လဒဵုသင်ရှေန်ဂၠးကဝ် (international sanctions)တအ်ကီု သီုကဵု ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ပ္ဍဲအရာမချဳဓရာင် နကဵုပၞာန် နူကုလသမဂ္ဂရ။ တုဲပၠန် ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီုဂှ် ပၞောဝ်ကဵု အဝဲလစှ်ေ ကုလသမဂ္ဂသီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် အဝဲလစှ်ေဝွံဟေင် ကလိဂွံလဝ် အဝဵု သွက်ဂွံပတိတ်  သွဟ်မသ္ဒးဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက်ဟေင် (binding resolutions) ကု ဍုင်ကောန်ဂကောံတအ်ရ။ ကံင်သဳဝွံ စကောံဓရီုအလန်ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲ ၁၇ ဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၁၉၄၆ ရ။

ညံင်ရဴ အလုံမွဲခန္ဓ ကုလသမဂ္ဂကီု အဝဲလစှ်ေ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီုဝွံ ဒက်ပတန်လဝ် ကြဴနူ ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိဒုတိယ တၞဟ်နဂွံထိင်ဒဝ် ပရေင်ၜိုဟ်လလံ ဂၠးတိရ။ နူစ ဒက်ပတန် ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီုတုဲ ပ္ဍဲဗွဝ်စှ် လပါ်စဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် ကောန်ဂကောံတအ် လညာတ်တၞဟ်ခြာဒၟံင် ၜါလဝး မကော်ဂး ပၞာန်လၜိုဟ် အကြာ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ကဵု ကၟိန်ဍုင်သဵုဗိယေတ် ကေုာံ မဟာမိတ်ညးတအ်ရ။ အဝဵုသြဇာ ညးဒြဟတ်ဇၞော်ၜါဂှ် အာဓလီုဗဂေတ်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပၞာန်ဒေသ မပတံကဵု ပၞာန်ကိုဝ်ရဳယျာ၊ ပြသၞာကောန်ဂဝ် (Congo Crisis) ကေုာံ ပရေင်ကမၠောန် ပၟင်ပၟဲဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပြသၞာသုဇ် (Suez Crisis) ပြသၞာသာဲဗရုသ် (Cyprus) ကေုာံ ပြသၞာ နျူဂူနဴပလိုတ် (West New Guinea)တအ်တုဲ ပရေင်ပၟင်ပၟဲၜိုဟ်လလံ နူကုလသမဂ္ဂ ကၠောန်ဟွံဂွံ ခိုဟ်ဟ်ရ။ ကၟိန်ဍုင်သဵုဗိယေတ် ထရိုဟ်ထကးအာတုဲ ဒပ်ပၟင်ပၟဲဗၜိုဟ်လလံ နူကုလသမဂ္ဂ စကၠောန်ဂွံကၠုင်တုဲ ပလံင် ဒပ်ပၟင်ပၟဲၜိုဟ်လလံ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကူဝိတ် (Kuwait)၊ ပ္ဍဲ နမဳဗဳယျာ (Namibia)၊ ကာမ္ဗောဒဳယျာ၊ ဗဝ်သနဳယျာ၊ ရဝါန္တာ၊ သဝ်မလဳယျာ၊ သုဒါန် ကေုာံ ကောန်ဂဝ် မာန်ကၠုင်ရ။ 

ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီုဂှ် ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵု ကောန်ဂကောံ စှ်သုန်တၠ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 23 (1) of the Charter of the United Nations|last=|first=|date=26 June 1945|website=www.un.org|publisher=[[United Nations]]|language=en|access-date=10 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;ကောန်ဂကောံ မကလိဂွံလဝ် မဟာအဝဵုဂှ် ဒှ်ဍုင်မဟာမိတ် မဇၞးပၞာန် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိဒုတိယ မသုန်ဍုင် ကၟိန်ဍုင်သဵုဗိယေတ်၊ (လၟုဟ် ဍုင်ရုရှာ)၊ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဨကရာဇ်/ဗြိတိန်၊ ဍုင်ပြင်သေတ်၊ ဍုင်ကြုက် ကေုာံ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်တအ်ရ။ ဍုင် မသုန်ဍုင်ဝွံ ဒှ်ကောန်ဂကောံလၟိုန်တုဲ သီုကလိဂွံလဝ် အဝဵုဝေတဝ် (veto) တုဲ သွဟ်နူ ကုလသမဂ္ဂသီုဖအိုတ် ယဝ်ရ ဍုင်မသုန်ဍုင်ဏအ် ဟွံထံက်ဂလာန်မ္ဂး ဆက်ကၠောန်ဂတဂှ် ဟွံဂွံရ။ သွက်ဂွံဒုင်တဲ ကောန်ဂကောံတၟိ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကုလသမဂ္ဂကီု၊ သွက်ဂွံ ရုဲစှ် ညးအုပ်ကာနာနာကီု နူကဵု ဂကောံဍုင်မသုန်ဍုင်ဏအ် ဒးတုပ်စိုတ် ထံက်ဂလာန်ဟေင် ဂွံဒှ်မာန်ရ။ ပါဲနူ ညးမသုန်ဍုင် မဂွံလဝ် မဟာအဝဵုဝွံတုဲ ကောန်ဂကောံလၟိုန်ဟွံသေင် ၁၀ ဍုင်ပၠန်ဂှ် ရုဲစှ်ပတိုန် နူကဵု ဒေသဂမၠိုင်တုဲ ညးစၞးမွဲမွဲမ္ဂး နွံအာယုက် လုကဴ ၜါသၞာံရ။ လျိုင် ဥက္ကဌ ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီုဂှ် ရုဲစှ်ပတိုန် လၟေင်ဂိတု အတိုင်လၟေင် အက္ခရ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကောန်ဂကောံတအ်ရ။

သွဟ် နူကဵု ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီုတအ်ဂှ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်မ္ဂး ဆေင်စပ် ကုပရေင် ဒပ်ပၟင်ပၟဲၜိုဟ်လလံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန်မပါလုပ် နူကဵု ဍုင်ကောန်ဂကောံတအ်တုဲ ခရိတ်ဘဏ္ဍာဂှ် စကာ နူကဵု သြန်ဗာတ်ဂျေတ် ကုလသမဂ္ဂရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၆ ဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ပၟင်ပၟဲၜိုဟ်လလံ နွံ 103,510 တၠ ကေုာံ ညးဍုင်ကွာန် နွံ 16,471 ယိုက်ဂၠေင်လဝ် ဒၞာဲဒေသပၟင်ပၟဲၜိုဟ်လလံ ၁၆ ဒၞာဲ ကေုာံ ဒပ်ဗၠာဲသၟိင် ဗွဲတၟေင် မွဲဒၞာဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/statistics/factsheet.shtml |title=Peacekeeping Fact Sheet |date=30 April 2016 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=20 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ဝင် ==

=== ဒဒှ်လက္ကရဴ ကေုာံ လဒက်ပတန် ===
ပ္ဍဲဗွဝ်ကၠံ ကိုပ်ကၠာနူ ဟွံဂွံဒက်ပတန် ကုလသမဂ္ဂဏီ၊ တၞဟ်န မဂွံဖအောန်ဖျေဟ် ပြသၞာ အကြာဍုင်မွဲကုမွဲတုဲ ဂကောံ မဒက်ပတန်လဝ် နကဵုလိက်ကသုက် ကေုာံ ကောန်ဖရေန် ဂၠးကဝ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒက်ပတန်လဝ်ရ။ ဥပမာ ဗီုကဵု ဂကောံခရက်ဗကေတ် ကေုာံ တင်လတုပ်စိုတ် တာမ်ဟာက် ၁၈၉၉ ကေုာံ ၁၉၀၇ တအ် ဒှ်တမ်ရ။{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=5}} ကြဴနူ ပရေင်မဒးဆောံလေင် လမျီု ဗွဲမဇၞော်ကဵု ဒြဟတ် ပ္ဍဲပၞာန်ဂၠးတိပထမတုဲဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ကောန်ဖရေန် ၜိုဟ်လလံ ပ္ဍဲပဴရေတ်တုဲ ဒက်ပတန်ပတိုန် ဂကောံပံင်ကောံဍုင်ဂမၠိုင် သွက်ဂွံမင်မဲ ပရေင်ဆာန်သၟိန် အကြာဍုင်မွဲကုမွဲရ။{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=8}} ဂကောံဏအ်ဂှ် ဗွဲမအံင်ဇၞး ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒေသလ္ၚဵုလ္ၚဵုတုဲ ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်ပတိုန် ပရေင်ဆက်စၠောအ် ဂၠးကဝ် မပတံကဵု ပရေင်ပလံင်ဗစိုပ်လိက်၊ ဆက်စၠောအ် က္ၜင်ကျာ ကေုာံ ထိင်ဒဝ် ဂဥုဲၜူမာဲ ဗီုကဵု ဘိင်တအ် မာန်ကၠုင်ရ။ ကမၠောန်လ္ၚဵုတအ်ဂှ် နကဵု ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဆက်ယိုက်ဂၠေင်အာလေဝ် နွံကီုရ။ {{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=10}} ဆဂး ဂကောံပံင်ကောံဝွံ သွက်မၞိဟ် သၟဝ်ကဝ်လဝ်နဳတအ်ဂှ် ဖန်ဗစိုပ်ကဵု ဟွံမာန်ရ။ (လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်ဂၠးတိ ကဝက်ဂၠးတိ) ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဂှ် ဍုင်ဒြဟတ်ဇၞော် မပ္တံကဵု ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်၊ ကၟိန်ဍုင်သဵုဗိယေတ်၊ ဂျာမနဳ ကေုာံ ဂိပါန် နအ်ဟေင် ဒှ်ဂုဏ်ဖိုလ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် ကာလဂျပါန် မလုပ်သီ မာန်ချူရဳယျာ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၃၁ ဂှ်ကီု၊ ကာလ အဳတလဳ လုပ်သီ အတဳအဝ်ဗဳယာ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၃၅ ဂှ်ကီု၊ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၃၇ ကာလဂျပါန် မလုပ်သီ ဍုင်ကြုက်ဂှ်ကီု၊ ဂကောံပံင်ကောံဝွံ မုပဟွံမာန်တုဲ ကာလနာဇြဳဟေတ္တလာ ဂျာမနဳ မဗက်သီ ဍုင်ဝုတ်ဒိုဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ကတဵုဗဒှ်ကဵု ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိအလန်ဒုတိယ ရ။{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=13–24}}

[[File:Cairo conference.jpg|thumb|[[Chiang Kai-shek]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Winston Churchill]] met at the [[Cairo Conference (1943)|Cairo Conference]] in 1943 during [[World War II]].]]
[[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&amp;W).jpg|thumb|British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]], US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and Soviet general secretary [[Joseph Stalin]] at the [[Yalta Conference]], February 1945]]

အစဳအဇန် မဒက်ပတန် ဂကောံဂၠးကဝ်တၟိမွဲဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် နူကဵု သဘင်ကောံဓရီု မကၠောန်ဗဒှ် နကဵု ဌာနတွဵုရးဂမၠိုင် ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် မပ ကမ္မကထ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၃၉ တေအ်ရ။{{sfn|Hoopes|Brinkley|2000|pp=1–55}} သမတအမေရိကာန် ဖြာန်ကလိန် ရူသေဝေလ်တ် (Franklin D. Roosevelt) ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် မစကာ ယၟုမ္ဂး ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် နဒဒှ် မကော် ဂကောံဍုင်မဟာမိတ်ဂမၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲကာလ ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိဒုတိယဂှ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု တ္ၚဲသၞာံတၟိ သၞာံ ၁၉၄၂ ဂှ် သမတ ရူသေဝေလ်တ်၊ ဝန်ဇၞော်ဍုင်ဗြိတိန် ချာချိလ်၊ က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်သဵုဗိယေတ် မက်ဇြာံ လိတ်ဝိနောဝ် (Maxim Litvinov) ညးဇၞော် နူဍုင်ကြုက် သံင် (T. V. Soong) တအ် ထ္ပက်စၟတ်တ္ၚဲ ပ္ဍဲလိက်လလောင်တြးဇမၠေအ်မွဲ ဗွဲကြဴလိက်လလောင်တြးဂှ် ညးကော်စ လိက်လလောင်တြး ကုလသမဂ္ဂရ။ တ္ၚဲယးဂတဂှ် မၞိဟ်စၞး နူကဵု ၜါစှ်ောၜါဍုင် ထပ်စုတ် စၟတ်တဲညးတအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/declaration.shtml |title=Declaration by United Nations |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ယၟုမ္ဂး ကုလသမဂ္ဂဂှ် စကာကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ သၟိင်ဍုင် ၂၆ ဍုင် မထပက်စၟတ်တဲ ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်လလောင်တြးဂှ်ရ။ စနူ ၁ မေ ၁၉၄၅ ဂှ် ဍုင် ၂၁ ဍုင် ထပ်ထပက်စၟတ်တဲရ။{{sfn|Osmańczyk|2004|p=2445}} ဍုင်အဝဵုသြဇာဇၞော်ပန်ဍုင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဍုင်မဟာမိတ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်၊ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဨကရာဇ်/ဗြိတိန်၊ ကၟိန်ဍုင်သဵုဗိယေတ်၊ ကေုာံ ဍုင်ကြုက်တအ်ဂှ် ဂွံကော်စ &quot;သၟိင်ဇၞော်ပန်&quot; ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;sheriff&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Urquhart |first=Brian |authorlink=Brian Urquhart |title=Looking for the Sheriff |publisher=New York Review of Books, 16 July 1998 |url= https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1998/07/16/looking-for-the-sheriff/ |accessdate=2019-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲပၠန် ဍုင် သၟိင်ဇၞော်ပန်ဝွံ ဂွံဒှ်ဍုင် မကလိဂွံအဝဵု ကၞောတ်အထောတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီုရ။{{sfn|Gaddis|2000}}

ပ္ဍဲ လဒေါဝ်-၁၉၄၄ ညးစၞး နူကဵု သၟိင်ဇၞော်ပန် - ကၟိန်ဍုင်သဵုဗိယေတ်၊ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဨကရာဇ်၊ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ ဍုင်ကြုက် ဆဵုရေင်သကအ် ပ္ဍဲကောန်ဖရေန် ဒုမ်ဗါတောန် အံက် (Dumbarton Oaks Conference) ပ္ဍဲဝတ်ရှေန်တာန် ဒဳဇြဳ သွက်ဂွံ ပညဳပညပ် ဗီုဂွံဒက်ပတန် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဂှ်&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video |year=1944 |title=Video: Allies Study Post-War Security Etc. (1944) |url= https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39024 |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |accessdate=28 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကိစ္စဗီုလဵု ဂွံဒက်ပတန် ဖျေဟ်ဗီုပြင် ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု ကုလသမဂ္ဂဂှ် ဗွဲမပြဟ် ဒှ်ကၠုင် ဂလာန်သၟာန် ကိစ္စဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကောံဓရီုဂှ်ရ။ ပြင်သေတ်၊ ဍုင်ကြုက်၊ ကၟိန်ဍုင်သဵုဗိယေတ်၊ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်ဂှ် ဂွံဒုင်ရုဲစှ် နဒဒှ် ကောန်ဂကောံလၟိုန် ပ္ဍဲကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု၊ အမေရိကာန် ပတိုန်ထ္ၜး သွက်ဂွံထပ်စုတ် ဍုင်ဗြာဇြဳလ် မွဲဍုင်ကီုရ။ ဆဂး လညာတ်ဂှ် သဵုဗိယေတ် ကဵု ဗြိတိန် တးပါဲတုဲ ဟွံဒှ်ဒတန်။{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=9}} တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲကောန်ဖရေန်ဂှ် အရာမဒးသဳကၠဳဂၠိုင်အိုတ် သဳကၠဳဝါတ်အိုတ်ဂှ် စပ်ကဵု ကောန်ဂကောံလၟိုန်တအ် မကလိဂွံ အခေါင် သွက်ဂွံစကာ အဝဵုဝေတဝ် ရ။ နကဵု သဵုဗိယေတ် ပတိုန်ထ္ၜး ဇၟာပ်ဍုင်ဂှ် သ္ဒးကလိဂွံ အခေါင် အဝဵုကၞောတ်အထောတ်ဝေတဝ်တုဲ ကၟာတ်လဒဵုထောအ် တင်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ဂမၠိုင်မာန်ရ။ နကဵု ဗြိတိန် ပတိုန်ထ္ၜး ဍုင်တအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကိစ္စဇကုမပါလုပ်ဒၟံင်တအ်ဂှ် အခေါင်စကာ အဝဵုဝေတဝ် ဟွံဂွံရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကောန်ဖရေန် ယာလ်တ (Yalta Conference) မကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၁၉၄၅ ဂှ် အမေရိကာန်၊ ဗြိတိန်၊ ရုရှာ တုပ်စိုတ် ဒဒှ်ရ ဇၟာပ်ကောန်ဂကောံလၟိုန်မသုန်ဂှ် သ္ဒးကလိဂွံ အဝဵုဝေတဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပရေင်ကမၠောန်ကံင်သဳ သီုဖအိုတ်ရ၊ ဆဂး လတူ တင်သွဟ် မဖျေဟ်ဗွဲလၟေင်ကမၠောန် (သွဟ်နူကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဓမ္မတာ)တအ်ဂှ် နကဵု သၟိင်ဇၞော်မသုန် စကာအဝဵုဝေတဝ် ဟွံဂွံရ။ ဟီုမွဲနဲပၠန်မ္ဂး တင်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ဓမ္မတာတအ်ဂှ် နကဵု ကောန်ဂကောံလၟိန်မသုန်ဍုင်တအ် လုပ်ပထုဲ ဟွံဂွံရ။{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=10–13}}

ပ္ဍဲ ၂၅ ဨပြဳ ၁၉၄၅ ဂှ် ကောန်ဖရေန် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ သွက်ဂွံဒက်ပတန် ဂကောံဂၠးကဝ်မွဲ စကၠောန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု သင်ဖြာန်သဳသကဝ်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်စၞး နူကဵု သၟိင်ဍုင် ၅၀ ဍုင် ကဵု မၞိဟ်စၞး ဂကောံသက္ကုသၟိင်ဍုင် (အေန်ဂျဳအဝ်) မွဲတၠ တိုန်စိုပ်တုဲ ဓဇက်ချူ ပဋိညာဉ် (ဝါ) သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ ဗီုဂွံ ဒက်ပတန် ကုလသမဂ္ဂရ။&lt;ref name=unmilestones&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/aboutun/milestones.htm |title=Milestones in United Nations History |publisher=Department of Public Information, United Nations |accessdate=22 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကောန်ဖရေန်ဂှ် ညးစၞး နူကဵု အဝ်သတေလျာ ပတိုန်ဂလာန် သွက်ဂွံ ကလေင်ချပ်ဂၞန် စပ်ကဵု အဝဵုဝေတဝ် မကဵုလဝ် ကောန်ဂကောံလၟိုန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီုဂှ်ရ။{{sfn|Schlesinger|2003|p=196}} ဆဂး တင်ပတိုန်ထ္ၜးညးတေအ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်တးပါဲထောအ် နကဵုမမာဲ ၜါစှ်ော ကဵု စှ်ရ။{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=18–19}}

ကုလသမဂ္ဂဂှ် မံက်ဂတဝ်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲကဵုသၞောဝ် ပ္ဍဲ ၂၄ အံက်တဝ်ပါ ၁၉၄၅ ကြဴနူ ကောန်ဂကောံလၟိုန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု မစၟဳစၟတ် တင်ပဋိညာဉ်ဂမၠိုင်တုဲဒှ် ကေုာံ နကဵုမၞိဟ်လပါ်ဂၠိုင် ၄၆ တၠ ထ္ပက်စၟတ်တဲရ။&lt;ref name=unmilestones /&gt; ပ္ဍဲ ၁၇ ဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၁၉၄၆ ဂှ် ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု ပကောံဓရီု အလန်ကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ချာတ်ဟု၊ ဝေတ်မိန်သတာ (Church House, Westminster) လာန်ဒါန်၊ ဍုင်အေန်ဂလာန်ရ။&lt;ref name=about&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/about/ |title=What is the Security Council? |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=24 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ပၞာန်လၜိုဟ် ===
[[File:Church House Westminster London 2016 (02).jpg|thumb|[[Church House, Westminster|Church House]] in London where the first Security Council Meeting took place on 17 January 1946]]

ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီုဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဗွဝ်စှ် လပါ်စဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ပၞာန်လၜိုဟ် အကြာ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ကဵု ကၟိန်ဍုင်သဵုဗိယေတ်တုဲ ကၠောန်ကမၠောန်ဟွံဂွံ ပရေင်ဗက်မုက် မၞိဟ်ညး မၞိဟ်အဲကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် ဗွဲမဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ်တုဲ နကဵုကံင်သဳဂှ် ကၠောန်ဂွံ ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ကမၠောန် ဟွံဆက်စပ် ကုပၞာန်လၜိုဟ်ဂှ်ဟေင်ရ။ {{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=35}} (နကဵု ဥပမာ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၅၀ နကဵုကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် စပ်ကဵု ကိုဝ်ရဳယျာသၟဝ်ကျာ လုပ်သီ ကိုဝ်ရဳယျာသၠုင်ဂှ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်သဵုဗိယေတ် တးပါဲထောအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=unmilestones /&gt;{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=58–59}} ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၅၆ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဒက်ပတန် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ပၟင်ပၟဲၜိုဟ်လလံ သွက်ပြသၞာသုဇ်&lt;ref name=unmilestones /&gt; ဆဂး နကဵု ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ပဒေါအ်ကဵု ညံင် ကၟိန်ဍုင်သဵုဗိယေတ် ဟွံဂွံ လုပ်ပထုဲသီ ဟင်ဂေရဳရ။{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=114}} ပၞာန်လၜိုဟ်ဂှ် သီုဖန်ကဵု ညံင် ကမ္မတဳဒုင်ကာပၞာန် (Military Staff Committee) မဒက်ပတန် နကဵုပဋိညာဉ် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ပိုဒ်ဇၞော် ၄၅-၄၇ မဆေင် ကဵု လဒက်ပတန် ဒက်ပတန် ဒပ်ပၞာန် ကေုာံ ဖျေဟ်ဒပ်ပၞာန် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သအာင်ရ။ ကမ္မတဳဂှ် နွံဒၟံင် ဆပ္ဍဲစက္ခောတုဲ ပ္ဍဲကဵုအခိင်လဒေါဝ် ၁၉၅၀တအ်ဂှ် ပရေင်ကမၠောန်ဂှ် ဗၟံက်ရုပ်ရဴဟွံဂွံရ။{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=38, 55–56}}&lt;ref name=Chapter7&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter7.shtml |title=Charter of the United Nations: Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၆၀ နကဵု ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဒက်ပတန် ပရေင်ရပ်စပ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဍုင်ကောန်ဂဝ် မကော်ဂး (United Nations Operation in the Congo (UNOC))ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒပ်ပၞာန် ကုလသမဂ္ဂဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုအခိင် ဗွဝ်စှ်ကိုပ်ကၠာဂှ်ရ။ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဂှ် သွက်ဂွံ ကလေင်ဒက်ပတန် တွဵုရးကတန်ဂါ ညံင်ဂွံကလေင်ပံင်ကောံ ကေုာံ ညံင်ဂွံ ကလေင်ဒက်ပတန် ကေုာံ မင်မဲ ဍုင်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳကောန်ဂဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၆၄ ရ။{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=115–134}} ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီုဂှ် အကြာဍုင်ဒြဟတ်ဂမၠိုင်တအ်ဂှ် ပညဳပညပ် ရေင်သကအ်တုဲ ရေင်တၠုင်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကိစ္စ မပ္တံကဵု ပြသၞာမိစ်သာလ်ဂျူပါ (Cuban missile crisis) ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ပၞာန်ဗဳယေတ်နာမ်တအ်ဂှ် (Vietnam War)တအ် နွံကီုရ။{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=61–62}} နကဵု ကံင်သဳဂှ် စွံအာရီု ကၠောန်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲပြသၞာဍောတ်တ် မဟွံဆက်စပ် ကု ပၞာန်လၜိုဟ်တအ်ရ။ နကဵု ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု ရေင်တၠုင်လဝ် ဂကောံသၟိင်တၠယာယဳ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ (United Nations Temporary Executive Authority) ပ္ဍဲကဵု နျူဂဴနေယ်ပလိုတ် (West New Guinea) ပ္ဍဲ သၞာံ ၁၉၆၂ ကေုာံ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ပၟင်ပၟဲၜိုဟ်လလံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ (United Nations Peacekeeping Force) ပ္ဍဲသာဲပြုသ် (Cyprus) ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၆၄၊ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဂှ် ဒှ်အာ ပရေင်ကမၠောန် ဒပ်ကုလသမဂ္ဂ မဖျေဟ်လဝ် အခိင်လအ်အိုတ်ရ။{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=156–157}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=59}}

ပ္ဍဲ ၂၅ အံက်တဝ်ပါ ၁၉၇၁ On 25 October 1971, over US opposition but with the support of many [[Third World]], alongside with [[Socialist People's Republic of Albania|People's Albania]] nations, the mainland, communist [[China|People's Republic of China]] was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of [[Taiwan]]; the vote was widely seen as a sign of waning US influence in the organization.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=195–197}} ပၞာန်မကတဵုဒှ်လဝ် မပ္တံကဵု ပၞာန်တြဴတ္ၚဲ ပ္ဍဲလဒေါဝ်ဗမံက် အကြာဍုင်အာရာပ်ဂမၠိုင် ကဵု အေဿရေ၊ ပၞာန်ဝဳယေတ်နာမ် ကေုာံ ပၞာန်အကြာအန္ဒိယ ပါကာတ်သတာန် ကိစ္စ ကရှမဳရ်တအ်ဂှ် နကဵုကုလသမဂ္ဂ လုပ်ပသောင် လုပ်ရပ်စမ်ဟွံမာန်ကၠုင်လဝ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ နကဵု ကုလသမဂ္ဂ စၞးမစွံအာရီု ပ္ဍဲပၞာန်မကတဵုဒှ်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိတအ်ဂှ် အရာဇကု မကၠောန်ဂွံ ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ဇၞော်မောဝ် ကေုာံ ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ဂှ် စွံကၠုင်အာရီုရ။ ၜိုတ်သၞာံ ၁၉၇၀တအ်ဂှ် သြန်ဗာတ်ဂျေတ်ဘဏ္ဍာ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ စကာ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကမၠောန်ဇၞော်မောဝ် ပရေင်မၞိဟ် ကေုာံ ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ဂှ် စကာဂၠိုင် နူ ပ္ဍဲအရာပၟင်ပၟဲၜိုဟ်လလံဏီရ။{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=167–168, 224–225}}

=== ကြဴနူ-ပၞာန်လၜိုဟ် ===

ပၞာန်လၜိုဟ် တုဲအာတုဲ နကဵုကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဂလိုင်ပတိုန် ပရေင်ကမၠောန်ဇကု ပ္ဍဲကိစ္စၜိုဟ်လလံတုဲ ရပ်စပ်ကၠုင် ကိစ္စပၞာန်ဂမၠိုင် မွဲသၞာံကဵုမွဲ ဂၠိုင်တိုန်ဒၟံင်ရ။{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=286}} အကြာ သၞာံ ၁၉၈၈ ကဵု ၂၀၀၀ ဂှ် သွဟ် မပဒတန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီုဂှ် ဂၠိုင်နူ ကိုပ်တေအ် ၜါဆ၊ တုဲပၠန် စကာသြန်ဗာတ်ဂျေတ် ပ္ဍဲကမၠောန်ပၟင်ပၟဲၜိုဟ်လလံ ဂၠိုင်နူကၠာတေအ် စှ်ဆပြင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Fasulo|2004|p=43}}; {{harvnb|Meisler|1995|p=334}}.&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ပသောင်ပတုဲကဵု ပၞာန်အပ္ဍဲဍုင်သာလ်ဝဒဝ် (Salvadoran Civil War)၊ ရေင်တၠုင် ပရေင်ကမၠောန်ပၟင်ပၟဲၜိုဟ်လလံ ပ္ဍဲနမိဗဳယျာ (peacekeeping mission in Namibia) မာန်ကၠုင်၊ ပသောင်ပြသၞာ မပါ်ကဆံင်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲ အာဖရိသၠုင်ကျာ မာန်တုဲ ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် သဘင်ရုဲမာဲ အတိုင်သၞောတ်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ မာန်ကၠုင်၊ ကိစ္စခမာရုတ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ကမ္ဘောဒဳယာဂှ်လေဝ် လုပ်ပသောင်မာန်ကၠုင်ကီုရ။{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=252–256}} ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၁ ဂှ် နကဵု ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု လုပ်ရပ်စပ် ကိစ္စအဳရာတ် မလုပ်သီ ကူဝိက်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲကဵုတ္ၚဲဂှ်ဟေင် နကဵုကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်၊ ပၞာန်အမေရိကာန် အာဗတိုက်အဳရာတ်တုဲ ထဍေင်ပ္တိတ် အဳရာတ် နူကဵုကူဝိတ်မာန်ကၠုင်ရ။{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=264–277}} ပ္ဍဲကဵု လက်ထက် ညးအုပ်ကာနာနာ ဗြဳယာန် ယူရ်ကူဟာတ် (Brian Urquhart)ဂှ် ဗွဲကြဴ မဒးဒုင်ကော်စ ပရေင်အံင်ဇၞး နဒဒှ် &quot;ပရေင်ပြံင်လှာဲ မသ္ၚောံဗြမ် (false renaissance)&quot; ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂကောံတုဲ ပရေင်ကမၠောန် ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် ၜိုတ်မအံင်ဇၞး ဟွံအံင်ဇၞးတုဲ လလေင်ဗွဲမဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ်ဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်လဝ်ရ။{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=334}}

ၜိုန်ရ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပဋိညာဉ် ကုလသမဂ္ဂဂှ် ချူလဝ် သွက်ဂွံဆဵုဒၞာ ပရေင်ပမာန်ဍဵုဍိုက် လတူဍုင်မွဲ ကုမွဲကီုလေဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု သၞာံ ၁၉၉၀တအ် လပါ်စဂှ် နကဵု ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဒးဒုင်ဆဵုဗဂ မြဴသာ်ဝွံ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်၊ ပြသၞာဇၞော်ဇၞော် အကြာဍုင်ဂမၠိုင် မပတံကဵု ဍုင်ဟာဲတိ (Haiti) ဍုင်မဝ်ဇြမ်ဗိက် (Mozambique) ကေုာံ ဍုင်ယူဂဝ်သလာပဳယျာ တြေံဂှ်တအ်ရ။{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=66–67}} ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ (United Nations Protection Force) ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဗဝ်သနဳယျာဂှ် ဒးဗျုတ်ပဒေက် ပစရဵု ကုဍုင်လိုက်ဂမၠိုင် ဟိုတ်နူ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဟွံပိုတ်သကုတ် ကေုာံ ရပ်စပ် ပရေင်ကမၠောန် စဵုဒၞာ ဂမ္စိုတ်ကမၠက်ဂကူ ဒှ်ဒၟံင် ဓံင်ဓံင်ညံင်င်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;For quotation &quot;worldwide ridicule&quot;, see {{harvnb|Meisler|1995|p=293}}; for description of UN missions in Bosnia, see {{harvnb|Meisler|1995|pp=312–329}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၄ ဂှ် ပရေင်ကမၠောန် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ မလုပ်ပသောင် ကိစ္စရဝါန်ဒါဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူ လဇုဲလဇတုဲ ဒှ်အာ ပေါဲဂမ္စိုတ်ကမၠက်ဂကူရ။{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=104}}

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ သၞာံ ၁၉၉၀တအ် လပါ်အိုတ်ဂှ် နကဵုကုလသမဂ္ဂ လုပ်ပသောင် ပြသၞာဂၠးကဝ် နကဵုဗီုပြင် ဗွဲမလှဲလးရ။ ကမၠောန် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ပ္ဍဲအကြာသၞာံ ၁၉၉၁ - ၂၀၀၂ ဂှ် လုပ်ပသောင်လဝ် ပၞာန်အပ္ဍဲဍုင် Sierra Leone Civil War နကဵု အရီုအဗင် နူကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဨကရာဇ် ဗြိတိန် (British Royal Marines) ကေုာံ လုပ်သီဍုင်အာဖဂါန်နေတ်သတာန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၁ နကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်နေတဝ်တအ်ရ။{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=110–111}} ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၃ ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ နကဵုတင်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီုဂှ် ဟွံကလိဂွံကီုလေဝ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် လုပ်သီ ဍုင်အဳရာတ်တုဲ ဂလာန်သၟာန် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် ဗီုကဵု အခိင်ပၞာန်လၜိုဟ်တေအ် ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု ကၠောန်ကမၠောန်ဟွံဂွံဂှ် ကလေင်ဒှ်ကၠုင် မွဲအလန်ပၠန်ဟာရ။{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=111}} ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဗွဝ်စှ်တုပ်ပ်ဂှ် ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု လုပ်ပသောင် နကဵု ဒပ်ပၟင်ပၟဲၜိုဟ်လလံ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပြသၞာ မပတံကဵု ပၞာန်ပ္ဍဲဒါရ်ဖုရ် (War in Darfur) ပ္ဍဲသုဒါန် ကေုာံ ပြသၞာကဳဝူ (Kivu conflict) ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ကောန်ဂဝ်တအ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၃ နကဵုကုလသမဂ္ဂ ရပ်စပ် ကိစ္စ ပၞာန်ဍုင်သဳရိလင်္ကာ မဗတိုက်ဖအး သပုန်တမေလ် မဆေင်ကဵု ရာဇာဝတ်ပၞာန် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/un-failed-during-final-days-of-lankan-ethnic-war-ban-ki-moon-1133061.html |title=UN failed during final days of Lankan ethnic war: Ban Ki-moon |agency=Press Trust of India |date=25 September 2013 |work=FirstPost |accessdate=5 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ပ္ဍဲနဝ်ဝေမ်ပါ/ဒဳဇြေန်ပါ ၂၀၁၄ အဳဂျေပ် ပတိုန်ထ္ၜး သွက်ဂွံ ဇၞော်ဖလှဲပတိုန် လိက်ကသုက်သက္ကုအနုလက်ကၠိုက် (non-Proliferation Treaty) မကော်ဂး ဗွဲခမၞန် NPT နမပၠုပ်စုတ် ဍုင်အေဿရေ ကေုာံ အဳရာန် ရ။ တင်ရန်တၟအ် ပတိုန်ထ္ၜးဂှ် ရံင်ကဵု ပၞာန်ပ္ဍဲသဳရဳယာတုဲ ညံင်ပရေင်သရိုဟ်လီု ဟွံကတဵုဒှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒေသလဒေါဝ်ဗမံက်ရ။ ဟီုကၠးကၠးမ္ဂး ကုဍုင် မထပက်လဝ် စၟတ်တဲ ပ္ဍဲလိက်ကသုက်သက္ကုအနုလက်ကၠိုက်တအ်ဂှ် အခေါင်ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်ပတိုန် လွဟ်နျူကလဳယျာ ဟွံမဲရ။ တင်ပတိုန်ထ္ၜးဂှ် ကောန်ဂကောံ ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု သီုဖအိုတ်ကီု၊ ဍုင်မပိုင်ပြဳလဝ် လွဟ်နျူကလဳယျာသီုဖအိုတ်ကီု တုပ်စိုတ်အိုတ်ရ။.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/NPTtext.shtml|title=UNODA – Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== တာလျိုင် ကေုာံ သြဇာ ==

The UN's role in international [[collective security]] is defined by the UN Charter, which authorizes the Security Council to investigate any situation threatening international peace; recommend procedures for peaceful resolution of a dispute; call upon other member nations to completely or partially interrupt economic relations as well as sea, air, postal, and radio communications, or to sever diplomatic relations; and enforce its decisions militarily, or by any means necessary. The Security Council also recommends the new Secretary-General to the General Assembly and recommends new states for admission as [[member states of the United Nations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter2.shtml |title=Charter of the United Nations: Chapter II: Membership |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter5.shtml |title=Charter of the United Nations: Chapter V: The Security Council |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=9 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Security Council has traditionally interpreted its mandate as covering only military security, though US Ambassador [[Richard Holbrooke]] controversially persuaded the body to pass a resolution on [[HIV/AIDS in Africa]] in 2000.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=46}}

Under [[Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter|Chapter VI]] of the Charter, &quot;Pacific Settlement of Disputes&quot;, the Security Council &quot;may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute&quot;. The Council may &quot;recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment&quot; if it determines that the situation might endanger international peace and security.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter6.shtml |title=Charter of the United Nations: Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; These recommendations are generally considered to not be binding, as they lack an enforcement mechanism.&lt;ref&gt;See {{harvnb|Fomerand|2009|p=287}}; {{harvnb|Hillier|1998|p=568}}; {{harvnb|Köchler|2001|p=21}}; {{harvnb|Matthews|1993|p=130}}; {{harvnb|Neuhold|2001|p=66}}. For lack of enforcement mechanism, see {{harvnb|Magliveras|1999|p=113}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A minority of scholars, such as [[Stephen Zunes]], have argued that resolutions made under Chapter VI are &quot;still directives by the Security Council and differ only in that they do not have the same stringent enforcement options, such as the use of military force&quot;.{{sfn|Zunes|2004|p=291}}

Under [[Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter|Chapter VII]], the Council has broader power to decide what measures are to be taken in situations involving &quot;threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression&quot;.&lt;ref name=Chapter7/&gt; In such situations, the Council is not limited to recommendations but may take action, including the use of armed force &quot;to maintain or restore international peace and security&quot;.&lt;ref name=Chapter7/&gt; This was the legal basis for UN armed action in Korea in 1950 during the Korean War and the use of coalition forces in Iraq and Kuwait in 1991 and Libya in 2011.{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=56–57}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm |title=Security Council Approves 'No-Fly Zone' Over Libya, Authorizing 'All Necessary Measures' to Protect Civilians, by Vote of 10 in Favour with 5 Abasentions |date=17 March 2011 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Decisions taken under Chapter VII, such as [[economic sanctions]], are binding on UN members; the Security Council is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=287}}{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=39}}

The [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court|Rome Statute]] of the [[International Criminal Court]] recognizes that the Security Council has authority to refer cases to the Court in which the Court could not otherwise exercise jurisdiction.&lt;ref&gt;[http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm Article 13] of the Rome Statute. United Nations. Retrieved 26 November 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; The Council exercised this power for the first time in March 2005, when it referred to the Court &quot;the situation prevailing in [[Darfur]] since 1 July 2002&quot;; since Sudan is not a party to the Rome Statute, the Court could not otherwise have exercised jurisdiction.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |publisher=United Nations Security Council |date=31 March 2006 |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8351.doc.htm |title=Security Council Refers Situation in Darfur, Sudan, To Prosecutor of International Criminal Court |accessdate=14 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Bush-relents-to-allow-UN-vote-on-Sudan-war-crimes/2005/04/01/1112302241979.html |title=Bush relents to allow UN vote on Sudan war crimes |author=Wadhams, Nick |date=2 April 2005 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |accessdate=27 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Security Council made its second such referral in February 2011 when it asked the ICC to investigate the Libyan government's violent response to the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/27/us-libya-icc-idUSTRE71Q1DB20110227 |title=Q+A: How will the world's war crimes court act on Libya? |author=Gray-Block, Aaron and Greg Roumeliotis |date=27 February 2011 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=26 November 2013 |archivedate=2 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230947/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/27/us-libya-icc-idUSTRE71Q1DB20110227 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1674|Security Council Resolution 1674]], adopted on 28 April 2006, &quot;reaffirms the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005 [[World Summit Outcome Document]] regarding the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=4459bed60 |title=Resolution 1674 (2006) |publisher=UN Security Council via Refworld |accessdate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Security Council reaffirmed this [[responsibility to protect]] in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1706|Resolution 1706]] on 31 August of that year.{{sfn|Mikulaschek|2010|p=20}} These resolutions commit the Security Council to take action to protect civilians in an armed conflict, including taking action against genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.{{sfn|Mikulaschek|2010|p=49}}

== Members ==

=== Permanent members ===
ကောန်ဂကောံလၟိန် ပ္ဍဲကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု မသုန် ဍုင် မကလိဂွံလဝ် အဝဵုဝေတဝ်တုဲ သွဟ် နူကဵု ကုလသမဂ္ဂသီုဖအိုတ်တအ်ဂှ် ဍုင်တအ်ဏအ်မွဲမွဲ ဒစဵုဒစးမ္ဂး ဆက်ကၠောန်ဟွံဂွံ၊ ဆဂး ပရူဂှ် ဆက်ရပ်စပ် ဆက်သဳကၠဳ ဟွံဂွံ ဗီုဏအ် ဟွံသေင်ရ။{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=40–41}}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- &quot;
! Country
! Regional group
! Current state representation
! Former state representation
|-
|[[China]]
|[[United Nations Regional Groups#Asia-Pacific Group|Asia-Pacific]]
|[[People's Republic of China]] (from 1971)
|[[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (1945–1971)
|-
|[[France]]
|[[Western European and Others Group|Western Europe and Others]]
|[[French Fifth Republic]] (from 1958)
|[[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (1945–1946)&lt;br /&gt;[[French Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958)
|-
|[[Russia]]
|[[Eastern European Group|Eastern Europe]]
|[[Russian Federation]] (from 1991)
|[[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (1945–1991)
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[Western European and Others Group|Western Europe and Others]]
|[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]] (from 1945)
|—
|-
|[[United States]]
|[[Western European and Others Group|Western Europe and Others]]
|[[United States of America]] (from 1945)
|—
|}

At the UN's founding in 1945, the five permanent members of the Security Council were the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]], the [[Soviet Union]], the United Kingdom, and the United States. There have been two major seat changes since then. [[China and the United Nations|China's seat]] was originally held by [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s [[Nationalist Government]], the [[Republic of China]]. However, the Nationalists were forced to retreat to the [[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]] in 1949, during the [[Chinese Civil War]]. The [[Chinese Communist Party]] assumed control of [[mainland China]], thenceforth known as the [[People's Republic of China]]. In 1971, [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|General Assembly Resolution 2758]] recognized the People's Republic as the [[One-China policy|rightful representative of China]] in the UN and gave it the seat on the Security Council that had been held by the Republic of China, which was expelled from the UN altogether with [[Taiwan and the United Nations|no opportunity for membership as a separate nation]].{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=195–197}} After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized as the [[succession of states|legal successor state]] of the Soviet Union and maintained the latter's position on the Security Council.{{sfn|Blum|1992}} Additionally, France eventually reformed its government into the [[French Fifth Republic]] in 1958, under the leadership of [[Charles de Gaulle]]. France maintained its seat as there was no change in its international status or recognition, although many of its [[French Community|overseas possessions]] eventually became independent.&lt;ref&gt;[[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council]]&lt;/ref&gt;

The five permanent members of the Security Council were the victorious powers in World War II{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=70}} and have maintained the world's most powerful military forces ever since. They annually topped the [[List of countries by military expenditures|list of countries with the highest military expenditures]].&lt;ref name=SIPRI&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex |title= SIPRI Military Expenditure Database|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |accessdate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, they spent over US$1&amp;nbsp;trillion combined on defence, accounting for over 55% of global military expenditures (the US alone accounting for over 35%).&lt;ref name=SIPRI /&gt; They are also among the world's [[Arms industry#World's largest arms exporters|largest arms exporters]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/27/us-arms-treaty-idUSBRE86Q1MW20120727 | title= United Nations fails to agree landmark arms-trade treaty | first= Michelle | last= Nichols | date= 27 July 2012 | agency= Reuters | accessdate= 26 November 2013 | archivedate= 3 December 2013 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003746/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/27/us-arms-treaty-idUSBRE86Q1MW20120727}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are the only nations officially recognized as &quot;[[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear-weapon states]]&quot; under the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT), though there are other states known or believed to be in possession of nuclear weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/crs/92-099.htm |title=92099: Nuclear Weapons Testing and Negotiation of a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty |date=14 November 1996 |publisher=Global Security |author=Medalia, Jonathan |accessdate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Veto power ====
{{Main|United Nations Security Council veto power}}
{{See also|List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions}}
{{Vetoed UN Resolutions}}

Under [[United Nations Security Council veto power#Article 27|Article 27]] of the UN Charter, Security Council decisions on all substantive matters require the affirmative votes of nine members. A negative vote or &quot;veto&quot; by a permanent member prevents adoption of a proposal, even if it has received the required votes.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=40–41}} Abstention is not regarded as a veto in most cases, though all five permanent members must actively concur to amend the UN Charter or to recommend the admission of a new UN member state.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=287}} Procedural matters are not subject to a veto, so the veto cannot be used to avoid discussion of an issue. The same holds for certain decisions that directly regard permanent members.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=40–41}} A majority of vetoes are used not in critical international security situations, but for purposes such as blocking a candidate for Secretary-General or the admission of a member state.&lt;ref name=Veto /&gt;

In the negotiations building up to the creation of the UN, the veto power was resented by many small countries, and in fact was forced on them by the veto nations –  US, UK, China, France and the Soviet Union – through a threat that without the veto there will be no UN. Here is a description by Francis O. Wilcox, an adviser to US delegation to the 1945 conference: &quot;At San Francisco, the issue was made crystal clear by the leaders of the Big Five: it was either the Charter with the veto or no Charter at all. Senator Connally [from the US delegation] dramatically tore up a copy of the Charter during one of his speeches and reminded the small states that they would be guilty of that same act if they opposed the unanimity principle. 'You may, if you wish,' he said, 'go home from this Conference and say that you have defeated the veto. But what will be your answer when you are asked: &quot;Where is the Charter&quot;?{{'&quot;}}{{sfn|Wilcox|1945}}

As of 2012, 269 vetoes had been cast since the Security Council's inception.{{efn|This figure and the figures that follow exclude vetoes cast to block candidates for Secretary-General, as these occur in closed session; 43 such vetoes have occurred.&lt;ref name=Veto /&gt;}} In this period, China (ROC/PRC) used the veto 9 times, France 18, USSR/Russia 128, the UK 32, and the US 89. Roughly two-thirds of Soviet/Russian vetoes were in the first ten years of the Security Council's existence. Between 1996 and 2012, China vetoed 5 resolutions, Russia 7, and the US 13, while France and the UK did not use the veto.&lt;ref name=Veto&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/Changing_Patterns_in_the_Use_of_the_Veto_as_of_August_2012.pdf |format=PDF|title=Changing Patterns in the Use of the Veto in The Security Council |publisher=Global Policy Forum |accessdate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An early veto by Soviet Commissar [[Andrei Vishinsky]] blocked a resolution on the withdrawal of French forces from the then-colonies of Syria and Lebanon in February 1946; this veto established the precedent that permanent members could use the veto on matters outside of immediate concerns of war and peace. The USSR went on to veto matters including the admission of Austria, Cambodia, Ceylon, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Laos, Libya, Portugal, South Vietnam, and Transjordan as UN member states, delaying their joining by several years. Britain and France used the veto to avoid Security Council condemnation of their actions in the 1956 Suez Crisis. The first veto by the US came in 1970, blocking General Assembly action in [[Southern Rhodesia]]. From 1985 to 1990, the US vetoed 27 resolutions, primarily to block resolutions it perceived as anti-Israel but also to protect its interests in Panama and Korea. The USSR, US, and China have all vetoed candidates for Secretary-General, with the US using the veto to block the re-election of [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] in 1996.{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=52–54}}

=== Non-permanent members ===
{{See also|List of members of the United Nations Security Council|United Nations Security Council election, 2018|United Nations Security Council election, 2019}}
[[File:United Nations Security Council regional groups.svg|thumb|A chart representing the Security Council seats held by each of the [[United Nations Regional Groups|regional groups]]. The United States, a WEOG observer, is treated as if it were a full member. This is not how the seats are arranged in actual meetings.{{legend|#0000ff|African Group}}{{legend|#339900|Asia-Pacific Group}}{{legend|#cc0000|Eastern European Group}}{{legend|#cc3399|Group of Latin American and Caribbean States (GRULAC)}}{{legend|#cc9900|Western European and Others Group (WEOG)}}]]

Along with the five permanent members, the Security Council of the United Nations has temporary members that hold their seats on a rotating basis by geographic region. Non-permanent members may be involved in global security briefings.&lt;ref&gt;{{YouTube|id=FgthI1fdRYA|title=U.N. Security Council Briefing on the U.S. Air Strike in Syria}} [[Time (magazine)|Time]]&lt;/ref&gt; In its first two decades, the Security Council had six non-permanent members, the first of which were Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Poland. In 1965, the number of non-permanent members was expanded to ten.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The UN Security Council |url= http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html |publisher= United Nations Foundation |accessdate=15 May 2012 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120620101548/http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html |archivedate=20 June 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These ten non-permanent members are elected by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] for two-year terms starting on 1 January, with five replaced each year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Current&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/members/ |title=Current Members |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=4 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; To be approved, a candidate must receive at least two-thirds of all votes cast for that seat, which can result in deadlock if there are two roughly evenly matched candidates. In 1979, a standoff between Cuba and Colombia only ended after three months and a record 154 rounds of voting; both eventually withdrew in favour of Mexico as a compromise candidate.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Special Research Report No. 4Security Council Elections 201121 September 2011 |publisher=Security Council Report |accessdate=8 June 2012 |url= http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/c.glKWLeMTIsG/b.7741609/k.778/Special_Research_Report_No_4brSecurity_Council_Elections_2011br21_September_2011.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120608042121/http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/c.glKWLeMTIsG/b.7741609/k.778/Special_Research_Report_No_4brSecurity_Council_Elections_2011br21_September_2011.htm |archivedate=8 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter5.shtml |title=Charter of the United Nations: Chapter V: The Security Council |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The African Group is represented by three members; the [[Latin America and the Caribbean]], Asia-Pacific, and [[Western European and Others Group|Western European and Others]] groups by two apiece; and the [[Eastern European Group]] by one. Traditionally, one of the seats assigned to either the Asia-Pacific Group or the African Group is filled by a nation from the [[Arab world]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Malone |first=David |title=Reforming the Security Council: Where Are the Arabs? |date=25 October 2003 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]] |location=Beirut |url=http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/1694.cfm |accessdate=3 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Currently, elections for terms beginning in even-numbered years select two African members, and one each within Eastern Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Terms beginning in odd-numbered years consist of two Western European and Other members, and one each from Asia-Pacific, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCR&quot; /&gt;

During the [[2016 United Nations Security Council election]], neither Italy nor the Netherlands met the required two-thirds majority for election. They subsequently agreed to split the term of the Western European and Others Group. It was the first time in over five decades that two members agreed to do so.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=General Assembly Elects 4 New Non-permanent Members to Security Council, as Western and Others Group Fails to Fill Final Vacancy |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/ga11796.doc.htm |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=9 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usually, intractable deadlocks are resolved by the candidate countries withdrawing in favour of a third member state.

The current elected members, with the regions they were elected to represent, are as follows:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Current Members |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=General Assembly Elects Estonia, Niger, Saint Vincent and Grenadines, Tunisia, Viet Nam as Non-Permanent Members of Security Council for 2020-2021 |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ga12152.doc.htm |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=1 January 2020 |date=7 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Term
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Africa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Asia-Pacific
!Eastern Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Latin America &lt;br/&gt;and Caribbean
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Western Europe &lt;br/&gt;and Other&lt;!-- THE REGIONS ARE THE UN REGIONS - PLEASE DO_NOT CHANGE &quot;WESTERN EUROPE AND OTHER&quot; TO &quot;EUROPE&quot; ETC. --&gt;
|-
!2019
!
!
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flagcountry|South Africa}}
!
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
!
!
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{flagcountry|Belgium}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|-
!2020
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flagcountry|Niger}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flagcountry|Vietnam}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flagcountry|Estonia}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flagcountry|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
|-
!2021
!
!
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|}

=== President ===
{{Main|President of the United Nations Security Council}}
[[File:United Nations Security Council by political international.svg|thumb|United Nations Security Council by political international per country's [[head of government]]. Blue: [[International Democrat Union]]; red: [[Progressive Alliance]]; yellow: [[Liberal International]]; dark red: [[International Communist Seminar]]; gray: none or independent.]]

The role of [[President of the United Nations Security Council|president of the Security Council]] involves setting the agenda, presiding at its meetings and overseeing any crisis. The president is authorized to issue both [[Presidential Statement]]s (subject to consensus among Council members) and notes,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Docs/sc/notes/PresidentialNotesEng.htm |title=Notes by the president of the Security Council |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=9 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;un.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_pres_statements08.htm |title=UN Security Council: Presidential Statements 2008 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=9 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; which are used to make declarations of intent that the full Security Council can then pursue.&lt;ref name=&quot;un.org&quot;/&gt; The presidency of the Council is held by each of the members in turn for one month, following the English alphabetical order of the Member States names.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sc/presidency.asp |title=Security Council Presidency in 2011 – United Nations Security Council |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=9 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The list of nations that will hold the Presidency in 2020 is as follows:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Security Council Presidency|url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/presidency|website=United Nations Security Council|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=5 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Security Council Presidency in 2020
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;
!Country
!Month
|-
|Vietnam
|January
|-
|Belgium
|February
|-
|China
|March
|-
|Dominican Republic
|April
|-
|Estonia
|May
|-
|France
|June
|-
|Germany
|July
|-
|Indonesia
|August
|-
|Niger
|September
|-
|Russia
|October
|-
|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|November
|-
|South Africa
|December
|-
|}

== Meeting locations ==
[[File:Barack Obama chairs a United Nations Security Council meeting.jpg|thumb|US President [[Barack Obama]] chairs a United Nations Security Council meeting]]
[[File:UN security council 2005.jpg|thumb|The meeting room exhibits the [[United Nations Security Council mural]] by [[Per Krohg]] (1952)]]
Unlike the General Assembly, the Security Council meets year-round. Each Security Council member must have a representative available at UN Headquarters at all times in case an emergency meeting becomes necessary.&lt;ref name=Whatis /&gt;

The Security Council generally meets in a designated chamber in the [[United Nations Headquarters|United Nations Conference Building]] in New York City. The chamber was designed by the Norwegian architect [[Arnstein Arneberg]] and was a gift from Norway. The [[United Nations Security Council mural]] by Norwegian artist [[Per Krohg]] (1952) depicts a [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] rising from its ashes, symbolic of the world's rebirth after World War II.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/untour/subsec.htm &quot;The Security Council&quot;]. ''United Nations Cyberschoolbus''. United Nations. Retrieved 14 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Security Council has also held meetings in cities including [[Nairobi]], Kenya; [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia; [[Panama City]], Panama; and [[Geneva]], Switzerland.&lt;ref name=Whatis&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/about/ |title=What is the Security Council? |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2010, the Security Council moved into a temporary facility in the General Assembly Building as its chamber underwent renovations as part of the UN Capital Master Plan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Capital Master Plan Timeline|url=https://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/cmp/home/about/pid/22303 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=29 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The renovations were funded by Norway, the chamber's original donor, for a total cost of {{usd}}5&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=An unrecognizable Security Council Chamber|url=http://www.norway-un.org/NorwayandUN/UNBodies/The-Security-Council/An-unrecognizable-Security-Council-Chamber/|publisher=Norway Mission to the UN|date=28 August 2012|accessdate=29 September 2013|archivedate=26 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226054954/http://www.norway-un.org/NorwayandUN/UNBodies/The-Security-Council/An-unrecognizable-Security-Council-Chamber/}}&lt;/ref&gt; The chamber reopened on 16 April 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 April 2013|title=Secretary-General, at inauguaration of renovated Security Council Chamber, says room speaks 'language of dignity and seriousness'|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=26 November 2013|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sgsm14951.doc.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Consultation room ===

Because meetings in the Security Council Chamber are covered by the international press, proceedings are highly theatrical in nature. Delegates deliver speeches to justify their positions and attack their opponents, playing to the cameras and the audience at home. Delegations also stage walkouts to express their disagreement with actions of the Security Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;haidar2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Haidar|first1=Suhasini|title=India's walkout from UNSC was a turning point: Natwar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-walkout-from-unsc-was-a-turning-point-natwar/article7601027.ece|work=The Hindu|date=1 September 2015|quote=According to Mr. Singh, posted at India's permanent mission at the U.N. then, 1965 was a &quot;turning point&quot; for the U.N. on Kashmir, and a well-planned &quot;walkout&quot; from the U.N. Security Council by the Indian delegation as a protest against Pakistani Foreign Minister (and later PM) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's speech ensured Kashmir was dropped from the UNSC agenda for all practical purposes.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to the public scrutiny of the Security Council Chamber,&lt;ref name=&quot;hovell2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hovell|first1=Devika|title=The Power of Process: The Value of Due Process in Security Council Sanctions Decision-making|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198717676|page=145}}&lt;/ref&gt; all of the real work of the Security Council is conducted behind closed doors in &quot;informal consultations&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;dewet2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor-last1=De Wet|editor-first1=Erika|editor-last2=Nollkaemper|editor-first2=André|editor-last3=Dijkstra|editor-first3=Petra|title=Review of the Security Council by member states|date=2003|publisher=Intersentia|location=Antwerp|isbn=9789050953078|pages=31–32}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bosco2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bosco|first1=David L.|title=Five to Rule Them All: the UN Security Council and the Making of the Modern World|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195328769|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fivetorulethemal00bosc/page/138 138–139]|url=https://archive.org/details/fivetorulethemal00bosc/page/138}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1978, West Germany funded the construction of a conference room next to the Security Council Chamber. The room was used for &quot;informal consultations&quot;, which soon became the primary meeting format for the Security Council. In 1994, the French ambassador complained to the Secretary-General that &quot;informal consultations have become the Council's characteristic working method, while public meetings, originally the norm, are increasingly rare and increasingly devoid of content: everyone knows that when the Council goes into public meeting everything has been decided in advance&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;elgebeily2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Elgebeily|first1=Sherif|title=The Rule of Law in the United Nations Security Council Decision-Making Process: Turning the Focus Inwards|date=2017|isbn=9781315413440|pages=54–55}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Russia funded the renovation of the consultation room in 2013, the Russian ambassador called it &quot;quite simply, the most fascinating place in the entire diplomatic universe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;sievers2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Sievers|first1=Loraine|last2=Daws|first2=Sam|title=The Procedure of the UN Security Council|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780191508431|edition=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Only members of the Security Council are permitted in the conference room for consultations. The press is not admitted, and other members of the United Nations cannot be invited into the consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;unsc_glossary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Security Council Handbook Glossary|url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/about/methods/glossary.shtml|website=United Nations Security Council|quote=&quot;Consultations of the whole&quot; are consultations held in private with all 15 Council members present. Such consultations are held in the Consultations Room, are announced in the UN Journal, have an agreed agenda and interpretation, and may involve one or more briefers. The consultations are closed to non-Council Member States. &quot;Informal consultations&quot; mostly refer to &quot;consultations of the whole&quot;, but in different contexts may also refer to consultations among the 15 Council members or only some of them held without a Journal announcement and interpretation.}}&lt;/ref&gt; No formal record is kept of the informal consultations.&lt;ref name=&quot;unsc_meetings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=United Nations Security Council Meeting records|url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/meetings/|accessdate=10 February 2017|quote=The preparatory work for formal meetings is conducted in informal consultations for which no public record exists.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;unsc_faq&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/about/faq.shtml|website=United Nations Security Council|quote=Both open and closed meetings are formal meetings of the Security Council. Closed meetings are not open to the public and no verbatim record of statements is kept, instead the Security Council issues a Communiqué in line with Rule 55 of its Provisional Rules of Procedure. Consultations are informal meetings of the Security Council members and are not covered in the Repertoire.}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the delegations can negotiate with each other in secret, striking deals and compromises without having their every word transcribed into the permanent record. The privacy of the conference room also makes it possible for the delegates to deal with each other in a friendly manner. In one early consultation, a new delegate from a Communist nation began a propaganda attack on the United States, only to be told by the Soviet delegate, &quot;We don't talk that way in here.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;bosco2009&quot;/&gt;

A permanent member can cast a &quot;pocket veto&quot; during the informal consultation by declaring its opposition to a measure. Since a veto would prevent the resolution from being passed, the sponsor will usually refrain from putting the resolution to a vote. Resolutions are vetoed only if the sponsor feels so strongly about a measure that it wishes to force the permanent member to cast a formal veto.&lt;ref name=&quot;dewet2003&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;scr2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=The Veto|journal=Security Council Report|date=19 October 2015|volume=2015|issue=3|url=http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/research_report_3_the_veto_2015.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the time a resolution reaches the Security Council Chamber, it has already been discussed, debated, and amended in the consultations. The open meeting of the Security Council is merely a public ratification of a decision that has already been reached in private.&lt;ref name=&quot;reid1999&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Reid|first1=Natalie|title=Informal Consultations|url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/32941-informal-consultations-natalie-reid-january-1999.html|website=Global Policy Forum|date=January 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dewet2003&quot;/&gt; For example, [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373|Resolution 1373]] was adopted without public debate in a meeting that lasted just five minutes.&lt;ref name=&quot;dewet2003&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Meeting record, Security Council, 4385th meeting|url=https://undocs.org/S/PV.4385|id=S/PV.4385|website=United Nations Repository|publisher=United Nations|date=28 September 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Security Council holds far more consultations than public meetings. In 2012, the Security Council held 160 consultations, 16 private meetings, and 9 public meetings. In times of crisis, the Security Council still meets primarily in consultations, but it also holds more public meetings. After the outbreak of the [[Ukraine crisis]] in 2013, the Security Council returned to the patterns of the Cold War, as Russia and the Western countries engaged in verbal duels in front of the television cameras. In 2016, the Security Council held 150 consultations, 19 private meetings, and 68 public meetings.&lt;ref name=&quot;unite2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Highlights of Security Council Practice 2016|url=https://unite.un.org/sites/unite.un.org/files/app-schighlights/index.html|website=Unite|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=10 February 2017|archivedate=11 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080514/https://unite.un.org/sites/unite.un.org/files/app-schighlights/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Subsidiary organs/bodies ==
Article 29 of the Charter provides that the Security Council can establish subsidiary bodies in order to perform its functions. This authority is also reflected in Rule 28 of the Provisional Rules of Procedure. The subsidiary bodies established by the Security Council are extremely heterogenous. On the one hand, they include bodies such as the Security Council Committee on Admission of New Members. On the other hand, both the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] and the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] were also created as subsidiary bodies of the Security Council. The by now numerous Sanctions Committees established in order to oversee implementation of the various sanctions regimes are also subsidiary bodies of the Council.

== United Nations peacekeepers ==
{{Main|United Nations peacekeeping|List of United Nations peacekeeping missions}}
After approval by the Security Council, the UN may send [[peacekeeping|peacekeepers]] to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed &quot;Blue Helmets&quot; for their distinctive gear.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=52}}{{sfn|Coulon|1998|p=ix}} The peacekeeping force as a whole received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1988/|author=Nobel Prize|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1988|accessdate=3 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Bolivian Army 2nd Lt. Mauricio Vidangos stands guard at the entry control point of an Observation Point.jpg|thumb|left|Bolivian &quot;[[United Nations peacekeeping|Blue Helmet]]&quot; at an exercise in Chile]]

In September 2013, the UN had 116,837 peacekeeping soldiers and other personnel deployed on 15 missions. The largest was the [[United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (MONUSCO), which included 20,688 uniformed personnel. The smallest, [[United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan]] (UNMOGIP), included 42 uniformed personnel responsible for monitoring the ceasefire in [[Jammu and Kashmir]]. Peacekeepers with the [[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization]] (UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948, the longest-running active peacekeeping mission.&lt;ref name=UNPO/&gt;

UN peacekeepers have also drawn criticism in several postings. Peacekeepers have been accused of child rape, soliciting prostitutes, or sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3145-2004Dec15.html|title=U.N.&amp;nbsp;Sexual Abuse Alleged in Congo|work=The Washington Post |first=Colum |last=Lynch|date=16 December 2004|accessdate=21 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haiti,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6195830.stm|title=UN troops face child abuse claims|work=BBC News|date=30 November 2006|accessdate=21 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liberia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/08/world/africa/08iht-abuse.html|title=Aid workers in Liberia accused of sex abuse|work=The New York Times |date=8 May 2006|accessdate=22 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sudan and what is now South Sudan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1538476/UN-staff-accused-of-raping-children-in-Sudan.html|title= UN staff accused of raping children in Sudan|work=The Telegraph|date=4 January 2007| first=Kate | last=Holt |accessdate=21 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Burundi and Ivory Coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7420798.stm|title= Peacekeepers 'abusing children' |publisher=BBC |date=28 May 2007|accessdate=21 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the likely source of the [[2010–2013 Haiti cholera outbreak]], which killed more than 8,000 Haitians following the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/09/world/americas/haiti-un-cholera-lawsuit/ |title=U.N. sued for 'bringing cholera to Haiti', causing outbreak that killed thousands |author=Watson, Ivan and Joe Vaccarello |date=10 October 2013 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=18 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The budget for peacekeeping is assessed separately from the main UN organisational budget; in the 2013–2014 fiscal year, peacekeeping expenditures totalled $7.54&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref name=UNPO&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/statistics/factsheet.shtml |title=United Nations Peacekeeping Operations |accessdate=9 November 2013 |date=30 September 2013 |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=115}} UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale, but including a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. In 2013, the top 10 providers of assessed financial contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations were the US (28.38%), Japan (10.83%), France (7.22%), Germany (7.14%), the United Kingdom (6.68%), China (6.64%), Italy (4.45%), Russian Federation (3.15%), Canada (2.98%), and Spain (2.97%).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/contributors/financing.html |title=Financing of UN Peacekeeping Operations |publisher=United Nations  |accessdate=9 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Criticism and evaluations ==
{{Main|Criticism of the United Nations}}
In examining the first sixty years of the Security Council's existence, British historian [[Paul Kennedy]] concludes that &quot;glaring failures had not only accompanied the UN's many achievements, they overshadowed them&quot;, identifying the lack of will to prevent ethnic massacres in Bosnia and Rwanda as particular failures.{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=101–103, 110}} Kennedy attributes the failures to the UN's lack of reliable military resources, writing that &quot;above all, one can conclude that the practice of announcing (through a Security Council resolution) a new peacekeeping mission without ensuring that sufficient armed forces will be available has usually proven to be a recipe for humiliation and disaster&quot;.{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=110}}

A 2005 RAND Corporation study found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping efforts. It compared UN nation-building efforts to those of the United States, and found that seven out of eight UN cases are at peace.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG304.sum.pdf|author=RAND Corporation|title=The UN's Role in Nation Building: From the Congo to Iraq|format=PDF|accessdate=30 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also in 2005, the [[Human Security Report 2005|Human Security Report]] documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism – mostly spearheaded by the UN – has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict since the end of the Cold War.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.humansecurityreport.info/|author=Human Security Centre|title=The Human Security Report 2005|accessdate=8 February 2007|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://swap.stanford.edu/20090728163300/http%3A//www.humansecurityreport.info/|archivedate=28 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scholar Sudhir Chella Rajan argued in 2006 that the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, who are all nuclear powers, have created an exclusive [[nuclear club]] that predominately addresses the strategic interests and political motives of the permanent members – for example, protecting the oil-rich Kuwaitis in 1991 but poorly protecting resource-poor Rwandans in 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Rajan |first=Sudhir Chella |title=Global Politics and Institutions |url=http://www.gtinitiative.org/documents/PDFFINALS/3Politics.pdf |format=PDF |journal=GTI Paper Series: Frontiers of a Great Transition |volume=3 |publisher=Tellus Institute |year=2006 |accessdate=11 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since three of the five permanent members are also European, and four are predominantly white Western nations, the Security Council has been described as a pillar of [[global apartheid]] by Titus Alexander, former Chair of Westminster United Nations Association.{{sfn|Alexander|1996|pp=158–160}}

The Security Council's effectiveness and relevance is questioned by some because, in most high-profile cases, there are essentially no consequences for violating a Security Council resolution. During the [[Darfur crisis]], [[Janjaweed]] militias, allowed by elements of the Sudanese government, committed violence against an indigenous population, killing thousands of civilians. In the [[Srebrenica massacre]], Serbian troops committed genocide against [[Bosniaks]], although [[Srebrenica]] had been declared a UN [[safe area (Bosnian War)|safe area]], protected by 400 armed Dutch peacekeepers.{{sfn|Deni|2007|p=71|ps=: &quot;As Serbian forces attacked Srebrenica in July 1995, the [400] Dutch soldiers escorted women and children out of the city, leaving behind roughly 7,500 Muslim men who were subsequently massacred by the attacking Serbs.&quot;}}

In his 2009 speech, [[Muammar Gaddafi]] criticized the Security Council's veto powers and the wars permanent members of the Security Council engaged in. 

The [[United Nations Charter|UN Charter]] gives all three powers of the [[legislative]], executive, and [[judiciary]] branches to the Security Council.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Creery |first=Janet |title=Read the fine print first |year=2004 |url=http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v10n1p20.htm |magazine=[[Peace Magazine]] |issue=Jan–Feb 1994 |page=20 |accessdate=11 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In his inaugural speech at the [[16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement]] in August 2012, [[Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]] criticized the United Nations Security Council as having an &quot;illogical, unjust and completely undemocratic structure and mechanism&quot; and called for a complete reform of the body.&lt;ref name=&quot;test&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120831155453/http://www.namna.ir/en/homeen/28-english-latest-news/1128-supreme-leader-s-inaugural-speech-at-16th-nam-summit.html &quot;Supreme Leader’s Inaugural Speech at 16th NAM Summit&quot;]. Non-Aligned Movement News Agency. Retrieved 31 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Security Council has been criticized for failure in resolving many conflicts, including Cyprus, Sri Lanka, Syria, Kosovo and the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], reflecting the wider short-comings of the UN. 
For example; At the 68th Session of the UN General Assembly, New Zealand Prime Minister [[John Key]] heavily criticized the UN's inaction on [[Syria]], more than two years after the [[Syrian civil war]] began.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.3news.co.nz/Key-compromises-on-UN-Syria-deal/tabid/1607/articleID/315021/Default.aspx Key compromises on UN Syria deal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930183756/http://www.3news.co.nz/Key-compromises-on-UN-Syria-deal/tabid/1607/articleID/315021/Default.aspx |date=30 September 2013 }}. ''3 News NZ''. 28 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Membership reform ==
{{Main|Reform of the United Nations Security Council}}
[[File:G4 Nations.svg|thumb|The [[G4 nations]]: Brazil, Germany, India, Japan.]]
[[File:Uniting for Consensus core.png|thumb|[[Uniting for Consensus]] core members]]

Proposals to reform the Security Council began with the conference that wrote the UN Charter and have continued to the present day. As British historian Paul Kennedy writes, &quot;Everyone agrees that the present structure is flawed. But consensus on how to fix it remains out of reach.&quot;{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=76}}

There has been discussion of increasing the number of permanent members. The countries who have made the strongest demands for permanent seats are Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. Japan and Germany, the main defeated powers in WWII, are now the UN's second- and third-largest funders respectively, while Brazil and India are two of the largest contributors of troops to UN-mandated peace-keeping missions.

Italy, another main defeated power in WWII and now the UN's sixth-largest funder, leads a movement known as the [[Uniting for Consensus]] in opposition to the possible expansion of permanent seats. Core members of the group include Canada, South Korea, Spain, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, Turkey, Argentina and Colombia. Their proposal is to create a new category of seats, still non-permanent, but elected for an extended duration (semi-permanent seats). As far as traditional categories of seats are concerned, the UfC proposal does not imply any change, but only the introduction of small and medium size states among groups eligible for regular seats. This proposal includes even the question of veto, giving a range of options that goes from abolition to limitation of the application of the veto only to Chapter VII matters.

Former UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] asked a team of advisers to come up with recommendations for reforming the United Nations by the end of 2004. One proposed measure is to increase the number of permanent members by five, which, in most proposals, would include Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan (known as the [[G4 nations]]), one seat from Africa (most likely between Egypt, Nigeria or South Africa), and/or one seat from the [[Arab League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2006-11-01-voa46.html |title=UN Security Council Reform May Shadow Annan's Legacy |date=1 November 2006 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |accessdate=11 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 21 September 2004, the G4 nations issued a joint statement mutually backing each other's claim to permanent status, together with two African countries. Currently the proposal has to be accepted by two-thirds of the General Assembly (128 votes).

The permanent members, each holding the right of veto, announced their positions on Security Council reform reluctantly. The United States has unequivocally supported the permanent membership of Japan and lent its support to India and a small number of additional non-permanent members. The United Kingdom and France essentially supported the G4 position, with the expansion of permanent and non-permanent members and the accession of Germany, Brazil, India and Japan to permanent member status, as well as an increase in the presence by African countries on the Council. China has supported the stronger representation of developing countries and firmly opposed Japan's membership.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/204917 |title=US embassy cables: China reiterates 'red lines' |work=The Guardian  |date=29 November 2010 |accessdate=11 December 2011 |quote=[I]t would be difficult for the Chinese public to accept Japan as a permanent member of the UNSC.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, it was reported that the G4 nations were willing temporarily to forgo [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto power]] if granted [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent UNSC seats]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=India Offers To Temporarily Forgo Veto Power If Granted Permanent UNSC Seat|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/03/08/india-offers-to-temporarily-forgo-veto-power-if-granted-permanen/|work=[[HuffPost]]|accessdate=9 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2017, [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representatives]] [[Ami Bera]] and [[Frank Pallone]] introduced a resolution (H.Res.535) in the [[US House of Representatives]] ([[115th United States Congress]]), seeking support for [[India]] for a permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;US Congress India UNSC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=US congressmen move resolution in support of India's UN security council claim|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/us-congressmen-move-resolution-in-support-of-india-s-un-security-council-claim/story-EMDxUAGQjsP8PYFgcBWeFN.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=30 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Portal|Politics|Law}}
*[[Kazakhstan's membership in the United Nations Security Council]]
* [[Reform of the United Nations]]
* [[United Nations Department of Political Affairs]], provides secretarial support to the Security Council
* [[United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee]], a standing committee of the Security Council
* [[Small Five Group]], a group formed to improve the working methods of the Security Council

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

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|editor3-first=Christoph
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{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Bailey
|first=Sydney D.
|last2=Daws
|first2=Sam
|year=1998
|title=The Procedure of the UN Security Council
|edition=3rd
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-828073-6
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Bosco
|first=David L.
|author-link=David Bosco
|year=2009
|title=Five to Rule Them All: The UN Security Council and the Making of the Modern World
|location=New York
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-532876-9
|url=https://archive.org/details/fivetorulethemal00bosc
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Cockayne
|first=James
|last2=Mikulaschek
|first2=Christoph
|last3=Perry
|first3=Chris
|year=2010
|title=The United Nations Security Council and Civil War: First Insights from a New Dataset
|url=http://www.ipinst.org/publication/policy-papers/detail/298-the-united-nations-security-council-and-civil-war-first-insights-from-a-new-dataset.html
|location=New York
|publisher=International Peace Institute
|accessdate=8 February 2016
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Grieger
|first=Gisela
|title=Reform of the UN Security Council
|year=2013
|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130451/LDM_BRI(2013)130451_REV1_EN.pdf
|format=PDF
|publisher=Library of the European Parliament
|accessdate=8 February 2016
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Hannay
|first=David
|author-link=David Hannay, Baron Hannay of Chiswick
|year=2008
|title=New World Disorder: The UN after the Cold War – An Insider's View
|location=London
|publisher=I.B. Tauris
|isbn=978-1-84511-719-1
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Hurd
|first=Ian
|year=2007
|title=After Anarchy: Legitimacy and Power in the United Nations Security Council
|url=https://archive.org/details/afteranarchylegi0000hurd
|location=Princeton, New Jersey
|publisher=Princeton University Press
|isbn=978-0-691-12866-5
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Köchler
|first1=Hans
|author-link1=Hans Köchler
|year=1991
|title=The Voting Procedure in the United Nations Security Council: Examining a Normative Contradiction in the UN Charter and its Consequences on International Relations 
|url=http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-Voting_Procedure-UN_Security_Council.pdf
|format=PDF
|series=Studies in International Relations
|volume=17
|location=Vienna
|publisher=International Progress Organization
|isbn=978-3-90070410-0
|ref=harv
}}
* {{cite book
|year=2008
|editor-last1=Lowe
|editor-first1=Vaughan
|editor-link1=Vaughan Lowe
|editor-last2=Roberts
|editor-first2=Adam
|editor-link2=Adam Roberts (scholar)
|editor-last3=Welsh
|editor-first3=Jennifer
|editor-link3=Jennifer Welsh
|editor-last4=Zaum
|editor-first4=Dominik
|title=The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-953343-5
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Malone
|first=David
|author-link=David M. Malone
|year=1998
|title=Decision-Making in the UN Security Council: The Case of Haiti, 1990–1997
|location=Oxford
|publisher=Clarendon Press
|isbn=978-0-19-829483-2
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/decisionmakingin0000malo
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Matheson
|first=Michael J.
|year=2006
|title=Council Unbound: The Growth of UN Decision Making on Conflict and Postconflict Issues after the Cold War
|location=Washington
|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press
|isbn=978-1-929223-78-7
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Roberts
|first=Adam
|author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar)
|last2=Zaum
|first2=Dominik
|year=2008
|title=Selective Security: War and the United Nations Security Council since 1945
|series=Adelphi Paper
|volume=395
|location=Abingdon, England
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-47472-6
|issn=0567-932X
}}
* {{Cite book
|last= Vreeland
|first=James
|author-link=James Vreeland
|last2=Dreher
|first2=Axel
|author-link2=Axel Dreher
|year=2014
|title= The Political Economy of the United Nations Security Council: Money and Influence
|location=Cambridge, England
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-51841-3
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.un.org/en/sc}}
* [http://research.un.org/en/docs/sc UN Security Council Research Guide]
* [http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/index.htm Global Policy Forum&amp;nbsp;– UN Security Council]
* [http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/ Security Council Report]&amp;nbsp;– information and analysis on the Council's activities
** [https://www.whatsinblue.org/ What's In Blue] –  a series of insights on evolving Security Council actions
* [http://www.centerforunreform.org/ Center for UN Reform Education&amp;nbsp;– information on current reform issues at the United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902161614/http://www.centerforunreform.org/ |date=2019-09-02 }}
* [http://www.undemocracy.com/ UN Democracy: hyperlinked transcripts of the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council]


[[Category:ကုလသမဂ္ဂ]]
[[Category:BEHM]]
[[Category:ဂကောံ]]
[[Category:ပရေင်မၞိဟ်]]
[[Category:ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်]]
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    <title>သာဒ်ဂုရု</title>
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      <text bytes="50045" sha1="nxwa8y6xrxzk7ru1wvr1615riep9yof" xml:space="preserve">&lt;br /&gt;{{Infobox person|name=Jaggi Vasudev &lt;!--Same as article title--&gt;|image=Sadhguru - February 2019 - 2 (cropped).jpg|caption=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1957|09|03|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India|death_date=|nationality=[[Indian people|Indian]]|spouse={{marriage|Vijaya Kumari (Vijji)|1984}}&lt;ref name=&quot;family&quot;&gt;{{cite blog|work=[[Isha Foundation]] |url=http://isha.sadhguru.org/man/family-matters/vijji/|title=Family Matters - Sadhguru Speaks About His Family|accessdate=14 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;|children=1|honors=[[Padma Vibhushan]]&lt;br&gt;Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar|organization=[[Isha Foundation]]|notable_works={{ubl|Inner Engineering|Dhyanalinga|Rally for Rivers|Linga Bhairavi|Adiyogi: The Source of Yoga|Mystic's Musings|Kaveri Calling}}|website={{url|isha.sadhguru.org}}}}
'''ဇဂ္ဂိ ဝိသုဒေဝ် (Jaggi Vasudev)'''&lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Waghorne|2013}}; Foreword by Pat MacEnulty in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Simone|Sadhguru|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; (သၠးဂၠံဂဝ် ၃ သေပ်တေမ်ပါ ၁၉၅၇) ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ကော်စညး '''သာဒ်ဂုရု'''  ('''Sadhguru)'''{{Efn|&quot;Sadhguru&quot;, also spelt &quot;[[Sadguru]]&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanghvi2018&quot;&gt;{{citation|last=Sanghvi|first=Rajesh D|title=Going Beyond My Guru's for Human Welfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ded_DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT30|year=2018|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64429-901-2|page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt; means real or true guru. In Hindu meaning, it is a superlative and does not have any exclusive connotations.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Cornille |first=Catherine |authorlink=Catherine Cornille |title=The Guru in Indian Catholicism: Ambiguity of Opportunity of Inculturation? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpGr1OkD9xMC&amp;pg=PA103 |year=1992 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-0566-9 |page=103}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} ဝွံ ဒှ်ယောဂဳ ဂကူအိန္ဒိယ ကေုာံ အစာချူလိက် ဒယှ်မွဲတၠရ။

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၂ ဝသုဒေဝ် ခၞံဗဒှ် နိဓိဣရှ (ဣရှ ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် (Isha Foundation) တုဲ နကဵု ဖံင်ဒေရှေန်ဂှ် ချဳဓရာင် အရာဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဗွဲတၟေင် မဆေင်ကဵု ပရေင်ဓရ်၊ ပရေင်ပညာ ကေုာံ ပရေင်သဘာဝဂမၠိုင်ရ။  ဂကောံဂှ် ဒးဒုင်စောဲဒုဟ် ကၠောန်ကမၠောန် ဟွံကိတ်ညဳသၞောဝ်အလဵုအသဳ ဗွဲတၟေင် ပ္ဍဲအရာ မဆေင်ကဵု ကမၠောန်မင်မဲသဘာဝ ဂြိုပ်ဆုတအ်ရ။ လညာတ်ဒဿန ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်မၞိဟ် ဝိသုဒေဝ်ဂှ် ကြပ်ညောန် ကုဝါဒနေရဝ်လဳဗလဴဟိန္ဒူတွာ မဒှ်လညာတ် ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဝါဒဗၠးၜး ကေုာံ သာသနာဟိန္ဒူရ။ လညာတ်ဝါဒဏအ်ဂှ် ဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင် ပ္ဍဲအိန္ဒိယ ဗော်ဘရတိယ ဇနတ (Bharatiya Janata Party) ဒ္ဂေတ်ဒၟံင်ရ။ 

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၇ ညးကလိဂွံ တဆိပ်ကြာ ပဒၟ ဝိဘူသန နူကဵု အလဵုအသဳ အိန္ဒိယ ဟိုတ်နူညးမဂစာန်ကၠောန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲလပါ် ပရေင်မၞိဟ်ရ။ 

== အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ ==

=== ပထမ အဝဲ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ပညာ ===
ၜံင် ပ္ဍဲ မာဲသဝ်ရေ (Mysore) ကာနတက (Karnataka) အိန္ဒိယ မိမမဟီုအရေဝ် တေလုဂု၊&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/in/en/wisdom/sadhguru-spot/telugu-tamil-telugu|title=isha foundation - Sadhguru: My mother tongue is Telugu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဇဂ္ဂိ ဝသုဒေဝ်ဝွံ ပၞောဝ်ကောန်ဇာတ်ပန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ကောန်ဍောတ်အိုတ် - ကောၜါ ၝောဲၜါ။ မိညးဂှ် ဒှ်သမ္ဘာသ္ၚိ (housewife) တုဲ အပါညးဂှ် ဒှ်အစာသဝ်မတ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Inner Engineering A Yogi's guide to joy}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဟိုတ်နူ အပါဂှ် ဒးပြံင်ဒၟံင် ဒၞာဲကမၠောန်မွဲခဏ မွဲခဏတုဲ ညးတေအ်လေဝ် ဒးပြံင်မံင်လဝ် ဒၞာဲဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ကီုရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Jaggi Vasudev More Than A Life|url={{Google books|eRtMQQqlNY8C|page=|keywords=|text=more than a life|plainurl=yes}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|39}}

ကြဴနူ မအံင်ဇၞးကေတ် တန်ကိုပ်ကၠာတက္ကသိုလ် ကဵု ကဝ်လိက် ပ္ဍဲမာဲသဝ်ရေတုဲ ညးဆက်တိုန် တက္ကသိုလ်မာဲသဝ်ရာ ကလိဂွံ ဒဳဂရဳဗာတ်ချ်လာ ဘာသာအင်္ဂလိက် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၇၃ ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;ieved&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/i-have-not-read-the-vedas-or-the-upanishads.-i-confess-i-havent-read-the-gita/282381/0|title='I have not read the Vedas or the Upanishads. I confess I haven't read the Gita'|accessdate=7 August 2012|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဝသုဒေဝ် ဟွံဆက်တိုန်ဘာဂတဂှ်တုဲ စၞးဂှ် ညးလုပ်ကၠောန် ကမၠောန်ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;mid&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Midnights_with_the_Mystic.html?id=Q5yjIrrK8E4C|title=Midnights with the Mystic|last=Simone|first=Cheryl|publisher=[[Hampton Roads Publishing Company]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-57174-561-3|location=|page=|pages=|authorlink=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== လညာတ်ပတှ်ေဘာသာ ===
ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ ညးကလိဂွံအာယုက် ၂၅ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၂၃ သေပ်တေမ်ပါ ၁၉၈၂ ဝသုဒေဝ် တိုန်အာ ဇရေင်ကုန်ဒဵုဆမုန္ဒဳ (Chamundi Hill) တုဲ ဂ္ဇအ်ဒၟံင် လတူတၟအ်ဇၞော်မွဲရ။ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဂှ် ညးကလိဂွံ ဒုင်စသိုင် မဆေင်ကဵုဘာသာရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;mid&quot;/&gt; ဂတဂှ် တြဴ သတ္တဟ၊ ညးပအပ်ထောအ် ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ညး ကုရဲညးတုဲ ညးတိတ်တရဴ ဆက်ပၟဝ်ဓရ် သွက်ကလိဂွံ ပရေင်ဒုင်စသိုင် မဆေင် ကုဘာသာရ။ ကြဴနူ ညးဂဇအ်ဓရ် ကေုာံ တိတ်တရဴ ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံတုဲ ညးဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် သွက်ဂွံ ဗတောန်ယောကဳ/ ဖျေဟ်ဓရ် သွက်ဂွံ ပါ်ပရအ် အရာညးမတီကၠိုဟ်လဝ်ဂှ်ရ။

ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၈၃ ညးစပံက် တန်ယောကဳ ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဍုင်မာဲသဝ်ရေဂှ် မၞိဟ်တိုန်စိုပ် လုပ်ဂဇအ်ဓဝ် ထပှ်တၠရ။ ညးဆက်ပံက်အာ ပ္ဍဲဒေသနာနာ ပ္ဍဲကဵုကာနတက ကေုာံ ဟာဲဒေရဗာတ်၊ ဒဳအာ နကဵုကွဳလိုန်ဓါတ်တုဲ သြန်မကလိဂွံ နူတန်ဗတောန်ယောကဳတအ်ဂှ် ဗက်ကဵုဒါန် ကုဂကောံ မရီုဗင် ညးဒိုက်ဂတ်တအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;mid&quot;/&gt;

=== သ္ၚိကၟိန် ===
[[ဝှာင်:Jaggi_Vasudev_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2007.jpg|thumb|ဇဂ္ဂဳ ဝသုဒေဝ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင် ဒဝေါသ်၊ သွိတ်သလာန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၇]]
ဇဂ္ဂဳ ဝသုဒေဝ် ကေင်ဖျေဟ်ဒၞာဲ ဒက်အိန်ထံင် ကုဝိဇယကုမာရဳ  (သီု မကော်စ ဝိဇ္ဇဳ)ရ။ ညးဂှ် ဒှ်တၠသ္ၚိ ဝိဇယကုမာရဳ မရနုက်ကဵု ဒုတိယရ။ ကိုပ်ကၠာ ဝိဇယကုမာရဳ ဟွံစှ်ေဒၞာဲ ကုဇဂ္ဂိ ဝသုဒေဝ်ဏီဂှ် ညးကၠောန်ဒၟံင်ကမၠောန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာန်မွဲရ။ ညးတအ် ကလိဂွံ ကောန်ဝုတ်မွဲ မနွံယၟု ရဓေ (Radhe)။ ဝိဇယကုမာရဳ စုတိအာ ပ္ဍဲကဵုသၞာံ ၁၉၉၇။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် အပါဝိဇယကုမာရဳ စုတ်စောဲဒုဟ် ကုဇဂ္ဂဳ ဒဒှ်ရ ညးတေအ် ဂစိုတ်ထောအ် ကောန်ဝုတ်ညးရ။ ဝသုဒေဝ် ဟီု အရာမစုတိဝွံ ဒှ်အရာ မဟာသမာဓိ တုဲ ညးဟီု ပရူဒဒှ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဝိဇယ လဴလဝ် ကုညးတေအ် ကိုပ်ကၠာဟွံစုတိ ၜိုတ် တြဴဂိတုရ။ &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.theprint.in/opinion/how-much-education-is-required-to-speak-and-talk-on-every-subject-in-the-world/43872/|title=दुनिया के हर विषय पर फाइनल बात बोलने के लिए कितनी पढ़ाई की आवश्यकता है?|last=यादव|first=ज्योति|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/05/congress-it-cell-murder-charge-sadhguru.html|title=Congress IT cell chief rakes up old murder charge against Sadhguru; Isha Foundation dismisses it as 'baseless charge'}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၜိုန်ရ ညးတေအ်ဟီု သမ္ဘာညး လုပ်စ မဟာသမာဓိ ကီုလေဝ် နကဵု အခိုက်ဟိန္ဒူမ္ဂး ယဝ်ရ မၞိဟ်မွဲ လုပ်စသမာဓိတုဲ မစုတိမ္ဂး ဇွဂှ် သ္ဒးတိုပ်ဟေင်ရ။ ဆဂး စၞးမတိုပ်ဂှ်  ညးစံင်ဇွ သမ္ဘာညးရ။ ဟိုတ်နူ ဗၠာဲသၟိင်တအ် ဟွံကလိဂွံ သက်သဳသာဓကတုဲ ဂဗုတ်ခမ်သဳညး မစောဲလဝ် ဒဒှ်ရ ညးဂစိုတ်ဗြဴညးဂှ် ဒးကၟာတ်ထောအ် အတိုင်ဂှ်ရ။

ကောန်ဝုတ် ဝိသုဒေဝ် ရဓေ ဂှ် ဒှ်သၟာလှ်ေမွဲရ။ သၟတ်ဗြဴဂှ် စှ်ေဒၞာဲ ဒက်အိန်ထံင် ကုသၟာဒယှ်ေဒွက်ဒယှ် သာန်ဒိပ် နရယာန် (Sandeep Narayan) ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၄ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဇြပ်သဘင်ဓရ် ဝသုဒေဝ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ကောမ်ဗတောရ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲပေါဲမ္ၚဵုထပ်တဲဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် တိုန်စိုပ်လဝ်ရ။

=== လိက် ကေုာံ တဝဟ်  ===
ဇဂ္ဂဳ ဝသုဒေဝ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အစာကဝိ လိက်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ရ။ လိက်ညး ''Inner Engineering: A Yogi's Guide to Joy''(စက်ယာဉ်ခန္ဓ - ဂၠံင်တရဴယောဂဳ သွက်တသိုက်)&lt;ref name=&quot;bstand&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/don-t-vote-as-part-of-a-tribe-sadhguru-jaggi-vasudev-tells-americans-116101600189_1.html|title=Don't vote as part of a tribe, Jaggi Vasudev tells Americans|website=[[Business Standard]]|publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|accessdate=20 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဂှ် ဒှ်လိက် လိက်ပရိုင် The New York Times မပၠုပ်စရင် လိက်မသွံခိုဟ်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဂကူလိက်ကဏ္ဍနာနာရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2016/10/09/health/|title=Health|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2016/10/09/religion-spirituality-and-faith/|title=Religion, Spirituality and Faith|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2016/10/09/advice-how-to-and-miscellaneous|title=New York Times Bestsellers - Advice, How-To &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Miscellaneous: New this week INNER ENGINEERING|last=|date=2016-10-09|work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=2018-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲပၠန် လိက်မၞိဟ်မတီဂၠိုင် လိက်''Mystic's Musings''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tantra-between-the-covers/article28584632.ece|title=Tantra between the covers|date=2005-07-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကေုာံ လိက် ''Death: An Inside Story''ဂှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်လိက် ညးမချူလဝ်ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/spiritual-leader-sadhgurus-new-book-to-demystify-death/1699568|title=Spiritual leader Sadhguru's new book to demystify death|website=Outlook (India)|access-date=2020-03-13|accessdate=2020-08-21|archivedate=2020-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506165718/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/spiritual-leader-sadhgurus-new-book-to-demystify-death/1699568}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/maha-shivratri-2020-vp-venkaiah-naidu-joins-sadhguru-in-celebrations-at-isha-foundation|title=Maha Shivratri 2020: VP Venkaiah Naidu joins Sadhguru in celebrations at Isha Foundation|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဝသုဒေဝ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အစာဓရ်ဒယှ် မတွဟ်ဓရ် နကဵုဘာသာအင်္ဂလိက်မွဲတုဲ မဂွံဒုင်ဘိက် ဟီုတွဟ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဝိုင်ဂၠးတိဇၞော်ဇၞော် ဗီုကဵု ပ္ဍဲကဵု သဘင်ကောံဓရီုသၟိင်တၠဍုင်ဂမၠိုင် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ မဆေင်ကဵု ဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံ (United Nation's Millennium World Peace Summit)၊ စၠတ်ထဝ်သၟိင်တၠ (House of Lords)၊ အေန်သတဳကျုတ် နဲပညာ မာသေချူသေတ် (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)၊ ကေုာံ အေန်သတဳကျုတ် ရးဍုင်နာနာ သွက် ပရေင်ဇၞော်မောဝ် နဲကဲပကင်ရင် (International Institute for Management Development)တအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hudson|Hudson|2017|p=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဝှဝ်ရာံပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ဂၠးကဝ် (World Economic Forum) ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၇၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chandrasekhar |first1=Anand |title=Indian gurus and their Swiss watches: a history |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/clockwork-orange_indian-gurus-and-their-swiss-watches--a-history/44868044 |accessdate=3 February 2020 |work=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၁၇ ကေုာံ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ်လေဝ် ညးဂွံဘိက်တိုန် ဟီုတွဟ်ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sadhguru-to-deliver-keynote-conduct-meditation-session-at-davos-summit-2465795.html|title=Sadhguru to Deliver Keynote, Conduct Meditation Session at Davos Summit|website=News18|access-date=2020-01-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/Golf-with-the-Guru/article15941259.ece|title=Golf with the Guru|date=2009-03-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-27|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== အဲပရဲ ===
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Sadhguru Jagadish Vasudev, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 13, 2017.jpg|thumb|[[Pranab Mukherjee]] presenting the [[Padma Vibhushan]] to Vasudev at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in New Delhi on April 13, 2017]]
ဝသုဒေဝ် ဂွံဒုင် ဇိုန်နှင် လာပ်ပဒၟ ဝိဘုရှာန် (Padma Vibhushan)၊ မဒှ်လာပ်မဇိုန်နှင် ကုကောန်မၞိဟ် သၠုင်အိုတ်-ဒုတိယ နူကဵုအလဵုအသဳ အိန္ဒိယ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၇ ဟိုတ်မပစၟတ်သမ္တီကမၠောန်ပတန်သာသနာညးရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;padma&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Sadhguru-Jaggi-Vasudev-Mariyappan-among-Padma-award-winners/article17095664.ece|title=Jaggi Vasudev, Mariyappan among Padma award winners|date=26 Jan 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=31 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260117/sharad-pawar-sadhguru-jaggi-vasudev-awarded-with-padma-vibhushan.html|title=Padma Vibhushan award for Sharad Pawar and Jaggi Vasudev|date=26 January 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|accessdate=31 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;ပ္ဍဲကဵု (The Indian Express) မကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် စရင်ဂကူအိန္ဒိယ မၞိဟ်အဝဵုသြဇာဇၞော်အိုတ် ၁၀၀ တၠဂှ် ညးနွံ ပ္ဍဲကဵု စရင်မရနုက်ကဵု ၉၂။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၂ စရင်ဂကူအိန္ဒိယ မၞိဟ်အဝဵုသြဇာဇၞော်အိုတ် ၅၀ တၠဂှ် ညးနွံ ပ္ဍဲ မရနုက်ကဵု ၄၀ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၉။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-most-powerful-indians-in-2012-no.-91100/916140/1|title=The most powerful Indians in 2012: No. 91-100 - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2020-01-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20190805-top-50-power-people-the-high-mighty-part-4-1573244-2019-07-26|title=Top 50 power people {{!}} The High &amp; Mighty Part-4|author1= MG Arun |author2=Shwweta Punj |author3=Suhani Singh |author4=Kaushik Deka |author5=Prachi Bhuchar |author6=Chinki Sinha |author7=Anshuman Tiwari |author8=Sandeep Unnithan |author9=Amarnath K. Menon |author10=Anilesh S. Mahajan |author11=Uday Mahurkar |date=July 26, 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ဣရှ ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် (Isha Foundation) ==
ဇဂ္ဂဳ ဝသုဒေဝ် ဒက်ပ္တန် ဣရှ ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် နဒဒှ် ဂကောံစေတနာ ဗဒါဲကောမ်ဗတောရ် (Coimbatore) ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၂။&lt;ref name=&quot;most-powerful-indians&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-most-powerful-indians-in-2009-8084/432810/|title=The most powerful Indians in 2009: 80–84|date=9 March 2009|accessdate=22 January 2020|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128080021/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-most-powerful-indians-in-2009-8084/432810/|archivedate=28 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကမၠောန်ဖံင်ဒေရှေန် မကၠောန် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်စောဲ မဒှ်ကမၠောန် မဗၠေတ် ကုသၞောဝ်ဍုင် ဂၠိုင်ကဵုအလန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ahead-isha-foundation-s-maha-shivaratri-event-tn-forest-dept-issues-precaution-list-97734?amp|title=Forest department issues notice to Isha foundation|date=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/RY0zSYSF8H7qe2qrtr2QfM/Chorus-grows-louder-against-Modis-visit-to-Isha-Foundation.html|title=Chorus grows louder against Modi's visit to Isha Foundation event in Coimbatore|date=2017-02-23|accessdate=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/120718/cag-slams-forest-dept-for-isha-foundation-encroachments.html|title=CAG slams forest dept for Isha Foundation 'encroachments'|date=2018-07-12|accessdate=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/isha-foundation-violation-forest-land|title=CAG Slams TN Govt On ISHA Foundations Unregulated Buildings|date=2018-07-11|accessdate=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150419/nation-current-affairs/article/row-over-land-given-isha-foundation|title=Row over land given to Isha foundation|date=2015-04-19|accessdate=2020-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ယောဂ ===

==== အစဳအဇန် ယောဂ ====
[[ဝှာင်:Bse_class.jpg|alt=|thumb|Jaggi Vasudev conducting the Inner Engineering Program at the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
ကြဴနူ မဒက်ပတန် ဇြပ်သဘင်ဓရ်တုဲ ဝသုဒေဝ် စပံက်ဓရ် အစဳအဇန်ယောဂ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဇြပ်ယောဂဣရှ (Isha Yoga Center) ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၄၊ သီုကဵု တန်ဗတောန် သွက် ဂကောံဝေင်ဓတ်ဟံက်ကဳ အိန္ဒိယ (Indian Hockey team) ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၆ ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ishafoundation.org/component/option,com_newscomponent/Itemid,885/act,view/id,687/|title=Morale-Booster says Bhaskaran|date=26 November 1996|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Refreshed Team Begins Final Preparation|date=2 December 1996|url=https://www.ishafoundation.org/component/option,com_newscomponent/Itemid,885/act,view/id,688/|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲ ၁၉၉၇ ညးစပံက်တန်ဗတောန် ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=|title=Yoga guru touts peace, not religion|date=15 October 1997|publisher=[[The Tennessean]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=|title=It doesn't take a guru to know which way the stress flows|date=17 March 1998|publisher=[[Dayton Daily News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲ စနူ ၁၉၉၈ စဵုကဵုလၟုဟ် ပံက်ကဵု တန်ဗတောန် သွက်ကောန်ထံင် မဒးဒုင်ဖျေဟ်ထံင် မွဲဇမၠိင်အာယုက် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ထံင်တမိလ်နဒူ ဂမၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=|title=Yoga Brings 'Freedom' to Prisoners|date=16 February 1998|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SingletonGoldberg2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Gurus of Modern Yoga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=walBCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1|date=6 November 2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-993871-1|pages=283 –295}}&lt;/ref&gt;

အစဳအဇန် မၞိဟ်မတီဂၠိုင်အိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အစဳအဇန် နကဵုက္ဍိုပ်လိက် 'Inner Engineering (ဗဂေတ်စက် အပ္ဍဲခန္ဓ)' မဒှ်အစဳအဇန် မတွဟ်ထ္ၜးကဵု မၞိဟ်တအ် ဗီုမဂွံဂဇအ်ဓရ်ယောဂ ကေုာံ သံဘဝိ မဟာမုဒြာ (''Shambhavi Mahamudra'')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_in-pursuit-of-peace-of-mind_1496488|title=In pursuit of peace of mind|date=20 January 2011|accessdate=25 January 2011|publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; မဒှ် အစဳအဇန် မဟီုတွဟ် သၟာန်သွဟ် မဆေင်ကဵု ဓရ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/bt/story/3428/1/the-route-to-dharmacracy.html|title=The route to 'dharmacracy'|date=27 November 2008|publisher=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]|accessdate=25 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; It views depression as the result of a false widespread belief about an ability to change the world according to one’s desires, and offers to teach the technology of mental well-being, to help one acclimatize with unavoidable work rigors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Politics_of_Time_and_Youth_in_Brand.html?id=wd2cAQAAQBAJ|title=The Politics of Time and Youth in Brand India: Bargaining with Capital|date=2013|publisher=Anthem Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vasudev has frequently cited a study by the University of California which supposedly found mahamudra to lead to highly elevated levels (221%) of neuronal regeneration in the brain; it has since been noted that the study appeared in a fringe journal published by a discredited alternative medicine advocate and his allies, and that it merely reports lower levels of subjective stress from a medium-sized uncontrolled group practicing yoga daily for six weeks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/927625/opinion-the-disturbing-irrationalism-of-jaggi-vasudev|title=Opinion: The disturbing irrationalism of Jaggi Vasudev|date=20 June 2019|accessdate=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ဓျာန လိင်္ဂ ====
The Dhyanalinga (composed of the terms '' dhyāna'' and ''linga'') is a consecrated sculptural stone structure standing 4.3 metres (13 feet 9 inches) tall.&lt;ref name=&quot;berghella-74&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Berghella|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its creation and consecration, according to  Vasudev, was his life's mission entrusted to him by his guru.&lt;ref name=&quot;mid&quot;/&gt; In 1998, the structure of the Dhyanalinga was ordered and arrived at the ashram, where the Dhyanalinga Yogic Temple was being built to hold it.&lt;ref name=&quot;berghella-70&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Berghella|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; After three years of work, the temple was completed on 23 June 1999&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=|title=Dhyanalingam installed|date=26 July 1999|accessdate=|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and opened to the public on 23 November.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=|title=A multi religious temple|date=19 November 1999|accessdate=|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a meditative space the Dhyanalinga Yogic Temple is not dedicated to any particular faith or belief system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/25/stories/2003072501630600.htm|title=Transformation of the inner Self|date=25 July 2003|accessdate=4 June 2011|archivedate=9 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109234053/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/25/stories/2003072501630600.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is open to all visitors irrespective of their religion or nationality.&lt;ref name=&quot;berghella-72&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Berghella|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A stone pillar named the Sarva Dharma stambha, located at the temple's front entrance, has religious symbols of several religions carved on to it to denote universal brotherhood.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/28/stories/13280795.htm|title=Haven for the spiritually inclined|date=28 September 2001|accessdate=4 June 2011|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|archivedate=27 January 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130127004810/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/28/stories/13280795.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Haven for the Spiritually Inclined - The Hindu - 28 September, 2001 - Isha Foundation|url=http://beta.ishafoundation.org/component/option,com_newscomponent/Itemid,288/act,view/id,670/lang,hi/|publisher=Isha Foundation|accessdate=17 January 2020|archivedate=3 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203023014/http://beta.ishafoundation.org/component/option,com_newscomponent/Itemid,288/act,view/id,670/lang,hi/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ပဋိမာရုပ် အဒိယောဂဳ သဳဝ ====
[[ဝှာင်:Adiyogi Shiva steel burst 2018.jpg|alt=|thumb|Adiyogi Shiva statue]]
Designed by Vasudev, the foundation built a 112-feet-tall and {{Convert|500|t}} Shiva statue for inspiring and promoting yoga. It was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-unveil-first-112-foot-tall-shiva-statue-in-coimbatore-on-mahashivratri-5-interesting-facts-to-know/563295/|title=PM Narendra Modi unveils first 112-foot tall Shiva statue in Coimbatore}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been recognized as the &quot;Largest Bust Sculpture&quot; by Guinness World Records.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/458751-largest-bust-sculpture|title=Largest bust (sculpture)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Tamil Nadu government has since claimed the entire construction as illegal, for which no approval was granted;&lt;ref name=&quot;TNM_Illegal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ishas-shiva-statue-has-no-approval-buildings-illegal-tn-government-takes-stand-57938|title=Isha's Shiva statue has no approval, buildings illegal: TN government takes a stand|date=1 March 2017|work=[[The News Minute]]|accessdate=6 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Comptroller and Auditor General's report further states the construction to have flagrantly violated the rules of biodiversity zones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/cag-pulls-up-tamil-nadu-forest-department-over-unapproved-construction-by-isha-foundation-in-protected-zone-4718781.html|title=CAG pulls up Tamil Nadu forest department over unapproved construction by Isha Foundation in protected zone|work=Firstpost|accessdate=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/isha-foundation-flouted-norms-cag/article24393672.ece|title=Isha Foundation flouted norms: CAG|date=2018-07-12|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/environment/isha-foundation-jaggi-illegal-yoga-centre|title=But Why Is the Cauvery Calling?|work=The Wire|accessdate=2020-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Other consecrations ====
Vasudev regularly conducts gatherings (''mahasathsangs'') in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/14/stories/2010121450650300.htm|title=Isha's Green Salem goes on stream|date=14 December 2010|accessdate=25 January 2011|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also takes spiritual aspirants on annual pilgrimages (''yatras'') to Mount Kailash and the Himalayas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article113158.ece|title=Isha shows the way|date=29 June 2009|accessdate=25 January 2011|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|archivedate=21 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621102707/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article113158.ece}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_mansarovar-is-beyond-words_1431882|title=Mansarovar is beyond words|date=1 September 2010|accessdate=25 January 2011|publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Every year at the Isha Yoga Center, Vasudev celebrates an all-night Mahashivarathri, the annual Hindu festival in honour of Shiva. It is estimated that these celebrations were attended by as many as 800,000 people in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ishafoundation.org/news/newsclips/2013/Bazaar-15-June-2013.pdf|title=The Lure of Isha|date=June 2013|pages=106–108}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fashion-label-to-yogi-donna-karan-on-an-indian-holiday/1087745/|title=Fashion label to 'yogi': Donna Karan on an Indian holiday|date=14 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;outlook&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://travel.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?284848|title=Holy Days|date=1 April 2013|accessdate=21 February 2020|archivedate=27 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134803/http://travel.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?284848}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ဣရှ ဝိဓျာ Isha Vidhya ===
Isha Vidhya, an education initiative, aims to raise the level of education and literacy in rural India by providing quality English-language-based, computer-aided education. There are seven Isha Vidhya Schools in operation which educate around 3,000 students.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hindu.com/2010/04/07/stories/2010040751230200.htm|title=LIC gives grant to Isha|date=7 April 2010|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Environmental initiatives ===

==== Project GreenHands ====
[[ဝှာင်:PGH_nurseries.jpg|right|thumb|Saplings being readied for transportation at a PGH nursery.]]
Project GreenHands (PGH) was established in 2004 as an environmental organization. Its activity is largely focused on Tamil Nadu. The organization received the  Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar, the Government of India's environmental award in 2010. The organisation's activities include agroforestry, plant nurseries in schools,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/07/ishas-green-school-movement-kicks-off-in-kanchi-dist-1769618.html|title=Isha's Green School Movement kicks-off in Kanchi dist}}&lt;/ref&gt; and tree-planting in urban centers such as Tiruchirappalli&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/Green-Tiruchi-Movement-seeks-to-rectify-ailing-environment/article15768688.ece|title=Green Tiruchi Movement seeks to rectify ailing environment}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Tiruppur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Stalin-inaugurates-Green-Tirupur-Movement/article16539707.ece|title=Stalin inaugurates Green Tirupur Movement}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Rally for Rivers ====
The Rally for Rivers campaign, which ran from September to October 2017,&lt;ref name=&quot;thirumurthy-tree-planting&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=‘Why tree planting is not the answer’: Experts question Jaggi’s 'shallow' Rally for Rivers|date=2017-09-06|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-tree-planting-not-answer-experts-question-jaggi-s-rally-rivers-68004}}&lt;/ref&gt; intended to rejuvenate India's depleting rivers by growing large forests along their banks. Promoted by Vasudev all over the country, the campaign received support from a broad range of celebrities and the urban populace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/rally-for-rivers-isha-foundations-campaign-has-good-intentions-but-minimal-scientific-backing-4022799.html|title=Rally for Rivers: Isha Foundation's campaign has good intentions but minimal scientific backing}}&lt;/ref&gt; MOUs were signed with state governments.

However, the campaign has been widely criticized by environmentalists for lacking in scientific basis and shifting the spotlight away from real concerns. Acclaimed water conservationist Rajendra Singh alleges that the campaign is motivated by the goal of money and fame.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/862029/jaggi-vasudevs-rivers-campaign-meant-for-fame-power-money-says-indias-waterman-rajendra-singh|title=Jaggi Vasudev's rivers campaign meant for fame, power, money, says India's 'Waterman' Rajendra Singh|last=Staff|first=Scroll|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Cauvery Calling ====
The project intends to support farmers in planting an estimated 2.4 billion trees through agroforestry and simultaneously cover one third of Cauvery basin with trees, as a means of conserving it.

The campaign got popular appreciation from politicians and film fraternity; however, environmentalists and public intellectuals rejected the claims, asserting that the program presented a simplistic view of river conservation, especially without accounting for social issues and had a potential to harm the tributaries and accompanying wild life habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/cauvery-calling-ngos-urge-leonardo-dicaprio-to-withdraw-support/article29511545.ece|title=Cauvery Calling: NGOs urge Leonardo DiCaprio to withdraw support}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/environment/leonardo-dicaprio-cauvery-calling-civil-society-groups|title=Civil Society Groups Ask Leonardo DiCaprio to Revoke Support for 'Cauvery Calling'}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/n-ram-questions-jaggi-vasudevs-cauvery-calling-asks-why-it-shifts-goal-posts-112838|title=N Ram questions Jaggi Vasudev's Cauvery Calling, asks why it shifts goal posts}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Public Interest litigation has been also filed in the Karnataka High Court questioning the huge amounts of fundraising for the movement and the usage of government owned land for a private purpose without any proper study.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/-karnataka-high-court-issues-notice-on-pil-challenging-fund-collection-for-cauvery-calling-project-148186|title=Karnataka High Court Issues Notice On PIL Challenging Fund Collection For 'Cauvery Calling' Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140919/pil-filed-against-cauvery-calling-campaign.html|title=PIL filed against Cauvery Calling campaign}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/sep/18/pil-to-cap-cash-collection-for-cauvery-calling-project-2035326.html|title=PIL to cap cash collection for 'Cauvery Calling' project}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hc-notice-to-state-on-plea-to-examine-isha-foundations-cauvery-calling-project/article29443669.ece|title=HC notice to State on plea to examine Isha Foundation's 'Cauvery Calling' project}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Books and public engagement ==
Jaggi Vasudev is the author of several books. His ''Inner Engineering: A Yogi's Guide to Joy''&lt;ref name=&quot;bstand&quot;/&gt; appeared in &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwASU&quot;&gt;The New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Best Seller list in the &quot;Health&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2016/10/09/health/|title=Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Religion, Spirituality and Faith&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2016/10/09/religion-spirituality-and-faith/|title=Religion, Spirituality and Faith}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;Advice, How-To &amp; Miscellaneous&quot; categories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2016/10/09/advice-how-to-and-miscellaneous|title=New York Times Bestsellers - Advice, How-To &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Miscellaneous: New this week INNER ENGINEERING}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vasudev has been invited as a speaker at the India Economic Summit of the annual World Economic Forum event in 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chandrasekhar|first=Anand|title=Indian gurus and their Swiss watches: a history|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/clockwork-orange_indian-gurus-and-their-swiss-watches--a-history/44868044|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, 2017 and 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sadhguru-to-deliver-keynote-conduct-meditation-session-at-davos-summit-2465795.html|title=Sadhguru to Deliver Keynote, Conduct Meditation Session at Davos Summit}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/Golf-with-the-Guru/article15941259.ece|title=Golf with the Guru|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politics, religion and pseudoscience ==
Critics note that Vasudev shares the sociopolitical ideology of Bharatiya Janata Party and Hindutva.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/why-hindutva-nationalists-need-a-sadhguru|title=Why Hindutva Nationalists Need a Sadhguru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/948963/how-jaggi-vasudev-has-helped-strengthen-fears-about-muslims|title=How Jaggi Vasudev has helped strengthen fears about Muslims}}&lt;/ref&gt; He plays a vital role in Indian right-wing politics, using his suave and seemingly apolitical guru persona to spread an exclusionary brand of non-secular ethno-nationalism to an urban audience.

He advocates a total ban on cow slaughter and deems the Muslim Rule in India as centuries of &quot;oppressive occupation&quot;, which were far worse than the British Raj.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Vasudev has also spoken in favour of the 2019 Balakot airstrike, introduction of a comprehensive GST and Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 whilst deeming the Thoothukudi protests as lynching of corporate industries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/sadhguru-caa-video-misleading-on-nrc-protesters-gaslighting-attempt|title=Jaggi Vasudev's CAA Video: 22 Minutes of Half-Truths &amp; Gaslighting|date=2019-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/an-unenlightened-sadhguru-in-king-modis-court|title=An (Un)Enlightened Sadhguru in King Modi's Court}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/video/948364/watch-jaggi-vasudev-wants-students-to-read-caa-before-protesting-but-hasnt-read-it-himself|title=Watch: Jaggi Vasudev wants students to read CAA before protesting, but hasn't read it himself}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an interview before Times Now, Vasudev had blamed the left liberal sections of the society for facilitating militancy in Kashmir and lamented about how Kanhaiya Kumar and Umar Khalid (of JNU sedition row fame) were hogging the public limelight instead of being behind the bars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/040319/fuelling-peace-with-hatred.html|title=Fuelling peace with hatred|date=2019-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; His understanding of realpolitik and history, as displayed in delivering these stances has been widely criticized.

Vasudev has also been noted as a longstanding purveyor of pseudo-scientific information across a spectrum of topics, aligning to a politico-religious model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nirmukta.com/2012/07/26/jaggi-vasudev-doesnt-understand-science-or-the-nature-of-the-universe/|title=Jaggi Vasudeva doesn't understand science|last=|first=|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/sadhguru-indian-mystics-deliver-lectures-top-colleges-india|title=Should Sadhguru be Hosted by India's Top Colleges?|date=2018-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

In 2015, he propagated long-debunked superstitions in his blog, about food turning poisonous and human health being adversely affected during lunar eclipse; the post has been since been broadcast across multiple mainstream media, for years; over a public discourse, he used a rudraksha garland as an 'energy' measuring device to prove his claim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/science/yash-pal-pushpa-bhargava-eclipse-jaggi-panchgavya|title=This Is No Way to Remember P.M. Bhargava and Yash Pal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/02/03/lunar-eclipse-super-blue-blood-moon-superstition-sadhguru-jaggi-vasudev|title=How to spread lunar eclipse superstition using science, Sadhguru explains}}&lt;/ref&gt; AltNews has documented Vasudev to have perpetuated numerous myths around clinical depression; he had also protested against a potential prohibition on the use of mercury for Indian traditional medicines, despite its extreme toxicity which can lead to death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.altnews.in/scientific-research-ascertains-mercury-toxicity-sadhguru-continues-endorse-indian-traditional-medicines/|title=Scientific research ascertains mercury toxicity but Sadhguru continues to endorse it for Indian traditional medicines|accessdate=2020-02-21|archivedate=2021-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729024407/https://www.altnews.in/scientific-research-ascertains-mercury-toxicity-sadhguru-continues-endorse-indian-traditional-medicines/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.altnews.in/depression-the-myths-falseness-of-sadhgurus-quotes/|title=Depression: The myths &amp; falseness of Sadhguru's quotes|accessdate=2020-02-21|archivedate=2021-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527193916/https://www.altnews.in/depression-the-myths-falseness-of-sadhgurus-quotes/}}&lt;/ref&gt; His views on the Higgs boson and alleged benefits for the Vibhuti have been refuted by the rationalists and have been labelled as anti-scientific.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nirmukta.com/2008/11/25/vibhuti-rudraksha-mahatmayam-a-wellness-guide-from-times-of-india/|title=Vibhuti &amp; Rudraksha Mahatmayam: A Wellness Guide from Times of India!|accessdate=2020-02-21|archivedate=2021-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619003014/http://nirmukta.com/2008/11/25/vibhuti-rudraksha-mahatmayam-a-wellness-guide-from-times-of-india/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ESRnWFGSsiAL7muro7GGmK/Its-a-battle-for-the-survival-of-scientific-research.html|title='It's a battle for the survival of scientific research'}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a talk delivered at IIT Madras, he propounded debunked theories about water memory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.arre.co.in/pov/science-spirituality-and-the-psychobabble-of-sadhguru/|title=Science, Spirituality, and the Psychobabble of Sadhguru}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shashi Tharoor has noted about how the ideology of Hindutva has encouraged gurus to blend religion and pseudo-spirituality into a lucrative business to promote irrationality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/politics/science-is-not-your-enemy-science-hinduism-1.2653600|title=Science is not your enemy|accessdate=2020-02-21|archivedate=2021-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926172840/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/politics/science-is-not-your-enemy-science-hinduism-1.2653600}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another piece over Scroll.in, on similar veins, documented Vasudev's casting of religious politics into a meta-scientific narrative and popularization of a Hindutva-centered revisionist history featuring atavistic remembrances of a golden Hindu past; among others it consisted fundamental mis-interpretation of Darwin's work followed by appropriating it as something that has been long discovered in India, advocating for Hindu rituals after death since it spared a slow death (as allegedly justifiable from the continued growth of nail and hairs) and claiming of Hindu Tantric 'scientists' being capable of resurrecting the dead by citing the anecdote.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Babu Gogineni deemed of him as a spiritualist conman, who built a huge business empire by resorting to a mixture of pseudo-science with science, rather than old age magic tricks which were increasingly getting debunked.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/indias-own-carl-sagan-meet-babu-gogineni-science-populariser-hyderabad-70951|title=India's own Carl Sagan: Meet Babu Gogineni, the science populariser from Hyderabad}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Honors ==
[[ဝှာင်:The_President,_Shri_Pranab_Mukherjee_presenting_the_Padma_Vibhushan_Award_to_Sadhguru_Jagadish_Vasudev,_at_the_Civil_Investiture_Ceremony,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan,_in_New_Delhi_on_April_13,_2017.jpg|thumb|Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Vibhushan to Vasudev at the Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on April 13, 2017]]
Vasudev received the Padma Vibhushan, the second-highest civilian award from the Government of India in 2017 in recognition of his contribution to the field of spirituality.&lt;ref name=&quot;padma&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260117/sharad-pawar-sadhguru-jaggi-vasudev-awarded-with-padma-vibhushan.html|title=Padma Vibhushan award for Sharad Pawar and Jaggi Vasudev|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=31 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critics have opined it to be politically motivated in light of his support of political stances by Bharatiya Janata Party and overall ideological inclination towards Hindutva.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

He stood 92nd in The Indian Express' list of 100 most powerful Indians, in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-most-powerful-indians-in-2012-no.-91100/916140/1|title=The most powerful Indians in 2012: No. 91-100 - Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* Berghella, Vincenzo (2018), Chennai and Coimbatore, India, ISBN 978-0-578-20085-9
* Simone, Cheryl; Vasudev, Sadhguru Jaggi (2008), Midnights with the Mystic: A Little Guide to Freedom and Bliss, Hampton Roads Publishing, ISBN 978-1-61283-113-8
* Waghorne, Joanne Punzo (2013), &quot;Engineering an Artful Practice: On Jaggi Vasudev's Isha Yoga and Sri Sri Ravi Shankar's Art of Living&quot;,  in Mark Singleton; Ellen Goldberg (eds.), Gurus of Modern Yoga, Oxford University Press, pp. 283–307, ISBN 978-0-19-993872-8

== External links ==

* [http://ishafoundation.org Isha Foundation's official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasudev, Sadhguru Jaggi}}

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*[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;}}
| languages_type = {{nobold|[[National language]]s}}
| languages = {{Collapsible list|title=15 languages|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;|
* [[Atauru language|Atauru]]
* [[Uab Meto language|Baikeno]]
* [[Bekais language|Bekais]]
* [[Bunak language|Bunak]]
* [[Fataluku language|Fataluku]]
* [[Galoli language|Galoli]]
* [[Habun language|Habun]]
* [[Idalaka language|Idalaka]]
* [[Kawaimina languages|Kawaimina]]
* [[Kemak language|Kemak]]
* [[Makalero dialect|Makalero]]
* [[Makasae language|Makasae]]
* [[Makuv'a language|Makuva]]
* [[Mambai language (Timor)|Mambai]]
* [[Tokodede]]}}
| religion = {{plainlist|
*97.57% [[Roman Catholic]]
*2.43% other religions}}
| religion_year = 2015 Census&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/3_2015-V2-Nationality-Citizenship-Religion.xls|title=Nationality, Citizenship, and Religion|date=25 October 2015|accessdate=29 January 2020|publisher=Government of Timor-Leste|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221231647/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/3_2015-V2-Nationality-Citizenship-Religion.xls|archivedate=21 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = {{plainlist|
*East Timorese
*Timorese
*Maubere (informal)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EEKDBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA199&amp;lpg=PA199&amp;dq=east+timor+maubere#v=onepage&amp;q=east+timor+maubere&amp;f=false|title=Rhetoric and the Decolonization and Recolonization of East Timor|first=David|last=Hicks|date=15 September 2014|publisher=Routledge|via=Google Books|isbn=9781317695356}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WRpHAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA281&amp;lpg=PA281&amp;dq=east+timor+maubere#v=onepage&amp;q=east+timor+maubere&amp;f=false|title=No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation|first=Howard|last=Adelman|date=28 June 2011|publisher=Columbia University Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780231526906}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}} [[Republic|constitutional republic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Divided&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Shoesmith|first=Dennis|date=March–April 2003|title=Timor-Leste: Divided Leadership in a Semi-Presidential System|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_asian-survey_march-april-2003_43_2/page/231|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|volume=43|issue=2|pages=231–252|issn=0004-4687|oclc=905451085|doi=10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231|quote=The semi-presidential system in the new state of Timor-Leste has institutionalized a political struggle between the president, Xanana Gusmão, and the prime minister, Mari Alkatiri. This has polarized political alliances and threatens the viability of the new state. This paper explains the ideological divisions and the history of rivalry between these two key political actors. The adoption of Marxism by Fretilin in 1977 led to Gusmão's repudiation of the party in the 1980s and his decision to remove Falintil, the guerrilla movement, from Fretilin control. The power struggle between the two leaders is then examined in the transition to independence. This includes an account of the politicization of the defense and police forces and attempts by Minister of Internal Administration Rogério Lobato to use disaffected Falintil veterans as a counterforce to the Gusmão loyalists in the army. The December 4, 2002, Dili riots are explained in the context of this political struggle.|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SpL&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Neto|first1=Octávio Amorim|last2=Lobo|first2=Marina Costa|year=2010|title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1666842_code1512429.pdf|journal=APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper|ssrn=1644026|accessdate=25 August 2017|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;InstET&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Beuman|first=Lydia M.|year=2016|title=Political Institutions in East Timor: Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GCFCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover|location=Abingdon, Oxon|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1317362128|lccn=2015036590|oclc=983148216|accessdate=18 August 2017|via=Google Books|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1 = [[President of East Timor|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[José Ramos-Horta]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of East Timor|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Taur Matan Ruak]]
| legislature = [[National Parliament of East Timor|National Parliament]]
| sovereignty_type = [[East Timor (province)|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from [[Portugal]] and [[Indonesia]]
| established_event1 = [[Portuguese Timor]]
| established_date1 = 16th century
| established_event2 = Independence declared
| established_date2 = 28 November 1975
| established_event3 = [[East Timor (province)|Annexation by Indonesia]]
| established_date3 = 17 July 1976
| established_event4 = Administered by [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor|UNTAET]]
| established_date4 = 25 October 1999
| established_event5 = Independence restored
| established_date5 = 20 May 2002
| area_km2 = 15,007 &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/geography.htm|title=East Timor Geography|website=www.easttimorgovernment.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank = 154th &lt;!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --&gt;
| area_sq_mi = 5,794 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| percent_water = negligible
| population_census = 1,183,643&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2_2015-V2-Population-by-Age-Sex.xls|title=Population by Age &amp; Sex|date=25 October 2015|accessdate=29 January 2020|publisher=Government of Timor-Leste|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125141940/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2_2015-V2-Population-by-Age-Sex.xls|archivedate=25 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year = 2015
| population_density_km2 = 78
| population_density_sq_mi = 201 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| GDP_PPP = $7.221 billion
| GDP_PPP_year = 2019
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,561&lt;ref name=&quot;imf.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&amp;pr.y=15&amp;sy=2017&amp;ey=2024&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=537&amp;s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org|accessdate=4 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_nominal = $3.145 billion
| GDP_nominal_year = 2019
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,422&lt;ref name=&quot;imf.org&quot;/&gt;
| Gini = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year =
| Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref =
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.626&lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year = 2018&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf|title=Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical update|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=15 September 2018|accessdate=15 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank = 131st
| currency = [[United States dollar]]&lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt;
| currency_code = USD
| time_zone =
| utc_offset = +9
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[+670]]
| iso3166code = TL
| cctld = [[.tl]]&lt;sup&gt;c&lt;/sup&gt;
| footnote_a = Fifteen further &quot;national languages&quot; are recognised by the Constitution.
&lt;!----ORPHANED:
|footnote_ = [[Indonesia]] invaded East Timor on 7 December 1975 and left in 1999.
|footnote_ = Defined as a restoration by the Constitution.
 -----&gt;| footnote_b = [[East Timor centavo coins|Centavo coins]] also used.
| footnote_c = [[.tp]] has been phased out.
| country_code =
| official_website = [http://timor-leste.gov.tl/ timor-leste.gov.tl]
}}
&lt;!-- NOTE: Please do not change the lead sentence without consulting the talk page first. This lead has been discussed numerous times and there is general consensus that this is the best one. Thanks. --&gt;

'''East Timor''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-East Timor.ogg|-|ˈ|t|iː|m|ɔr}}) or '''Timor-Leste''' ({{IPAc-en|t|i|ˈ|m|ɔr|_|ˈ|l|ɛ|ʃ|t|eɪ}}; [[Tetum language|Tetum]]: ''Timór Lorosa'e''), officially the '''Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP54_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%202011.pdf|title=UNGEGN list of country names|date=2–6 May 2011|accessdate=14 August 2016|publisher=[[United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{lang-pt|República Democrática de Timor-Leste}},&lt;ref name=&quot;ConstitPORT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Constituição da República Democrática de Timor|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constituicao_RDTL_PT.pdf|website=Government of Timor-Leste|accessdate=2 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang-tet|Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste}}),&lt;ref name=&quot;ConstitTETUM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Konstituisaun Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constituicao_RDTL_TT.pdf|website=Government of Timor-Leste|accessdate=2 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[sovereign state|country]] in [[Southeast Asia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=CIA|title=East and Southeast Asia:Timor-Leste|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency|date=29 November 2012|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tt.html|accessdate=16 December 2012|archivedate=28 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128152225/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; It comprises the eastern half of the island of [[Timor]], the nearby islands of [[Atauro Island|Atauro]] and [[Jaco Island|Jaco]], and [[Oecusse]], an [[enclave and exclave|exclave]] on the northwestern side of the island surrounded by [[Indonesia]]n [[West Timor]]. [[Australia]] is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the [[Timor Sea]]. The country's size is about 15,007&amp;nbsp;km{{smallsup|2}} (5,794 sq&amp;nbsp;mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

East Timor was colonised by [[Portugal]] in the 16th century, and was known as [[Portuguese Timor]] until 28 November 1975, when the [[Fretilin|Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor]] (Fretilin) declared the territory's independence. Nine days later, it was [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|invaded]] and [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|occupied]] by the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Indonesian military]], and was declared as the country's [[East Timor (province)|27th province]] the following year. The Indonesian occupation of East Timor was characterised by a highly violent, decades-long conflict between separatist groups (especially Fretilin) and the Indonesian military.

In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory. East Timor became the first new [[List of sovereign states|sovereign state]] of the 21st century on 20 May 2002 and joined the [[United Nations]] and the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]]. In 2011, East Timor announced its [[Accession of East Timor to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|intention to become the eleventh member]] of the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/218897/east-timor-bid-to-join-asean-wins-trong-support East Timor Bid to Join ASEAN Wins 'Strong Support'], Bangkok Post, date: 31 January 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of only two predominantly [[Christianity in Asia|Christian]] nations in [[Southeast Asia]], the other being the [[Philippines]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cavanaugh |first=Ray |url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2019/04/24/timor-leste-a-young-nation-with-strong-faith-and-heavy-burdens/ |title=Timor-Leste: A young nation with strong faith and heavy burdens |date=24 April 2019 |work=The Catholic World Report}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as the only [[Asia]]n country to be located completely in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].

==Etymology==
&quot;Timor&quot; derives from ''timur'', the word for &quot;east&quot; in [[Malay language|Malay]], which became recorded as ''Timor'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], thus resulting in the [[List of tautological place names|tautological toponym]] meaning &quot;East East&quot;: In Portuguese ''Timor-Leste'' (''Leste'' being the word for &quot;east&quot;); in [[Tetum]] ''Timór Lorosa'e'' (''Lorosa'e'' being the word for &quot;east&quot; (literally &quot;rising sun&quot;)). In Indonesian, the country is called ''Timor Timur'', thereby using the Portuguese name for the island followed by the word for &quot;east&quot;, as adjectives in Indonesian are put after the noun.

The official names under the Constitution are Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste in English,&lt;ref name=&quot;ConstitENG&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf|website=Government of Timor-Leste|accessdate=2 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; República Democrática de Timor-Leste in Portuguese,&lt;ref name=&quot;ConstitPORT&quot; /&gt; and Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste in Tetum.&lt;ref name=&quot;ConstitTETUM&quot; /&gt;

The [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) [[ISO 3166-1|official short form]] in English and all other languages is ''Timor-Leste'' (codes: TLS &amp; TL), which has been adopted by the United Nations,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/list.shtml|title=United Nations Member States|publisher=United Nations|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024134907/http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml|archivedate=24 October 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the European Union,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/833&amp;format=HTML&amp;aged=0&amp;language=EN&amp;guiLanguage=en|title=European Union deploys Election Observation Mission to Timor Leste|work=Europa (web portal)|accessdate=28 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the national standards organisations of [[France]] ([[AFNOR]]), the [[United States]] ([[ANSI]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eap/ci/tt|title=US Department of State: Timor-Leste|publisher=State.gov|date=20 January 2009|accessdate=28 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[United Kingdom]] ([[BSI Group|BSI]]), [[Germany]] ([[DIN]]), and [[Sweden]] ([[Swedish Standards Institute|SIS]]), all diplomatic missions to the country by protocol and the CIA World Factbook.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/index.html|title=CIA World Factbook|publisher=US Govt.|accessdate=|date=1 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
{{main|History of East Timor}}

===Prehistory===
Cultural remains at [[Jerimalai]] on the eastern tip of East Timor have been dated to 42,000 years ago, making it one of the oldest known sites of modern human activity in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Marwick|first1=Ben|last2=Clarkson|first2=Chris|last3=O'Connor|first3=Sue|last4=Collins|first4=Sophie|title=Early modern human lithic technology from Jerimalai, East Timor|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|date=December 2016|volume=101|pages=45–64|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.09.004|pmid=27886810|url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/4268|type=Submitted manuscript}}&lt;/ref&gt; Descendants of at least three waves of migration are believed still to live in East Timor. The first is described by anthropologists as people of the [[Vedda people|Veddo]]-[[Australoid]] type. Around 3000 BC, a second migration brought [[Melanesians]]. The earlier Veddo-Australoid peoples withdrew at this time to the mountainous interior. Finally, proto-Malays arrived from south [[China]] and north [[Indochina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.uc.pt/Timor/CURSO1A.HTM |title=Lesson 1 (First Part): Population Settlements in East Timor and Indonesia |website=University of Coimbra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990202035244/http://www.uc.pt/Timor/CURSO1A.HTM |archive-date=1999-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakka traders are among those descended from this final group.&lt;ref name=&quot;TL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/AboutTimorleste/history.htm |title=About Timor-Leste &gt; Brief History of Timor-Leste: A History |website=Timor-Leste.gov.tl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029065300/http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/AboutTimorleste/history.htm |archive-date=29 October 2008 |accessdate=18 May 2020 |archivedate=29 October 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029065300/http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/AboutTimorleste/history.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; Timorese origin myths tell of ancestors who sailed around the eastern end of Timor arriving on land in the south. Some stories recount Timorese ancestors journeying from the [[Malay Peninsula]] or the [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] highlands of [[Sumatra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor 2003 378&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/378 378]|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|location= New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-10518-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Austronesian]]s migrated to Timor, and are thought to be associated with the development of agriculture on the island.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

===Classical era===
{{see also|Greater India}}
[[Pre-colonial Timor (pre-1515)|Before European colonialism]], Timor was included in Indonesian/Malaysian, Chinese and Indian trading networks, and in the 14th century was an exporter of aromatic [[sandalwood]], slaves, honey, and wax. Since the 1500s, the Timorese people had military ties with the [[Luções]] of present-day northern [[Philippines]].&lt;ref&gt;Pigafetta, Antonio (1969) [1524]. &quot;First voyage round the world&quot;. Translated by J.A. Robertson. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 A.D., SOURCE: Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente [1628], Lisbon, 1777, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194.&lt;/ref&gt; It was the relative abundance of sandalwood in Timor that attracted European explorers to the island in the early 16th century.&lt;ref name=leibosteven&gt;{{citation|last1=Leibo|first1=Steven|title=East and Southeast Asia 2012|place=Lanham, MD|publisher=Stryker Post|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781610488853/page/161 161–165]|year=2012|edition=45|isbn=978-1-6104-8885-3|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781610488853/page/161}}&lt;/ref&gt; During that time, European explorers reported that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

[[File:Lesser coat of arms of Portuguese Timor.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|Arms of Portuguese Timor (1935–1975)&lt;ref name=&quot;Flags of the World&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fotw.net/flags/tl!1967.html|title=Flags of the World|publisher=Fotw.net|accessdate=17 July 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408212757/http://www.fotw.net/flags/tl!1967.html|archivedate=8 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

===Colonial era===
{{see also|Battle of Penfui}}

====Portuguese period (1769–1975)====
The Portuguese established outposts in [[Timor]] and [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]]. Effective European occupation of a small part of the territory began in 1769, when the city of [[Dili]] was founded and the colony of [[Portuguese Timor]] declared.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/carneiroSousa.rtf|title=The Portuguese Colonization and the Problem of East Timorese Nationalism|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123193421/http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/carneiroSousa.rtf|archivedate=23 November 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; A definitive border between the Dutch-colonised western half of the island and the Portuguese-colonised eastern half of the island was established by the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] of 1914,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Deeley |first=Neil |title=The International Boundaries of East Timor |year=2001 |pages=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; and it remains the international boundary between the successor states East Timor and Indonesia. For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post until the late nineteenth century, with minimal investment in infrastructure, health, and education. Sandalwood remained the main export crop with coffee exports becoming significant in the mid-nineteenth century. As was often the case, Portuguese rule was generally neglectful but exploitative where it existed.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;

At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering home economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite book|last=Schwarz|first=A.|year=1994|title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s|page=[https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw/page/198 198]|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-1-86373-635-0|url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw/page/198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During [[World War II]], first the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and later the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] occupied Dili, and the mountainous interior became the scene of a [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] campaign, known as the [[Battle of Timor (1942–43)|Battle of Timor]]. Waged by East Timorese volunteers and Allied forces against the Japanese, the struggle resulted in the deaths of between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese.&lt;ref name=ASNCE&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm|title=Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, &quot;A Short History of East Timor&quot;|accessdate=3 January 2007|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103133824/http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm|archivedate=3 January 2006 }} Access date: 3 January 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out. However, following the end of World War II and Japanese surrender, Portuguese control was reinstated.

Following the [[Carnation Revolution|1974 Portuguese revolution]], Portugal effectively abandoned its colony on Timor and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975.

[[Fretilin|The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin)]] resisted a [[Timorese Democratic Union]] (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ricklefs|first=M. C.|title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition|publisher=MacMillan|year=1991|page=301|isbn=978-0-333-57689-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[East Timorese declaration of independence|unilaterally declared independence]] on 28 November 1975. Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|invasion of East Timor]] in December 1975.&lt;ref&gt;Jardine, pp. 50–51.&lt;/ref&gt; Indonesia declared [[East Timor (province)|East Timor its 27th province]] on 17 July 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.east-timor.org/AboutTimorleste/distt.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321012746/http://www.gov.east-timor.org/AboutTimorleste/distt.htm|archivedate=21 March 2012|title=Official Web Gateway to the Government of Timor-Leste – Districts|publisher=Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste|accessdate=16 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The UN Security Council opposed the invasion and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as &quot;non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml|title=The United Nations and Decolonization|website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:East Timor Demo.jpg|thumb|A demonstration for [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|independence from Indonesia]] held in Australia during September 1999]]

====Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)====

[[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|Indonesia's occupation of East Timor]] was marked by violence and brutality. A detailed statistical report prepared for the [[Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor]] cited a minimum bound of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period 1974–1999, namely, approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 &quot;excess&quot; deaths from hunger and illness, with an estimated figure based on Portuguese, Indonesian and Catholic Church data of approximately 200,000 deaths.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group|title=The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974–1999|work=A Report to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste|publisher=Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG)|date=9 February 2006|url=http://www.hrdag.org/resources/timor_chapter_graphs/timor_chapter_page_02.shtml|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65eZ8hHJe?url=http://www.hrdag.org/resources/timor_chapter_graphs/timor_chapter_page_02.shtml|pp=2–4|archivedate=22 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The East Timorese guerrilla force (Forças Armadas da Libertação Nacional de Timor-Leste, [[Falintil]]) fought a campaign against the Indonesian forces from 1975 to 1998.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}

[[File:Präsidentschaftswalhkampf JRH 2007.JPG|thumb|left|upright|[[José Ramos-Horta]], 1996 Nobel Peace Prize winner, second President of East Timor]]
The 1991 [[Dili Massacre]] was a turning point for the independence cause and an East Timor solidarity movement grew in Portugal, the Philippines, Australia, and other Western countries.

Following the [[Fall of Suharto|resignation of Indonesian President Suharto]], a UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular [[East Timorese independence referendum, 1999|referendum]] in August 1999. A clear vote for independence was met with a [[1999 East Timorese crisis|punitive campaign of violence]] by East Timorese [[pro-Indonesia militia|pro-integration militia]] with the support of elements of the Indonesian military. With Indonesian permission, an Australian-led multi-national peacekeeping force ([[International Force East Timor|INTERFET]]) was deployed until order was restored. On 25 October 1999, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor]] (UNTAET), headed by [[Sergio Vieira de Mello]].&lt;ref&gt; https://thediplomat.com/2013/08/one-mans-legacy-in-east-timor/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/peace/etimor/etimor.htm|title=UNITED NATIONS TRANSITIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN EAST TIMOR – UNTAET|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=17 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Etan/Us|url=http://www.etan.org/et2000a/february/13-19/14untake.htm|title=UN takes over East Timor command|publisher=Etan.org|date=15 February 2000|accessdate=17 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Contemporary era===
[[File:Xanana 2011.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Xanana Gusmão]], the first East Timorese President after Indonesian occupation.]]
On 30 August 2001, the East Timorese voted in their first election organised by the UN to elect members of the Constituent Assembly.&lt;ref name=&quot;ConstitENG&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNOct01&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|title=Council endorses proposal to declare East Timor's Independence 20 May 2002|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2001/sc7192.doc.htm|website=United Nations|publisher=Security Council|date=31 October 2001|accessdate=2 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 22 March 2002, the Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution.&lt;ref name=&quot;ConstitENG&quot; /&gt; By May 2002, over 205,000 refugees had returned.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=East Timor: More than 1,000 refugees return since beginning of month|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/timor-leste/east-timor-more-1000-refugees-return-beginning-month|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=13 February 2013|date=10 May 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNOct01&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3dd8dd484.html|website=refworld|date=20 May 2002|accessdate=2 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament and [[Xanana Gusmão]] was sworn in as the country's first President after Indonesian occupation. On 27 September 2002, East Timor was renamed to Timor-Leste, using the Portuguese language, and was admitted as a member state by the UN.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Unanimous Assembly decision makes Timor-Leste 191st United Nations member state|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2002/ga10069.doc.htm|publisher=United Nations|date=27 September 2002|accessdate=2 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The following year, Gusmão declined another presidential term, and in the build-up to the [[East Timorese presidential election, 2007|April 2007 presidential elections]] there were renewed outbreaks of violence. [[José Ramos-Horta]] was elected [[President of East Timor|President]] in the May 2007 election,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6759703,00.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113222417/http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0%2C%2C-6759703%2C00.html|archivedate=13 January 2008|title=East Timor May Be Becoming Failed State|date=13 January 2008|location=London|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; while Gusmão ran in the [[East Timorese parliamentary election, 2007|parliamentary elections]] and became Prime Minister. Ramos-Horta was critically injured in [[2008 East Timor coup attempt|an attempted assassination]] in February 2008. Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed. Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7238142.stm |title=Shot East Timor leader 'critical' |date=11 February 2008 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=17 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order when unrest and factional fighting forced 15 percent of the population (155,000 people) to flee their homes. In March 2011, the UN handed over operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities. The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN wraps up East Timor mission|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-31/an-un-wraps-up-east-timor-mission/4448044|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=30 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

East Timor became a state party to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Convention]] on 31 January 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The World Heritage Convention has entered into force for Timor-Leste |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1625/ |accessdate=4 May 2019 |work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |date=1 February 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Politics and government==
{{main|Politics of East Timor}}
The [[head of state]] of East Timor is the [[President of East Timor|President of the Republic]], who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Although their executive powers are somewhat limited, the President does have the power to appoint the Prime Minister and veto government legislation. Following elections, the President usually appoints the leader of the majority party or [[coalition]] as [[Prime Minister of East Timor]] and the cabinet on the proposal of the latter. As [[head of government]], the Prime Minister presides over the cabinet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Divided&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SpL&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Präsidentenpalast 17-05-2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nicolau Lobato Presidential Palace]] in Dili.]]
[[File:Timorese Parliament.jpg|thumb|left|The National Parliament of East Timor]]
[[File:Procuradoria Geral da República.jpg|thumb|center|220px|East Timor's Attorney General's Office]]
The [[unicameral]] East Timorese parliament is the [[National Parliament (East Timor)|National Parliament]] or ''Parlamento Nacional'', whose members are elected by popular vote to a five-year term. The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five. The East Timorese constitution was modelled on that of Portugal. The country is still in the process of building its administration and governmental institutions. Government departments include the [[Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste]] (police), East Timor Ministry for State and Internal Administration, [[Civil Aviation Division of Timor-Leste]], and Immigration Department of Timor-Leste.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}
{{clear}}

==Administrative divisions== &lt;!--[[Administrative divisions of East Timor]] redirects here--&gt;
{{main|Municipalities of East Timor|Administrative posts of East Timor|Sucos of East Timor}}
[[File:2022 East Timor, administrative divisions - de - colour.tif|thumb|upright=1.75|The thirteen municipalities of East Timor]]
East Timor is divided into 14 municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 66 administrative posts, 452 ''sucos'' (villages), and 2,233 ''aldeias'' (hamlets).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf |work=Jornal da Républica, Série I, N.° 33, 16 de Setembro de 2009, 3588-3620 |title=Diploma Ministerial No:199/GM/MAEOT/IX/09 de 15 de Setembro de 2009 Que fixa o número de Sucos e Aldeias em Território Nacional Exposição de motivos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124211/http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Population and Housing Census 2015, Preliminary Results |url=http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1-Preliminary-Results-4-Printing-Company-19102015.pdf |publisher=Direcção-Geral de Estatística |access-date=15 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Oecusse District|Oecusse]]
# [[Liquiçá District|Liquiçá]]
# [[Dili District|Dili]]
# [[Manatuto District|Manatuto]]
# [[Baucau District|Baucau]]
# [[Lautém District|Lautém]]
# [[Bobonaro District|Bobonaro]]
# [[Ermera District|Ermera]]
# [[Aileu District|Aileu]]
# [[Viqueque District|Viqueque]]
# [[Cova Lima District|Cova Lima]]
# [[Ainaro District|Ainaro]]
# [[Manufahi District|Manufahi]]
# [[Atauro]]

Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution provide that Oetcussi Ambeno be governed by a special administrative policy and economic regime. Law 3/2014 of 18 June 2014 created the Special Administrative Region of Oe-Cusse Ambeno (Região Administrativa Especial de Oecusse, RAEOA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Lei N.º 3/2014 de 18 de Junho Cria a Região Administrativa Especial de Oe-Cusse Ambeno e estabelece a Zona Especial de Economia Social de Mercado |work=Jornal da República, Série I, N.° 21, 18 de Junho de 2014, 7334-7341 |url=http://www.mj.gov.tl/jornal/public/docs/2014/serie_1/SERIE1_NO_21.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Foreign relations and military==
{{main|Foreign relations of East Timor|Timor Leste Defence Force}}
[[File:F-FDTL soldiers standing in formation.JPG|thumb|F-FDTL soldiers standing in formation]]
East Timor is a full member state of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organisation and political association of [[Lusophone]] nations across four continents, where [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is an official language. East Timor sought membership in the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) in 2007, and a formal application was submitted in March 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://investvine.com/east-timor-aims-to-join-asean/|title=East Timor aims to join ASEAN|publisher=Investvine|date=30 December 2012|accessdate=30 December 2012|archivedate=2 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102125115/http://investvine.com/east-timor-aims-to-join-asean/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Europa Haus.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Casa Europa]] in Dili, the [[European Union]]'s representation in East Timor]]
[[File:Indo-timor border.jpg|thumb|[[Indonesia]]-East Timor border in [[Mota'ain]]]]

The East Timor Defence Force (''Forças de Defesa de Timor-Leste'', F-FDTL) is the [[Armed forces|military body]] responsible for the defence of East Timor. The F-FDTL was established in February 2001 and comprised two small infantry battalions, a small naval component, and several supporting units.

The F-FDTL's primary role is to protect East Timor from external threats. It also has an internal security role, which overlaps with that of the [[National Police of East Timor]] (Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste, PNTL). This overlap has led to tensions between the services, which have been exacerbated by poor morale and lack of discipline within the F-FDTL.{{cn|date=March 2020}}

The F-FDTL's problems [[2006 East Timorese crisis|came to a head in 2006]] when almost half the force was dismissed following protests over discrimination and poor conditions. The dismissal contributed to a general collapse of both the F-FDTL and PNTL in May and forced the government to request foreign peacekeepers to restore security. The F-FDTL is being rebuilt with foreign assistance and has drawn up a long-term force development plan.

[[File:Oil demo Timor 2013.JPG|thumb|Demonstration against Australia in December 2013]]
Since the discovery of petroleum in the Timor Sea in the 1970s, there have been disputes surrounding the rights to ownership and exploitation of the resources situated in a part of the Timor Sea known as the [[Timor Gap]], which is the area of the Timor Sea which lies outside the territorial boundaries of the nations to the north and south of the Timor Sea.&lt;ref name=&quot;ta&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/investigations/new-timor-treaty-a-failure/2007/04/20/1176697092049.html|title=New Timor treaty 'a failure'|author=Richard Baker|accessdate=3 January 2010|date=21 April 2007|work=[[Theage.com.au]]|publisher=The Age Company Ltd }}&lt;/ref&gt; These disagreements initially involved Australia and Indonesia, although a resolution was eventually reached in the form of the [[Timor Gap Treaty]]. After declaration of East Timor's nationhood in 1999, the terms of the Timor Gap Treaty were abandoned and negotiations commenced between Australia and East Timor, culminating in the [[Timor Sea Treaty]].

Australia's territorial claim extends to the bathymetric axis (the line of greatest sea-bed depth) at the Timor Trough. It overlaps East Timor's own territorial claim, which follows the former colonial power [[Portugal]] and the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] in claiming that the dividing line should be midway between the two countries.

It was revealed in 2013 that the [[Australian Secret Intelligence Service]] (ASIS) planted listening devices to listen to the East Timorese government during negotiations over the Greater Sunrise oil and gasfields. This is known as the [[Australia–East Timor spying scandal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Timor-Leste activists 'shocked' by Australia's prosecution of spy Witness K and lawyer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/22/timor-leste-activists-shocked-by-australias-prosecution-of-spy-witness-k-and-lawyer |work=The Guardian |date=21 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of East Timor}}
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=120&gt;
File:Jaco_3.jpg|''[[Jaco Island|Ilha de Jaco]]'', [[Lautém Municipality|Lautém]], East Timor
File:Dili coast.jpg|Dili Coast
File:Matebian12.jpg|[[Matebian]], [[Baucau Municipality|Baucau]], Timor-Leste
File:View west towards Paitchau range off Hilapuna Beach, Tutuala, Lautem, Timor-Leste (8 Apr 2003).jpg|Paitchau range, East Timor
File:Loihuno River quiet on 25 Jul 2010 before heavy rain.jpg|Loi-Huno, [[Viqueque Municipality|Viqueque]], East Timor
File:Lariguto_valley_-_Ossu_de_cima_5.jpg|''Mundo Perdido'', Timor-Leste
File:Aldeia de Berau, Atauro.jpg|Aldeia de Berau, Atauro, East Timor
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Located in Southeast Asia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/maplib/worldregions.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402083134/http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/maplib/worldregions.htm|archivedate=2 April 2010|title=United Nations|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=28 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; the island of [[Timor]] is part of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], and is the largest and easternmost of the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]. To the north of the island are the [[Ombai Strait]], [[Wetar Strait]], and the greater [[Banda Sea]]. The [[Timor Sea]] separates the island from [[Australia]] to the south, and the [[Provinces of Indonesia|Indonesian Province]] of [[East Nusa Tenggara]] lies to East Timor's west. The total land size is {{convert|14,919|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}. East Timor has an [[exclusive economic zone]] of {{convert|70,326|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/summaryInfo.aspx?eez=608# Exclusive Economic Zones] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems &amp; Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.&lt;/ref&gt;

Much of the country is mountainous, and its highest point is [[Tatamailau]] (also known as Mount Ramelau) at {{convert|2,963|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;gb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Mount Ramelau|url=http://www.gunungbagging.com/ramelau/|publisher=Gunung Bagging|accessdate=18 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The climate is tropical and generally hot and humid. It is characterised by distinct rainy and dry seasons. The capital, largest city, and main port is Dili, and the second-largest city is the eastern town of [[Baucau]]. East Timor lies between latitudes [[8th parallel south|8°]] and [[10th parallel south|10°S]], and longitudes [[124th meridian east|124°]] and [[128th meridian east|128°E]].
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map TLS present.svg|thumb|center|[[Köppen climate classification]] map for East Timor.]]
The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the [[Paitchau]] Range and the Lake [[Ira Lalaro]] area, which contains the country's first conservation area, the [[Nino Konis Santana National Park]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nino Konis Santana National Park declared as Timor-Leste's (formerly East Timor) first national park|url=http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/safaris/nino-konis.html#cr|publisher=Wildlife Extra|accessdate=18 May 2020|archivedate=25 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042905/http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/safaris/nino-konis.html#cr}}&lt;/ref&gt; It contains the last remaining [[tropical dry]] forested area within the country. It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated.&lt;ref&gt;Norwegian energy and Water Resources Directorate (NVE) (2004), Iralalaro Hydropower Project Environmental Assessment&lt;/ref&gt; The northern coast is characterised by a number of [[coral reef]] systems that have been determined to be at risk.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://reefgis.reefbase.org/default.aspx?wms=RGWRR&amp;bbox=124.435391706464,-9.57341029858931,127.322447704801,-7.95947401551091|title=ReefGIS – Reefs At Risk – Global 1998|publisher=Reefgis.reefbase.org|accessdate=28 March 2010|archivedate=14 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203531/http://reefgis.reefbase.org/default.aspx?wms=RGWRR&amp;bbox=124.435391706464,-9.57341029858931,127.322447704801,-7.95947401551091}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of East Timor}}
[[File:East Timor Export Treemap 2010.png|thumb|upright=1.35|East Timor export treemap, 2010]]
[[File:Timor Lorosa'e centavo coin -2.JPG|thumb|right|Fractional coins &quot;centavos&quot;]]
[[File:Mountain village.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Coffee plantations in [[Aileu District|Aileu]]]]
East Timor has a [[market economy]] that used to depend upon exports of a few commodities such as [[coffee]], [[marble]], [[petroleum]], and [[sandalwood]].&lt;ref name=debrowser&gt;{{citation|last=de Brouwer|first=Gordon|author-link=Gordon de Brouwer|editor-last=Hill|editor-first=Hal|editor2-last=Saldanha|editor2-first=João M.|title=East Timor: Development Challenges For The World's Newest Nation|place=Canberra, Australia|publisher=Asia Pacific Press|pages=39–51|year=2001|isbn=978-0-3339-8716-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; East Timor's economy grew by about 10% in 2011 and at a similar rate in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Timor-Leste's Economy Remains Strong, Prospects for Private Sector Development Strengthened|url=http://www.adb.org/news/timor-leste/timor-lestes-economy-remains-strong-prospects-private-sector-development-strengthen|publisher=Asian Development Bank|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6EzCjw2H7?url=http://www.adb.org/news/timor-leste/timor-lestes-economy-remains-strong-prospects-private-sector-development-strengthen|archivedate=9 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

East Timor now has revenue from offshore oil and gas reserves, but little of it has gone to develop villages, which still rely on subsistence farming.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schonhardt&quot;/&gt; Nearly half the population lives in extreme poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schonhardt&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Schonhardt|first=Sara|title=Former Army Chief Elected President in East Timor|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|date=19 April 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/19/world/asia/former-army-chief-elected-president-in-east-timor.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund]] was established in 2005, and by 2011 it had reached a worth of US$8.7 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;irin-asia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Observers divided over oil fund investment|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94001/TIMOR-LESTE-Observers-divided-over-oil-fund-investment|publisher=IRIN Asia|date=18 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; East Timor is labelled by the International Monetary Fund as the &quot;most oil-dependent economy in the world&quot;.&lt;ref name=art4&gt;{{cite web|title=Article IV Consultation with the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2011/pn1131.htm|publisher=IMF}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Petroleum Fund pays for nearly all of the government's annual budget, which has increased from $70 million in 2004 to $1.3 billion in 2011, with a $1.8 billion proposal for 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;irin-asia&quot;/&gt; East-Timor's income from oil and gas stands to significantly increase after its announcement to cancel a controversial agreement with Australia, which has given Australia half of the income from oil and gas since 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=East Timor axes Australia border treaty over oil reserves|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38551628|publisher=BBC UK|newspaper=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:DSCI2950_Timor_Plaza.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shopping mall]] in Dili]]
The economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from foreign donors.&lt;ref name=&quot;us-dos&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=U.S. Relations With Timor-Leste|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35878.htm|publisher=U.S. Department of State|date=3 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;us-dos&quot;/&gt; After [[petroleum]], the second largest export is [[coffee]], which generates about $10 million a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;us-dos&quot;/&gt; [[Starbucks]] is a major purchaser of East Timorese coffee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Story of East Timorese Coffee|url=http://www.easttimornow.com.au/trade/coffee.aspx|publisher=East Timor Now|date=16 January 2018|accessdate=18 May 2020|archivedate=27 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227094015/http://www.easttimornow.com.au/trade/coffee.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:ANL_Timor_Trader,_Dili,_2018_(02).jpg|thumb|left|Port of Dili]] 9,000 tonnes of coffee, 108 tonnes of [[cinnamon]] and 161 tonnes of cocoa were harvested in 2012 making the country the 40th ranked producer of coffee, the 6th ranked producer of cinnamon and the 50th ranked producer of cocoa worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/rankings/countries_by_commodity/E|title=FAOSTAT|website=faostat3.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
According to data gathered in the 2010 census, 87.7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18.9% of rural (821,459 people) households have electricity, for an overall average of 38.2%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Highlights of the 2010 Census Main Results in Timor-Leste|url=http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Census%20Summary%20English/English%20Census%20Summary%202011.pdf|publisher=Direcção Nacional de Estatística|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928190541/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Census%20Summary%20English/English%20Census%20Summary%202011.pdf|archivedate=28 September 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The agriculture sector employs 80% of the active population.&lt;ref name=&quot;wb-expanding&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Expanding Timor – Leste's Near – Term Non – Oil Exports|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTIMORLESTE/Resources/Volume1TimorLesteDTIS.pdf|publisher=World Bank|pages=iii|date=August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009, about 67,000 households grew coffee in East Timor, with a large proportion being poor.&lt;ref name=&quot;wb-expanding&quot;/&gt; Currently, the [[gross margin]]s are about $120 per hectare, with returns per labour-day of about $3.70.&lt;ref name=&quot;wb-expanding&quot;/&gt; There were 11,000 households growing [[Mung bean|mungbeans]] as of 2009, most of them subsistence farmers.&lt;ref name=&quot;wb-expanding&quot;/&gt;

The country was ranked 169th overall and last in the East Asia and Pacific region by the [[Ease of doing business index|Doing Business]] 2013 report by the World Bank. The country fared particularly poorly in the &quot;registering property&quot;, &quot;enforcing contracts&quot; and &quot;resolving insolvency&quot; categories, ranking last worldwide in all three.&lt;ref name=edb&gt;{{cite web|title=Doing Business in Timor-Leste|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/timor-leste/|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=13 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tourism is still of minor importance. In 2017, East Timor was visited by 74,000 tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.travelbook.de/ziele/laender/ranking-die-am-wenigsten-besuchten-laender-der-welt|title=Keine Lust auf Massentourismus? Studie: Die Länder mit den wenigsten Urlaubern der Welt|date=10 September 2018|website=TRAVELBOOK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As regards telecommunications infrastructure, East Timor is the second to last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI), with only [[Myanmar]] falling behind it in southeast Asia. NRI is an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. East Timor ranked number 141 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 134 in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf| title=NRI Overall Ranking 2014| publisher=World Economic Forum| accessdate=28 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Portuguese colonial administration granted concessions to the Australia-bound Oceanic Exploration Corporation to develop petroleum and natural gas deposits in the waters southeast of Timor. However, this was curtailed by the Indonesian invasion in 1976.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} The resources were divided between Indonesia and Australia with the [[Timor Gap Treaty]] in 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://atns.net.au/biogs/A002026b.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050616125127/http://atns.net.au/biogs/A002026b.htm|archivedate=16 June 2005|title=TIMOR GAP TREATY between Australia and the Republic of Indonesia ...|publisher=Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project|date=|accessdate=11 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; East Timor inherited no permanent maritime boundaries when it attained independence.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} A provisional agreement (the [[Timor Sea Treaty]], signed when East Timor became independent on 20 May 2002) defined a Joint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA) and awarded 90% of revenues from existing projects in that area to East Timor and 10% to Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/RN/2001-02/02rn45.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604224608/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/RN/2001-02/02rn45.htm|archivedate=4 June 2011|title=The Timor Sea Treaty: Are the Issues Resolved?|publisher=Aph.gov.au|accessdate=17 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; An agreement in 2005 between the governments of East Timor and Australia mandated that both countries put aside their dispute over maritime boundaries and that East Timor would receive 50% of the revenues from the resource exploitation in the area (estimated at [[Australian Dollar|A$]]26 billion, or about US$20 billion over the lifetime of the project)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Geoff A. McKee|url=http://www.canb.auug.org.au/~wildwood/05mar26mckee.html|title=McKee: How much is Sunrise really worth?: True Value of a Timor Sea Gas Resource (26 Mar 05)|publisher=Canb.auug.org.au|accessdate=17 July 2011|archivedate=23 August 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823032214/http://www.canb.auug.org.au/%7Ewildwood/05mar26mckee.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; from the Greater Sunrise development.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pm.gov.tp/bill.htm|title=Prime Minister and Cabinet, Timor-Leste Government – Media Releases|publisher=Pm.gov.tp|accessdate=17 July 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615034259/http://www.pm.gov.tp/bill.htm|archivedate=15 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, East Timor launched a case at the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] in [[The Hague]] to pull out of a gas treaty that it had signed with Australia, accusing the [[Australian Secret Intelligence Service]] (ASIS) of [[Covert listening device|bugging]] the East Timorese cabinet room in Dili in 2004.&lt;ref name=ABC&gt;{{cite news|author=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|title=East Timor spying case: PM Xanana Gusmao calls for Australia to explain itself over ASIO raids|newspaper=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=5 December 2013|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-12-04/east-timor-pm-shocked-by-asio-raids-over-spying-case/5135146}}&lt;/ref&gt; East Timor is part of the [[Timor Leste–Indonesia–Australia Growth Triangle]] (TIA-GT).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=14966&amp;lang=en|title=Boosting Growth through the Growth Triangle « Government of Timor-Leste|website=timor-leste.gov.tl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are no [[Patent|patent laws]] in East Timor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.billanderson.com.au/Gazetteer-Patents.htm|title=Gazetteer – Patents|publisher=Billanderson.com.au|accessdate=28 March 2010|archivedate=26 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926141115/http://www.billanderson.com.au/Gazetteer-Patents.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A railway system has been proposed but the current government has yet to approve the proposal due to lack of funds and expertise. If established, the country's economy is projected to have an economic boom similar to that of [[Japan]] almost a century ago. 

==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of East Timor}}
[[File:Man in traditional dress, East Timor.jpg|thumb|left|upright|An East Timorese man partially dressed in traditional clothing]]
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical populations
|percentages=pagr
|align = right|width =
|source = 2015 census&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=East Timor: Administrative Division|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/timor-admin.php|publisher=City population}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1980|555350
|1990|747557
|2001|787340
|2004|923198
|2010|1066582
|2015|1183643
}}
[[File:Timor-Lestepop.svg|thumb|Population pyramid]]
[[File:East Timor demographic change.png|thumb|East Timor demographic change between 1861 and 2010.]]
East Timor recorded a population of 1,183,643 in its 2015 census.&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt;

The CIA's World Factbook lists the English-language demonym for East Timor as Timorese,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tt.html|website=Cia.gov|accessdate=14 January 2018|archivedate=28 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128152225/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; as does the Government of Timor-Leste's website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Government of Timor-Leste|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=547&amp;lang=en|website=Timor-leste.gov.tl|accessdate=14 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other reference sources list it as East Timorese.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Dickson|first1=Paul|title=Labels for Locals: What to Call People from Abilene to Zimbabwe|year=2006|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-06-088164-1|url=https://archive.org/details/labelsforlocalsw00dick}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The International Thesaurus of Refugee Terminology|url=http://www.refugeethesaurus.org/|publisher=UNHCR &amp; FMO|accessdate=14 January 2018|archivedate=23 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323091934/http://refugeethesaurus.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''Maubere'',&lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Maubere|&quot;Maubere&quot; article at the German Wikipedia]].&lt;/ref&gt; formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by Fretilin as a term of pride.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Fox|first1=James J.|author1-link=James J. Fox|last2=Soares|first2=Dionisio Babo|author2-link=Dionísio Babo Soares|title=Out of the Ashes: Destruction and Reconstruction of East Timor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu4yJjUqxUgC&amp;pg=PA60|year=2000|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-554-1|page=60}}&lt;/ref&gt; Native East Timorese consist of a number of distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are of mixed [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] and [[Melanesians|Melanesian]]/[[Papuan peoples|Papuan]] descent.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} The largest Malayo-Polynesian ethnic groups are the [[Tetum]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|url-access=registration|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/378 378]|isbn=978-0-300-10518-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; (100,000), primarily in the north coast and around Dili; the [[Mambai people (Timor)|Mambai]] (80,000), in the central mountains; the [[Tukudede]] (63,170), in the area around [[Maubara]] and [[Liquiçá]]; the [[Galoli]] (50,000), between the tribes of Mambae and [[Makasae]]; the [[Kemak people|Kemak]] (50,000) in north-central Timor island; and the [[Baikeno]] (20,000), in the area around [[Pante Macassar]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

The main tribes of predominantly Papuan origin include the [[Bunak]] (84,000), in the central interior of Timor island; the [[Fataluku language|Fataluku]] (40,000), at the eastern tip of the island near [[Lospalos]]; and the [[Makasae]] (70,000), toward the eastern end of the island.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} As a result of [[interracial marriage]] which was common during the Portuguese era, there is a population of people of mixed East Timorese and Portuguese origin, known in Portuguese as ''[[mestiço]]s''. There is a small [[overseas Chinese|Chinese]] minority, most of whom are [[Hakka people#East Timor|Hakka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Berlie |first=Jean A. |title=Chinese in East Timor: Identity, Society and Economy |date=2015 |url=https://open.lnu.se/index.php/hn/article/view/355 |work=HumaNetten |issue=35 |pages=37–49 |doi=10.15626/hn.20153503|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Constâncio Pinto|author2=Matthew Jardine|title=East Timor's Unfinished Struggle: Inside the East Timorese Resistance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdHlt6CSp54C&amp;pg=PA263|year=1997|publisher=South End Press|isbn=978-0-89608-541-1|page=263}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Languages===
{{main|Languages of East Timor}}
[[File:Sprachen Osttimors-en.png|thumb|Major language groups in East Timor by ''[[suco]]'']]
East Timor's two official languages are [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Tetum language|Tetum]]. [[English language|English]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] are sometimes used.&lt;ref name=&quot;thejakartapost.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/20/timor-leste-tetum-portuguese-bahasa-indonesia-or-english.html |title=Timor Leste, Tetum, Portuguese, Bahasa Indonesia or English? |last=Ramos-Horta |first=J. |date=20 April 2012 |work=The Jakarta Post |language=en |author-link=José Manuel Ramos-Horta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tetum belongs to the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family of languages spoken throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/378 378]|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|location=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-10518-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2015 census found that the most commonly spoken [[mother tongue]]s were [[Tetum language|Tetum Prasa]] (mother tongue for 30.6% of the population), [[Mambai language (Timor)|Mambai]] (16.6%), [[Makasai]] (10.5%), [[Tetum language|Tetum Terik]] (6.05%), [[Baikenu]] (5.87%), [[Kemak language|Kemak]] (5.85%), [[Bunak language|Bunak]] (5.48%), [[Tokodede]] (3.97%), and [[Fataluku language|Fataluku]] (3.52%). Other indigenous languages accounted for 10.47%, while 1.09% of the population spoke foreign languages natively.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Language|url=http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/4_2015-V2-Language.xls|work=Population and Housing Census of Timor-Leste, 2015|publisher=Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Under [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|Indonesian rule]], the use of [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] was banned and only [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] was allowed to be used in government offices, schools and public business.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gross|first=Max L.|title=A Muslim Archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tm8tSwyTa7AC&amp;pg=PA119|archiveurl=http://ni-u.edu/ni_press/pdf/A_Muslim_Archipelago.pdf|archivedate=21 November 2002|date=14 February 2008|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-086920-4|page=119}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the Indonesian occupation, Tetum and Portuguese were important unifying elements for the East Timorese people in opposing [[Javanese culture]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4A_RzBG4DjIC&amp;pg=PA106 |title=Portuguese and Luso-Asian Legacies in Southeast Asia, 1511–2011 |last=Paulino |first=Vicente |date=2012 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-4345-50-7 |editor-last=Jarnagin |editor-first=Laura |volume=2 |location=Singapore |page=106 |chapter=Remembering the Portuguese Presence in Timor and Its Contribution to the Making of Timor's National and Cultural Identity}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portuguese was adopted as one of the two official languages upon independence in 2002 for this reason and as a link to [[Lusophone]] nations in other parts of the world. It is now being taught and promoted with the help of Brazil, Portugal, and the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://languagemagazine.com/?page_id=3465 |title=East Timor Pumps Up Portuguese |last=Bivona |first=Kristal |website=Language Magazine |access-date=14 January 2018 |accessdate=18 May 2020 |archivedate=25 January 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042905/http://languagemagazine.com/?page_id=3465 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the observatory of the Portuguese language, the East Timorese literacy rate was 77.8% in Tetum, 55.6% in Indonesian, and 39.3% in Portuguese, and that the primary literacy rate increased from 73% in 2009 to 83% in 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;ILLP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://iilp.wordpress.com/2015/05/29/o-estimulo-ao-uso-da-lingua-portuguesa-em-timor-leste-e-guine-bissau/ |title=O estímulo ao uso da língua portuguesa em Timor Leste e Guiné Bissau |date=29 May 2015 |website=Blog of the International Portuguese Language Institute |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indonesian and English are defined as working languages under the Constitution in the Final and Transitional Provisions, without setting a final date. In 2012, 35% could speak, read, and write Portuguese, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report. Portuguese is recovering as it is now been made the main official language of Timor, and is being taught in most schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;thejakartapost.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://jsmp.minihub.org/Reports/jsmpreports/Language%20Report/LanguageReport%28english%29.pdf |title=The Impact of the Language Directive on the Courts in East Timor
 |date=August 2004 |publisher=Judicial System Monitoring Programme |location=Dili, East Timor |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211212631/http://www.jsmp.minihub.org/Reports/jsmpreports/Language%20Report/LanguageReport%28english%29.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is estimated that English is understood by 31.4% of the population. East Timor is a member of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (also known as the [[Lusophone]] Commonwealth) and of the [[Latin Union]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Estados Membros|url=http://www.unilat.org/SG/Etats_membres/pt|publisher=União Latina|accessdate=18 May 2020|archivedate=7 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005253/http://www.unilat.org/SG/Etats_membres/pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aside from Tetum, [[Ethnologue]] lists the following indigenous languages: [[Adabe language|Adabe]], Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, [[Galoli language|Galoli]], [[Habun language|Habun]], [[Idaté]], [[Kairui-Midiki language|Kairui-Midiki]], Kemak, [[Lakalei language|Lakalei]], Makasae, [[Makuv'a]], Mambae, [[Nauete language|Nauete]], Tukudede, and [[Waima'a language|Waima'a]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Languages of East Timor|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=tl|publisher=Ethnologue}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]], there are six endangered languages in East Timor: [[Adabe]], [[Habu language|Habu]], [[Kairui-Midiki]], [[Maku'a language|Maku'a]], [[Naueti language|Naueti]], and [[Waima'a language|Waima'a]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php|publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Education===
[[File:Portuguese School of Díli, Timor-Leste.jpg|thumb|[[Escola Portuguesa Ruy Cinatti]], the Portuguese School of Díli.]]
East Timor's adult [[literacy]] rate in 2010 was 58.3%, up from 37.6% in 2001.&lt;ref name=unescolit&gt;{{cite web|title=National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|accessdate=18 May 2020|archivedate=29 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183908/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; Illiteracy was at 95% at the end of Portuguese rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Roslyn Appleby|title=ELT, Gender and International Development: Myths of Progress in a Neocolonial World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYeGUXRBjGUC&amp;pg=PA92|date=30 August 2010|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-84769-303-7|page=92}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[National University of East Timor]] is the country's main university. There are also four colleges.&lt;ref name=robinson /&gt;

Since independence, both [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and Tetum have lost ground as [[Medium of instruction|media of instruction]], while [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] has increased: in 2001 only 8.4% of primary school and 6.8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81.6% for primary and 46.3% for secondary schools.&lt;ref name=edulang&gt;{{cite web|title=Table 5.7 – Profile Of Students That Attended The 2004/05 Academic Year By Rural And Urban Areas And By District|url=http://dne.mof.gov.tl/TLSLS/StatisticalData/5_Education/Main%20Tables/table5.7.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114124605/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/TLSLS/StatisticalData/5_Education/Main%20Tables/table5.7.htm|url-status=dead|archivedate=14 November 2009|publisher=Direcção Nacional de Estatística}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73.7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 it was used by most schools in [[Baucau District|Baucau]], [[Manatuto District|Manatuto]], as well as the capital district. The [[Philippines]] has sent Filipino teachers to East Timor to teach [[English language|English]], so that a program between the two countries can begin, where deserving English-knowledgeable East Timorese nationals will be granted university scholarships in the Philippines.&lt;ref name=edulang/&gt;

===Health===
See [[Health in East Timor]]

===Religion===
{{main|Religion in East Timor}}
{{see also|Catholic Church in East Timor}}
[[File:Motael Church, Dili, East Timor (312012049).jpg|thumb|upright|The Church of [[Motael Church|Santo António de Motael]], Dili]]
According to the 2015 census, 97.57% of the population is [[Roman Catholic]]; 1.96% [[Protestant]]; 0.24% [[Muslim]]; 0.08% Traditional; 0.05% [[Buddhist]]; 0.02% [[Hindu]], and 0.08% other religions.&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;/&gt; A 2016 survey conducted by the [[Demographic and Health Survey]] programme showed that Catholics made up 98.3% of the population, Protestants 1.2%, and Muslims 0.3%.&lt;ref name=&quot;DHS 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR329/FR329.pdf|title=Timor-Leste: Demographic and Health Survey, 2016|publisher=General Directorate of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Finance &amp; Ministry of Health|page=35|accessdate=21 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The number of churches has grown from 100 in 1974 to over 800 in 1994,&lt;ref name=robinson&gt;Robinson, G. ''If you leave us here, we will die'', Princeton University Press 2010, p.&amp;nbsp;72.&lt;/ref&gt; with Church membership having grown considerably under [[Indonesia]]n rule as ''[[Pancasila Indonesia|Pancasila]]'', Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to [[monotheism|believe in one God]] and does not recognise traditional beliefs. East Timorese [[animist]] belief systems did not fit with [[Constitution of Indonesia|Indonesia's constitutional]] [[monotheism]], resulting in mass conversions to [[Christianity]]. Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests and [[Latin language|Latin]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] [[Mass in the Catholic Church|mass]] was replaced by [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] mass.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor, Jean Gelman 2003, p.381&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|url-access=registration|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/381 381]|isbn=978-0-300-10518-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor, Jean Gelman 2003, p.381&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4410917.stm| work=[[BBC News]]|first=Jonathan|last=Head|title=East Timor mourns 'catalyst' Pope|date=5 April 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; In rural areas, Roman Catholicism is [[Religious syncretism|syncretised]] with local animist beliefs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hajek|first1=John|last2=Tilman|first2=Alexandre Vital|title=East Timor Phrasebook|url=https://archive.org/details/easttimorphraseb00haje|url-access=registration|date=1 October 2001|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-020-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/easttimorphraseb00haje/page/56 56]}}&lt;/ref&gt; With over 95% Catholic population, East Timor is currently one of the most densely Catholic countries in the world.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.etan.org/et2000c/september/17-23/21etslow.htm East Timor slowly rises from the ashes] ETAN 21 September 2001 Online at [http://www.etan.org/ etan.org]. Retrieved 22 February 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:8-Igreja_da_Imaculada_Conceição_Viqueque_2015-08-22.jpg|thumb|left|''Igreja da Imaculada Conceição'' church, in [[Viqueque Municipality|Viqueque]]]]

The number of [[Protestant]]s and [[Muslim]]s declined significantly after September 1999 because these groups were disproportionately represented among supporters of integration with [[Indonesia]] and among the Indonesian civil servants assigned to work in the province from other parts of Indonesia, many of whom left the country in 1999.&lt;ref name=report&gt;[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90135.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Timor-Leste]. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (14 September 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''&lt;/ref&gt; There are also small Protestant and Muslim communities.&lt;ref name=report/&gt; The [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Indonesian military forces]] formerly stationed in the country included a significant number of Protestants, who played a major role in establishing Protestant churches in the territory.&lt;ref name=report/&gt; Fewer than half of those congregations existed after September 1999, and many Protestants were among those who remained in [[West Timor]].&lt;ref name=report/&gt; The [[Assemblies of God]] is the largest and most active of the Protestant denominations.&lt;ref name=report/&gt;

While the [[Constitution of East Timor]] enshrines the principles of [[freedom of religion]] and [[separation of church and state]] in Section 45 Comma 1, it also acknowledges &quot;the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation&quot; in its preamble (although this has no legal value).&lt;ref name=&quot;constitution&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf |title=Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste |publisher=Governo de Timor-Leste}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upon independence, the country joined the [[Philippines]] to become the only two predominantly Roman Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as [[West Timor]] and [[Flores]] also have Roman Catholic majorities.

The [[Roman Catholic Church]] divides East Timor into [[List of Roman Catholic dioceses in East Timor|three dioceses]]: the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Díli|Diocese of Díli]], the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Baucau|Diocese of Baucau]], and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Maliana|Diocese of Maliana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pope Benedict XVI erects new diocese in East Timor|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope_benedict_xvi_erects_new_diocese_in_east_timor/|publisher=Catholic News Agency|accessdate=18 May 2020|archivedate=17 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217015334/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope_benedict_xvi_erects_new_diocese_in_east_timor/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Culture==
{{main|Culture of East Timor}}
[[File:Lospalos klein.jpg|thumb|upright|Sacred house (''lee teinu'') in [[Lospalos]]]]
The culture of East Timor reflects numerous influences, including Portuguese, Roman Catholic and Indonesian, on Timor's [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] and [[Melanesia]]n cultures. East Timorese culture is heavily influenced by Austronesian legends. For example, East Timorese [[creation myth]] has it that an ageing [[crocodile]] transformed into the island of Timor as part of a debt repayment to a young boy who had helped the crocodile when it was sick.&lt;ref name=&quot;wiseamanda&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Exile and Return Among the East Timorese |url=https://archive.org/details/exilereturnamong0000wise |last=Wise |first=Amanda |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8122-3909-6 |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=[https://archive.org/details/exilereturnamong0000wise/page/211 211]–218}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Legend and History of Timor Leste |url=https://visiteasttimor.com/legend-history-timor-leste/ |work=VisitEastTimo}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the island is shaped like a crocodile and the boy's descendants are the native East Timorese who inhabit it. The phrase &quot;leaving the crocodile&quot; refers to the pained exile of East Timorese from their island. East Timor is currently finalising its dossiers needed for nominations in the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]], [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]], UNESCO [[Creative Cities Network]], UNESCO [[Global Geoparks Network]], and UNESCO [[Biosphere Reserve]] Network. The country currently has one document in the UNESCO [[Memory of the World Register]], namely, ''On the Birth of a Nation: Turning points''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/access-by-region-and-country/tl/|title=Timor-Leste – Memory of the World Register – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Arts===
[[File:Timorese Dancers.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Traditional Timorese dancers]]
There is also a strong tradition of poetry in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://lusofonia.x10.mx/timor.htm |title=Literatura timorense em língua portuguesa |website=lusofonia.x10.mx |trans-title=Timorese literature in the Portuguese language |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929080148/http://lusofonia.x10.mx/timor.htm |archive-date=2019-09-29 |language=Portuguese |accessdate=18 May 2020 |archivedate=29 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929080148/http://lusofonia.x10.mx/timor.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet, earning the moniker &quot;poet warrior&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;poetxan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-09/xanana-gusmao-resignation-profile/6081170 |title=East Timor's president accepts Xanana Gusmao's resignation |date=9 February 2015 |work=ABC News |access-date=22 January 2017 |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Architecturally, Portuguese-style buildings can be found, along with the traditional totem houses of the eastern region. These are known as ''uma lulik'' (&quot;sacred houses&quot;) in Tetum and ''lee teinu'' (&quot;legged houses&quot;) in Fataluku.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} Craftsmanship and the weaving of traditional scarves (''tais'') is also widespread.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

An extensive collection of Timorese audiovisual material is held at the [[National Film and Sound Archive|National Film and Sound Archive of Australia]]. These holdings have been identified in a document titled The NFSA Timor-Leste Collection Profile, which features catalogue entries and essays for a total of 795 NFSA-held moving image, recorded sound and documentation works that have captured the history and culture of East Timor since the early 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nfsa.gov.au/about/media/releases/2012/12/14/nfsa-provides-insight-timor-leste-history/ NFSA provides insight into Timor-Leste history] on ''nfsa.gov.au''&lt;/ref&gt; The NFSA is working with the East Timorese government to ensure that all of this material can be used and accessed by the people of that country.&lt;ref&gt;[http://nfsa.gov.au/blog/2013/04/24/connection-timor-leste/ A connection with Timor-Leste] on ''nfsa.gov.au''&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cinema and TV drama===
In 2009 and 2010, East Timor was the setting for the Australian film ''[[Balibo (film)|Balibo]]'' and the South Korean film ''[[A Barefoot Dream]]''. In 2013, the first East Timorese feature film, ''[[Beatriz's War]]'', was released.&lt;ref name=&quot;SMH&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/fresh-start-for-east-timors-film-scene-20131002-2urxt.html|title=Fresh start for East Timor's film scene|accessdate=3 October 2013|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two further feature-length films, ''[[Abdul &amp; José]]'' and ''[[Ema Nudar Umanu]]'', were respectively released on 30 July 2017 through the television network of [[East Timor Broadcasting Service|RTTF]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Abdul &amp; José EN (2017)|url=https://www.fifotahiti.com/movie/abdul-jose-en/|website={{Interlanguage link|FIFO Tahiti|fr|Festival international du film documentaire océanien de Tahiti}}|publisher=Association FIFO|accessdate=10 December 2018}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=ETAN|author2=Media ONE Timor|title=The Stolen Child New Documentary|url=https://mediaonetimor.com/2017/07/25/the-stolen-child-new-documentary/|accessdate=10 December 2018|work=Media ONE Timor|publisher=MediaONETimor.com|date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211072733/https://mediaonetimor.com/2017/07/25/the-stolen-child-new-documentary/|archive-date=11 December 2018|url-status=dead|author1-link=East Timor and Indonesia Action Network|archivedate=11 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211072733/https://mediaonetimor.com/2017/07/25/the-stolen-child-new-documentary/}}&lt;/ref&gt; and on 16 August 2018 at the [[Melbourne International Film Festival]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ema Nudar Umanu|url=http://miff.com.au/program/film/ema-nudar-umanu|website=[[Melbourne International Film Festival|MIFF]]|publisher=Melbourne International Film Festival|accessdate=14 September 2018|archivedate=8 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808151143/http://miff.com.au/program/film/ema-nudar-umanu}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, the first East Timorese TV drama, ''[[Suku Hali]]'' was released.

===Cuisine===
The [[cuisine of East Timor]] consists of regional popular foods such as [[pork]], fish, [[basil]], [[tamarind]], [[legumes]], [[corn]], [[rice]], [[root vegetables]], and [[tropical fruit]]. East Timorese cuisine has influences from [[Southeast Asian cuisine]] and from [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese dishes]] from its colonisation by Portugal. Flavours and ingredients from other former Portuguese colonies can be found due to the centuries-old Portuguese presence on the island. Due to the East and West combination of East Timor's cuisine, it developed features related to [[Filipino cuisine]], which also experienced an East-West culinary combination.

===Sports===
{{Main|Sport in East Timor}}
Sports organisations joined by East Timor include the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC), the [[International Association of Athletics Federations]] (IAAF), the International Badminton Federation (IBF), the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]], the International Weightlifting Federation, the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), and [[East Timor national football team|East Timor's national football team]] joined [[FIFA]]. East Timorese athletes competed in the [[2003 Southeast Asian Games]] held 2003. In the 2003 ASEAN [[Paralympics]] Games, East Timor won a bronze medal. In the [[2004 Summer Olympics|Athens 2004 Olympic Games]], East Timorese athletes participated in athletics, weightlifting and boxing. East Timor [[East Timor at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games|won three medals]] in [[Arnis at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games]]. East Timor competed in the [[2006 Lusophony Games|first]] [[Lusophony Games]] and, in October 2008, the country earned its first international points in a [[FIFA]] football match with a 2–2 draw against Cambodia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Madra|first=Ek|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/10/30/soccer-asia-timor-idUKLNE49T08T20081030|title=World's worst football team happy to win first point|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=30 October 2008|accessdate=11 February 2013|archivedate=8 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508175959/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/10/30/soccer-asia-timor-idUKLNE49T08T20081030}}&lt;/ref&gt; East Timor competed at the [[2014 Winter Olympics]].

[[Thomas Americo]] was the first East Timorese fighter to fight for a world [[boxing]] title. He was murdered in 1999, shortly before the Indonesian occupation of East Timor ended.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Thomas_Americo|title=Thomas Americo – BoxRec|website=boxrec.com|accessdate=18 May 2020|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084309/http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Thomas_Americo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{Portal|Asia}}
* [[Outline of East Timor]]
* [[Index of East Timor-related articles]]
* &lt;!--[[Bibliography of East Timor]]--&gt;
* &lt;!--{{Wikipedia books link|East Timor}}--&gt;
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* Cashmore, Ellis (1988). ''Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations''. New York: Routledge. {{ASIN|B000NPHGX6}}
* Charny, Israel W. ''Encyclopedia of Genocide Volume I''. Denver: Abc Clio.
* {{cite book|last=Dunn|first=James|date=1996|title=East Timor: A People Betrayed|location=Sydney|pages=|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|isbn=|author-link=James Dunn (diplomat)}}
* {{cite book|last1=Durand|first1=Frédéric|title=East Timor: A Country at the Crossroads of Asia and the Pacific, a Geo-Historical Atlas|url=https://archive.org/details/easttimorcountry0000dura|date=2006|publisher=Silkworm Books|location=Chiang Mai|pages=|isbn=9749575989}}
* {{cite book|last1=Groshong|first1=Daniel J|title=Timor-Leste: Land of Discovery|date=2006|publisher=Tayo Photo Group|location=Hong Kong|pages=|isbn=988987640X}}
* Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1999), Timor Loro Sae: 500 years. Macau: Livros do Oriente. {{ISBN|972-9418-69-1|}} [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07TM1KZFZ ]
* {{HD of East Timor}}
* Hägerdal, Hans (2012), ''Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea; Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600–1800.'' [http://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&amp;docid=408241 Oapen.org]
* {{cite book|last1=Kingsbury|first1=Damien|author1-link=Damien Kingsbury|last2=Leach|first2=Michael|title=East Timor: Beyond Independence|series=Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, no 65|date=2007|publisher=Monash University Press|location=Clayton, Vic|pages=|isbn=9781876924492}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Hill|editor1-first=H|editor2-last=Saldanha|editor2-first=J|title=East Timor: Development Challenges for the World's Newest Nation|url=https://archive.org/details/easttimordevelop0000unse_t1l7|last=|first=|date=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|location=London|pages=|isbn=978-0-333-98716-2}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Leach|editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Kingsbury|editor2-first=Damien|editor2-link=Damien Kingsbury|title=The Politics of Timor-Leste: Democratic Consolidation After Intervention|last=|first=|series=Studies on Southeast Asia, no 59|date=2013|publisher=Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program Publications|location=Ithaca, NY|pages=|isbn=9780877277897}}
* Levinson, David. ''Ethnic Relations''. Denver: Abc Clio.
* {{cite book|last1=Molnar|first1=Andrea Katalin|title=Timor Leste: Politics, History, and Culture|series=Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia series, 27|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=London; New York|pages=|isbn=9780415778862}}
* Rudolph, Joseph R. ''Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts''. Westport: Greenwood P, 2003. 101–106.
* Shelton, Dinah. ''Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity''. Thompson Gale.
* Taylor, John G. (1999). ''East Timor: The Price of Freedom''. Australia: Pluto Press. {{ISBN|978-1-85649-840-1|}}.
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Viegas|editor1-first=Susana de Matos|editor2-last=Feijó|editor2-first=Rui Graça|title=Transformations in Independent Timor-Leste: Dynamics of Social and Cultural Cohabitations|last=|first=|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|location=London|pages=|isbn=9781315534992}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184308/http://direct.bl.uk/bld/PlaceOrder.do?UIN=147446017&amp;ETOC=RN&amp;from=searchengine ''East Timor: a bibliography''], a bibliographic reference, [[Jean Berlie|Jean A. Berlie]], launched by PM [[Xanana Gusmão]], Indes Savantes editor, Paris, France, published in 2001. {{ISBN|978-2-84654-012-4|}}, {{ISBN|978-2-84654-012-4|}}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040321134359/http://kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/issue/issue2/article_232.doc ''East Timor, politics and elections'' (in Chinese)/ 东帝汶政治与选举 (2001–2006): 国家建设及前景展望], [[Jean Berlie|Jean A. Berlie]], Institute of Southeast Asian Studies of Jinan University editor, Jinan, China, published in 2007.
* Mats Lundahl and Fredrik Sjöholm. 2019. The Creation of the East Timorese Economy. Springer.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|East Timor|voy=East Timor}}
&lt;!--
Wikipedia is not a link list nor a Web directory. If your link points to a website that does not cover many subjects about East Timor, it's most likely in the wrong place here and you should go and search for a more specific article.
--&gt;
'''Government'''
* [http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/ Timor-Leste official government website]
* [http://www.timorleste.tl/ Timor-Leste official tourism website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321142212/https://www.timorleste.tl/ |date=21 March 2025 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210074013/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/timor-leste.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]

'''General information'''
* {{CIA World Factbook link|tt|Timor-Leste}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081029214745/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/etimor.htm East Timor] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596313/East-Timor East Timor] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14919009 East Timor profile] [[BBC News]]
* {{Wikiatlas|East Timor}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TL Key Development Forecasts for Timor-Leste] from [[International Futures]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190326203827/http://www.tlstudies.org/index.html Timor Leste Studies Association]

{{Cookbook}}
{{East Timor topics}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Related articles
|list =
{{Municipalities of East Timor}}
{{Capitals of Municipalities of East Timor}}
{{Administrative posts of East Timor}}
{{Sucos of East Timor}}
{{Countries of Asia}}
{{Countries and territories of Southeast Asia}}
{{Countries of the Malay Archipelago}}
{{Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)}}
{{Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)}}
{{East Asia Summit (EAS)}}
{{Non-Aligned Movement}}
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{{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)|state=collapsed}}
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}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:ရးနိဂီု]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>List of countries by age of consent</title>
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      <text bytes="252971" sha1="8fj9m59wdjmliwq6e2oygjbuiicuy9w" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Age of consent by jurisdiction}}
The [[age of consent]] is the age at which a person is considered to be [[legally competent]] to [[Sexual consent|consent]] to [[Human sexual activity|sexual acts]] and is thus the minimum age of a person with whom another person is legally permitted to engage in sexual activity. The distinguishing aspect of the age of consent laws is that the person below the minimum age is regarded as the victim, and his or her sex partner is regarded as the offender, unless both are underage. So leave them hoes don’t suck them toes.

== Maps ==
{|cellpadding=5 style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center&quot;
!
! colspan=2|Unlimited age of consent by country
|-
!
!Male
!Female
|-
!Heterosexual
|&lt;section begin=Map heterosexual males /&gt;{{Graph:Map|scale = 38|CN=#33a02c|JP=#1f78b4|DE=#33a02c|GB=#33a02c|FR=#33a02c|IN=#33a02c|IT=#33a02c|BR=#ff7f00|CA=#33a02c|KR=#cab2d6|RU=#33a02c|ES=#33a02c|ID=#33a02c|NL=#33a02c|TR=#33a02c|CH=#33a02c|SA=#33a02c|SE=#33a02c|NG=#33a02c|PL=#33a02c|AR=#33a02c|BE=#33a02c|VE=#e31a1c|NO=#33a02c|AT=#33a02c|IR=#33a02c|TH=#33a02c|AE=#33a02c|CO=#ff7f00|ZA=#e31a1c|DK=#33a02c|MY=#e31a1c|SG=#e31a1c|IL=#e31a1c|PH=#33a02c|EG=#33a02c|HK=#a6cee3|FI=#33a02c|CL=#33a02c|PK=#33a02c|IE=#fb9a99|GR=#33a02c|PT=#33a02c|IQ=#33a02c|KZ=#e31a1c|DZ=#e31a1c|QA=#33a02c|CZ=#33a02c|PE=#33a02c|RO=#33a02c|NZ=#e31a1c|VN=#e31a1c|BD=#ff7f00|KW=#fb9a99|AO=#e31a1c|HU=#33a02c|UA=#33a02c|MA=#33a02c|PR=#e31a1c|EC=#33a02c|SK=#33a02c|CU=#e31a1c|SD=#cab2d6|OM=#33a02c|BY=#e31a1c|AZ=#e31a1c|LK=#e31a1c|MM=#ff7f00|LU=#33a02c|DO=#33a02c|UZ=#e31a1c|KE=#33a02c|GT=#33a02c|UY=#33a02c|HR=#33a02c|BG=#33a02c|MO=#ff7f00|ET=#33a02c|LB=#33a02c|CR=#33a02c|SI=#33a02c|PA=#33a02c|LT=#33a02c|TZ=#33a02c|TM=#e31a1c|TN=#33a02c|RS=#33a02c|LY=#33a02c|GH=#e31a1c|YE=#6F6F6F|CD=#33a02c|JO=#e31a1c|CI=#33a02c|BH=#a6cee3|BO=#33a02c|CM=#a6cee3|LV=#33a02c|PY=#ff7f00|TT=#33a02c|UG=#33a02c|ZM=#e31a1c|EE=#33a02c|SV=#33a02c|CY=#33a02c|AF=#33a02c|HN=#ff7f00|NP=#e31a1c|BA=#33a02c|GA=#33a02c|KP=#fdbf6f|BN=#e31a1c|MZ=#e31a1c|IS=#33a02c|KH=#fdbf6f|GQ=#33a02c|PG=#e31a1c|GE=#33a02c|BW=#33a02c|SN=#e31a1c|ZW=#e31a1c|CG=#33a02c|JM=#e31a1c|NA=#6F6F6F|AL=#33a02c|TD=#e31a1c|BF=#33a02c|MU=#e31a1c|MN=#e31a1c|ML=#fdbf6f|NI=#33a02c|LA=#fdbf6f|MK=#33a02c|SS=#33a02c|AM=#e31a1c|MG=#ff7f00|MT=#33a02c|BJ=#e31a1c|TJ=#e31a1c|HT=#33a02c|BS=#e31a1c|NE=#a6cee3|MD=#33a02c|RW=#33a02c|KG=#e31a1c|KOSOVO=#e31a1c|MC=#33a02c|GN=#fdbf6f|LI=#33a02c|MW=#e31a1c|BM=#e31a1c|SR=#e31a1c|MR=#33a02c|TL=#ff7f00|SL=#33a02c|ME=#33a02c|TG=#fdbf6f|FJ=#e31a1c|SZ=#33a02c|BB=#e31a1c|ER=#33a02c|AD=#33a02c|CW=#fdbf6f|GY=#e31a1c|MV=#33a02c|BI=#33a02c|AW=#fdbf6f|LR=#33a02c|LS=#ff7f00|BT=#33a02c|CV=#e31a1c|SM=#33a02c|CF=#33a02c|BZ=#e31a1c|DJ=#33a02c|SC=#fdbf6f|LC=#e31a1c|SO=#33a02c|AG=#e31a1c|GW=#e31a1c|GM=#33a02c|WS=#e31a1c|VU=#33a02c|KM=#fdbf6f|DM=#e31a1c|ST=#e31a1c|KI=#fdbf6f|TV=#33a02c|SY=#fdbf6f|TW=#e31a1c|VA=#e31a1c }}&lt;section begin=Map heterosexual males /&gt;
|&lt;section begin=Map heterosexual females /&gt;{{Graph:Map|scale = 38|CN=#33a02c|JP=#1f78b4|DE=#33a02c|GB=#33a02c|FR=#33a02c|IN=#33a02c|IT=#33a02c|BR=#ff7f00|CA=#33a02c|KR=#cab2d6|RU=#33a02c|ES=#33a02c|ID=#33a02c|NL=#33a02c|TR=#33a02c|CH=#33a02c|SA=#fdbf6f|SE=#33a02c|NG=#33a02c|PL=#33a02c|AR=#33a02c|BE=#33a02c|VE=#e31a1c|NO=#33a02c|AT=#33a02c|IR=#fdbf6f|TH=#33a02c|AE=#33a02c|CO=#ff7f00|ZA=#e31a1c|DK=#33a02c|MY=#e31a1c|SG=#e31a1c|IL=#e31a1c|PH=#33a02c|EG=#33a02c|HK=#a6cee3|FI=#33a02c|CL=#33a02c|PK=#e31a1c|IE=#fb9a99|GR=#33a02c|PT=#33a02c|IQ=#33a02c|KZ=#e31a1c|DZ=#e31a1c|QA=#e31a1c|CZ=#33a02c|PE=#33a02c|RO=#33a02c|NZ=#e31a1c|VN=#e31a1c|BD=#ff7f00|KW=#fdbf6f|AO=#e31a1c|HU=#33a02c|UA=#33a02c|MA=#33a02c|PR=#e31a1c|EC=#ff7f00|SK=#33a02c|CU=#e31a1c|SD=#6a3d9a|OM=#33a02c|BY=#e31a1c|AZ=#e31a1c|LK=#e31a1c|MM=#ff7f00|LU=#33a02c|DO=#33a02c|UZ=#e31a1c|KE=#33a02c|GT=#33a02c|UY=#33a02c|HR=#33a02c|BG=#33a02c|MO=#ff7f00|ET=#33a02c|LB=#33a02c|CR=#33a02c|SI=#33a02c|PA=#33a02c|LT=#33a02c|TZ=#33a02c|TM=#e31a1c|TN=#33a02c|RS=#33a02c|LY=#e31a1c|GH=#e31a1c|YE=#FEEBE2|CD=#33a02c|JO=#e31a1c|CI=#33a02c|BH=#a6cee3|BO=#33a02c|CM=#a6cee3|LV=#33a02c|PY=#ff7f00|TT=#33a02c|UG=#33a02c|ZM=#e31a1c|EE=#33a02c|SV=#33a02c|CY=#33a02c|AF=#e31a1c|HN=#ff7f00|NP=#e31a1c|BA=#33a02c|GA=#33a02c|KP=#fdbf6f|BN=#e31a1c|MZ=#e31a1c|IS=#33a02c|KH=#fdbf6f|GQ=#33a02c|PG=#fb9a99|GE=#33a02c|BW=#33a02c|SN=#e31a1c|ZW=#e31a1c|CG=#33a02c|JM=#e31a1c|NA=#e31a1c|AL=#33a02c|TD=#e31a1c|BF=#33a02c|MU=#e31a1c|MN=#e31a1c|ML=#fdbf6f|NI=#33a02c|LA=#fdbf6f|MK=#33a02c|SS=#33a02c|AM=#e31a1c|MG=#ff7f00|MT=#33a02c|BJ=#e31a1c|TJ=#e31a1c|HT=#33a02c|BS=#e31a1c|NE=#a6cee3|MD=#33a02c|RW=#33a02c|KG=#e31a1c|KOSOVO=#e31a1c|MC=#33a02c|GN=#fdbf6f|LI=#33a02c|MW=#e31a1c|BM=#e31a1c|SR=#e31a1c|MR=#33a02c|TL=#ff7f00|SL=#33a02c|ME=#33a02c|TG=#fdbf6f|FJ=#e31a1c|SZ=#33a02c|BB=#e31a1c|ER=#33a02c|AD=#33a02c|CW=#fdbf6f|GY=#e31a1c|MV=#FEEBE2|BI=#33a02c|AW=#fdbf6f|LR=#33a02c|LS=#ff7f00|BT=#33a02c|CV=#e31a1c|SM=#33a02c|CF=#33a02c|BZ=#e31a1c|DJ=#33a02c|SC=#fdbf6f|LC=#e31a1c|SO=#33a02c|AG=#e31a1c|GW=#e31a1c|GM=#33a02c|WS=#e31a1c|VU=#33a02c|KM=#fdbf6f|DM=#e31a1c|ST=#e31a1c|KI=#33a02c|TV=#33a02c|SY=#fdbf6f|TW=#e31a1c|VA=#ff7f00 }}&lt;section end=Map heterosexual females /&gt;
|-
!Homosexual
|&lt;section begin=Map homosexual males /&gt;{{Graph:Map|scale = 38|CN=#33a02c|JP=#33a02c|DE=#33a02c|GB=#33a02c|FR=#33a02c|IN=#33a02c|IT=#33a02c|BR=#ff7f00|CA=#33a02c|KR=#cab2d6|RU=#33a02c|ES=#33a02c|ID=#33a02c|NL=#33a02c|TR=#33a02c|CH=#33a02c|SA=#2F2F2F|SE=#33a02c|NG=#2F2F2F|PL=#33a02c|AR=#33a02c|BE=#33a02c|VE=#e31a1c|NO=#33a02c|AT=#33a02c|IR=#2F2F2F|TH=#33a02c|AE=#2F2F2F|CO=#ff7f00|ZA=#e31a1c|DK=#33a02c|MY=#2F2F2F|SG=#e31a1c|IL=#e31a1c|PH=#33a02c|EG=#2F2F2F|HK=#2F2F2F|FI=#33a02c|CL=#33a02c|PK=#2F2F2F|IE=#fb9a99|GR=#33a02c|PT=#33a02c|IQ=#2F2F2F|KZ=#e31a1c|DZ=#2F2F2F|QA=#2F2F2F|CZ=#33a02c|PE=#33a02c|RO=#33a02c|NZ=#e31a1c|VN=#e31a1c|BD=#ff7f00|KW=#2F2F2F|AO=#e31a1c|HU=#33a02c|UA=#33a02c|MA=#2F2F2F|PR=#e31a1c|EC=#33a02c|SK=#33a02c|CU=#e31a1c|SD=#2F2F2F|OM=#2F2F2F|BY=#e31a1c|AZ=#e31a1c|LK=#e31a1c|MM=#ff7f00|LU=#33a02c|DO=#33a02c|UZ=#2F2F2F|KE=#2F2F2F|GT=#33a02c|UY=#33a02c|HR=#33a02c|BG=#33a02c|MO=#ff7f00|ET=#2F2F2F|LB=#33a02c|CR=#33a02c|SI=#33a02c|PA=#33a02c|LT=#33a02c|TZ=#2F2F2F|TM=#e31a1c|TN=#2F2F2F|RS=#33a02c|LY=#2F2F2F|GH=#e31a1c|YE=#2F2F2F|CD=#33a02c|JO=#e31a1c|CI=#2F2F2F|BH=#2F2F2F|BO=#33a02c|CM=#2F2F2F|LV=#33a02c|PY=#e31a1c|TT=#33a02c|UG=#33a02c|ZM=#e31a1c|EE=#33a02c|SV=#33a02c|CY=#33a02c|AF=#2F2F2F|HN=#ff7f00|NP=#e31a1c|BA=#33a02c|GA=#a6cee3|KP=#fdbf6f|BN=#e31a1c|MZ=#e31a1c|IS=#33a02c|KH=#fdbf6f|GQ=#2F2F2F|PG=#2F2F2F|GE=#33a02c|BW=#2F2F2F|SN=#2F2F2F|ZW=#2F2F2F|CG=#2F2F2F|JM=#e31a1c|NA=#2F2F2F|AL=#33a02c|TD=#e31a1c|BF=#2F2F2F|MU=#e31a1c|MN=#e31a1c|ML=#fdbf6f|NI=#33a02c|LA=#fdbf6f|MK=#33a02c|SS=#33a02c|AM=#e31a1c|MG=#a6cee3|MT=#33a02c|BJ=#a6cee3|TJ=#e31a1c|HT=#33a02c|BS=#33a02c|NE=#2F2F2F|MD=#33a02c|RW=#33a02c|KG=#e31a1c|KOSOVO=#e31a1c|MC=#33a02c|GN=#fdbf6f|LI=#33a02c|MW=#e31a1c|BM=#e31a1c|SR=#e31a1c|MR=#33a02c|TL=#ff7f00|SL=#33a02c|ME=#33a02c|TG=#fdbf6f|FJ=#e31a1c|SZ=#2F2F2F|BB=#e31a1c|ER=#33a02c|AD=#33a02c|CW=#fdbf6f|GY=#e31a1c|MV=#2F2F2F|BI=#2F2F2F|AW=#fdbf6f|LR=#2F2F2F|LS=#ff7f00|BT=#33a02c|CV=#e31a1c|SM=#33a02c|CF=#33a02c|BZ=#e31a1c|DJ=#2F2F2F|SC=#2F2F2F|LC=#e31a1c|SO=#2F2F2F|AG=#e31a1c|GW=#e31a1c|GM=#33a02c|WS=#e31a1c|VU=#33a02c|KM=#2F2F2F|DM=#e31a1c|ST=#e31a1c|KI=#2F2F2F|TV=#33a02c|SY=#fdbf6f|TW=#e31a1c|VA=#2F2F2F }}&lt;section end=Map homosexual males /&gt;
|&lt;section begin=Map homosexual females /&gt;{{Graph:Map|scale = 38|CN=#33a02c|JP=#33a02c|DE=#33a02c|GB=#33a02c|FR=#33a02c|IN=#33a02c|IT=#33a02c|BR=#ff7f00|CA=#33a02c|KR=#cab2d6|RU=#33a02c|ES=#33a02c|ID=#33a02c|NL=#33a02c|TR=#33a02c|CH=#33a02c|SA=#2F2F2F|SE=#33a02c|NG=#2F2F2F|PL=#33a02c|AR=#33a02c|BE=#33a02c|VE=#e31a1c|NO=#33a02c|AT=#33a02c|IR=#2F2F2F|TH=#33a02c|AE=#2F2F2F|CO=#ff7f00|ZA=#e31a1c|DK=#33a02c|MY=#2F2F2F|SG=#e31a1c|IL=#e31a1c|PH=#33a02c|EG=#2F2F2F|HK=#2F2F2F|FI=#33a02c|CL=#33a02c|PK=#2F2F2F|IE=#fb9a99|GR=#33a02c|PT=#33a02c|IQ=#2F2F2F|KZ=#e31a1c|DZ=#2F2F2F|QA=#2F2F2F|CZ=#33a02c|PE=#33a02c|RO=#33a02c|NZ=#e31a1c|VN=#e31a1c|BD=#ff7f00|KW=#2F2F2F|AO=#e31a1c|HU=#33a02c|UA=#33a02c|MA=#2F2F2F|PR=#e31a1c|EC=#ff7f00|SK=#33a02c|CU=#e31a1c|SD=#2F2F2F|OM=#2F2F2F|BY=#e31a1c|AZ=#e31a1c|LK=#e31a1c|MM=#ff7f00|LU=#33a02c|DO=#33a02c|UZ=#e31a1c|KE=#2F2F2F|GT=#33a02c|UY=#33a02c|HR=#33a02c|BG=#33a02c|MO=#ff7f00|ET=#2F2F2F|LB=#33a02c|CR=#33a02c|SI=#33a02c|PA=#33a02c|LT=#33a02c|TZ=#2F2F2F|TM=#e31a1c|TN=#2F2F2F|RS=#33a02c|LY=#2F2F2F|GH=#e31a1c|YE=#2F2F2F|CD=#33a02c|JO=#e31a1c|CI=#2F2F2F|BH=#2F2F2F|BO=#33a02c|CM=#2F2F2F|LV=#33a02c|PY=#e31a1c|TT=#33a02c|UG=#33a02c|ZM=#e31a1c|EE=#33a02c|SV=#33a02c|CY=#33a02c|AF=#2F2F2F|HN=#ff7f00|NP=#e31a1c|BA=#33a02c|GA=#a6cee3|KP=#fdbf6f|BN=#e31a1c|MZ=#e31a1c|IS=#33a02c|KH=#fdbf6f|GQ=#2F2F2F|PG=#2F2F2F|GE=#33a02c|BW=#2F2F2F|SN=#2F2F2F|ZW=#2F2F2F|CG=#2F2F2F|JM=#e31a1c|NA=#e31a1c|AL=#33a02c|TD=#e31a1c|BF=#2F2F2F|MU=#e31a1c|MN=#e31a1c|ML=#fdbf6f|NI=#33a02c|LA=#fdbf6f|MK=#33a02c|SS=#33a02c|AM=#e31a1c|MG=#a6cee3|MT=#33a02c|BJ=#a6cee3|TJ=#e31a1c|HT=#33a02c|BS=#33a02c|NE=#2F2F2F|MD=#33a02c|RW=#33a02c|KG=#e31a1c|KOSOVO=#e31a1c|MC=#33a02c|GN=#fdbf6f|LI=#33a02c|MW=#e31a1c|BM=#e31a1c|SR=#e31a1c|MR=#33a02c|TL=#ff7f00|SL=#33a02c|ME=#33a02c|TG=#fdbf6f|FJ=#e31a1c|SZ=#2F2F2F|BB=#e31a1c|ER=#33a02c|AD=#33a02c|CW=#fdbf6f|GY=#e31a1c|MV=#2F2F2F|BI=#2F2F2F|AW=#fdbf6f|LR=#2F2F2F|LS=#ff7f00|BT=#33a02c|CV=#e31a1c|SM=#33a02c|CF=#33a02c|BZ=#e31a1c|DJ=#2F2F2F|SC=#2F2F2F|LC=#e31a1c|SO=#2F2F2F|AG=#e31a1c|GW=#e31a1c|GM=#33a02c|WS=#e31a1c|VU=#33a02c|KM=#2F2F2F|DM=#e31a1c|ST=#e31a1c|KI=#2F2F2F|TV=#33a02c|SY=#fdbf6f|TW=#e31a1c|VA=#2F2F2F }}&lt;section end=Map homosexual females /&gt;
|-
|
|colspan=2|&lt;section begin=maps key /&gt;{{Legend0|#FEEBE2|9}} {{Legend0|#b15928|10}} {{Legend0|#ffff99|11}} {{Legend0|#6a3d9a|12}} {{Legend0|#cab2d6|13}} {{Legend0|#ff7f00|14}} {{Legend0|#fdbf6f|15}} {{Legend0|#e31a1c|16}} {{Legend0|#fb9a99|17}} {{Legend0|#33a02c|18}} {{Legend0|#b2df8a|19}} {{Legend0|#1f78b4|20}} {{Legend0|#a6cee3|21}}&lt;br&gt;{{Legend0|#2F2F2F|Forbidden at any age}} {{Legend0|#6F6F6F|Unknown}} {{Legend0|#C0C0C0|Varies by state}}&lt;section end=maps key /&gt;
|}

== Table ==
&lt;section begin=Definitions /&gt;

=== Definitions ===
{{Main|Age of consent#Defenses and exceptions}}
*'''Limited by age''': younger partner is deemed able to consent to having sex with an older one as long as their age difference doesn't exceed a specified amount.
*'''Limited by relationship''': younger partner is deemed able to consent to having sex with an older one as long as the latter is not in a position of trust or authority, or is not recognised to be abusing the inexperience of the younger one.
*'''Unlimited''': age from which one is deemed able to consent to having sex with anyone else or [[marriageable age]] if they must be married

Different jurisdictions express these definitions differently. Some, like most Australian states, may say the age of consent is 16 except if the older partner is in a position of authority over the younger one. So, effectively, the unrestricted age of consent there is 18. Others, like Argentina, may say the age of consent is 18, but an exception is made down to 13 years of age, if the older partner is not in a position of authority over the younger one. The data below reflects what each jurisdiction's legislation actually means, rather than what it states on the surface.
&lt;section end=Definitions /&gt;
{|class=&quot;nowrap sortable mw-datatable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;table-layout:fixed;margin:auto;text-align:right&quot;

|- valign=bottom
! rowspan=3 style=width:17em|Countries and States
! rowspan=3 style=width:6em|Region
! rowspan=3 style=width:3em|Must be&lt;br&gt;married
! colspan=4|{{abbr|Limited by age|Younger partner is deemed able to consent to having sex with an older one as long as their age difference doesn't exceed a specified amount.}}
! colspan=4|{{abbr|Limited by relationship|Younger partner is deemed able to consent to having sex with an older one as long as the latter is not in a position of trust or authority, or is recognised to be abusing the inexperience of the younger one.}}
! colspan=4|{{abbr|Unlimited|Age from which one is deemed able to consent to having sex with anyone else or marriageable age if they must be married}}
! rowspan=3 style=width:10em|Sources
|-
! colspan=2|{{abbr|Hetero|Heterosexual}}
! colspan=2|{{abbr|Homo|Homosexual}}
! colspan=2|{{abbr|Hetero|Heterosexual}}
! colspan=2|{{abbr|Homo|Homosexual}}
! colspan=2|{{abbr|Hetero|Heterosexual}}
! colspan=2|{{abbr|Homo|Homosexual}}
|-
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|M|Male}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|F|Female}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|M|Male}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|F|Female}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|M|Male}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|F|Female}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|M|Male}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|F|Female}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|M|Male}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|F|Female}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|M|Male}}
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:1em&quot;|{{abbr|F|Female}}
&lt;section end=table header/&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;padding: 0px&quot; colspan=17|
{|class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;table-layout:inherit; width:81em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: right&quot;
|align=left style=&quot;width:18em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Australia|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Australia}}
|align=center style=&quot;width:7em;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center style=&quot;width:5em&quot;|No
|align=left colspan=13 style=&quot;width:37em&quot;|''Varies by state''
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Australian Capital Territory|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Australian Capital Territory}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|style=&quot;width:5em&quot; align=center|No
|10 || 10 || 10 || 10 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|ACT|act|ca190082|Crimes Act 1900|55}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|New South Wales|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#New South Wales and Norfolk Island}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|NSW|act|ca190082|Crimes Act 1900|66C}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|NSW|act|ca190082|Crimes Act 1900|66D}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Queensland|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Queensland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|Qld|act|cc189994|Criminal Code Act 1899|215}} Carnal knowledge with or of children under 16.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Victoria|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Victoria}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|Vic|act|swa1994129|Sex Work Act 1994|11}} &amp; s 11A.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|Vic|act|ca195882|Crimes Act 1958|45}}(1).&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|South Australia|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#South Australia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|ma196185|Marriage Act|12}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|Vic|act|ca195882|Crimes Act 1958|48}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|SA|act|clca1935262|Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935|49}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Northern Territory|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Northern Territory}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Crim Code NT&quot;&gt;''Criminal Code Act 2014'' {{cite Legislation AU|NT|act|cca115/sch1.html|Schedule 1 Criminal Code}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Tasmania|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Tasmania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Tas Crim Code&quot;&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|Tas|act|cca1924115/sch1.html|Criminal Code Act 1924 Schedule 1}} s 124 Sexual intercourse with young person.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lawstuff.org.au/tas_law/topics/sex|title=Sex: When can I have sex? What are the ages of consent in Tasmania? Who cannot have sex with me?|website=lawstuff.org.au|publisher=National Children's and Youth Law Centre|accessdate=8 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Western Australia|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Western Australia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{cite Legislation AU|WA|act|ccaca1913252|Criminal Code Act Compilation 1913|320}} &amp; s 321.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
|-
|style=&quot;padding: 0px&quot; colspan=17|
{|class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;table-layout:inherit; width:81em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: right&quot;
|align=left style=&quot;width:18em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Mexico|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Mexico}}
|align=center style=&quot;width:7em;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center style=&quot;width:5em&quot;|No
|align=left colspan=13 style=&quot;width:37em&quot;|''Varies by state''
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Aguascalientes|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|[http://www.poderjudicialags.gob.mx/Resources/Marco/Estatal/codigos/Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Aguascalientes.pdf 120] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213115/http://www.poderjudicialags.gob.mx/Resources/Marco/Estatal/codigos/Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Aguascalientes.pdf |date=2021-06-02 }} [http://www.poderjudicialags.gob.mx/Resources/Marco/Estatal/codigos/Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Aguascalientes.pdf 118] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213115/http://www.poderjudicialags.gob.mx/Resources/Marco/Estatal/codigos/Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Aguascalientes.pdf |date=2021-06-02 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Baja California|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Estatal/Baja%20California/wo80296.pdf 177] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403053517/http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Estatal/Baja%20California/wo80296.pdf |date=2020-04-03 }} [http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Estatal/Baja%20California/wo80296.pdf 182] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403053517/http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Estatal/Baja%20California/wo80296.pdf |date=2020-04-03 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Baja California Sur|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://contraloria.bcs.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/C%C3%B3digo-Penal-para-el-Estado-de-Baja-California-Sur.pdf 286] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://contraloria.bcs.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/C%C3%B3digo-Penal-para-el-Estado-de-Baja-California-Sur.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://contraloria.bcs.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/C%C3%B3digo-Penal-para-el-Estado-de-Baja-California-Sur.pdf 290] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://contraloria.bcs.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/C%C3%B3digo-Penal-para-el-Estado-de-Baja-California-Sur.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Campeche|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.pgj.campeche.gob.mx/transparencia/comunes/i/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_Campeche.pdf 162] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.pgj.campeche.gob.mx/transparencia/comunes/i/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_Campeche.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://www.pgj.campeche.gob.mx/transparencia/comunes/i/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_Campeche.pdf 164] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.pgj.campeche.gob.mx/transparencia/comunes/i/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_Campeche.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Chiapas|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.poderjudicialchiapas.gob.mx/forms/archivos/45d9codigo-penal-para-el-estado-de-chiapas%281%29.pdf 235] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.poderjudicialchiapas.gob.mx/forms/archivos/45d9codigo-penal-para-el-estado-de-chiapas%281%29.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://www.poderjudicialchiapas.gob.mx/forms/archivos/45d9codigo-penal-para-el-estado-de-chiapas%281%29.pdf 239] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.poderjudicialchiapas.gob.mx/forms/archivos/45d9codigo-penal-para-el-estado-de-chiapas%281%29.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Chihuahua|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.congresochihuahua2.gob.mx/biblioteca/codigos/archivosCodigos/64.pdf 172] [http://www.congresochihuahua2.gob.mx/biblioteca/codigos/archivosCodigos/64.pdf 177]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Coahuila|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|[http://congresocoahuila.gob.mx/transparencia/03/Leyes_Coahuila/coa08_Nuevo_Codigo.pdf 229] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630142142/http://congresocoahuila.gob.mx/transparencia/03/Leyes_Coahuila/coa08_Nuevo_Codigo.pdf |date=2020-06-30 }} [http://congresocoahuila.gob.mx/transparencia/03/Leyes_Coahuila/coa08_Nuevo_Codigo.pdf 235] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630142142/http://congresocoahuila.gob.mx/transparencia/03/Leyes_Coahuila/coa08_Nuevo_Codigo.pdf |date=2020-06-30 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Colima|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://congresocol.gob.mx/web/Sistema/uploads/LegislacionEstatal/Codigos/codigo_penal_11jun2016.pdf 146] [http://congresocol.gob.mx/web/Sistema/uploads/LegislacionEstatal/Codigos/codigo_penal_11jun2016.pdf 148]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Mexican Federal District|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.aldf.gob.mx/archivo-d261f65641c3fc71b354aaf862b9953a.pdf 181 bis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.aldf.gob.mx/archivo-d261f65641c3fc71b354aaf862b9953a.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://www.aldf.gob.mx/archivo-d261f65641c3fc71b354aaf862b9953a.pdf 180] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.aldf.gob.mx/archivo-d261f65641c3fc71b354aaf862b9953a.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Durango|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://congresodurango.gob.mx/Archivos/legislacion/CODIGO%20PENAL%20(NUEVO).pdf 177] [http://congresodurango.gob.mx/Archivos/legislacion/CODIGO%20PENAL%20(NUEVO).pdf 181]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Guanajuato|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|[https://portal.pgjguanajuato.gob.mx/PortalWebEstatal/Archivo/normateca/2.pdf 181] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203332/https://portal.pgjguanajuato.gob.mx/PortalWebEstatal/Archivo/normateca/2.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [https://portal.pgjguanajuato.gob.mx/PortalWebEstatal/Archivo/normateca/2.pdf 185] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203332/https://portal.pgjguanajuato.gob.mx/PortalWebEstatal/Archivo/normateca/2.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Guerrero|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://tsj-guerrero.gob.mx/transparencia/instituto_mejoramiento_judicial/2017/Abril/LeyesMarcoNormativo/6.-CODIGOSDELESTADODEGUERRERO/3.-CODIGOPENALPARAELESTADOLIBREY.pdf 179] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164032/http://tsj-guerrero.gob.mx/transparencia/instituto_mejoramiento_judicial/2017/Abril/LeyesMarcoNormativo/6.-CODIGOSDELESTADODEGUERRERO/3.-CODIGOPENALPARAELESTADOLIBREY.pdf |date=2018-12-14 }} [http://tsj-guerrero.gob.mx/transparencia/instituto_mejoramiento_judicial/2017/Abril/LeyesMarcoNormativo/6.-CODIGOSDELESTADODEGUERRERO/3.-CODIGOPENALPARAELESTADOLIBREY.pdf 187] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164032/http://tsj-guerrero.gob.mx/transparencia/instituto_mejoramiento_judicial/2017/Abril/LeyesMarcoNormativo/6.-CODIGOSDELESTADODEGUERRERO/3.-CODIGOPENALPARAELESTADOLIBREY.pdf |date=2018-12-14 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Hidalgo|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.congreso-hidalgo.gob.mx/biblioteca_legislativa/Leyes/09Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Hidalgo.pdf 180] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110131413/http://www.congreso-hidalgo.gob.mx/biblioteca_legislativa/Leyes/09Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Hidalgo.pdf |date=2020-01-10 }} [http://www.congreso-hidalgo.gob.mx/biblioteca_legislativa/Leyes/09Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Hidalgo.pdf 185] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110131413/http://www.congreso-hidalgo.gob.mx/biblioteca_legislativa/Leyes/09Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Hidalgo.pdf |date=2020-01-10 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Jalisco|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[https://www.jalisco.gob.mx/sites/default/files/C%25C3%25B3digo%2520Penal%2520para%2520el%2520Estado%2520Libre%2520y%2520Soberano%2520de%2520Jalisco%2520%252826OCTU12%2529.pdf 142-L, 142-M] [https://www.jalisco.gob.mx/sites/default/files/C%25C3%25B3digo%2520Penal%2520para%2520el%2520Estado%2520Libre%2520y%2520Soberano%2520de%2520Jalisco%2520%252826OCTU12%2529.pdf 142-L, 142-M]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|México (state)|México|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Estatal/Estado%20de%20Mexico/wo29386.pdf 273] [http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Estatal/Estado%20de%20Mexico/wo29386.pdf 271]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Michoacán|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|[http://leyes.michoacan.gob.mx/destino/O10020fue.pdf 240] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203339/http://leyes.michoacan.gob.mx/destino/O10020fue.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://leyes.michoacan.gob.mx/destino/O10020fue.pdf 170] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203339/http://leyes.michoacan.gob.mx/destino/O10020fue.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Morelos|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://marcojuridico.morelos.gob.mx/archivos/codigos/pdf/CPENALEM.pdf 154] [http://marcojuridico.morelos.gob.mx/archivos/codigos/pdf/CPENALEM.pdf 159]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Nayarit|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|13 || 12 || 13 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[https://transparencia.nayarit.gob.mx/resources/uploads/cofonay/pdfs/16.-%20Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Nayarit.pdf 289] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/https://transparencia.nayarit.gob.mx/resources/uploads/cofonay/pdfs/16.-%20Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Nayarit.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [https://transparencia.nayarit.gob.mx/resources/uploads/cofonay/pdfs/16.-%20Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Nayarit.pdf 291] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/https://transparencia.nayarit.gob.mx/resources/uploads/cofonay/pdfs/16.-%20Codigo%20Penal%20para%20el%20Estado%20de%20Nayarit.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Nuevo León|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[https://www.pjenl.gob.mx/CJ/Transparencia/01MJ/CPENL.pdf 267] [https://www.pjenl.gob.mx/CJ/Transparencia/01MJ/CPENL.pdf 262]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Oaxaca|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[https://sspo.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/C%C3%93DIGO-PENAL-PARA-EL-ESTADO-LIBRE-Y-SOBERANO-DE-OAXACA.pdf 247] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/https://sspo.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/C%C3%93DIGO-PENAL-PARA-EL-ESTADO-LIBRE-Y-SOBERANO-DE-OAXACA.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [https://sspo.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/C%C3%93DIGO-PENAL-PARA-EL-ESTADO-LIBRE-Y-SOBERANO-DE-OAXACA.pdf 243] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/https://sspo.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/C%C3%93DIGO-PENAL-PARA-EL-ESTADO-LIBRE-Y-SOBERANO-DE-OAXACA.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Puebla|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.auditoriapuebla.gob.mx/images/codigos/2017/06Codigo_Penal_puebla20sep16.pdf 272] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203329/http://www.auditoriapuebla.gob.mx/images/codigos/2017/06Codigo_Penal_puebla20sep16.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://www.auditoriapuebla.gob.mx/images/codigos/2017/06Codigo_Penal_puebla20sep16.pdf 264, 265] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203329/http://www.auditoriapuebla.gob.mx/images/codigos/2017/06Codigo_Penal_puebla20sep16.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Querétaro|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://legislaturaqueretaro.gob.mx/app/uploads/2016/01/COD004_59_18.pdf 161] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214212740/http://legislaturaqueretaro.gob.mx/app/uploads/2016/01/COD004_59_18.pdf |date=2019-02-14 }} [http://legislaturaqueretaro.gob.mx/app/uploads/2016/01/COD004_59_18.pdf 167] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214212740/http://legislaturaqueretaro.gob.mx/app/uploads/2016/01/COD004_59_18.pdf |date=2019-02-14 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Quintana Roo|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://documentos.congresoqroo.gob.mx/codigos/C6-XV-20171227-132.pdf 127] [http://documentos.congresoqroo.gob.mx/codigos/C6-XV-20171227-132.pdf 130]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|San Luis Potosí|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|[http://www.pgjeslp.gob.mx/images/legislacion_slp/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_San_Luis_Potosi_20_Feb_2018.pdf 173] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.pgjeslp.gob.mx/images/legislacion_slp/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_San_Luis_Potosi_20_Feb_2018.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }} [http://www.pgjeslp.gob.mx/images/legislacion_slp/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_San_Luis_Potosi_20_Feb_2018.pdf 179] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/http://www.pgjeslp.gob.mx/images/legislacion_slp/Codigo_Penal_del_Estado_de_San_Luis_Potosi_20_Feb_2018.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Sinaloa|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.congresosinaloa.gob.mx/images/congreso/leyes/zip/codigo_penal_28-dic-2016.pdf 180] [http://www.congresosinaloa.gob.mx/images/congreso/leyes/zip/codigo_penal_28-dic-2016.pdf 184]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Sonora|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.stjsonora.gob.mx/acceso_informacion/marco_normativo/CodigoPenalSonora.pdf 219] [http://www.stjsonora.gob.mx/acceso_informacion/marco_normativo/CodigoPenalSonora.pdf 215]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Tabasco|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|align=left|[https://tabasco.gob.mx/leyes/descargar/0/481 150] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615080846/https://tabasco.gob.mx/leyes/descargar/0/481 |date=2024-06-15 }} [https://tabasco.gob.mx/leyes/descargar/0/481 153] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615080846/https://tabasco.gob.mx/leyes/descargar/0/481 |date=2024-06-15 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Tamaulipas|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[https://www.tamaulipas.gob.mx/procuraduria/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/02/13-codigo-penal-para-el-estado-de-tamaulipas-211216.pdf 275] [https://www.tamaulipas.gob.mx/procuraduria/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/02/13-codigo-penal-para-el-estado-de-tamaulipas-211216.pdf 270]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Tlaxcala|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://tsjtlaxcala.gob.mx/transparencia/Fracciones_a63/I/codigos/codigopenaltlaxcala.pdf 289] [http://tsjtlaxcala.gob.mx/transparencia/Fracciones_a63/I/codigos/codigopenaltlaxcala.pdf 291]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Veracruz|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|[http://www.legisver.gob.mx/leyes/LeyesPDF/PENAL200217.pdf 190 Quater] [http://www.legisver.gob.mx/leyes/LeyesPDF/PENAL200217.pdf 189]
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Yucatán|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|[https://www.poderjudicialyucatan.gob.mx/digestum/marcoLegal/03/2012/DIGESTUM03002.pdf 315] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311183309/https://www.poderjudicialyucatan.gob.mx/digestum/marcoLegal/03/2012/DIGESTUM03002.pdf |date=2020-03-11 }} [https://www.poderjudicialyucatan.gob.mx/digestum/marcoLegal/03/2012/DIGESTUM03002.pdf 311] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311183309/https://www.poderjudicialyucatan.gob.mx/digestum/marcoLegal/03/2012/DIGESTUM03002.pdf |date=2020-03-11 }}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Zacatecas|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Local laws}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|[http://www.congresozac.gob.mx/f/todojuridico&amp;cual=103 237.1] [http://www.congresozac.gob.mx/f/todojuridico&amp;cual=103 237.4]
|}
|-
|style=&quot;padding: 0px&quot; colspan=17|
{|class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;table-layout:inherit; width:81em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: right&quot;
|align=left style=&quot;width:18em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|United States|plink=Ages of consent in North America#United States}}
|align=center style=&quot;width:7em;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center style=&quot;width:5em&quot;|No
|align=left colspan=13 style=&quot;width:37em&quot;|''Varies by state''
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspw|District of Columbia|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#District of Columbia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dccode.org/simple/Title-22/Chapter-30/|title=Chapter 30. Sexual Abuse|accessdate=4 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Alabama|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Alabama}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/codeofalabama/1975/coatoc.htm|title=Code Of Alabama|website=alisondb.legislature.state.al.us|access-date=2019-10-09|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2024-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123221654/http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/CodeOfAlabama/1975/Coatoc.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Alaska|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Alaska}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title11/Chapter41/Section436.htm|title=Sec. 11.41.436. Sexual abuse of a minor in the second degree. – The Alaska Legal Resource Center|website=www.touchngo.com|access-date=2019-10-09|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2024-12-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229135937/http://www.touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title11/Chapter41/Section436.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title11/Chapter41/Section438.htm|title=Sec. 11.41.438. Sexual abuse of a minor in the third degree. – The Alaska Legal Resource Center|website=www.touchngo.com|access-date=2019-10-09|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2024-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130185206/http://www.touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title11/Chapter41/Section438.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Arizona|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Arizona}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.azleg.gov/viewdocument/?docName=https://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/01405.htm|title=13-1405. Sexual conduct with a minor; classification|website=www.azleg.gov|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.azleg.gov/viewdocument/?docName=https://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/01407.htm|title=13-1407. Defenses|website=www.azleg.gov|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.azleg.gov/viewdocument/?docName=https://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/01401.htm|title=13-1401. Definitions; factors|website=www.azleg.gov|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Arkansas|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Arkansas}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/2010/title-5/subtitle-2/chapter-14/subchapter-1/5-14-103/|title=2010 Arkansas Code : : Title 5 - Criminal Offenses : : Subtitle 2 - Offenses Against The Person : : Chapter 14 - Sexual Offenses : : Subchapter 1 - General Provisions : : § 5-14-103 - Rape.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|California|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#California}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&amp;sectionNum=261.5.|title=CHAPTER 1. Rape, Abduction, Carnal Abuse of Children, and Seduction [261 - 269]|website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&amp;sectionNum=286.|title=CHAPTER 5. Bigamy, Incest, and the Crime Against Nature [286]|website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&amp;sectionNum=288.|title=CHAPTER 5. Bigamy, Incest, and the Crime Against Nature [288]|website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Colorado|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Colorado}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Connecticut|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Connecticut}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/2005/title46b/sec46b-120.html|title=2005 Connecticut Code - Sec. 46b-120. (Formerly Sec. 51-301). Definitions.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/2005/title46b/sec46b-127.html|title=2005 Connecticut Code - Sec. 46b-127. (Formerly Sec. 51-308). Transfer of child charged with a felony to the regular criminal docket.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/2005/title46b/sec46b-133d.html|title=2005 Connecticut Code - Sec. 46b-133d. Serious sexual offender prosecution. Sentencing.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/2005/title53a/sec53a-70.html|title=2005 Connecticut Code - Sec. 53a-70. Sexual assault in the first degree: Class B or A felony.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/2005/title53a/sec53a-71.html|title=2005 Connecticut Code - Sec. 53a-71. Sexual assault in the second degree: Class C or B felony.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Delaware|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Delaware}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://delcode.delaware.gov/title11/c005/sc02/index.shtml|title=TITLE 11 - CHAPTER 5. Specific Offenses - Subchapter II. Offenses Against the Person|website=delcode.delaware.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Florida|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Florida}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;HHSpage&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/08/sr/statelaws/statelaws.shtml Statutory Rape: A Guide to State Laws and Reporting Requirements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703174841/http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/08/sr/statelaws/statelaws.shtml |date=2015-07-03 }}.&quot; [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]. Retrieved on November 4, 2014. &quot;Florida[ ... ]A child under 16 years of age cannot consent to sexual activity, regardless of the age of the defendant.[189] A child who is at least 16 years of age and less than 18 years of age cannot consent to sexual activity if the defendant is 24 years of age or older.&quot; and &quot;Pennsylvania[ ... ]Sexual intercourse with someone less than 13 years of age is illegal regardless of the age of the defendant.[641] Sexual intercourse with someone at least 13 years of age and less than 16 years of age is illegal unless the defendant is less than four years older than the victim or is the victim's spouse.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.flsenate.gov/statutes/index.cfm?mode=View%20Statutes&amp;SubMenu=1&amp;App_mode=Display_Statute&amp;Search_String=794.05&amp;URL=0700-0799/0794/Sections/0794.05.html|title=Flsenate Archive: Statutes &amp; Constitution &gt; View Statutes|website=archive.flsenate.gov|access-date=2019-10-10|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826213720/http://archive.flsenate.gov/statutes/index.cfm?mode=View%20Statutes&amp;SubMenu=1&amp;App_mode=Display_Statute&amp;Search_String=794.05&amp;URL=0700-0799/0794/Sections/0794.05.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&amp;Search_String=&amp;URL=0900-0999/0943/Sections/0943.04354.html Fla. Stat. 943.04354].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Georgia (U.S. state)|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Georgia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2010/title-16/chapter-6/16-6-3/|title=§&amp;nbsp;16-6-3 – Statutory rape: : 2010 Georgia Code|last=|first=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=18 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2010/title-16/chapter-6/16-6-2/|title=§&amp;nbsp;16-6-2 – Sodomy; aggravated sodomy; medical expenses: : 2010 Georgia Code|last=|first=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=18 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Hawaii|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Hawaii}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol14_Ch0701-0853/HRS0707/HRS_0707-0730.htm|title=House Bill|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://ag.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/rpt_age_of_consent_tf.pdf REPORT OF THE AGE OF CONSENT TASK FORCE]&quot; (). State of Hawaii Department of the Attorney General. Retrieved on November 4, 2014. p. i (PDF p. 6/79). Submitted to The Twenty-Second State Legislature Regular Session of 2003 Pursuant to Act 1, Second Special Session, SLH 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Idaho|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Idaho}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH61SECT18-6101.htm|title=Idaho Statutes – 18-6101|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730160147/http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH61SECT18-6101.htm|archivedate=30 July 2010|accessdate=28 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH15SECT18-1508.htm|title=Idaho Statutes – 18-1508|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731053852/http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH15SECT18-1508.htm|archivedate=31 July 2010|accessdate=28 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH15SECT18-1508A.htm|title=Idaho Statutes – 18-1508A|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731053904/http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH15SECT18-1508A.htm|archivedate=31 July 2010|accessdate=28 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH15SECT18-1506.htm|title=Idaho Statutes – 18-1506|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731053825/http://legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title18/T18CH15SECT18-1506.htm|archivedate=31 July 2010|accessdate=28 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Illinois|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Illinois}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{ILCS|720|5|11-1.20|title=Criminal Sexual Assault}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ILCS|720|5|11-1.50|title=Criminal sexual abuse}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ILCS|720|5|11-1.30|title=Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ILCS|720|5|11-1.40|title=Predatory criminal sexual assault of a child}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ILCS|720|5|11-1.60|title=Aggravated criminal sexual abuse}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ILCS|750|5|203}} and {{ILCS|750|5|208}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Indiana|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Indiana}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://iga.in.gov/legislative/laws/2014/ic/titles/035/|title=Indiana Code 35-42-4|last=|first=|date=|publisher=|page=438|accessdate=9 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Indiana Code 35-42-4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/2010/title35/ar42/ch4.html|title=Indiana Code 35-42-4|date=|publisher=In.gov|accessdate=10 August 2012|archivedate=29 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329201144/http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/2010/title35/ar42/ch4.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Iowa|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Iowa}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Kansas|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Kansas}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kslegislature.org/li/b2013_14/statute/021_000_0000_chapter/021_055_0000_article/|title=Kansas Statutes 21-5503, 21-5504, 21-5506 and 21-5507|year=2012|accessdate=September 10, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Kentucky|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Kentucky}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kentuckytoday.com/stories/age-of-consent-change-considered-for-some-circumstances,11289|title=Age of consent change considered for some circumstances|last=Latek|first=Tom|date=January 19, 2018|accessdate=2018-12-06|periodical=Kentucky Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Louisiana|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Louisiana}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://law.justia.com/codes/louisiana/2012/rs/title14/rs14-80|title=2012 Louisiana Laws, Revised Statutes, TITLE 14 — Criminal law, RS 14: 80 — Felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile|date=|publisher=Law.justia.com|accessdate=11 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Maine|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Maine}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Maryland|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Maryland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;so3&quot;&gt;[http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/criminal-law/title-3/subtitle-3/3-307/ Sexual offense in the third degree]. Maryland Code, Criminal Law §&amp;nbsp;3-307.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;so2&quot;&gt;[http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/criminal-law/title-3/subtitle-3/3-306/ Sexual offense in the second degree]. Maryland Code, Criminal Law §&amp;nbsp;3-306.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rape2&quot;&gt;[http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/criminal-law/title-3/subtitle-3/3-304/ Rape in the second degree]. Maryland Code, Criminal Law §&amp;nbsp;3-304.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/criminal-law/title-3/subtitle-3/3-324/ Sexual solicitation of minor]. Maryland Code, Criminal Law §&amp;nbsp;3-324.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Massachusetts|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Massachusetts}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIV/TitleI/Chapter272/Section35A|title=General Laws|work=malegislature.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Michigan|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Michigan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(lr1oeuc5b02dxe0a3cj3xzxl))/mileg.aspx?page=GetObject&amp;objectname=mcl-750-520d|title=Michigan Legislature - Section 750.520d|website=www.legislature.mi.gov|access-date=2019-10-10|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2020-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719062410/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(h5mmum54eovnwfqddc3qtc1j))/mileg.aspx?page=getobject&amp;objectname=mcl-750-520d}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gordonc&quot;&gt;Gordon, Claire. &quot;[http://jobs.aol.com/articles/2012/03/27/lawmakers-move-to-bar-teachers-from-having-sex-with-students/ Lawmakers Move To Bar Teachers From Having Sex With Students]&quot;. ''[[AOL News]]''. March 27, 2013. Retrieved on August 8, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Dave. &quot;[http://www.mlive.com/education/index.ssf/2012/03/teachers_prohibited_from_havin.html Teachers prohibited from having sex with students of any age under bill approved by Michigan Senate]&quot;. ''[[MLive]]''. March 20, 2012. Retrieved on August 8, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Minnesota|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Minnesota}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.341|title=Sec. 609.341 MN Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.342|title=Sec. 609.342 MN Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.343|title=Sec. 609.343 MN Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.344|title=Sec. 609.344 MN Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.345|title=Sec. 609.345 MN Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.3451|title=Sec. 609.3451 MN Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Mississippi|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Mississippi}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://michie.lexisnexis.com/mississippi/lpext.dll?f=templates&amp;fn=main-h.htm&amp;cp=|title=§&amp;nbsp;97-3-65. Statutory rape; enhanced penalty for forcible sexual intercourse or statutory rape by administering certain substances.|publisher=LexisNexis.com|accessdate=18 February 2008|archivedate=19 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519155603/http://michie.lexisnexis.com/mississippi/lpext.dll?f=templates&amp;fn=main-h.htm&amp;cp=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Missouri|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Missouri}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Montana|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Montana}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.age-of-consent.info/states/Montana|title=What is the Montana Legal Age of Consent for 2012?|author=|date=|publisher=Age-of-consent.info|accessdate=10 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425202410/http://www.age-of-consent.info/states/Montana|archive-date=25 April 2012|url-status=dead|archivedate=25 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425202410/http://www.age-of-consent.info/states/Montana}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Nebraska|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Nebraska}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=28-319.01|title=Nebraska Legislature|work=nebraskalegislature.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NewHHS&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/statutory-rape-guide-state-laws-and-reporting-requirements-summary-current-state-laws Statutory Rape: A Guide to State Laws and Reporting Requirements. Summary of Current State Laws.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201900/https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/statutory-rape-guide-state-laws-and-reporting-requirements-summary-current-state-laws |date=2016-06-23 }}&quot;. [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]], December 15, 2014. Retrieved on May 15, 2016. &quot;A common misperception about statutory rape is that state codes define a single age at which an individual can legally consent to sex. Only 12 states have a single age of consent, below which an individual cannot consent to sexual intercourse under any circumstances, and above which it is legal to engage in sexual intercourse with another person above the age of consent. For example, in Massachusetts, the age of consent is 16. In the remaining 39 states, other factors come into play: age differentials, minimum age of the victim, and minimum age of the defendant. Each is described below.&quot; - The mathematics does not add up in this section as there are 50 states, unless DC is counted as #51.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=28-805 Chapter 28 Section 805]&quot;. Nebraska Legislature. Retrieved on May 15, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Nevada|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Nevada}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|New Hampshire|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#New Hampshire}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/LXII/632-A/632-A-3.htm|title=Section 632-A: 3 Felonious Sexual Assault.|website=www.gencourt.state.nh.us|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/LXII/632-A/632-A-2.htm|title=Section 632-A: 2 Aggravated Felonious Sexual Assault.|website=www.gencourt.state.nh.us|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/LXII/632-A/632-A-4.htm|title=Section 632-A: 4 Sexual Assault.|website=www.gencourt.state.nh.us|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|New Jersey|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#New Jersey}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|{{Cite NJSA|title=2C|chapter=14|section=2|subsection=b}}
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|New Mexico|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#New Mexico}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/new-mexico/2006/nmrc/jd_30-9-11-c28b.html|title=2006 New Mexico Statutes - Section 30-9-11 — Criminal sexual penetration.|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://law.justia.com/newmexico/codes/nmrc/jd_30-9-11-c28b.html|title=2006 New Mexico Statutes – Section 30-9-11 — Criminal sexual penetration.|date=|publisher=Law.justia.com|accessdate=11 August 2016|archivedate=4 January 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104073951/http://law.justia.com/newmexico/codes/nmrc/jd_30-9-11-c28b.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|New York|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#New York}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|11 || 11 || 11 || 11 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://codes.findlaw.com/ny/penal-law/|title=New York Consolidated Laws, Penal Law - PEN|website=Findlaw|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|North Carolina|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#North Carolina}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncleg.gov/Laws/GeneralStatutesTOC?Chapter=0014|title=General Statute Chapters - North Carolina General Assembly|website=www.ncleg.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|North Dakota|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#North Dakota}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Ohio|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Ohio}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://oaesv.org/Uploads/Documents/Ohio-Age-of-Consent-Fact-Sheet.pdf OHIO AGE OF CONSENT/STATUTORY RAPE FACT SHEET]{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot;. Ohio Alliance to End Sexual Violence. Retrieved on August 29, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/2907.04|title=Lawriter - ORC - 2907.04 Unlawful sexual conduct with minor.|website=codes.ohio.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/2907.03|title=Lawriter - ORC - 2907.03 Sexual battery.|website=codes.ohio.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Oklahoma|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Oklahoma}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/os/os%5F21%2D1111.rtf|title=Oklahoma Statutes §&amp;nbsp;21-1111. Rape defined|date=|accessdate=10 August 2012|archivedate=26 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126120114/http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/os/os_21-1111.rtf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oklahomalegalgroup.com/ageofconsent|title=Age of Consent in Oklahoma – Oklahoma Legal Group|work=oklahomalegalgroup.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/os/os%5F21%2D1111.rtf|title=Oklahoma Statutes §&amp;nbsp;21-1112. Age limitation on conviction for rape|date=|accessdate=10 August 2012|archivedate=26 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126120114/http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/os/os%5F21%2D1111.rtf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kuruvilla, Carol. &quot;[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/english-teacher-avoids-jail-cops-nab-hotel-student-article-1.1739058 English teacher avoids jail after cops nab her in hotel room with 17-year-old student]&quot; (). ''[[New York Daily News]]''. Sunday March 29, 2014. Retrieved on October 5, 2014. &quot;The age of consent in Oklahoma is 16. But because Queen was the teenager's teacher, different rules apply. According to state laws, a sexual act is considered rape if the victim is a student between 16 and 18 years of age and the suspect is an employee of the student's school system.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Oregon|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Oregon}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Pennsylvania|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Pennsylvania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyerclearcut&quot;&gt;Boyer, Barbara. &quot;[http://articles.philly.com/2005-04-09/news/25427039_1_sexual-assault-marc-neff-defense-lawyers-question Chester sex case points up questions A high school administrator has been charged with two misdemeanors. Experts say the issues are not clear-cut.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126120114/http://articles.philly.com/2005-04-09/news/25427039_1_sexual-assault-marc-neff-defense-lawyers-question |date=2016-01-26 }}&quot; (). ''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]''. April 9, 2005. Retrieved on August 4, 2015. &quot;Wilson's arrest highlights confusing questions about sexual relations between youths who are of the age of legal consent at 16 and adults. Sex with a minor younger than 16 is considered statutory rape.&quot; and &quot;In Pennsylvania, prosecutors turn to broader laws, such as corrupting the morals of a minor, that are not as clearly defined.&quot; and &quot;JoAnne Epps, dean of academic affairs at Temple University's Beasley School of Law, said that even though a teenager can legally consent to sex[ ... ]&quot;[ ... ]but that's irrelevant in determining whether a person is guilty of corrupting the morals of a minor.&quot;&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Smerconishabuse&quot;&gt;Smerconish, Michael. &quot;[http://articles.philly.com/2011-08-05/news/29854754_1_sexual-exploitation-crimes-victims The Pulse: Coming forward on abuse helps the community] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018022718/http://articles.philly.com/2011-08-05/news/29854754_1_sexual-exploitation-crimes-victims |date=2015-10-18 }}&quot; (). ''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]''. August 5, 2011. &quot;There are no statutory-rape charges pending as the age of consent in the commonwealth is 16.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anastasia, George. &quot;[http://articles.philly.com/2002-06-18/news/25348434_1_tape-raid-preliminary-hearing D.A. to fight ruling on Rinick sex tape A judge said reporters were entitled to view it. Prosecutors said four women's privacy rights must be protected.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913032248/http://articles.philly.com/2002-06-18/news/25348434_1_tape-raid-preliminary-hearing |date=2015-09-13 }}&quot; (). ''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]''. August 5, 2011. Retrieved on August 6, 2015. &quot;Rinick's lawyer in that case, Nino Tinari, said yesterday that the charges were downgraded to corrupting the morals of minors after Rinick produced videotapes that indicated the girls took part in consensual sex. (The age of consent in Pennsylvania for sex is 16.)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Finley, Ben. &quot;[http://articles.philly.com/2014-06-20/news/50714068_1_maximum-sentence-james-civello-six-to-12-years Corbett signs law targeting predatory youth coaches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915020340/http://articles.philly.com/2014-06-20/news/50714068_1_maximum-sentence-james-civello-six-to-12-years |date=2015-09-15 }}&quot; (). ''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]''. June 20, 2014. Retrieved on September 15, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/2011-01-05/news/27010908_1_student-teacher-school-issued|title=Lower Merion High teacher suspended in student-romance allegation|last=Martin|first=John P.|date=January 5, 2011|work=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919090301/http://articles.philly.com/2011-01-05/news/27010908_1_student-teacher-school-issued|archive-date=September 19, 2015|accessdate=June 24, 2018|quote=Pennsylvania law sets the age of consent for sex at 16, although prosecutors in some counties have brought child endangerment and corruption-of-minors charges against teachers who have had relationships with 16- and 17-year-old students.|archivedate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093259/http://articles.philly.com/2011-01-05/news/27010908_1_student-teacher-school-issued}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Rhode Island|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Rhode Island}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://statelaws.findlaw.com/rhode-island-law/rhode-island-rape-and-sexual-assault-laws.html|title=Rhode Island Rape and Sexual Assault Laws – FindLaw.com|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/statutes/TITLE11/11-37/11-37-6.HTM|title=11-37-6|date=|publisher=Rilin.state.ri.us|accessdate=10 August 2012|archivedate=5 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905071652/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/statutes/TITLE11/11-37/11-37-6.HTM}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/statutes/title11/11-37/11-37-8.1.htm|title=11-37-8.1|date=|publisher=Rilin.state.ri.us|accessdate=10 August 2012|archivedate=31 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731195849/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/TITLE11/11-37/11-37-8.1.HTM}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|South Carolina|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#South Carolina}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|11 || 11 || 11 || 11 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|South Dakota|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#South Dakota}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Tennessee|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Tennessee}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/tncode/|title=LexisNexis® Custom Solution: Tennessee Code Research Tool|work=lexisnexis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Texas|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Texas}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.versustexas.com/criminal/age-of-consent-in-texas/|title=Age of Consent in Texas|publisher=Varghese Summersett PLLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Appellant's Brief, Texas Department of Public Safety v. Garcia, 2010 WL 1366961, at 8 (Tex. Ct. App. filed Feb. 1, 2010)&quot;. &quot;Under Texas law, a person commits the offense of Sexual Performance by a Child [...] Like the *8 Oregon statute, this Texas statute identifies the age of consent as 18.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190414232357/https://www.leagle.com/decision/intxco20150813435 Ex parte Fujisaka, 472 S.W.3d 792, 800, 801 (Tex. Ct. App. 2015)]. &quot;Appellant contends that because it is legal for an adult to have consensual sexual relations with a seventeen-year-old child without violating the Texas Penal Code,[...]&quot; and &quot;Because seventeen years is the age of consent to sexual relations in Texas,[...]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/texas-statutory-rape-laws.htm#|title=Texas Statutory Rape Laws &amp; Criminal Penalties – Criminal Law|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Utah|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Utah}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;utah&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter5/76-5-S401.2.html|title=Utah State Legislature|work=utah.gov|quote=&quot;76-5-401.2 Unlawful sexual conduct with a 16- or 17-year-old&quot;|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2025-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116065052/https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter5/76-5-S401.2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Vermont|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Vermont}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutes/fullsection.cfm?Title=13&amp;Chapter=072&amp;Section=03252|title=The Vermont Statutes Online|date=26 May 2006|publisher=Leg.state.vt.us|accessdate=16 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Virginia|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Virginia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;ageoldculturaldivide2&quot;&gt;Schulte, Brigide. &quot;An Age-Old Cultural Divide&quot;. ''[[Washington Post]]''. Sunday March 20, 2005. Page LZ21. Online p. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A41011-2005Mar16.html 1](). &quot;In Virginia, the age of consent is 18.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ageoldculturaldivide2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SheppardVirginia&quot;&gt;Sheppard, Kate. &quot;[https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/04/more-cuccinellis-defense-virginias-anti-sodomy-law More on Cuccinelli's Defense of Virginia's Anti-Sodomy Law]&quot; (). ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]''. Thursday April 4, 2013. Retrieved on September 17, 2015. &quot;While that might be seen as creepy, in Virginia, the age of consent is 15 years old.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lawsonsexabuse&quot;&gt;Chandler, Michael Alison. &quot;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/24/AR2010072400242.html Laws on child sex abuse in schools]&quot;. ''[[Washington Post]]''. July 24, 2010. Retrieved on September 17, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Washington|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Washington}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 21 || 21 || 21 || 21
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9A.44.096|title=RCW 9A.44.096: Sexual misconduct with a minor in the second degree.|website=apps.leg.wa.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark-Flory&quot;&gt;Clark-Flory, Tracy. &quot;[http://www.salon.com/2010/11/20/student_teacher/ Student-teacher sex: When is it OK?]&quot;. ''[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]]''. November 20, 2010. Retrieved on December 25, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9A.44.010|title=RCW 9A.44.010: Definitions.|website=apps.leg.wa.gov|access-date=2019-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|West Virginia|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#West Virginia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legis.state.wv.us/wvcode/Code.cfm?chap=61&amp;art=8B|title=West Virginia Code|author=|date=|publisher=Legis.state.wv.us|accessdate=10 August 2012|archivedate=14 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914083314/http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODE/Code.cfm?chap=61&amp;art=8B}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Wisconsin|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Wisconsin}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/944/III/_1|title=Wisconsin Legislature: Subch. III of ch. 944 Title|date=|publisher=Docs.legis.wisconsin.gov|accessdate=10 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/948/02|title=Wisconsin Legislature: 948.02|date=1 August 2012|publisher=Docs.legis.wisconsin.gov|accessdate=10 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/948/02|title=Wisconsin Legislature: 948.02|date=1 August 2012|publisher=Docs.legis.wisconsin.gov|accessdate=10 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Wyoming|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Wyoming}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Northern Mariana Islands|plink=Ages of consent in the United States#Northern Mariana Islands}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|Puerto Rico|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Puerto Rico}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;: 1&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|U.S. Virgin Islands|plink=Ages of consent in North America#United States Virgin Islands}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/|title=LexisNexis® Legal Resources|website=www.lexisnexis.com|access-date=2019-10-10|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2012-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519094528/http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left style=&quot;width:16em; padding-left: 2em&quot;|{{flagg|pspew|American Samoa|plink=Ages of consent in North America#American Samoa}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|style=&quot;width:5em; text-align: center&quot;|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.asbar.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;id=750&amp;Itemid=172|title=Chapter 36 - Sexual Offenses|publisher=American Samoa Bar Association|access-date=2019-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428120329/http://asbar.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;id=750&amp;Itemid=172|archive-date=2016-04-28|url-status=dead|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2016-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428120329/http://asbar.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;id=750&amp;Itemid=172}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|China|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#China}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;Zhang, Laney (Foreign Law Specialist). &quot;[http://loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/china.php Children's Rights: China]&quot; ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150416042905/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/china.php Archive]). [[Library of Congress]]. August 2007. Last updated March 16, 2015. Retrieved on April 25, 2015. &quot;Having sexual intercourse with a girl under fourteen years of age is statutory rape, with a sentence of heavier punishment within the range of punishments for rape.&quot; and &quot;Having sex with girls under the age of fourteen who are acting as prostitutes may result in a fixed-term imprisonment of five years and fine.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-08/29/c_134568431.htm|title=New law repeals crime of sex with underage prostitutes - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|last1=Shaohui|first1=Tian|date=29 August 2015|work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|accessdate=17 January 2017|archivedate=20 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120094643/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-08/29/c_134568431.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.spp.gov.cn/zdgz/201310/t20131025_63797.shtml|title=四部门关于依法惩治性侵害未成年人犯罪的意见 {{!}}|last1=最高人民法院 最高人民检察院 公安部 司法部|date=25 October 2013|work=[[中华人民共和国最高人民检察院]]|accessdate=25 October 2013|archivedate=4 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904103603/http://www.spp.gov.cn/zdgz/201310/t20131025_63797.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Japan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Japan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;japanesepenalcode&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/PC.pdf|title=Penal Code of Japan (Japanese-English)|date=|publisher=[[Ministry of Justice (Japan)|Japanese Ministry of Justice]]|accessdate=2014-07-15|quote=Article 176. (Forcible Indecency) - 'A person who, through assault or intimidation, forcibly commits an indecent act upon a male or female of not less than thirteen years of age shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not less than 6 months but not more than 10 years. The same shall apply to a person who commits an indecent act upon a male or female under thirteen years of age.' Article 177 (Rape) - 'A person who, through assault or intimidation, forcibly commits sexual intercourse with a female of not less than thirteen years of age commits the crime of rape and shall be punished by imprisonment with work for a definite term of not less than 3 years. The same shall apply to a person who commits sexual intercourse with a female under thirteen years of age.'}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22HO164.html#1000000000002000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000|title=児童福祉法　第八節　雑則　第三十四条|trans-title=Child Welfare Law (Act No. 164, December 12, 1947)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221064534/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22HO164.html#1000000000002000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2016|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=21 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221064534/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22HO164.html#1000000000002000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://legal.3yen.com/2005-07-27/is-the-age-of-consent-in-japan-really-13/|title=Japan Legal FAQ – Is the age of consent in Japan really 13?|date=2005-07-27|publisher=Legal.3yen.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025213840/http://legal.3yen.com/2005-07-27/is-the-age-of-consent-in-japan-really-13/|archivedate=25 October 2005|accessdate=2014-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www8.cao.go.jp/youth/kenkyu/jourei/pdf_index.html|date=2008-12-01|publisher=[[Cabinet Office (Japan)]]|language=Japanese|script-title=ja: 都道府県青少年保護育成条例集 (平成20年12月1日現在)|trans-title=State Seishonen hogo ikusei jorei Collection (December 1, 2008)|accessdate=2014-07-15|title=Archive copy|archivedate=2020-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104030254/https://www8.cao.go.jp/youth/kenkyu/jourei/pdf_index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Germany|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Germany}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html#StGB_000P182|title=German Criminal Code|date=|publisher=Gesetze-im-internet.de|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/176.html|title=§ 176 StGB Sexueller Mißbrauch von Kindern - dejure.org|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/201/signatures Signatory] to the [[Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse]], which criminalises &quot;engaging in sexual activities with a child where… abuse is made of a recognised position of trust, authority or influence over the child&quot; (Ch Vi, Art 18), where &quot;child&quot; is defined as &quot;any person under the age of 18 years&quot; (Ch I, Art 3).[https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/rms/0900001680084822]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|United Kingdom|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#United Kingdom and Crown dependencies}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/advice/factfile_az/age_of_consent|title=Age of Consent according to BBC|date=|publisher=www.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=21 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/ukpga_20030042_en_2#pt1-pb5-l1g9|title=Sexual Offences Act 2003 s. 9|date=|publisher=Opsi.gov.uk|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|France|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#France}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;frenchpenal22725&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do;jsessionid=B2410A60B956150F3AA2051DEC9E931D.tpdila22v_1?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006418101&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&amp;dateTexte=20160306|title=French Penal Code, Article 227-25|date=|publisher=legifrance.gouv.fr|accessdate=5 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|India|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#India}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;2013 rape law&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/New-anti-rape-law-comes-into-force/articleshow/19359543.cms?referral=PM|title=New anti-rape law comes into force|date=3 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=23 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;confusion&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/age-of-consent-sex-parliament-debate/1/259007.html|title=Age of Confusion|date=1 April 2013|newspaper=[[India Today]]|accessdate=23 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;govt relents&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/govt-relents-keeps-age-of-consent-for-sex-at-18_836107.html|title=Govt relents, keeps age of consent for sex at 18|date=19 March 2013|newspaper=[[Zee News]]|accessdate=23 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf|title=The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219085123/http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf|archivedate=19 December 2016|accessdate=2013-12-25|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Italy|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Italy}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.diritto.it/codici/titolo/75-codice-penale-dei-delitti-contro-la-persona|title=Codice penale : : DEI DELITTI CONTRO LA PERSONA : : Diritto &amp; Diritti|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Brazil|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Brazil}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Estadão&quot;&gt;[http://estadao.br.msn.com/ultimas-noticias/artigo.aspx?cp-documentid=26333837 Brazilian justice system frees man, 18, arrested for publicly kissing young teenager, 13 — 'Últimas Notícias' (Last News) - MSN Estadão] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426000846/http://estadao.br.msn.com/ultimas-noticias/artigo.aspx?cp-documentid=26333837 |date=2012-04-26 }}. Online version of [[Estadão]] newspaper. {{in lang|pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Decreto-Lei/Del2848compilado.htm Brazilian Penal Code - official text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313000246/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto-lei/Del2848compilado.htm|date=2016-03-13}} (see Article 217-A)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Canada|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Canada}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/05/01/crime-bill.html|title=Canada's age of consent raised by 2 years|date=1 May 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502083604/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/05/01/crime-bill.html|archivedate=2 May 2008|publisher=CBC News|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sacc.to/sya/crime/law.htm|title=Sexual Assault Care Centre: Since You Asked: The Law - SACC provides emergency nurse, medical care, information thoughts feelings collect physical evidence help legal|author=SACC Website Team|date=|publisher=Sacc.to|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414194126/http://www.sacc.to/sya/crime/law.htm|archivedate=14 April 2011|accessdate=16 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|South Korea|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#South Korea}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?hseq=40950&amp;lang=ENG|title=Statutes of the Republic of Korea|website=elaw.klri.re.kr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?hseq=28627&amp;lang=ENG|title=Statutes of the Republic of Korea|website=elaw.klri.re.kr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Russia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Russia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
| 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.consultant.ru/popular/ukrf/|title=&quot;Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации&quot; от 13.06.1996 N 63-ФЗ (ред. от 06.07.2016) / КонсультантПлюс|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.consultant.ru/popular/ukrf/10_26.html|title=ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ ПРОТИВ ПОЛОВОЙ НЕПРИКОСНОВЕННОСТИ И ПОЛОВОЙ СВОБОДЫ ЛИЧНОСТИ - Уголовный кодекс РФ (УК РФ) от 13.06.1996 N 63-ФЗ \ Консультант Плюс|date=|publisher=Consultant.ru|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Spain|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Spain}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/03/31/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-3439.pdf|title=JEFATURA DEL ESTADO|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730054950/http://boe.es/boe/dias/2015/03/31/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-3439.pdf|archivedate=30 July 2016|accessdate=2015-08-25|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;radiointereconomia.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://radiointereconomia.com/2015/07/01/las-20-claves-del-nuevo-codigo-penal/|title=Las 20 claves del nuevo Código Penal|date=1 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025235807/http://radiointereconomia.com/2015/07/01/las-20-claves-del-nuevo-codigo-penal/|archive-date=25 October 2016|access-date=25 October 2016|df=dmy-all|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=25 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025235807/http://radiointereconomia.com/2015/07/01/las-20-claves-del-nuevo-codigo-penal/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Indonesia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Indonesia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana|last=Kejaksaan Negeri|publisher=Kejaksaan Negeri|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Netherlands|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Netherlands}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/cgi-bin/deeplink/law1/title=WETBOEK%20VAN%20STRAFRECHT/article=245/|title=wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wetboek van Strafrecht - BWBR0001854|date=|publisher=Wetten.overheid.nl|language=nl|accessdate=2014-05-17}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/cgi-bin/deeplink/law1/title=WETBOEK%20VAN%20STRAFRECHT/article=247/|title=wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wetboek van Strafrecht - BWBR0001854|date=|publisher=Wetten.overheid.nl|language=nl|accessdate=2014-05-17}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Turkey|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Turkey}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;turkishpenal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5237.pdf|title=Turkish Penal Code|publisher=Mevzuat.gov.tr.|language=Turkish|accessdate=3 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Switzerland|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Switzerland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/311_0/a187.html|title=RS 311.0 Code pénal suisse du 21 décembre 1937|date=|publisher=Admin.ch|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/311_0/a187.html|title=SR 311.0 Schweizerisches Strafgesetzbuch vom 21. Dezember 1937|date=|publisher=Admin.ch|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/i/rs/311_0/a187.html|title=RS 311.0 Codice penale svizzero del 21 dicembre 1937|date=|publisher=Admin.ch|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Saudi Arabia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Saudi Arabia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/12/16/New-Saudi-law-to-set-marital-age-of-consent-at-18.html|title=New Saudi law to set marital age of consent at 18|publisher=Al Arabiya|language=en|access-date=2017-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/no-minimum-age-for-marriage-of-girls-grand-mufti-576044.html|title=No minimum age for marriage of girls Grand Mufti|work=ArabianBusiness.com|access-date=2017-11-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SaudiGazeette&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=2008102720339|title=Move to ban underage marriages|author=Muhammad Odhaib|date=1 January 2009|work=Saudi Gazette|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920123300/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=2008102720339|archivedate=20 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Sweden|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Sweden}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.government.se/contentassets/5315d27076c942019828d6c36521696e/swedish-penal-code.pdf Swedish penal code] sweden.gov.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://lagen.nu/1962: 700#K2P2S4|title=Brottsbalk (1962: 700) (BrB)|date=|publisher=Lagen.nu|accessdate=2014-05-17}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://lagen.nu/1962: 700#K6P6S1|title=Brottsbalk (1962: 700) (BrB)|date=|publisher=Lagen.nu|accessdate=2014-05-17}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Nigeria|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Nigeria}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/185851-fact-check-nigerias-sexual-offences-bill-stipulates-18-years-not-11-years-as-age-of-consent.html|title=FACT CHECK: Nigeria's Sexual Offences Bill stipulates 18 years, not 11 years, as age of consent|author=Ezeamalu, Ben|date=30 June 2015|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=12 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Poland|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Poland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.era.int/domains/corpus-juris/public_pdf/polish_penal_code2.pdf|title=Part 2 of the unofficial English translation of the Polish Criminal Code|work=Academy of European Law|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070413010314/http://www.era.int/domains/corpus-juris/public_pdf/polish_penal_code2.pdf|archivedate=13 April 2007|accessdate=17 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://isip.sejm.gov.pl/servlet/Search?todo=file&amp;id=WDU19970880553&amp;type=3&amp;name=D19970553Lj.pdf|title=Polish Criminal Code|publisher=Isip.sejm.gov.pl|language=Polish|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524012944/http://isip.sejm.gov.pl/servlet/Search?todo=file&amp;id=WDU19970880553&amp;type=3&amp;name=D19970553Lj.pdf|archivedate=24 May 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Argentina|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Argentina}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/15000-19999/16546/texact.htm|title=CODIGO PENAL DE LA NACION ARGENTINA|website=servicios.infoleg.gob.ar|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Belgium|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Belgium}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/loi_a1.pl?DETAIL=1867060801/F&amp;caller=list&amp;row_id=1&amp;numero=2&amp;rech=4&amp;cn=1867060801&amp;table_name=LOI&amp;nm=1867060850&amp;la=F&amp;dt=CODE+PENAL&amp;language=fr&amp;fr=f&amp;choix1=ET&amp;choix2=ET&amp;fromtab=loi_all&amp;trier=promulgation&amp;chercher=t&amp;sql=dt+contains++%27CODE%27&amp;+%27PENAL%27and+actif+=+%27Y%27&amp;tri=dd+AS+RANK+&amp;imgcn.x=41&amp;imgcn.y=12#LNK0094|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203060924/http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/loi_a1.pl?DETAIL=1867060801%2FF&amp;caller=list&amp;row_id=1&amp;numero=2&amp;rech=4&amp;cn=1867060801&amp;table_name=LOI&amp;nm=1867060850&amp;la=F&amp;dt=CODE%20PENAL&amp;language=fr&amp;fr=f&amp;choix1=ET&amp;choix2=ET&amp;fromtab=loi_all&amp;trier=promulgation&amp;chercher=t&amp;sql=dt%20contains%20%20%27CODE%27&amp;%20%27PENAL%27and%20actif%20=%20%27Y%27&amp;tri=dd%20AS%20RANK%20&amp;imgcn.x=41&amp;imgcn.y=12|url-status=dead|title=LOI - WET|archivedate=December 3, 2016|website=www.ejustice.just.fgov.be}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=nl&amp;la=N&amp;cn=1867060801&amp;table_name=wet|title=LOI - WET|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Venezuela|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Venezuela}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mp.gob.ve/LEYES/codigo%20penal/codigo%20penal.html|title=Venezuelan Penal Code|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119060537/http://www.mp.gob.ve/LEYES/codigo%20penal/codigo%20penal.html|archive-date=19 January 2017|url-status=dead|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=19 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119060537/http://www.mp.gob.ve/LEYES/codigo%20penal/codigo%20penal.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Norway|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Norway}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2005-05-20-28|title=The Penal Code - Lovdata|website=lovdata.no|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Austria|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Austria}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40023134/NOR40023134.html|title=RIS Dokument|date=2013-07-31|publisher=Ris.bka.gv.at|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40093644/NOR40093644.html|title=RIS Dokument|date=2009-08-31|publisher=Ris.bka.gv.at|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40033821/NOR40033821.html|title=RIS Dokument|date=|publisher=Ris.bka.gv.at|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Iran|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Iran}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/iran-gender|title=Premarital sex on rise as Iranians delay marriage, survey finds|last1=Tait|first1=Robert|date=2008-12-29|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rt.com/news/223079-iran-marriage-dating-website/|title=Iran to launch official marriage website to combat 'immoral' dating, premarital sex|accessdate=21 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/114|title=Iran: a country study|last1=Curtis|first1=Glen E.|last2=Hooglund|first2=Eric|date=2008|publisher=Library of Congress, Federal Research Division|isbn=978-0-8444-1187-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/114 114]|accessdate=2014-10-15|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p. 190&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/iran-lawmakers-men-wed-adopted-daughters|title=The Guardian, 26 September 2013|author=The Guardian|date=26 September 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|publisher=theguardian.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9500484/Alarm-as-hundreds-of-children-under-age-of-10-married-in-Iran.html|title=The Telegraph, 26 Aug 2012|author=The Telegraph|date=26 Aug 2012|publisher=Telegraph.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Thailand|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Thailand}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30029866|title=Popular rocker given suspended jail term for having sex with underage girl|date=30 March 2007|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612143232/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30029866|archivedate=12 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/05/20/national/national_30004480.php|title=DNA test clears 'Dag'|date=20 May 2006|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=26 January 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126142435/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/05/20/national/national_30004480.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|United Arab Emirates|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#United Arab Emirates}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/briton-faces-jail-for-sex-on-dubai-beach-863918.html|title=Briton faces jail for sex on Dubai beach|last1=Judd|first1=Terri|date=10 July 2008|work=The Independent|last2=Sajn|first2=Nikolina|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaifaqs.com/education-dubai.php|title=Education in Dubai|author=Dubai FAQs|publisher=Dubaifaqs.com|accessdate=11 April 2012|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142640/http://www.dubaifaqs.com/education-dubai.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Colombia|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Colombia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1236_2008.html|title=Leyes desde 1992 - Vigencia expresa y control de constitucionalidad [LEY_1236_2008]|website=www.secretariasenado.gov.co|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811022934/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1236_2008.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://perso.unifr.ch/derechopenal/assets/files/legislacion/l_20130808_01.pdf|title=Código Penal Colombiano (ley 599 de 2000)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|South Africa|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#South Africa}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;sa-amendment-act2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/38977_7-7_Act5of2015CriminalLaw_a.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706220207/http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/38977_7-7_Act5of2015CriminalLaw_a.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act Amendment Act, No. 5 of 2015|archivedate=July 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.org.za/depts/ci/pubs/pdf/resources/general/2011/ages_guide_april_2011.pdf|title=Legal guide to age thresholds for children and young people|last1=Mahery|first1=Prinslean|last2=Proudlock|first2=Paula|date=April 2011|publisher=Children's Institute, University of Cape Town|pages=20–22|accessdate=8 October 2011|edition=5|archivedate=24 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212712/http://www.ci.uct.ac.za/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Denmark|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Denmark}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/r0710.aspx?id=181992#idfb7ca177-33f0-4332-902c-cad2d4cb86c2|title=Bekendtgørelse af straffeloven|last=|first=|date=2016-07-04|website=www.retsinformation.dk|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Malaysia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Malaysia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pdfdownload.org/pdf2html/pdf2html.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interpol.int%2FPublic%2FChildren%2FSexualAbuse%2FNationalLaws%2FcsaMalaysia.pdf&amp;images=yes|title=Sexual Offences Laws – Malaysia – Interpol|publisher=Pdfdownload.org|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324172851/http://www.pdfdownload.org/pdf2html/pdf2html.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interpol.int%2FPublic%2FChildren%2FSexualAbuse%2FNationalLaws%2FcsaMalaysia.pdf&amp;images=yes|archivedate=24 March 2012|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://violenceagainstchildren.un.org/sites/violenceagainstchildren.un.org/files/documents/other_documents/sexual_offences_against_children_bill_eng.pdf |accessdate=2020-05-28 |archivedate=2021-05-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506233231/https://violenceagainstchildren.un.org/sites/violenceagainstchildren.un.org/files/documents/other_documents/sexual_offences_against_children_bill_eng.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Singapore|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Singapore}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || 16 || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;[http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/html/homepage.html Singapore Statutes OnLine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222092935/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/html/homepage.html|date=22 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Israel|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Israel}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Philippines|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Philippines}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2013/eap/220224.htm|title=Philippines|accessdate=2015-06-08|df=dmy}} on 2013-02-27)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2013/eap/220224.htm|title=Sexual Exploitation of Children|quote=The minimum age for consensual sex is 12 years. The statutory rape law criminalizes sex with minors under age 12 and sex with a child under age 18 involving force, threat, or intimidation. The maximum penalty for child rape is 40 years in prison plus a lifetime bar from political office. As of August the PNP reported 2,750 cases of child rape. The production, possession, and distribution of child pornography are illegal, and penalties range from one month to life in prison plus fines from 50,000 to five million pesos ($1,140 to $114,000), depending on the gravity of the offense.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/PHL_revised_penal_code.pdf|title=The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unescap.org/esid/psis/population/database/poplaws/law_phi/phi_018.htm|title=Republic Act No. 7610 (Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act), Republic of the Philippines|date=22 July 1991|publisher=Unescap.org|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040223233428/http://www.unescap.org/esid/psis/population/database/poplaws/law_phi/phi_018.htm|archivedate=23 February 2004|accessdate=11 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/cralaw/2013junedecisions.php?id=483|title=G.R. No. 198732, June 10, 2013 - CHRISTIAN CABALLO, Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent. : JUNE 2013 - PHILIPPINE SUPREME COURT JURISPRUDENCE - CHANROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY|website=www.chanrobles.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Egypt|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Egypt}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3f827fc44.pdf|title=Law No 58 01 The Year 1937}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;interpol-sexoffences&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/|title=Legislation of INTERPOL member states on sexual offences against children|publisher=INTERPOL|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091003113552/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/|archive-date=2009-10-03|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2009-10-03|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091003113552/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Hong Kong|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Hong Kong}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hklii.org/eng/hk/legis/ord/200/s118D.html|title=Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) s.118D|publisher=HKLII|accessdate=6 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;s&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hklii.org/hk/legis/en/ord/200/s124.html|title=Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) s.124|publisher=HKLII|accessdate=2 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;s&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hklii.org/hk/legis/en/ord/200/s123.html|title=Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) s.123|publisher=HKLII|accessdate=2 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hklii.org/hk/legis/en/ord/200/s118c.html|title=Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) s.118C|publisher=HKLII|accessdate=2 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lo, Clifford and Lana Lam. &quot;[http://www.scmp.com/news/article/1851614/test-case-hong-kongs-underage-sex-law-after-boys-11-and-13-arrested-alleged Test case for Hong Kong's underage sex law after boys of 11 and 13 arrested for alleged intercourse with minor girl] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129132247/http://www.scmp.com/news/article/1851614/test-case-hong-kongs-underage-sex-law-after-boys-11-and-13-arrested-alleged|date=29 November 2016}}.&quot; ''[[South China Morning Post]]''. Saturday 22 August 2015. Retrieved on 22 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Finland|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Finland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039|title=Finnish Criminal Code|date=29 May 2009|publisher=Finlex.fi|accessdate=11 April 2012|archivedate=9 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709032250/http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Chile|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Chile}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcn.cl/publicadores/pub_leyes_mas_soli/admin/ver_archivo_codigos.php?id_codigo=4&amp;file=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206091709/http://www.bcn.cl/publicadores/pub_leyes_mas_soli/admin/ver_archivo_codigos.php?id_codigo=4&amp;file=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-12-06|title=Wayback Machine|date=2006-12-06|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Pakistan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Pakistan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3699814.stm|title=What is a 'right' age of consent?|last=Smith-Spark|first=Laura|date=1 October 2004|work=[[BBC Online]]|accessdate=10 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pakistan.unfpa.org/en/topics/child-marriage-4|title=UNFPA Pakistan {{!}} Child marriage|last=|first=|date=|website=[[United Nations Population Fund]]|access-date=September 29, 2018|accessdate=May 28, 2020|archivedate=June 2, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602114451/https://pakistan.unfpa.org/en/topics/child-marriage-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Ireland|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Ireland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;irlcitiz&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/justice/criminal_law/criminal_offences/law_on_sex_offences_in_ireland.html|title=The law on sexual offences in Ireland|work=Citizens Information|publisher=Citizens Information Board|location=Dublin, Ireland|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628040525/http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/justice/criminal_law/criminal_offences/law_on_sex_offences_in_ireland.html|archivedate=28 June 2013|accessdate=12 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;irlact2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2006/en/act/pub/0015/print.html|title=Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2006|date=2 June 2006|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|accessdate=12 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ODwyer2&quot;&gt;O'Dwyer, Peter. [http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/the-age-of-consent-debate-where-does-ireland-stand-264694.html &quot;The age of consent debate: Where does Ireland stand?&quot;] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160115215040/http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/the-age-of-consent-debate-where-does-ireland-stand-264694.html Archive]). ''[[Irish Examiner]]''. April 9, 2014. Retrieved on January 14, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2017/act/2/enacted/en/html|title=electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)|last=(eISB)|first=electronic Irish Statute Book|website=www.irishstatutebook.ie|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2017/act/2/section/17/enacted/en/html#sec17|title=Sexual act with child under 17 years of age|last=(eISB)|first=electronic Irish Statute Book|website=www.irishstatutebook.ie|accessdate=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Greece|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Greece}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.freelaw.gr/pk|title=Ποινικός Κώδικας - www.freelaw.gr|publisher=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164750/http://www.freelaw.gr/pk|archive-date=3 March 2018|access-date=3 March 2018|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=3 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164750/http://www.freelaw.gr/pk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Portugal|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Portugal}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;[https://cfaematosinhos.eu/IC_F9.pdf Código Penal Português] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203330/https://cfaematosinhos.eu/IC_F9.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}, Art 171-173&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Iraq|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Iraq}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://law.case.edu/saddamtrial/documents/Iraqi_Penal_Code_1969.pdf|title=The Penal Code with Amendments|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021100954/http://law.case.edu/saddamtrial/documents/Iraqi_Penal_Code_1969.pdf|archivedate=21 October 2012|accessdate=2012-10-21|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/14/jafari-law-iraqi-violation-women-rights-marital-rape|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808113535/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/14/jafari-law-iraqi-violation-women-rights-marital-rape|url-status=dead|title=Ja'fari law takes the Iraqi government's violation of women's rights to a new level &amp;#124; Haifa Zangana|first=Haifa|last=Zangana|date=March 14, 2014|archivedate=August 8, 2016|via=www.theguardian.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/09/iraq-wants-to-legalize-child-marriage.html The Daily Beast] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20160426131506/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/09/iraq-wants-to-legalize-child-marriage.html|date=26 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Kazakhstan|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Kazakhstan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1681/file/ca1cfb8a67f8a1c2ffe8de6554a3.htm/preview|title=ca1cfb8a67f8a1c2ffe8de6554a3.htm|publisher=Legislationline.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613061051/http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1681/file/ca1cfb8a67f8a1c2ffe8de6554a3.htm/preview|archive-date=2010-06-13|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Algeria|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Algeria}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sexualrightsdatabase.org/static/country-452.html#Age+of+sexual+consent+-+different+sex|title=Algeria|website=sexualrightsdatabase.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture edited by David A. Gerstner page 648&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Qatar|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Qatar}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://dohanews.co/cohabitation-laws-cause-confusion-for-hotel-guests/|title=Cohabitation laws in Qatar cause confusion for hotel guests|date=2013-11-04|work=Doha News|access-date=2018-05-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Czech Republic|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Czech Republic}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;117/1852 Ř.z., Zákon trestní o zločinech, přečinech a přestupcích: § 128 Zprznění&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://trestni.juristic.cz/489540/oddil/trzo|title=§ 241 - § 246|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517051618/http://trestni.juristic.cz/489540/oddil/trzo|archivedate=17 May 2011|accessdate=2007-04-10|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Peru|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Peru}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/Sicr/Prensa/heraldo.nsf/CNnoticiasanteriores/fc34916372aa85c9052573070053ab5a?OpenDocument|title=Pleno Reconsidero Exoneracion de Sedunda Votacion a Proyecto Sobre Libertad Sexual|date=2007-06-27|publisher=El Heraldo|language=Spanish|trans-title=House Reconsidered and Excluded Second Vote for Project on Sexual Freedom|accessdate=2010-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/06/22/world/main2970190.shtml|title=Peru Lowers Age Of Consent To 14|author=Lindsay Goldwert|date=2007-06-22|publisher=CBS NEWS|accessdate=2009-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.gob.pe/jurisprudencia/2013/00008-2012-AI.pdf|title=Demanda de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por diez mil seiscientos nueve ciudadanos contra el artículo 1° de la Ley N° 28704 que modifica el artículo 173°, inciso 3° del Código Penal, sobre delito de violación sexual contra víctima entre 14 y 18 años de edad|date=2013-01-07|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con5_uibd.nsf/001CD7E618605745052583280052F800/$FILE/COD-PENAL_actualizado_16-09-2018.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Romania|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Romania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;avocatura.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.avocatura.com/ll491-noul-cod-penal.html|title=Noul Cod Penal (2014)|date=|publisher=Avocatura.com|language=ro|accessdate=2014-05-17|archivedate=2015-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517054948/http://www.avocatura.com/ll491-noul-cod-penal.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;avocatura.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|New Zealand|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#New Zealand}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM329212.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607173223/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM329212.html |url-status=live |title=Crimes Act 1961 No 43 (as at 01 July 2019), Public Act 134 Sexual conduct with young person under 16 |archivedate=2019-06-07 |website=New Zealand Legislation |publisher=[[Parliamentary Counsel Office (New Zealand)]] |accessdate=2020-01-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/consol_act/naa2007146.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002092306/http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/consol_act/naa2007146.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Niue Amendment Act 2007|archivedate=October 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Vietnam|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Vietnam}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/18/AR2005111800680.html|title=Shamed rocker Glitter on the run|date=17 November 2005|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=3 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4559658.stm|title=Glitter police 'drop rape charge'|date=2005-12-26|accessdate=3 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bangladesh|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Bangladesh}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/print_sections_all.php?id=11|title=Penal Conde of Bangladesh|publisher=Government of Bangladesh|accessdate=7 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Kuwait|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Kuwait}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;unhchr.ch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/2f5665ae20b956cb8025675a0033cafb?Opendocument|title=United Nations Human Rights Website – Treaty Bodies Database – Document – Summary Record – Kuwait|publisher=Unhchr.ch|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031125832/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/2f5665ae20b956cb8025675a0033cafb?Opendocument|archivedate=2015-10-31|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuwait&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/2f5665ae20b956cb8025675a0033cafb?Opendocument|title=Summary record of the 488th meeting : Kuwait|publisher=Committee on the Rights of the Child|accessdate=2009-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Angola|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Angola}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/pt/ao/ao026pt.pdf|title=ANTEPROJECTO DE CÓDIGO PENAL}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Hungary|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Hungary}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A1200100.TV|title=2012. évi C. törvény - a Büntető Törvénykönyvről|author=Complex Kiadó Kft.|date=|publisher=Net.jogtar.hu|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Ukraine|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Ukraine}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ukrainepravo.com/ukrainian_law/legal-news-in-ukraine-amendments-to-the-criminal-code-judges-qualification-assessment-model-decision/|title=LEGAL NEWS IN UKRAINE: AMENDMENTS TO THE CRIMINAL CODE, JUDGES' QUALIFICATION ASSESSMENT, MODEL DECISION OF THE SUPREME COURT, NEW PROCEDURE OF THE LAWYER'S EXAMINATION, RECALCULATION OF PENSIONS FOR STATE EMPLOYEES|date=2018-04-21|website=ukraine-pravo.com|publisher=|access-date=2019-03-28|quote=|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2022-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413151234/https://ukrainepravo.com/ukrainian_law/legal-news-in-ukraine-amendments-to-the-criminal-code-judges-qualification-assessment-model-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ukranews.com/en/news/558311-poroshenko-signs-law-defining-defines-16-years-as-legal-age-of-consent|title=Poroshenko Signs Law Defining Defines 16 Years As Legal Age Of Consent|date=2018-04-16|website=[[Ukrainian News Agency]]|publisher=|access-date=2019-03-28|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ukrainepravo.com/ukrainian_law/legal-news-in-ukraine-amendments-to-the-criminal-code-judges-qualification-assessment-model-decision/|title=Legal news in Ukraine: amendments to the Criminal Code, judges' qualification assessment, model decision of the Supreme Court, new procedure of the lawyer's examination, recalculation of pensions for state employees|date=April 20, 2018|website=Українське право - інформаційно-правовий портал|accessdate=May 28, 2020|archivedate=April 13, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413151234/https://ukrainepravo.com/ukrainian_law/legal-news-in-ukraine-amendments-to-the-criminal-code-judges-qualification-assessment-model-decision/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Morocco|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Morocco}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ageofconsent.com/morocco.htm|title=Penalties relating to sex offences and crime against children in the country|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413093810/http://www.ageofconsent.com/morocco.htm|archive-date=2017-04-13|access-date=2017-03-02|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2017-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413093810/http://www.ageofconsent.com/morocco.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://chartsbin.com/view/hxj|title=Minimum Legal Age of Consent - Female|last=ChartsBin|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/69975/69182/F1186528577/MAR-69975.pdf|title=Code Penal du Maroc 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Puerto Rico|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Puerto Rico}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;: 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/leyesreferencia/PDF/Justicia/146-2012/146-2012.pdf|title=Código Penal de Puerto Rico (2012-146)|date=30 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207012022/http://www2.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/leyesreferencia/PDF/Justicia/146-2012/146-2012.pdf|archive-date=7 February 2017|accessdate=20 May 2017|archivedate=7 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207012022/http://www2.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/leyesreferencia/PDF/Justicia/146-2012/146-2012.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Ecuador|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Ecuador}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 14 || 18 || 14
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;asambleanacional.gob.ec&quot;&gt;http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/system/files/document.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Slovakia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Slovakia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaSlovakia.pdf|title=Internet / Home - INTERPOL|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152458/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaSlovakia.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152458/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaSlovakia.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Cuba|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Cuba}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gacetaoficial.cu/html/codigo_penal.html#A16|title=Official Gazette of the Republic of Cuba|date=March 1999|publisher=gacetaoficial.cu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402064841/http://www.gacetaoficial.cu/html/codigo_penal.html#A16|archivedate=2 April 2016|accessdate=23 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Sudan|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Sudan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 13 || 12 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ageofconsent.net/world/sudan|title=Sudan Age of Consent &amp; Statutory Rape Laws|website=www.ageofconsent.net|language=en|accessdate=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Oman|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Oman}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.com/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaOman.pdf|title=Interpol|publisher=Interpol|url-status=dead|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516065620/http://www.interpol.com/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaOman.pdf|archivedate=16 May 2016|accessdate=11 April 2012|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Belarus|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Belarus}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/legislations.php?jid=7&amp;ltid=15|title=Belarus Criminal Code|year=2005|work=National register of legal acts of Byelorussia|publisher=legislationline.org|at=paragraph № 74, 2/1112|language=Russian|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182826/http://www.legislationline.org/legislations.php?jid=7&amp;ltid=15|archive-date=2007-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Azerbaijan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Azerbaijan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaAzerbaijan.pdf|title=Internet / Home - INTERPOL|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152337/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaAzerbaijan.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152337/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaAzerbaijan.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Sri Lanka|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Sri Lanka}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lawnet.lk/sec_process.php?chapterid=2001Y1V19C&amp;sectionno=363&amp;title=PENAL%20CODE&amp;path=5|title=LawNet : : Government of Sri Lanka|publisher=Lawnet.lk|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311072013/http://www.lawnet.lk/sec_process.php?chapterid=2001Y1V19C&amp;sectionno=363&amp;title=PENAL%20CODE&amp;path=5|archivedate=11 March 2012|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lawnet.lk/sec_process.php?chapterid=2001Y1V19C&amp;sectionno=365B&amp;title=PENAL%20CODE&amp;path=5|title=LawNet : : Government of Sri Lanka|publisher=Lawnet.lk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311072037/http://www.lawnet.lk/sec_process.php?chapterid=2001Y1V19C&amp;sectionno=365B&amp;title=PENAL%20CODE&amp;path=5|archive-date=11 March 2012|accessdate=11 April 2012|df=dmy-all|archivedate=11 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311072037/http://www.lawnet.lk/sec_process.php?chapterid=2001Y1V19C&amp;sectionno=365B&amp;title=PENAL%20CODE&amp;path=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Myanmar|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Myanmar}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/yangon/26356-proposed-amendments-raise-statutory-rape-age-to-15.html|title=Proposed amendments raise statutory rape age to 15|date=2017-06-13|website=The Myanmar Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-05|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509030953/https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/yangon/26356-proposed-amendments-raise-statutory-rape-age-to-15.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.myanmar-law-library.org/spip.php?page=pdfjs&amp;id_document=775|title=Myanmar Law Library|website=www.myanmar-law-library.org|access-date=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Luxembourg|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Luxembourg}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/textescoordonnes/codes/index.html#code_penal|title=Liste des codes|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221084603/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/textescoordonnes/codes/index.html#code_penal|archivedate=21 December 2016|accessdate=2006-04-17|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Dominican Republic|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Dominican Republic}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136110.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Report: Dominican Republic|date=11 March 2010|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228145630/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136110.htm|archivedate=28 February 2011|accessdate=16 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Uzbekistan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Uzbekistan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ageofconsent.net/world/uzbekistan|title=Uzbekistan Age of Consent &amp; Statutory Rape Laws|website=www.ageofconsent.net|language=en|accessdate=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ILGA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf|title=State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws criminalising same-sex sexual acts between consenting adults|last1=Itaborah|first1=Lucas Paoli|publisher=ILGA, The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association|accessdate=22 October 2019|archivedate=11 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611181908/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Uzbekistan/UZ_Criminal_Code.pdf|title=Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan On Enactment of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan|publisher=The Supreme Council of the Republic of Uzbekistan|accessdate=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Kenya|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Kenya}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://theequalityeffect.org/pdfs/ConsentPaperKenya.pdf|title=LEGAL TREATMENT OF CONSENT IN SEXUAL OFFENCES IN KENYA|date=February 2013|work=[[University of Nairobi]]|page=18|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2024-06-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625192852/https://theequalityeffect.org/pdfs/ConsentPaperKenya.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Guatemala|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Guatemala}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136114.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Reports: Guatemala|date=11 March 2010|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212084956/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136114.htm|archivedate=12 February 2011|accessdate=16 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Uruguay|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Uruguay}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;Uruguayan Penal Code Articles [https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/codigo-penal/9155-1933/272 272] and [https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/codigo-penal/9155-1933/267 267]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Croatia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Croatia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zakon.hr/z/98/Kazneni-zakon|title=Croatian Criminal Code (in Croatian)|date=|publisher=Zakon.hr|accessdate=19 February 2013|archivedate=30 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430224955/https://www.zakon.hr/z/98/Kazneni-zakon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bulgaria|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Bulgaria}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;legislationline.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes|title=Criminal codes|date=|publisher=Legislationline.org|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Macau|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Macau}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/95/46/codpenpt/codpen0101.asp|title=Redirect page|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328050908/http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/95/46/codpenpt/codpen0101.asp|archivedate=28 March 2016|accessdate=2015-09-01|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Ethiopia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Ethiopia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/et/et011en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.girlup.org/assets/pdfs/factsheet1-about-child-marriage.pdf|title=FACTSHEET: Child Marriage|work=Girl Up|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909152040/http://www.girlup.org/assets/pdfs/factsheet1-about-child-marriage.pdf|archivedate=2013-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Lebanon|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Lebanon}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jurisdiarium.blogspot.com/2007/11/code-pnal-libanais.html|title=Juris diarium: Code pénal libanais|date=30 November 2007|publisher=Jurisdiarium.blogspot.com|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Costa Rica|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Costa Rica}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2017/01/costa-rica-fortalece-medidas-para-proteger-a-las-personas-menores-de-edad-mediante-la-ley-de-relaciones-impropias/|title=Costa Rica fortalece medidas para proteger a las personas menores de edad mediante la Ley de Relaciones Impropias|date=2017-01-19|website=Presidencia de la República de Costa Rica|language=es|access-date=2019-04-08|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2020-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804014549/https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2017/01/costa-rica-fortalece-medidas-para-proteger-a-las-personas-menores-de-edad-mediante-la-ley-de-relaciones-impropias/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Slovenia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Slovenia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20010927175825/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaSlovenia.asp Interpol - National Laws - Slovenia] interpol.int&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Panama|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Panama}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ministeriopublico.gob.pa/minpub/Portals/0/Pdfs/Prensa/CODIGO%20PENAL%20-%20AJUSTADO.pdf|title=Texto Único del Código Penal de la República de Panamá|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509065526/http://www.ministeriopublico.gob.pa/minpub/Portals/0/Pdfs/Prensa/CODIGO%20PENAL%20-%20AJUSTADO.pdf|archivedate=9 May 2016|accessdate=22 March 2016|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Lithuania|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Lithuania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;: 0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=377767&amp;p_tr2=2|title=Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas - Dokumento tekstas|website=www3.lrs.lt|access-date=2016-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://infolex.lt/portal/start_ta.asp?act=doc&amp;fr=pop&amp;doc=66150|title=LR baudžiamasis kodeksas (BK)|date=|publisher=Infolex.Lt|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Tanzania|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Tanzania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ICMEC-Tanzania-National-Legislation.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Turkmenistan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Turkmenistan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.com/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaTurkmenistan.pdf|title=Interpol|publisher=Interpol|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927104232/http://www.interpol.com/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaTurkmenistan.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2011|accessdate=11 April 2012|df=dmy-all|archivedate=27 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927104232/http://www.interpol.com/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaTurkmenistan.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Tunisia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Tunisia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theglobalobservatory.org/2017/08/tunisia-violence-against-women-law/|title=Tunisia's New Protections for Women: A Legislative Revolution and Missed Opportunity|last=Mahmoud|first=Youssef|date=2017-08-09|website=IPI Global Observatory|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://majles.marsad.tn/2014/lois/57a1d468cf44126c17c5e19d/texte|title=مشروع قانون أساسي عدد 2016/60 يتعلق بالقضاء على العنف ضد المرأة {{!}} مرصد مجلس|website=Marsad Majles|language=en|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Serbia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Serbia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/901/file/576c23dc41967e427086bf4c2b45.pdf|title=Serbian Criminal Code in English (translated by the OSCE mission to Serbia in February 2006)|publisher=Legislationline.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613061222/http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/901/file/576c23dc41967e427086bf4c2b45.pdf|archive-date=2010-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Libya|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Libya}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session9/LY/ARCI_ARCInternational.pdf|title=Submission in the UPR review of Libya|work=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2014-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022174536/http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session9/LY/ARCI_ARCInternational.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Ghana|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Ghana}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/gh/gh010en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Yemen|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Yemen}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 9 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Power2009&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Power|first=Carla|title=Nujood Ali &amp; Shada Nasser win &quot;Women of the Year Fund 2008 Glamour Award&quot;|date=12 August 2009|url=http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1207&amp;p=report&amp;a=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405190616/http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1207&amp;p=report&amp;a=1|publisher=Yemen Times|accessdate=16 February 2010|archivedate=5 April 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HRWYemenReport2001&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=Human Rights Watch|title=World Report 2001|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/mideast/yemen.html|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615214816/http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/mideast/yemen.html|chapter=Yemen: Human Rights Developments|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=8 April 2010|archivedate=15 June 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Daragahi2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/11/world/fg-childbride11|title=Yemeni bride, 10, says I won't|last=Daragahi|first=Borzou|date=11 June 2008|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=16 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218062844/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/11/world/fg-childbride11|archivedate=18 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Assamiee&amp;Al-Sakkaf2010&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author1=Mahmoud Assamiee|title=Relative breakthrough in Yemen's early marriage dilemma|date=25 March 2010|url=http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=33771|work=Yemen Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608055754/http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=33771|accessdate=8 April 2010|archivedate=8 June 2011|author2=Nadia Al-Sakkaf|authorlink2=Nadia Al-Sakkaf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/child-bride-dies-wedding-night-yemen-article-1.1450874|title=Girl, 8, dies from internal injuries after wedding night in Yemen|last=Hastings|first=Deborah|work=NY Daily News|accessdate=10 September 2013|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/10/us-yemen-childbride-idUSBRE98910N20130910|title=Child bride in Yemen dies of internal bleeding on wedding night: activist|date=10 September 2013|work=Reuters|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=26 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126230017/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/10/us-yemen-childbride-idUSBRE98910N20130910}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Democratic Republic of the Congo|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sexualrightsdatabase.org/countries/473/Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo|title=Sexual Rights Database|website=sexualrightsdatabase.org|access-date=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Jordan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Jordan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;Schmitt, Arno &amp; Sofer, Jehoeda, 1992, ''Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies'', Binghamton: Harrington Park Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-918393-91-4}}, pages 137-138/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Ivory Coast|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Côte d'Ivoire}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/492169|title=WIPOLex|website=wipolex.wipo.int|access-date=2019-10-05|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507052117/https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/492169}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bahrain|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Bahrain}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 21 || 21 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/bhr/1976/bahrain_penal_code_html/Bahrain_Penal_Code_1976.pdf|title=Penal Cone of Bahrain|publisher=Government of Bahrain|accessdate=7 March 2013|archivedate=21 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921155851/http://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/bhr/1976/bahrain_penal_code_html/Bahrain_Penal_Code_1976.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ODwyer&quot;&gt;O'Dwyer, Peter. &quot;[http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/the-age-of-consent-debate-where-does-ireland-stand-264694.html The age of consent debate: Where does Ireland stand?]&quot; ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160115215040/http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/the-age-of-consent-debate-where-does-ireland-stand-264694.html Archive]). ''[[Irish Examiner]]''. April 9, 2014. Retrieved on January 14, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bolivia|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Bolivia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ley N° 2033: Ley de Protección a las Víctimas de Delitos Contra la Libertad Sexual (Artículos 308º Bis, 309º, 318º) |url=http://www.silep.gob.bo/norma/3936/ley_actualizada |website=SILEP{{emdash}}Sistema de Información Legal del Estado Plurinacional |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811212424/http://www.silep.gob.bo/silep/masterley/118011 |url-status=live |archive-date=2019-08-11| |accessdate=2020-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{cbignore|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/59479/68751/S99BOL02.htm|title=Bolivia. Ley (No. 2033 ) de Protección a las Víctimas de Delitos Contra la Libertad Sexual, 1999|website=www.ilo.org|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cepal.org/oig/noticias/paginas/9/46289/Bol2013Ley348Leyintegralibredeviolencia.pdf|title=Ley Integral Para Garantizar a las Mujeres una Vida Libre de Violencia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310042700/http://www.cepal.org/oig/noticias/paginas/9/46289/Bol2013Ley348Leyintegralibredeviolencia.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-10|access-date=2020-03-10|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042310/http://www.cepal.org/oig/noticias/paginas/9/46289/Bol2013Ley348Leyintegralibredeviolencia.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://oig.cepal.org/es|title=Observatorio de Igualdad de Género|website=Observatorio de Igualdad de Género|language=es|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://att.gob.bo/sites/default/files/archivosvarios/Codigo%20de%20familia.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115221118/https://att.gob.bo/sites/default/files/archivosvarios/Codigo%20de%20familia.pdf |date=2019-11-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Cameroon|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Cameroon}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 21 || 21 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dibussi.com/2016/07/cameroon-penal-code.html|title=An Overview and Full Text (English) of the New Cameroon Penal Code|website=Dibussi Tande: Scribbles from the Den|access-date=2019-10-05|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619043050/https://www.dibussi.com/2016/07/cameroon-penal-code.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Latvia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Latvia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=88966|title=Krimināllikums|website=likumi.lv|access-date=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122153504/http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=88966|archive-date=2016-11-22|url-status=dead}} (Latvian original text)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1683/file/4b5d86c3826746957aa400893abc.htm/preview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613060304/http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1683/file/4b5d86c3826746957aa400893abc.htm/preview|date=13 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Paraguay|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Paraguay}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.glin.gov/view.action?searchDetails.queryType=ALL&amp;newSubjectTerm=&amp;searchDetails.subjectTerms=&amp;searchDetails.queryString=C%C3%B3digo+Penal+de+Paraguay&amp;searchDetails.showSummary=true&amp;searchDetails.publicationJurisdiction=&amp;__checkbox_searchDetails.showSummary=true&amp;searchDetails.issuanceDateToday=01&amp;searchDetails.publicationDateTo=&amp;searchDetails.publicationDateToday=01&amp;searchDetails.sortOrder=rank&amp;searchDetails.issuanceDateFromday=01&amp;searchDetails.issuanceDateFrom=&amp;searchDetails.issuanceDateFromyear=&amp;month=01&amp;month=01&amp;month=01&amp;month=01&amp;search=Buscar&amp;searchDetails.andSubjectTerms=true&amp;searchDetails.publicationDateFromday=01&amp;searchDetails.publicationDateFrom=&amp;request_locale=es&amp;searchDetails.publicationLanguage=&amp;fieldName=&amp;searchDetails.publicationDateToyear=&amp;searchDetails.publicationJurisdictionExclude=false&amp;searchDetails.includeAllFields=true&amp;popupSearch=false&amp;searchDetails.issuanceDateToyear=&amp;searchDetails.summaryLanguage=%27%27&amp;searchDetails.searchAll=true&amp;searchDetails.publicationDateFromyear=&amp;searchDetails.issuanceDateTo=&amp;searchDetails.activeDrills=&amp;searchDetails.hitsPerPage=10&amp;glinID=209226&amp;summaryLang=es&amp;fromSearch=true|title=GLIN.gov – Changes introduced by Law 3440/2008|language=es}} (click on PDF file in “texto completo”)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Trinidad and Tobago|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Trinidad and Tobago}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ttparliament.org/legislations/a2012-12.pdf|title=Act No. 12 of 2012|work=ttparliament.org|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204033453/http://www.ttparliament.org/legislations/a2012-12.pdf|archivedate=4 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/20150913/news/age-of-sexual-consent-raised-to-18|title=Age of sexual consent raised to 18|last1=Bruzual|first1=Alexander|date=13 September 2015|work=Trinidad Express|accessdate=15 September 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917054341/https://www.trinidadexpress.com/20150913/news/age-of-sexual-consent-raised-to-18|archive-date=17 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Uganda|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Uganda}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200803170444.html|title=Uganda: Time to Lower Country's Age of Consent|website=All Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ulii.org/ug/legislation/bill/2003/2003/bill_2003_2003.pdf|title=Domestic Relations Bill, 2003|website=Uganda Legal Information Institute|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063705/https://www.ulii.org/ug/legislation/bill/2003/2003/bill_2003_2003.pdf|archive-date=2018-04-15|access-date=2017-05-22|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2018-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063705/https://www.ulii.org/ug/legislation/bill/2003/2003/bill_2003_2003.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Zambia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Zambia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saflii.org/zm/cases/ZMSC/2008/24.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308034615/http://www.saflii.org/zm/cases/ZMSC/2008/24.html|date=March 8, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Estonia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Estonia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes|title=Criminal codes - Legislationline|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|El Salvador|plink=Ages of consent in North America#El Salvador}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.asamblea.gob.sv/eparlamento/indice-legislativo/buscador-de-documentos-legislativos/codigo-penal|title=Microsoft Word - El Salvador.doc|date=|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193004/http://www.asamblea.gob.sv/eparlamento/indice-legislativo/buscador-de-documentos-legislativos/codigo-penal|archive-date=4 March 2016|accessdate=10 December 2015|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193004/http://www.asamblea.gob.sv/eparlamento/indice-legislativo/buscador-de-documentos-legislativos/codigo-penal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;csj.gob.sv&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.csj.gob.sv/leyes.nsf/ed400a03431a688906256a84005aec75/29961fcd8682863406256d02005a3cd4|title=El Salvador Penal Code|url-status=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111053310/http://www.csj.gob.sv/leyes.nsf/ed400a03431a688906256a84005aec75/29961fcd8682863406256d02005a3cd4|archivedate=11 January 2012|accessdate=10 February 2010|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Cyprus|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Cyprus}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 17 || 17 || 17 || 17 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Gays Ruling 'Too Little, Too Late'|author=George Psyllides|date=6 July 2002|work=Cyprus Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cylaw.org/nomoi/enop/non-ind/0_154/index.html|title=Ο περί Ποινικού Κώδικα Νόμος - ΚΕΦ.154|date=|publisher=Cylaw.org|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Afghanistan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Afghanistan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aidsportal.org/news_details.aspx?ID=4236|title=Home|publisher=AIDSPortal|url-status=dead|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081026065259/http://www.aidsportal.org/news_details.aspx?ID=4236|archivedate=26 October 2008|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1142.html|title=Iran|publisher=Travel.state.gov|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801084310/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1142.html|archivedate=1 August 2013|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Honduras|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Honduras}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;&quot;{{cite web|url=http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/C%C3%B3digo%20Penal%20%28Actualizado%20a%C3%B1o%202014%29.pdf|title=CÓDIGO PENAL|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711055950/http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/C%C3%B3digo%20Penal%20%28Actualizado%20a%C3%B1o%202014%29.pdf|archivedate=11 July 2015|accessdate=7 March 2016|df=dmy}}.&quot; [[Can judiciary of Honduras Republic]] RAPE, statutory rape, indecent assault, kidnapping Article 140. It is an offense of rape: sexual intercourse with a person of either sex through violence or threat of causing the taxpayer's spouse or domestic partner he or one of his relatives within the fourth (4th) degree of consanguinity or second (2nd) affinity serious and imminent harm. For purposes of this article shall mean sexual intercourse, which have vaginal, anal or oral route. It will be punishable with ten (10) to fifteen (15) years of imprisonment. They are special cases of rape sexual intercourse with a person of either sex when without any violence or threats, meet any of the following circumstances. Such cases shall be punishable by fifteen (15) to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and are as follows: 1) When the victim is under fourteen (14) years of age; 2) When the victim is found deprived of reason or will or when for any reason can not resist; 3) When the active to commit the crime of rape intentionally diminishes or abolishes the will of the victim using this narcotic or psychotropic substances, including alcohol or committed the violation finding the taxpayer in the previous situation subject;. Article 141. commit acts of lust, who taking advantage of the conditions or using the means indicated in the preceding article makes victim to another or others in acts of lust other than sexual intercourse shall be punished with imprisonment of five (5) to eight (8) years. When the victim is under fourteen (14) years even if you have consented to the act or being older the taxable person suffers from a mental illness or incomplete mental development or retardation or private has reason or will or when by any cause can not resist the previous sentence is increased by half (1/2). When acts of lust consisting in the insertion of objects or instruments of any nature in the sexual organs or other natural orifices or artificial simulating the sexual organs of the taxpayer body, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment of ten (10) fifteen (15) years.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Nepal|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Nepal}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ageofconsent.net/world/nepal|title=Nepal Age of Consent &amp; Statutory Rape Laws|website=www.ageofconsent.net|language=en|accessdate=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bosnia and Herzegovina|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1661/file/5863a4917995d1a282d020fb2715.htm/preview|title=5863a4917995d1a282d020fb2715.htm|date=|publisher=Legislationline.org|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Gabon|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Gabon}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 21 || 21
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/493430|title=WIPOLex|website=wipolex.wipo.int|access-date=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|North Korea|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#North Korea}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/135995.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Report: Democratic People's Republic of Korea|date=11 March 2010|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324230107/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/135995.htm|archive-date=24 March 2010|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Brunei|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Brunei}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Brunei_01&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaBrunei.pdf|title=Legislation of Interpol member states on sexual offences against children – Brunei|year=2006|publisher=Interpol|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151338/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaBrunei.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151338/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaBrunei.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Mozambique|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Mozambique}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/mozambique.html|title=Comparative Criminology &amp;#124; Africa - Mozambique|date=1975-06-25|publisher=Rohan.sdsu.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830030221/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/mozambique.html|archive-date=2013-08-30|accessdate=2014-02-19|archivedate=2013-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830030221/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/mozambique.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Iceland|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Iceland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.php?id=3683|title=''Hver er samræðisaldur á Íslandi?''|language=Icelandic|trans-title=What is the age of consent in Iceland?}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''(Icelandic)'' [http://www.althingi.is/lagas/135a/1940019.html The Icelandic Penal Code] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317171939/http://www.althingi.is/lagas/135a/1940019.html|date=17 March 2016}}
: 202. gr. Hver sem hefur samræði eða önnur kynferðismök við barn, yngra en 15[fimmtán] ára, skal sæta fangelsi ekki skemur en 1[eitt] ár og allt að 16[sextán] árum.
: : Section 202 Anyone who has carnal intercourse or other sexual intimacy with a child younger than 15 years shall be subject to imprisonment for at least 1 year and up to 16 years.
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Cambodia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Cambodia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2006-10-31/bay-area/17318180_1_san-francisco-police-phnom-penh-ramirez-s-death|title=SAN FRANCISCO / Questions linger over officer's death in Asia / Colleagues in S.F. recall he often traveled to region|date=31 October 2006|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2012-07-09|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709232812/http://articles.sfgate.com/2006-10-31/bay-area/17318180_1_san-francisco-police-phnom-penh-ramirez-s-death}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ki-media.blogspot.com/2006/12/frenchman-2-cambodians-cleared-of.html|title=KI Media: Frenchman, 2 Cambodians Cleared of Debauchery|author=socheata|date=2 December 2006|publisher=Ki-media.blogspot.com|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.preda.org/main/archives/research/csa/r07031201.html|title=Preda Foundation, Inc. NEWS/ARTICLES: &quot;Germans, Americans and Cambodians sentenced in Global drive against child abuse&quot;|publisher=Preda.org|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118071842/http://www.preda.org/main/archives/research/csa/r07031201.html|archivedate=18 January 2011|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irrawaddymedia.com/article.php?art_id=9333|title=Russian Businessman Accused of Abuse in Cambodia's Biggest Pedophilia Case|date=16 November 2007|publisher=Irrawaddymedia.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232127/http://www.irrawaddymedia.com/article.php?art_id=9333|archive-date=29 February 2012|accessdate=11 April 2012|df=dmy-all|archivedate=29 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232127/http://www.irrawaddymedia.com/article.php?art_id=9333}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cdpcambodia.org/trafficking_law.asp {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903024138/http://www.cdpcambodia.org/trafficking_law.asp|date=3 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Equatorial Guinea|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Equatorial Guinea}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135951.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Report|date=2010-03-11|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323034724/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135951.htm|archive-date=2010-03-23|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Papua New Guinea|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Papua New Guinea}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|12 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 17 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;sections 213 and 216 of the [http://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/cc197494/ Criminal Code (1974)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050715053744/http://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/cc197494/|date=15 July 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Georgia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Georgia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.humanrights.ge/files/crcreport.pdf|title=Rights of the Child in Georgia|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307204223/http://www.humanrights.ge/files/crcreport.pdf|archivedate=7 March 2012|accessdate=2010-07-30|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Botswana|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Botswana}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sapst.org/botswana-raises-age-of-consent-to-18-years/|title=Botswana Raises Age Of Consent To 18 Years|date=|publisher=Sapst.org|accessdate=2019-04-16|archivedate=2019-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416142447/http://www.sapst.org/botswana-raises-age-of-consent-to-18-years/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Senegal|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Senegal}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gouv.sn/droitp/CODE%20PENAL.PDF|title=Sommaire|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102035104/http://www.justice.gouv.sn/droitp/CODE%20PENAL.PDF|archivedate=2013-11-02|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Zimbabwe|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Zimbabwe}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33203462|title=Zimbabwe row over age of consent after Tomana's comments|date=19 June 2015|accessdate=26 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Republic of the Congo|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Republic of the Congo}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/af/186185.htm|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices|date=|publisher=State.gov|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Jamaica|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Jamaica}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaJamaica.pdf|title=Microsoft Word - JAMAICA TEMPLATE START.doc|date=|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152204/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaJamaica.pdf|archive-date=29 February 2008|accessdate=16 February 2011|archivedate=29 February 2008|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152204/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaJamaica.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Namibia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Namibia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || {{N/A}} || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaNamibia.pdf|title=Legislation of Interpol member states on sexual offences against children - Namibia|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229150736/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaNamibia.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229150736/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaNamibia.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Albania|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Albania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1565/file/d46a10bcf55b80aae189eb6840b4.htm/preview|title=CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613054559/http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1565/file/d46a10bcf55b80aae189eb6840b4.htm/preview|archivedate=2010-06-13|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Chad|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Chad}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://data.over-blog-kiwi.com/1/20/85/70/20170923/ob_d3b926_code-penal-2e-partie.pdf|title=Chad penal code}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Burkina Faso|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Burkina Faso}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lesechosdufaso.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Code-p%C3%A9nal-nouveau.rtf|title=Penal Code of Burkina Faso (French)|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2021-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203153600/https://lesechosdufaso.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Code-p%C3%A9nal-nouveau.rtf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Mauritius|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Mauritius}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152518/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMauritius.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Mongolia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Mongolia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMongolia.pdf|title=Microsoft Word – MONGOLIA TEMPLATE START.doc|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151944/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMongolia.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151944/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMongolia.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Mali|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Mali}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.droit-afrique.com/upload/doc/mali/Mali-Code-2001-penal.pdf|title=Mali Penal Code (French text)|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2016-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526180846/http://www.droit-afrique.com/upload/doc/mali/Mali-Code-2001-penal.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Nicaragua|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Nicaragua}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC.C.OPSC.NIC.1.doc|title=1040903|work=googleusercontent.com|url-status=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402081146/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC.C.OPSC.NIC.1.doc|archivedate=2 April 2012|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Laos|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Laos}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;Joe Cummings, Andrew Burke. ''Lonely Planet Guide to Laos'', p. 256&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaLaos.pdf|title=Interpol: Laos|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152549/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaLaos.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152549/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaLaos.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|North Macedonia|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#North Macedonia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/8145/file/fYROM_CC_2009_am2018_en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|South Sudan|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#South Sudan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://mirayafm.net/index.php/southsudan/7278-state-assembly-urged-to-decide-on-minimum-age-of-marriage|title=MP calls for legal minimum age of marriage|last=Machrine|first=Birungi|date=22 November 2011|newspaper=Radio Miraya|accessdate=21 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222233819/http://mirayafm.net/index.php/southsudan/7278-state-assembly-urged-to-decide-on-minimum-age-of-marriage|archive-date=22 February 2013|quote=While the age of consent in South Sudan is 18,...|archivedate=22 February 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130222233819/http://mirayafm.net/index.php/southsudan/7278-state-assembly-urged-to-decide-on-minimum-age-of-marriage}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Teachers-dismissed-over-schoolgirl,40897|title=Teachers dismissed over schoolgirl pregnancies in Rumbek|date=4 December 2011|newspaper=Sudan Tribune|accessdate=21 September 2012|quote=The legal age of consent in South Sudan in [sic] 18...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file12/15.pdf|title=The Penal Code Act, 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://swap.stanford.edu/20130912135220/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/Laws--Legislation--Policies/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file12/15.pdf|archivedate=September 12, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Armenia|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Armenia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;legislationline.org&quot;/&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Madagascar|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Madagascar}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 21 || 21
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/madagascar/madagascar_penal_1972_fr.pdf|title=Droit francophone: Code Pénal du 17 juin 1972 mis à jour au 30 juin 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Malta|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Malta}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;malta&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lp&amp;itemid=29057&amp;l=1|title=Gender-Based Violence and Domestic Violence Act, 2018&quot;|publisher=Docs.justice.gov.mt|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;maltachapter9&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lom&amp;itemid=8574|title=Criminal Code Chapter 9, 10 June 1854 - last amended III of 2004|publisher=Ministry for Justice, Culture and Local Government|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;attard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.law.leiden.edu/general/img/Malta%20-%20Summary%20of%20legislation%202006_tcm19-55172.pdf|title=Summary of legislation implementing &quot;Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation&quot; with respect to sexual orientation in Malta|last=Attard|first=Christian|year=2005|publisher=Law.leiden.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/legislation/english/leg/vol_2/chapt16.pdf|title=CHAPTER 16 CIVIL CODE|publisher=Docs.justice.gov.mt|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2009-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521011500/http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/legislation/english/leg/vol_2/chapt16.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Benin|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Benin}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 21 || 21
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sexualrightsdatabase.org/countries/482/Benin|title=Sexual Rights Database|website=sexualrightsdatabase.org|access-date=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Tajikistan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Tajikistan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1707/file/207b8150765af2c85ad6f5bb8a44.htm/preview|title=Tajikistan Criminal Code|publisher=Legislationline.org|accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Haiti|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Haiti}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136116.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Report: Haiti|date=11 March 2010|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217115746/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136116.htm|archivedate=17 February 2011|accessdate=16 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bahamas|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Bahamas}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/Statutes/statute_CHAPTER_99.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011230829/http://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/Statutes/statute_CHAPTER_99.html|url-status=dead|title=Art. 16|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Niger|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Niger}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|13 || 13 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 21 || 21 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ageofconsent.net/world/niger|title=Niger Age of Consent &amp; Statutory Rape Laws|website=www.ageofconsent.net|language=en|accessdate=14 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Moldova|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Moldova}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;legislationline.org&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Rwanda|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Rwanda}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;interpol-sexoffences&quot;/&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Kyrgyzstan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Kyrgyzstan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ageofconsent.net/world/kyrgyzstan|title=Kyrgyzstan Age of Consent &amp; Statutory Rape Laws|website=www.ageofconsent.net|language=en|accessdate=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Kosovo|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Kosovo}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/ligjet/Criminal%20Code.pdf|title=Criminal Code Of The Republic Of Kosovo|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115712/http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/ligjet/Criminal%20Code.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=2015-08-18|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Monaco|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Monaco}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMonaco.pdf|title=Internet / Home - INTERPOL|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151443/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMonaco.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2008-02-29|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151443/http%3A//www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMonaco.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Guinea|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Guinea}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/44a3eb9a4.pdf|title=Guinea penal code (French text)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Liechtenstein|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Liechtenstein}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/CRC/docs/study/responses/Liechtenstein.pdf|title=Microsoft Word - Liechtenstein.doc|date=|accessdate=2014-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Malawi|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Malawi}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2014/may/21/malawi-women-marriage-child-pregnancy|title=Parents before they are grown-up: child marriage in Malawi|accessdate=20 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bermuda|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Bermuda}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://caribbean.unwomen.org/en/caribbean-gbv-law-portal/country-resources/british-virgin-islands|title=Caribbean GBV Law Portal: Country Resources: British Virgin Islands - UN Women – Multi-Country Office – Caribbean|work=Field Office Caribbean|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311012926/http://caribbean.unwomen.org/en/caribbean-gbv-law-portal/country-resources/british-virgin-islands|archivedate=11 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Suriname|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Suriname}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/wha/154520.htm|title=Suriname|website=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Mauritania|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Mauritania}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;https://www.africanchildinfo.net/clr/Harmonisation%20of%20Laws%20in%20Africa/other-documents-harmonisation_7_en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Timor-Leste|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Timor-Leste}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id%3D243617|title=WIPO Intellectual Property Laws and Treaties Database (WIPO Lex)|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065054/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=243617|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=2015-05-20|df=dmy}} ([[WIPO Lex]])&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Sierra Leone|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Sierra Leone}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012|date=|publisher=State.gov|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Montenegro|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Montenegro}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/4168/preview|title=Legislationline|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Togo|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Togo}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sexualrightsdatabase.org/countries/472/Togo|title=Sexual Rights Database|website=sexualrightsdatabase.org|access-date=2019-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Fiji|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Fiji}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Eswatini|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Swaziland}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://genderlinks.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/GBV_Eswatini_SexualOffencesandDomesticViolenceAct_2018.pdf |accessdate=2020-05-28 |archivedate=2021-06-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212234/http://genderlinks.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/GBV_Eswatini_SexualOffencesandDomesticViolenceAct_2018.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;/&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Barbados|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Barbados}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaBarbados.pdf|title=Microsoft Word - Barbados template start.doc|date=|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151939/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaBarbados.pdf|archive-date=29 February 2008|accessdate=16 February 2011|archivedate=29 February 2008|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229151939/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaBarbados.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Eritrea|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Eritrea}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/101051/121587/F567697075/ERI101051%20Eng.pdf|title=2015 penal code English translation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Andorra|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Andorra}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://sherloc.unodc.org/res/cld/document/codi_penal_andorra_as_of_2014_html/Andorra_codi_penal_as_of_2014.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203330/https://sherloc.unodc.org/res/cld/document/codi_penal_andorra_as_of_2014_html/Andorra_codi_penal_as_of_2014.pdf |date=2019-12-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Curaçao|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Curaçao}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;decentrale.regelgeving.overheid.nl&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://decentrale.regelgeving.overheid.nl/cvdr/XHTMLoutput/Historie/Nederlandse%20Antillen/2364/2364_1.html|title=Wetboek van de Nederlandse Antillen|publisher=[[Cabinet of the Netherlands|Government of the Netherlands]]|language=Dutch|accessdate=24 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Guyana|plink=Ages of consent in South America#Guyana}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:YellowGreen&quot;|[[Ages of consent in South America|South America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,FREEHOU,,GUY,,4738691564,0.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wiig.wordpress.com/2005/10/28/national-assembly-fixes-age-of-consent-at-16/|title=National Assembly fixes age of consent at 16|date=October 28, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/acdi-cida.nsf/eng/EMA-218121448-P6L {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811072509/http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/acdi-cida.nsf/eng/EMA-218121448-P6L |date=2014-08-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://typo3.lsvd.de/fileadmin/pics/Dokumente/Homosexualitaet/With_the_government_in_our_bedrooms_-_November_2006.pdf|title=November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821024746/http://typo3.lsvd.de/fileadmin/pics/Dokumente/Homosexualitaet/With_the_government_in_our_bedrooms_-_November_2006.pdf|archive-date=2010-08-21|access-date=2007-09-27|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2010-08-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821024746/http://typo3.lsvd.de/fileadmin/pics/Dokumente/Homosexualitaet/With_the_government_in_our_bedrooms_-_November_2006.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Maldives|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Maldives}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 9 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Burundi|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Burundi}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;avert1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.avert.org/age-of-consent.htm|title=Age of Sexual Consent|date=|publisher=AVERT|accessdate=2014-02-19|archivedate=2015-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015200317/http://www.avert.org/age-of-consent.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com.au/news?hl=en&amp;q=Burundi%20homosexuality&amp;um=1&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;sa=N&amp;tab=wn|title=Burundi homosexuality|date=|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Aruba|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Aruba}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.overheid.aw/document.php?m=25&amp;fileid=16304&amp;f=67909eb151040dd6cf5b0f634d5cdde6&amp;attachment=0&amp;c=22925|title=Wetboek van Strafrecht van Aruba
|publisher=[[Government of Aruba]]|language=Dutch|accessdate=25 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Liberia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Liberia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/use-of-force/africa/Liberia/Penal%20Code%20Liberia%201978.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216173449/http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/use-of-force/africa/Liberia/Penal%20Code%20Liberia%201978.pdf |date=2019-12-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/article.cfm?id=3463&amp;cat=special-report|title=Shattered Lives: Liberia|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730092246/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/article.cfm?id=3463&amp;cat=special-report|archivedate=July 30, 2010|accessdate=September 11, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt3/sayi13kadinsayisipdf/lieblingkalifani_helen.pdf|title=Women War Survivors of Sexual Violence in Liberia|publisher=Sosyalarastirmalar.com|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Lesotho|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Lesotho}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ls/ls022en.pdf|title=Lesotho Penal Code 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Bhutan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Bhutan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.judiciary.gov.bt/html/act/PENAL%20CODE.pdf|title=Penal Conde of Bhutan|publisher=Government of Bhutan|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706163637/http://www.judiciary.gov.bt/html/act/PENAL%20CODE.pdf|archivedate=6 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Cape Verde|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Cape Verde}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/206287|title=WIPOLex|website=wipolex.wipo.int|access-date=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|San Marino|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#San Marino}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || 14 || 14 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/898586b1dc7b4043c1256a450044f331/1bdcfbc31d86f66bc1256da600366876/$FILE/G0340784.pdf|title=unhchr.ch - unhchr Resources and Information.|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRC/Documents/Written%20Replies/wr-sanmarino-1.pdf|title=WRITTEN REPLIES BY THE GOVERNMENT OF SAN MARINO CONCERNING THE LIST OF ISSUES (CRC/C/Q/SMR/1) RECEIVED BY THE COMMITTEE ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD RELATING TO THE CONSIDERATION OF THE INITIAL REPORT OF SAN MARINO (CRC/C/8/Add.46)|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064835/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRC/Documents/Written%20Replies/wr-sanmarino-1.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=2010-09-16|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Central African Republic|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Central African Republic}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://acjr.org.za/resource-centre/penal-code-of-the-central-african-republic-2010/view|title=Penal Code of the Central African Republic (2010) — Africa Criminal Justice Reform (ACJR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Belize|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Belize}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;belize2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d02044893.brinkster.net/belizecan/PDF/BILL101/Criminal_Code_(Amendment)_(No._2)_Bill,_2013.pdf|title=Criminal Code (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920141137/http://d02044893.brinkster.net/belizecan/PDF/BILL101/Criminal_Code_(Amendment)_(No._2)_Bill,_2013.pdf|archivedate=20 September 2016|accessdate=20 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogeneratedcc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/juridico/MLA/en/blz/en_blz-int-text-cc.pdf|title=CAP 101 CRIMINAL CODE ACT|date=|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516160203/http://www.oas.org/JURIDICO/MLA/en/blz/en_blz-int-text-cc.pdf|archivedate=16 May 2011|accessdate=16 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Djibouti|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Djibouti}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/51cc2bfa4.html|title=Djibouti: Forced marriage|date=4 March 2013|work=Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Seychelles|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Seychelles}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://greybook.seylii.org/w/se/CAP158#!fragment/zoupio-_Toc384202773/BQCwhgziBcwMYgK4DsDWszIQewE4BUBTADwBdoAvbRABwEtsBaAfX2zgGYAOAFgCYADHwDswjgEoANMmylCEAIqJCuAJ7QA5BskQ4ubABsDAYSRpoAQmQ7CYXAiUr1Wm3YQBlPKQBC6gEoAogAyAQBqAIIAcsYBkqRgAEbQpOzi4kA|title=SeyLII &amp;#124; Penal Code|website=greybook.seylii.org|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2020-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127110715/https://greybook.seylii.org/w/se/CAP158#!fragment/zoupio-_Toc384202773/BQCwhgziBcwMYgK4DsDWszIQewE4BUBTADwBdoAvbRABwEtsBaAfX2zgGYAOAFgCYADHwDswjgEoANMmylCEAIqJCuAJ7QA5BskQ4ubABsDAYSRpoAQmQ7CYXAiUr1Wm3YQBlPKQBC6gEoAogAyAQBqAIIAcsYBkqRgAEbQpOzi4kA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Saint Lucia|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Saint Lucia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136125.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Report: Saint Lucia|date=11 March 2010|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228145645/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136125.htm|archivedate=28 February 2011|accessdate=16 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Somalia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Somalia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Frspc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf|title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf|archivedate=24 January 2013|accessdate=13 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Iaoc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.endangeredchildren.org/PDF/Age-of-Consent.pdf|title=Age of Consent|publisher=IACAC|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320065818/http://www.endangeredchildren.org/PDF/Age-of-Consent.pdf|archivedate=20 March 2014|accessdate=23 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Antigua and Barbuda|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Antigua and Barbuda}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;Murdoch2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/caribbean-magistrate-says-do-not-tolerate-pre-consent-aged-teens-having-sex/|title=CARIBBEAN: Magistrate says do not tolerate pre-consent aged teens having sex|last=Murdoch|first=Kieron|date=March 13, 2017|work=St. Lucia News Online|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-us|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401100855/https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/caribbean-magistrate-says-do-not-tolerate-pre-consent-aged-teens-having-sex/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Guinea-Bissau|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Guinea-Bissau}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135958.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Report: Guinea-Bissau|date=2010-03-11|publisher=State.gov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324230021/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135958.htm|archive-date=2010-03-24|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Gambia|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Gambia}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sexualrightsdatabase.org/static/country-447.html#Age%20of%20sexual%20consent%20-%20different%20sex|title=Gambia|website=sexualrightsdatabase.org|access-date=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Samoa|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Samoa}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left|&lt;ref name=&quot;palemene.ws&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/93579/124323/F-1523655815/WSM93579%202015.pdf|title= Samoa Crimes Act 2013|website = International Labour Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Vanuatu|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Vanuatu}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vanuatucorrectionalservices.gov.vu/legislation.html|title=Legislation|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135705/http://vanuatucorrectionalservices.gov.vu/legislation.html|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=2015-11-11|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2009.pdf|title=State-sponsored Homophobia|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029181019/http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2009.pdf|archivedate=29 October 2009|accessdate=2009-05-19|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Comoros|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Comoros}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/use-of-force/africa/Comoros/Penal%20Code%20Comoros%201981.pdf|title=Comoros Penal code (PDF)|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2019-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203330/http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/un/use-of-force/africa/Comoros/Penal%20Code%20Comoros%201981.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Dominica|plink=Ages of consent in North America#Dominica}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|[[Ages of consent in North America|North America]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaDominica.pdf|title=Internet / Home - INTERPOL|work=interpol.int|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152223/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaDominica.pdf|archive-date=29 February 2008|accessdate=28 May 2020|archivedate=29 February 2008|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080229152223/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaDominica.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|São Tomé and Príncipe|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 14 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telanon.info/suplemento/opiniao/2013/05/16/13197/as-novidades-do-novo-codigo-penal/|title=AS NOVIDADES DO NOVO CODIGO PENAL|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009081538/http://www.telanon.info/suplemento/opiniao/2013/05/16/13197/as-novidades-do-novo-codigo-penal/|archivedate=2016-10-09|accessdate=2015-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Kiribati|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Kiribati}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 18 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.paclii.org/ki/legis/consol_act/pc66/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428161327/http://www.paclii.org/ki/legis/consol_act/pc66/|url-status=dead|title=Penal Code|archivedate=April 28, 2016|website=www.paclii.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Tuvalu|plink=Ages of consent in Oceania#Tuvalu}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:DarkSalmon&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Oceania|Oceania]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15 || 18 || 18 || 18 || 18
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.paclii.org/tv/legis/consol_act/pc66/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173229/http://www.paclii.org/tv/legis/consol_act/pc66/|url-status=dead|title=Penal Code|archivedate=March 3, 2016|website=www.paclii.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Syria|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Syria}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 15 || 15 || 15 || 15
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.moj.gov.sy/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=11: 2013-10-01-20-45-36|title=قانون العقوبات السوري|website=www.moj.gov.sy|access-date=2019-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Taiwan|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Taiwan}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || 16 || 16
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;ROC Criminal Law, Article 227, 227–1 229–1&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Vatican City|plink=Ages of consent in Europe#Vatican City}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Europe|Europe]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 14 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{CCC|2353}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/Law%20N.%20VIII%20-%20Supplementary%20Norms%20on%20Criminal%20Law.pdf LAW N. VIII: SUPPLEMENTARY NORMS ON CRIMINAL LAW MATTERS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805202456/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/Law%20N.%20VIII%20-%20Supplementary%20Norms%20on%20Criminal%20Law.pdf|date=5 August 2016}} vaticanstate.va&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Y.HTM|title=Code of Canon Law - IntraText|date=|publisher=Vatican.va|accessdate=2019-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Gaza Strip|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Palestinian Territories}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|Yes
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 15 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://corpus.learningpartnership.org/jordanian-penal-code-no-16-of-1960-selected-provisions-relating-to-women-2-title-vii-offences-against-public-ethics-and-morality-chapter-i-offences-against-honour|title=Jordanian Penal Code No.16 of 1960 (selected provisions relating to women) – 2: Title VII – Offences against Public Ethics and Morality – Chapter I – Offences against Honour|website=Corpus of Laws|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225449/http://corpus.learningpartnership.org/jordanian-penal-code-no-16-of-1960-selected-provisions-relating-to-women-2-title-vii-offences-against-public-ethics-and-morality-chapter-i-offences-against-honour|archive-date=10 November 2017|accessdate=11 November 2017|df=dmy-all|archivedate=10 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225449/http://corpus.learningpartnership.org/jordanian-penal-code-no-16-of-1960-selected-provisions-relating-to-women-2-title-vii-offences-against-public-ethics-and-morality-chapter-i-offences-against-honour}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|West Bank|plink=Ages of consent in Asia#Palestinian Territories}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Asia|Asia]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 16 || 16 || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/265701032/Jordan-Penal-Code-1960|title=Jordan Penal Code (1960)|website=Scribd|publisher=Social Media Exchange Association|accessdate=10 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|align=left|{{flagg|pspew|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|plink=Ages of consent in Africa#Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}
|align=center style=&quot;background:Tan&quot;|[[Ages of consent in Africa|Africa]]
|align=center|No
|{{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13
|align=left style=&quot;width:12em&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001318282/the-ages-of-sexual-consent-in-different-countries|title=The ages of sexual consent in different countries|first=Standard|last=Reporter|website=The Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Human sexuality|Law|LGBT}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Age of consent]]
**[[Ages of consent in Africa]]
**[[Ages of consent in Asia]]
**[[Ages of consent in Europe]]
**[[Ages of consent in North America]]
***[[Ages of consent in the United States]]
**[[Ages of consent in Oceania]]
**[[Ages of consent in South America]]
***[[Age of consent in Brazil]]
*[[Age of consent reform]]
**[[Age of consent reform in Canada]]
**[[Age of consent reform in the United Kingdom]]
**[[Age of Consent Act, 1891]]
** [[French petition against age of consent laws]]
* [[Youth]]
** [[Youth suffrage]]
** [[Youth rights]]
* [[Legal age]]
** [[Age of majority]]
** [[Age of reason (canon law)]]
** [[Age of accountability]]
** [[Mature minor doctrine]]
** [[Emancipation of minors]]
** [[Fitness to plead]], ''law of England and Wales''
** [[Minors and abortion]]
** [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]]
* ''[[Sexual Morality and the Law]]''
** [[Child sexual abuse]]
** [[Sex-positive movement]]
** [[Age disparity in sexual relationships]]
** [[Comprehensive sex education]]
** [[Adult film industry regulations]]
** [[Sodomy law]]
** ''[[The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon]]''
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
&lt;!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --&gt;
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sex laws]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Adolescence by country]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ပၞာဲ မေထုန်</title>
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      <text bytes="18942" sha1="flxkjtywodjiy7qfhphibues75pm7fh" xml:space="preserve">[[ဝှာင်:Purity-Rings.jpg|right|thumb|လစိန်ဂွုသအး (Purity ring) ညးသၟတ်လ္ၚဵုစုတ်လဝ် သွက်ဂွံ ဒ္ဂေတ် ပၞာဲမေထုန်&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Brien2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Jodi|title=Encyclopedia of Gender and Society|year=2009|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781412909167|page=155|quote=In this subset of abstinence-only education programs, young people vow chastity until marriage and wear a &quot;purity ring&quot; to demonstrate a commitment to sexual abstinence.}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''ပၞာဲမေထုန် (sexual abstinence)''' ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး '''ဒစဵုဒနာမေထုန်''' ('''sexual restraint)''' ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာမဒ္ဂေတ် သွက်ဂွံဝေင်ပါဲ ပ္ဍဲအရာမဒုင်စသိုင်ကာမဂုဏ် မဆေင်ကဵုလိင် နကဵုသီုဖအိုတ် ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး လ္ၚဵု ဟိုတ်နူ ယဲ၊ စိုတ်၊ သၞောဝ်၊ ပရေင်မၞိဟ်၊ လှုဲ၊ ဒဿနဘဝ၊ ဒ္ဂေတ်ပြဝ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဘာသာ။ အလိင်္ဂိက ( Asexuality) မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် သက်ကုအရီုစိုတ်လိင်ဂှ် ဟွံတုပ် ကုပၞာဲမေထုန်၊ ပၞာဲမေထုန် ဗီုကဵု ခမဳ၊ သဳလတအ်ဂှ် ဝေင်ပါဲ ပ္ဍဲအရာမဒုင်စသိုင်ကာမဂုဏ် ဟိုတ်နူဓဝ်ပတှ်ေပူဂိုလ် မဆေင်ကဵု ဘာသာ။  '''ပၞာဲမေထုန် ကိုပ်ကၠာ သၞက်ကရောဲ'''ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂကောံမၞိဟ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒှ်ဒ္ဂေတ်လၟေတ် ဂကောံမၞိဟ်မွဲတုဲ၊ ဍုင်လ္ၚဵုဂှ်မ္ဂး စဵုဒၞာ ကၟာတ်လဒဵုလဝ် နကဵုသၞောဝ်ရ။ မေထုန် ကိုပ်ကၠာ သၞက်ကရောဲဂှ် ပတှ်ေစှ်ေစိုတ် ဒှ်မိစ္ဆာစာရ မဒ္ဂေတ်ဗၠေတ်အာ နူသၞောဝ် မွဲကီုရ။ 

ပၞာဲ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး လအေင် ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူ ဓဝ်တှ်ေ ပရေင်ဘာသာ၊ ဒ္ဂေတ်လၟေတ် ကေုာံ ဟိုတ်တၞဟ်သအာင်တုဲ ဝေင်ပါဲ အတိုင်ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒပူဂိုလ်လေဝ်နွံတုဲ၊ ဟိုတ်နူ ဟွံကလိဂွံ ပွံင်လိင်တုဲ မဒးဝေင်ပါဲ မဒးအေင်လေဝ် နွံကီုရ။ ပါဲနူဂှ်တုဲ ဟိုတ်နူ သၞောဝ်ဍုင်၊ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး အခိုက်အလိုက်ညးဍုင်ကွာန် ဒစဵုဒစးတုဲ ဒးဝေင်ပါဲ ဒးအေင်လေဝ် နွံကီုရ။

==ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ ကမၠောအ်မ==
[[File:Abstinence during fertile period.png|thumb|right|200px|လၟေင်အခိင်  ရာသဳဥတုညးဗြဴ မရိုဟ်နူတ္ၚဲ ဆီကျာမကၠုင် ကၠာအိုတ်
မထ္ၜးလဝ် နကဵုအသာ်ဗကေတ် အခိင်ကာလကမၠောအ်မ (ဝါ) အခိင်ကာလ မဂွံကောန်မာန် ယဝ်ရဆက်ဆောံ မေထုန်]]
ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ ကမၠောအ်မ ညးဗြဴ မဒှ်အခိင် ညးဗြဴမွဲ မဖျေဟ်ခၟာဲဂှ် တၞဟ်နဟွံဂွံတန် ပဋိသန္ဓိတုဲ ဒ္ဂေတ် ပၞာဲမေထုန် ဒှ်စမာန်ကီုရ။ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abstinence during infertile period to prevent conception |url=http://contraception.about.com/od/contraceptionoverview/p/conception.htm |accessdate=2020-06-11 |archivedate=2013-10-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015070613/http://contraception.about.com/od/contraceptionoverview/p/conception.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ကိုပ်ကၠာ သၞက်ကရောဲ==
=== မိစ္ဆာစာရ ကိုပ်ကၠာသၞက်ကရောဲ ===
ပ္ဍဲကဵု အခိုက်ကၞာ၊ ဒ္ဂေတ်လၟေတ် ကေုာံ သာသနာ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် [[သိပ်ဂၠိပ် မေထုန်|မေထုန်]] အပ္ဍဲ သၞက်ကရောဲဂှ် ဟွံစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် နဒဒှ် မိစ္ဆာစာရ (ဝါ) ဒ္ဂေတ်လၟေတ် မဗၠေတ် နူဓရ်။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု သာသနာ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် စဵုဒၞာလဝ် ပွမသိပ်ဂၠိပ်မေထုန် ကု သမ္ဘာ၊ တၠသ္ၚိ ညးမွဲသအာင်ရ။ နကဵု ပၞာဲမေထုန် ဟိုတ်နူဏအ်ဂှ် ညးကော်စ ပၞာဲမေထုန် ဟိုတ်နူဒ္ဂေတ်လၟေတ်ရ။ 

===နကဵု သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ===
ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဍုင်လ္ၚဵုတအ်မ္ဂး သိပ်ဂၠိပ်မေထုန် မ္ၚး သၞက်ကရောဲ သီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် နဒဒှ် မ္ၚးသၞောဝ်ရ။ သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေဗီုဏအ်ဂှ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုဘာသာ/သာသနာ မလျိုင်ပတှ်ေတုဲ ပတန်လဝ်ရ။ စပ်ကဵုအရာဏအ်တုဲ သၞောဝ်ဍုင်မွဲကုမွဲ တၞဟ်ခြာတဴ ရေင်သကအ်အိုတ်ရ။ ဍုင်မုသလေန်လ္ၚဵု ဗီုကဵု ဍုင်သောဒဳ အရေဗဳယျ၊ ဍုင်ပါကာတ်သတာန်&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jordan|first=Mary|title=Searching for Freedom, Chained by the Law|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/20/AR2008082003754.html|accessdate=3 August 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=21 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; အာဖဂါန်နေတ်သတာန်၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.e-ariana.com/ariana/eariana.nsf/allArticles/807B10B75C9F425487257A740056F9CD?OpenDocument |title=Afghanistan sees rise in 'dancing boys' exploitation |work=The Washington Post |date=9 September 2012 |author=Ernesto Londoño |location=DEHRAZI, Afghanistan |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510180701/http://www.e-ariana.com/ariana/eariana.nsf/allArticles/807B10B75C9F425487257A740056F9CD?OpenDocument |archivedate=10 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aidsportal.org/news_details.aspx?ID=4236 |title=Home |publisher=AIDSPortal |accessdate=2 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081026065259/http://www.aidsportal.org/news_details.aspx?ID=4236 |archivedate=26 October 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=travel.state.gov&gt;{{cite web|title=Iran |url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1142.html |publisher=Travel.state.gov |accessdate=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801084310/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1142.html |archivedate=1 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iran,&lt;ref name=&quot;travel.state.gov&quot;/&gt; ကူဝိတ်၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/2f5665ae20b956cb8025675a0033cafb?Opendocument |title=United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Summary Record - Kuwait |publisher=Unhchr.ch |accessdate=2 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maldives,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Culture of Maldives|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Maldives.html|publisher=Every Culture|accessdate=3 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; မဝ်ရဝ်ကဝ်၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19049000 | work=BBC News | title=Morocco: Should pre-marital sex be legal? | date=9 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; မဴရိတနဳယျာ (Mauritania)၊ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154358.htm |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Mauritania |publisher=State.gov |date=8 April 2011 |accessdate=2 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; United Arab Emirates၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.dubaifaqs.com/education-dubai.php |title=Education in Dubai |publisher=Dubaifaqs.com |accessdate=2 August 2013 |archivedate=12 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142640/http://www.dubaifaqs.com/education-dubai.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Briton faces jail for sex on Dubai beach|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/briton-faces-jail-for-sex-on-dubai-beach-863918.html|accessdate=3 August 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=10 July 2008|first1=Terri|last1=Judd|first2=Nikolina|last2=Sajn|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;ကွာတာ၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=&quot;Sex outside of marriage is a criminal offense here,&quot; PH ambassador to Qatar warns Pinoys|url=http://www.spot.ph/the-feed/49282/ph-ambassador-to-qatar-warns-pinoys-sex-outside-of-marriage-is-a-criminal-offense-here/|accessdate=3 August 2013|newspaper=SPOT.ph|date=12 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; သုဒါန်၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/06/28/idUSL28849488._CH_.2400 |title=Sudan must rewrite rape laws to protect victims |work=Reuters |date=28 June 2007 |accessdate=2 August 2013 |archivedate=15 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615115805/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/06/28/idUSL28849488._CH_.2400}}&lt;/ref&gt; ယေမေန်၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47387b712f.html/ |title=Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa - Yemen |publisher=Unhcr.org |accessdate=2 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; တအ်မ္ဂး ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင်လိင် မ္ၚး သၞက်ကရောဲသီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် မ္ၚးသၞောဝ်ရ။ 

===ပကီုပရာပ်===
ပ္ဍဲကဵု အခိုက်ကၞာမၞိဟ်လ္ၚဵုတအ်မ္ဂး မၞိဟ်တြုဟ်၊ မၞိဟ်ဗြဴ၊ သၟတ်တြုဟ်၊ သၟတ်ဗြဴတအ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ရ မၞိဟ်တအ် ဒှ်သၠေဟ်ပၟာ ဒဒှ်ရ မသိပ်ဂၠိပ်မေထုန် ကိုပ်ကၠာသၞက်ကရောဲ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဆက်ဆောံလိင်တုပ်မ္ဂး ဒးဒုင်ပျဲပျာံ စဵုကဵု ဂစိုတ် နကဵုဒုဟ်မဟွံမဲကျာ်သြဳရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/13/world/europe/turkey-gay-killing | work=CNN | title=Shocking gay honor killing inspires movie - CNN.com | date=13 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/02/23/arizona.iraqi.father/index.html | work=CNN | title=Iraqi immigrant convicted in Arizona 'honor killing' awaits sentence | date=23 February 2011 | accessdate=11 June 2020 | archivedate=29 September 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929031535/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/02/23/arizona.iraqi.father/index.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ၚဵု သိပ်ဂၠိပ်မေထုန် မ္ၚးသၞက်ကရောဲမ္ဂး ဒးဒုဟ်ဂမ္စိုတ်ကၞဟ်တၟအ် (မဂစိုတ် နကဵုမကၠဟ်ကဵုတၟအ် လဒေါဝ်ပုရိသာတ်)။{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

=== ပညာလိင် ပၞာဲမေထုန်ဟေင်===
ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဍုင်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ပညာလိင် မဗတောန် ပ္ဍဲဘာဂှ် ဗ္တောန်ဆ ညံင်ကွးဘာတအ် ဂွံဝေင်ပါဲ ပ္ဍဲအရာမဆက်ဆောံလိင် မ္ၚးသၞက်ကရောဲဟေင်ရ။ ပွမဗတောန်ဗီုဏအ်ဂှ် ညးကော်စ ပညာလိင် ပၞာဲမေထုန်ဟေင် (Abstinence-only sex education) ရ။ စၞးမဗတောန် ညံင်ကွးဘာတအ် မဂွံတီကၠိုဟ် ကိစ္စလိင်၊ ဗီုလဵုဂွံဒှ် လိင်မနွံကဵု ဂီုကၠီု၊ ဟိုတ် ကေုာံ ဖိုလ်ဂှ် ဗတောန်ဖျေန် ညံင်ကွးဘာတအ် ဂွံဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက် အတိုင်လၟေတ်သာသနာ ဇကုမလျိုင်ပတှ်ေ ကေုာံ ညံင်ဂွံလဇုဲထောအ် အခိင်ကာလ မဒုင်စသိုင် မေထုန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/06/5/gr060504.html The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209224817/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/06/5/gr060504.html |date=2004-12-09 }} December 2003, Volume 6, Number 5 By Cynthia Dailard&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ပၞာဲ ခ္ဍဳလျတ် ပ္ဍဲ ဂကောံမၞိဟ် ===
အလ်ဖြေဒ် ကိန်သေယ် (Alfred Kinsey) တၠပညာလိင်္ဂဗေဒ ဂကူအမေရိကာန်&lt;ref name=&quot;Irvine&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Disorders of Desire: Sexuality and Gender in Modern American Sexology|isbn =978-1592131518|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|year=2005|pages=37–43|accessdate=3 January 2012|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uIJXT7ZCTCsC&amp;pg=PA37&amp;dq=|author=Janice M. Irvine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zastrow&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author= Charles Zastrow|author-link=Charles Zastrow|title = Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare: Empowering People | publisher =[[Cengage Learning]]|year= 2007|pages=227–228|accessdate = 15 March 2014| isbn = 978-0495095101 |url = https://books.google.com/?id=tco4YjyZab4C&amp;pg=PT248&amp;dq=#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဟီု ပၞာဲမေထုန်ဂှ် ဗဒှ်ကဵု ဂကောံမၞိဟ် ညံင်ဂွံဒုင်စသိုင်ဒဒိုက်တုဲ မေထုန်သၠးပွး (sexual liberation)ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာအဓိက သွက်ဘဝအိန် ဂွံတန်ကြန်ကီု သီုကဵု မဂွံတန်တဴ နကဵု တသိုက်ဘဝရ။ ကိန်သေယ် ပတှ်ေကေတ် ပၞာဲဂှ် ဒှ် ယဲ မဆေင်မွဲကဵုလိင် (a sexual dysfunction)တုဲ ညးဟီုလဝ် ဗီုဏအ်ရ &quot;The only kinds of sexual dysfunction a kinds of sexual dysfunction are abstinence, celibacy and delayed marriage. (ဆဂကူလိင်ယဲယဲဟေင် ဒှ် ပၞာဲ (ပွမဝေင်ပါဲ)၊ မိစ္ဆာစာရ (ဒ္ဂေတ်လၟေတ်)၊ ကေုာံ လဇုဲသၞက်ကရောဲ&quot;။ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kinsey/filmmore/pt.html |accessdate=2020-06-11 |archivedate=2017-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113041707/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kinsey/filmmore/pt.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ပၞာဲ ဇမၠိင်အာယုက် နဒဒှ် ဂၠံင်တရဴဘဝ==
[[File:Young monks of Drepung.jpg|thumb|right|300px|လကျာ်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲတိဗေတ်။ ဒ္ဂေတ်ဗြဟ္မစရိယ ပွမဝေင်ပါဲ မေထုန် နကဵုသိက္ခာပိုဒ် ညံင်ရဴ သာသနာဇိန်]]
ပၞာဲ ဇမၠိင်အာယုက် (ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး အခိင် ဗွဲမလအ်လ)၊ ဟိုတ်နူလညာတ်ဒဿန ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဓဝ်ပတှ်ေဘာသာဂှ် ဟွံတုပ် ကုပၞာဲမေထုန် မ္ၚးသၞက်ကရောဲရ။ ပၞာဲမေထုန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒၞာဲဏအ်ဂှ် ပကေင်ပတန်စိုတ် ပ္ဍဲ အၚောပ် သဘာဝ သွက်မေထုန် (ဝါ) ပကေင်မံင် နဒဒှ် မဒစဵုဒစး ကုသဘာဝရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု အခိုက်ကၞာ ဓဝ်ပတှ်ေ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ပတှ်ေကေတ် ဒဒှ်ရ ပွမဝေင်ပါဲ မေထုန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒ္ဂေတ်လၟေတ် ပရေင်မၞိဟ် မသၠုင်ပြဲမွဲ၊ မဒှ်မၞိဟ် မဝေင်ပါဲ အာရီုကာမ မဆေင်ကဵု ရုပ်ဝတ္ထုမွဲရ။ ဘာသာလ္ၚဵုဂှ်မ္ဂး ဒုင်ကေတ်လဝ် ပၞာဲမေထုန်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာ မစိုပ်ကဆံင် ဒ္ဂေတ်လၟေတ် ကေုာံ မနွံကဵု ဍာ်ဒကေတ်ဒ္ဂေတ်ပြဝ မဝေင်ပါဲ အာရီုကာမ ဗီုသာ်ဏအ်မာန်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာမသၠုင်ပြဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=979394 SSRN-The Hermeneutics of Sexual Order by L. Khan&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--Sexual abstinence is required for some religious orders, such as [[Catholic]] priests, nuns, monks. Although many individuals abstain from sex for reasons such as religion or morality, some individuals may simply have a dislike of sex ([[antisexualism]]), or are simply not interested in it ([[asexuality]]). They may view sexual activity as an unnecessary part of human life. As with other lifestyle choices, this attitude toward sexual activity and relationships can vary. Some who choose such a [[lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]] still accept sexual activity for [[reproduction]], some engage in romantic [[intimate relationship|relationship]]s, and some engage in [[masturbation]]. This is a long paragraph and needs refs to make it relevant --&gt;

==နိဿဲ==

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      <text bytes="39302" sha1="m2jadx01njau61nt2ai1wgude4zz6tn" xml:space="preserve">[[ဝှာင်:ABO_blood_type.svg|right|thumb|435x435px|ဂကူဆီ (ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဂကောံဆီ) မပါ်လဝ် နကဵု ပိဂကောံ ABO မဒှ်အန္တိဂေန်  (antigen) မနွံ ပ္ဍဲကလာပ်ဆီဗကေတ်။  ]]
ဂကူဆီ (သီုမကော်စ ဂကောံဆီ) ဂှ် ပါ်လဝ် နကဵု မဒုင်သဇိုင် ကု မနွံကု ကေုာံ မသက်ကု ဓါတ်အန္တိဗောဒဳ (antibodies) ကေုာံ အာဲကၟာဲ အန္တိဂေန်  (inherited antigen) ပ္ဍဲဗလးမုက်ကလာပ်ရုပ်မဆီဗကေတ်ရ။ ဓါတ်အန္တိဂေန်တအ်ဂှ် ဗွဲမဗဗွဲ ကုဂကောံဆီဂမၠိုင်တုဲ ဒှ်ဓါတ်ပြောတိန်ဂမၠိုင် (proteins)၊ ဓါတ်ကာဗောဟိဒြိဒ်ဂမၠိုင် (carbohydrates)၊ ဓါတ်ဂၠုကောပြောတိန်ဂမၠိုင် (glycoproteins) ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဓါတ်ဂၠုကောလိပိဒ်ဂမၠိုင် (glycolipids) မွဲမွဲသာ်အိုတ်ရ။ ဓါတ်အန္တိဂေန်လ္ၚဵုတအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဗလးမုက် ကလာပ်ရုပ်တၞဟ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုတိဿူဂမၠိုင် (tissues)လေဝ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ကီုရ။ အန္တိဂေန် မဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲဗလးမုက်  ကလာပ်ရုပ်ဆီဗကေတ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တအ်ဂှ် စေန်ဆက်ကၠုင် နူတမ်မူလဗဳဇ ကေုာံ မပံင်နှဴတုဲ ကတဵုဗဒှ်ပတိုန် သၞောတ်ဂကောံဆီမွဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Maton|first=Anthea|title=Human Biology and Health|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1993|location=Englewood Cliffs NJ|isbn=0-13-981176-1|url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဂကူဆီဂှ် ဒှ်အာဲကၟာဲ ကေုာံ မပါကၠုင် နူကဵု အံက်ၜါလပါ်။ စဵုကဵုသၞာံ ၂၀၁၉ ဂှ် နကဵု ဂကောံစၠောအ်ဆီဂၠးကဝ် (International Society of Blood Transfusion - ISBT) စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် သၞောတ်ဂကောံဆီ ကောန်မၞိဟ် သီုဖအိုတ် နွံ ၃၈ သၞောတ်။&lt;ref name=&quot;isbt-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology|work=[[International Society of Blood Transfusion]]|date=2019|url=https://www.isbtweb.org/working-parties/red-cell-immunogenetics-and-blood-group-terminology/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708084355/https://www.isbtweb.org/working-parties/red-cell-immunogenetics-and-blood-group-terminology/|archivedate=8 July 2020|accessdate=4 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပၞောဝ်တအ်ဂှ် သၞောတ်ကိစ္စဇၞော်အိုတ်ၜါသၞောတ်ဂှ် သၞောတ် ABO ကဵု Rh မဒှ်တုဲ နကဵုသၞောတ်ဏအ်မ္ဂး ပါ်လဝ် မၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲ ဒှ်ဂကူဆီ (A) ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး (B) ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး (AB) ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး (O)၊ တုဲပၠန် လက်ကရဴဂှ် + (အပံင်)၊ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး − (အနုက်) ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး 0 (သုည) နကဵုမစၟတ် RhD ရ။ ဂကူဆီဝွံ ဒှ်အရာ ကိစ္စဇၞော် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ မစၠောအ်ပၠုပ်ဆီ၊ မဖနှဴဆီတအ်ရ။

== သၞောတ်ဂကောံဆီဂမၠိုင် ==
သၞောတ်လဒက်ပ္တန်ဆီမွဲ ပါ်လဝ် ဇၟာပ်ပ်ဂှ် နွံ ဂကောံဆီ သီုဖအိုတ် ၃၈ ဂကောံ၊ တုဲပၠန် ဇၟာပ်ဂကူဆီဂှ် ဒှ်ပၞောဝ်ကဵု ဂကောံဆီဂမၠိုင် မပံင်နှဴလဝ် နကဵု ဂကောံဆီအန္တိဂေန်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;isbt-2019&quot;/&gt; မၞိဟ်မွဲ နူကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ကလိဂွံလဝ် ဂကူဆီဂှ်မ္ဂး ကြပ်သီုဖအိုတ် ဒှ်ဂကူဆီဂှ် စဵုကဵု လအိတ်လမျီု ကီုလေဝ်၊ ဆဂး ဟိုတ်နူမပၠုပ်စုတ် ဓါတ်အန္တိဂေန်၊ ဟိုတ်နူယဲ မပလီုကဵု အန္တိဂေန်တုဲ ဂကူဆီ ပြံင်လှာဲအာတၞဟ် ကတဵုဒှ်မာန်ကီုရ။ ဆဂး အောန်ဗွဲမလောန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Dean|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=B antigen acquired by normal A1 red cells exposed to a patient's serum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Acquired B antigen and polyagglutination in a patient with gastric cancer|date=November 1983}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Change in blood group in systemic lupus erythematosus}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဟိုတ်ဂကူဆီ မဂွံပြံင်လှာဲမာန် အရာမကတဵုဒှ်စဂၠိုင်မွဲဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူယဲတုဲ ဒးသၠာဲထောအ် ကၠေင်ၜဝ်ဇုတ် (bone-marrow)ရ။ သမၠာဲကၠေင်ၜဝ်ဇုတ်မ္ဂး ဒးစကာ ဆီ (leukemias) ကေုာံ လုမ်ဖောမ် (lymphoma) ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ရ။ ယဝ်ရ မၞိဟ်ယဲဂှ် ကလိဂွံ ကၠေင်ၜတ်ဇုတ် နူကဵု မၞိဟ်ဂကူဆီ ABO ဟွံတုပ် (ဥပမာ မၞိဟ်ယဲ ဂကူဆီ A ကလိဂွံ ကၠေင်ၜတ်ဇုတ် နူကဵု မၞိဟ်ဂကူဆီO)၊ ဂကူဆီမၞိဟ်ယဲဂှ် ပြံင်အာ ဂကူဆီညးမကဵုဒါန်ဂှ်ရ။

ဂကူဆီလ္ၚဵုဂှ် ပံင်နှဴဒၟံင် ကုယဲအာဲကၟာဲ (ယဲမကတဵုဒှ်နူဗဳဇ)၊ ဥပမာ ကေလ် အန္တိဂေန် (Kell antigen) မ္ဂး ပံင်နှဴဒၟံင် ကုယဲ McLeod syndrome။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A new Kell blood-group phenotype|journal=Nature|volume=180|issue=4588|date=October 1957|pmid=13477267|doi=10.1038/180711a0}}&lt;/ref&gt;ဂကူဆီလ္ၚဵုဂှ်မ္ဂး စဵုဒၞာကဵု ယဲလ္ၚဵုဂှ် ဟွံသၟဟ်ရထ၊ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး စဵုဒၞာကဵုယဲမာန် နွံကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1056/NEJM197608052950602|title=The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=295|issue=6|date=August 1976|pmid=778616}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== သၞောတ် ဂကူဆီ ABO ===
[[ဝှာင်:ABO_blood_group_diagram.svg|right|thumb|350x350px|''ABO blood group system'': diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group]]
သၞောတ်ဂကူဆီ ABO ဂှ် နွံကဵု အန္တိဂေန်ၜါ ကဵု အန္တိဗောဒဳၜါ မဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဆီမၞိဟ်။ အန္တိဂေန်ၜါဂှ် အန္တိဂေန် A ကဵု အန္တိဂေန် B။ အန္တိဗောဒဳၜါဂှ် အန္တိဗောဒဳ A ကဵု အန္တိဗောဒဳ B ။ အန္တိဂေန်တအ်ဂှ် နွံ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကလာပ်ဆီဗကေတ် တုဲ အန္တိဗောဒဳတအ်ဂှ် နွံပ္ဍဲ ဍာ်ဗကေဝ်ဆီ (serum)။ ဂကူဆီမၞိဟ် နကဵုသၞောတ်အန္တိဂေန်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် သီုဖအိုတ် ၄ ဂကောံ၊ ဂကောံအန္တိ A (ဂကောံ A)၊ ဂကောံအန္တိ B (ဂကောံ B)၊ ဂကောံနွံသီုၜါ A ကဵု B (ဂကောံ AB) တုဲပၠန် ဂကောံ သက်ကုအန္တိဂေန် (ဂကောံ O)။ အန္တိဗောဒဳ မနွံမွဲစွံ ကုအန္တိဂေန်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ -

# အန္တိဂေန်	A	ကရောမ် အန္တိဗောဒဳ  B
# အန္တိဂေန်	B	ကရောမ် အန္တိဗောဒဳ  A
# အန္တိဂေန်	AB	ဟွံမဲ ကုအန္တိဗောဒဳ
# အန္တိဂေန်  	သုည (ဂကောံ O) ကရောမ် အန္တိဗောဒဳ A ကဵု B။ 

အန္တိဂေန် ကဵု အန္တိဗောဒဳ ဂကူမကြပ်ရေင်သကအ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အဂ်ဂလုတဳနေန် (မကောံစန် ကလာပ်ရုပ်) ရေင်သကအ် (ဥပမာ၊ အန္တိဂေန် A ဒှ်အဂ်ဂလုတဳနေန် ကုအန္တိဗောဒဳ A တုဲ အန္တိဂေန် B ဒှ်အဂ်ဂလုတဳနေန် ကု အန္တိဗောဒဳ B)။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ကာလမပၠုပ်ဆီမ္ဂး လုကဴ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဍာ်ဗကေဝ်ဆီ ညးမဒုင်တဲဆီဂှ် ဟွံမဲ ကုအန္တိဗောဒဳ သွက်ကလာပ်ရုပ်ဆီ အန္တိဂေန် ညးတၠဒါန်ဂှ်ရ။ 

သၞောတ်ဆီ ABO ဂှ် ပၞောဝ်ကဵု သၞောတ်ဂမၠိုင်မ္ဂး ဒှ်သၞောတ်ကိစ္စဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲအရာမပၠုပ်ဆီ ကောန်မၞိဟ်တအ်ရ။ အန္တိ-A ကဵု အန္တိ-B တအ်ဂှ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ပံင်ကောံ ကု ဣိမ်မူနဝ်ဂၠောဗုလိန် M (immunoglobulin M)၊ abbreviated IgM ကေုာံ အန္တိဗောဒဳတအ်ရ။ ၜိုန်ရ ဂကူဆီဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် နူဂဝ်ကီုလေဝ် ABO IgM အန္တိဗောဒဳတအ်ဂှ် နူကဵု မစုက်လုက် ကုပွဳပွူသဘာဝ မပ္တံကဵု စၞစ၊ ဗက်တေရဳယျာ၊ [[ဝဳရုသ်|ဝဳရုသ်]]တုဲ ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲခန္ဓမၞိဟ်တအ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဘဝသၞာံပထမရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Position statement: Red blood cell transfusion in newborn infants|url=https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/red-blood-cell-transfusion-newborn-infants|publisher=Canadian Pediatric Society|date=April 14, 2014|accessdate=October 16, 2020|archivedate=May 19, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519120449/https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/red-blood-cell-transfusion-newborn-infants}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဝေါဟာရ မကော်ဂး ဂကူဆီ A/B/C/ ဂှ် စကော်ကၠာအိုတ် နူသၞာံ ၁၉၀၁ နကဵု ကာလ် လာန်သတိုင်နာ  (Karl Landsteiner) ဗွဲကြဴညိ စၞး C ဂှ် ဒှ်အာ O ။ ဍုင်လ္ၚဵု ကော်စ  ''0'' (''သုည'')။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bloddonor.dk/fileadmin/Fil_Arkiv/PDF_filer/Andre/Your_Blood__June_2006.pdf|title=Your blood&amp;nbsp;– a textbook about blood and blood donation|accessdate=2020-10-16|archivedate=2006-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827051301/http://www.bloddonor.dk/fileadmin/Fil_Arkiv/PDF_filer/Andre/Your_Blood__June_2006.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot; |Phenotype
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot; |Genotype
|-
|A
|AA or AI
|-
|B
|BB or BI
|-
|AB
|AB
|-
|O
|II
|}

=== သၞောတ်ဂကောံဆီ Rh ===
သၞောတ် Rh (Rh ဂှ် ဖ္ဍန်လဝ် နူကဵု ''Rhesus'')ဂှ် ဒှ် သၞောတ်မစကာဂၠိုင် မရနုက်ကဵုၜါ (ဝါ) ဒှ်သၞောတ်တၟေင် မရနုက်ကဵု ဒုတိယ ပ္ဍဲကဵု သၞောတ်ဆီ ကောန်မၞိဟ် ကာလမပၠုပ်ဆီ မနွံကဵု အန္တိဂေန် ပြဟ်ဟ်ဏအ် ၅၀ ဂကူ။ အရာတၟေင် Rh အန္တိဂေန် ဂှ် ဒှ် D အန္တိဂေန်၊ မုဟိုတ်ရောမ္ဂး ဍေဟ်ဒှ်အရာ မပခိုဟ်ကဵု ဓါတ်ဣိမ်မုန် မနွံကဵု Rh အန္တိဂေန်အဓိက မသုန်သာ်ဂှ်ရ။ ဗွဲဓမ္မတာမ္ဂး D-negative ဂှ် ဟွံကလိဂွံ အန္တိ-D IgG ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး IgM အန္တိဗောဒဳ၊ မုဟိုတ်ရောမ္ဂး အန္တိ-D အန္တိဗောဒဳဂှ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဟွံပ္တိတ် နကဵု အရာမကလေင်ဂတးမာန် သွက်ဒစဵုဒစး ရုပ်ဝတ္ထု ဗွဲသဘာဝရ။ ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် D-negative နကဵုမဖန်ဗဒှ်မ္ဂး ပ္တိတ် IgG anti-D အန္တိဗောဒဳဂမၠိုင်မာန်ကီုရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Talaro, Kathleen P. 2005 510–1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Foundations in microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsinmic00kath|publisher=McGraw-Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt; ယဲ Rh ဂမၠိုင် ကတဵုဒှ် နကဵုဟိုတ်နူဏအ် မာန်ဒၟံင်ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Management of rhesus alloimmunization in pregnancy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rh negative blood types are much less common in Asian populations (0.3%) than they are in European populations (15%).&lt;ref name=&quot;Rh group and its origin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hospital.kingnet.com.tw/activity/blood/html/a.html|title=Rh血型的由來|publisher=Hospital.kingnet.com.tw|accessdate=2010-08-01|archivedate=2009-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211201528/http://hospital.kingnet.com.tw/activity/blood/html/a.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲကဵုလက္သန်မ္ဂး Rh(D) နွံကီု ဟွံမဲကီုဂှ် ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ် နကဵု လက္သန် + ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး − ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ကာလချူ ဥပမာ ဂကူဆီ ဂကောံ A− မ္ဂး မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု သၞောတ် ABO မ္ဂး ဒှ်ဂကူဆီ A တုဲ ဟွံမဲ ကု Rh (D)။

==သၞောတ် ABO အကြာ အံက် ကဵု ကောန်==
သၞောတ်ဂကောံဆီ ABO ကာလမတီလဝ် ဂကူဆီ အံက်ၜါလပါ်တုဲ ဂကူဆီကောန် မဒှ်မာန် (သ္ၚိအင်လတူ)၊ သၞောတ်ဂကောံ ABO ကာလမတီလဝ် ဂကူဆီ မိအံက် ကေုာံ ကောန် တုဲ ဂကူဆီအပါ လဵုဒှ်မာန်။ 

[[ဝှာင်:Blood-type-chart.png|thumb|left|500px|သ္ၚိအင် နဲတၟော် ဂကူဆီ အကြာအံက် ကေုာံ ကောန်]]

&lt;br&gt;

== Clinical significance ==

=== Blood transfusion ===
Transfusion medicine is a specialized branch of hematology that is concerned with the study of blood groups, along with the work of a blood bank to provide a transfusion service for blood and other blood products. Across the world, blood products must be prescribed by a medical doctor (licensed physician or surgeon) in a similar way as medicines.
[[ဝှာင်:Main_symptoms_of_acute_hemolytic_reaction.png|right|thumb|235x235px|Main symptoms of acute hemolytic reaction due to blood type mismatch.]]
Much of the routine work of a blood bank involves testing blood from both donors and recipients to ensure that every individual recipient is given blood that is compatible and is as safe as possible. If a unit of incompatible blood is transfused between a donor and recipient, a severe acute hemolytic reaction with hemolysis (RBC destruction), kidney failure and shock is likely to occur, and death is a possibility. Antibodies can be highly active and can attack RBCs and bind components of the complement system to cause massive hemolysis of the transfused blood.

Patients should ideally receive their own blood or type-specific blood products to minimize the chance of a transfusion reaction. It is also possible to use the patient's own blood for transfusion. This is called autologous blood transfusion, which is always compatible with the patient. This is because the patient's own red blood cells are used. The procedure of washing a patient's own red blood cells goes as follows: The patient's lost blood is collected and washed with a saline solution. The washing procedure yields concentrated washed red blood cells. The last step is reinfusing the packed red blood cells into the patient. There are multiple ways to wash red blood cells. The two main ways are centrifugation and filtration methods. This procedure can be performed with microfiltration devices like the Hemoclear filter. Risks can be further reduced by cross-matching blood, but this may be skipped when blood is required for an emergency. Cross-matching involves mixing a sample of the recipient's serum with a sample of the donor's red blood cells and checking if the mixture ''agglutinates'', or forms clumps. If agglutination is not obvious by direct vision, blood bank technicians usually check for agglutination with a microscope. If agglutination occurs, that particular donor's blood cannot be transfused to that particular recipient.  In a blood bank it is vital that all blood specimens are correctly identified, so labelling has been standardized using a barcode system known as ISBT 128.

The blood group may be included on identification tags or on tattoos worn by military personnel, in case they should need an emergency blood transfusion. Frontline German Waffen-SS had blood group tattoos during World War II.

Rare blood types can cause supply problems for blood banks and hospitals. For example, Duffy-negative blood occurs much more frequently in people of African origin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nickel RG|title=Determination of Duffy genotypes in three populations of African descent using PCR and sequence-specific oligonucleotides|date=August 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the rarity of this blood type in the rest of the population can result in a shortage of Duffy-negative blood for these patients.  Similarly, for RhD negative people there is a risk associated with travelling to parts of the world where supplies of RhD negative blood are rare, particularly East Asia, where blood services may endeavor to encourage Westerners to donate blood.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bloodcare.org.uk/html/resources_chairman_2001.htm|title=BCF&amp;nbsp;– Members&amp;nbsp;– Chairman's Annual Report|accessdate=2008-07-15|last=Bruce|first=MG|date=May 2002|publisher=The Blood Care Foundation|quote=As Rhesus Negative blood is rare amongst local nationals, this Agreement will be of particular value to Rhesus Negative expatriates and travellers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410111425/http://www.bloodcare.org.uk/html/resources_chairman_2001.htm|archivedate=April 10, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) ===
A pregnant woman may carry a fetus with a blood type which is different from her own. In those cases, the mother can make IgG blood group antibodies. This can happen if some of the fetus' blood cells pass into the mother's blood circulation (e.g. a small fetomaternal hemorrhage at the time of childbirth or obstetric intervention), or sometimes after a therapeutic blood transfusion.  This can cause Rh disease or other forms of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in the current pregnancy and/or subsequent pregnancies.  Sometimes this is lethal for the fetus; in these cases it is called hydrops fetalis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Letsky2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Antenatal &amp; neonatal screening}}&lt;/ref&gt; If a pregnant woman is known to have anti-D antibodies, the Rh blood type of a fetus can be tested by analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma to assess the risk to the fetus of Rh disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Fetal blood group genotyping: present and future|date=September 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the major advances of twentieth century medicine was to prevent this disease by stopping the formation of Anti-D antibodies by D negative mothers with an injectable medication called Rho(D) immune globulin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rcog.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=1972|title=Use of Anti-D Immunoglobulin for Rh Prophylaxis|date=May 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230200349/http://www.rcog.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=1972|archivedate=December 30, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA41/?c=91520|title=Pregnancy&amp;nbsp;– routine anti-D prophylaxis for D-negative women|date=May 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antibodies associated with some blood groups can cause severe HDN, others can only cause mild HDN and others are not known to cause HDN.

=== Blood products ===
To provide maximum benefit from each blood donation and to extend shelf-life, blood banks fractionate some whole blood into several products. The most common of these products are packed RBCs, plasma, platelets, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP).  FFP is quick-frozen to retain the labile clotting factors V and VIII, which are usually administered to patients who have a potentially fatal clotting problem caused by a condition such as advanced liver disease, overdose of anticoagulant, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Units of packed red cells are made by removing as much of the plasma as possible from whole blood units.

Clotting factors synthesized by modern recombinant methods are now in routine clinical use for hemophilia, as the risks of infection transmission that occur with pooled blood products are avoided.

=== Red blood cell compatibility ===
[[ဝှာင်:Blood_Compatibility.svg|right|thumb|230x230px|'''Red blood cell compatibility chart'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition to donating to the same blood group; type O blood donors can give to A, B and AB; blood donors of types A and B can give to AB.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Red blood cell compatibility table&lt;ref name=&quot;rbccomp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://chapters.redcross.org/br/northernohio/INFO/bloodtype.html|title=RBC compatibility table|accessdate=2008-07-15|date=December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913165654/http://chapters.redcross.org/br/northernohio/info/bloodtype.html|archivedate=2008-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Recipient&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;
! colspan=&quot;8&quot; |Donor&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
!O−
!O+
!A−
!A+
!B−
!B+
!AB−
!AB+
|-
!O−
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{Y}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |{{N}}
|-
!O+
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|-
!A−
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|-
!A+
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|-
!B−
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|-
!B+
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|-
!AB−
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|-
!AB+
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|}
&lt;small&gt;
Table note&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1. Assumes absence of atypical antibodies that would cause an incompatibility between donor and recipient blood, as is usual for blood selected by cross matching.
&lt;/small&gt;

An Rh D-negative patient who does not have any anti-D antibodies (never being previously sensitized to D-positive RBCs) can receive a transfusion of D-positive blood once, but this would cause sensitization to the D antigen, and a female patient would become at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn.  If a D-negative patient has developed anti-D antibodies, a subsequent exposure to D-positive blood would lead to a potentially dangerous transfusion reaction. Rh D-positive blood should never be given to D-negative women of child-bearing age or to patients with D antibodies, so blood banks must conserve Rh-negative blood for these patients. In extreme circumstances, such as for a major bleed when stocks of D-negative blood units are very low at the blood bank, D-positive blood might be given to D-negative females above child-bearing age or to Rh-negative males, providing that they did not have anti-D antibodies, to conserve D-negative blood stock in the blood bank. The converse is not true; Rh D-positive patients do not react to D negative blood.

This same matching is done for other antigens of the Rh system as C, c, E and e and for other blood group systems with a known risk for immunization such as the Kell system in particular for females of child-bearing age or patients with known need for many transfusions.

=== Plasma compatibility ===
[[ဝှာင်:Plasma_donation_compatibility_path.svg|right|thumb|312x312px|'''Plasma compatibility chart'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition to donating to the same blood group; plasma from type AB can be given to A, B and O; plasma from types A, B and AB can be given to O.]]
Blood plasma compatibility is the inverse of red blood cell compatibility.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blood Component ABO Compatibility Chart Red Blood Cells and Plasma|url=http://www.pathology.med.umich.edu/|publisher=University of Michigan|accessdate=16 December 2014|archivedate=23 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123234640/http://www.pathology.med.umich.edu/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Type AB plasma carries neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies and can be transfused to individuals of any blood group; but type AB patients can only receive type AB plasma. Type O carries both antibodies, so individuals of blood group O can receive plasma from any blood group, but type O plasma can be used only by type O recipients.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Plasma compatibility table&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Plasma Compatibility|url=https://mytransfusion.com.au/about-blood/matching-blood-groups|work=Matching Blood Groups|accessdate=19 June 2020|archivedate=7 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507180725/https://mytransfusion.com.au/about-blood/matching-blood-groups}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Recipient
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Donor[1]
|-
! style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |O
! style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |A
! style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |B
! style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |AB
|-
!O
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|-
!A
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|-
!B
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|-
!AB
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|}
&lt;small&gt;
Table note&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1. Assumes absence of strong atypical antibodies in donor plasma
&lt;/small&gt;

Rh D antibodies are uncommon, so generally neither D negative nor D positive blood contain anti-D antibodies.  If a potential donor is found to have anti-D antibodies or any strong atypical blood group antibody by antibody screening in the blood bank, they would not be accepted as a donor (or in some blood banks the blood would be drawn but the product would need to be appropriately labeled); therefore, donor blood plasma issued by a blood bank can be selected to be free of D antibodies and free of other atypical antibodies, and such donor plasma issued from a blood bank would be suitable for a recipient who may be D positive or D negative, as long as blood plasma and the recipient are ABO compatible.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

=== Universal donors and universal recipients ===
[[ဝှာင်:US_Navy_060105-N-8154G-010_A_hospital_corpsman_with_the_Blood_Donor_Team_from_Portsmouth_Naval_Hospital_takes_samples_of_blood_from_a_donor_for_testing.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|A hospital worker takes samples of blood from a donor for testing]]
In transfusions of packed red blood cells, individuals with type O Rh D negative blood are often called universal donors. Those with type AB Rh D positive blood are called universal recipients. However, these terms are only generally true with respect to possible reactions of the recipient's anti-A and anti-B antibodies to transfused red blood cells, and also possible sensitization to Rh D antigens. One exception is individuals with hh antigen system (also known as the Bombay phenotype) who can only receive blood safely from other hh donors, because they form antibodies against the H antigen present on all red blood cells.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://archive.org/details/harrisonsprincie14harr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blood-type-test|title=Universal acceptor and donor groups|publisher=Webmd.com|accessdate=2010-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blood donors with exceptionally strong anti-A, anti-B or any atypical blood group antibody may be excluded from blood donation. In general, while the plasma fraction of a blood transfusion may carry donor antibodies not found in the recipient, a significant reaction is unlikely because of dilution.

Additionally, red blood cell surface antigens other than A, B and Rh D, might cause adverse reactions and sensitization, if they can bind to the corresponding antibodies to generate an immune response.  Transfusions are further complicated because platelets and white blood cells (WBCs) have their own systems of surface antigens, and sensitization to platelet or WBC antigens can occur as a result of transfusion.

For transfusions of plasma, this situation is reversed.  Type O plasma, containing both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, can only be given to O recipients.  The antibodies will attack the antigens on any other blood type.  Conversely, AB plasma can be given to patients of any ABO blood group, because it does not contain any anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

== Blood typing ==
Typically, blood type tests are performed through addition of a blood sample to a solution containing antibodies corresponding to each antigen. The presence of an antigen on the surface of the blood cells is indicated by agglutination. An alternative system for blood type determination involving no antibodies was developed in 2017 at Imperial College London which makes use of paramagnetic molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles with affinity for specific blood antigens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Development of molecularly imprinted polymers specific for blood antigens for application in antibody-free blood typing}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In these tests, rather than agglutination, a positive result is indicated by decolorization as red blood cells which bind to the nanoparticles are pulled toward a magnet and removed from solution.

In addition to the current practice of serologic testing of blood types, the progress in molecular diagnostics allows the increasing use of blood group genotyping. In contrast to serologic tests reporting a direct blood type phenotype, genotyping allows the prediction of a phenotype based on the knowledge of the molecular basis of the currently known antigens. This allows a more detailed determination of the blood type and therefore a better match for transfusion, which can be crucial in particular for patients with needs for many transfusions to prevent allo-immunization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Red cell genotyping and the future of pretransfusion testing}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Large-scale blood group genotyping: clinical implications}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
Blood types were first discovered by an Austrian physician, Karl Landsteiner, working at the Pathological-Anatomical Institute of the University of Vienna (now Medical University of Vienna). In 1900, he found that blood sera from different persons would clump together (agglutinate) when mixed in test tubes, and not only that, some human blood also agglutinated with animal blood.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wrote a two-sentence footnote:
 
This was the first evidence that blood variation exists in humans. The next year, in 1901, he made a definitive observation that blood serum of an individual would agglutinate with only those of certain individuals. Based on this he classified human bloods into three groups, namely group A, group B, and group C. He defined that group A blood agglutinates with group B, but never with its own type. Similarly, group B blood agglutinates with group A. Group C blood is different in that it agglutinates with both A and B.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=On Agglutination of Normal Human Blood|date=1961}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was the discovery of blood groups for which Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930. (C was later renamed to O after the German ''Ohne'', meaning without, or zero, or null.&lt;ref name=&quot;farhud&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A brief history of human blood groups|date=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;) The group AB was discovered a year later by Landsteiner's students Adriano Sturli and Alfred von Decastello.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Concerning isoagglutinins in serum of healthy and sick humans|date=1902}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Farr1979&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Blood group serology—the first four decades (1900–1939)|date=April 1979}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1927, Landsteiner, with Philip Levine, discovered the MN blood group system,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A New Agglutinable Factor Differentiating Individual Human Bloods.|journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine|date=1927|volume=24|issue=6|doi=10.3181/00379727-24-3483}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the P system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Further Observations on Individual Differences of Human Blood.|journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine|date=1927|volume=24|issue=9|doi=10.3181/00379727-24-3649}}&lt;/ref&gt; Development of the Coombs test in 1945,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A new test for the detection of weak and incomplete Rh agglutinins|journal=Br J Exp Pathol|volume=26|issue=|pmid=21006651}}&lt;/ref&gt; the advent of transfusion medicine, and the understanding of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn led to discovery of more blood groups. {{As of|2019}}, the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) recognizes 38 blood groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbt-2019&quot;/&gt;

== Society and culture ==
A popular pseudoscientific belief in Japan (known as ''&quot;ketsueki-gata&quot;'') (血液型) and South Korea&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.medbroadcast.com/channel_health_news_details.asp?news_id=17166&amp;channel_id=1000|title=Despite scientific debunking, in Japan you are what your blood type is|accessdate=2011-08-13|date=2009-02-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928021954/http://www.medbroadcast.com/channel_health_news_details.asp?news_id=17166&amp;channel_id=1000|archivedate=September 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; is that a person's ABO blood type is predictive of their personality, character, and compatibility with others. Researchers have established no scientific basis exists for blood type personality categorization, and studies have found no &quot;significant relationship between personality and blood type, rendering the theory 'obsolete' and concluding that no basis exists to assume that personality is anything more than randomly associated with blood type.&quot;

== See also ==

* Blood type (non-human)
* Human leukocyte antigen
* hh blood group

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book|title=Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens, a guide to the differences in our blood types that complicate blood transfusions and pregnancy|publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]]|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2261/}}
* {{Cite book|title=Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine|year=1997|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodtransfusion0010moll|publisher=Blackwell Science}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gv/mhc/xslcgi.cgi?cmd=bgmut/home BGMUT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118152805/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gv/mhc/xslcgi.cgi?cmd=bgmut/home |date=2017-01-18 }} Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH has details of genes and proteins, and variations thereof, that are responsible for blood types
* Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): ABO Glycosyltransferase; ABO - 110300
* Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): Rhesus Blood Group, D Antigen; RHD - 111680
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.gene-tests.org/blood-group-test|title=Blood group test|accessdate=2017-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324083743/http://www.gene-tests.org/blood-group-test|archivedate=2017-03-24}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeshare.org/facts/raretraits.htm|title=Blood Facts&amp;nbsp;– Rare Traits|accessdate=September 15, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926110321/http://www.lifeshare.org/facts/raretraits.htm|archivedate=September 26, 2006}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/vary/vary_3.htm|title=Modern Human Variation: Distribution of Blood Types|accessdate=November 23, 2006|date=2001-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010606114236/http://anthro.palomar.edu/vary/vary_3.htm|archivedate=2001-06-06}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.bloodbook.com/world-abo.html|title=Racial and Ethnic Distribution of ABO Blood Types&amp;nbsp;– BloodBook.com, Blood Information for Life|accessdate=September 15, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304222457/http://www.bloodbook.com/world-abo.html|archivedate=2010-03-04}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://abobloodgroup.googlepages.com/home|title=Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO|accessdate=July 31, 2008|archivedate=December 7, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207212956/http://abobloodgroup.googlepages.com/home}}
[[ကဏ္ဍ:ပြန်လည်မဆန်းစစ်ရသေးသော ဘာသာပြန်များပါဝင်သည့် စာမျက်နှာများ]]

[[Category:BEHM]]
[[Category:ဇဳဝဗေဒ]]
[[Category:ပရေင်ထတ်ယုက်]]</text>
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    <title>ဝက်သိန် ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉</title>
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      <text bytes="174865" sha1="2mlle0l4847nrl7zofzn3ur5q6nu76h" xml:space="preserve">[[ဝှာင်:Covid19 vaccine biontech pfizer 2.jpg|thumb|ဗီုရုပ်ဝက်သိန် ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ နူကဵု ဖရိဇြာ]]

{{short description|Potential vaccine or vaccines against COVID-19}}
[[File:COVID-19 vaccine map.svg|thumb|right|400px|
ဗီုတိ မထ္ၜး ဍုင်မပဒတန် ဝက်သိန်ဂမၠိုင်
{{legend|Green|Approved for general use, mass vaccination underway}}
{{legend|SpringGreen|[[:w:Emergency Use Authorization|{{abbr|EUA|emergency use authorization}}]] granted, mass vaccination underway}}
{{legend|DarkOrange|{{abbr|EUA|emergency use authorization}} granted, limited vaccination}}
{{legend|Blue|Approved for general use, mass vaccination planned}}
{{legend|DodgerBlue|{{abbr|EUA|emergency use authorization}} granted, mass vaccination planned}}
{{legend|Gold|{{abbr|EUA|emergency use authorization}} pending}}]]

'''ဝက်သိန် ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉'''  ({{Lang-en| '''COVID‑19 vaccine'''}}) ဂှ် ဒှ် ဝက်သိန် မပကဵု ညံင်[[ဒြဟတ်အိမ်မုန်]]မသ္ဂောအ်တီ သွက်ဂွံဒစဵုဒစး ယဲကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉။ ကိုပ်ကၠာ ကပ်ယဲကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ ဟွံကတဵုဒှ်ဏီဂှ်ရ၊ တၠပညာတအ် ကၠောန်ပ္တိတ်လဝ် ဝက်သေန် သွက်ဂွံဗတိုက် ကဝ်ရဝ်နာဝဳရုသ် မပကဵု ညံင်ဂွံဒှ်ယဲသာ (SARS) ကေုာံ ယဲမာ (MERS)တုဲ တၠပညာတအ် တီကၠိုဟ်လဝ် ပရူလဒက်ပ္တန် ကေုာံ တၠုင်လအာ ကဝ်ရဝ်နာဝဳရုသ်ရ။ ကာလ ကဝ်ရဝ်နာဝဳရုသ်ဂကူတၞဟ် မပကဵု ညံင်ဂွံဒှ် ယဲကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ မကတဵုဒှ် ပ္ဍဲတမ်သၞာံ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ် ညးတအ် စဂစာန်ကၠောန် ဝက်သိန်-ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉။ 

စိုပ်ၜိုတ် လဒေါဝ်ဒဳဇြေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ် လၟောဝ်ဝက်သိန် ၅၇ ဂှ် ဂစာန်ကၠောန် ပဒၟံင်သုတေသနဂဥုဲတုဲ ပၞောဝ်တအ်ဂှ် ၄၀ ဂှ် နွံဒၟံင် ကဆံင်ကာလစွမ် ပထမ - ဒုတိယတုဲ ၁၇ ဂှ် နွံဒၟံင် ကဆံင်ကာလစွမ် ဒုတိယ - တတိယ။ ပ္ဍဲကဆံင်ကာလစွမ်တတိယဂှ် ဝက်သိန် ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ကၠောန်ကမၠောန် ၜိုတ် ၉၅% သွက်ဂွံစဵုဒၞာ ယဲကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Santiago|first=Jahleah|date=2020-12-19|title=A side-by-side comparison of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/19/a-side-by-side-comparison-of-the-pfizer-biontech-and-moderna-vaccines/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-24|website=STAT|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဝက်သိန်လ္ၚဵုတအ်ဂှ် ဍုင်လ္ၚဵု ပဒတန်တုဲ ဝက်သိန်လ္ၚဵုတအ်ဂှ် ဍုၚ်လ္ၚဵု ဟွံပဒတန်ရ။ သီုဖအိုတ် မဂွံဒုင်ပဒတန် နကဵု အေဂျေန်သဳ ထတ်ယုက်ဍုၚ်တအ်ဂှ် နွံ မသုန် မပ္တံကဵု တဝ်ဇြဳနာမေရန် (Tozinameran) မကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် နူကဵု ဖြိဇြေရ်-ဗဳသြတေက် (Pfizer–BioNTech)၊ ဗဳဗဳဗ်-ကောဝ် (BBIBP-CorV) မကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် နူကဵု သဳနဝ်ဖာမ် (Sinopharm)၊ ကဝ်ရဝ်နာဝက် (CoronaVac) မကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် နူကဵု သဳနဝ်ဝက် (Sinovac)၊ အာမ်အာနာ-၁၂၇၃ (mRNA-1273) မကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် နူကဵု မဝ်ဒေရ်နာ (Moderna) ကေုာံ ဂမ်-ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-ဝက် (Gam-COVID-Vac) မကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် နူကဵု  အေန်သတဳကျုတ်သုတေသနဂမလေယာ (Gamaleya Research Institute)။ 

ဖြိဇြေရ်၊ မဝ်ဒေရ်နာ ကေုာံ သြသတြဇြေနေက (AstraZeneca) တအ် ဟီုလဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၂၁ မ္ဂး ညးတအ် ကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် လၟိဟ် ၅.၃&amp;nbsp;ဗဳလဳယာန် သွုင် မာန်တုဲ ကလိဂွံ မၞိဟ်ၜိုတ် ၃ ဗဳလဳယာန်မာန် (မၞိဟ်မွဲမ္ဂး ဒးထ္ပက် ၂ သွုင်/တၞိင် သွက်ဂွံစဵုဒၞာ ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉)၊ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဒဳဇြေမ်ဗါဂှ် နူကဵု ဍုင်နာနာတအ် ဗကန်လဝ် နူကဵုဌာနပ္တိတ်ဝက်သိန်တအ် လၟိဟ် ၁၀ ဗဳလဳယာန်ပြင်င်&lt;ref name=&quot;mullard&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Asher | last1=Mullard |date=30 November 2020|title=How COVID vaccines are being divvied up around the world Canada leads the pack in terms of doses secured per capita|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03370-6|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-03370-6|pmid=33257891|access-date=11 December 2020|s2cid=227246811}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကဝက်ပြင်င်ဂှ် ဍုင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ဇၞော်မောဝ်တအ် ဗကန်လဝ်တုဲ ဟီုကဵုလၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်ဂၠးကဝ်မ္ဂး ဍုင်သေဋ္ဌဳတအ်ဂှ် လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် နွံ ၁၄% ဓဝ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;So&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=So|first=Anthony D|last2=Woo|first2=Joshua|date=December 2020|title=Reserving coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines for global access: cross sectional analysis|journal=BMJ|page=m4750|doi=10.1136/bmj.m4750|issn=1756-1833|name-list-style=vanc|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဍုင်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တအ်ဂှ် ဖျေဟ်လၟေင်ကမၠောန် ထပက်ဝက်သိန် နကဵု မၞိဟ်ဗယု၊ ယဲဇမၠိင် မဒှ်မၞိဟ်အန္တရာယ်ဇၞော် ကုယဲကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ ကေုာံ အစာဂဥုဲ အစာသဝ်ဂှ် ကဵုထ္ပက်ကၠာရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Beaumont|first=Peter|date=2020-11-18|title=Covid-19 vaccine: who are countries prioritising for first doses?|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/18/covid-19-vaccine-who-are-countries-prioritising-for-first-doses|access-date=2020-12-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==လၟေင်ကမၠောန် ကေုာံ ဓလိုက်တမ်ရိုဟ်==
ပ္ဍဲမွဲဒမြိပ်သၞာံ ၂၀၂၀ နူစ သၞာံမံက်၊ ယဲကပ်စကတဵုဒှ်ဂှ် ဌာနမကၠောန်ပ္တိတ်ဂဥုဲဂမၠိုင်၊ အလဵုအသဳဍုင် ကေုာံ ကမ္မဏဳမဆေင်ကဵုဇဳဝဗေဒ နူကဵု ရးနိဂီုနာနာ ပ္တိတ်အာရီု ဂစာန်ကၠောန်ကၠုင် သွက်ကလိဂွံ ဝက်သိန်ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ အိုတ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;thanh2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Le|first1=Tung Thanh|last2=Cramer|first2=Jakob P.|last3=Chen|first3=Robert|last4=Mayhew|first4=Stephen|date=4 September 2020|title=Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|volume=19|issue=10|pages=667–68|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8|issn=1474-1776|pmid=32887942|doi-access=free|s2cid=221503034|name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt; အတိုင် ဂကောံပံင်ကောံမခၞံဗဒှ်သွက်စဵုဒၞာကပ်ယဲ (Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations -CEPI) မဗမံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ်မ္ဂး ဂကောံမပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲအရာမကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် ဝက်သိန်ဏအ်ဂှ် နူကဵု အမေရိသၟဝ်ကျာဂှ် ၜိုတ် ၄၀%၊ အာရှ ကဵု အဝ်သတြေလျာ ၃၀%၊ ဥရောပ ၂၆% တုဲ ပ္ဍဲအမေရိသၠုင်ကျာ ကဵု အာဖရိကဂှ် ပါလုပ်ညိညကီုရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;thanh2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thanh&quot; /&gt;

လၟောဝ်ဝက်သိန်မွဲမွဲ ဂွံကလိဂွံဇမၞးမာန်ဂှ် ဒးအိုတ်သြန် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠေင်ရ။ ဥပမာ ခရိတ်င္ၚုဟ်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲ ကာလစွမ်မၞိဟ်အလန်ပထမဂှ်သၟးဂှ် ဒးအိုတ် သြန်ဒဝ်လာအမေရိကာန် အကြာ ၁၄ မဳလဳယာန်ကဵု  ၂၅ မဳလဳယာန်။&lt;ref name=&quot;gouglas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Gouglas D, Thanh Le T, Henderson K, Kaloudis A, Danielsen T, Hammersland NC, Robinson JM, Heaton PM, Røttingen JA|date=December 2018|title=Estimating the cost of vaccine development against epidemic infectious diseases: a cost minimisation study|journal=Lancet Global Health|volume=6|issue=12|pages=e1386–96|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30346-2|pmc=7164811|pmid=30342925}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dimasi&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=DiMasi JA, Grabowski HG, Hansen RW|date=May 2016|title=Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: New estimates of R&amp;D costs|journal=Journal of Health Economics|volume=47|pages=20–33|doi=10.1016/j.jhealeco.2016.01.012|pmid=26928437|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free|hdl=10161/12742}}&lt;/ref&gt; ယဝ်ဒးပတုပ် နကဵုဥပမာမ္ဂး အခိင်ကာလ ကပ်ယဲအဳဗဝ်လာဝဳရုသ် (Ebola virus) မကတဵုဒှ် အကြာ ၂၀၁၃-၁၆ ဂှ် လၟောဝ်ဝက်သိန် သီုဖအိုတ် ဂစာန်ကၠောန် ၃၇ ဂှ် ဆဝက်သိန်မွဲဟေင် ကလိဂွံအခေါင်လာင်ဇြေန် သွက်ဂွံစကာ နဒဒှ် ဝက်သိန်၊ ညးမပ္တိတ်ဂှ် ခရိတ်စမ် ကာလစွမ်ဒုတိယ-တတိယဂှ် ဒးစကာသြန် ဒဝ်လာအမေရိကာန် ၜိုတ် ၁ ဗဳလဳယာန်။&lt;ref name=&quot;gouglas&quot;/&gt;

=== ဂကောံ ရးနိဂီုနာနာ ===

====Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator ကေုာံ COVAX====

ပရေင်ပံင်ကောံ ဂကောံဂၠးကဝ်နာနာ မပ္တံကဵု ဂကောံထတ်ယုက်ဂၠးကဝ် (WHO)၊ ဂကောံပံင်ကောံ သွက်ဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲ အရာမဒစဵုဒစး ကပ်ယဲ(CEPI)၊ GAVI၊ Gates Foundation ကေုာံ သၟိင်ဍုင်ဂမၠိုင် ပံင်ကောံတုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် အေသဳတဳ (ACT) မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် ကလိဂွံ ကပေါတ်သွက်ယဲကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ တအ် ပံင်ကောံတုဲ ဂၠာဲသြန်ဗွဝ် သွက်ဂွံထံက်ပင် ကမၠောန်လ္ၚတ်သုတေသန၊ ပ္တိတ်ကပေါတ်စွမ်ယဲ၊ ဂဥုဲလွဳ ကေုာံ ကဵုလာင်ဇြေန်ဝက်သိန် မဒှ်ပရေင်ကမၠောန် နကဵုက္ဍိုပ်လိက် &quot;ကဝ်ဝဇ် ပိလ္လာရ် (COVAX Pillar)&quot;။&lt;ref name=&quot;who-covax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020|title=What is the ACT Accelerator?|url=https://www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator/about|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925122714/https://www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator/|archive-date=25 September 2020|access-date=2020-08-29|publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;covax-gavi-09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2020-09-01|title=What is COVAX?|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/covax-explained|access-date=11 December 2020|publisher=GAVI}}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု ကဝ်ဝက်ပိလ္လာရ်ဂှ် စွံလဝ် တင်ရန်တၟအ် ညံင်ဂွံကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် ဝက်သိန်ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တုဲ လအိတ်သၞာံ ၂၀၂၁ မ္ဂး ညံင်ဂွံပ္တိတ် စဵုကဵု ၂ ဗဳလဳယာန်သွုင် သွက်ဂွံစဵုဒၞာ သၟာကမၠောန်ထတ်ယုက် ပ္ဍဲကိုပ်စၞေဟ် (frontline healthcare workers) ကေုာံ မၞိဟ်အန္တရာယ်ဇၞော် ကုကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဒိုက်ဂတ်တအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;cepi-covax&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=COVAX: CEPI's response to COVID-19|url=https://cepi.net/COVAX/ |publisher=Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) |access-date=15 December 2020 |date=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cepi-safer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=New vaccines for a safer world |url=https://cepi.net/ |publisher=CEPI |access-date=15 December 2020 |date=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဂိတုဒဳဇြေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ် နကဵုအေသဳတဳ ပ္ကောံဂွံသြန်ဒဝ်လာအမေရိကာန် ၂.၄ ဗဳလဳယာန်တုဲ နကဵု ကဝ်ဝက် ကေုာံ CEPI ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် လၟောဝ်ဝက်သိန် ဒစိတ် ရ။ ဂကောံဏအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကောံဇၞော်အိုတ် မဆေင်ကဵု ပ္ဍဲအရာမပ္တိတ် ဝက်သိန် ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉တုဲ ပါလုပ်လဝ် သီုဖအိုတ် ဍုင် ၁၈၉ ရးနိဂီု။&lt;ref name=&quot;cepi-portfolio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Our portfolio: partnerships to develop vaccines against COVID-19 |url=https://cepi.net/research_dev/our-portfolio/ |publisher=CEPI |access-date=15 December 2020 |date=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who189&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=4 December 2020|title=Global equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines estimated to generate economic benefits of at least US$ 153 billion in 2020–21, and US$ 466 billion by 2025, in 10 major economies, according to new report by the Eurasia Group|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/03-12-2020-global-access-to-covid-19-vaccines-estimated-to-generate-economic-benefits-of-at-least-153-billion-in-2020-21|access-date=11 December 2020|publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; သၞာံ ၂၀၂၀ လပါ်စဂှ် နကဵု ဂကောံထတ်ယုက်ဂၠးကဝ် ကလိဂွံ သြန်ထံက်ပင် နူကဵု ပန်စှ်ောဍုင် သြန်ဒဝ်လာအမေရိကာန် ၈ ဗဳလဳယာန် သွက်ဂွံကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် ဝက်သိန်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;waked&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Wake|first=Damon|date=2020-05-04|title=EU spearheads $8 billion virus fundraiser|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/eu-hosts-virus-telethon-seeking-first-7-5-003500556.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629033556/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/eu-hosts-virus-telethon-seeking-first-7-5-003500556.html|archive-date=29 June 2020|access-date=2020-05-04|publisher=Yahoo Finance|name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဂိတုဂျူလာင်ဂှ် ဂကောံထတ်ယုက်ဂၠးကဝ် လလောင်တြး ဍုင် ၁၆၅ ဍုင် မပစၞးကု ကောန်မၞိဟ်ဂၠးတိ ၆၀% တုပ်စိုတ် အစဳအဇန်ကဝ်ဝက်တုဲ ကဵုလဝ် ဂတိပါင် တုပ်လဝ်စိုတ် ကၞောတ်သၞာံ ၂၀၂၁ မ္ဂး ကောန်ဍုင်ညးတအ် ၂၀% ဂှ် သ္ကလိဂွံ ဝက်သိန်ရောင်။&lt;ref name=&quot;covax&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |title=More than 150 countries engaged in COVID-19 vaccine global access facility |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/15-07-2020-more-than-150-countries-engaged-in-covid-19-vaccine-global-access-facility |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=25 July 2020 |date=15 July 2020 |quote=COVAX is the only truly global solution to the COVID-19 pandemic. For the vast majority of countries, whether they can afford to pay for their own doses or require assistance, it means receiving a guaranteed share of doses and avoiding being pushed to the back of the queue, as we saw during the H1N1 pandemic a decade ago. Even for those countries that are able to secure their own agreements with vaccine manufacturers, this mechanism represents, through its world-leading portfolio of vaccine candidates, a means of reducing the risks associated with individual candidates failing to show efficacy or gain licensure. |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715152301/https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/15-07-2020-more-than-150-countries-engaged-in-covid-19-vaccine-global-access-facility |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဂကောံပံင်ကောံဂၠးကဝ် သွက်စဵုဒၞာယဲကမၠောအ် (The Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness - GLoPID-R) ဂှ် ပံင်တောဲကၠောန် ကုဂကောံထတ်ယုက်ဂၠးကဝ် ကေုာံ ရးနိဂီုဂမၠိုင် သွက်ဂွံကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် ဝက်သိန် ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GloPID: Novel coronavirus COVID-19 |url=https://www.glopid-r.org/our-work/novel-coronavirus-covid-19 |website=glopid-r.org |access-date=2020-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502035337/https://www.glopid-r.org/our-work/novel-coronavirus-covid-19/ |archive-date=2 May 2020 |url-status=live |quote=GloPID-R Members and other major players involved in infectious disease outbreaks worldwide reacted rapidly to this emerging epidemic, working closely with the WHO to identify the specific funding research priorities needed to tackle the disease. |accessdate=2020-12-27 |archivedate=2020-05-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502035337/https://www.glopid-r.org/our-work/novel-coronavirus-covid-19/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=can-research/&gt;တုဲပၠန် International Severe Acute Respiratory ကေုာံ Emerging Infection Consortium တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကောံလ္ၚတ်မကဵုပရိုင်တင်ဂၞင် ပညာ ပ္ဍဲအရာမပသုတေသန ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ ကေုာံ ကဵုပညာကုညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် သီုကဵု ပ္ဍဲအရာမပရးဝက်သိန်တအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;isaric&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ISARIC: COVID-19 clinical research resources|url=https://isaric.tghn.org/covid-19-clinical-research-resources/|date=2020-04-27|publisher=ISARIC|access-date=2020-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330135638/https://isaric.tghn.org/covid-19-clinical-research-resources/|archive-date=30 March 2020|url-status=live|accessdate=2020-12-27|archivedate=2020-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330135638/https://isaric.tghn.org/covid-19-clinical-research-resources/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ၄ ဂျောန်ဂှ် ပူဂိုလ် ကေုာံ သၟိင်ဍုင်ဂမၠိုင် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ကောံဓရီုသကိုပ်သက သုမ္မိတ် (summit) ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လာန်ဒါန်၊ ယူကေ၊ ဂှ် မၞိဟ်နူ ၅၂ ဍုင် တိုန်စိုပ်၊ သကိုပ်သကဍုင် ၃၅ ဍုင်၊ နူကဵု ဂျဳ၇ တအ်ကီု သီုကဵု ဂျဳ၂၀ဂှ် ကလိဂွံ သြန်ဗွဝ် ၈ ဗဳလဳယာန် သွက်ဂွံထံက်ပင် မဟာမိတ်ဂၠးကဝ် သွက်ဝက်သိန် ကေုာံ အိမ်မုန် (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation - GAVI) သွက်ဂွံကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် ဝက်သိန် ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉တုဲ ကဵုဂဥုဲဝက်သိန် ကုကောန်ၚာ် ၃၀၀ ဗဳလဳယာန် မနွံပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဒိုက်ဂတ်တအ် ပ္ဍဲအကြာသၞာံ ၂၀၁၅ ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;gavi-summit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Vaccine Summit 2020: World leaders make historic commitments to provide equal access to vaccines for all|url=https://www.gavi.org/news/media-room/world-leaders-make-historic-commitments-provide-equal-access-vaccines-all|access-date=2020-06-04|publisher=Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation|date=2020-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606161748/https://www.gavi.org/news/media-room/world-leaders-make-historic-commitments-provide-equal-access-vaccines-all|archive-date=6 June 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;သြန်ဒါန် ဂၠိုင်အိုတ် ၁.၆ ဗဳလဳယာန် နူကဵု The Gates Foundation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |publisher=The Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation|via=PR Newswire|title=Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation pledges {{US$|1.6}}{{nbsp}}billion to Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, to protect the next generation with lifesaving vaccines|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bill--melinda-gates-foundation-pledges-1-6-billion-to-gavi-the-vaccine-alliance-to-protect-the-next-generation-with-lifesaving-vaccines-301070878.html|access-date=2020-06-04|date=2020-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604165907/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bill--melinda-gates-foundation-pledges-1-6-billion-to-gavi-the-vaccine-alliance-to-protect-the-next-generation-with-lifesaving-vaccines-301070878.html|archive-date=4 June 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကေုာံ သြန်ပံင်ဗြိတိန် ၃၃၀ မဳလဳယာန် ဇၟာပ်သၞာံ ပွိုင် မသုန်သၞာံ နူကဵု အလဵုအသဳဗြိတိန် (မတုပ်သၟဟ်ကဵု ဒဝ်လာအမေရိကာန် ၂.၁ ဗဳလဳယာန် ပ္ဍဲ ဂျောန် ၂၀၂၀)။&lt;ref name=gavi-summit/&gt;

ပ္ဍဲဒဳဇြေမ်ဗါ ဂှ် နကဵု Gates Foundation ဆက်ကဵုဒါန် သြန်ဒဝ်လာ ၂၅၀ မဳလဳယာန်ပၠန် သွက်ဂွံကဵု ကပေါတ်စွမ်ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉၊ လွဳယဲ ကေုာံ ဝက်သိန် သွက်ဍုင်ဒိုက်ဂတ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၂၁ တုဲ သြန်ဗွဝ်သီုဖအိုတ် ဒှ်အာ သြန်ဒဝ်လာအမေရိကာန် ၁.၇၅ ဗဳလဳယာန်။&lt;ref name=&quot;gates12-10&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first1=Haley | last1=Yamada |first2=Jon | last2=Schlosberg |first3=Seni | last3=Tienabeso |title=Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announces $250 million COVID vaccine commitment |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/bill-melinda-gates-foundation-announces-250-million-covid/story?id=74651890 |access-date=11 December 2020 |work=ABC News - Technology |date=10 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gates12-9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bill and Melinda Gates call for collaboration, continued innovation to overcome challenges of delivering COVID-19 scientific breakthroughs to the world |url=https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2020/12/Bill-and-Melinda-Gates-call-for-collaboration-innovation-to-deliver-COVID-19-breakthroughs |access-date=11 December 2020 |work=Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation |date=9 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ကမၠောန်==

[[File:The vaccine development process typically takes 10 to 15 years under a traditional timeline. Multiple regulatory pathways, such as Emergency Use Authorization, can be used to facilitate bringing a vaccine for COVID-19 to (49948301848).jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|လၟေင်အခိင် ဗွဲဓမ္မတာ မကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် ဝက်သိန်မွဲ နူစ စဵုကဵု ကမၠောန်တုဲဒှ်၊ မဒးကေတ်အခိင် အကြာ ၁၀ - ၁၅ သၞာံ]]
===ဒဒှ်အတိက်===
ကိုပ်ကၠာ ကပ်ယဲကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ ဟွံကတဵုဒှ်ဏီဂှ် ဝက်သိန် သွက်စဵုဒၞာယဲဂှ် ဟွံဂွံကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် သၞာံဗွဲမလအ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် ဝက်သိန် ဒစဵုဒစး ကဝ်ရဝ်နာဝဳရုသ် သွက်မၞိဟ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဟွံကေင် နွံကၠုင်လဝ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;gates2&quot; /&gt; ဆဂး ဝက်သိန် ဒစဵုဒစး ကဝ်ရဝ်နာဝဳရုသ် သွက်တိရစ္ဆာန်ဂှ် ကေင်ပ္တိတ်လဝ်နွံ မပ္တံကဵု သၞာံ ၂၀၀၃ သွက်ဂစေံ၊ ကၠဵု ကေုာံ ဗ္ဂဲ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Cavanagh D|date=December 2003|title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus|journal=Avian Pathology|volume=32|issue=6|pages=567–82|doi=10.1080/03079450310001621198|pmc=7154303|pmid=14676007|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲပၠန် ဝိက်သိန် မဒစဵုဒစး ဝဳရုသ်ကဝ်ရဝ်နာ ဗဳဇမတုပ် မပကဵု ညံင်မၞိဟ်ဂွံဒှ်ယဲ သာ(SARS) ကေုာံ ယဲမာ(MERS)ကေင်နွံကၠုင်လဝ်ကီုရ။ ဝက်သိန် ဒစဵုဒစး ယဲသာ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Gao W, Tamin A, Soloff A, D'Aiuto L, Nwanegbo E, Robbins PD, Bellini WJ, Barratt-Boyes S, Gambotto A|date=December 2003|title=Effects of a SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in monkeys|journal=Lancet|volume=362|issue=9399|pages=1895–96|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14962-8|pmc=7112457|pmid=14667748}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကဵု ယဲမာ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Kim E, Okada K, Kenniston T, Raj VS, AlHajri MM, Farag EA, AlHajri F, Osterhaus AD, Haagmans BL, Gambotto A|date=October 2014|title=Immunogenicity of an adenoviral-based Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine in BALB/c mice|journal=Vaccine|volume=32|issue=45|pages=5975–82|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.058|pmc=7115510|pmid=25192975}}&lt;/ref&gt;ဂှ်လေဝ် ဟွံကေင်စမ်လဝ် မၞိဟ် ဆစမ်လဝ် ကဵုတိရစ္ဆာန်သၟးရ။

အတိုင်လိက်မပ္တိတ်လဝ်မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၅ ကဵု ၂၀၀၆ မ္ဂး သွက်ဂွံကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် ဝက်သိန် ကေုာံ ဂဥုဲလွဳယဲသာဂှ် ဒှ်လဝ် အရာကိစ္စဇၞော် သၟိင်ဍုင်တအ်ကီုရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID 15655773&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Greenough TC, Babcock GJ, Roberts A, Hernandez HJ, Thomas WD, Coccia JA, Graziano RF, Srinivasan M, Lowy I, Finberg RW, Subbarao K, Vogel L, Somasundaran M, Luzuriaga K, Sullivan JL, Ambrosino DM|date=February 2005|title=Development and characterization of a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that provides effective immunoprophylaxis in mice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2005-02-15_191_4/page/507|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=191|issue=4|pages=507–14|doi=10.1086/427242|pmc=7110081|pmid=15655773}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID 15885812&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Tripp RA, Haynes LM, Moore D, Anderson B, Tamin A, Harcourt BH, Jones LP, Yilla M, Babcock GJ, Greenough T, Ambrosino DM, Alvarez R, Callaway J, Cavitt S, Kamrud K, Alterson H, Smith J, Harcourt JL, Miao C, Razdan R, Comer JA, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Sanchez A, Rota PA, Bellini WJ, Anderson LJ|date=September 2005|title=Monoclonal antibodies to SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV): identification of neutralizing and antibodies reactive to S, N, M and E viral proteins|journal=Journal of Virological Methods|volume=128|issue=1–2|pages=21–28|doi=10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.021|pmc=7112802|pmid=15885812}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PMID 16453264&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Roberts A, Thomas WD, Guarner J, Lamirande EW, Babcock GJ, Greenough TC, Vogel L, Hayes N, Sullivan JL, Zaki S, Subbarao K, Ambrosino DM|date=March 2006|title=Therapy with a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody reduces disease severity and viral burden in golden Syrian hamsters|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2006-03-01_193_5/page/685|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=193|issue=5|pages=685–92|doi=10.1086/500143|pmc=7109703|pmid=16453264}}&lt;/ref&gt;ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ် ဂဥုဲ ကေုာံ ဝက်သိန် သွက်ဂွံလွဳ ကေုာံ သွက်စဵုဒၞာ ယဲသာ ပ္ဍဲမၞိဟ် မကၠောန်ကမၠောန်ဇေတ်တ်ဂှ် ဟွံကလိဂွံဏီရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;JiangFutureVirology&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Jiang S, Lu L, Du L|date=January 2013|title=Development of SARS vaccines and therapeutics is still needed|journal=Future Virology|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–2|doi=10.2217/fvl.12.126|pmc=7079997|pmid=32201503}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=5 March 2020|title=SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sars/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309174230/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sars/|archive-date=9 March 2020|access-date=31 January 2020|publisher=[[National Health Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

တုဲပၠန် ဝက်သိန် စဵုဒၞာယဲမာလေဝ် ဟွံမဲဏီကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Shehata|first1=Mahmoud M.|last2=Gomaa|first2=Mokhtar R.|last3=Ali|first3=Mohamed A.|last4=Kayali|first4=Ghazi|date=January 2016|title=Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review|journal=Frontiers of Medicine|volume=10|issue=2|pages=120–36|doi=10.1007/s11684-016-0430-6|pmc=7089261|pmid=26791756|name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကာလ ယဲမာကတဵုဒှ်ဂှ် တင်ဂၞင်သုတေသန မပလဝ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ယဲသာဂှ် ဒှ်အထံက်အရီုရောင် သွက််ဂွံကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ဝက်သိန်ရောင်ဂှ် စၟဳကေတ်လဝ်ကီုရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;JiangFutureVirology&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Butler3oct2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Butler D|date=October 2012|title=SARS veterans tackle coronavirus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-10-04_490_7418/page/n27|journal=Nature|volume=490|issue=7418|page=20|bibcode=2012Natur.490...20B|doi=10.1038/490020a|pmid=23038444|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၜိုတ်ဂိတုမာတ် ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ် ဝက်သိန်ယဲမာလဵုမွဲလေဝ် ဟွံစိုပ်ကဆံင် ကာလစွမ်ပထမ သွက်ဂွံစမ်မၞိဟ်ဏီ၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Modjarrad K, Roberts CC, Mills KT, Castellano AR, Paolino K, Muthumani K, Reuschel EL, Robb ML, Racine T, Oh MD, Lamarre C, Zaidi FI, Boyer J, Kudchodkar SB, Jeong M, Darden JM, Park YK, Scott PT, Remigio C, Parikh AP, Wise MC, Patel A, Duperret EK, Kim KY, Choi H, White S, Bagarazzi M, May JM, Kane D, Lee H, Kobinger G, Michael NL, Weiner DB, Thomas SJ, Maslow JN|date=September 2019|title=Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus DNA vaccine: a phase 1, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation trial|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=9|pages=1013–22|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30266-X|pmc=7185789|pmid=31351922|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲပၠန် ဂဥုဲတၞဟ်ပိဂှ် ဒှ်အခိင်အဃောမကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ဇၞော်ပၟဝ်ဒၟံင်၊ ဂဥုဲတအ်ဂှ် ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac ကေုာံ MVA-MERS-S တအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Yong CY, Ong HK, Yeap SK, Ho KL, Tan WS|year=2019|title=Recent Advances in the Vaccine Development Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=10|page=1781|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.01781|pmc=6688523|pmid=31428074}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ကမၠောန် အလန်ကိုပ်ကၠာ ===
ကြဴနူ မဂွံတီကေတ် ကဝ်ရဝ်နာဝဳရုသ် ကၞာတ်ကၠောအ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲ ဒဳဇြေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၁၉၊&lt;ref name=&quot;who-time&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 April 2020|title=World Health Organization timeline – COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429012212/https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19|archive-date=29 April 2020|access-date=2 May 2020|publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;သဏ္ဌာန်ဗဳဇ ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ ဂှ် ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးမာန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၁၁ ဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၂၀၂၀တုဲ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ဂၠးတိ လလောင်တြး သွက်ဂွံပလေဝ်စ ယဲကမၠောအ်ကမၞာန်တုဲ သ္ဒးကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ဝက်သိန် သွက်ဂွံ ဒစဵုဒစးယဲဏအ်ရောင်။&lt;ref name=&quot;thanh&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gates1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fauci&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Fauci AS, Lane HC, Redfield RR|date=March 2020|title=Covid-19: Navigating the uncharted|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=13|pages=1268–69|doi=10.1056/nejme2002387|pmc=7121221|pmid=32109011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ၜိုတ် ဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၀၂၀ နကဵု ဂကောံထတ်ယုက်ဂၠးကဝ်ဟီု၊ ဝက်သိန် ဒစဵုဒစး ယဲသာ၂ (SARS-CoV-2) (အခိင်ဂှ် ကော်စ ယဲသာ၂) အပ္ဍဲ ပွိုင် ၁၈ ဂိတုဏအ် ကလိဂွံဟွံမာန်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Grenfell|first1=Rob|last2=Drew|first2=Trevor|date=14 February 2020|title=Here's why the WHO says a coronavirus vaccine is 18 months away|url=https://theconversation.com/heres-why-the-who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away-131213|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Business Insider|name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၂၀ လပါ်စဂှ် လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်စမၠောအ် ယဲဝဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ ဂှ် ဂၠိုင်ကၠုင်တုဲ ဂကောံသၟိင်ဍုင်ဂမၠိုင် ကေုာံ ဂကောံထတ်ယုက်ဂၠးကဝ်တအ် ချပ်ဂၞန်ရေင်သကအ် ညံင်သဂွံ ဝက်သိန် နကဵုဗွဲပရဟ်မာန်ဂှ် ဒးကၠောန်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;who-accel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 April 2020|title=Update on WHO Solidarity Trial – Accelerating a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-trial-accelerating-a-safe-and-effective-covid-19-vaccine|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430185550/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-trial-accelerating-a-safe-and-effective-covid-19-vaccine|archive-date=30 April 2020|access-date=2 May 2020|publisher=World Health Organization|quote=It is vital that we evaluate as many vaccines as possible as we cannot predict how many will turn out to be viable. To increase the chances of success (given the high level of attrition during vaccine development), we must test all candidate vaccines until they fail. [The] WHO is working to ensure that all of them have the chance of being tested at the initial stage of development. The results for the efficacy of each vaccine are expected within three to six months and this evidence, combined with data on safety, will inform decisions about whether it can be used on a wider scale.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဨပြဳ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ် နကဵု ဂကောံထတ်ယုက်ဂၠးကဝ် တော်ကေတ် သွက်ဂွံကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် ဝက်သိန်ဂှ် ဒးစကာသြန် ဒဝ်လာအမေရိကာန် ၈ ဗဳလဳယာန်။&lt;ref name=&quot;who-accel&quot; /&gt;

ၜိုတ်ဂိတု ဨပြဳ ၂၀၂၀ &quot;ကမ္မဏဳ ကေုာံ အေန်သတဳကျုတ် ကြပ်ပေင် ၈၀ နူကဵု ၁၉ ရးနိဂီု&quot; ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဒၟံင် သွက်ကလိဂွံ ဝက်သိန်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;cssa&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Schmidt|first1=Charles|date=1 June 2020|title=Genetic Engineering Could Make a COVID-19 Vaccine in Months Rather Than Years|work=Scientific American|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/genetic-engineering-could-make-a-covid-19-vaccine-in-months-rather-than-years1/|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084737/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/genetic-engineering-could-make-a-covid-19-vaccine-in-months-rather-than-years1//|archive-date=11 October 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂိတုဨပြဳဂှ်ရ CEPI တော်ကေတ် လၟောဝ်ဝက်သိန်သီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် ၜိုတ်တြဴဂှ် နကဵုဂကောံပံင်ကောံဂၠးကဝ် ရုဲစှ် သွက်ဂွံကၠောန် ကာလစွမ်ဒုတိယ-တတိယ၊ ဂွံဂွံ လာင်ဇြေန် ဂွံကလိဂွံဇမၞးမာန်ဂှ် အောန်အိုတ် ဒးစကာသြန် အမေရိကာန်ဒဝ်လာ ၂ ဗဳလဳယာန်။&lt;ref name=&quot;thanh2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yamey&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gates2&quot; /&gt; သမ္ၚေဝ်တၞဟ်တအ် ညာတ်ကေတ် လၟောဝ်ဝက်သိန် ၁၀ နွံပၟိက် သွက်ဂွံဇၞော်ပၟဝ် ကိုပ်ကၠာဟွံဂွံစိုပ် ကဆံင်လက္ကရဴအိုတ် သွက်ကလိဂွံလာင်ဇြေန်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;gates2&quot; /&gt;

==ဝက်သိန်ဂမၠိုင်==
စိုပ် ၂၁ ဒဳဇြေမ်ဗါ ဂှ် ရးနိဂီုဂမၠိုင် ကေုာံ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ပံင်ကောံဥရောပ (အဳယူ)&lt;ref name=&quot;eu vac&quot; /&gt; ကဵုအခေါင် ကေုာံ ပဒတန် ဝက်သေန် တဝ်ဇြိနမေရန် (tozinameran) ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ကော်စ ဖရိဇြေရ်-ဗဳသြတေက် (Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine)။ ဍုင်ဗာရိုန် (Bahrain) ကဵု ဍုင်ပံင်ကောံအာရာပ် ဣမိရာတ် (United Arab Emirates) ပဒတန် ကဵုအခေါင်သွံ ဗွဲပရဟ် ကု BBIBP-CorV မကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် နူကဵု သိနဝ်ဖာမ် (Sinopharm) မဒှ်ဂကောံပ္တိတ်ဂဥုဲကြုက်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;bna&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bahrain second in the world to approve the Pfizer/BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine |url=https://www.bna.bh/en/news?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDteRtB2wfPWh%2FOmYUjt6ApY%3D |access-date=9 December 2020 |publisher=Bahrain News Agency |date=4 December 2020 |accessdate=2 January 2021 |archivedate=17 December 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217110318/https://www.bna.bh/en/news?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1+DteRtB2wfPWh%2FOmYUjt6ApY%3D }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uae&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=UAE: Ministry of Health announces 86 per cent vaccine efficacy|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/health/uae-ministry-of-health-announces-86-per-cent-vaccine-efficacy-1.1607490555571|access-date=9 December 2020|work=Gulf News }}&lt;/ref&gt;ဒဳဇြေမ်ဗါ ၁၆ ဂှ် နကဵု ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဨကရာဇ်ယူကေ မၞိဟ်ဂွံထ္ပက် ဝက်သိန် ၁၃၈,၀၀၀ တၠ မဒှ်သတ္တဟကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် မစထ္ပက်ဝက်သိန်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;graun-138&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Campbell|first=Denis|date=16 December 2020|title=138,000 people in UK receive Covid vaccine in first week|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/16/138000-people-in-uk-have-received-covid-vaccine}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဒဳဇြေမ်ဗါ ၁၁၊ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ် နကဵု ရးနိဂီုပံင်ကောံအမေရိကာန် ကဵုအခေါင် ပဒတန် ဗွဲပရဟ် ကုတဝ်ဇြိနမေရန်။&lt;ref name=&quot;thomas&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Katie|last2=LaFraniere|first2=Sharon|last3=Weiland|first3=Noah|last4=Goodnough|first4=Abby|last5=Haberman|first5=Maggie|date=12 December 2020|title=F.D.A. Clears Pfizer Vaccine, and Millions of Doses Will Be Shipped Right Away|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/11/health/pfizer-vaccine-authorized.html|access-date=12 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt; သတ္တာဟဂတဂှ် ညးတအ် ပဒတန် ကု mRNA-1273 မကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် နူကဵု မဝ်ဒေရ်နာဝိသိန် (Moderna vaccine)ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA PR 20201218&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC ACIP Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Oliver|first1=Sara E.|last2=Gargano|first2=Julia W.|last3=Marin|first3=Mona|last4=Wallace|first4=Megan|last5=Curran|first5=Kathryn G.|last6=Chamberland|first6=Mary|last7=McClung|first7=Nancy|last8=Campos-Outcalt|first8=Doug|last9=Morgan|first9=Rebecca L.|last10=Mbaeyi|first10=Sarah|last11=Romero|first11=José R.|display-authors=6|date=December 2020|title=The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, December 2020|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/pdfs/mm695152e1-H.pdf|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=69|issue=5152|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm695152e1|first12=H. Keipp|last13=Lee|last12=Talbot|first15=Kathleen|last15=Dooling|first14=Beth P.|last14=Bell|first13=Grace M.|pages=1653–1656|name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNBC 20201219&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Lovelace Jr.|first1=Berkeley|date=19 December 2020|title=FDA approves second Covid vaccine for emergency use as it clears Moderna's for U.S. distribution|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/18/moderna-covid-vaccine-approved-fda-for-emergency-use.html|access-date=19 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဝက်သိန်မွဲမွဲ ကၠောန်လဝ်တုဲ ဒးစမ်ၜတ် ပိကဆံင်၊ ညးကော်စ ကာလစွမ်ပထမ၊ ကာလစွမ်ဒုတိယ၊ ကေုာံ ကာလစွမ်တတိယ။ ကာလစွမ်ပထမဂှ် စမ်ရံင် ဂဥုဲဂှ် ကဵုအန္တရာယ် ကုမၞိဟ်မာန်ဟွံမာန် ကေုာံ မွဲသွုင်မ္ဂး ဂလိုင်လဵုဂွံစုတ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကာလဂှ်မ္ဂး ညးစမ် မၞိဟ်ပရေင်ထတ်ယုက်ထတ်တ် လၟိဟ်ၜိုတ် ၜါပိဒါဇြေန် (ၜိုတ် ပိစှ်ော)။ ကာလစွမ်ဒုတိယဂှ် အတိုင်သွဟ်မကလိဂွံ နူကဵုကာလစွမ်ပထမဂှ် ပညဳပညပ် ပလေဝ်တုဲ ဆက်စမ် မၞိဟ်မဂၠိုင်ကဵုကၠံ (သၟဝ်လ္ၚီ)။&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaccines.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Vaccine Safety – Vaccines |url=https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/safety |website=vaccines.gov |publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422073442/https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/safety |archive-date=22 April 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fda-ddp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The drug development process |url=https://www.fda.gov/patients/learn-about-drug-and-device-approvals/drug-development-process |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=12 April 2020 |date=4 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222182002/https://www.fda.gov/patients/learn-about-drug-and-device-approvals/drug-development-process |archive-date=22 February 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;ကာလစွမ် ပထမ-ဒုတိယ ဂှ် စမ်မဆေင်ကဵု ပရေင်ဂီုကၠီု ကေုာံ ဒြဟတ်အိမ်မုန် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် မစမ် အစောမ်သတ္တိဂဥုဲ ကေုာံ အရာမကတဵုဒှ်မာန် မသ္ၚေဝ်ဂၠေပ် ဗွဲမချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ရ။&lt;ref name=fda-ddp/&gt;ကာလစွမ်တတိယဂှ်မ္ဂး ဒးစမ်ၜတ် မၞိဟ်ဂၠိုင်ဂၠိုင် နကဵုမၞိဟ်နာနာသာ်၊ မၞိဟ်အာယုက်ဇၞော်၊ မၞိဟ်အာယုက်ဍောတ်၊ မၞိဟ်ပရေင်ထတ်ယုက် ဍိုန်လျ၊ မၞိဟ်ပရေင်ထတ်ယုက်ခိုဟ်၊ တုဲပၠန် မၞိဟ်သွက်ဂွံၜတ်ကၞာတ် မကော်ဂး control group၊ ဝက်သိန်ၜိုတ်လဵု ကၠောန်ကမၠောန် ပ္ဍဲအရာဒစဵုဒစး ယဲဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=Vaccines.gov/&gt;&lt;ref name=fda-ddp/&gt; သွဟ်ပွံက်ဝက်သိန် ဂလိုင်လဵုဂီုကၠီု၊ ဂလိုင်လဵုမကၠောန်ကမၠောန် ကေုာံ စကာ နဒဒှ် ဂဥုဲဂွံ ဟွံဂွံတအ်ဂှ် ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုသွဟ် နူကဵုကာလစွမ်တတိယဏအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=cohen6-19/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc-eff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How flu vaccine effectiveness and efficacy are measured|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines-work/effectivenessqa.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fflu%2Fprofessionals%2Fvaccination%2Feffectivenessqa.htm|date=29 January 2016|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Department of Health and Human Services|access-date=6 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507083203/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines-work/effectivenessqa.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fflu%2Fprofessionals%2Fvaccination%2Feffectivenessqa.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Principles of epidemiology, Section 8: Concepts of disease occurrence|url=https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section8.html|date=18 May 2012|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, US Department of Health and Human Services|access-date=6 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406212227/https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section8.html|archive-date=6 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ဝက်သိန်ဂမၠိုင် မဂွံလဝ် အခေါင် ကေုာံ ဒတန်===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ဝက်သိန်ဂမၠိုင် မဂွံလဝ် အခေါင် သွက်ကာပရဟ် ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဒတန် သွက်ဂွံစကာ &lt;br&gt;Vaccines authorized for emergency use or approved for full use
|-
!ဝက်သိန်ဂမၠိုင် &lt;br&gt;ညးမကၠောန် ကေုာံ ညးမဒုင်ပစ္စဲ&lt;br&gt;Vaccine candidates,&lt;br /&gt;developers, and sponsors
!ကွတ်&lt;br&gt;Technology
!ကာလစွမ် လၟုဟ်&lt;br&gt;Current phase (participants)
!ကာလစွမ် မစိုပ်ဒတုဲ (ညးမပါလုပ်ဂမၠိုင်)&lt;br&gt;မကၠောန်ကမၠောန် ပ္ဍဲအိမ်မုန်&lt;br&gt;Completed phase{{efn-la|Latest Phase with published results.}} (participants)
!style=&quot;width:10em;&quot;|Authorization

|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''[[BBIBP-CorV]]'''&lt;wbr /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ChiCTR2000034780&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Wei |last2=Al Kaabi |first2=Nawal |title=A Phase III clinical trial for inactivated novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) vaccine (Vero cells) |journal=Chinese Clinical Trial Registry |date=18 July 2020 |url=http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=56651 |access-date=15 August 2020 |name-list-style=vanc }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084800/http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=56651%2F |date=11 October 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[China National Pharmaceutical Group|Sinopharm]]: Beijing Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products
|[[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]] [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] vaccine ([[vero cell]]s)
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=48000|description=Randomized, double-blind, parallel placebo-controlled, to evaluate safety and protective efficacy.
|status=Sinopharm's internal analysis indicated a 79% efficacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Wee|first1=Sui-Lee|last2=Qin|first2=Amy|date=30 December 2020|title=A Chinese Covid-19 Vaccine Has Proved Effective, Its Maker Says|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/30/business/china-vaccine.html|access-date=30 December 2020|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;|locations=United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Yunkai |title=A Study to Evaluate The Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines (Vero Cell) in Healthy Population Aged 18 Years Old and Above |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04510207 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |access-date=15 September 2020 |name-list-style=vanc |archive-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914040138/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04510207 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Argentina,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Immunogenicity and Safety of the Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (COVID-19) |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04560881?term=vaccine&amp;cond=covid-19&amp;draw=2&amp;rank=3 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |access-date=28 September 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Morocco,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A Phase III clinical trial for inactivated novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) vaccine (Vero cells) |url=http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=62581 |website=chictr.org.cn |publisher=Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR) |access-date=15 December 2020 |accessdate=2 January 2021 |archivedate=31 December 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231080448/http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=62581 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Peru&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bahrain allows Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine candidate use in frontline workers|url=https://www.msn.com/en-au/lifestyle/wellbeing/bahrain-announces-emergency-approval-for-use-of-covid-19-vaccine-candidate/ar-BB1aEciR |access-date=3 November 2020|publisher=MSN|agency=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;|duration=Jul 2020 – Jul 2021}}

|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=320
|status=Neutralizing antibodies at day 14 after 2 injections&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Xia S, Duan K, Zhang Y, Zhao D, et al. |title=Effect of an Inactivated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 on Safety and Immunogenicity Outcomes: Interim Analysis of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials |journal=JAMA |date=13 August 2020 |volume=324 |issue=10 |pages=951–60 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.15543 |pmid=32789505 |pmc=7426884 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=China

|duration=Apr 2020 – Jun 2020
}}
|{{Collapsible list
| title = Emergency (8)
 |Egypt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Egypt licenses China's Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use: health minister - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://xinhuanet.com/english/2021-01/03/c_139637781.htm |website=xinhuanet.com |accessdate=2021-01-13 |archivedate=2021-01-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105035847/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-01/03/c_139637781.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Hungary&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hungary signs deal for Chinese Sinopharm's COVID-19 vaccine, first in EU |url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/hungary-signs-deal-for-chinese-sinopharms-covid-19-vaccine-first-in-eu |website=National Post }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Jordan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=First batch of Chinese Sinopharm vaccine arrives in Jordan |url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/24716/2021-01-10 |publisher=Roya News |access-date=9 January 2021 |accessdate=2021-01-13 |archivedate=2021-02-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204040016/https://en.royanews.tv/news/24716/2021-01-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Iraq&lt;ref name=&quot;bignewsnetwork.com&quot; /&gt;
 |Morocco&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Covid-19: Morocco authorizes use of the Sinopharm vaccine |url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/104807/covid-19-morocco-authorizes-sinopharm-vaccine.html |website=en.yabiladi.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Pakistan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Shahzad |first1=Asif |title=Pakistan approves Chinese Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-pakistan-sinopharm/pakistan-approves-chinese-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-idUSKBN29O049 |website=Reuters  |date=19 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Peru&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Peru grants 'exceptional' approval for Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine - government sources |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru/peru-grants-exceptional-approval-for-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-government-sources-idUSKBN29W2TL |website=Reuters  |date=27 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Serbia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Serbia Becomes First European Nation To Use China's Sinopharm Vaccine |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-covid-vaccine-china-sinopharm/31053091.html |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Collapsible list
| title = Full (4)
 |Bahrain&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bahrain approves China's Sinopharm coronavirus vaccine |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/healthcare/455832-bahrain-approves-chinas-sinopharm-coronavirus-vaccine |website=Arabian Business Industries |date=13 Dec 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;|China&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kuo |first1=Lily |title=China approves Sinopharm coronavirus vaccine, the country’s first for general use |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/coronavirus-vaccine-china-sinopharm/2020/12/30/1cc4be9e-4a62-11eb-97b6-4eb9f72ff46b_story.html |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Seychelles&lt;ref&gt;http://www.statehouse.gov.sc/news/5090/president-ramkalawan-and-first-lady-receives-second-dose-sinopharm-vaccine&lt;/ref&gt;

 |United Arab Emirates&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-uae-wee-dec-12-2020&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Wee |first1=Sui-Lee |title=Chinese Covid-19 Vaccine Gets Key Push, but Doubts Swirl |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/business/china-coronavirus-vaccine-united-arab-emirates.html |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: UAE authorises emergency use of vaccine for frontline workers|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/health/coronavirus-uae-authorises-emergency-use-of-vaccine-for-frontline-workers-1.1077680|access-date=24 November 2020|website=The National}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}


|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''[[Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine]]''' &lt;br /&gt; [[Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology]]
|[[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]] [[Viral vector|vector]] vaccine ([[Recombinant vaccine|recombinant]] adenovirus [[Serotype|type]] 5 and 26 vector)
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=40,000|description=Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled to evaluate efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Clinical Trial of Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccine Against COVID-19 |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04530396?term=vaccine&amp;cond=covid-19&amp;draw=3 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912231654/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04530396?term=vaccine&amp;cond=covid-19&amp;draw=3 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|status=Interim analysis from the trial was published in ''[[The Lancet]]'', indicating 91.6% efficacy without unusual [[side effect]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Logunov|first=Denis Y.|last2=Dolzhikova|first2=Inna V.|last3=Shcheblyakov|first3=Dmitry V.|last4=Tukhvatulin|first4=Amir I.|last5=Zubkova|first5=Olga V.|last6=Dzharullaeva|first6=Alina S.|last7=Kovyrshina|first7=Anna V.|last8=Lubenets|first8=Nadezhda L.|last9=Grousova|first9=Daria M.|last10=Erokhova|first10=Alina S.|last11=Botikov|first11=Andrei G.|date=2021-02-02|title=Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00234-8/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=0|issue=0|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00234-8|issn=0140-6736}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=Russia, Belarus,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04564716
|title=Clinical Trial of Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccine Against COVID-19 in Belarus
|website=ClinicalTrials.gov |publisher=Health Ministry of the Russian Federation
|date=25 September 2020 |access-date=18 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; India,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Shivani |title=Sputnik-V from Russia arrives in India for clinal trials |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sputnik-v-from-russia-arrives-in-india-for-clinal-trials/story-b8k3Ecncxw2RBTrIxOiqxO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Clinical trial: 17 volunteers given Russia's Sputnik V Covid-19 vaccine in Pune |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/clinical-trial-17-volunteers-given-russias-sputnik-v-covid-19-vaccine-in-pune-7094153/ |work=The Indian Express |date=6 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Venezuela,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04642339
|title=Clinical Trial of the Immunogenicity, Safety, and Efficacy of the Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccine Against COVID-19 in Venezuela
|website=ClinicalTrials.gov |publisher=Health Ministry of the Russian Federation
|date=24 November 2020 |access-date=18 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; UAE&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UAE begins trials of Russia's Sputnik V Covid-19 vaccine |url=https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/uae-begins-sputnik-v-trial/ |work=ClinicalTrials |date=8 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|duration=Aug 2020 – May 2021
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=76
|status=[[Neutralizing antibody]] and [[T cell]] responses.&lt;ref name=&quot;logunov&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Logunov | first1=Denis Y | last2=Dolzhikova | first2=Inna V | last3=others | title=Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia | journal=The Lancet | year=2020 | volume=396 | issue=10255 | pages=887–97 | issn=0140-6736 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31866-3 | pmid=32896291 | pmc=7471804 | s2cid=221472251 | doi-access=free | name-list-style=vanc }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=Russia
|duration=Jun 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;logunov&quot; /&gt; – Sep 2020
}}
|{{Collapsible list|title=Emergency (17)
 | Algeria&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Covid19: National Pharmaceuticals Agency registers Sputnik V vaccine  |url=https://www.aps.dz/en/health-science-technology/37478-covid19-national-pharmaceuticals-agency-registers-sputnik-v-vaccine |work=Algeria Press service |date=10 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Argentina&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Argentina has registered the Sputnik V vaccine based on Russian clinical trial data |url=https://sputnikvaccine.com/newsroom/pressreleases/argentina-has-registered-the-sputnik-v-vaccine-based-on-russian-clinical-trial-data-/ |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=sputnikvaccine.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Armenia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Armenia approves Russia's Sputnik V coronavirus vaccine -Russia's RDIF |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-russia-vaccine-armeni/armenia-approves-russias-sputnik-v-coronavirus-vaccine-russias-rdif-idUSR4N2J304T |access-date=1 February 2021 |publisher=Reuters |date=1 February 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Belarus&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Belarus registers Sputnik V vaccine, in first outside Russia – RDIF |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-belarus/belarus-registers-sputnik-v-vaccine-in-first-outside-russia-rdif-idINKBN28V0ZG |access-date=22 December 2020 |publisher=Reuters |date=21 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Bolivia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ministerio de Salud de Bolivia – Bolivia y Rusia firman contrato para adquirir 5,2 millones de dosis de la vacuna Sputnik-V contra la COVID-19 |url=https://www.minsalud.gob.bo/5114-bolivia-y-rusia-firman-contrato-para-adquirir-5-2-millones-de-dosis-de-la-vacuna-sputnik-v-contra-el-covid-19 |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=www.minsalud.gob.bo}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Guinea&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Guinea Begins Administering Russia's Sputnik V Covid-19 Vaccine |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/12/31/guinea-begins-administering-russia-s-sputnik-v-covid-19-vaccine/|work=africanews. |date=31 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Hungary&lt;ref name=reuters.comHungary&gt;{{cite news |title=Hungarian drug regulator approves Sputnik V vaccine: website |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-hungary-vaccine/hungarian-drug-regulator-approves-sputnik-v-vaccine-website-idUSKBN29P2DK |publisher=Reuters |date=21 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Iran&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Iran approves Russian coronavirus vaccine Sputnik V |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-russia-iran/iran-approves-russian-coronavirus-vaccine-sputnik-v-for-use-idUSKBN29V1A8 |publisher=Reuters |date=26 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Mexico&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mexico, Germany warm to Russia's Sputnik V virus vaccine |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/02/03/mexico-germany-warm-to-russias-sputnik-v-virus-vaccine-.html |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=3 February 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Pakistan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Govt okays Russian vaccine for 'emergency use' |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1603273 |work=Dawn |date=24 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Palestine&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Palestine has become the first country in the Middle East to register Sputnik V vaccine   |url=https://rdif.ru/Eng_fullNews/6279/ |work=RFID |date=11 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Paraguay&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Paraguay approves Russia's Sputnik V vaccine: RDIF   |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-russia-vaccine-paragu/paraguay-approves-russias-sputnik-v-vaccine-rdif-idUSR4N2J303Y |access-date=15 January 2021 |publisher=Reuters |date=15 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Russia&lt;ref name=&quot;burki&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Burki TK | title = The Russian vaccine for COVID-19 | journal = The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = e85–e86 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32896274 | doi = 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30402-1 | pmc = 7837053 | url = https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30402-1/fulltext | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Serbia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Agencija odobrila uvoz ruske vakcine Sputnjik V u Srbiju |url=https://rs.n1info.com/vesti/agencija-odobrila-uvoz-ruske-vakcine-sputnjik-v-u-srbiju/ |work=N1 |date=31 December 2020 |language=sr-RS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Tunisia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sputnik V vaccine authorized in Tunisia |url=https://sputnikvaccine.com/newsroom/pressreleases/sputnik-v-vaccine-authorized-in-tunisia/ |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=sputnikvaccine.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | United Arab Emirates&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UAE approves Russia's Sputnik vaccine for emergency use |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/coronavirus-pandemic/uae-approves-russias-sputnik-vaccine-for-emergency-use |access-date=21 January 2021 |work=Khaleej Times |date=21 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Venezuela&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Venezuela firma contrato para la adquisición de la vacuna rusa Sputnik V |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/salud-coronavirus-venezuela-rusia-idLTAKBN2931X2 |publisher=Reuters |date=29 December 2020 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Full (1)
 | Turkmenistan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Turkmenistan is the first in Central Asia to have registered &quot;Sputnik V&quot; vaccine |url=https://orient.tm/en/turkmenistan-is-the-first-in-central-asia-to-have-registered-sputnik-v-vaccine/ |work=Orient |date=18 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''[[Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Comirnaty)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;wbr /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hcreg&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=9 December 2020|title=Regulatory Decision Summary – Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine|url=https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/info/regulatory-decision-summary-detailTwo.html?linkID=RDS00730|access-date=9 December 2020|publisher=Health Canada, Government of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04368728&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Study to Describe the Safety, Tolerability, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of RNA Vaccine Candidates Against COVID-19 in Healthy Adults |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368728 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |id=NCT04368728 |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084828/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368728/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EudraCT-2020-001038-36&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=A Multi-site Phase I/II, 2-Part, Dose-Escalation Trial Investigating the Safety and Immunogenicity of four Prophylactic SARS-CoV-2 RNA Vaccines Against COVID-19 Using Different Dosing Regimens in Healthy Adults |url=https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001038-36/DE |website=EU Clinical Trials Register |publisher=European Union |id=[[EudraCT]] 2020-001038-36 |date=14 April 2020 |access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422111024/https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001038-36/DE |archive-date=22 April 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[BioNTech]], [[Pfizer]]
|[[RNA vaccine]] ([[modRNA]] encapsulated in [[lipid nanoparticle]]s)
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=43,448|description=Randomized, placebo-controlled.
|status=Positive results from an interim analysis were announced on 18 November 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Pfizer and BioNTech Conclude Phase 3 Study of COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate, Meeting All Primary Efficacy Endpoints|url= https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-conclude-phase-3-study-covid-19-vaccine  |publisher=Pfizer |date=18 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and published on 10 December 2020 reporting an overall efficacy of 95%.&lt;ref name=&quot;BNT162b2 Vaccine&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Polack F, Thomas S, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez J, Marc F, Moreira E, Zerbini C, Bailey R, Swanson K, Roychoudhury S, Koury K, Li P, Kalina W, Cooper D, Frenck R, Hammitt L, Tureci O, Nell H, Schaefer A, Unal S, Tresnan D, Mather S, Dormitzer P, Sahin U, Jansen K, Gruber W|display-authors=6 |title= Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine|journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=December 2020 |volume=383 |issue=27 |pages=2603–15 |doi= 10.1056/NEJMoa2034577|pmid=33301246 |pmc=7745181 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report| url=https://www.fda.gov/media/144337/download | format=PDF | title=FDA Review of Efficacy and Safety of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Emergency Use Authorization Request | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=10 December 2020 | access-date=11 December 2020}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=Germany, United States
|duration=Jul{{nbsp}}2020 – Nov{{nbsp}}2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Pfizer ends COVID-19 trial with 95% efficacy, to seek emergency-use authorization|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-vaccines-pfizer/pfizer-ends-covid-19-trial-with-95-efficacy-to-seek-emergency-use-authorization-idUSL4N2HZ3VS|first=Michael | last=Erman |access-date=18 November 2020|publisher=Reuters|date=18 November 2020 |name-list-style=vanc }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20201120&quot; /&gt;
}}

|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=45
|status=Strong RBD-binding [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] and [[neutralizing antibody]] response peaked 7 days after a [[booster dose]], robust CD4+ and CD8+ [[T cell]] responses, undetermined durability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mulligan |first1=Mark J. |last2=Lyke |first2=Kirsten E. |last3=Kitchin |first3=Nicholas |last4=Absalon |first4=Judith |last5=Gurtman |first5=Alejandra |last6=Lockhart |first6=Stephen |last7=Neuzil |first7=Kathleen |last8=Raabe |first8=Vanessa |last9=Bailey |first9=Ruth |last10=Swanson |first10=Kena A. |last11=Li |first11=Ping |last12=Koury |first12=Kenneth |last13=Kalina |first13=Warren |last14=Cooper |first14=David |last15=Fontes-Garfias |first15=Camila |last16=Shi |first16=Pei-Yong |last17=Türeci |first17=Özlem |last18=Tompkins |first18=Kristin R. |last19=Walsh |first19=Edward E. |last20=Frenck |first20=Robert |last21=Falsey |first21=Ann R. |last22=Dormitzer |first22=Philip R. |last23=Gruber |first23=William C. |last24=Şahin |first24=Uğur |last25=Jansen |first25=Kathrin U. | display-authors=6 |title=Phase I/II study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults |doi-access=free |journal=Nature |pages=589–93 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2639-4 |date=October 2020 |volume=586 |issue=7830 |pmid=32785213 |s2cid=221126922 |name-list-style=vanc }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|duration=May{{nbsp}}2020 – }}
|{{Collapsible list|title=Emergency (22)
 | Albania&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://seenews.com/news/albania-to-start-covid-19-immunisation-with-pfizer-vaccine-in-jan-report-726470|title=Albania to start COVID-19 immunisation with Pfizer vaccine in Jan – report|website=Seenews}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Argentina&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/coronavirus-argentina-anmat-aprobo-uso-emergencia-vacuna-nid2548852|title=Coronavirus en la Argentina: La ANMAT aprobo el uso de emergencia de la vacuna Pfizer|access-date=23 December 2020|website=La Nación|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Bahrain&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bahrain becomes second country to approve Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/4/bahrain-becomes-second-country-to-approve-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=5 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Canada&lt;ref name=hcreg/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hcapps&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=9 December 2020|title=Drug and vaccine authorizations for COVID-19: List of applications received|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/covid19-industry/drugs-vaccines-treatments/authorization/applications.html|access-date=9 December 2020|publisher=Health Canada, Government of Canada|accessdate=2 January 2021|archivedate=18 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318002401/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/covid19-industry/drugs-vaccines-treatments/authorization/applications.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Chile&lt;ref name=&quot;chile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=17 December 2020|title=Chile approves Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine for emergency use|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/chile-approves-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use|date=17 December 2020|website=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Colombia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-colombia-vaccine/colombia-regulator-approves-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-emergency-use-idINL1N2JH00P/|work=[[Reuters]]|date=6 January 2021|title=Colombia regulator approves Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for emergency use|access-date=6 January 2021|accessdate=13 January 2021|archivedate=8 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108011259/https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-colombia-vaccine/colombia-regulator-approves-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-emergency-use-idINL1N2JH00P/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Costa Rica&lt;ref name=&quot;costa&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=16 December 2020|title=Costa Rica authorizes Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus vaccine|url=https://ticotimes.net/2020/12/16/costa-rica-authorizes-pfizer-biontech-coronavirus-vaccine|date=16 December 2020|website=The Tico Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Ecuador&lt;ref name=&quot;ecuador&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Arcsa autoriza ingreso al país de vacuna Pfizer-BioNTech para el Covid-19 – Agencia Nacional de Regulación, Control y Vigilancia Sanitaria|url=https://www.controlsanitario.gob.ec/arcsa-autoriza-ingreso-al-pais-de-vacuna-pfizer-biontech-para-el-covid-19/|access-date=17 December 2020|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Iraq&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Iraq grants emergency approval for Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ae/news/other/iraq-grants-emergency-approval-for-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine/ar-BB1cgvD6|access-date=27 December 2020|publisher=MSN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Israel&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Israeli Health Minister 'pleased' as FDA approves Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/fda-approves-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-nyt-651871|access-date=28 December 2020|website=The Jerusalem Post }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Jordan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=15 December 2020|title=Jordan approves Pfizer-BioNTech Covid vaccine|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201215-jordan-approves-pfizer-biontech-covid-vaccine|date=15 December 2020|publisher=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Kuwait&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=15 December 2020|title=Kuwait authorizes emergency use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://arab.news/427j9|date=13 December 2020|website=Arab News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Mexico&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=12 December 2020|title=Mexico Approves Pfizer Vaccine for Emergency Use as Covid Surges|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-12/mexico-approves-pfizer-vaccine-for-emergency-use-as-covid-surges|access-date=12 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Mexico authorizes emergency use of Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus vaccine | website=The Economic Times | date=12 December 2020 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/mexico-authorizes-emergency-use-of-pfizer-biontech-coronavirus-vaccine/articleshow/79696221.cms | access-date=14 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Oman&lt;ref name=&quot;oman&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 December 2020|title=Oman issues licence to import Pfizer BioNTech Covid vaccine – TV|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-oman-vaccine-int-idUSKBN28P1RA|access-date=16 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Panama&lt;ref name=&quot;panama&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=16 December 2020|title=Panama approves Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine – health ministry|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/panama-approves-pfizers-covid-19-010942802.html|publisher=Yahoo! Finance}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Philippines&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=PH authorizes Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/1/14/Pfizer-COVID-19-vaccine-Philippines-FDA-emergency-use-EUA.html |access-date=14 January 2021 |publisher=CNN Philippines |date=14 January 2021 |accessdate=3 February 2021 |archivedate=27 February 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227101930/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/1/14/Pfizer-COVID-19-vaccine-Philippines-FDA-emergency-use-EUA.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Qatar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=24 December 2020|title=Qatar, Oman to receive Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine this week|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-qatar/qatar-oman-to-receive-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-this-week-idUSKBN28U0VE|publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Singapore&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=15 December 2020|title=Singapore approves use of Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://apnews.com/article/science-singapore-coronavirus-pandemic-lee-hsien-loong-coronavirus-vaccine-5bf8461b9d2d32ec08d56fcf5958317a|date=14 December 2020|website=AP NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Switzerland&lt;ref name=&quot;Swiss authorization&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |title=Swissmedic grants authorisation for the first COVID-19 vaccine in Switzerland |url=https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/en/home/das-bag/aktuell/medienmitteilungen.msg-id-81761.html |publisher=[[Swissmedic|Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic)]] |date=19 December 2020 |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110142826/https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/en/home/das-bag/aktuell/medienmitteilungen.msg-id-81761.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Comirnaty Product information | url=https://www.swissmedicinfo.ch/ShowText.aspx?textType=FI&amp;lang=DE&amp;authNr=68225 | language=DE | access-date=31 January 2021 | trans-quote=Due to incomplete clinical data at the time of the assessment of the authorization application, the Comirnaty medicinal product is authorized for a limited period (Art. 9a Medicinal Products Act).}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | UAE&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 December 2020|title=Dubai approves the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine which will be free of charge|url=https://emirateswoman.com/dubai-approves-the-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-free/|access-date=28 December 2020|website=Emirates Woman}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | UK&lt;ref name=&quot;ukgov12-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UK medicines regulator gives approval for first UK COVID-19 vaccine |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-medicines-regulator-gives-approval-for-first-uk-covid-19-vaccine |publisher=Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Government of the UK |access-date=2 December 2020 |date=2 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MHRA 2020-12-08&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Information for Healthcare Professionals on Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine | website=Medicines &amp; Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) | date=8 December 2020 | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-covid-19/information-for-healthcare-professionals-on-pfizerbiontech-covid-19-vaccine | access-date=13 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Conditions of Authorisation for Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine | website=Medicines &amp; Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) | date=3 December 2020 | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-covid-19/conditions-of-authorisation-for-pfizerbiontech-covid-19-vaccine | access-date=13 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | US{{efn|name=CFA|US authorization also includes the three sovereign nations in the [[Compact of Free Association]]: [[Palau]], the [[Marshall Islands]], and [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | title=Interior Applauds Inclusion of Insular Areas through Operation Warp Speed to Receive COVID-19 Vaccines | publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior]] (DOI) | date=12 December 2020 | url=https://www.doi.gov/oia/press/interior-applauds-inclusion-insular-areas-through-operation-warp-speed-receive-covid-19 | access-date=13 January 2021}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/post/asia-minute-palau-administers-vaccines-keep-country-free-covid#stream/0|publisher=[[Hawaii Public Radio]]|title=Asia Minute: Palau Administers Vaccines to Keep Country Free of COVID|first=Bill|last=Dorman|date=6 January 2021|access-date=13 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | title=FDA Takes Key Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for First COVID-19 Vaccine | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=11 December 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-key-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-first-covid-19 | access-date=11 December 2020 | archive-date=31 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131224810/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-key-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-first-covid-19 | url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine EUA Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers | publisher=Pfizer | date=11 December 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/media/144413/download | format=PDF | accessdate=2 January 2021 | archivedate=14 August 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814042307/https://www.fda.gov/media/144413/download}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | [[World Health Organization|WHO]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | title=WHO issues its first emergency use validation for a COVID-19 vaccine and emphasizes need for equitable global access | website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | url=https://www.who.int/news/item/31-12-2020-who-issues-its-first-emergency-use-validation-for-a-covid-19-vaccine-and-emphasizes-need-for-equitable-global-access | date=31 December 2020 | access-date=6 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Full (9)
 | Australia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Comirnaty|url=https://www.tga.gov.au/apm-summary/comirnaty|date=25 January 2021|access-date=25 January 2021|website=Therapeutic Goods Administration|accessdate=3 February 2021|archivedate=1 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201143845/https://www.tga.gov.au/apm-summary/comirnaty}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report | url=https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/auspar-bnt162b2-mrna-210125.pdf | title=Australian Public Assessment Report for BNT162b2 (mRNA) | publisher=[[Therapeutic Goods Administration]] (TGA) | access-date=25 January 2021 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126144716/https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/auspar-bnt162b2-mrna-210125.pdf | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | EU&lt;ref name=&quot;Comirnaty EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Comirnaty EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/comirnaty | access-date=23 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eu vac&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2467 |title=Questions and Answers: COVID-19 vaccination in the EU |date=21 December 2020 |website=[[European Commission]] |access-date=21 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Comirnaty | website=Union Register of medicinal products | url=https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1528.htm | access-date=8 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Faroe Islands&lt;ref name=&quot;Danish authorization&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Første vaccine mod COVID19 godkendt i EU|url=https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/da/nyheder/2020/foerste-vaccine-mod-covid19-godkendt-i-eu/|access-date=26 December 2020|website=Lægemiddelstyrelsen|language=da-DK}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Greenland&lt;ref name=&quot;Danish authorization&quot; /&gt;
 | Iceland&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: Bóluefninu Comirnaty frá BioNTech/Pfizer hefur verið veitt skilyrt íslenskt markaðsleyfi|url=https://www.lyfjastofnun.is/frettir/covid-19-boluefninu-comirnaty-fra-biontech-pfizer-hefur-verid-veitt-skilyrt-islenskt-markadsleyfi/|access-date=26 December 2020|website=Lyfjastofnun|language=is}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Malaysia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last = Lim | first = Ida | date = 8 January 2021 | title = Khairy: Malaysia can use Pfizer's Covid-19 vaccine now as conditional registration granted | url = https://www.msn.com/en-my/news/national/khairy-malaysia-can-use-pfizer-e2-80-99s-covid-19-vaccine-now-as-conditional-registration-granted/ar-BB1czVUU | work = [[Malay Mail]] | access-date = 8 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Norway&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Status på koronavaksiner under godkjenning per 21.12.20|url=https://legemiddelverket.no/nyheter/status-pa-koronavaksiner-under-godkjenning-per-211220|access-date=26 December 2020|website=Statens legemiddelverk|language=nb-NO|accessdate=2 January 2021|archivedate=8 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108193600/https://legemiddelverket.no/nyheter/status-pa-koronavaksiner-under-godkjenning-per-211220}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Saudi Arabia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 December 2020|title=Coronavirus: Saudi Arabia approves Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine for use|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/coronavirus/2020/12/10/Coronavirus-Saudi-Arabia-approves-Pfizer-COVID-19-vaccine-for-use|access-date=10 December 2020|website=Al Arabiya English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Zimmer|first1=Carl|last2=Corum|first2=Jonathan|last3=Wee|first3=Sui-Lee|date=10 June 2020|title=Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html|access-date=12 December 2020|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Serbia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/12/21/serbia-leads-region-in-expecting-covid-19-vaccines-within-days/|work=BalkanInsight |date=21 December 2020 |title=Serbia leads region in expecting COVID-19 vaccines within days|access-date=26 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.srbija.gov.rs/vest/en/165409/first-shipment-of-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-arrives-in-serbia.php|work=Serbian government website|date=22 December 2020 |title= First shipment of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine arrives in Serbia|access-date=26 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;

|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''[[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine]]'''&lt;wbr /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04470427&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=A Study to Evaluate Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older to Prevent COVID-19 |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04470427 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |id=NCT04470427 |date=14 July 2020 |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084833/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04470427/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;palca&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Palca |first1=Joe |title=COVID-19 vaccine candidate heads to widespread testing in U.S. |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/27/895672859/us-vaccine-candidate-heads-to-widespread-testing-in-people |access-date=27 July 2020 |publisher=NPR |date=27 July 2020 |name-list-style=vanc |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084836/https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/27/895672859/us-vaccine-candidate-heads-to-widespread-testing-in-people/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Moderna]], [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|NIAID]], [[Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority|BARDA]], [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations|CEPI]]
|[[RNA vaccine]] ([[modRNA]] encapsulated in [[lipid nanoparticle]]s)
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=30000|description=Interventional; randomized, placebo-controlled study for efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity.
|status=Positive results from an interim analysis were announced on 15 November 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Promising Interim Results from Clinical Trial of NIH-Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/promising-interim-results-clinical-trial-nih-moderna-covid-19-vaccine |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |date=15 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and published on 30 December 2020 reporting an overall efficacy of 94%.&lt;ref name=&quot;mRNA1273 Vaccine&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Baden L, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R, Diemert D, Spector S, Rouphael N, Creech B, McGettigan J, Khetan S, Segall N, Solis J, Brosz A, Fierro C, Schwartz H, Neuzil K, Corey L, Gilbert P, Janes H, Follmann D, Marovich M, Mascola J, Polakowski L, Ledgerwood J, Graham B, Bennett H, Pajon R, Knightly C, Leav B, Deng W, Zhou H, Sahly H, Han S, Ivarsson M, Miller J, Zaks T|display-authors=6 |title= Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine|journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=December 2020 |doi= 10.1056/NEJMoa2035389|pmid=33378609 |pmc=7787219 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=United States
|duration=Jul 2020{{snd}}Oct 2022
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=720
|references=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Safety and Immunogenicity Study of 2019-nCoV Vaccine (mRNA-1273) for Prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) | website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] | url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04283461 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dose-Confirmation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccine in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04405076|access-date=19 December 2020|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|status=Dose-dependent neutralizing antibody response on two-dose schedule; undetermined durability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Widge | first1=Alicia T. | last2=Rouphael | first2=Nadine G. | last3=Jackson | first3=Lisa A. | last4=Anderson | first4=Evan J. | last5=Roberts | first5=Paul C. | last6=Makhene | first6=Mamodikoe | last7=Chappell | first7=James D. | last8=Denison | first8=Mark R. | last9=Stevens | first9=Laura J. | last10=Pruijssers | first10=Andrea J. | last11=McDermott | first11=Adrian B. | last12=Flach | first12=Britta | last13=Lin | first13=Bob C. | last14=Doria-Rose | first14=Nicole A. | last15=O'Dell | first15=Sijy | last16=Schmidt | first16=Stephen D. | last17=Neuzil | first17=Kathleen M. | last18=Bennett | first18=Hamilton | last19=Leav | first19=Brett | last20=Makowski | first20=Mat | last21=Albert | first21=Jim | last22=Cross | first22=Kaitlyn | last23=Edara | first23=Venkata-Viswanadh | last24=Floyd | first24=Katharine | last25=Suthar | first25=Mehul S. | last26=Buchanan | first26=Wendy | last27=Luke | first27=Catherine J. | last28=Ledgerwood | first28=Julie E. | last29=Mascola | first29=John R. | last30=Graham | first30=Barney S. | last31=Beigel | first31=John H. | name-list-style=vanc | display-authors=6 | title=Durability of Responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccination | journal=New England Journal of Medicine | publisher=Massachusetts Medical Society | date=3 December 2020 | volume=384 | issue=1 | pages=80–82 | issn=0028-4793 | doi=10.1056/nejmc2032195 | pmid=33270381 | pmc=7727324 | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jackson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson LA, Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Roberts PC, Makhene M, Coler RN, McCullough MP, Chappell JD, Denison MR, Stevens LJ, Pruijssers AJ, McDermott A, Flach B, Doria-Rose NA, Corbett KS, Morabito KM, O'Dell S, Schmidt SD, Swanson PA, Padilla M, Mascola JR, Neuzil KM, Bennett H, Sun W, Peters E, Makowski M, Albert J, Cross K, Buchanan W, Pikaart-Tautges R, Ledgerwood JE, Graham BS, Beigel JH |collaboration=mRNA-1273 Study Group |display-authors=6 |title=An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 – Preliminary Report |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=July 2020 |volume=383 |issue=20 |pages=1920–31 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2022483 |doi-access=free |pmid=32663912 |pmc=7377258 |lay-url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/14/moderna-covid19-vaccine-first-data-show-spurs-immune-response/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jackson-app&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson LA, Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Roberts PC, Makhene M, Coler RN, McCullough MP, Chappell JD, Denison MR, Stevens LJ, Pruijssers AJ, McDermott A, Flach B, Doria-Rose NA, Corbett KS, Morabito KM, O'Dell S, Schmidt SD, Swanson PA, Padilla M, Mascola JR, Neuzil KM, Bennett H, Sun W, Peters E, Makowski M, Albert J, Cross K, Buchanan W, Pikaart-Tautges R, Ledgerwood JE, Graham BS, Beigel JH |collaboration=mRNA-1273 Study Group |display-authors=6 |title=An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 – Preliminary Report Supplementary appendix |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=July 2020 |volume=383 |issue=20 |pages=1920–31 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2022483 |doi-access=free |pmid=32663912 |pmc=7377258 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=United States
|duration=Mar 2020{{snd}}Nov 2021
}}
|{{Collapsible list|title=Emergency (7)
 | Canada&lt;ref name=&quot;hc-moderna12-23&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Regulatory Decision Summary – Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine – Health Canada |url=https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/info/regulatory-decision-summary-detailTwo.html?linkID=RDS00736 |publisher=Health Canada, Government of Canada |access-date=23 December 2020 |date=23 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hcapps&quot; /&gt;
 | Israel&lt;ref name=&quot;israelmoderna&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Israeli Ministry of Health Authorizes COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna for Use in Israel|url=https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/israeli-ministry-health-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-moderna-use|publisher=modernatx.com|access-date=4 January 2021|date=4 January 2021|accessdate=13 January 2021|archivedate=17 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217215148/https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/israeli-ministry-health-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-moderna-use}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Saudi Arabia&lt;ref name=&quot;gulfnews.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=AstraZeneca and Moderna vaccines to be administered in Saudi Arabia|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/astrazeneca-and-moderna-vaccines-to-be-administered-in-saudi-arabia-1.76573439|access-date=19 January 2021|website=gulfnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Switzerland&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Swissmedic grants authorisation for the COVID-19 vaccine from Moderna |url=https://www.swissmedic.ch/swissmedic/en/home/news/coronavirus-covid-19/zulassung-covid-19-impfstoff-moderna.html |publisher=[[Swissmedic|Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic)]] |date=12 January 2020 |access-date=12 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | UK&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Information for Healthcare Professionals on COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna | website=[[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] (MHRA) | date=8 January 2021 | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-covid-19-vaccine-moderna/information-for-healthcare-professionals-on-covid-19-vaccine-moderna | access-date=8 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Conditions of Authorisation for COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna | website=[[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] (MHRA) | date=8 January 2021 | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-covid-19-vaccine-moderna/conditions-of-authorisation-for-covid-19-vaccine-moderna | access-date=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | US{{efn|name=CFA}}&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA PR 20201218&quot;&gt;{{cite press release | title=FDA Takes Additional Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for Second COVID-19 Vaccine | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid | access-date=18 December 2020 | archive-date=17 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317151347/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC ACIP Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Oliver|first1=Sara E.|last2=Gargano|first2=Julia W.|last3=Marin|first3=Mona|last4=Wallace|first4=Megan|last5=Curran|first5=Kathryn G.|last6=Chamberland|first6=Mary|last7=McClung|first7=Nancy|last8=Campos-Outcalt|first8=Doug|last9=Morgan|first9=Rebecca L.|last10=Mbaeyi|first10=Sarah|last11=Romero|first11=José R.|display-authors=6|date=December 2020|title=The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine – United States, December 2020|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/pdfs/mm695152e1-H.pdf|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=69|issue=5152|pages=1653–56|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm695152e1|pmid=33382675|last14=Bell|first13=Grace M.|last13=Lee|first14=Beth P.|last15=Dooling|first15=Kathleen|last12=Talbot|first12=H. Keipp|s2cid=229945697|name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Singapore&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 February 2021|title=Singapore becomes first in Asia to approve Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-singapore/singapore-becomes-first-in-asia-to-approve-modernas-covid-19-vaccine-idUSKBN2A30ZM|access-date=3 February 2021|website=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Full (5)
 | EU&lt;ref name=&quot;COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna EPAR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/covid-19-vaccine-moderna | access-date=20 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EU approval&quot;&gt;{{Cite press release|title=European Commission authorises second safe and effective vaccine against COVID-19|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_3|access-date=6 January 2021|website=European Commission }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|date=6 January 2021|title=EMA recommends COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna for authorisation in the EU|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/ema-recommends-covid-19-vaccine-moderna-authorisation-eu|access-date=6 January 2021|publisher=European Medicines Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna | website=Union Register of medicinal products | url=https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1507.htm | access-date=14 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Faroe Islands&lt;ref name=&quot;Danish Moderna approval&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Endnu en vaccine mod COVID-19 er godkendt af EU-Kommissionen|url=https://laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/da/nyheder/2021/endnu-en-vaccine-imod-covid-19-godkendt-af-eu-kommissionen/|access-date=7 January 2021|website=Lægemiddelstyrelsen|language=da-DK}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Greenland&lt;ref name=&quot;Danish Moderna approval&quot; /&gt;
 | Iceland&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: Bóluefninu COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna frá hefur verið veitt skilyrt íslenskt markaðsleyfi|url=https://www.lyfjastofnun.is/frettir/covid-19-boluefninu-covid-19-vaccine-moderna-fra-hefur-verid-veitt-skilyrt-islenskt-markadsleyfi/|access-date=7 January 2021|website=Lyfjastofnun|language=is}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Norway&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Status på koronavaksiner under godkjenning per 6. januar 2021|url=https://legemiddelverket.no/nyheter/status-pa-koronavaksiner-under-godkjenning-per-6-januar-2021|access-date=7 January 2021|website=Statens legemiddelverk|language=nb-NO|accessdate=13 January 2021|archivedate=4 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204040017/https://legemiddelverket.no/nyheter/status-pa-koronavaksiner-under-godkjenning-per-6-januar-2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''[[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine]]'''&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-la|[[Serum Institute of India]] will be producing the ''ChAdOx1{{nbsp}}nCoV-19'' vaccine for India&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/astrazeneca-serum-institute-of-india-sign-licensing-deal-for-1-billion-doses-of-oxford-vaccine/articleshow/76202016.cms|title=AstraZeneca &amp; Serum Institute of India sign licensing deal for 1 million doses of Oxford vaccine|work=The Economic Times|access-date=15 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and other low and middle income countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Covid-19 vaccine: Serum Institute signs up for 100 million doses of vaccines for India, low and middle-income countries |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/covid-19-vaccine-serum-institute-signs-up-for-100-million-doses-of-vaccines-for-india-low-and-middle-income-countries/2047884/ |work=The Financial Express |date=7 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn-la|Oxford name: ''ChAdOx1{{nbsp}}nCoV-19''. Manufacturing in Brazil to be carried out by [[Oswaldo Cruz Foundation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Nick |last2=Shelley |first2=Jo |last3=Duwe |first3=Eduardo |last4=Bonnett |first4=William |date=27 July 2020 |title=The world's hopes for a coronavirus vaccine may run in these health care workers' veins |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/27/americas/brazil-covid-19-sinovac-vaccine-intl/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |location=[[São Paulo]] |access-date=3 August 2020 |name-list-style=vanc |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803211040/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/27/americas/brazil-covid-19-sinovac-vaccine-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04400838&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Investigating a Vaccine Against COVID-19 |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04400838 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |id=NCT04400838 |date=26 May 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084750/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04400838/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EudraCT-2020-001228-32&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001228-32/GB |title=A Phase 2/3 study to determine the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of the candidate Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 |website=EU Clinical Trials Register |publisher=European Union |id=[[EudraCT]] 2020-001228-32 |date=21 April 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=5 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005201654/https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001228-32/GB |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ISRCTN89951424&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=A Phase III study to investigate a vaccine against COVID-19 |website=ISRCTN |id=ISRCTN89951424 |doi=10.1186/ISRCTN89951424 |date=26 May 2020 |last1=O'Reilly |first1=Peter |name-list-style=vanc | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[University of Oxford]], [[AstraZeneca]], [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations|CEPI]]
|[[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]] [[Viral vector|vector]] vaccine (modified [[chimpanzee]] adenovirus vector, ChAdOx1)
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=30000
|description=Interventional; [[randomized controlled trial|randomized, placebo-controlled study]] for efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04516746&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=A Phase III Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Multicenter Study in Adults to Determine the Safety, Efficacy, and Immunogenicity of AZD1222, a Non-replicating ChAdOx1 Vector Vaccine, for the Prevention of COVID-19 |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04516746 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |id=NCT04383574 |date=12 May 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823061231/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04516746 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|status=Positive results from an interim analysis of four ongoing trials were announced on 23 November 2020 and published on 8 December 2020. Overall efficacy was 70%, ranging from 62% to 90% with different dosing regimens, with a peer-reviewed safety profile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32661-1/fulltext|title=Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK|journal=Lancet|first1=Marryn|last1=Voysey|first2=Sue Ann|last2=Costa Clemens|first3=Shabir A.|last3=Madhi|first4=Lily Y.|last4=Weckx|first5=Pedro M.|last5=Folegatti|first6=Parvinder K.|last6=Aley|first7=Brian|last7=Angus|first8=Vicky L.|last8=Baillie|volume=397|issue=10269|pages=99–111|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1|doi-access=free|date=8 December 2020|access-date=9 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=Brazil (5,000),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trial of Oxford COVID-19 vaccine starts in Brazil |url=https://covid19vaccinetrial.co.uk/brazil-trial-launch |publisher=[[Jenner Institute]] |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909025948/https://covid19vaccinetrial.co.uk/brazil-trial-launch |url-status=live |accessdate=2 January 2021 |archivedate=9 September 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909025948/https://covid19vaccinetrial.co.uk/brazil-trial-launch }}&lt;/ref&gt; United Kingdom, India&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Oxford COVID-19 vaccine final trials will be held in these 17 hospitals in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/oxford-covid-19-vaccine-trials-will-be-held-in-these-17-hospitals-in-india-11597839519639.html |work=mint |date=19 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|duration=May 2020{{snd}}Aug 2021
}}
&lt;!-- |{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=2|endphase=3|participants=10260|description=Interventional; [[randomized controlled trial|randomized, placebo-controlled study]] for efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity}} --&gt;
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=543
|status=Spike-specific antibodies at day 28; [[neutralizing antibody|neutralizing antibodies]] after a [[booster dose]] at day 56.&lt;ref name=&quot;folegatti&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Folegatti |first1=Pedro M |last2=Ewer |first2=Katie J |last3=Aley |first3=Parvinder K |last4=Angus |first4=Brian |last5=Becker |first5=Stephan |last6=Belij-Rammerstorfer |first6=Sandra |last7=Bellamy |first7=Duncan |last8=Bibi |first8=Sagida |last9=Bittaye |first9=Mustapha |last10=Clutterbuck |first10=Elizabeth A |last11=Dold |first11=Christina |last12=Faust |first12=Saul N |last13=Finn |first13=Adam |last14=Flaxman |first14=Amy L |last15=Hallis |first15=Bassam |last16=Heath |first16=Paul |last17=Jenkin |first17=Daniel |last18=Lazarus |first18=Rajeka |last19=Makinson |first19=Rebecca |last20=Minassian |first20=Angela M |last21=Pollock |first21=Katrina M |last22=Ramasamy |first22=Maheshi |last23=Robinson |first23=Hannah |last24=Snape |first24=Matthew |last25=Tarrant |first25=Richard |last26=Voysey |first26=Merryn |last27=Green |first27=Catherine |last28=Douglas |first28=Alexander D |last29=Hill |first29=Adrian V S |last30=Lambe |first30=Teresa |last31=Gilbert |first31=Sarah C |last32=Pollard |first32=Andrew J |display-authors=6 |author-link2=Katie Ewer |title=Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial |journal=Lancet |date=July 2020 |volume=396 |issue=10249 |pages=467–78 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4 |pmid=32702298 |pmc=7445431 |doi-access=free |lay-url=https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2020/07/20/new-data-on-the-oxford-az-vaccine |name-list-style=vanc }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|{{Collapsible list
| title = Emergency (19)
 | Argentina&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Argentine regulator approves AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccine |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-argentina-astrazen/argentine-regulator-approves-astrazeneca-oxford-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-idUSKBN29421P |publisher=Reuters |access-date=30 December 2020 |date=30 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Bahrain&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Bahrain approves Oxford/AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine produced in India|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/602862|access-date=30 January 2021|website=Saudigazette}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Bangladesh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oxford University-Astrazeneca vaccine: Bangladesh okays it for emergency use|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/oxford-university-astrazeneca-vaccine-bangladesh-okays-it-emergency-use-2022381|access-date=6 January 2021|website=thedailystar.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bangladesh approves Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/bangladesh-approves-oxford-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine/2099147|access-date=6 January 2021|website=aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Brazil&lt;ref name=&quot;Covid-Vaccine&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil-idUSKBN29M0M3|title=Brazil clears emergency use of Sinovac, AstraZeneca vaccines, shots begin|work=Reuters|first1=Jamie|last1=McGeever|first2=Pedro|last2=Fonseca|date=17 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Dominican Republic&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=Agencia EFE |title=La República Dominicana aprueba la vacuna de AstraZeneca contra la covid-19 |url=https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/la-republica-dominicana-aprueba-vacuna-de-astrazeneca-contra-covid-19/20000013-4431079 |work=Agencia EFE |date=31 December 2020 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Ecuador&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Staff|first=Reuters|date=2021-01-24|title=Ecuador approves use of AstraZeneca vaccine for COVID-19|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-ecuador-astrazeneca-idUSL1N2JZ0HC|access-date=30 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | El Salvador&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=El Salvador greenlights AstraZeneca, Oxford University COVID-19 vaccine |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-el-salvador-vaccin/el-salvador-greenlights-astrazeneca-oxford-university-covid-19-vaccine-idINKBN2942HQ |publisher=Reuters |date=30 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | India&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT India&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first1=Emily | last1=Schmall | first2=Sameer | last2=Yasir | title=India Approves Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine and 1 Other | website=The New York Times | date=3 January 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/03/world/asia/india-covid-19-vaccine.html | access-date=3 January 2021 | name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Iraq&lt;ref name=&quot;bignewsnetwork.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Iraq approves Sinopharm, AstraZeneca vaccines|url=https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/267583081/iraq-approves-sinopharm-astrazeneca-vaccines|access-date=30 January 2021|website=Big News Network.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Mexico&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Mexico approves AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, minister says | website=Reuters | date=5 January 2021 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-mexico-vaccine-idUSKBN29A04O | access-date=14 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Myanmar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title= Myanmar launches nationwide COVID-19 vaccination program | website= Xinhua News | date= 27 January 2021 | url= http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-01/27/c_139700809.htm | accessdate= 3 February 2021 | archivedate= 27 January 2021 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20210127163302/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-01/27/c_139700809.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Nepal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=Reuters |title=Nepal approves AstraZeneca COVID vaccine for emergency use – government statement |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-nepal/nepal-approves-astrazeneca-covid-vaccine-for-emergency-use-government-statement-idUSKBN29K140 |work=Reuters |date=15 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Pakistan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=Reuters |title=Pakistan approves AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-pakistan-astrazene/pakistan-approves-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-idUKKBN29L0DO |date=16 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Philippines&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Staff |first=Reuters |date=28 January 2021 |title=Philippine regulator approves emergency use of AstraZeneca vaccine  |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-philippines-vaccin-idUSKBN29X0CY |access-date=28 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Saudi Arabia&lt;ref name=&quot;gulfnews.com&quot; /&gt;
 | Sri Lanka&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 January 2021|title=Sri Lanka approves vaccine amid warnings of virus spread|url=https://apnews.com/article/sri-lanka-coronavirus-pandemic-340488c48ab372050825e70e057dd294|access-date=22 January 2021|website=AP NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Thailand&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thai Food and Drug registers COVID-19 vaccine developed by AstraZeneca |url=https://www.pattayamail.com/thailandnews/thai-food-and-drug-registers-covid-19-vaccine-developed-by-astrazeneca-341186 |website=Pattaya Mail |date=23 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | UK&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Information for Healthcare Professionals on COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca | website=[[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] (MHRA) | date=30 December 2020 | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca/information-for-healthcare-professionals-on-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca | access-date=4 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Oxford University/AstraZeneca vaccine authorised by UK medicines regulator |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/oxford-universityastrazeneca-vaccine-authorised-by-uk-medicines-regulator |publisher=Department of Health and Social Care|access-date=30 December 2020 |date=30 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Conditions of Authorisation for COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca | website=[[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] (MHRA) | date=30 December 2020 | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca/conditions-of-authorisation-for-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca | access-date=4 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Vietnam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/vietnam-approves-astrazeneca-vaccine-reports-34-new-covid-19-14074712 |accessdate=2021-02-03 |archivedate=2021-02-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207013652/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/vietnam-approves-astrazeneca-vaccine-reports-34-new-covid-19-14074712 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Full (1)|
 | EU&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca: Pending EC decision | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=28 January 2021 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca | access-date=29 January 2021 | accessdate=3 February 2021 | archivedate=16 February 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216232934/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=EMA recommends COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca for authorisation in the EU |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/ema-recommends-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-authorisation-eu |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) |access-date=29 January 2021 |date=29 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=European Commission authorises third safe and effective vaccine against COVID-19 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_306 |website=European Commission |access-date=29 January 2021 |date=29 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;


|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''{{ill|EpiVacCorona|ru|ЭпиВакКорона}}'''&lt;wbr /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04527575&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Study of the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of &quot;EpiVacCorona&quot; Vaccine for the Prevention of COVID-19 (EpiVacCorona) |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04527575 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |id=NCT04368988 |date=22 September 2020 |access-date=16 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR|Vector]]
|[[Peptide vaccine]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04527575&quot; /&gt;
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=40,000|description=Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled to evaluate efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety
|locations=Russia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Russian EpiVacCorona Vaccine Has No Adverse Effects |url=https://www.oreanda.ru/en/gosudarstvo/russian-epivaccorona-vaccine-has-no-adverse-effects/article1354486/ |work=OREANDA-NEWS |date=13 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|duration=Nov 2020 – Dec 2021
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=100|description=Simple, blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04527575&quot; /&gt;
|locations=Russia
|duration=Jul 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04527575&quot; /&gt; – Sep 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Over 1,400 volunteers get Russia's first EpiVacCorona vaccine jab |url=https://tass.com/society/1235115 |work=TASS |date=15 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
|{{Collapsible list|title=Emergency (1)
 | Russia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = О регистрации вакцины ФБУН ГНЦ ВБ &quot;Вектор&quot; Роспотребнадзора &quot;ЭпиВакКорона&quot; | website = Rospotrebnadzor | url = https://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/region/rss/rss.php?ELEMENT_ID=15660 | date = 14 October 2020 | language = ru | accessdate = 13 January 2021 | archivedate = 1 November 2020 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20201101010437/https://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/region/rss/rss.php?ELEMENT_ID=15660 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Russia's EpiVacCorona vaccine post-registration trials started | publisher=The Pharma Letter |url = https://www.thepharmaletter.com/article/russia-s-epivaccorona-vaccine-post-registration-trials-started  |date=18 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Full (1)
 | Turkmenistan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= Turkmenistan registers vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases  |url=https://tdh.gov.tm/en/post/25911/turkmenistan-registers-vaccines-prevention-infectious-diseases |work=Turkmenistan Today |date=29 January 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Russian vaccine &quot;EpiVacCorona&quot; was registered in Turkmenistan |url=https://www.en24news.com/e/2021/01/russian-vaccine-epivaccorona-was-registered-in-turkmenistan.html |work=EN24 |date=29 January 2021 |accessdate=3 February 2021 |archivedate=19 March 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319140314/https://www.en24news.com/error }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''[[CoronaVac]]'''&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04383574&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Safety and Immunogenicity Study of Inactivated Vaccine for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) (Renqiu) |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04383574 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |id=NCT04383574 |date=12 May 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084809/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04383574/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCname= nct04456595=&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04456595 |title=Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Sinovac's Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine in Healthcare Professionals (PROFISCOV) |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |id=NCT04456595 |date=2 July 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084811/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04456595/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=PT. Bio Farma |title=A Phase III, observer-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of SARS-COV-2 inactivated vaccine in healthy adults aged 18–59 years in Indonesia |journal=Registri Penyakit Indonesia |date=10 August 2020 |url=https://www.ina-registry.org/index.php?act=registry_trial_detail&amp;code_trial=16202009080721WXFM0YX |access-date=15 August 2020 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084814/https://www.ina-registry.org/index.php?act=registry_trial_detail&amp;code_trial=16202009080721WXFM0YX%2F |date=11 October 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Sinovac Biotech|Sinovac]]
|[[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]] [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] vaccine
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=33,620|description=Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled to evaluate efficacy and safety.
|status=Positive results from an interim analysis of a small sample were announced by [[Turkey]] on 24 December 2020, with an efficacy of 91%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Turkish official says CoronaVac vaccine 91.25% effective |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/turkish-official-coronavac-vaccine-9125-effective-74899577 |publisher=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |access-date=28 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additional results were announced by [[Indonesia]] on 11 January, with an overall efficacy of 65%.&lt;ref name=StraitsTimes20210111&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesia-grants-emergency-use-approval-to-sinovac-vaccine-local-trials-show-65 |title=Indonesia grants emergency use approval to Sinovac's vaccine, local trials show 65% efficacy |last=Soeriaatmadja |first=Wahyudi |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=11 January 2021 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The vaccine was 50% effective at preventing symptomatic infections in a Brazilian trial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= CoronaVac's Overall Efficacy in Brazil Measured at 50.4%|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-12/overall-efficacy-of-sinovac-vaccine-in-brazil-just-above-50 |work=Bloomberg |date=12 January 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=Brazil (15,000);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/americas/article/3106177/tests-show-coronavirus-vaccine-chinas-sinovac-safe-says-brazils |title=Tests show coronavirus vaccine by China's Sinovac is safe, says Brazil's Butantan Institute |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029151527/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/americas/article/3106177/tests-show-coronavirus-vaccine-chinas-sinovac-safe-says-brazils |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chile (3,000);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://chilereports.cl/en/news/2020/08/04/chile-initiates-clinical-study-for-covid-19-vaccine |title=Chile initiates clinical study for COVID-19 vaccine |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011190302/https://chilereports.cl/en/news/2020/08/04/chile-initiates-clinical-study-for-covid-19-vaccine |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Indonesia (1,620); Turkey (13,000)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Clinical Trial For Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04582344 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |date=8 October 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020123218/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04582344 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|duration=Jul 2020 – Oct 2021 in Brazil; Aug 2020 – Jan 2021 in Indonesia
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=2|participants=600
|status=Immunogenicity eliciting 92% seroconversion at lower dose and 98% at higher dose after 14 days&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Yanjun |last2=Zeng |first2=Gang |last3=Pan |first3=Hongxing |last4=Li |first4=Changgui |last5=Hu |first5=Yaling |last6=Chu |first6=Kai |last7=Han |first7=Weixiao |last8=Chen |first8=Zhen |last9=Tang |first9=Rong |last10=Yin |first10=Weidong |last11=Chen |first11=Xin |last12=Hu |first12=Yuansheng |last13=Liu |first13=Xiaoyong |last14=Jiang |first14=Congbing |last15=Li |first15=Jingxin |last16=Yang |first16=Minnan |last17=Song |first17=Yan |last18=Wang |first18=Xiangxi |last19=Gao |first19=Qiang |last20=Zhu |first20=Fengcai | display-authors=6 |title=Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18–59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2020 |volume=0 |issue=2 |pages=181–92 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30843-4 |pmid=33217362 |pmc=7832443 |s2cid=227099817 | doi-access=free |name-list-style=vanc }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=China
|duration=May 2020 –
}}
|{{Collapsible list
| title = Emergency (7)
 |Azerbaijan&lt;ref&gt;https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/azerbaijan-kicks-off-covid-19-vaccination/2114591&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Bolivia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bolívia autoriza uso de vacinas Sputnik V e CoronaVac contra covid-19 |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/internacional/ultimas-noticias/2021/01/06/bolivia-autoriza-uso-de-vacinas-sputnik-v-e-coronavac-contra-covid-19.htm |website=noticias.uol.com.br |access-date=6 January 2021 |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Brazil&lt;ref name=&quot;Covid-Vaccine&quot;/&gt;
 |China ''(early)''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=China prepares large-scale rollout of domestically-produced coronavirus vaccines|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-china-prepares-large-scale-rollout-of-domestically-produced|date=6 December 2020|access-date=7 December 2020|work=The Globe and Mail|first=Huizhong | last=Wu }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Chile&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=Chile aprueba el uso de emergencia de la vacuna china de Sinovac contra covid-19|url=https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20210120-chile-aprueba-el-uso-de-emergencia-de-la-vacuna-china-de-sinovac-contra-covid-19|access-date=30 January 2021|website=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Indonesia&lt;ref name=StraitsTimes20210111/&gt;&lt;ref name=Tempo&gt;{{cite news |title=BPOM Grants Emergency Use Authorization for Sinovac Vaccine |url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1422220/bpom-grants-emergency-use-authorization-for-sinovac-vaccine |work=[[Tempo (Indonesian magazine)|Tempo]] |date=11 January 2021 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Turkey&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Turkey to begin COVID-19 vaccine jabs by this weekend |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/latest-on-coronavirus-outbreak/turkey-to-begin-covid-19-vaccine-jabs-by-this-weekend/2106366 |work=Anadolu |date=11 January 2021 |access-date=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Full (0)
 | ''None yet''
}}
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''[[Ad5-nCoV]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Convidicea)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[CanSino Biologics]], Beijing Institute of Biotechnology of the [[Academy of Military Medical Sciences]]
|[[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]] [[Viral vector|vector]] vaccine ([[Recombinant vaccine|recombinant]] adenovirus [[Serotype|type]] 5 vector)
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=40,000|description=Global multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled to evaluate efficacy, safety and immunogenicity.
|locations= China, Argentina, Chile,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Lazcano |first1=Patricio |title=Así funcionan las cuatro vacunas que se probarán en Chile |url=https://www.latercera.com/que-pasa/noticia/asi-funcionan-las-cuatro-vacunas-que-se-probaran-en-chile/AD22DRDA4REH5MRWGIAI7GQFSM/ |publisher=La Tercera |access-date=15 December 2020 |date=15 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mexico,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Martinez |first1=Ana Isabel |title=CanSino Biologics delivers COVID-19 vaccine to Mexico for late-stage trial |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN27J21V |publisher=Reuters |access-date=4 November 2020 |date=3 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakistan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ng |first1=Eric |title=China's CanSino trials Covid-19 vaccine in 'high disease burden' nations |url=https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/3107389/chinese-vaccine-developer-cansino-targets-high-disease-burden |work=South China Morning Post |access-date=4 November 2020 |date=28 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russia,&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04540419&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Clinical Trial of Recombinant Novel Coronavirus Vaccine (Adenovirus Type 5 Vector) Against COVID-19 |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04540419 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |id=NCT04540419 |date=13 November 2020 |access-date=17 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saudi Arabia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nafisa |first1=Eltahir |title=CanSino to start Phase III trial of COVID-19 vaccine in Saudi |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-saudi-cansinobio/cansino-to-start-phase-iii-trial-of-covid-19-vaccine-in-saudi-idUSKCN2550L9 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=4 November 2020 |date=9 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gou |first1=Jinbo |title=Phase III Trial of A COVID-19 Vaccine of Adenovirus Vector in Adults 18 Years Old and Above |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04526990 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |access-date=17 September 2020 |name-list-style=vanc |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918142722/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04526990 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|duration=Mar. {{ndash}} Dec. 2020, China; Sep. 2020 {{ndash}} Dec. 2021, Pakistan; Sep. 2020 {{ndash}} Nov. 2020, Russia&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04540419&quot; /&gt;
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=2|participants=508
|status=Neutralizing antibody and [[T cell]] responses&lt;ref name=&quot;zhu7-20&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Feng-Cai | last2=Guan | first2=Xu-Hua | last3=Li | first3=Yu-Hua | last4=Huang | first4=Jian-Ying | last5=Jiang | first5=Tao | last6=Hou | first6=Li-Hua | last7=Li | first7=Jing-Xin | last8=Yang | first8=Bei-Fang | last9=Wang | first9=Ling | last10=Wang | first10=Wen-Juan | last11=Wu | first11=Shi-Po | last12=Wang | first12=Zhao | last13=Wu | first13=Xiao-Hong | last14=Xu | first14=Jun-Jie | last15=Zhang | first15=Zhe | last16=Jia | first16=Si-Yue | last17=Wang | first17=Bu-Sen | last18=Hu | first18=Yi | last19=Liu | first19=Jing-Jing | last20=Zhang | first20=Jun | last21=Qian | first21=Xiao-Ai | last22=Li | first22=Qiong | last23=Pan | first23=Hong-Xing | last24=Jiang | first24=Hu-Dachuan | last25=Deng | first25=Peng | last26=Gou | first26=Jin-Bo | last27=Wang | first27=Xue-Wen | last28=Wang | first28=Xing-Huan | last29=Chen | first29=Wei | display-authors=6 | title=Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial | journal=Lancet | date=July 2020 | volume=396 | issue=10249 | pages=479–88 | issn=0140-6736 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31605-6 | pmid=32702299 | pmc=7836858 | doi-access=free | lay-url=https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2020/07/20/new-data-on-the-cansino-vaccine | name-list-style=vanc }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
|{{Collapsible list|title=Emergency (1)
 | China ''(early)''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CanSino's COVID-19 vaccine approved for military use in China|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Pharmaceuticals/CanSino-s-COVID-19-vaccine-approved-for-military-use-in-China|access-date=24 December 2020|website=Nikkei Asia|accessdate=2 January 2021|archivedate=7 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307024418/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Pharmaceuticals/CanSino-s-COVID-19-vaccine-approved-for-military-use-in-China}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=More Than 2.7 Million People Have Gotten Vaccines: Covid-19 Tracker|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-vaccine-tracker-global-distribution/|access-date=24 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Full (0)
 | ''None yet''
}}
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''[[BBV152]]''' &lt;small&gt;(Covaxin)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Bharat Biotech]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]
|[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|Inactivated SARS-CoV-2]] vaccine
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=25800|description=Randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=An Efficacy and Safety Clinical Trial of an Investigational COVID-19 Vaccine (BBV152) in Adult Volunteers |id=NCT04641481| url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04641481|access-date=26 November 2020|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=India&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Bharat Biotech Recruits 23,000 Volunteers For Covaxin's Phase 3 Clinical Trial | website=NDTV.com | date=28 December 2020 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bharat-biotech-recruits-23-000-volunteers-for-covaxins-phase-3-clinical-trial-2346980 | access-date=3 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|duration=Nov 2020 {{En dash}} Mar 2021
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|participants=375
|status=Dose-dependent [[neutralizing antibody]] response on two-dose schedule. Pending Phase II reports.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Whole-Virion Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (BBV152) for COVID-19 in Healthy Volunteers |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04471519 |id=NCT04471519|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|{{Collapsible list|title=Emergency (1)
 | India (''monitored'')&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT India&quot; /&gt;
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Full (0)
 | ''None yet''
}}
|}

===လၟောဝ်ဝက်သိန်ဂမၠိုင် Vaccine candidates===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+လၟောဝ်ဝက်သိန် ကဝ်ဝိဒ်=၁၉ မနွံပ္ဍဲကာလစွမ် ပထမ-တတိယ&lt;br&gt;COVID‑19 candidate vaccines in Phase I{{ndash}}III trials&lt;ref name=london/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;milken&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=8 December 2020|title=COVID-19 vaccine tracker (Choose vaccines tab, apply filters to view select data)|url=https://airtable.com/shrSAi6t5WFwqo3GM/tblEzPQS5fnc0FHYR/viwDBH7b6FjmIBX5x?blocks=hide|access-date=11 December 2020|publisher=Milken Institute|lay-url=https://milkeninstitute.org/covid-19-tracker}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=who-tracker/&gt;
|-
!လၟောဝ်ဝက်သေန်ဂမၠိုင်&lt;br&gt;ညးမကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ကေုာံ ညးမဒုင်ပစ္စဲ&lt;br&gt;Vaccine candidates,&lt;br /&gt;developers, and sponsors
!ကွတ်&lt;br&gt;Technology
!ကာလစွမ် လၟုဟ် &lt;br&gt;Current phase (participants)&lt;br /&gt;design
!ကာလစွမ်မတုဲဒှ် &lt;br&gt;Completed phase{{efn-la|Latest Phase with published results.}} (participants)&lt;br /&gt;Immune response
!မကဵုအခေါင်စကာ နဒဒှ် ကာတၟေင် &lt;br&gt;Emergency use authorization
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''Ad26.COV2.S'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Study of Ad26.COV2.S in Adults|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04436276|access-date=23 August 2020|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|date=4 August 2020|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916063346/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04436276|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Study of Ad26.COV2.S for the Prevention of SARS-CoV-2-Mediated COVID-19 in Adult Participants|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04505722|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926145744/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04505722|archive-date=26 September 2020|website=ClinicalTrials.gov|publisher=US National Library of Medicine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Janssen Pharmaceutica]] (Johnson &amp; Johnson), [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center|BIDMC]]
|Non-[[Viral replication|replicating]] [[viral vector]] (adenovirus serotype 26)
| {{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=40000|description=Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled
Temporarily paused on 13 October 2020, due to an unexplained illness in a participant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Johnson &amp; Johnson pauses its coronavirus vaccine trial because of a volunteer's 'unexplained illness.' | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=13 October 2020 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/12/world/johnson-johnson-pauses-its-coronavirus-vaccine-trial-because-of-a-volunteers-unexplained-illness.html | access-date=25 October 2020 | authors=Virginia Hughes, Katie Thomas, Carl Zimmer, Katherine J. Wu | archive-date=24 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024023926/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/12/world/johnson-johnson-pauses-its-coronavirus-vaccine-trial-because-of-a-volunteers-unexplained-illness.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Johnson &amp; Johnson announced, on 23 October, that they are preparing to resume the trial in the US.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-vaccine-trial-from-astrazeneca-oxford-can-resume-in-u-s-11603476923 | title=Pivotal Studies of Covid-19 Vaccines From AstraZeneca, J&amp;J Resuming | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | first1=Thomas M. | last1=Burton | first2=Peter | last2=Loftus | date=23 October 2020 | name-list-style=vanc | access-date=26 October 2020 | archive-date=26 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061035/https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-vaccine-trial-from-astrazeneca-oxford-can-resume-in-u-s-11603476923 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/10/23/jj-vaccine-trial-to-resume/ | title=Johnson &amp; Johnson, AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine trials set to resume | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=24 October 2020 | first=Carolyn Y. | last=Johnson | name-list-style=vanc | access-date=26 October 2020 | archive-date=26 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026113132/https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/10/23/jj-vaccine-trial-to-resume/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=United States, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa and Ukraine
|duration= Jul 2020{{snd}}2023
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=1045}}
|'''Pending'''&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;small&gt;Canada&lt;ref name=hcapps/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
*&lt;small&gt;EU: EMA&lt;ref name=&quot;EU Ad26.COV2.S rolling review&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
*&lt;small&gt;South Africa&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/johnson-and-johnson-the-first-to-apply-for-covid-vaccine-registration-as-south-africa-starts-review-process/ar-BB1bZnjI &quot;Johnson &amp; Johnson the first to apply for Covid-19 vaccine registration as South Africa starts review process&quot;] MSN. 17 December 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''NVX-CoV2373'''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04368988&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 rS (COVID-19) Nanoparticle Vaccine With/Without Matrix-M Adjuvant |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368988 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04368988 |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714224741/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368988 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Novavax]]
|[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] [[Recombinant vaccine|recombinant]] [[Peplomer|spike protein]] [[nanoparticle]] with [[Immunologic adjuvant|adjuvant]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=45000|description=Randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled trial&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04583995&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04583995 | title = A Study Looking at the Effectiveness, Immune Response, and Safety of a COVID-19 Vaccine in Adults in the United Kingdom | access-date = 22 November 2020 | website=ClinicalTrials.gov }}&lt;/ref&gt;|locations=UK, India (15000);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Yengkhom |first1=Sumati |title=Three Kolkata institutes queue up for corona vaccine trials {{!}} Kolkata News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/3-kol-institutes-queue-up-for-corona-vaccine-trials/articleshow/79359532.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; US, Mexico (30000)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Study Looking at the Efficacy, Immune Response, and Safety of a COVID-19 Vaccine in Adults at Risk for SARS-CoV-2 - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04611802|access-date=2020-12-30|website=clinicaltrials.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;|duration=Sep 2020{{snd}}Jan 2021 (UK, India); Dec 2020{{snd}}Mar 2021 (US, Mexico)}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=131}} [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] and [[neutralizing antibody]] response with adjuvant after [[booster dose]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid32877576&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Keech C, Albert G, Cho I, Robertson A, Reed P, Neal S, Plested JS, Zhu M, Cloney-Clark S, Zhou H, Smith G, Patel N, Frieman MB, Haupt RE, Logue J, McGrath M, Weston S, Piedra PA, Desai C, Callahan K, Lewis M, Price-Abbott P, Formica N, Shinde V, Fries L, Lickliter JD, Griffin P, Wilkinson B, Glenn GM | display-authors=6 | title = Phase 1–2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | date = September 2020 | volume=383 | issue=24 | pages=2320–2332 | pmid = 32877576 | pmc = 7494251 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa2026920 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''Pending'''&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;small&gt;Mexico: [[COFEPRIS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ebrard|first=Marcelo|title=Informe de avance sobre vacunas al 15 de diciembre de 2020.|url=https://twitter.com/m_ebrard/status/1338882415197085696|access-date=17 December 2020}}{{Primary source inline|date=December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''[[BBV152]]''' 
[[Bharat Biotech]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]

[[Trade name]]:&lt;small&gt;'''Covaxin'''&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|Inactivated SARS-CoV-2]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=25800|description=Randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=An Efficacy and Safety Clinical Trial of an Investigational COVID-19 Vaccine (BBV152) in Adult Volunteers |type=Registry |id=NCT04641481| url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04641481|access-date=26 November 2020|website=ClinicalTrials.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=India
|duration=Nov 2020 {{En dash}} Mar 2022
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|participants=375}} Dose-dependent [[neutralizing antibody]] response on two-dose schedule.&lt;br /&gt;
Pending Phase II reports&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Whole-Virion Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (BBV152) for COVID-19 in Healthy Volunteers |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04471519 |type=Registry |id=NCT04471519|website=ClinicalTrials.gov }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''Pending'''&lt;br /&gt;

*&lt;small&gt;India: [[Drugs Controller General of India|DCGI]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Sukirti |last2=Dey |first2=Stela |title=Bharat Biotech Seeks Emergency Use Approval For Covaxin |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bharat-biotech-seeks-emergency-use-authorisation-for-coronavirus-vaccine-covaxin-report-2335492 |work=NDTV.com |date=8 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''CoVLP'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 November 2020|title=GSK, Medicago launch phase 2/3 clinical trials of plant-derived COVID-19 vaccine|url=http://www.pmlive.com/pharma_news/gsk,_medicago_launch_phase_23_clinical_trials_of_plant-derived_covid-19_vaccine_1356854|access-date=16 November 2020|website=PMLive}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Medicago Inc.|Medicago]], [[GlaxoSmithKline|GSK]]
|[[Recombinant vaccine|Recombinant]], [[Plant expressed vaccine|plant-based]] [[virus-like particle]]s{{efn-la|name=&quot;Medicago-technology&quot;|Virus-like particles grown in ''[[Nicotiana benthamiana]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;np-medicago&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first=Vishwadha | last=Chander | work=National Post | agency=Reuters | title=Canada's Medicago begins human trials of plant-based COVID-19 vaccine | date=14 July 2020 | url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadas-medicago-begins-human-trials-of-plant-based-covid-19-vaccine | access-date=14 July 2020 | name-list-style=vanc | archive-date=1 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101220834/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadas-medicago-begins-human-trials-of-plant-based-covid-19-vaccine | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} with [[GlaxoSmithKline|GSK]] [[Immunologic adjuvant|adjuvant]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=2|endphase=3|participants=30,612
|description=Event-driven, randomized, observer blinded, placebo-controlled&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Medicago|date=18 November 2020|title=Randomized, Observer-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2/3 Study to Assess the Safety, Efficacy, and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Coronavirus-Like Particle COVID-19 Vaccine in Adults 18 Years of Age or Older|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04636697}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=Canada
|duration=Nov 2020 {{En dash}} Apr 2022
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|participants=180
|description=Neutralizing antibodies at day 42 after the first injection (day 21 after the second injection) were at levels 10x that of COVID-19 survivors.
}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''[[ZF2001]]''' &lt;ref name=london/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd.
[[Trade name]]: '''&lt;small&gt;RBD-Dimer&lt;/small&gt;'''
|[[Recombinant vaccine|Recombinant]] [[subunit vaccine]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=29,000|description=randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=A Phase III Clinical Trial to Determine the Safety and Efficacy of ZF2001 for Prevention of COVID-19 - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov |journal=Clinicaltrials.gov |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04646590#wrapper }}&lt;/ref&gt;|locations=China, Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Uzbekistan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pinghui |first1=Zhuang |title=Fifth Chinese Covid-19 vaccine candidate ready to enter phase 3 trials |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3110690/coronavirus-chinas-cnbg-set-review-covid-19-vaccine-phase-3 |work=South China Morning Post |access-date=26 December 2020 |date=20 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ying |first1=Teoh Pei |title=MYEG to conduct phase 3 clinical trial for China's Covid-19 vaccine in Msia {{!}} New Straits Times |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/12/647456/myeg-conduct-phase-3-clinical-trial-chinas-covid-19-vaccine-msia |work=New Straits Times |access-date=28 December 2020 |date=7 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;|duration=Dec 2020{{snd}}Apr 2022}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=2|participants=900|description=Interventional; randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04466085&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=A Randomized, Blinded, Placebo-controlled Trial to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of a Recombinant New Coronavirus Vaccine (CHO Cell) With Different Doses and Different Immunization Procedures in Healthy People Aged 18 to 59 Years |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04466085 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04466085 |date=10 July 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728095036/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04466085 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=[[Chongqing]]
|duration=Jun 2020{{snd}}Sep 2021}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''Zorecimeran (CVnCoV)'''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[CureVac]], [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations|CEPI]]
|[[modRNA]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=3|participants=36500|references=&lt;ref name=&quot;2020-003998-22&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=COVID-19: A Phase 2b/3, Randomized, Observer-Blinded, Placebo Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Investigational SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine CVnCoV in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older
|url=https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-003998-22/DE |date=19 November 2020 |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=EU Clinical Trials Register |id=2020-003998-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|description=Phase 2b/3: Multicenter efficacy and safety trial in adults
|locations=Argentina, Belgium, Colombia, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Spain
|duration=Nov 2020{{snd}}?
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=944|references=&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04449276&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Vaccine CVnCoV in Healthy Adults |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04449276 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |id=NCT04449276 |date=26 June 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084840/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04449276/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04515147&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=A Dose-Confirmation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Vaccine CVnCoV in Healthy Adults |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04515147 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |id=NCT04515147 |date=17 August 2020 |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823000237/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04515147 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|description=Phase 1 (284): Partially blind, controlled, dose-escalation to evaluate safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity.
Phase 2a (660):Partially observer-blind, multicenter, controlled, dose-confirmation.
|locations=Belgium (P1), Germany (P1), Panama (2a), Peru (2a)
|duration=Jun 2020{{snd}}Oct 2021
}}
|
|-  valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''IIBR-100'''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04608305&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=A Phase I/II Randomized, Multi-Center, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Immunogenicity and Potential Efficacy of an rVSV-SARS-CoV-2-S Vaccine (IIBR-100) in Adults |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04608305 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04608305 |date=1 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Ministry of Health (Israel)|The Israel Institute for Biological research]]
[[Trade name]]: '''&lt;small&gt;Brilife&lt;/small&gt;'''
|[[Recombinant vaccine|Recombinant]] [[vesicular stomatitis virus]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=2|participants=1000 |references=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=As Israel goes vaccine-wild, will the homegrown version lose its shot?|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-israel-goes-vaccine-wild-will-the-homegrown-version-lose-its-shot/|website=Times of Israel |date=29 December 2020|access-date=1 January  2021|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|description=
|locations=Israel
|duration= Dec 2020{{snd}}spring 2021
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|participants=80|references=&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04608305&quot;/&gt;
|description=Subjects (18-55 years old) randomly receiving a single administration of IIBR-100 at the low, mid, or high dose of saline or two administrations at a low dose, or saline, 28 days apart.
|locations=Israel
|duration= Oct{{snd}}Nov 2020
}}
|
|-  valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''INO-4800'''&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-la|name=&quot;INO-4800-phase&quot;|South Korean Phase I–II in parallel with Phase I in the US}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04336410&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of INO-4800 for COVID-19 in Healthy Volunteers |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04336410 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04336410 |date=7 April 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084843/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04336410/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ivi.int/ivi-inovio-and-knih-to-partner-with-cepi-in-a-phase-i-ii-clinical-trial-of-inovios-covid-19-dna-vaccine-in-south-korea/|title=IVI, INOVIO, and KNIH to partner with CEPI in a Phase I/II clinical trial of INOVIO's COVID-19 DNA vaccine in South Korea|publisher=International Vaccine Institute|date=16 April 2020|access-date=23 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Inovio Pharmaceuticals|Inovio]], [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations|CEPI]], [[Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Korea National Institute of Health]], [[International Vaccine Institute]]
|[[DNA vaccination#Plasmid vectors|DNA plasmid]] delivered by [[electroporation]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=40
|locations=United States, South Korea
|duration=Apr{{ndash}}Nov 2020
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|sortvalue=0a|Pending Phase I report}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''EpiVacCorona'''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04527575&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR|Vector]]
|[[Peptide vaccine|Vaccine based on peptide antigens]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04527575&quot; /&gt;
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=100|description=Simple, blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04527575&quot; /&gt;
|locations=Russia
|duration=Jul 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04527575&quot; /&gt;{{snd}}?}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|sortvalue=0a|Pending Phase I–II report}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|''Unnamed''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04412538&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Safety and Immunogenicity Study of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine for Preventing Against COVID-19 |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04412538 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04412538 |date=2 June 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084852/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04412538/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Peking Union Medical College|Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences]]
|[[Inactivated vaccine|Inactivated]] [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=942|description=Randomized, double-blinded, single-center, placebo-controlled
|locations=[[Chengdu]]
|duration=Jun 2020{{snd}}Sep 2021
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''AG0301-COVID‑19'''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04463472&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Study of COVID-19 DNA Vaccine (AG0301-COVID19) |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04463472 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04463472 |date=9 July 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084854/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04463472/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;AnGes Inc.,&lt;ref name=&quot;anges-inc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.anges.co.jp/en/company/index.html |title=About AnGes – Introduction |website=AnGes, Inc. |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084856/https://www.anges.co.jp/en/company/index.html/ |url-status=live |accessdate=2 January 2021 |archivedate=11 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084856/https://www.anges.co.jp/en/company/index.html/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development|AMED]]
|[[DNA vaccination#Plasmid vectors|DNA plasmid]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=30|description=Non-randomized, single-center, two doses
|locations=[[Osaka]]
|duration=Jun 2020{{snd}}Jul 2021
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''Lunar-COV19/ARCT-021'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CTI and Arcturus Therapeutics Announce Initiation of Dosing of COVID-19 STARR™ mRNA Vaccine Candidate, LUNAR-COV19 (ARCT-021) in a Phase 1/2 study|url=https://www.bioindustry.org/news-listing/cti-and-arcturus-therapeutics-announce-initiation-of-dosing-of-covid-19-starr-mrna-vaccine-candidate-lunar-cov19-arct-021-in-a-phase-12-study.html|access-date=23 August 2020|date=13 August 2020|publisher=UK BioIndustry Association|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084858/https://www.bioindustry.org/news-listing/cti-and-arcturus-therapeutics-announce-initiation-of-dosing-of-covid-19-starr-mrna-vaccine-candidate-lunar-cov19-arct-021-in-a-phase-12-study.html/|url-status=live|accessdate=2 January 2021|archivedate=11 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084858/https://www.bioindustry.org/news-listing/cti-and-arcturus-therapeutics-announce-initiation-of-dosing-of-covid-19-starr-mrna-vaccine-candidate-lunar-cov19-arct-021-in-a-phase-12-study.html/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ascending Dose Study of Investigational SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine ARCT-021 in Healthy Adult Subjects|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04480957|access-date=23 August 2020|website=clinicaltrials.gov|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084910/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04480957/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Arcturus Therapeutics]]
|[[Messenger RNA|mRNA]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=92|description=Randomized, double-blinded
|locations=Singapore
|duration=Aug 2020{{snd}}?
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''COVID‑19/aAPC'''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04299724&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Safety and Immunity of Covid-19 aAPC Vaccine |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04299724 |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04299724 |date=9 March 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084913/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04299724/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shenzhen Genoimmune Medical Institute&lt;ref name=&quot;shenzhen-genoimmune-medical-institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.szgimi.org/en/about.php |title=About Us |publisher=Shenzhen Genoimmune Medical Institute |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084919/http://www.szgimi.org/en/about.php/ |url-status=live |accessdate=2 January 2021 |archivedate=11 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084919/http://www.szgimi.org/en/about.php/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Lentiviral vector in gene therapy|Lentiviral vector]] with [[minigene]] modifying [[Artificial antigen presenting cells|aAPCs]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|participants=100
|locations=[[Shenzhen]]
|duration=Mar 2020{{snd}}2023
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''LV-SMENP-DC'''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04276896&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04276896 |title=Immunity and Safety of Covid-19 Synthetic Minigene Vaccine |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04276896 |date=19 February 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084923/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04276896/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shenzhen Genoimmune Medical Institute&lt;ref name=&quot;shenzhen-genoimmune-medical-institute&quot;/&gt;
|[[Lentiviral vector in gene therapy|Lentiviral vector]] with [[minigene]] modifying [[dendritic cells|DCs]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|participants=100
|locations=[[Shenzhen]]
|duration=Mar 2020{{snd}}2023
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''LNP-nCoVsaRNA'''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ISRCTN17072692&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Clinical trial to assess the safety of a coronavirus vaccine in healthy men and women |website=ISRCTN |type=Registry |id=ISRCTN17072692 |doi=10.1186/ISRCTN17072692 |date=22 May 2020 |last1=Ward |first1=Denise |last2=McCormack |first2=Sheena |doi-access=free |name-list-style=vanc }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|MRC]] [[clinical trials unit]] at [[Imperial College London]]
|[[RNA vaccine|mRNA]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|participants=105|description=Randomized trial, with dose escalation study (15) and expanded safety study (at least 200)
|locations=United Kingdom
|duration=Jun 2020{{snd}}Jul 2021
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''ZyCoV-D'''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|website=ctri.nic.in|publisher=[[Clinical Trials Registry – India|Clinical Trials Registry India]]|title=A prospective, randomized, adaptive, phase I/II clinical study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of Novel Corona Virus −2019-nCov vaccine candidate of M/s Cadila Healthcare Limited by intradermal route in healthy subjects|type=Registry |id=CTRI/2020/07/026352 |url=http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=45306|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122022620/http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=45306|archive-date=22 November 2020|date=15 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cadila Healthcare]]
|[[DNA plasmids|DNA plasmid]] expressing [[SARS-CoV-2]] [[S protein]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|endphase=2|participants=1000 |description=Interventional; randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rawat|first1=Kajal|last2=Kumari|first2=Puja|last3=Saha|first3=Lekha|date=24 November 2020|title=COVID-19 vaccine: A recent update in pipeline vaccines, their design and development strategies|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33245898|journal=European Journal of Pharmacology|volume=892|pages=173751|doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173751|issn=1879-0712|pmc=7685956|pmid=33245898}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Thacker|first=Teena|title=Zydus Cadila to test ZyCoV-D on 30,000 patients in Phase-3 trials|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/zydus-cadila-to-test-zycov-d-on-30000-patients-in-phase-3-trials/articleshow/79088859.cms?from=mdr|access-date=16 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|locations=India
|duration=Jul 2020{{snd}}Apr 2021
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''GX-19'''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04445389&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Safety and Immunogenicity Study of GX-19, a COVID-19 Preventive DNA Vaccine in Healthy Adults |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04445389 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04445389 |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084931/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04445389/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gen-reut&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=S. Korea's Genexine begins human trial of coronavirus vaccine |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-genexine-vaccine-idUSL4N2DW1T3 |access-date=25 June 2020 |publisher=Reuters |date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084934/https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-genexine-vaccine-idUSL4N2DW1T3/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Genexine consortium,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Genexine consortium's Covid-19 vaccine acquires approval for clinical trails in Korea |url=https://www.ivi.int/genexine-consortiums-covid-19-vaccine-acquires-approval-for-clinical-trails-in-korea/ |date=11 June 2020 |access-date=1 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[International Vaccine Institute]]
|[[DNA vaccination|DNA]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|participants=40
|locations=[[Seoul]]
|duration=Jun 2020{{snd}}Jun 2022
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''SCB-2019'''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04405908&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=SCB-2019 as COVID-19 Vaccine |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04405908 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04405908 |date=28 May 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084942/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04405908/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;clover-cta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Clover Biopharmaceuticals starts Phase I Covid-19 vaccine trial |url=https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/clover-vaccine-covid-19-trial/ |publisher=Clinical Trials Arena |access-date=25 June 2020 |date=20 June 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084945/https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/clover-vaccine-covid-19-trial// |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clover Biopharmaceuticals,&lt;ref name=&quot;clover-biopharma&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cloverbiopharma.com/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=lists&amp;catid=12 |title=About Us |website=Clover Biopharmaceuticals |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084948/http://www.cloverbiopharma.com/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=lists&amp;catid=12%2F |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[GlaxoSmithKline|GSK]]
|[[Peplomer|Spike protein]] [[Protein trimer|trimeric]] [[Protein subunit#Subunit Vaccines|subunit]] with [[GlaxoSmithKline|GSK]] [[Immunologic adjuvant|adjuvant]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|participants=150
|locations=[[Perth]]
|duration=Jun 2020{{snd}}Mar 2021
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''COVAX-19'''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04453852&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Monovalent Recombinant COVID19 Vaccine (COVAX19) |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04453852 |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04453852 |date=1 July 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011085001/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04453852/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vaxine Pty Ltd&lt;ref name=&quot;vaxine-pty&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://vaxine.net/ |title=Vaxine |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011085004/https://vaxine.net// |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Recombinant vaccine|Recombinant]] [[protein]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|participants=40
|locations=[[Adelaide]]
|duration=Jun 2020{{snd}}Jul 2021
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|''Unnamed''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ChiCTR2000034112&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=55524 |title=A Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerance and preliminary immunogenicity of different doses of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in population aged 18–59 years and 60 years and above |website=Chinese Clinical Trial Register |type=Registry |id=ChiCTR2000034112 |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011085018/http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=55524%2F |url-status=live |accessdate=2 January 2021 |archivedate=11 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011085018/http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=55524%2F }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[PLA Academy of Military Science]], Walvax Biotech&lt;ref name=&quot;walvax&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.walvax.com/wosen/28.aspx |title=Company introduction |website=Walvax Biotechnology |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011085028/http://www.walvax.com/wosen/28.aspx/ |url-status=live |accessdate=2 January 2021 |archivedate=11 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011085028/http://www.walvax.com/wosen/28.aspx/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[RNA vaccine|mRNA]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|participants=168
|locations=China
|duration=Jun 2020{{snd}}Dec 2021
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|}}
|
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|'''SARS-CoV-2 Sclamp'''/'''[[V451]]'''&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCT04495933&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04495933 |title=A Study on the Safety, Tolerability and Immune Response of SARS-CoV-2 Sclamp (COVID-19) Vaccine in Healthy Adults |website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]] |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] |type=Registry |id=NCT04495933 |date=3 August 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011085041/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04495933/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UQ-CSL V451 Vaccine|url=https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/vaccines/uq-csl-v451-vaccine|access-date=11 December 2020|website=precisionvaccinations.com|accessdate=2 January 2021|archivedate=19 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219104227/https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/vaccines/uq-csl-v451-vaccine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[University of Queensland|UQ]], [[Syneos Health]], [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations|CEPI]], [[CSL Limited#Seqirus (bioCSL)|Seqirus]]
|[[Molecular clamp]] stabilized [[Peplomer|spike protein]] with [[MF59]]
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|phase=1|participants=120|description=Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging
|locations=[[Brisbane]]
|duration=Jul{{ndash}}Oct 2020
}}
|{{ClinicalStudyInfo|align=left|}}
|{{NA}}&lt;br /&gt;[[V451 vaccine|Testing and development terminated in December 2020 due to false positive HIV test found among participants]]
|}

==နိဿဲ==
{{reflist}}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==ဆက်ဗှ်==
* {{cite book|last=Vogel|first=Patric U. B.|date=2020|title=COVID-19 : Suche nach einem Impfstoff|series=Essentials|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-658-31340-1|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH|doi=10.1007/978-3-658-31340-1|isbn=978-3-658-31340-1|oclc=1199717422}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Funk CD, Laferrière C, Ardakani A |title=A Snapshot of the Global Race for Vaccines Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=Front Pharmacol |volume=11 |page=937 |date=2020 |pmid=32636754 |pmc=7317023 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2020.00937 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite web | last1=Johnson | first1=Carolyn Y. | last2=Mufson | first2=Steven | name-list-style = vanc | title=Can old vaccines from science's medicine cabinet ward off coronavirus? | website=[[The Washington Post]] | date=11 June 2020 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/06/11/can-old-vaccines-sciences-medicine-cabinet-ward-off-coronavirus/ }}
* {{cite document | title=Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19: Guidance for Industry | url=https://www.fda.gov/media/139638/download | format=PDF | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=June 2020 | lay-url=https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/development-and-licensure-vaccines-prevent-covid-19 }}
* {{cite web | first1=Carl | last1=Zimmer | first2=Knvul | last2=Sheikh | first3=Noah | last3=Weiland | name-list-style = vanc | title=A New Entry in the Race for a Coronavirus Vaccine: Hope | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=20 May 2020 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/health/coronavirus-vaccines.html }}
*{{Cite web|last=Haelle|first=Tara|date=12 December 2020|title=Every Covid-19 Vaccine Question You'll Ever Have, Answered|url=https://elemental.medium.com/every-covid-19-vaccine-question-youll-ever-have-answered-9a0eeb334ded|access-date=12 December 2020|website=Medium}}

==လေန် မ္ၚး==
* Wikiquote has quotations related to: [[:en:q:Special:Search/COVID-19 vaccine|''COVID-19 vaccine'']]
* {{cite web | title=Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker | website=[[The New York Times]] | url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html }}
* [https://www.raps.org/news-and-articles/news-articles/2020/3/covid-19-vaccine-tracker COVID-19 vaccine tracker, Regulatory Focus]
* {{cite web | title=STAT's Covid-19 Drugs and Vaccines Tracker | work=[[Stat (website)|Stat]] | url=https://www.statnews.com/feature/coronavirus/drugs-vaccines-tracker/#vaccines }}
* {{cite news | title=Biopharma Leaders Unite to Stand with Science | via=[[Business Wire]] | date=8 September 2020 | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200908005282/en/ }}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.modernatx.com/sites/default/files/mRNA-1273-P301-Protocol.pdf | title=Protocol mRNA-1273-P301 | publisher=[[Moderna]] }}
* {{cite web | url=https://pfe-pfizercom-d8-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/2020-09/C4591001_Clinical_Protocol.pdf | title=Protocol C4591001 PF-07302048 (BNT162 RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines) | publisher=[[Pfizer]] | accessdate=2020-12-27 | archivedate=2020-09-28 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928044805/https://pfe-pfizercom-d8-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/2020-09/C4591001_Clinical_Protocol.pdf }}
* {{cite web | url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/ctr-med-7111/D8110C00001/52bec400-80f6-4c1b-8791-0483923d0867/c8070a4e-6a9d-46f9-8c32-cece903592b9/D8110C00001_CSP-v2.pdf | title=Protocol AZD1222 – D8110C00001 | publisher=[[AstraZeneca]] }}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.jnj.com/coronavirus/covid-19-phase-3-study-clinical-protocol | format=PDF | title=Protocol VAC31518COV3001; Phase 3 | publisher=[[Janssen Pharmaceutica|Janssen Vaccines &amp; Prevention]] }}
* {{cite web | last=Levine | first=Hallie | title=The 5 Stages of COVID-19 Vaccine Development: What You Need to Know About How a Clinical Trial Works | publisher=Johnson &amp; Johnson | date=23 September 2020 | url=https://www.jnj.com/innovation/the-5-stages-of-covid-19-vaccine-development-what-you-need-to-know-about-how-a-clinical-trial-works }}
* {{cite web | title=COVID-19 vaccines: development, evaluation, approval and monitoring | publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/overview/public-health-threats/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/treatments-vaccines/covid-19-vaccines-development-evaluation-approval-monitoring }}
* {{cite web | title=Vaccine Development – 101 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/development-approval-process-cber/vaccine-development-101 }}

[[Category:ပရေင်ထတ်ယုက်]]
[[Category:BEHM]]</text>
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      <text bytes="219236" sha1="i2rzscioqbt0da3apqhk8xwalc5l4qg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox planet
| name                   = Mars
| symbol                 = [[File:Mars symbol (bold).svg|24px|♂]]
| image                  = OSIRIS Mars true color.jpg
| image_alt              = Mars appears as a red-orange globe with darker blotches and white icecaps visible on both of its poles.
| caption                = Pictured in natural color in 2007{{efn|This image was taken by the [[Rosetta (spacecraft)|''Rosetta'']] spacecraft's [[Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System]] (OSIRIS), at a distance of ≈{{convert|240000|km}} during its February 2007 encounter. The view is centered on the [[Aeolis quadrangle]], with [[Gale (crater)|Gale crater]], the landing site of the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]], prominently visible just left of center. The darker, more heavily cratered terrain in the south, [[Terra Cimmeria]], is composed of older terrain than the much smoother and brighter [[Elysium Planitia]] to the north. Geologically recent processes, such as the possible existence of a [[Water on Mars|global ocean]] in Mars's past, could have helped lower-elevated areas, such as Elysium Planitia, retain a more youthful look.}}
| background             = #f8f9fa
| pronounced             = {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Mars.ogg|ˈ|m|ɑr|z}}
| adjectives             = [[Martian]] {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑr|ʃ|ən}}
| orbit_ref              = &lt;ref name=&quot;VSOP87&quot;/&gt;
| epoch                  = [[J2000]]
| aphelion               = {{convert|249200000|km|mi AU|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| perihelion             = {{convert|206700000|km|mi AU|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| time_periastron        = 2020-Aug-03&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&amp;body_group=mb&amp;sstr=499|title=HORIZONS Web-Interface|website=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| semimajor              = {{convert|227939200|km|mi AU|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| eccentricity           = {{val|0.0934}}
| period                 = {{convert|686.971|d|years|comma=gaps|abbr=on|lk=out|disp=x|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|; {{val|668.5991}}&amp;nbsp;[[timekeeping on Mars|sols]])&lt;/small&gt;}}
| synodic_period         = {{convert|779.96|d|years|comma=gaps|abbr=on|lk=out|disp=x|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| avg_speed              = {{convert|24.007|km/s|km/h mph|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| inclination            = {{ublist|class=nowrap |{{val|1.850|u=°}} to [[ecliptic]]; |{{val|5.65|u=°}} the [[Sun]]'s [[equator]]; |{{val|1.63|u=°}} to [[invariable plane]]&lt;ref name=Souami_Souchay_2012/&gt;}}
| asc_node               = {{val|49.558|u=°}}
| arg_peri               = {{val|286.502|u=°}}
| mean_anomaly           = 19.412°&lt;ref name=&quot;NasaFactSheet&quot;/&gt;

| satellites             = [[Moons of Mars|2]]
| allsatellites          = yes
| mean_radius            = {{convert|3389.5|±|0.2|km|mi|1|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|{{efn|name=best-fit ellipsoid}} &lt;ref name=&quot;Seidelmann2007&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| equatorial_radius      = {{convert|3396.2|±|0.1|km|mi|1|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|{{efn|name=best-fit ellipsoid}} &lt;ref name=&quot;Seidelmann2007&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|; 0.533 Earths)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| polar_radius           = {{convert|3376.2|±|0.1|km|mi|1|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|{{efn|name=best-fit ellipsoid}} &lt;ref name=&quot;Seidelmann2007&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|; 0.531 Earths)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| flattening             = {{val|0.00589|0.00015}} &lt;!-- calculated from data in ref name=&quot;Seidelmann2007&quot; --&gt;
| surface_area           = {{convert|144798500|km2|sqmi|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Peter|last1=Grego|title=Mars and How to Observe It |url=https://archive.org/details/marshowtoobserve0000greg|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/marshowtoobserve0000greg/page/3 3]|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|date=6 June 2012|isbn=978-1-4614-2302-7|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|; 0.284 Earths&lt;!--144,371,391 km2 in [http://www.peeep.us/7437231b]--&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| volume                 = {{val|1.6318|e=11|u=km3}}&lt;ref name=lodders1998/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(0.151 Earths)&lt;/small&gt;
| mass                   = {{val|6.4171|e=23|u=kg}}&lt;ref name=konopliv2011/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(0.107 Earths)&lt;/small&gt;
| density                = {{convert|3.9335|g/cm3|lb/cuin|4|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref name=&quot;lodders1998&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| surface_grav           = {{convert|3.72076|m/s2|ft/s2|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;ref name=&quot;Hirt2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Kilometer-resolution gravity field of Mars: MGM2011|journal=Planetary and Space Science|last1=Hirt|first1=C.|last2=Claessens|first2=S. J.|last3=Kuhn|first3=M.|last4=Featherstone|first4=W. E.|volume=67|issue=1|pages=147–154|date=July 2012|doi=10.1016/j.pss.2012.02.006|bibcode=2012P&amp;SS...67..147H|hdl=20.500.11937/32270|url=https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/20.500.11937/32270/2/173469_Hirt2012_MGM2011_PSS_av%5b1%5d%20updated.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301160101/https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/handle/20.500.11937/32270/173469_Hirt2012_MGM2011_PSS_av&amp;#91;1&amp;#93;%20updated.pdf;jsessionid=1E3221E0465842BF0C2907102AA4216B?sequence=2 |date=2024-03-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|; 0.3794&amp;nbsp;''[[g-force|g]]'')&lt;/small&gt;}}
| moment_of_inertia_factor = {{val|0.3644|0.0005}}&lt;ref name=&quot;konopliv2011&quot;/&gt;
| escape_velocity        = {{convert|5.027|km/s|km/h mph|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| sidereal_day           = {{val|1.025957|u=day}}&lt;br/&gt;{{RA|24|37|22.7}}&lt;ref name=&quot;lodders1998&quot;/&gt;
| rot_velocity           = {{convert|868.22|km/h|m/s km/h mph|order=out|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(|)&lt;/small&gt;}}
| axial_tilt             = {{val|25.19|u=°}} to its orbital plane&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdc&quot;/&gt;
| right_asc_north_pole   = {{val|317.68143|u=°}}&lt;br/&gt;{{RA|21|10|44}}
| declination            = {{val|52.88650|u=°}}
| albedo                 = {{ublist|class=nowrap |0.170 [[Geometric albedo|geometric]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MallamaMars&quot; /&gt; |0.25 [[Bond albedo|Bond]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdc&quot; /&gt;}}
| temp_name1             = [[Kelvin]]
| min_temp_1             = 130&amp;nbsp;K
| mean_temp_1            = 210&amp;nbsp;K&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdc&quot;/&gt;
| max_temp_1             = 308&amp;nbsp;K
| temp_name2             = [[Celsius]]
| min_temp_2             = −143&amp;nbsp;°C&lt;ref name=cold/&gt;
| mean_temp_2            = −63&amp;nbsp;°C
| max_temp_2             = 35&amp;nbsp;°C&lt;ref name=hot/&gt;
| temp_name3             = [[Fahrenheit]]
| min_temp_3             = −226&amp;nbsp;°F&lt;ref name=cold/&gt;
| mean_temp_3            = −82&amp;nbsp;°F
| max_temp_3             = 95&amp;nbsp;°F&lt;ref name=hot/&gt;
| magnitude              = −2.94 to +1.86&lt;ref name=&quot;Mallama_and_Hilton&quot;/&gt;
| angular_size           = 3.5–25.1″&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdc&quot;/&gt;
| atmosphere_ref         = &lt;ref name=&quot;nssdc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;barlow08&quot;/&gt;
| surface_pressure       = 0.636 (0.4–0.87)&amp;nbsp;[[pascal (unit)|kPa]]&lt;br/&gt;0.00628&amp;nbsp;[[atmosphere (unit)|atm]]
| atmosphere_composition = {{plainlist|
* 95.97% [[carbon dioxide]]
* 1.93% [[argon]]
* 1.89% [[nitrogen]]
* 0.146% [[oxygen]]
* 0.0557% [[carbon monoxide]]
* 0.0210% [[water vapor]]
* 0.0100% [[nitrogen oxide]]
* 0.00025% [[neon]]
* 0.00008% [[semiheavy water|hydrogen deuterium oxide]]
* 0.00003% [[krypton]]
* 0.00001% [[xenon]]
}}
}}
'''မာရ်သ်''' ({{Lang-en|Mars}}; သင်္ကေတ: [[file:Mars symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|♂]]) ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂြိုဟ် မရနုက်ကဵုပန် နူကဵု တ္ၚဲ တုဲပၠန် ဒှ်ဂြိုဟ်ဍောတ်အိုတ် မရနုက်ဒုတိယ ပ္ဍဲကဵု သၞောတ်တ္ၚဲ၊ မဇၞော်နူ ဂြိုဟ်မာဂျူရဳ (Mercury)။ မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ယၟု မကၠာဲနူ ဘာသာအင်္ဂလိက် (Mars) တုဲ ယၟုဝွံ နူတမ် ကၠုင်နူ ယၟုကျာ်ရဝ်မ မဒှ်ကျာ်ပၞာန်၊ ဟိုတ်နူ မညာတ်ကေတ် နကဵုမတ်သာမည အသာ်ဗကေတ်တုဲ လဆောဝ် ကော်စ &quot;ဂြိုဟ်ဗကေတ်  ('''Red Planet)'''&quot;။&lt;ref name=&quot;Zubrin1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must|publisher=Touchstone|location=New York|date=1997|oclc=489144963|isbn=978-0-684-83550-1|url=https://archive.org/details/caseformarsplant00zubr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rees2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Universe: The Definitive Visual Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/universe0000unse_f2g0|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=New York|date=October 2012|isbn=978-0-7566-9841-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ မန်ဗၟာမ္ဂး ကော်စ ဂြိုဟ်အင္ၚာ။ အတိုင်မလ္ၚတ်ဆဵု ဗွဲကြဴဏအ် မဟီုလဝ်မ္ဂး ဟိုတ်နူ အသိင်ဓါတ်ပသဲသြဇြဳဒေ (iron oxide) မနွံ ပ္ဍဲဗလးမုက် မာရ်သ်တုဲ ပိုယ်ဂွံညာတ်ကေတ် မာရ်သ် နကဵုမတ်သာမည အသာ်ဗကေတ်ရ။  မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂြိုဟ်တၟအ် (terrestrial planet) မွဲတုဲ နွံကဵု သတီုကျာ (atmosphere) မကြဳ၊ တုဲပၠန် ဗလးမုက်မာရ်သ်ဂှ် နွံကဵု ပၞေတ်ဇမီု (impact craters) ညံင်မဂွံဆဵု ပ္ဍဲကဵု [[ဂိတု]] ၊ ကုန်ဒဵု ဗင်ဇြဟ်ဂမၠိုင်၊ သြင်ဗတဳ ကေုာံ ပၞိဟ်ၜါလပါ် ညံင်ရဲ [[ဂၠးတိ]]ကီုရ။

ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂြိုဟ်မာရ်သ်ဂှ် နွံကဵု အခိင်တ္ၚဲ အခိင်ဗတံ ကေုာံ ဥတုတၞဟ်ခြာ ညံင်ရဴ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂၠးတိပိုယ်ဏအ်ကီုရ။ မုဟိုတ်ရောမ္ဂး ဂြိုဟ်မာရ်သ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဂေတ်ကဝဲဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ရိပၞိဟ်ဇကု ညံင်ရဴ ဂၠးတိပိုယ်ဏအ်ကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု မာရ်သ်ဂှ် နွံကဵု သြလုမ်ပုသ်မောန် (Olympus Mons) မဒှ်ဒၞာဲဒဵုခတိုဟ်လဝ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော် ကေုာံ ကုန်ဒဵုသၠုင်အိုတ် ၜိုန်မဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု သၞောတ်တ္ၚဲ၊ ပါဲနူဂှ်တုဲ သီုနွံကဵု ဇြဟ်ဇမၠိင် (Valles Marineris) မဂၠိင်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု သၞောတ်တ္ၚဲပိုယ်ဏအ်ကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲကရေက်သၟဝ်ကျာ ၄၀% ဂှ် နွံကဵု ခလံက်မညဳရ။ မာရ်သ်ဂှ် နွံကဵု ဂိတုၜါမ၊ ဂိတုမွဲမဂှ် ညးကော်စ ပဝ်ဗောသ် (Phobos) တုဲ မွဲမဂှ် ညးကော်စ ဒါဲမောသ် (Deimos)၊ ဂိတုတအ်ဂှ် ဇကုဍောတ်တုဲ မနွံကဵု သဏ္ဌာန်ဗီုပြင် ဟွံညဳ။ ဂိတုၜါဝွံ မဒှ်ဂြိုဟ်ကရေက် (asteroid) လုပ်စိုပ်အာ ဗဝိုင်မာရ်သ်တုဲ ဒှ်အာဂိတု (ဝါ) မဒးဂေတ်ပူဒၟံင် မာရ်သ် မတုပ်ညံင်ရဴ ဂြိုဟ်ကရေက်တၞဟ်ၜါ ၅၂၆၁ ယူရေက (5261 Eureka)၊ ကေုာံ  မာရ်သ် တြဝ်ဇန် (Mars trojan)ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://space.about.com/od/mars/a/Mars-Moon-Mystery.htm|title=Mars Moon Mystery|work=About.com|first=John P.|last=Millis|accessdate=2021-03-07|archivedate=2018-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226060809/http://space.about.com/od/mars/a/Mars-Moon-Mystery.htm%20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်မဒှ် ဂြိုဟ် မတုပ်ညံင်ဂၠးတိပိုယ်ဏအ်တုဲ တၠပညာတအ် ပလံင်ဏာ က္ၜင်ဂြိုဟ်တုဲ အာလ္ၚတ်ကၠုင်ဒၟံင် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ရ။ က္ၜင်ဂြိုဟ် မာရိနာ ၄ ''Mariner 4''  မဒှ်က္ၜင်ဂြိုဟ် နကဵု ဂကောံနာသာ မပလံင်ဏာ သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ်မာရ်သ် ပ္ဍဲ ၂၈ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၁၉၆၄ ဂှ် ဒှ်က္ၜင်ဂြိုဟ် ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ်မာရ်သ်ရ။ က္ၜင်ဂြိုဟ်ဂှ် လုပ်ကြပ်ညောန် ကုမာရ်သ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၁၅ ဇူလာင် ၁၉၆၅။ မာရိနာ၄ လ္ၚတ်ကေတ် မပတံ ကဵု ဇမၞော်တၟာ မာရ်သ်ဂှ် နွံ ၜိုတ် 0.1% ကုဂၠးတိ၊ တက်ကေတ် ဗီုရုပ် ဂြိုဟ် မနွံဒၟံင် ဗဒါဲဗဒါဲ မာရ်သ်တအ်ဒှ်တမ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mariner-04/in-depth|title=In Depth {{!}} Mariner 04|quote=The Mariner 4 mission, the second of two Mars flyby attempts launched in 1964 by NASA, was one of the great early successes of the agency, and indeed the Space Age, returning the very first photos of another planet from deep space.}} {{PD-notice}}; {{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-077A|title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details|quote=Mariner 4...represented the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the martian surface. These represented the first images of another planet ever returned from deep space.|accessdate=2021-03-07|archivedate=2018-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904174225/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု ဂြိုဟ်သဝ်ဝိတ် မာရ်သ် ၃ ဂှ် စှ်ေလတူ မာရ်သ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒဳသေမ်ဗါ ၁၉၇၁၊ ဆဂး စှ်ေစိုပ်မာရ်သ်တုဲ က္ၜင်ဂြိုဟ်ဏအ် အဆက်ပိုတ်အာ ကုဂၠးတိ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration|url=http://www.nasa.gov/connect/ebooks/beyond_earth_detail.html|quote=Mars 3...Immediately after landing, at 13:50:35 UT, the lander probe began transmitting a TV image of the Martian surface although transmissions abruptly ceased after 14.5 seconds (or 20 seconds according to some sources).}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲ ၂၀ ဇူလာင် ၁၉၇၆၊ က္ၜင်ဂြိုဟ် ဝိကိန်၁ ''Viking 1'' စှ်ေ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒၞာဲဗလး မMartian surface။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/viking-1/in-depth|title=In Depth {{!}} Viking 1|quote=NASA's Viking 1 made the first truly successful landing on Mars. The Soviet Mars 3 lander claimed a technical first with a survivable landing in 1971, but contact was lost seconds after it touched down.}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲ ၄ ဇူလာင် ၁၉၉၇၊ က္ၜင်ဂြိုဟ် မာရ်သ် ပါတ်ဖိန်ဒါ  ''Mars Pathfinder'' စှ်ေ ပ္ဍဲလတူမာရ်သ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲ ဇူလာင် ၅ ဂှ် ကွဳရဝ်ဝေ စတိတ် ဂေတ်လ္ၚတ် လတူမာရ်သ်ရ။ ကွဳရဝ်ဝေ ဏအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ကွဳရဝ်ဝေ မအာ လတူမာရ်သ် နူဂၠးတိဏအ် ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-pathfinder/in-depth|title=In Depth {{!}} Mars Pathfinder|quote=Landing time for Pathfinder was 16:56:55 UT July 4, 1997, at 19 degrees 7 minutes 48 seconds north latitude and 33 degrees 13 minutes 12 seconds west longitude in Ares Vallis, about 12 miles (19 kilometers) southwest of the original target. The next day, Pathfinder deployed the Sojourner rover on the Martian surface via landing ramps. Sojourner was the first wheeled vehicle to be used on any planet.}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဂြိုဟ်သြဗိတ် မာရ်သ် အေက်သပြေသ် ''Mars Express orbiter'' မဒှ် က္ၜင်ဂြိုဟ် နူကဵု အေဂျေန်သဳအကာသဥရောပ (European Space Agency - ESA) အာစိုပ် သြဗိတ် (လၟောဝ်ဂၠံင်) မာရ်သ် ပ္ဍဲ ၂၅ ဒဳသေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၀၃။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Frequently asked questions|url=http://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Frequently_asked_questions2|quote=Mars Express reached Mars at the end of December 2003. Six days before entering into orbit around Mars, Mars Express ejected the Beagle 2 lander. The orbiter was inserted into orbit around Mars on 25 December 2003.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၂၀၀၄ နကဵု ဂကောံနာသာ ပ္တိုန်ဏာ ကွဳလ္ၚတ်မာရ်သ် (Mars Exploration Rovers) မကဵုလဝ်ယၟု သပိရိတ် (''Spirit)'' ကဵု အောပ်ပေါတ်တူနိတိ (''Opportunity)'' ဂှ် သီုၜါ စိုပ်အာ လတူမာရ်သ်တုဲ ကွဳသပိရိတ်ဂှ် ဆကၠောန်ဒၟံင်ကမၠောန် ပလံင်ကဵုဒၟံင် တင်ဂၞင်ဂမၠိုင် စဵုကဵု ၂၂ မာတ် ၂၀၁၀ တုဲ ကွဳအောပ်ပေါတူနိတိ ဂှ် စဵုကဵု ၁၀ ဂျုန် ၂၀၁၈။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/rover-status/spirit/2010/all/|title=Rover Update: 2010: All}} {{PD-notice}}; {{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-share-results-of-effort-to-recover-mars-opportunity-rover|title=NASA to Share Results of Effort to Recover Mars Opportunity Rover}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကွဳရဝ်ဝေ နူကဵု ဂကောံနာသာ မကဵုလဝ်ယၟု  ကျူရိသြသိတိ (Curiosity) ဂှ် တိုန်စိုပ် ပ္ဍဲ ၆ သြဂုတ် ၂၀၁၂၊ မဒှ် ပရေင်ကမၠောန် ပါ်ဓါတ်သိပ္ပံမာရ်သ်  (Mars Science Laboratory - MSL) သွက်ဂွံ လ္ၚတ် ရာသဳဥတု ကေုာံ ပထဝဳ လတူမာရ်သ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Curiosity Has Landed|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/20060/curiosity-has-landed}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲ ၂၄ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၁၄ နူကဵု ဂကောံသုတေသနအကာသအိန္ဒိယ (Indian Space Research Organisation - ISRO) ဗလးဏာ က္ၜင်ဂြိုဟ် သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ် သြဗိတ် (လၟောဝ်ဂၠံင်) မာရ်သ်တုဲ အိန္ဒိယဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကောံ မရနုက်ကဵုပန် မလ္ၚတ်ဒၟံင် မာရ်သ်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/mars-orbiter-mission-completes-1000-days-orbit|title=Mars Orbiter Mission Completes 1000 Days in Orbit - ISRO|quote=Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), the maiden interplanetary mission of ISRO, launched on November 5, 2013 by PSLV-C25 got inserted into Martian orbit on September 24, 2014 in its first attempt.|accessdate=March 7, 2021|archivedate=July 23, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723141822/https://www.isro.gov.in/mars-orbiter-mission-completes-1000-days-orbit}}; {{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-24729073|title=India launches spacecraft to Mars|quote=India's space agency will become the fourth in the world after those of the United States, Russia and Europe to undertake a successful Mars mission.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဨမိရတ် ပံင်ကောံအာရာပ်  (United Arab Emirates) ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကောံမရနုက်ကဵု မသုန် ကြဴနူ က္ၜင်ဂြိုဟ်ညး စိုပ်သတီုကျာမာရ်သ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၉ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၀၂၁။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-55998848|title=UAE successfully inserts orbiter to Mars orbit}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကွဳ နူကဵု ဂကောံနာသာ မကဵုလဝ်ယၟု ပါသေဝါရေန် (Perseverance rover) စှ်ေစိုပ် လတူမာရ်သ် ဗွဲမအံင်ဇၞး ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၁၈ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၀၂၁။ 

တၠပညာတအ် လ္ၚတ်ဒၟံင် ပရူအရာမတန်တဴလဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု မာရ်သ် အခိင်အတိက်တေအ်၊ ဗီုကဵု သတ်လမျီု နွံလဝ် ဒှ်မာန် ဟွံမာန်တအ်ရ။ ကွဳရဝ်ဝေ မကဵုလဝ်ယၟု ရဝ်သလိန် ဖြန်ကၠေန် (Rosalind Franklin rover) မဗလး နူကဵု အေဂျေန်သဳ အကာသ ဥရောပ ဂှ် နကဵု တင်ရန်တၟအ် သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ် အကာသဇဳဝ နွံရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;curiosity search for life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.marsdaily.com/reports/Using_Curiosity_to_Search_for_Life_999.html|title=Using Curiosity to Search for Life|work=Mars Daily|date=26 February 2015|author=Jarell, Elizabeth M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MER Search for Life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/resources/MERLithograph.pdf|title=The Mars Exploration Rover Mission|date=November 2013|accessdate=2021-03-07|archivedate=2017-02-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201175627/http://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/resources/MERLithograph.pdf}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ExoMars's search for life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.euronews.com/2015/05/21/mars-mystery-exomars-mission-to-finally-resolve-question-of-life-on-red-planet/|title=Mars mystery: ExoMars mission to finally resolve question of life on red planet|date=21 May 2015|author=Wilks, Jeremy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mars 2020 search for life&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2015/0105/Life-on-Mars-NASA-s-next-rover-aims-to-find-out|title=Life on Mars? NASA's next rover aims to find out.|date=5 January 2015|author=Howell, Elizabeth}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲလတူဗလးမုက် မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ဍာ် နကဵုဗီုပြင်ဍာ်ဍာ်ဂှ် တန်တဴ ဟွံဂွံ၊ ဟိုတ်နူကဵု သတီုကျာအောန်လောန်အာ။ သတီုကျာ လတူမာရ်သ်ဂှ် ပတုပ် ကဵု သတီုကျာ ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိမ္ဂး နွံအောန်နူ ၁%။&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20121102.html|title=NASA – NASA Rover Finds Clues to Changes in Mars' Atmosphere|accessdate=2021-03-07|archivedate=2018-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226060801/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20121102.html%20}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပၞိဟ်ၜါလပါ် မနွံကဵု ဗလးညဳညဳဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူ မွဲအခိင်တေအ် ကေင်နွံကဵု ဍာ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒှ်မာန်ရ။ ယဝ်ရ ဍာ်ကြံင် နူကဵုပၞိဟ်ၜါလပါ်ဂှ် လေင်မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂြိုဟ်ဂှ် ဍာ်ဗၠိုတ်စိုပ် ၁၁ မဳတာ (၃၆ပေ)။ ပ္ဍဲနဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၁၆ ဂှ် ဂကောံနာသာ ပ္တိတ်လိက်လလောင်တြး ဒဒှ်ရ ညးတအ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ဍာ်ကြံင် (ဍာ်ကလောအ်) သၟဝ်တိ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒေသဥတောပိယ ပလနိတိယ (Utopia Planitia region)။ ဂလိုင်ဍာ်ဂှ် နွံၜိုတ် ဍာ်မနွံပ္ဍဲ ကၟာ  Lake Superior မဒှ်ကၟာ ဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု အမေရိကသၟဝ်ကျာ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/11/22/nasa_finds_ice_under_martian_surface/|title=Lake of frozen water the size of New Mexico found on Mars – NASA|work=The Register|date=22 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2016-299|title=Mars Ice Deposit Holds as Much Water as Lake Superior|date=22 November 2016}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20161122&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff|title=Scalloped Terrain Led to Finding of Buried Ice on Mars|url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21136|date=22 November 2016}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

မာရ်သ်ဂှ် နူကဵု ဂၠးတိဝွံ နကဵု မတ်သာမညလေဝ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် မာန် ဗွဲမလောဲသွာကီုရ။

== သဏ္ဌာန်ခန္ဓ ==
မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ဗွဲသၟဟ်မ္ဂး နွံၜိုတ် ကဝက် ဂၠးတိပိုယ်တုဲ၊ သမၠဲဍေဟ်ဂှ် ဍောတ်နူ ဗလးတၞဳ (ဗလးတိသၟး) ဂၠးတိပိုယ်ဏအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdc&quot;/&gt; မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ကမၠေတ် (dense) အောန်နူ ဂၠးတိ၊ မနွံ ဂလိုင် volume ၁၅%  ကုဂၠးတိ၊ ၁၁% mass ကုဂၠးတိ၊ မနွံကဵု ဒြဟတ်ဇရောတ် ၜိုတ် ၃၈% ကုဂၠးတိ။  ဟိုတ်မဂွံညာတ်ဒၟံင် အသာ် ဗကေတ်-လဳမဴဂှ် ဒၟာနူ ဓါတ်ပသဲ(III) သြဇြဳဒေ (iron(III) oxide) ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး အိက်နှိင်။&lt;ref name=&quot;rust&quot;/&gt; မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ရံင်အသာ် မတုပ်ဒၟံင် တင်လာင်၊&lt;ref name=ismars/&gt; ဒၞာဲလ္ၚဵု ဒှ်ဒၟံင်အသာ်ထဝ်၊ အသာ်လမ္စံက်၊ အသာ်ဗရိုတ်၊ အသာ်သ္ၚေက်ညံင်င် တန်တဴကဵု ဒၞာဲလဵု ပ္ဍဲဗလးမုက် ပိုယ်မရံင်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=ismars&gt;[http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/videos/index.cfm?v=29&amp;a=2 NASA – ''Mars in a Minute: Is Mars Really Red?''] ([http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/videos/movies/miam20111110/miam20111110.pdf Transcript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106174558/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/videos/movies/miam20111110/miam20111110.pdf |date=2015-11-06 }}) {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Multiple image|direction=horizontal|align=center|image1=Mars, Earth size comparison.jpg|width1=174|caption1=ၜတ်ကၞာတ်: [[ဂၠးတိ]] ကဵု  မာရ်သ်|image2=Mars.ogv|width2=200|caption2=[[:File:Mars.ogv|ရုပ်ကသဳ (00:40)]] မထၜး ဗီုဗီုရုပ် မာရ်သ် မနွံ|image3=GMM-3 Mars Gravity.webm|width3=200|caption3=[[:File:GMM-3 Mars Gravity.webm|ဝဳဒဳယော (01:28)]] မထၜး ဗီုတိ ဂတှ်ေ ဒြဟတ်ဇရောတ် မာရ်သ် }}

=== လဒက်ပတန် ဗွဲအပ္ဍဲ ===
ညံင်ရဴ ဂၠးတိကီု မာရ်သ်လေဝ် နွံကဵု ကထိုက်တိနာနာ မွဲကထိုက် ကုမွဲကထိုက် ကဆံင်ကမၠေတ် ဟွံတုပ်ရေင်သကအ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Nimmo 2005&quot;/&gt; တၠပညာသိပ္ပံတအ် ပတှ်ေကေတ် ပၞောဝ်ကဵု ကထိုက်တအ်ဂှ် အောန်အိုတ် ကထိုက်ဍာ်ဍာ် သ္ဒးနွံမွဲကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Yoder |first1=C. F. |title=Fluid Core Size of Mars from Detection of the Solar Tide |journal=Science |date=April 11, 2003 |volume=300 |issue=5617 |pages=299-303 |doi=10.1126/science.1079645 |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/300/5617/299.abstract |access-date=March 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; အတိုင်ဗ္ၜတ် မာရ်သ် မစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ်လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး ကထိုက်တအ်ဂှ် နွံကဵု ကဝက်လၞင်ဗဝိုက် (radius) ၜိုတ် {{convert|1794|±|65|km}}၊ တိမာရ်သ်ၜိုတ် ၁၆-၁၇%ဂှ် ဒှ်ပသဲ ကဵု နိက်ကေလ် (nickel)။&lt;ref name=icarus213_2_451/&gt; မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ညံင်ရဴဂၠးတိဏအ်ကီု နွံကဵု ကရေက်တေက်တဝ်နိစ် (tectonic)ဂမၠိုင်တုဲ ဒဵုခမ္တိုဟ် (volcanic)ဂမၠိုင်လေဝ် နွံလဝ်ကီုရ။ ပါဲနူကဵု ဒြပ်သဳလဳကောန် (silicon) ကေုာံ အောက်သဳဂျေန် (oxygen) တုဲ ဓါတ်မဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲလတူ မာရ်သ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် ပသဲ၊ ဓါတ်ဇရောတ် (magnesium)၊ အလူမဳနဳယာမ် (aluminium)၊ ခပဵု/ကာလ်သဳယာမ် (calcium) ကေုာံ ပဝ်တဿဳယာမ် (potassium) တအ်ရ။ သတီုကထိုက်တိ ဂြိုဟ်ဂှ် ဗွဲသၟဟ် နွံစၜိုတ်{{convert|50|km}}တုဲ သတီု မတီုအိုတ်ဂှ် နွံ{{convert|125|km}}။&lt;ref name=jacque03/&gt; သတီုကထိုက်တိ ဂၠးတိပိုယ်ဂှ် ဗွဲသၟဟ် နွံ{{convert|40|km}}။

မာရ်သ်ဂှ် နွံကဵု ကသဳတိ၊ နကဵုစၟတ် InSight ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၉ သၟးဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ကသဳတိ ကတဵုဒှ် ပ္ဍဲမာတ် ဂၠိုင်နူ ၄၅၀ အလန်။&lt;ref name=&quot;natco&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=Geology of the InSight landing site on Mars|date=24 February 2020 |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]]|last1=Golombek|first1=M.|last2=Warner|first2=N. H.|last3=Grant|first3=J. A.|last4=Hauber|first4=E.|last5=Ansan|first5=V.|last6=Weitz|first6=C. M.|last7=Williams|first7=N. |last8=Charalambous|first8=C.|last9=Wilson|first9=S. A.|last10=DeMott|first10=A.|last11=Kopp|first11=M.|last12=Lethcoe-Wilson|first12=H.|last13=Berger|first13=L.|last14=Hausmann|first14=R.|last15=Marteau |first15=E.|last16=Vrettos|first16=C.|last17=Trussell|first17=A.|last18=Folkner|first18=W.|last19=Le Maistre|first19=S.|last20=Mueller|first20=N.|last21=Grott|first21=M.|last22=Spohn|first22=T.|last23=Piqueux |first23=S.|last24=Millour|first24=E.|last25=Forget|first25=F.|last26=Daubar|first26=I.|last27=Murdoch|first27=N.|last28=Lognonné|first28=P.|last29=Perrin|first29=C.|last30=Rodriguez|first30=S.|last31=Pike |first31=W. T.|last32=Parker|first32=T.|last33=Maki|first33=J.|last34=Abarca|first34=H.|last35=Deen|first35=R.|last36=Hall|first36=J.|last37=Andres|first37=P.|last38=Ruoff|first38=N.|last39=Calef|first39=F. |last40=Smrekar|first40=S.|last41=Baker|first41=M. M.|last42=Banks|first42=M.|last43=Spiga|first43=A.|last44=Banfield|first44=D.|last45=Garvin|first45=J.|last46=Newman|first46=C. E.|last47=Banderdt|first47=W. B.|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14679-1|pmid=32094337|pmc=7039939|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.1014G|volume=11|page=1014|number=1014|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;natgeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/s41561-020-0544-y |doi-access=free|title=Initial results from the in ''Sight'' mission on Mars|year=2020|last1=Banerdt|first1=W. Bruce|last2=Smrekar|first2=Suzanne E.|last3=Banfield|first3=Don|last4=Giardini|first4=Domenico |last5=Golombek|first5=Matthew|last6=Johnson|first6=Catherine L.|last7=Lognonné|first7=Philippe|last8=Spiga|first8=Aymeric|last9=Spohn|first9=Tilman|last10=Perrin|first10=Clément|last11=Stähler|first11=Simon C. |last12=Antonangeli|first12=Daniele|last13=Asmar|first13=Sami|last14=Beghein|first14=Caroline|last15=Bowles|first15=Neil|last16=Bozdag|first16=Ebru|last17=Chi|first17=Peter|last18=Christensen|first18=Ulrich|last19=Clinton|first19=John|last20=Collins|first20=Gareth S.|last21=Daubar|first21=Ingrid|last22=Dehant|first22=Véronique|last23=Drilleau|first23=Mélanie|last24=Fillingim|first24=Matthew|last25=Folkner |first25=William|last26=Garcia|first26=Raphaël F.|last27=Garvin|first27=Jim|last28=Grant|first28=John|last29=Grott|first29=Matthias|last30=Grygorczuk|first30=Jerzy|journal=Nature Geoscience|volume=13|issue=3 |pages=183–189|bibcode=2020NatGe..13..183B|display-authors=29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ဗလးမုက် ပထဝဳ ===
[[ဝှာင်:Mars-topo-200-fast.gif|thumb|right|ဗီုတိ မထ္ၜးဗလးမုက် မာရ်သ်]]
မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂြိုဟ်တၞဳမွဲ (ဂြိုဟ်မနွံကဵုတိ) တုဲ ပ္ဍဲဗလးလတူဂှ် နွံကဵု ဓါတ်သဳလဳကောန်၊ အောက်သဳဂျေန် ကေုာံ ဒြပ်တၞဟ်တအ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် တၟအ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ ဗလးလတူ မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် နွံကဵု တၟအ်လမ္စံက် (tholeiitic basalt)ဂမၠိုင်၊&lt;ref name=science324_5928_736/&gt; ဒၞာဲလ္ၚဵုဂှ် တၟအ်မနွံကဵု ဓါတ်သဳလဳကောန်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ဂၠိုင်ကီုလေဝ် တၟအ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် တုပ်ကဵု တၟအ်မဂွံဆဵုဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲလတူဂၠးတိဏအ်ကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲဒေသအလ်ဗေဒဝ်အောန် (ဒေသ မဒးလျးတ္ၚဲအောန်) ဂှ် နွံကဵု (plagioclase feldspar)ဂၠိုင်တုဲ၊ ဒေသအလ်ဗေဒဝ်အောန် လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာဂှ် နွံဂကူတၟအ်ကလိတ်ကလိတ် (sheet silicates and high-silicon glass)ဂၠိုင်။ ဒေသကရေက်သၠုင်ကျာ ဒၞာဲကုန်သမၠုင်တအ်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် တၟအ်ခပဵုဂၠိုင်။ တုဲပၠန် ဒၞာဲမနွံကဵု ဓါတ်ဟေမတိတေ (hematite) ကေုာံ ဓါတ်သြလိဝိနေ (olivine) ဂၠိုင်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ကီုရ။&lt;ref name=jgr107_E6/&gt; ဒၞာဲဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် ဂြောပ်အုပ်ဒၟံင် နကဵု ခဗိုက်ခၞိက်ဓါတ်ပသဲIII အောက်သဳဒေ (iron(III) oxide dust)ရ။&lt;ref name=sci300a/&gt;&lt;ref name=sci300b/&gt;

[[ဝှာင်:USGS-MarsMap-sim3292-20140714-crop.png|thumb|left|Geology of Mars|ဗီုတိ မာရ်သ် (USGS, 2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS-20140714&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Tanaka |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Skinner |first2=James A. Jr. |last3=Dohm |first3=James M. |last4=Irwin |first4=Rossman P. III |last5=Kolb |first5=Eric J. |last6=Fortezzo |first6=Corey M. |last7=Platz |first7=Thomas |last8=Michael |first8=Gregory G. |last9=Hare |first9=Trent M. |date=14 July 2014 |title=Geologic Map of Mars – 2014 |publisher=[[USGS]] |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3292/ |access-date=22 July 2014}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ပ္ဍဲကဵု မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ညံင်ရဴဂၠးတိပိုယ်ဏအ် မနွံကဵု ဓါတ်ဇရောတ် (magnetic field) ပ္ဍဲကဵုတၞုင်ပၞိဟ်ၜါလပါ်ဂှ် နကဵုသက်သဳပေင်င် ၜိုန်ရဟွံတီကီုလေဝ်&lt;ref name=&quot;magnetosphere&quot;/&gt; လ္ၚတ်မင်ရံင်တုဲ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ဓါတ်ဇရောတ် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲလ္ၚဵုရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲကဵု မာရ်သ်လေဝ် နွံကဵု ဓါတ်ဇရောတ် ညံင်ရဴ ပ္ဍဲဒေသပၞိဟ်ၜါလပါ် ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိပိုယ်ကီုရောင်ဂှ် ပတှ်ေကေတ်ရ။ လညာတ်တေသြရဳမွဲ မပ္တိတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု သၞာံ ၁၉၉၉ တုဲ လညာတ်တေသြရဳဂှ် ကလေင်စၟဳစၟတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲအံက်တဝ်ဗါ ၂၀၀၅ မသ္ဂးလဝ်မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲကဵု မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ကမြေက်တေက်တဝ်နိစ် (plate tectonic activity) ကေင်ကတဵုဒှ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင် မတုဲကၠုင် ပန်ဘဳလဳယာန် သၞာံတေအ်၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဓါတ်ဇရောတ် ပ္ဍဲဂြိုဟ်ဂှ် အသိင်ဍိုန်လျအာရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;plates&quot;/&gt;

အရာမပတှ်ေကေတ်မ္ဂး မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် နူကဵုလၟေင်ဒဒှ် မကောံကလောအ်ကၠုင်ညိညိ နူကဵုခၞိက်ဗဗိုက် ကေုာံ တၟအ် တိ မပြးဇးဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လၟေင်ဂၠံင်သြရ်ဗိတ်တ္ၚဲ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် သၞောတ်တ္ၚဲမစကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်တေအ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူ ဒၞာဲဒတန် မာရ်သ်မနွံ အပ္ဍဲကဵု သၞောတ်တ္ၚဲတုဲ ပ္ဍဲမာရ်သ်ဂှ် နွံကဵု ဓါတ်နာနာသာ်ရ။ ဓါတ်မတူလေင်လောဲ မပ္တံကဵု ဓါတ်ကလဝ်ရိန် (chlorine)၊ ဓါတ်ဖဝ်သဖဝ်ရုသ် (phosphorus) ကေုာံ ဓါတ်သုလ်ဖုရ် (sulphur)တအ်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ဂၠိုင်နူ လတူဂၠးတိဏအ်ဏီရ။&lt;ref name=ssr96_1_4_197/&gt;

ကြဴနူ ဂြိုဟ်ဂမၠိုင် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်တုဲ ဂြိုဟ်အိုတ်သီုဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ဇီုကပိုက် နကဵုဗဳသတဳ ညးမကော်စ &quot;မဒးဒုင်ထောအ်ဗုမ် ဗွဲမဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ်/Late Heavy Bombardment&quot; ရ။ ပၞေတ် နူကဵုအခိင်တေအ်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲလတူဗလးမုက် မာရ်သ် ၜိုတ် ၆၀%၊&lt;ref name=zharkov93/&gt;&lt;ref name=icarus165_1/&gt;&lt;ref name=barlow88/&gt; မဒှ်ဒၞာဲ သလံက်ဒၟံင်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကမြေက်သၟဝ်ကျာ မာရ်သ် နွံသလံက် ပၞေတ်ဇမၞော်မွဲ နွံပါင်တၟာ{{convert|10600|by|8500|km}}၊ ဇၞော်နူ သလံက် ပ္ဍဲဂိတု ပ္ဍဲပၞိဟ်သၠုင်ကျာ ပန်ဆ၊ မဒှ် ပၞေတ်ဇၞော်အိုတ် ၜိုတ်မဂွံဆဵုကေတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂြိုဟ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref name=northcratersn/&gt;&lt;ref name=northcraterguard/&gt;  ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ တေသြရဳဂှ်ဟီု လောန်ကၠုင် သၞာံၜိုတ် ပန်ဘဳလဳယာန်တေအ် မာရ်သ် ဒးဒုင်ဇီုကပိုက်လဝ် ဗဳသတဳမွဲ မနွံတၟာဂြိုဟ်ပလူတဝ် (Pluto)။&lt;ref name=sciam080627/&gt;&lt;ref name=nyt080626/&gt;

[[ဝှာင်:Eso1509a - Mars planet.jpg|thumb|ရုပ်ကသူ မဓဇက်လဝ် ဗီုလဵု မာရ်သ် မညာတ်ကေတ်မာန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ မလောန်ကၠုင် ပန်ဗဳလဳယာန်တေအ်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Mars: The planet that lost an ocean's-worth of water |publisher=[[ESO]] |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1509/ |access-date=19 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ပထဝဳဝင် မာရ်သ်ဂှ် ပါ်ကေတ် နကဵုကာလနာနာသာ်မာန်ရ။ ဆဂး ဗွဲအပြောမ်မ္ဂး ပါ်ကေတ် အတိုင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ ပိကာလဂွံရ။&lt;ref name=jog91/&gt;&lt;ref name=ssr_96_1_4/&gt;
* '''ကာလနဝ်အကိန် (Noachian period)''': မကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ကရေက်မာရ်သ် တြေံအိုတ်၊ နူကဵု သၞာံမလောန်ကၠုင် ၜိုတ် ၄.၅ ကဵု ၃.၅&amp;nbsp;ဘဳလဳယာန်။ ကရေက်မာရ်သ် နူကဵုလက်ထက်နဝ်အကိန်ဂှ် နွံကဵု ပၞေတ် ကပိုက်ဇၞော်ဇၞော် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်။ က Noachian age surfaces are scarred by many large impact craters. The [[Tharsis]] bulge, a volcanic upland, is thought to have formed during this period, with extensive flooding by liquid water late in the period.
* '''[[Hesperian]] period''' (named after [[Hesperia Planum]]): 3.5 to between 3.3 and 2.9&amp;nbsp;billion years ago. The Hesperian period is marked by the formation of extensive lava plains.
* '''[[Amazonian (Mars)|Amazonian period]]''' (named after [[Amazonis Planitia]]): between 3.3 and 2.9&amp;nbsp;billion years ago to the present. Amazonian regions have few [[impact event|meteorite impact]] craters, but are otherwise quite varied. [[Olympus Mons]] formed during this period, with lava flows elsewhere on Mars.

Geological activity is still taking place on Mars. The [[Athabasca Valles]] is home to sheet-like lava flows created about 200&amp;nbsp;[[Mya (unit)|Mya]]. Water flows in the [[graben]]s called the [[Cerberus Fossae]] occurred less than 20&amp;nbsp;Mya, indicating equally recent volcanic intrusions.&lt;ref name=ag44_4/&gt; On 19&amp;nbsp;February 2008, images from the ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' showed evidence of an avalanche from a {{convert|700|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} cliff.&lt;ref name=dc080304/&gt;

=== တိ ===
[[File:Spirit Mars Silica April 20 2007.jpg|thumb|Exposure of silica-rich dust uncovered by the ''[[Spirit (rover)|Spirit]]'' rover]]

The ''[[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]]'' lander returned data showing Martian soil to be slightly alkaline and containing elements such as [[magnesium]], [[sodium]], [[potassium]] and [[chlorine]]. These nutrients are found in soils on Earth, and they are necessary for growth of plants.&lt;ref name=bbc080627/&gt; Experiments performed by the lander showed that the Martian soil has a [[Base (chemistry)|basic]] [[pH]] of 7.7, and contains 0.6% of the [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] [[perchlorate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;marssalt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=jpl_soil/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Kounaves|first1=S. P.|display-authors=etal|year=2010|title=Wet Chemistry Experiments on the 2007 Phoenix Mars Scout Lander: Data Analysis and Results|journal=J. Geophys. Res.|volume=115|issue=E3|pages=E00–E10|doi=10.1029/2008JE003084|bibcode=2009JGRE..114.0A19K |s2cid=39418301|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a02ba3a032ec172bb56bc962ead0624a606952e5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Kounaves|first1=S. P.|display-authors=etal|year=2010|title=Soluble Sulfate in the Martian Soil at the Phoenix Landing Site|journal=Icarus|volume=37|issue=9|page=L09201|doi=10.1029/2010GL042613|bibcode=2010GeoRL..37.9201K|s2cid=12914422|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/37dd9dcf70077223cedce03c4066570ba112301e}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is a very high concentration and makes the Martian soil toxic (see also [[Martian soil#Toxicity|Martian soil toxicity]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;toxicmars&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/21554-mars-toxic-perchlorate-chemicals.html|title=Toxic Mars: Astronauts Must Deal with Perchlorate on the Red Planet|work=Space.com|first=Leonard|last=David|date=13 June 2013|access-date=26 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;toxicsoil1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jul/06/mars-covered-in-toxic-chemicals-that-can-wipe-out-living-organisms-tests-reveal|title=Mars covered in toxic chemicals that can wipe out living organisms, tests reveal|work=The Guardian|first=Ian|last=Sample|date=6 July 2017|access-date=26 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Dark slope streak|Streaks]] are common across Mars and new ones appear frequently on steep slopes of craters, troughs, and valleys. The streaks are dark at first and get lighter with age. The streaks can start in a tiny area, then spread out for hundreds of metres. They have been seen to follow the edges of boulders and other obstacles in their path. The commonly accepted theories include that they are dark underlying layers of soil revealed after avalanches of bright dust or [[dust devil]]s.&lt;ref name=jpl_dust_devil/&gt; Several other explanations have been put forward, including those that involve water or even the growth of organisms.&lt;ref name=gpl29_23_41/&gt;&lt;ref name=oleb33_4_515/&gt;

=== ဟိဒြဝ်လဝ်ဂျဳ (ဓါတ်ဍာ်) ===
ဍာ်လေင်င်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲလတူ ဗလးမုက် မာရ်သ်ဂှ် တန်တဴဟွံဂွံ၊ ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ဒြဟတ်ဒမြိုဟ်ကျာ လတူမာရ်သ်ဂှ် ဍိုန်လောန်အာ။ ဒြဟတ်ဒမြိုဟ်ကျာ လတူမာရ်သ် ယဝ်ပတောအ်ၜတ် ကုဒြဟတ်ဒမြိုဟ် လတူဂၠးတိပိုယ်မ္ဂး နွံ အောန်နူ ၁% ဏီ၊ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲသဝ်ကွေဟ်ဟ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂၠေအ်အ်မ္ဂး နွံဂၠိုင်ညိရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;h&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=jgr110/&gt; ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပၞိဟ်ၜါလပါ်ဂှ် ဍာ်ကမြံင် (ဍာ်ကလောအ်) နွံတုဲ နွံကဵု ဍာ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;kostama&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=sci299/&gt; ဂလိုင် ဍာ်ကမြံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပၞိဟ်လပါ်သၠုင်ကျာဂှ် ယဝ်ရလေင်အာမ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲဗလးမုက် ဂြိုဟ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲတိသဝ် နွံၜိုတ်ဇမျိုဟ်{{convert|11|m}}မာန်ရ။&lt;ref name=nasa070315/&gt; ဒၞာဲမဂံက် (permafrost) စဵုကဵု ဍာ်ကြံင် နူကဵု ပၞိဟ် ကဵု လာတဳကျုတ်ဂှ် နွံၜိုတ်60°။&lt;ref name=&quot;kostama&quot;/&gt; ဍာ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠေင် လတူမာရ်သ်ဂှ် ပတှ်ေကေတ် ထိင်လဝ် နကဵု cryosphere မာရ်သ်ရ။ တင်ဂၞင် မကလိဂွံ နူကဵု ကွဳ ''Mars Express'' ကဵု ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' (MRO) ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲပၞိဟ်ၜါလပါ်ဂှ် နွံကဵု ဍာ်ကမြံင် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်၊&lt;ref name=&quot;specials1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=bbc040124/&gt; တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လဒေါဝ်လာတိကျုတ်လေဝ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ဍာ်ကမြံင်ကီုရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;jsg.utexas.edu&quot;/&gt; The Phoenix lander directly sampled water ice in shallow Martian soil on 31 July 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;spacecraft1&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Nasa mars opportunity rock water 150 eng 02mar04.jpg|thumb|left|Photomicrograph by ''[[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity]]'' showing a gray [[hematite]] [[concretion]], nicknamed &quot;blueberries&quot;, indicative of the past existence of liquid water.]]

[[Geomorphology|Landforms]] visible on Mars strongly suggest that liquid water has existed on the planet's surface. Huge linear swathes of scoured ground, known as [[outflow channels]], cut across the surface in about 25 places. These are thought to be a record of erosion caused by the catastrophic release of water from subsurface aquifers, though some of these structures have been hypothesized to result from the action of glaciers or lava.&lt;ref name=Kerr2005/&gt;&lt;ref name=Jaeger2007/&gt; One of the larger examples, [[Ma'adim Vallis]] is {{convert|700|km}} long, much greater than the Grand Canyon, with a width of {{convert|20|km}} and a depth of {{convert|2|km}} in places. It is thought to have been carved by flowing water early in Mars's history.&lt;ref name=lucchita_rosanova/&gt; The youngest of these channels are thought to have formed as recently as only a few million years ago.&lt;ref name=nature434/&gt; Elsewhere, particularly on the oldest areas of the Martian surface, finer-scale, dendritic [[Valley networks (Mars)|networks of valleys]] are spread across significant proportions of the landscape. Features of these valleys and their distribution strongly imply that they were carved by [[surface runoff|runoff]] resulting from precipitation in early Mars history. Subsurface water flow and [[groundwater sapping]] may play important subsidiary roles in some networks, but precipitation was probably the root cause of the incision in almost all cases.&lt;ref name=CraddockHoward2002/&gt;

Along crater and canyon walls, there are thousands of features that appear similar to terrestrial [[gullies]]. The gullies tend to be in the highlands of the Southern Hemisphere and to face the Equator; all are poleward of 30° latitude. A number of authors have suggested that their formation process involves liquid water, probably from melting ice,&lt;ref name=sci288/&gt;&lt;ref name=nasa061206/&gt; although others have argued for formation mechanisms involving carbon dioxide frost or the movement of dry dust.&lt;ref name=bbc061206/&gt;&lt;ref name=nasa061206b/&gt; No partially degraded gullies have formed by weathering and no superimposed impact craters have been observed, indicating that these are young features, possibly still active.&lt;ref name=nasa061206/&gt; Other geological features, such as [[River delta|deltas]] and [[alluvial fans]] preserved in craters, are further evidence for warmer, wetter conditions at an interval or intervals in earlier Mars history.&lt;ref name=Lewis2006/&gt; Such conditions necessarily require the widespread presence of [[Volcanic crater lake|crater lakes]] across a large proportion of the surface, for which there is independent mineralogical, sedimentological and geomorphological evidence.&lt;ref name=Matsubara2011/&gt;

[[File:Mars exposed subsurface ice.jpg|thumb|A cross-section of underground water ice is exposed at the steep slope that appears bright blue in this enhanced-color view from the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter|MRO]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7038 Steep Slopes on Mars Reveal Structure of Buried Ice]. NASA Press Release. January 11, 2018. {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; The scene is about 500 meters wide. The scarp drops about 128 meters from the level ground. The ice sheets extend from just below the surface to a depth of 100 meters or more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.aao1619 |pmid=29326269|bibcode=2018Sci...359..199D|title=Exposed subsurface ice sheets in the Martian mid-latitudes|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-01-12_359_6372/page/199 |journal=Science|volume=359|issue=6372|pages=199–201|year=2018|last1=Dundas|first1=Colin M. |last2=Bramson|first2=Ali M.|last3=Ojha|first3=Lujendra|last4=Wray|first4=James J.|last5=Mellon|first5=Michael T.|last6=Byrne|first6=Shane|last7=McEwen|first7=Alfred S.|last8=Putzig|first8=Nathaniel E. |last9=Viola|first9=Donna|last10=Sutton|first10=Sarah|last11=Clark|first11=Erin|last12=Holt|first12=John W.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Further evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface of Mars comes from the detection of specific minerals such as [[hematite]] and [[goethite]], both of which sometimes form in the presence of water.&lt;ref name=nasa040303 /&gt; In 2004, ''Opportunity'' detected the mineral [[jarosite]]. This forms only in the presence of acidic water, which demonstrates that water once existed on Mars.&lt;ref name=nasa101001/&gt; More recent evidence for liquid water comes from the finding of the mineral [[gypsum]] on the surface by NASA's Mars rover Opportunity in December 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nationalgeographic&quot;/&gt; It is estimated that the amount of water in the upper mantle of Mars, represented by [[hydroxyl ion]]s contained within the minerals of Mars's geology, is equal to or greater than that of Earth at 50–300 parts per million of water, which is enough to cover the entire planet to a depth of {{convert|200|-|1000|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;nationalgeographic1&quot;/&gt;

In 2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water ice at the poles&lt;ref name=&quot;specials1&quot;/&gt; and at mid-latitudes.&lt;ref name=&quot;jsg.utexas.edu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;esa050221&quot;/&gt; The Mars rover ''[[Spirit rover|Spirit]]'' sampled chemical compounds containing water molecules in March 2007. The ''[[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]]'' lander directly sampled water ice in shallow Martian soil on 31 July 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;spacecraft1&quot;/&gt;

On 18 March 2013, [[NASA]] reported evidence from instruments on the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]] of [[mineral hydration]], likely hydrated [[calcium sulfate]], in several [[Rock (geology)|rock samples]] including the broken fragments of [[Tintina (rock)|&quot;Tintina&quot; rock]] and [[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|&quot;Sutton Inlier&quot; rock]] as well as in [[Vein (geology)|veins]] and [[Nodule (geology)|nodules]] in other rocks like [[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|&quot;Knorr&quot; rock]] and [[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|&quot;Wernicke&quot; rock]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20130318&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Webster|first1=Guy|last2=Brown|first2=Dwayne|title=Curiosity Mars Rover Sees Trend in Water Presence|url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&amp;NewsID=1446|date=18 March 2013|publisher=NASA|access-date=20 March 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Fz6sDs32?url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&amp;NewsID=1446|archive-date=19 April 2013|url-status=dead|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=19 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219002610/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&amp;NewsID=1446}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-20130319&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Rincon|first=Paul|title=Curiosity breaks rock to reveal dazzling white interior|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21340279|date=19 March 2013|publisher=BBC|access-date=19 March 2013|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MSN-20130120&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Staff|title=Red planet coughs up a white rock, and scientists freak out|url=http://now.msn.com/white-mars-rock-called-tintina-found-by-curiosity-rover|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323164757/http://now.msn.com/white-mars-rock-called-tintina-found-by-curiosity-rover|archive-date=23 March 2013|date=20 March 2013|publisher=[[MSN]]|access-date=20 March 2013|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=23 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323164757/http://now.msn.com/white-mars-rock-called-tintina-found-by-curiosity-rover}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysis using the rover's [[Curiosity (rover)#Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)|DAN instrument]] provided evidence of subsurface water, amounting to as much as 4% water content, down to a depth of {{convert|60|cm}}, during the rover's traverse from the ''[[Bradbury Landing]]'' site to the ''Yellowknife Bay'' area in the ''[[Glenelg, Mars|Glenelg]]'' terrain.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20130318&quot;/&gt; In September 2015, NASA announced that they had found conclusive evidence of hydrated [[brine]] flows on [[recurring slope lineae]], based on spectrometer readings of the darkened areas of slopes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDv4FRHI3J8|title=NASA News Conference: Evidence of Liquid Water on Today's Mars |date=28 September 2015|access-date=28 September 2015|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today's Mars |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars|publisher=NASA|access-date=28 September 2015|date=28 September 2015}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name='Ojhaetal2015'&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Ojha|first1=L.|last2=Wilhelm|first2=M. B.|last3=Murchie|first3=S. L.|last4=McEwen|first4=A. S.|last5=Wray|first5=J. J.|last6=Hanley|first6=J.|last7=Massé|first7=M. |last8=Chojnacki|first8=M.|year=2015|title=Spectral evidence for hydrated salts in recurring slope lineae on Mars|journal=Nature Geoscience|doi=10.1038/ngeo2546|bibcode=2015NatGe...8..829O|volume=8|issue=11 |pages=829–832|s2cid=59152931|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b071b71b59dd90ad6935a94d41552eccba5851ee}}&lt;/ref&gt; These observations provided confirmation of earlier hypotheses based on timing of formation and their rate of growth, that these dark streaks resulted from water flowing in the very shallow subsurface.&lt;ref name=&quot;SeasonalFlows&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=McEwen|first1=Alfred|last2=Lujendra|first2=Ojha|last3=Dundas |first3=Colin|last4=Mattson|first4=Sarah|last5=Bryne|first5=S|last6=Wray|first6=J|last7=Cull|first7=Selby|last8=Murchie|first8=Scott|last9=Thomas|first9=Nicholas|date=5 August 2011|title=Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/333/6043/740|journal=Science|volume=333|issue=6043|pages=740–743|bibcode=2011Sci...333..740M|doi=10.1126/science.1204816|pmid=21817049 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929112931/https://sciencescape.org/paper/21817049|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=28 September 2015|last10=Gulick|first10=Virginia|s2cid=10460581}}&lt;/ref&gt; The streaks contain hydrated salts, perchlorates, which have water molecules in their crystal structure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NASA Finds 'Definitive' Liquid Water on Mars|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150928-mars-liquid-water-confirmed-surface-streaks-space-astronomy/|website=National Geographic News|access-date=29 September 2015|first=Nadia|last=Drake|date=28 September 2015|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=30 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930194303/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150928-mars-liquid-water-confirmed-surface-streaks-space-astronomy/}}&lt;/ref&gt; The streaks flow downhill in Martian summer, when the temperature is above −23° Celsius, and freeze at lower temperatures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Water Flows on Mars Today, NASA Announces|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/water-flows-on-mars-today-nasa-announces/|access-date=29 September 2015|first=Clara |last=Moskowitz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Perspective view of Korolev crater.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Perspective view of Korolev crater shows {{convert|1.9|km}} deep [[Ice|water ice]]. Image taken by [[European Space Agency|ESA]]'s ''[[Mars Express]]''.]]

Researchers suspect that much of the low northern plains of the planet were [[Mars ocean hypothesis|covered with an ocean]] hundreds of meters deep, though this remains controversial.&lt;ref name=Head1999/&gt; In March 2015, scientists stated that such an ocean might have been the size of Earth's [[Arctic Ocean]]. This finding was derived from the ratio of water to [[deuterium]] in the modern Martian atmosphere compared to that ratio on Earth. The amount of Martian deuterium is eight times the amount that exists on Earth, suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water. Results from the ''Curiosity'' rover had previously found a high ratio of deuterium in [[Gale Crater]], though not significantly high enough to suggest the former presence of an ocean. Other scientists caution that these results have not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not yet shown that the planet was warm enough in the past to support bodies of liquid water.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20150305&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/06/science/mars-had-an-ocean-scientists-say-pointing-to-new-data.html|title=Mars Had an Ocean, Scientists Say, Pointing to New Data|work=[[The New York Times]]|last=Kaufman |first=Marc|date=5 March 2015|access-date=5 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Near the northern polar cap is the {{convert|81.4|km}} wide [[Korolev (Martian crater)|Korolev Crater]], where the [[Mars Express]] orbiter found it to be filled with approximately {{convert|2200|km3}} of water ice.&lt;ref name=&quot;DLR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=A winter wonderland in red and white – Korolev Crater on Mars|url=https://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10081/151_read-31614/#/gallery/33106|website=German Aerospace Center (DLR)|access-date=20 December 2018|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=13 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513090947/https://www.dlr.de/EN/Service/about-relaunch/explanation.html?cms_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlr.de%2Fdlr%2Fen%2Fdesktopdefault.aspx%2Ftabid-10081%2F151_read-31614%2F#/gallery/33106}}&lt;/ref&gt; The crater floor lies about {{convert|2|km}} below the rim, and is covered by a {{convert|1.8|km}} deep central mound of permanent water ice, up to {{convert|60|km}} in diameter.&lt;ref name=&quot;DLR&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TG1218&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/dec/21/mars-express-beams-back-images-of-ice-filled-korolev-crater|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=21 December 2018|title=Mars Express beams back images of ice-filled Korolev crater|date=21 December 2018|last1=Editor|first1=Ian Sample Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 2020, it was found that dark streaks called recurring slope lineae (RSL), which appear seasonably, are caused by briny water flowing for a few days annually.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2020/02/13/Salty-water-may-be-running-on-the-surface-of-Mars.html|title=Salty water may be running on the surface of Mars|website=The Week|access-date=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://astrobiology.com/2020/02/salt-water-may-periodically-form-on-the-surface-of-mars.html|title=Salt Water May Periodically Form on the Surface of Mars - Astrobiology |website=astrobiology.com|access-date=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ဗလးဒေသပၞိဟ်====
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=horizontal |total_width=400
 |image1=Martian north polar cap.jpg|caption1=North polar early summer water ice cap (1999); a seasonal layer of carbon dioxide ice forms in winter and disappears in summer.
 |image2=South Polar Cap of Mars during Martian South summer 2000.jpg|caption2=South polar midsummer ice cap (2000); the south cap has a permanent carbon dioxide ice cap mixed with water ice.&lt;ref&gt;[http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/mars123.php Mars' Polar Regions.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331001416/http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/mars123.php |date=2019-03-31 }} Phoenix Mars Mission. University of Arizona.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

Mars has two permanent polar ice caps. During a pole's winter, it lies in continuous darkness, chilling the surface and causing the [[Deposition (phase transition)|deposition]] of 25–30% of the atmosphere into slabs of [[Carbon dioxide|CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] ice ([[dry ice]]).&lt;ref name=icarus169/&gt; When the poles are again exposed to sunlight, the frozen CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; [[Sublimation (physics)|sublimes]]. These seasonal actions transport large amounts of dust and water vapor, giving rise to Earth-like frost and large [[cirrus cloud]]s. Clouds of water-ice were photographed by the ''[[Opportunity rover|Opportunity]]'' rover in 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;clouds&quot;/&gt;

The caps at both poles consist primarily (70%) of water ice. Frozen carbon dioxide accumulates as a comparatively thin layer about one metre thick on the north cap in the northern winter only, whereas the south cap has a permanent dry ice cover about eight metres thick. This permanent dry ice cover at the south pole is peppered by [[Swiss cheese features|flat floored, shallow, roughly circular pits]], which repeat imaging shows are expanding by meters per year; this suggests that the permanent CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; cover over the south pole water ice is degrading over time.&lt;ref name=&quot;malin2001&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Malin, M.C.|author2=Caplinger, M.A.|author3=Davis, S.D.|year=2001|title=Observational evidence for an active surface reservoir of solid carbon dioxide on Mars|journal=Science|volume=294|pages=2146–2148 |doi=10.1126/science.1066416|url=http://www.mars.asu.edu/christensen/advancedmarsclass/malin_co2_science.pdf|bibcode=2001Sci...294.2146M|issue=5549|pmid=11768358|s2cid=34596403}}&lt;/ref&gt; The northern polar cap has a diameter of about {{convert|1000|km}} during the northern Mars summer,&lt;ref name=mira/&gt; and contains about {{convert|1.6|e6km3}} of ice, which, if spread evenly on the cap, would be {{convert|2|km}} thick.&lt;ref name=&quot;brown&quot;/&gt; (This compares to a volume of {{convert|2.85|e6km3}} for the [[Greenland ice sheet]].) The southern polar cap has a diameter of {{convert|350|km}} and a thickness of {{convert|3|km}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;phillips&quot;/&gt; The total volume of ice in the south polar cap plus the adjacent layered deposits has been estimated at 1.6&amp;nbsp;million cubic km.&lt;ref name=sci315/&gt; Both polar caps show spiral troughs, which recent analysis of [[SHARAD]] ice penetrating radar has shown are a result of [[katabatic wind]]s that spiral due to the [[Coriolis Effect]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Onset and migration of spiral troughs on Mars revealed by orbital radar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mystery Spirals on Mars Finally Explained&quot;/&gt;

The seasonal frosting of areas near the southern ice cap results in the formation of transparent 1-metre-thick slabs of dry ice above the ground. With the arrival of spring, sunlight warms the subsurface and pressure from subliming CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; builds up under a slab, elevating and ultimately rupturing it. This leads to [[Martian geyser|geyser-like eruptions]] of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; gas mixed with dark basaltic sand or dust. This process is rapid, observed happening in the space of a few days, weeks or months, a rate of change rather unusual in geology – especially for Mars. The gas rushing underneath a slab to the site of a geyser carves a spiderweb-like pattern of radial channels under the ice, the process being the inverted equivalent of an erosion network formed by water draining through a single plughole.&lt;ref name=2006-100/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kieffer2000/&gt;&lt;ref name=Portyankina/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hugh2006/&gt;

=== Geography and naming of surface features ===

[[File:Mars topography (MOLA dataset) with poles HiRes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A [[Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter|MOLA]]-based topographic map showing highlands (red and orange) dominating the Southern Hemisphere of Mars, lowlands (blue) the northern. Volcanic plateaus delimit regions of the northern plains, whereas the highlands are punctuated by several large impact basins.]]
[[File:PIA11176 - A Recent Cluster of Impacts.jpg|thumb|These new impact craters on Mars occurred sometime between 2008 and 2014, as detected from orbit]]

Although better remembered for mapping the Moon, [[Johann Heinrich Mädler]] and [[Wilhelm Beer]] were the first areographers. They began by establishing that most of Mars's surface features were permanent and by more precisely determining the planet's rotation period. In 1840, Mädler combined ten years of observations and drew the first map of Mars. Rather than giving names to the various markings, Beer and Mädler simply designated them with letters; Meridian Bay (Sinus Meridiani) was thus feature &quot;''a''.&quot;&lt;ref name=sheehan_ch04/&gt;

Today, features on Mars are named from a variety of sources. [[Classical albedo features on Mars|Albedo features]] are named for classical mythology. Craters larger than 60&amp;nbsp;km are named for deceased scientists and writers and others who have contributed to the study of Mars. Craters smaller than 60&amp;nbsp;km are named for towns and villages of the world with populations of less than 100,000. Large valleys are named for the word &quot;Mars&quot; or &quot;star&quot; in various languages; small valleys are named for rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;usgs&quot;/&gt;

Large [[albedo]] features retain many of the older names, but are often updated to reflect new knowledge of the nature of the features. For example, ''[[Olympus Mons|Nix Olympica]]'' (the snows of Olympus) has become ''[[Olympus Mons]]'' (Mount Olympus).&lt;ref name=viking_1950_2000/&gt; The surface of Mars as seen from Earth is divided into two kinds of areas, with differing albedo. The paler plains covered with dust and sand rich in reddish iron oxides were once thought of as Martian &quot;continents&quot; and given names like [[Arabia Terra]] (''land of Arabia'') or [[Amazonis Planitia]] (''Amazonian plain''). The dark features were thought to be seas, hence their names [[Mare Erythraeum]], Mare Sirenum and [[Aurorae Sinus]]. The largest dark feature seen from Earth is [[Syrtis Major Planum]].&lt;ref name=seds_huygens/&gt; The permanent northern polar ice cap is named [[Planum Boreum]], whereas the southern cap is called [[Planum Australe]].

Mars's equator is defined by its rotation, but the location of its [[Prime Meridian]] was specified, as was Earth's (at [[Greenwich]]), by choice of an arbitrary point; Mädler and Beer selected a line for their first maps of Mars in 1830. After the spacecraft [[Mariner 9]] provided extensive imagery of Mars in 1972, a small crater (later called [[Airy-0]]), located in the [[Sinus Meridiani]] (&quot;Middle Bay&quot; or &quot;Meridian Bay&quot;), was chosen by [[Merton Davies]] of the [[Rand Corporation]]&lt;ref&gt;Davies, M. E., and R. A. Berg, &quot;Preliminary Control Net of Mars,&quot;Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 373-393, 10 January 1971.&lt;/ref&gt; for the definition of 0.0° longitude to coincide with the original selection.&lt;ref name=archinal_caplinger/&gt;

Because Mars has no oceans and hence no &quot;[[sea level]]&quot;, a zero-elevation surface had to be selected as a reference level; this is called the ''[[areoid]]''&lt;ref name=NASAMola2007/&gt; of Mars, analogous to the terrestrial [[geoid]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ArdalanKarimi2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Ardalan|first1=A. A.|last2=Karimi|first2=R.|last3=Grafarend|first3=E. W.|title=A New Reference Equipotential Surface, and Reference Ellipsoid for the Planet Mars|journal=Earth, Moon, and Planets|volume=106|issue=1|year=2009|pages=1–13|issn=0167-9295|doi=10.1007/s11038-009-9342-7|s2cid=119952798}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zero altitude was defined by the height at which there is {{convert|610.5|Pa|mbar|abbr=on|lk=on}} of atmospheric pressure.&lt;ref name=pers66/&gt; This pressure corresponds to the [[triple point]] of water, and it is about 0.6% of the sea level surface pressure on Earth (0.006 atm).&lt;ref name=lunine99/&gt;

==== Map of quadrangles ====

For mapping purposes, the [[United States Geological Survey]] divides the surface of Mars into thirty cartographic [[Quadrangle (geography)|quadrangles]], each named for a classical albedo feature it contains. The quadrangles can be seen and explored via the interactive image map below.

==== Impact topography ====
[[File:PIA23304-Mars-ImpactCrater-Sep2016-Feb2019.jpg|thumb|Newly formed impact crater (est 2016 – 2019). False blue color highlights exposed bedrock]]
[[File:PIA15038 Spirit Lander and Bonneville Crater in Color.jpg|thumb|Bonneville crater and ''Spirit'' rover's lander]]

The [[Martian dichotomy|dichotomy]] of Martian topography is striking: northern plains flattened by lava flows contrast with the southern highlands, pitted and cratered by ancient impacts. Research in 2008 has presented evidence regarding a theory proposed in 1980 postulating that, four billion years ago, the Northern Hemisphere of Mars was struck by an object one-tenth to two-thirds the size of Earth's [[Moon]]. If validated, this would make the Northern Hemisphere of Mars the site of an [[impact crater]] {{convert|10600|by|8500|km}} in size, or roughly the area of Europe, Asia, and Australia combined, surpassing the [[South Pole–Aitken basin]] as the largest impact crater in the Solar System.&lt;ref name=northcratersn/&gt;&lt;ref name=northcraterguard/&gt;

[[File:PIA18381-Mars-FreshAsteroidImpact2012-Before27March-After28March.jpg|thumb|left|Fresh [[asteroid]] impact on Mars at {{coord|3.34|N|219.38|E|globe:Mars}}. These before and after images of the same site were taken on the Martian afternoons of 27 and 28 March 2012 respectively ([[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter|MRO]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20140522&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Webster|first1=Guy|last2=Brown|first2=Dwayne|title=NASA Mars Weathercam Helps Find Big New Crater|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-162|date=May 22, 2014|publisher=NASA|access-date=May 22, 2014}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Mars is scarred by a number of impact craters: a total of 43,000 craters with a diameter of {{convert|5|km}} or greater have been found.&lt;ref name=wright03/&gt; The largest confirmed of these is the [[Hellas Planitia|Hellas impact basin]], a light [[albedo feature]] clearly visible from Earth.&lt;ref name=ucar_geography/&gt; Due to the smaller mass and size of Mars, the probability of an object colliding with the planet is about half that of Earth. Mars is located closer to the [[asteroid belt]], so it has an increased chance of being struck by materials from that source. Mars is more likely to be struck by short-period [[comet]]s, ''i.e.'', those that lie within the orbit of [[Jupiter]].&lt;ref name=emp9/&gt; In spite of this, there are far fewer craters on Mars compared with the Moon, because the atmosphere of Mars provides protection against small meteors and surface modifying processes have erased some craters.

Martian craters can have a morphology that suggests the ground became wet after the meteor impacted.&lt;ref name=emp45/&gt;

==== Volcanoes ====
[[File:Olympus Mons alt.jpg|thumb|[[Viking 1]] image of [[Olympus Mons]]. The volcano and related terrain are approximately {{convert|550|km|abbr=on}} across.]]


The [[shield volcano]] [[Olympus Mons]] (''Mount Olympus'') is an extinct volcano in the vast upland region [[Tharsis]], which contains several other large volcanoes. Olympus Mons is roughly three times the height of [[Mount Everest]], which in comparison stands at just over {{convert|8.8|km}}.&lt;ref name=scsdes49/&gt; It is either the tallest or second-tallest mountain in the Solar System, depending on how it is measured, with various sources giving figures ranging from about {{convert|21|to|27|km}} high.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mountainprofessor.com/olympus-mons.html|title=Olympus Mons |work=mountainprofessor.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=glenday09/&gt;

==== Tectonic sites ====
[[File:016vallesmarineris reduced0.25.jpg|thumb|left|[[Valles Marineris]] (''[[2001 Mars Odyssey]]'')]]

The large canyon, [[Valles Marineris]] (Latin for &quot;[[Mariner program|Mariner]] Valleys&quot;, also known as Agathadaemon in the old canal maps), has a length of {{convert|4000|km}} and a depth of up to {{convert|7|km}}. The length of Valles Marineris is equivalent to the length of Europe and extends across one-fifth the circumference of Mars. By comparison, the [[Grand Canyon]] on Earth is only {{convert|446|km}} long and nearly {{convert|2|km}} deep. Valles Marineris was formed due to the swelling of the Tharsis area, which caused the crust in the area of Valles Marineris to collapse. In 2012, it was proposed that Valles Marineris is not just a [[graben]], but a plate boundary where {{convert|150|km}} of [[Transform fault|transverse motion]] has occurred, making Mars a planet with possibly a two-[[tectonic plate]] arrangement.&lt;ref name=&quot;tectonic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/ucla-scientist-discovers-plate-237303.aspx|title=UCLA scientist discovers plate tectonics on Mars |publisher=UCLA|date=9 August 2012|access-date=13 August 2012|author=Wolpert, Stuart|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812215548/http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/ucla-scientist-discovers-plate-237303.aspx|archive-date=12 August 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lin, An&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lin|first=An|title=Structural analysis of the Valles Marineris fault zone: Possible evidence for large-scale strike-slip faulting on Mars|journal=Lithosphere|volume=4|issue=4|pages=286–330|date=4 June 2012|doi=10.1130/L192.1|bibcode=2012Lsphe...4..286Y|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Holes ====
Images from the [[Thermal Emission Imaging System]] (THEMIS) aboard NASA's [[2001 Mars Odyssey|Mars Odyssey orbiter]] have revealed seven possible [[cave]] entrances on the flanks of the volcano [[Arsia Mons]].&lt;ref name=cushing_titus_wynn07/&gt; The caves, named after loved ones of their discoverers, are collectively known as the &quot;seven sisters.&quot;&lt;ref name=nau070328/&gt; Cave entrances measure from {{convert|100|to|252|m}} wide and they are estimated to be at least {{convert|73|to|96|m}} deep. Because light does not reach the floor of most of the caves, it is possible that they extend much deeper than these lower estimates and widen below the surface. &quot;Dena&quot; is the only exception; its floor is visible and was measured to be {{convert|130|m}} deep. The interiors of these caverns may be protected from micrometeoroids, UV radiation, [[solar flare]]s and high energy particles that bombard the planet's surface.&lt;ref name=bbc070317/&gt;

=== Atmosphere ===
{{Main|Atmosphere of Mars}}

[[File:Mars atmosphere 2.jpg|thumb|upright|The tenuous [[atmosphere of Mars]] visible on the horizon]]

Mars lost its [[magnetosphere]] 4&amp;nbsp;billion years ago,&lt;ref name=&quot;swind&quot;/&gt; possibly because of numerous asteroid strikes,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.wired.com/2011/01/mars-dynamo-death/|title=Multiple Asteroid Strikes May Have Killed Mars's Magnetic Field|date=20 January 2011|journal=Wired|last1=Grossman|first1=Lisa}}&lt;/ref&gt; so the [[solar wind]] interacts directly with the Martian [[ionosphere]], lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer layer. Both ''[[Mars Global Surveyor]]'' and ''[[Mars Express]]'' have detected ionised atmospheric particles trailing off into space behind Mars,&lt;ref name=&quot;swind&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;swind2&quot;/&gt; and this atmospheric loss is being studied by the [[MAVEN]] orbiter. Compared to Earth, the [[celestial body atmosphere|atmosphere]] of Mars is quite rarefied. [[Atmospheric pressure]] on the surface today ranges from a low of {{convert|30|Pa|psi|abbr=on|lk=on}} on [[Olympus Mons]] to over {{convert|1155|Pa|psi|abbr=on}} in [[Hellas Planitia]], with a mean pressure at the surface level of {{convert|600|Pa|psi|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=bolonkin09/&gt; The highest atmospheric density on Mars is equal to that found {{convert|35|km}}&lt;ref name=atkinson07/&gt; above Earth's surface. The resulting mean surface pressure is only 0.6% of that of Earth  {{convert|101.3|kPa|psi|abbr=on}}. The [[scale height]] of the atmosphere is about {{convert|10.8|km}},&lt;ref name=carr06/&gt; which is higher than Earth's, {{convert|6|km}}, because the surface [[gravity of Mars]] is only about 38% of Earth's, an effect offset by both the lower temperature and 50% higher average molecular weight of the atmosphere of Mars.

The atmosphere of Mars consists of about 96% [[carbon dioxide]], 1.93% [[argon]] and 1.89% [[nitrogen]] along with traces of [[oxygen]] and water.&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Abundance&gt;{{cite journal |title=Abundance and Isotopic Composition of Gases in the Martian Atmosphere from the Curiosity Rover|volume=341|issue=6143|pages=263–266|journal=Science|date=19 July 2013|doi=10.1126/science.1237966 |pmid=23869014|last1=Mahaffy|first1=P. R.|last2=Webster|first2=C. R.|last3=Atreya|first3=S. K.|last4=Franz|first4=H.|last5=Wong|first5=M.|last6=Conrad|first6=P. G.|last7=Harpold|first7=D.|last8=Jones|first8=J. J.|last9=Leshin|first9=L. A.|last10=Manning|first10=H.|last11=Owen|first11=T.|last12=Pepin|first12=R. O.|last13=Squyres|first13=S.|last14=Trainer|first14=M.|last15=Kemppinen|first15=O.|last16=Bridges |first16=N.|last17=Johnson|first17=J. R.|last18=Minitti|first18=M.|last19=Cremers|first19=D.|last20=Bell|first20=J. F.|last21=Edgar|first21=L.|last22=Farmer|first22=J.|last23=Godber|first23=A.|last24=Wadhwa |first24=M.|last25=Wellington|first25=D.|last26=McEwan|first26=I.|last27=Newman|first27=C.|last28=Richardson|first28=M.|last29=Charpentier|first29=A.|last30=Peret|first30=L.|display-authors=29 |bibcode=2013Sci...341..263M|s2cid=206548973|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/865e88c850bf31d7f48856ab51a9670f9ff924e8}}&lt;/ref&gt; The atmosphere is quite dusty, containing particulates about 1.5 [[µm]] in diameter which give the Martian sky a [[tawny (color)|tawny]] color when seen from the surface.&lt;ref name=&quot;dusty&quot;/&gt; It may take on a [[pink (color)|pink]] hue due to [[iron oxide]] particles suspended in it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rees2012&quot;/&gt;

==== Methane ====
{{main|Methane on Mars}}

[[File:PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png|thumb|left|Potential sources and sinks of [[Atmosphere of Mars#Methane|methane]] ({{chem2|CH4}}) on Mars]]

[[Methane]] has been detected in the [[Atmosphere of Mars#Methane|Martian atmosphere]];&lt;ref name=&quot;methane-me&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;methane&quot;/&gt; it occurs in extended plumes, and the profiles imply that the methane is released from discrete regions. The concentration of methane fluctuates from about 0.24 [[Parts per billion|ppb]] during the northern winter to about 0.65 [[Parts per billion|ppb]] during the summer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sample2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jun/07/nasa-mars-rover-finds-organic-matter-in-ancient-lake-bed|title=Nasa Mars rover finds organic matter in ancient lake bed |work=The Guardian|first=Ian|last=Sample|date=7 June 2018|access-date=12 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Estimates of its lifetime range from 0.6 to 4 years,&lt;ref name=plumes/&gt;&lt;ref name=nature460/&gt; so its presence indicates that an active source of the gas must be present. Methane could be produced by non-biological process such as [[serpentinite|serpentinization]] involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral [[olivine]], which is known to be common on Mars.&lt;ref name=&quot;olivine&quot;/&gt; [[Methanogen]]ic [[microorganism|microbial]] life forms in the subsurface are among possible sources. But even if rover missions determine that microscopic Martian life is the source of the methane, the life forms likely reside far below the surface, outside of the rover's reach.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Steigerwald|title=Martian Methane Reveals the Red Planet is not a Dead Planet|date=15 January 2009|publisher=NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/marsmethane.html|access-date=24 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117141425/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/marsmethane.html|archive-date=17 January 2009|url-status=live|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=17 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117141425/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/marsmethane.html}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:PIA18613-MarsMAVEN-Atmosphere-3UV-Views-20141014.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Atmosphere of Mars|Escaping atmosphere]] on Mars ([[carbon]], [[oxygen]], and [[hydrogen]]) by [[MAVEN]] in [[Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy|UV]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20141014-NJ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Nancy|last2=Steigerwald|first2=Bill|last3=Brown|first3=Dwayne|last4=Webster|first4=Guy|title=NASA Mission Provides Its First Look at Martian Upper Atmosphere|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-351|date=October 14, 2014|publisher=NASA|access-date=October 15, 2014}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

==== Aurora ====
In 1994, the European Space Agency's Mars Express found an ultraviolet glow coming from &quot;magnetic umbrellas&quot; in the Southern Hemisphere. Mars does not have a global magnetic field which guides charged particles entering the atmosphere. Mars has multiple umbrella-shaped magnetic fields mainly in the Southern Hemisphere, which are remnants of a global field that decayed billions of years ago.

In late December 2014, NASA's MAVEN spacecraft detected evidence of widespread auroras in Mars's Northern Hemisphere and descended to approximately 20–30° North latitude of Mars's equator. The particles causing the aurora penetrated into the Martian atmosphere, creating auroras below 100&amp;nbsp;km above the surface, Earth's auroras range from 100&amp;nbsp;km to 500&amp;nbsp;km above the surface. Magnetic fields in the solar wind drape over Mars, into the atmosphere, and the charged particles follow the solar wind magnetic field lines into the atmosphere, causing auroras to occur outside the magnetic umbrellas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Auroras on Mars – NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2015/11may_aurorasonmars/|website=science.nasa.gov|access-date=12 May 2015}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 18 March 2015, NASA reported the detection of an [[aurora]] that is not fully understood and an unexplained dust cloud in the [[atmosphere of Mars]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20150318&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Brown |first1=Dwayne|last2=Neal-Jones|first2=Nancy|last3=Steigerwald|first3=Bill|last4=Scott|first4=Jim|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-spacecraft-detects-aurora-and-mysterious-dust-cloud-around-mars |title=NASA Spacecraft Detects Aurora and Mysterious Dust Cloud around Mars|publisher=NASA|id=Release 15-045|date=18 March 2015|access-date=18 March 2015}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2017, NASA reported [[radiation]] levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily [[Orders of magnitude (radiation)|doubled]], and were associated with an [[aurora]] 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, [[Coronal mass ejection|solar storm]] in the middle of the month.&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa20170929&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/large-solar-storm-sparks-global-aurora-and-doubles-radiation-levels-on-the-martian-surface|title=Large Solar Storm Sparks Global Aurora and Doubles Radiation Levels on the Martian Surface|publisher=NASA|first1=Guy|last1=Webster|first2=Nancy|last2=Neal-Jones|first3=Jim|last3=Scott|first4=Deb|last4=Schmid|first5=Laurie|last5=Cantillo|first6=Dwayne|last6=Brown|date=29 September 2017|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=1 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001181055/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/large-solar-storm-sparks-global-aurora-and-doubles-radiation-levels-on-the-martian-surface/}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Mars}}

Of all the planets in the Solar System, the seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, due to the similar tilts of the two planets' rotational axes. The lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of Earth's because Mars's greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being about two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about {{convert|-143|C|F}} at the winter polar caps&lt;ref name=cold&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/q2681.html|title=What is the typical temperature on Mars?|work=Astronomycafe.net|access-date=14 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; to highs of up to {{convert|35|C|F}} in equatorial summer.&lt;ref name=hot&gt;{{cite web|url=http://marsrover.nasa.gov/spotlight/20070612.html|title=Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Spotlight|work=Marsrover.nasa.gov|date=12 June 2007|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102112312/http://marsrover.nasa.gov/spotlight/20070612.html|archive-date=2 November 2013|url-status=dead|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=2 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102112312/http://marsrover.nasa.gov/spotlight/20070612.html}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low [[Volumetric heat capacity|thermal inertia]] of Martian soil.&lt;ref name=nasa_surface/&gt; The planet is 1.52 times as far from the Sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight.&lt;ref name=disc920901/&gt;

If Mars had an Earth-like orbit, its seasons would be similar to Earth's because its [[axial tilt]] is similar to Earth's. The comparatively large [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of the Martian orbit has a significant effect. Mars is near [[Apsis|perihelion]] when it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere and winter in the north, and near [[Apsis|aphelion]] when it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere and summer in the north. As a result, the seasons in the Southern Hemisphere are more extreme and the seasons in the northern are milder than would otherwise be the case. The summer temperatures in the south can be warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north by up to {{convert|30|C-change}}.&lt;ref name=goodman97/&gt;

Mars has the largest [[dust storm]]s in the Solar System, reaching speeds of over {{convert|100|mph|km/h|order=flip|abbr=on}}. These can vary from a storm over a small area, to gigantic storms that cover the entire planet. They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global temperature.&lt;ref name=philips01/&gt;

[[File:PIA22487-Mars-BeforeAfterDust-20180719.gif|thumb|center|upright=2|&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Mars (before/after) global dust storm (July 2018)&lt;/div&gt;]]

{{multiple image |align=center |direction=horizontal |total_width=800 |caption_align=center
 |header=[[Dust storm]]s on Mars
 |image1=PIA16450-MarsDustStorm-20121118.jpg |caption1=18 November 2012
 |image2=PIA16454 Regional Dust Storm Weakening, Nov. 25, 2012.jpg|caption2=25 November 2012
 |image3=PIA22329-Mars-DustStorm-20180606.jpg |caption3=[[Opportunity mission timeline#Dust storm|6 June 2018]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SPC-20180612&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.space.com/40867-nasa-curiosity-rover-mars-dust-storm.html  |title=NASA's Curiosity Rover Is Tracking a Huge Dust Storm on Mars (Photo) |work=[[Space.com]] |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=12 June 2018 |access-date=13 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |footer=Locations of the ''[[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity]]'' and ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' rovers are noted|footer-align=center
}}

== Orbit and rotation ==
{{Main|Orbit of Mars}}

[[File:Marsorbitsolarsystem.gif|thumb|Mars is about {{convert|143|e6mi|e6km|abbr=unit|order=flip}} from the Sun; its orbital period is 687 (Earth) days, depicted in red. Earth's orbit is in blue.]]

Mars's average distance from the Sun is roughly {{convert|143|e6mi|e6km|abbr=unit|order=flip}}, and its orbital period is 687 (Earth) days. The solar day (or [[Sol (day on Mars)|sol]]) on Mars is only slightly longer than an Earth day: 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnPE37Ms5awC&amp;pg=PA600|title=Mars: Prospective Energy and Material Resources |edition=illustrated|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|first1=Viorel|last1=Badescu|page=600|date=2009|isbn=978-3-642-03629-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Martian year is equal to 1.8809 Earth years, or 1 year, 320 days, and 18.2 hours.&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdc&quot;/&gt;

The axial tilt of Mars is 25.19° relative to its [[orbital plane]], which is similar to the axial tilt of Earth.&lt;ref name=&quot;nssdc&quot;/&gt; As a result, Mars has seasons like Earth, though on Mars they are nearly twice as long because its orbital period is that much longer. In the present day epoch, the orientation of the [[north pole]] of Mars is close to the star [[Deneb]].&lt;ref name=barlow08/&gt;

Mars has a relatively pronounced [[orbital eccentricity]] of about 0.09; of the seven other planets in the Solar System, only [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] has a larger orbital eccentricity. It is known that in the past, Mars has had a much more circular orbit. At one point, 1.35&amp;nbsp;million Earth years ago, Mars had an eccentricity of roughly 0.002, much less than that of Earth today.&lt;ref name=mars_eccentricity/&gt; Mars's [[Milankovitch cycles|cycle of eccentricity]] is 96,000 Earth years compared to Earth's cycle of 100,000 years.&lt;ref name=Meeus2003/&gt; Mars has a much longer cycle of eccentricity, with a period of 2.2&amp;nbsp;million Earth years, and this overshadows the 96,000-year cycle in the eccentricity graphs.{{Clarify|reason=last two sentences ''seem'' to contradict each other: one says Mars' cycle of eccentricity is about 96,000 years long, the second says the cycle is about 2.2 million years long; whereas it might be the case that two different cycles may be operating at the same time, the text is not clear on this point|date=August 2020}} For the last 35,000 years, the orbit of Mars has been getting slightly more eccentric because of the gravitational effects of the other planets. The closest distance between Earth and Mars will continue to mildly decrease for the next 25,000 years.&lt;ref name=Baalke2003/&gt;

== Habitability and search for life ==
{{Main|1=Life on Mars}}

[[File:Mars Viking 11d128.png|thumb|upright=1.4|left|''[[Viking 1]]'' lander's sampling arm scooped up soil samples for tests ([[Chryse Planitia]])]]

The current understanding of [[planetary habitability]]{{Snd}}the ability of a world to develop environmental conditions favorable to the emergence of life{{Snd}}favors planets that have liquid water on their surface. Most often this requires the orbit of a planet to lie within the [[Planetary Habitability Index|habitable zone]], which for the Sun extends from just beyond Venus to about the [[semi-major axis]] of Mars.&lt;ref name=Nowack/&gt; During perihelion, Mars dips inside this region, but Mars's thin (low-pressure) atmosphere prevents liquid water from existing over large regions for extended periods. The past flow of liquid water demonstrates the planet's potential for habitability. Recent evidence has suggested that any water on the Martian surface may have been too salty and acidic to support regular terrestrial life.&lt;ref name=saltlife/&gt;

[[File:PIA19673-Mars-AlgaCrater-ImpactGlassDetected-MRO-20150608.jpg|thumb|Detection of [[Impactite|impact glass]] deposits (green spots) at [[List of craters on Mars: A–G|Alga crater]], a possible site for preserved [[Life on Mars|ancient life]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20150608&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19673|title=PIA19673: Spectral Signals Indicating Impact Glass on Mars|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=June 8, 2015|access-date=June 8, 2015}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

The lack of a magnetosphere and the extremely thin atmosphere of Mars are a challenge: the planet has little [[heat transfer]] across its surface, poor insulation against bombardment of the [[solar wind]] and insufficient atmospheric pressure to retain water in a liquid form (water instead [[Sublimation (phase transition)|sublimes]] to a gaseous state). Mars is nearly, or perhaps totally, geologically dead; the end of volcanic activity has apparently stopped the recycling of chemicals and minerals between the surface and interior of the planet.&lt;ref name=hannsson97/&gt;

''In situ'' investigations have been performed on Mars by the [[Viking program#Viking landers|''Viking'' landers]], [[Spirit (rover)|''Spirit'']] and ''Opportunity'' rovers, [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|''Phoenix'']] lander, and ''Curiosity'' rover. Evidence suggests that the planet was once significantly more habitable than it is today, but whether living [[organism]]s ever existed there remains unknown. The [[Viking probes]] of the mid-1970s carried experiments designed to detect microorganisms in Martian soil at their respective landing sites and had positive results, including a temporary increase of {{chem2|CO2}} production on exposure to water and nutrients. This sign of life was later disputed by scientists, resulting in a continuing debate, with NASA scientist [[Gilbert Levin]] asserting that Viking may have found life. A re-analysis of the Viking data, in light of modern knowledge of [[extremophile]] forms of life, has suggested that the Viking tests were not sophisticated enough to detect these forms of life. The tests could even have killed a (hypothetical) life form.&lt;ref name=WSU2006/&gt; Tests conducted by the Phoenix Mars lander have shown that the soil has an [[alkaline]] [[pH]] and it contains magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride.&lt;ref name=nutrient/&gt; The soil nutrients may be able to support life, but life would still have to be shielded from the intense ultraviolet light.&lt;ref name=&quot;UV&quot;/&gt; A recent analysis of martian meteorite EETA79001 found 0.6 ppm {{chem2|ClO4-}}, 1.4 ppm {{chem2|ClO3-}}, and 16 ppm {{chem2|NO3-}}, most likely of Martian origin. The {{chem2|ClO3-}} suggests the presence of other highly oxidizing oxychlorines, such as {{chem2|ClO2-}} or {{chem2|ClO}}, produced both by UV oxidation of Cl and X-ray radiolysis of {{chem2|ClO4-}}. Thus, only highly refractory and/or well-protected (sub-surface) organics or life forms are likely to survive.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Kounaves|first1=S. P.|display-authors=etal|year=2014|title=Evidence of martian perchlorate, chlorate, and nitrate in Mars meteorite EETA79001: implications for oxidants and organics|journal=Icarus|volume=229|pages=206–213|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.012|bibcode=2014Icar..229..206K}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Mars-Curiosity-RockStructures-20180102.jpg|thumb|left|This image from Gale crater in 2018 prompted speculation that some shapes were worm-like fossils, but they were geological formations probably formed under water.&lt;ref name=nasa2018-02&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2018-026|title=Tiny Crystal Shapes Get Close Look From Mars Rover|publisher=NASA/JPL|date=8 February 2018}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

A 2014 analysis of the Phoenix WCL showed that the {{chem2|Ca(ClO4)2}} in the Phoenix soil has not interacted with liquid water of any form, perhaps for as long as 600&amp;nbsp;million years. If it had, the highly soluble {{chem2|Ca(ClO4)2}} in contact with liquid water would have formed only {{chem2|CaSO4}}. This suggests a severely arid environment, with minimal or no liquid water interaction.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kounaves|first1=S. P.|display-authors=etal|year=2014|title=Identification of the perchlorate parent salts at the Phoenix Mars landing site and implications|journal=Icarus|volume=232|pages=226–231 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2014.01.016|bibcode=2014Icar..232..226K}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have proposed that carbonate globules found in [[meteorite]] [[Allan Hills 84001|ALH84001]], which is thought to have originated from Mars, could be fossilized microbes extant on Mars when the meteorite was blasted from the Martian surface by a meteor strike some 15&amp;nbsp;million years ago. This proposal has been met with skepticism, and an exclusively inorganic origin for the shapes has been proposed.&lt;ref name=am89/&gt;

Small quantities of [[methane]] and [[formaldehyde]] detected by Mars orbiters are both claimed to be possible evidence for life, as these [[chemical compound]]s would quickly break down in the Martian atmosphere.&lt;ref name=icarus172/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;form&quot;/&gt; Alternatively, these compounds may instead be replenished by volcanic or other geological means, such as [[serpentinite]].&lt;ref name=&quot;olivine&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg|thumb|upright|Location of subsurface water in [[Planum Australe]]]]

[[Impactite|Impact glass]], formed by the impact of meteors, which on Earth can preserve signs of life, has been found on the surface of the impact craters on Mars.&lt;ref name=&quot;brown20140418&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2014/04/impactglass|title=Impact glass stores biodata for millions of years|publisher=Brown University|first=Mark|last=Nickel|date=18 April 2014|access-date=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schultz2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=Preserved flora and organics in impact melt breccias|journal=[[Geology (journal)|Geology]]|first1=P. H.|last1=Schultz|first2=R. Scott|last2=Harris|first3=S. J. |last3=Clemett|first4=K. L.|last4=Thomas-Keprta|first5=M.|last5=Zárate|volume=42|issue=6|pages=515–518|date=June 2014|doi=10.1130/G35343.1|bibcode=2014Geo....42..515S|hdl=2060/20140013110 |s2cid=39019154|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/15092cc7a6d687d768bad9d9e3325393d3b3e7ab|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, the glass in impact craters on Mars could have preserved signs of life if life existed at the site.&lt;ref name=&quot;nasapr20150608&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-spacecraft-detects-impact-glass-on-surface-of-mars|title=NASA Spacecraft Detects Impact Glass on Surface of Mars |publisher=NASA|first1=Dwayne|last1=Brown|first2=Guy|last2=Webster|first3=Kevin|last3=Stacey|date=8 June 2015|access-date=9 June 2015}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brown20150608&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2015/06/marsglass|title=Martian glass: Window into possible past life?|publisher=Brown University|first=Kevin|last=Stacey|date=8 June 2015|access-date=9 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sciam20150612&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/exotic-glass-could-help-unravel-mysteries-of-mars/|title=Exotic Glass Could Help Unravel Mysteries of Mars|work=Scientific American|first=Maria|last=Temming|date=12 June 2015|access-date=15 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2017, evidence of the [[Earliest known life forms|earliest known life]] [[Evolutionary history of life#Colonization of land|on land]] on Earth may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old [[geyserite]] and other related mineral deposits (often found around [[hot spring]]s and [[geyser]]s) uncovered in the [[Pilbara Craton]] of [[Western Australia]]. These findings may be helpful in deciding where best to search for early signs of [[Life on Mars|life on the planet Mars]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PO-20170509&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Deborah|title=Press release: Oldest evidence of life on land found in 3.48 billion-year-old Australian rocks|url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/science-tech/oldest-evidence-life-land-found-348-billion-year-old-australian-rocks|publisher=University of New South Wales Sydney|date=10 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NC-20170509&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Djokic|first1=Tara|last2=Van Kranendonk|first2=Martin J.|last3=Campbell|first3=Kathleen A.|last4=Walter|first4=Malcolm R.|last5=Ward|first5=Colin R. |title=Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=8|page=15263|date=9 May 2017|doi=10.1038/ncomms15263|pmid=28486437|pmc=5436104 |bibcode=2017NatCo...815263D}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In early 2018, media reports speculated that certain rock features at a site called Jura looked like a type of fossil, but project scientists say the formations likely resulted from a geological process at the bottom of an ancient drying lakebed, and are related to mineral veins in the area similar to [[gypsum]] crystals.&lt;ref name=nasa2018-02/&gt;

On 7 June 2018, NASA announced that the ''Curiosity'' rover had discovered [[organic compound]]s in sedimentary rocks dating to three billion years old,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-finds-ancient-organic-material-mysterious-methane-on-mars|title=NASA Finds Ancient Organic Material, Mysterious Methane on Mars|publisher=NASA|first1=Dwayne|last1=Brown|first2=JoAnna|last2=Wendel |first3=Bill|last3=Steigerwald|first4=Nancy|last4=Jones|first5=Andrew|last5=Good|display-authors=1|date=7 June 2018|access-date=12 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; indicating that some of the building blocks for life were present.&lt;ref name=&quot;SPC-20180607&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.space.com/40819-mars-methane-organics-curiosity-rover.html|title=Curiosity Rover Finds Ancient 'Building Blocks for Life' on Mars|work=[[Space.com]] |last=Wall|first=Mike|date=7 June 2018|access-date=7 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20180607&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/07/science/mars-nasa-life.html|title=Life on Mars? Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table'|work=[[The New York Times]]|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=7 June 2018|access-date=8 June 2018|quote=The identification of organic molecules in rocks on the red planet does not necessarily point to life there, past or present, but does indicate that some of the building blocks were present.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In July 2018, scientists reported the discovery of a subglacial lake on Mars, the first known stable body of water on the planet. It sits {{convert|1.5|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} below the surface at the base of the [[Planum Australe|southern polar ice cap]] and is about {{convert|20|km}} wide.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCI-20180725&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=361|issue=6401|pages=490–493|first=R.|last=Orosei|display-authors=etal|date=25 July 2018|doi=10.1126/science.aar7268|pmid=30045881|arxiv=2004.04587|bibcode=2018Sci...361..490O |url=https://iris.uniroma1.it/retrieve/handle/11573/1148029/775761/Orosei_postprint_Radar_2018.pdf|hdl=11573/1148029|s2cid=206666385}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20180725&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/25/science/mars-liquid-alien-life.html|title=A Watery Lake Is Detected on Mars, Raising the Potential for Alien Life|work=[[The New York Times]]|first1=Kenneth|last1=Chang |first2=Dennis|last2=Overbye|author-link2=Dennis Overbye|date=25 July 2018|access-date=25 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lake was discovered using the [[MARSIS]] radar on board the ''[[Mars Express]]'' orbiter, and the profiles were collected between May 2012 and December 2015.&lt;ref name='Suppl material'&gt;{{cite journal|title=Supplementary Materials for: Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=361|issue=6401|pages=490–493|first=R.|last=Orosei|display-authors=etal|date=25 July 2018|doi=10.1126/science.aar7268|pmid=30045881|bibcode=2018Sci...361..490O |url=https://iris.uniroma1.it/retrieve/handle/11573/1148029/775761/Orosei_postprint_Radar_2018.pdf|hdl=11573/1148029|s2cid=206666385}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lake is centered at 193° East, 81° South, a flat area that does not exhibit any peculiar topographic characteristics. It is mostly surrounded by higher ground except on its eastern side, where there is a depression.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCI-20180725&quot;/&gt;

== Moons ==
{{Main|Moons of Mars|Phobos (moon)|Deimos (moon)}}

{{Multiple image |align=right |direction=horizontal |total_width=350
 |image1=Phobos colour 2008.jpg |caption1=Enhanced-color HiRISE image of [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]], showing a series of mostly parallel grooves and [[crater chain]]s, with [[Stickney (crater)|Stickney crater]] at right
 |image2=Deimos-MRO.jpg |caption2=Enhanced-color HiRISE image of [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]] (not to scale), showing its smooth blanket of [[regolith]]
}}

Mars has two relatively small (compared to Earth's) natural moons, [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] (about {{convert|22|km}} in diameter) and [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]] (about {{convert|12|km}} in diameter), which orbit close to the planet. Asteroid capture is a long-favored theory, but their origin remains uncertain.&lt;ref name=esa31031/&gt; Both satellites were discovered in 1877 by [[Asaph Hall]]; they are named after the characters [[Phobos (mythology)|Phobos]] (panic/fear) and [[Deimos (mythology)|Deimos]] (terror/dread), who, in [[Greek mythology]], accompanied their father [[Ares]], god of war, into battle. Mars was the Roman counterpart of Ares.&lt;ref name=theoi/&gt;&lt;ref name=qjras19/&gt; In modern [[Greek language|Greek]], the planet retains its ancient name ''Ares'' (Aris: ''Άρης'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Greek Names of the Planets&quot;/&gt;

From the surface of Mars, the motions of Phobos and Deimos appear different from that of the [[Moon]]. Phobos rises in the west, sets in the east, and rises again in just 11 hours. Deimos, being only just outside [[synchronous orbit]]{{Snd}}where the orbital period would match the planet's period of rotation{{Snd}}rises as expected in the east but slowly. Despite the 30-hour orbit of Deimos, 2.7 days elapse between its rise and set for an equatorial observer, as it slowly falls behind the rotation of Mars.&lt;ref name=&quot;phobos.html&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Orbits of Phobos and Deimos.gif|frame|left|Orbits of Phobos and Deimos (to scale)]]

Because the orbit of Phobos is below synchronous altitude, the [[tidal force]]s from the planet Mars are gradually lowering its orbit. In about 50&amp;nbsp;million years, it could either crash into Mars's surface or break up into a ring structure around the planet.&lt;ref name=&quot;phobos.html&quot;/&gt;

The origin of the two moons is not well understood. Their low albedo and [[carbonaceous chondrite]] composition have been regarded as similar to asteroids, supporting the capture theory. The unstable orbit of Phobos would seem to point towards a relatively recent capture. But both have [[circular orbit]]s, near the equator, which is unusual for captured objects and the required capture dynamics are complex. Accretion early in the history of Mars is plausible, but would not account for a composition resembling asteroids rather than Mars itself, if that is confirmed.

A third possibility is the involvement of a third body or a type of impact disruption.&lt;ref name=ellis07/&gt; More-recent lines of evidence for Phobos having a highly porous interior,&lt;ref name=&quot;Andert&quot;/&gt; and suggesting a composition containing mainly [[phyllosilicates]] and other minerals known from Mars,&lt;ref name=&quot;Giuranna&quot;/&gt; point toward an origin of Phobos from material ejected by an impact on Mars that reaccreted in Martian orbit,&lt;ref name=&quot;Blast&quot;/&gt; similar to the [[Giant impact hypothesis|prevailing theory]] for the origin of Earth's moon. Although the [[VNIR]] spectra of the moons of Mars resemble those of outer-belt asteroids, the [[thermal infrared]] spectra of Phobos are reported to be inconsistent with [[chondrite]]s of any class.&lt;ref name=&quot;Giuranna&quot;/&gt;

Mars may have moons smaller than {{convert|50|to|100|m}} in diameter, and a dust ring is predicted to exist between Phobos and Deimos.&lt;ref name=adler/&gt;

== Exploration ==
{{Main|Exploration of Mars}}

[[File:HiRISE image of MSL during EDL (refined).png|thumb|The descent stage of the [[Mars Science Laboratory]] mission carrying the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]] deploys its parachutes to decelerate itself before landing, photographed by ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]''.]]

Dozens of crewless [[spacecraft]], including [[orbiter]]s, [[Mars lander|landers]], and [[Mars rover|rovers]], have been sent to Mars by the [[Soviet space program|Soviet Union]], the [[NASA|United States]], [[ESA|Europe]], and [[ISRO|India]] to study the planet's surface, climate, and geology.

{{As of|2021}}, Mars is host to eleven functioning [[spacecraft]]: eight in orbit{{Snd}}''[[2001 Mars Odyssey]]'', ''[[Mars Express]]'', ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'', ''[[MAVEN]]'', ''[[Mars Orbiter Mission]]'', ''[[ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter]]'', [[Emirates Mars Mission]] and ''[[Tianwen-1]]''{{Snd}}and three on the surface{{Snd}} the [[Mars Science Laboratory]] ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' rover, the ''[[InSight]]'' lander and the [[Perseverance (rover)|''Perseverance'']] rover. The public can request images of Mars via the ''Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter''{{'s}} [[HiWish program]].

The [[Mars Science Laboratory]], named ''Curiosity'', launched on 26 November 2011, and reached Mars on 6 August 2012 [[UTC]]. It is larger and more advanced than the [[Mars Exploration Rover]]s, with a movement rate up to {{convert|90|m}} per hour.&lt;ref name=&quot;home&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/overview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730122143/http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/overview/|archive-date=30 July 2009|title=Mars Science Laboratory – Homepage|publisher=NASA|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=30 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730122143/http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/overview/}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that can deduce the make-up of rocks at a distance of {{convert|7|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;laser&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/spectrometers/chemcam/|title=Chemistry and Cam (ChemCam)|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 10 February 2013, the [[Mars Science Laboratory|''Curiosity'' rover]] obtained the first deep rock samples ever taken from another planetary body, using its on-board drill.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21399857|title=Curiosity Mars rover takes historic drill sample|publisher=BBC|date=10 February 2013|access-date=10 February 2013|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same year, it discovered that Mars's soil contains between 1.5% and 3% water by mass (albeit attached to other compounds and thus not freely accessible).&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot;/&gt; Observations by the ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' had previously revealed the possibility of flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa20110804&quot;/&gt;

On 24 September 2014, [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] (MOM), launched by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO), reached Mars orbit. ISRO launched MOM on 5 November 2013, with the aim of analyzing the Martian atmosphere and topography. The Mars Orbiter Mission used a [[Hohmann transfer orbit]] to escape Earth's gravitational influence and catapult into a nine-month-long voyage to Mars. The mission is the first successful Asian interplanetary mission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/mars/home.aspx|title=ISRO: Mars Orbiter Mission|work=isro.gov.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109013110/http://isro.gov.in/mars/home.aspx|archive-date=9 November 2013|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=9 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109013110/http://isro.gov.in/mars/home.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[European Space Agency]], in collaboration with [[Roscosmos]], launched the [[ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter]] and [[Schiaparelli EDM lander|''Schiaparelli'' lander]] on 14 March 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbcnews20160314&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35799792|title=Mars TGO probe despatched on methane investigation|publisher=BBC News|first=Jonathan|last=Amos|date=14 March 2016|access-date=11 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the Trace Gas Orbiter successfully entered Mars orbit on 19 October 2016, ''Schiaparelli'' crashed during its landing attempt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/10/update-rip-schiaparelli-crash-site-spotted-european-mars-lander|title=Update: R.I.P. Schiaparelli: Crash site spotted for European Mars lander|work=[[Science (magazine)|Science]]|last=Clery|first=Daniel|date=21 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2018, NASA's ''InSight'' lander was launched, along with the twin [[Mars Cube One|MarCO]] [[CubeSat]]s that flew by Mars and acted as [[telemetry]] relays during the landing. The mission arrived at Mars in November 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8392/nasa-insight-lander-arrives-on-martian-surface/|title=NASA InSight Lander Arrives on Martian Surface|publisher=NASA|series=Mars Exploration Program|first1=Dwayne|last1=Brown|first2=JoAnna|last2=Wendel|first3=D. C.|last3=Agle|date=26 November 2018|access-date=27 November 2018}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfnow20160309&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/03/09/insight-mars-lander-escapes-cancellation-aims-for-2018-launch/|title=InSight Mars lander escapes cancellation, aims for 2018 launch|work=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen |last=Clark|date=9 March 2016|access-date=9 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; InSight detected potential seismic activity (a &quot;[[marsquake]]&quot;) in April 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20190423&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Dwayne|last2=Johnson |first2=Alana|last3=Good|first3=Andrew|title=NASA's InSight Detects First Likely 'Quake' on Mars|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7383|date=23 April 2019|work=[[NASA]]|access-date=23 April 2019}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SPC-20190423&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Bartels|first=Meghan|title=Marsquake! NASA's InSight Lander Feels Its 1st Red Planet Tremor|url=https://www.space.com/insight-mars-lander-first-marsquake.html|date=23 April 2019|work=[[Space.com]]|access-date=23 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:PIA23140-Mars-InsightLander-Panorama-12092018.jpg|thumb|center|upright=4|&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;InSight Lander – panorama (9 December 2018)&lt;/div&gt;]]

In 2019, [[MAVEN]] spacecraft mapped high-altitude global wind patterns at Mars for the first time.&lt;ref name=&quot;express.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1217580/nasa-news-space-news-mars-nasa-space-maven-mars-mission-nasa-goddard-video/amp|title=NASA news: 'Unexpected and surprising' Mars mission discovery shocks scientists {{!}} Science {{!}} News {{!}} Express.co.uk |website=express.co.uk|access-date=2019-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/nasa-maven-probe-how-wind-circulates-mars-upper-atmosphere|title=NASA's MAVEN probe shows how wind circulates in Mars' upper atmosphere|date=2019-12-12|website=Science News|access-date=2019-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was discovered that the winds which are miles above the surface retained information about the land forms below.&lt;ref name=&quot;express.co.uk&quot;/&gt;

=== Future ===
{{Main|Exploration of Mars#Timeline of Mars exploration}}

[[File:Orion docked to Mars Transfer Vehicle.jpg|thumb|Concept for a Bimodal Nuclear Thermal Transfer Vehicle in low Earth orbit]]

[[NASA]] launched the [[Mars 2020]] mission on 30 July 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/|title=Mars 2020 Rover |last=mars.nasa.gov|website=mars.nasa.gov|access-date=23 March 2019}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rover ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'' successfully landed on the surface of Mars on 18 February 2021. The mission will cache samples for future retrieval and return of them to Earth. The current concept for the [[Mars sample-return mission]] would launch in 2026 and feature hardware built by NASA and ESA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2019/nasa-esa-latest--plan.html|title=NASA, ESA Officials Outline Latest Mars Sample Return Plans|website=planetary.org|access-date=9 September 2019}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
The [[European Space Agency]] will launch the [[ExoMars rover]] and [[ExoMars 2020 surface platform|surface platform]] sometime between August and October 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;LaunchMoved2020&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/Second_ExoMars_mission_moves_to_next_launch_opportunity_in_2020|title=Second ExoMars mission moves to next launch opportunity in 2020|publisher=European Space Agency|date=2 May 2016|access-date=2 May 2016}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United Arab Emirates' ''[[Emirates Mars Mission|Mars Hope]]'' orbiter was launched on 19 July 2020, and successfully entered orbit around Mars on 9 February 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-55998848|title=Emirates Mars Mission: Hope spacecraft enters orbit |first=Jonathan|last=Amos|date=9 February 2021|access-date=12 February 2021|publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; The probe will conduct a global study of the Martian atmosphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150506/ml--emirates-mars_mission-a48c414829.html|title=UAE to explore Mars' atmosphere with probe named 'Hope'|work=Excite News|agency=Associated Press|first=Adam|last=Schreck|date=6 May 2015|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509000206/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150506/ml--emirates-mars_mission-a48c414829.html|archive-date=9 May 2015|url-status=dead|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=9 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509000206/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150506/ml--emirates-mars_mission-a48c414829.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; With this accomplishment, UAE became the second country, after India, to reach Mars on its first attempt.

Several plans for a [[human mission to Mars]] have been proposed throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, but no human mission has yet launched. [[SpaceX]] founder [[Elon Musk]] [[SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure|presented a plan]] in September 2016 to, optimistically, launch a crewed mission to Mars in 2024 at an estimated development cost of US$10&amp;nbsp;billion, but this mission is not expected to take place before 2027.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt20160927&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/28/science/elon-musk-spacex-mars-exploration.html|title=Elon Musk's Plan: Get Humans to Mars, and Beyond|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Kenneth|last=Chang|date=27 September 2016|access-date=11 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2016, President [[Barack Obama]] renewed United States policy to pursue the goal of sending humans to Mars in the 2030s, and to continue using the [[International Space Station]] as a technology incubator in that pursuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-20161011&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/11/opinions/america-will-take-giant-leap-to-mars-barack-obama/index.html|title=Barack Obama: America will take the giant leap to Mars|publisher=[[CNN]]|last=Obama|first=Barack|author-link=Barack Obama|date=11 October 2016|access-date=11 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20161011&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/12/science/president-obama-nasa-mars.html|title=Obama Gives New Details About Sending People to Mars|work=[[The New York Times]]|last=Victor|first=Daniel|date=11 October 2016|access-date=11 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NASA Authorization Act of 2017 directed NASA to get humans near or on the surface of Mars by the early 2030s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Galeon|first1=Dom|last2=Creighton|first2=Jolene|author-link2=Jolene Creighton|date=9 March 2017|title=US Government Issues NASA Demand, 'Get Humans to Mars By 2033'|work=Futurism|url=https://futurism.com/us-government-issues-nasa-demand-get-humans-to-mars-by-2033/|url-status=live|access-date=16 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Astronomy on Mars ==
{{Main|Astronomy on Mars}}
{{See also|Solar eclipses on Mars}}

With the presence of various orbiters, landers, and rovers, it is possible to practice [[astronomy]] from Mars. Although Mars's moon [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] appears about one-third the [[angular diameter]] of the [[full moon]] on Earth, [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]] appears more or less star-like, looking only slightly brighter than Venus does from Earth.&lt;ref name=pl_org_deimos/&gt;

Various phenomena seen from Earth have also been observed from Mars, such as [[meteor]]s and [[aurora]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;aurora&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Bertaux|first=Jean-Loup|display-authors=etal |doi=10.1038/nature03603|title=Discovery of an aurora on Mars|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-06-09_435_7043/page/790|pmid=15944698|journal=Nature|volume=435|issue=7043|pages=790–794|year=2005|bibcode=2005Natur.435..790B|s2cid=4430534}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[angular diameter|apparent sizes]] of the moons Phobos and Deimos are sufficiently smaller than that of the Sun; thus, their partial &quot;eclipses&quot; of the Sun are best considered [[transit (astronomy)|transits]] (see [[transit of Deimos from Mars|transit of Deimos]] and [[transit of Phobos from Mars|Phobos]] from Mars).&lt;ref name=nature436/&gt;&lt;ref name=sd040317/&gt; [[transit of Mercury from Mars|Transits of Mercury]] and [[transit of Venus|Venus]] have been observed from Mars. A [[transit of Earth from Mars|transit of Earth]] will be seen from Mars on 10 November 2084.&lt;ref name=jbaa93/&gt;

On 19 October 2014, [[C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)|comet Siding Spring]] passed extremely close to Mars, so close that the [[Coma (cometary)|coma]] may have enveloped Mars.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20141019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Webster|first1=Guy|last2=Brown|first2=Dwayne|last3=Jones|first3=Nancy|last4=Steigerwald|first4=Bill|title=All Three NASA Mars Orbiters Healthy After Comet Flyby|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4347|date=19 October 2014|publisher=NASA|access-date=20 October 2014}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20141019&quot;&gt;{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|title=A Comet's Brush With Mars |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/19/science/a-comets-brush-with-mars.html|date=19 October 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=20 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ESA-20141020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Denis|first=Michel|title=Spacecraft in great shape – our mission continues|url=http://blogs.esa.int/mex/category/comet-siding-spring/|date=20 October 2014|publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |access-date=21 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ISRO MOM safe after Mars comet flyby&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Staff|title=I'm safe and sound, tweets MOM after comet sighting|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/im-safe-and-sound-tweets-mom-after-comet-sighting/article6520803.ece|date=21 October 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SD-20131201&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|date=1 December 2013 |last1=Moorhead|first1=Althea|last2=Wiegert|first2=Paul A.|last3=Cooke|first3=William J.|title=The meteoroid fluence at Mars due to comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)|journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]]|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.028|bibcode=2014Icar..231...13M|volume=231|pages=13–21|hdl=2060/20140010989|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NS-20131206&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=6 December 2013|work=[[New Scientist]] |last=Grossman|first=Lisa|title=Fiercest meteor shower on record to hit Mars via comet|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24715-fiercest-meteor-shower-on-record-to-hit-mars-via-comet.html |access-date=7 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Multiple image |align=center |direction=horizontal |total_width=800
 |image1=PIA21260 - Earth and Its Moon, as Seen From Mars.jpg|caption1=Earth and the Moon (''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter|MRO]]'' [[HiRISE]], November 2016)&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20170109&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas|title=Looking at Your Home Planet from Mars|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/science/earth-from-mars-photo.html|date=9 January 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=9 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |image2=15-ml-06-phobos2-A067R1.jpg|caption2=[[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] [[transit of Phobos from Mars|transits]] the Sun (''[[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity]]'', 10 March 2004)
 |image3=PIA19801-TrackingSunspotsOnTheSunFromMars-20150708.gif|caption3=Tracking [[sunspot]]s from Mars
}}

== Viewing ==
[[File:Apparent retrograde motion of Mars in 2003.gif|thumb|Animation of the apparent retrograde motion of Mars in 2003 as seen from Earth.]]

The mean [[apparent magnitude]] of Mars is +0.71 with a standard deviation of 1.05.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mallama_and_Hilton&quot;/&gt; Because the orbit of Mars is eccentric, the magnitude at [[opposition (planets)|opposition]] from the Sun can range from about −3.0 to −1.4.&lt;ref name=&quot;MallamaSky&quot;/&gt; The minimum brightness is magnitude +1.86 when the planet is in [[conjunction (astronomy)|conjunction]] with the Sun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mallama_and_Hilton&quot;/&gt; At its brightest, Mars (along with [[Jupiter]]) is second only to Venus in luminosity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mallama_and_Hilton&quot;/&gt; Mars usually appears distinctly yellow, orange, or red. [[NASA]]'s ''Spirit'' rover has taken pictures of a greenish-brown, mud-colored landscape with blue-grey rocks and patches of light red sand.&lt;ref name=lloyd06/&gt; When farthest away from Earth, it is more than seven times farther away than when it is closest. When least favorably positioned, it can be lost in the Sun's glare for months at a time. At its most favorable times — at 15-year or 17-year intervals, and always between late July and late September — a lot of surface detail can be seen with a [[telescope]]. Especially noticeable, even at low magnification, are the [[polar ice cap]]s.&lt;ref name=shallowsky/&gt;

As Mars approaches opposition, it begins a period of [[Apparent retrograde motion|retrograde motion]], which means it will appear to move backwards in a looping motion with respect to the background stars. The duration of this retrograde motion lasts for about 72 days, and Mars reaches its peak luminosity in the middle of this motion.&lt;ref name=zeilik02/&gt;

=== Closest approaches ===
==== Relative ====
[[File:Animation of Mars orbit around Earth.gif|thumb|Geocentric animation of Mars's orbit relative to Earth from January 2003 to January 2019&lt;br/&gt;{{legend2|magenta|Mars}}{{·}}{{legend2|RoyalBlue|Earth}}]]
[[File:Mars distance from Earth.svg|thumb|right|Mars distance from Earth in millions of km (Gm).]]

The point at which Mars's geocentric longitude is 180° different from the Sun's is known as [[opposition (planets)|opposition]], which is near the time of closest approach to Earth. The time of opposition can occur as much as 8.5 days away from the closest approach. The distance at close approach varies between about {{convert|54|and|103|e6km|e6mi|abbr=unit}} due to the planets' [[ellipse|elliptical]] orbits, which causes comparable variation in [[angular size]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Laskar2003&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=nasa051103/&gt; The last Mars opposition occurred on 27 July 2018,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20180801&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/01/opinion/editorials/mars-water-life.html|title=Mars Close Up|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1 August 2018|access-date=1 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; at a distance of about {{convert|58|e6km|e6mi|abbr=unit}}.&lt;ref name=sheehan970202/&gt; The next Mars opposition occurs on 13 October 2020, at a distance of about {{convert|63|e6km|e6mi|abbr=unit}}.&lt;ref name=sheehan970202/&gt; The average time between the successive oppositions of Mars, its [[synodic period]], is 780 days; but the number of days between the dates of successive oppositions can range from 764 to 812.&lt;ref name=&quot;astropro&quot;/&gt;

As Mars approaches opposition it begins a period of [[Apparent retrograde motion|retrograde motion]], which makes it appear to move backwards in a looping motion relative to the background stars. The duration of this retrograde motion is about 72 days.

==== Absolute, around the present time ====
Mars made its closest approach to Earth and maximum apparent brightness in nearly 60,000 years, {{convert|55758006|km|AU mi|abbr=on}}, [[magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] −2.88, on 27 August 2003, at 09:51:13 UTC. This occurred when Mars was one day from opposition and about three days from its [[perihelion]], making it particularly easy to see from Earth. The last time it came so close is estimated to have been on 12 September [[Middle Paleolithic|57,617 BC]], the next time being in 2287.&lt;ref name=rao030822/&gt; This record approach was only slightly closer than other recent close approaches. For instance, the minimum distance on 22 August 1924, was {{val|fmt=commas|0.37285|ul=AU}}, and the minimum distance on 24 August 2208, will be {{val|fmt=commas|0.37279|ul=AU}}.&lt;ref name=Meeus2003/&gt;

Every 15 to 17 years, Mars comes into opposition near its perihelion. These perihelic oppositions make a closer approach to earth than other oppositions which occur every 2.1 years. Mars comes into perihelic opposition in 2003, 2018 and 2035, with 2020 and 2033 being close to perihelic opposition.

== Historical observations ==
{{Main|History of Mars observation}}

The history of observations of Mars is marked by the oppositions of Mars, when the planet is closest to Earth and hence is most easily visible, which occur every couple of years. Even more notable are the perihelic oppositions of Mars, which occur every 15 or 17 years and are distinguished because Mars is close to perihelion, making it even closer to Earth.

=== Ancient and medieval observations ===
[[File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Galileo Galilei]], first person to see Mars via telescope in 1610.&lt;ref name=jha15 /&gt;]]

The ancient [[Sumer]]ians believed that Mars was [[Nergal]], the god of war and plague.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rabkin2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Rabkin|first1=Eric S.|title=Mars: A Tour of the Human Imagination|date=2005 |publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-98719-0|pages=9–11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2QP30zybNkC&amp;pg=PA11}}&lt;/ref&gt; During Sumerian times, Nergal was a minor deity of little significance,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rabkin2005&quot;/&gt; but, during later times, his main cult center was the city of [[Nineveh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rabkin2005&quot;/&gt; In Mesopotamian texts, Mars is referred to as the &quot;star of judgement of the fate of the dead.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Henry O.|title=Mekal: The God of Beth-Shan|date=1970|publisher=E. J. Brill|location=Leiden, Germany|page=125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kc0UAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA125}}&lt;/ref&gt; The existence of Mars as a wandering object in the night sky was recorded by the ancient [[Egyptian astronomy|Egyptian astronomers]] and, by 1534 BCE, they were familiar with the [[Apparent retrograde motion|retrograde motion]] of the planet.&lt;ref name=paob85/&gt; By the period of the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]], the [[Babylonian astronomy|Babylonian astronomers]] were making regular records of the positions of the planets and systematic observations of their behavior. For Mars, they knew that the planet made 37 [[Orbital period|synodic periods]], or 42 circuits of the zodiac, every 79 years. They invented arithmetic methods for making minor corrections to the predicted positions of the planets.&lt;ref name=north08/&gt;&lt;ref name=swerdlow98/&gt; In [[Ancient Greece]], the planet was known as {{lang-grc|Πυρόεις|label=none}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=De Natura Deorum|url=https://archive.org/details/marcitulliicicer00cice|trans-title=On the Nature of the Gods|publisher=Methuen|location=London|first=Marcus Tullius|last=Cicero|translator=Francis Brooks|year=1896}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the fourth century BCE, [[Aristotle]] noted that Mars disappeared behind the Moon during an [[occultation]], indicating that the planet was farther away.&lt;ref name=poor08/&gt; [[Ptolemy]], a Greek living in [[Alexandria]],&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;/&gt; attempted to address the problem of the orbital motion of Mars. Ptolemy's model and his collective work on astronomy was presented in the multi-volume collection ''[[Almagest]]'', which became the authoritative treatise on [[History of astronomy#Medieval Western Europe|Western astronomy]] for the next fourteen centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;google7&quot;/&gt; Literature from ancient China confirms that Mars was known by [[Chinese astronomy|Chinese astronomers]] by no later than the fourth century BCE.&lt;ref name=needham_ronan85/&gt; In the [[East Asian]] cultures, Mars is traditionally referred to as the &quot;fire star&quot; (Chinese: {{lang|zh|火星}}), based on the [[Five elements (Chinese philosophy)|Five elements]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAaP7dyjCrAC&amp;pg=PA300 |chapter=Fung Shui|title=Religion in China – Universism: A Key to the Study of Taoism and Confucianism|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|series=American Lectures on the History of Religions, volume 10|first=Jan Jakob Maria|last=de Groot|page=300|date=1912|oclc=491180}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mk3vxD3Ib_sC&amp;pg=PT43|title=The Japanese Numbers Game: The Use and Understanding of Numbers in Modern Japan|publisher=Routledge|series=Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies Series|first=Thomas|last=Crump|pages=39–40|date=1992|isbn=978-0-415-05609-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/passingkorea01hulbgoog|title=The Passing of Korea|publisher=Doubleday, Page &amp; Company|first=Homer Bezaleel|last=Hulbert|page=[https://archive.org/details/passingkorea01hulbgoog/page/n538 426]|date=1909|orig-year=1906|oclc=26986808}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the seventeenth century, [[Tycho Brahe]] measured the [[diurnal parallax]] of Mars that [[Johannes Kepler]] used to make a preliminary calculation of the relative distance to the planet.&lt;ref name=taton03 /&gt; When the telescope became available, the diurnal parallax of Mars was again measured in an effort to determine the Sun-Earth distance. This was first performed by [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini]] in 1672. The early parallax measurements were hampered by the quality of the instruments.&lt;ref name=hirschfeld01/&gt; The only [[occultation]] of Mars by Venus observed was that of 13 October 1590, seen by [[Michael Maestlin]] at [[Heidelberg]].&lt;ref name=sat57/&gt; In 1610, Mars was viewed by Italian astronomer [[Galileo Galilei]], who was first to see it via telescope.&lt;ref name=jha15/&gt; The first person to draw a map of Mars that displayed any terrain features was the Dutch astronomer [[Christiaan Huygens]].&lt;ref name=&quot;arizona&quot;/&gt;

=== Martian &quot;canals&quot; ===
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|width=200|image1=Mars Schiaparelli MKL Bd. 11 1890 (128500338).jpg|image2=Lowell Mars channels.jpg|image3=Mars HST Mollweide map 1999.png|caption1=Map of Mars by Giovanni Schiaparelli|caption2=Mars sketched as observed by Lowell before 1914 (south on top)|caption3=Map of Mars from the ''[[Hubble Space Telescope]]'' as seen near the 1999 opposition (north on top)}}
{{Main|Martian canal}}

By the 19th century, the resolution of telescopes reached a level sufficient for surface features to be identified. A perihelic opposition of Mars occurred on 5 September 1877. In that year, the Italian astronomer [[Giovanni Schiaparelli]] used a {{convert|22|cm}} telescope in [[Milan]] to help produce the first detailed map of Mars. These maps notably contained features he called ''canali'', which were later shown to be an [[optical illusion]]. These ''canali'' were supposedly long, straight lines on the surface of Mars, to which he gave names of famous rivers on Earth. His term, which means &quot;channels&quot; or &quot;grooves&quot;, was popularly mistranslated in English as &quot;canals.&quot;&lt;ref name=snyder01/&gt;&lt;ref name=sagan80/&gt;

Influenced by the observations, the orientalist [[Percival Lowell]] founded an [[Lowell Observatory|observatory]] which had {{convert|30|and|45|cm}} telescopes. The observatory was used for the exploration of Mars during the last good opportunity in 1894 and the following less favorable oppositions. He published several books on Mars and life on the planet, which had a great influence on the public.&lt;ref name=basalla06/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20151001&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Dunlap|first=David W.|title=Life on Mars? You Read It Here First.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/30/insider/life-on-mars-you-read-it-here-first.html|date=1 October 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=1 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''canali'' were independently found by other astronomers, like [[Henri Joseph Perrotin]] and [[Louis Thollon]] in Nice, using one of the largest telescopes of that time.&lt;ref name=maria_lane05/&gt;&lt;ref name=ba3/&gt;

The seasonal changes (consisting of the diminishing of the polar caps and the dark areas formed during Martian summer) in combination with the canals led to speculation about life on Mars, and it was a long-held belief that Mars contained vast seas and vegetation. The telescope never reached the resolution required to give proof to any speculations. As bigger telescopes were used, fewer long, straight ''canali'' were observed. During an observation in 1909 by [[Camille Flammarion]] with an {{convert|84|cm}} telescope, irregular patterns were observed, but no ''canali'' were seen.&lt;ref name=zahnle01/&gt;

Even in the 1960s, articles were published on Martian biology, putting aside explanations other than life for the seasonal changes on Mars. Detailed scenarios for the metabolism and chemical cycles for a functional ecosystem have been published.&lt;ref name=science136_3510/&gt;

=== Spacecraft visitation ===
{{Main|Exploration of Mars}}

Once [[spacecraft]] visited the planet during NASA's [[Mariner program|Mariner missions]] in the 1960s and 1970s, these concepts were radically broken. The results of the Viking life-detection experiments aided an intermission in which the hypothesis of a hostile, dead planet was generally accepted.&lt;ref name=ward_brownlee00/&gt;

Mariner 9 and Viking allowed better maps of Mars to be made using the data from these missions, and another major leap forward was the [[Mars Global Surveyor]] mission, launched in 1996 and operated until late 2006, that allowed complete, extremely detailed maps of the Martian topography, magnetic field and surface minerals to be obtained.&lt;ref name=&quot;Distant worlds: milestones in planetary exploration&quot;/&gt; These maps are available online; for example, at [[Google Mars]]. [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] and [[Mars Express]] continued exploring with new instruments, and supporting lander missions. NASA provides two online tools: [[Mars Trek]], which provides visualizations of the planet using data from 50 years of exploration, and [[Experience Curiosity]], which simulates traveling on Mars in 3-D with Curiosity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=New Online Tools Bring NASA's Journey to Mars to a New Generation|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/new-online-tools-bring-nasa-s-journey-to-mars-to-new-generation-of-explorers|access-date=5 August 2015|date=5 August 2015|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=7 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807234318/http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/new-online-tools-bring-nasa-s-journey-to-mars-to-new-generation-of-explorers/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== In culture ==
{{Main|Mars in culture|Mars in fiction}}
[[File:Berlin - Brandenburger Tor - Mars.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of the Roman god of war Mars at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin]]
[[File:Mars symbol.svg|frameless|upright=0.5|right]]

Mars is named after the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Mars (mythology)|god of war]]. In different cultures, Mars represents masculinity and youth. [[Gender symbol|Its symbol]], a circle with an arrow pointing out to the upper right, is used as a symbol for the male gender.

The many failures in Mars exploration probes resulted in a satirical counter-culture blaming the failures on an Earth-Mars &quot;[[Bermuda Triangle]]&quot;, a &quot;[[Exploration of Mars#Mars Curse|Mars Curse]]&quot;, or a &quot;Great Galactic Ghoul&quot; that feeds on Martian spacecraft.&lt;ref name=dinerman04/&gt;

=== Intelligent &quot;Martians&quot; ===

The fashionable idea that Mars was populated by intelligent [[Martian]]s exploded in the late 19th century. [[Giovanni Schiaparelli|Schiaparelli's]] &quot;canali&quot; observations combined with [[Percival Lowell]]'s books on the subject put forward the standard notion of a planet that was a drying, cooling, dying world with ancient civilizations constructing irrigation works.&lt;ref name=prion/&gt;

[[File:Kirks Soap Yerkes Mars.jpg|thumb|left|upright|An 1893 soap ad playing on the popular idea that Mars was populated]]

Many other observations and proclamations by notable personalities added to what has been termed &quot;Mars Fever.&quot;&lt;ref name=fergus04/&gt; In 1899, while investigating atmospheric radio noise using his receivers in his Colorado Springs lab, inventor [[Nikola Tesla]] observed repetitive signals that he later surmised might have been radio communications coming from another planet, possibly Mars. In a 1901 interview, Tesla said:

&lt;blockquote&gt;It was some time afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an intelligent control. Although I could not decipher their meaning, it was impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely accidental. The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another.&lt;ref name=tesla01/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tesla's theories gained support from [[Lord Kelvin]] who, while visiting the United States in 1902, was reported to have said that he thought Tesla had picked up Martian signals being sent to the United States.&lt;ref name=cheney81/&gt; Kelvin &quot;emphatically&quot; denied this report shortly before leaving: &quot;What I really said was that the inhabitants of Mars, if there are any, were doubtless able to see New York, particularly the glare of the electricity.&quot;&lt;ref name=nyt020511/&gt;

In a ''[[New York Times]]'' article in 1901, [[Edward Charles Pickering]], director of the [[Harvard College Observatory]], said that they had received a telegram from [[Lowell Observatory]] in [[Arizona]] that seemed to confirm that Mars was trying to communicate with Earth.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt2&quot;/&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;Early in December 1900, we received from Lowell Observatory in Arizona a telegram that a shaft of light had been seen to project from Mars (the Lowell observatory makes a specialty of Mars) lasting seventy minutes. I wired these facts to Europe and sent out neostyle copies through this country. The observer there is a careful, reliable man and there is no reason to doubt that the light existed. It was given as from a well-known geographical point on Mars. That was all. Now the story has gone the world over. In Europe, it is stated that I have been in communication with Mars, and all sorts of exaggerations have spring up. Whatever the light was, we have no means of knowing. Whether it had intelligence or not, no one can say. It is absolutely inexplicable.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt2&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Pickering later proposed creating a set of mirrors in [[Texas]], intended to signal Martians.&lt;ref name=fradin99/&gt;

[[File:War-of-the-worlds-tripod.jpg|thumb|upright|Martian tripod illustration from the 1906 French edition of ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'' by [[H. G. Wells]]]]

In recent decades, the high-resolution mapping of the surface of Mars, culminating in [[Mars Global Surveyor]], revealed no artifacts of habitation by &quot;intelligent&quot; life, but pseudoscientific speculation about intelligent life on Mars continues from commentators such as [[Richard C. Hoagland]]. Reminiscent of the ''canali'' controversy, these speculations are based on small scale features perceived in the spacecraft images, such as &quot;pyramids&quot; and the &quot;[[Cydonia (Mars)|Face on Mars]].&quot; Planetary astronomer [[Carl Sagan]] wrote:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected our Earthly hopes and fears.&lt;ref name=sagan80/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The depiction of Mars in fiction has been stimulated by its dramatic red color and by nineteenth century scientific speculations that its surface conditions might support not just life but intelligent life.&lt;ref name=lightman97/&gt; Thus originated a large number of [[science fiction]] scenarios, among which is [[H. G. Wells]]' ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'', published in 1898, in which Martians seek to escape their dying planet by invading Earth.

Influential works included [[Ray Bradbury]]'s ''[[The Martian Chronicles]]'', in which human explorers accidentally destroy a Martian civilization, [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]]' [[Barsoom|''Barsoom'' series]], [[C. S. Lewis]]' novel ''[[Out of the Silent Planet]]'' (1938),&lt;ref name=sanford09/&gt; and a number of [[Robert A. Heinlein]] stories before the mid-sixties.&lt;ref name=buker02/&gt;

[[Jonathan Swift]] made reference to the moons of Mars, about 150 years before their actual discovery by [[Asaph Hall]], detailing reasonably accurate descriptions of their orbits, in the 19th chapter of his novel ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;jonathan_swift&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Swift, Jonathan and the moons of Mars|first=David|last=Darling|url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Swift.html |access-date=1 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A comic figure of an intelligent Martian, [[Marvin the Martian]], appeared in ''[[Haredevil Hare]]'' (1948) as a character in the [[Looney Tunes]] [[animated cartoon]]s of [[Warner Brothers]], and has continued as part of popular culture to the present.&lt;ref name=rabkin05/&gt;

After the [[Mariner program|Mariner]] and [[Viking program|Viking]] spacecraft had returned pictures of Mars as it really is, an apparently lifeless and canal-less world, these ideas about Mars had to be abandoned, and a vogue for accurate, realist depictions of human colonies on Mars developed, the best known of which may be [[Kim Stanley Robinson]]'s [[Mars trilogy|''Mars'' trilogy]]. Pseudo-scientific speculations about the [[Cydonia (Mars)|Face on Mars]] and other enigmatic landmarks spotted by [[space probe]]s have meant that ancient civilizations continue to be a popular theme in science fiction, especially in film.&lt;ref name=miles_peters/&gt;

== Interactive Mars map ==
{{Mars map}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Solar System}}
{{Wikipedia books| 1 = Mars| 3 = Solar System}}
* [[List of missions to Mars]]
* [[Mars monolith]]
* [[Outline of Mars]]
* [[Timekeeping on Mars]]
* [[List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System#Planets|Wikipedia table comparing stats of planets in the Solar System]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist |group=caption}}
{{notes |notes=
{{efn | name=best-fit ellipsoid | Best-fit [[ellipsoid]]}}
}}

== References ==
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&lt;ref name=&quot;astropro&quot;&gt;The opposition of 12 February 1995 was followed by one on 17 March 1997. The opposition of 13 July 2065 will be followed by one on 2 October 2067. [http://www.astropro.com/features/tables/geo/su-ma/su-180-ma/SU180MA6.html Astropro 3000-year Sun-Mars Opposition Tables]&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;google7&quot;&gt;Hummel, Charles E. (1986). ''[https://archive.org/details/galileoconnectio00humm/page/38 The Galileo connection: resolving conflicts between science &amp; the Bible].'' InterVarsity Press. pp. 35–38. {{ISBN|0-87784-500-X}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Greek Names of the Planets&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509164917/http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/|archive-date=9 May 2010|title=Greek Names of the Planets|access-date=14 July 2012|quote=Aris is the Greek name of the planet Mars, the fourth planet from the sun, also known as the Red planet. Aris or Ares was the Greek god of War.|date=25 April 2010}} See also the [[:el:Άρης (πλανήτης)|Greek article about the planet]].&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;magnetosphere&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=9 November 2006|title=Magnetic Fields and Mars|publisher=Mars Global Surveyor @ NASA|author1=Valentine, Theresa|author2=Amde, Lishan|url=http://mgs-mager.gsfc.nasa.gov/Kids/magfield.html|access-date=17 July 2009}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;plates&quot;&gt;{{cite web|first1=Nancy|last1=Neal-Jones|first2=Cynthia|last2=O'Carroll|publisher=NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center|title=New Map Provides More Evidence Mars Once Like Earth|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/mgs_plates.html|access-date=4 December 2011|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=14 September 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120914153601/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/mgs_plates.html}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;jog91&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Tanaka|first=K. L.|year=1986|title=The Stratigraphy of Mars|journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]]|volume=91|issue=B13|pages=E139–E158|doi=10.1029/JB091iB13p0E139 |bibcode=1986JGR....91..139T|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231412}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;dc080304&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.space.com/5043-avalanche-photographed-mars.html|title=Mars avalanche caught on camera|work=Space.com|date=3 March 2008|access-date=16 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;sciam080627&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=giant-asteroid-flattened|title=Giant Asteroid Flattened Half of Mars, Studies Suggest|work=Scientific American|access-date=27 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt080626&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/science/space/26mars.html?em&amp;ex=1214712000&amp;en=bd0be05a87523855&amp;ei=5087%0A|title=Huge Meteor Strike Explains Mars's Shape, Reports Say |work=The New York Times|access-date=27 June 2008|first=Kenneth|last=Chang|date=26 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa051103&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=3 November 2005|publisher=NASA|title=Close Encounter: Mars at Opposition|url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/34/image/l|access-date=19 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc080627&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Martian soil 'could support life'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7477310.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=27 June 2008|access-date=7 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;marssalt&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2008-08-04-mars-soil_N.htm|title=Scientists: Salt in Mars soil not bad for life|last=Chang|first=Alicia|agency=Associated Press |access-date=7 August 2008|date=5 August 2008|work=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;jpl_soil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=NASA Spacecraft Analyzing Martian Soil Data|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/phoenix/release.php?ArticleID=1816|publisher=JPL|access-date=5 August 2008|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=22 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522063940/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/phoenix/release.php?ArticleID=1816}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;jpl_dust_devil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_013751_1115|title=Dust Devil Etch-A-Sketch (ESP_013751_1115)|publisher=NASA/JPL/University of Arizona|date=2 July 2009|access-date=1 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;gpl29_23_41&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Schorghofer, Norbert|author2=Aharonson, Oded|author3=Khatiwala, Samar|title=Slope streaks on Mars: Correlations with surface properties and the potential role of water|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=29|issue=23|pages=41–1|year=2002|doi=10.1029/2002GL015889|bibcode=2002GeoRL..29.2126S|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/37133/1/schorghofer2002_grl.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;oleb33_4_515&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Gánti, Tibor|title=Dark Dune Spots: Possible Biomarkers on Mars?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_origins-of-life-and-evolution-of-biospheres_2003-10_33_4-5/page/515|journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere|volume=33|issue=4|pages=515–557|year=2003 |bibcode=2003OLEB...33..515G|doi=10.1023/A:1025705828948|display-authors=etal|pmid=14604189|s2cid=23727267}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc040124&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=David|last=Whitehouse|date=24 January 2004|title=Long history of water and Mars|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3426539.stm|access-date=20 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;jgr110&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]]|date=7 May 2005|last=Heldmann|first=Jennifer L.|title=Formation of Martian gullies by the action of liquid water flowing under current Martian environmental conditions|url=http://daleandersen.seti.org/Dale_Andersen/Science_articles_files/Heldmann%20et%20al.2005.pdf|volume=110|issue=E5|page=Eo5004|doi=10.1029/2004JE002261|access-date=17 September 2008|bibcode=2005JGRE..11005004H|display-authors=etal|citeseerx=10.1.1.596.4087}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001162643/http://daleandersen.seti.org/Dale_Andersen/Science_articles_files/Heldmann%20et%20al.2005.pdf |date=1 October 2008 }} 'conditions such as now occur on Mars, outside of the temperature-pressure stability regime of liquid water'… 'Liquid water is typically stable at the lowest elevations and at low latitudes on the planet because the atmospheric pressure is greater than the [[vapor pressure]] of water and surface temperatures in equatorial regions can reach 273 K for parts of the day [Haberle ''et al''., 2001]'&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;kostama&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=33|issue=11|page=L11201|date=3 June 2006|author1=Kostama, V.-P.|author2=Kreslavsky, M. A.|author3=Head, J. W.|title=Recent high-latitude icy mantle in the northern plains of Mars: Characteristics and ages of emplacement|url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2006GL025946.shtml|doi=10.1029/2006GL025946|access-date=12 August 2007|bibcode=2006GeoRL..3311201K|citeseerx=10.1.1.553.1127}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318010946/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2006GL025946.shtml |date=18 March 2009 }} 'Martian high-latitude zones are covered with a smooth, layered ice-rich mantle'.&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa061206&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=NASA Images Suggest Water Still Flows in Brief Spurts on Mars|publisher=NASA|date=6 December 2006|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/mgs-20061206.html|access-date=6 December 2006|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=7 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807005557/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/mgs-20061206.html}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;scsdes49&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|first=Junyong|last=Chen|title=Progress in technology for the 2005 height determination of Qomolangma Feng (Mt. Everest)|journal=Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences |volume=49|issue=5|year=2006|pages=531–538|doi=10.1007/s11430-006-0531-1|bibcode=2006ScChD..49..531C|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;lucchita_rosanova&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Lucchitta, B. K.|author2=Rosanova, C. E.|date=26 August 2003|url=https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/VallesMarineris/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611053821/http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/VallesMarineris/|archive-date=11 June 2011|title=Valles Marineris; The Grand Canyon of Mars|publisher=USGS|access-date=11 March 2007}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;cushing_titus_wynn07&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2007/pdf/1371.pdf|title=Themis Observes Possible Cave Skylights on Mars|author1=Cushing, G. E.|author2=Titus, T. N. |author3=Wynne, J. J.|author4=Christensen, P. R.|publisher=Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII|year=2007|access-date=2 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;NasaFactSheet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|first=David|last=Williams|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html|title=Mars Fact Sheet|publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center|year=2018|access-date=22 Mar 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317184127/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html|archive-date=17 March 2020|accessdate=7 March 2021|archivedate=25 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725104939/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html}}; Mean Anomaly (deg) 19.412 = (Mean Longitude (deg) 355.45332) - (Longitude of perihelion (deg) 336.04084) {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;maria_lane05&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Maria, K. |author2=Lane, D. |year=2005 |title=Geographers of Mars |journal=Isis |volume=96 |pages=477–506 |doi=10.1086/498590 |pmid=16536152 |issue=4|s2cid=33079760 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/84cf3fa8d922be06eeb66d59509bdb4a28f2b5ca }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ba3&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Perrotin |first=M. |year=1886 |title=Observations des canaux de Mars |journal=Bulletin Astronomique |series=Série I |volume=3 |pages=324–329 |bibcode=1886BuAsI...3..324P |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;science136_3510&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Martian Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1962-04-06_136_3510/page/17 |last=Salisbury |first=F. B. |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=136 |issue=3510 |year=1962 |pages=17–26 |jstor=1708777 |bibcode=1962Sci...136...17S |doi=10.1126/science.136.3510.17 |pmid=17779780|s2cid=39512870 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;ssr_96_1_4&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1023/A:1011945222010 |title=Cratering Chronology and the Evolution of Mars |author1=Hartmann, William K. |author2=Neukum, Gerhard |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=96 |issue=1/4 |pages=165–194 |year=2001 |bibcode=2001SSRv...96..165H|s2cid=7216371 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;ssr96_1_4_197&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1023/A:1011997206080 |author1=Halliday, A. N. |author2=Wänke, H. |author3=Birck, J.-L. |author4=Clayton, R. N. |year=2001 |title=The Accretion, Composition and Early Differentiation of Mars |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=96 |issue=1/4 |pages=197–230 |bibcode=2001SSRv...96..197H|s2cid=55559040 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref Name=&quot;MallamaMars&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Mallama, A. |title=The magnitude and albedo of Mars |journal=Icarus |volume=192 |issue=2 |pages=404–416 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.07.011 |bibcode=2007Icar..192..404M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Laskar2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=14 August 2003 |title=Primer on Mars oppositions |publisher=IMCCE, Paris Observatory |author=Jacques Laskar |url=http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/mars/oppo_en.html |access-date=1 October 2010}} [http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/SolexMars.txt (Solex results)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809014619/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/SolexMars.txt |date=9 August 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref Name=&quot;MallamaSky&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Mallama, A. |title=Planetary magnitudes |journal=Sky and Telescope |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=51–56 |year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;CraddockHoward2002&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Craddock, R.A. |author2=Howard, A.D. |title=The case for rainfall on a warm, wet early Mars |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=107 |issue=E11 |pages=21–1 |year=2002 |doi=10.1029/2001JE001505 |bibcode=2002JGRE..107.5111C|citeseerx=10.1.1.485.7566 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Lewis, K.W. |author2=Aharonson, O. |title=Stratigraphic analysis of the distributary fan in Eberswalde crater using stereo imagery |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=111 |issue=E06001 |pages=E06001 |year=2006 |doi=10.1029/2005JE002558 |bibcode=2006JGRE..111.6001L|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/15921/1/LEWjgre06.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Matsubara2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Matsubara, Y. |author2=Howard, A.D. |author3=Drummond, S.A. |title=Hydrology of early Mars: Lake basins |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=116 |issue=E04001 |pages=E04001 |year=2011 |doi=10.1029/2010JE003739 |bibcode=2011JGRE..116.4001M|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Head1999&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Head, J.W. |title=Possible Ancient Oceans on Mars: Evidence from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter Data |journal=Science |volume=286 |issue=5447 |year=1999 |doi=10.1126/science.286.5447.2134 |bibcode=1999Sci...286.2134H |pages=2134–7 |pmid=10591640 |s2cid=35233339 |display-authors=etal|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6ce41b696a1511e7ef820c41df3f53eb16680f06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;NASAMola2007&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=19 April 2007 |title=Mars Global Surveyor: MOLA MEGDRs |publisher=geo.pds.nasa.gov |author=NASA |url=http://geo.pds.nasa.gov/missions/mgs/megdr.html |access-date=24 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113104943/http://geo.pds.nasa.gov/missions/mgs/megdr.html |archive-date=13 November 2011 |accessdate=7 March 2021 |archivedate=13 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113104943/http://geo.pds.nasa.gov/missions/mgs/megdr.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;miles_peters&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Unmasking the Face |author1=Miles, Kathy |author2=Peters II, Charles F. |publisher=StarrySkies.com |url=http://starryskies.com/Artshtml/dln/5-98/mars.html |access-date=1 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225222/http://starryskies.com/Artshtml/dln/5-98/mars.html |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;rabkin05&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Eric S. |last=Rabkin |date=2005 |title=Mars: a tour of the human imagination |url=https://archive.org/details/marstourofhumani0000rabk |pages=[https://archive.org/details/marstourofhumani0000rabk/page/141 141]–142 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98719-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;prion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Percivel Lowell's Canals |url=http://prion.bchs.uh.edu/Mars/Percival_Lowell.htm |access-date=1 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219093537/http://prion.bchs.uh.edu/Mars/Percival_Lowell.htm |archive-date=19 February 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;fergus04&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.rps.psu.edu/0305/mars.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030831084133/http://www.rps.psu.edu/0305/mars.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 August 2003 |title=Mars Fever |first=Charles |last=Fergus |journal=Research/Penn State |year=2004 |volume=24 |issue=2 |access-date=2 August 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030831084133/http://www.rps.psu.edu/0305/mars.html |date=31 August 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Edward Charles |last=Pickering |title=The Light Flash From Mars |work=The New York Times |date=16 January 1901 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1901/01/16/archives/the-light-flash-from-mars-prof-pickering-makes-a-statement-in.html |access-date=20 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605105717/http://nbgoku23.googlepages.com/marslight.pdf |format=PDF |archive-date=5 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;fradin99&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Dennis Brindell |last=Fradin |date=1999 |title=Is There Life on Mars? |url=https://archive.org/details/istherelifeonmar00frad |page=[https://archive.org/details/istherelifeonmar00frad/page/63 62] |publisher=McElderry Books |isbn=978-0-689-82048-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;buker02&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Derek M. |last=Buker |date=2002 |title=The science fiction and fantasy readers' advisory: the librarian's guide to cyborgs, aliens, and sorcerers |series=ALA readers' advisory series |page=[https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionfa00buke_0/page/26 26] |publisher=ALA Editions |isbn=978-0-8389-0831-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionfa00buke_0/page/26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt020511&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Departure of Lord Kelvin |work=The New York Times |date=11 May 1902 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;sanford09&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Sanford |last=Schwartz |date=2009 |title=C. S. Lewis on the Final Frontier: Science and the Supernatural in the Space Trilogy |url=https://archive.org/details/cslewisonfinalfr00schw |url-access=limited |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cslewisonfinalfr00schw/page/n35 19]–20 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |isbn=978-0-19-537472-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;jgr107_E6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bandfield |first1=Joshua L. |title=Global mineral distributions on Mars |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets |volume=107 |issue=E6 |pages=9–1–9–20 |date=June 2002 |doi=10.1029/2001JE001510 |bibcode=2002JGRE..107.5042B|citeseerx=10.1.1.456.2934 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Nimmo 2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nimmo |first1=Francis |last2=Tanaka |first2=Ken |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122637 |title=Early Crustal Evolution of Mars |year=2005 |pages=133–161 |issue=1 |volume=33 |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |bibcode=2005AREPS..33..133N|s2cid=45843366 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b213a6234bb52448addb3f155b8663c1e63924a4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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&lt;ref name=&quot;Mallama_and_Hilton&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac |journal=Astronomy and Computing |first1=Anthony |last1=Mallama |first2=James L. |last2=Hilton |volume=25 |pages=10–24 |date=October 2018 |doi=10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002 |bibcode=2018A&amp;C....25...10M |arxiv=1808.01973|s2cid=69912809 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|Mars}}
{{Sister project links}}
* {{curlie|Science/Astronomy/Solar_System/Planets/Mars/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100216233133/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/ Mars Exploration Program] at NASA.gov
* [https://trek.nasa.gov/mars/ Mars Trek – An integrated map browser of maps and datasets for Mars]
* [http://www.google.com/mars/ Google Mars] and [https://www.google.com/maps/space/mars/ Google Mars 3D], interactive maps of the planet
* [http://www.geody.com/?world=mars Geody Mars], mapping site that supports [[NASA World Wind]], [[Celestia]], and other applications
* [https://gravitysimulator.org/spaceflight/operational-spacecraft-in-orbit-around-mars Interactive 3D Gravity simulation of the Martian system and all the operational spacecraft in orbit around it as of the 12'th of June 2020]

===Images===
* [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/targetFamily/Mars Mars images] by NASA's Planetary Photojournal
* [http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/ Mars images] by NASA's Mars Exploration Program
* [http://www.msss.com/science-images/ Mars images] by Malin Space Science Systems
* [http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ HiRISE image catalog] by the University of Arizona

===Videos===
* [http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=224 Rotating color globe of Mars] by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
* [https://www.usgs.gov/media/videos/rotating-globe-mars-geology Rotating geological globe of Mars] by the United States Geological Survey
* {{YouTube|Jr1Xu2i-Uc0|NASA's ''Curiosity'' Finds Ancient Streambed – First Evidence of Water on Mars}} by The Science Channel (2012, 4:31)
* [http://themis.mars.asu.edu/node/5470 Flight Into Mariner Valley] by Arizona State University
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/32657197761/in/photostream/ High resolution video] simulation of rotating Mars by Seán Doran, showing [[Arabia Terra]], [[Valles Marineris]] and [[Tharsis]] (see [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157680411399285 album] for more)
* [https://edition.cnn.com/videos/us/2020/03/04/curiosity-rover-panorama-mars-yn-orig.cnn Mars rover captures high-resolution panorama of its home] ([[NASA]])

===Cartographic resources===
* [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MARS/target Mars nomenclature] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20140308115343/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/mars1to5mTHEMIS quadrangle maps with feature names] by the United States Geological Survey
* [http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3292/ Geological map of Mars] by the United States Geological Survey
* [http://planetologia.elte.hu/terkep/mars-viking-en.pdf Viking orbiter photomap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224211834/http://planetologia.elte.hu/terkep/mars-viking-en.pdf |date=2009-02-24 }} by Eötvös Loránd University
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131027185557/http://planetologia.elte.hu/terkep/mars-mola-en.pdf Mars Global Surveyor topographical map] by Eötvös Loránd University</text>
      <sha1>i2rzscioqbt0da3apqhk8xwalc5l4qg</sha1>
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    <title>ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee</title>
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      <comment>/* ဂိတုဘတ်ပေၚ် (ဗဝ်သၟုတ်လ္ၚီဟီုဂှ် ရန်ကဵု မှာထေရ်ဗုဒ္ဓဃောသ ဟွံသေၚ်သာ်ဂှ် ရန်ကဵု က္ၜၚ်စိတြဒူတ မူရဴဟာ?) */ ဒကုတ်တၟိ</comment>
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      <text bytes="1144507" sha1="fwbywdm7xymvyushfkic2vxm4bug3q2" xml:space="preserve">ရော်ဂုဏ် အာစာဗညာသာၚ်မန်
   ချူဇန်အာလိက်မန်စဵုလအိတ်လမျီုရောၚ်
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     က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်တအ်ဂှ် အခိၚ်ဓမ္မတာ ဟွံမံက်ဂတဝ် ပြာကတ်ကၠုၚ်ရ၊ အခိၚ်ကာလစိုပ် ပ္ၚံက်ကရေပ်မွဲမွဲမ္ဂး မံက်တိုန်ကၠုၚ်ရ၊ အချကာလ လိက်ပတ်မန်ပိုဲ ဒးဒုၚ်ခြိုၚ်လဝ်အပ္ဍဲဗွိုၚ် ဆဘာလကျာ်ဓဝ် တိတ်မ္ၚးဍုၚ်ကွာန်တေံဟွံဂွံဂှ် အာစာဗညာသာၚ်မန်တအ် က္တဵုဂစာန်လွဳပရာကၠုၚ်ဂှ် ဝၚ်ချဳဒရာၚ်ဝွံ၊ သေဗ်သၟေဟ်အာ အပ္ဍဲဝၚ်လျက်ပတ်မန်ပိုဲ ခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်မွဲရ။
     အဲဂွံချူ ပရူအ္စာဗညာသာၚ်မန်ဂှ် မိပ်စိုတ်လောတ်ရ၊ နူအဲဍောတ်ဍောတ် အခိၚ်ကာလ ဘဝထပိုဲခမဳ၊ မံၚ်ဘာဗ္ဂောပ ပရိယတ္တိ အပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်မတ်မလီုဂှ်၊ အပ္ဍဲအကြာသၞာံၜိုတ် (၁၉၉၁-၁၉၉၂) တေံဂှ်၊ ဂွံစလ္ၚတ်တီကေတ်ပရူညး၊ ဒၟာနူညးကလိဂွံလာဘ်တဆိပ်ကြာ၊ ပေါဲပြိုၚ် ချူလိက်ပတ် အပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲကောန်ဂကူမန်ရ၊ အပ္ဍဲပေါဲပြိုၚ်ချူလိက်ပတ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး မၞိဟ်တအ်ဂွံဇၞးကေတ်ညးဂှ် ဝါတ်ကွေံကွေံရ။
     အခိၚ်ဂှ်အဲလေဝ် ကလိဂွံလာဘ်ချူကဗျကီုတုဲ၊ ဘဝအာစာကၞေဟ်မွဲစွံ ကေၚ်ဆဵုကၠုၚ်ညးအလန်ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ်ရ၊ သၟူအမြာဲစၠန်ညးဂှ်၊ ကိုပ်ကၠာနူဂှ်လေဝ် ပိုဲတအ်ဂွံတီမံၚ်တုဲတဲု လိက်အုပ်ဝေါရလ္ၚီ မတိတ်နူကွာန်ညး၊  ဘာညးဂှ်လေဝ် ပိုဲတအ် နူအခိၚ်ဘဝထပိုဲခမဳ ဍောတ်ဍောတ်ဂှ် ဗှ်လ္ၚတ်လဝ်ပြဵုမံၚ်တဲုတဲုရ၊ ဗွဲကြဴဏအ် ပိုဲက္ဍိုက်က္ဍိုပ်သၚ်သၟတ်လဂုၚ်တဲု၊ ဟိုတ်နူဒးအာတ်တမ်လိက်ဇရေၚ်အာစာကီုဂှ်တုဲ၊ နူကဵုအခိၚ်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံအခေါၚ်ဍုက်ကေဝ်ကဵု အာစာခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်ရ၊ ယၟုအဲဂှ်စဵုလၟုဟ် ညးကော်မံၚ်ယၟုခမဳ(နာရဒ) ဏီဖိုဟ်ဂှ်တဲု၊ သွက်အဲဂှ် ထပ်တဲု ဒှ်မံၚ်အမ်သဝ်ရ၊ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၈ အဲစိုပ်အာ သ္ၚိညးဂှ်လေဝ်၊ ညးကော်မံၚ်ယၟုအဲ မဒှ်ယၟုခမဳဂှ်ရ။
     လိက်ဗွဟ် မူကအ်ဗိန်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အခေတ်ကာလညးတအ် ချဳဒရာၚ်ဂှ်တဲု၊ အခိၚ်တေံဂှ် ဒှ်အခေတ်ရဲဍုၚ်ကွာန် ညးတအ်ကၠောန်စဂွံဒှ်အခေတ် ကၠတ်ဖျေံကပေါတ် နူဍုၚ်သေံရ၊ ၜိုန်ရရဲကွာန်တအ် မိပ်လဟိၚ်မံၚ်ကဵု ပရေၚ်သိုက်သၠိၚ်ဖဲသအဳ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ကီုလေဝ် စိုတ်ဓါတ်အာစာတအ် စိန်ဝုန်မံၚ် အပ္ဍဲပရေၚ်လိက်ပတ်မန်ဂှ်၊ လောန်တဲုဒးကေတ်ဂုဏ်စရာဲရ၊ အခိၚ်တေံရဲကွာန်ကအ်ဗိန် ညးဂမၠိုၚ်ဒှ်မံၚ်သေဌဳကဆံၚ်ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်မွဲကီုရ၊ ဆဂးပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဟာန် ယဿပက်တအ်ဂှ် ဓရိုက်ပချဳစိုတ်ဓါတ်အာစာ အပ္ဍဲအရာဆာန်လိက်ပတ်မန်ဟွံမာန်ရောၚ် ထေၚ်ကေတ်ရ။
     အခေတ်ကာလ ညးတအ်ချဳဒရာၚ်လိက်ပတ်မန်ဂှ် ဒှ်အခေတ်ကာလလိက်ပတ်မန်ပိုဲ နွံမံၚ်အပ္ဍဲဗွိုၚ်ကျာ် အပ္ဍဲဆအကြာ ဘာလကျာ်ဓဝ် ဂှ်တုဲ ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်မန်တအ် ညံၚ်ရဴလၟုဟ် ဗှ်လိက်မန်ဒးမံၚ် ဟွံသေၚ်ရ၊ အခေတ်ကာလ သ္ကိုပ်ပၞာန်နေဝေန်တအ် အုပ်ဓုပ်ပကၚ်ရၚ်ဍုၚ်တေံဂှ်၊ လိက်မန်ပိုဲယာက္ပိုပ်ဟွံမာန် သက်သက်ဂှ်တဲု ဒးချဳဒရာၚ်လိက်ပတ် အခေတ်ကၠာတေံဂှ် ဗၞတ်ဂလိုၚ်လဵုဒဒိုက်ဇၞော်မံၚ် ရောဂှ် ညးဟီုလဴထ္ၜးမ္ဂး လောန်တုဲ ကၠးကေတ် အပ္ဍဲစိုတ်ပိုဲ မာန်ရောၚ်။
     မွဲလ္ပာ်ဂှ် ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်အဃောဇၞော်မောဝ် ရဲဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ် ကၠောန်စဂွံ မွဲလ္ပာ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုၚ်ဍဵုဍိုက် ပရေၚ်လိက်ပတ် ဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ်ဂှ်တဲု၊ အကြာအန္တရာဲၜါသာ်ဏအ် အာစာတအ်သီုကျာ်ဇၞော်ပညာဒဳပတအ် ချဳဒရာၚ်မၚ်မွဲကၠုၚ်လိက်ပတ်မန်ပိုဲဂှ် ဒးတၚ်ဂုဏ်ကဵုညးတအ် စဵုကဵုမွဲအာယုက်ဟွံအိုတ်ရ၊ အခိၚ်တေံ ပိုဲတအ်ဘဝ ထပိုဲခမဳဍောတ်ဍောတ် သဘၚ်ဇွသၚ် ကျာ်ဇၞော်အာစာပညာဒဳပဂှ် ညံၚ်ရဴသဘၚ်ဍုၚ်သွဝ်ရ၊ ကောန်ကွာန်ညးတအ်လေဝ် အဃောကၠောန်စဂွံ အဃောဒယှ်တှ်မံၚ် အလံုကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဟီုမာန်ရ၊ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ကွာန်ညးတအ်ကဵု ပရေၚ်ချဳဒရာၚ် လိက်ပတ်ကွာန်ညးတအ် အခိၚ်တေံဂှ် သ္ပစၞးကဵုအလံုကောန်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲမာန်ရ၊ အကြာကျာ်ဇၞော်အ္စာတအ် ယၟုမဒယှ်တှ်မံၚ်တအ်ဂှ်၊ ယၟုအာစာဗညာသာၚ်မန်လေဝ် မောဝ်ဖ္ဍးမံၚ် ဗွဲမလောန်ကီုရ။
     အပ္ဍဲအကြာသၞာံၜိုတ် ၁၉၉၅ ဂှ် အဲချူပ္တိတ်လိက်အုပ် ( လညာတ်ပရၚ်တဲ ) တဲုကီု အဟိန်အာသွံလိက်အုပ် မဂ္ဂဇြေနိ ( လဂါံအာဇာနဲ ) ကီုတအ်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံအခေါၚ်အာဆဵုကဵုညးကီုရ၊ တမလိက်အာစာဂှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်အဓိက သွက်မဂ္ဂဇြေန်ပိုဲရ၊ အခိၚ်တေံဂှ်် ယၟုကၞေဟ်အာစာဂှ် မြမောဝ်ဇေတ်(ခယျးအပ္ဍဲ) လေဝ်ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ကီုရ၊ အာစာဂှ် ၜိုန်ရဗျုထဴကီုလေဝ် စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆာန်လိက်ပတ်မန် ဟွံဗျုတဴလးလးရ။
     ဗွဲကြဴဏအ် အခိၚ်နွံမံၚ်အပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဝၚ်္က ဇိုၚ်ပယျဵု အဟိန်ကၠောန်မံၚ်လိက်ပရိုၚ်သၞံၚ်တိုၚ်ရဂှ်လေဝ်၊ အခိၚ်အာဝေၚ် စိုပ်ကွာန်ခအံၚ်ကြေဟ် မဒှ်ကွာန်သမ္ဘာအဲဂှ်လေဝ် အဲဂွံအာဆဵုမံၚ်ကဵုညးကီုရ၊ အဲစဴဝေၚ်ကွာန် နူကၟိန်ဍုၚ်မေရိကာန် ဗၞတ်ပိအလန်ဂှ်လေဝ် အဲဂွံအာဆဵုမံၚ်ညး သီုပိအလန်ကီုရ၊ ညးဝွံရံၚ်ကဵုဗီုရုပ်သာ်မၞိဟ်ကီု စိုတ်စရိုတ်ကီု ဆက်ဆောံကီု နာနာသာ် ခါတ်ရံၚ်အကာဲမ္ဂး ဒှ်အာစာကၞေဟ်ပိုဲမန် မဂပ်ဂဝ်လျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်မွဲရောၚ်။
     ၜိုန်အာယုက်ညး မဗျုထဴဂလိုၚ်လဵုကီုလေဝ် အဟိန်အဲဇူဒီုမံၚ် အပ္ဍဲကွာန်ခအံၚ်ကြေဟ်ဂှ် ညးကၠုၚ်ဝေၚ်စိုပ်ဇရေၚ်အဲမာန်ဂှ်တဲု၊ စိုတ်ဇဴအဲဂှ်လောန်တုဲ လျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်လ္တူညးရ၊ ဟိုတ်နူပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံခိုဟ်တဲု လိက်ဂျာနေဝ် တိုၚ်ပ္ကဴပိုဲ ဥဒျာန်လိက်ပတ်ပိုဲ၊ မတိတ်မံၚ်အပ္ဍဲအမေရိကာန်ဝွံဂှ် ညးဗိုၚ်ဂိုတ်ဂစာန် ချူကဵုမာန်ဏီရ၊ ညးချူတဲု ကံုၚ်ပလံၚ်ဗ္စိုပ်ဇရေၚ်ကွာန်ခအံၚ်ကြေဟ်၊ ဇရေၚ်အဲမာန်ဏီရ။

              အာစာဂှ်
              ၜိုန်ရဗျးထဴကီုလေဝ်
              စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆာန်လိက်မန်ဂှ်
              ဟှံဗှုထူလးလးရ။

     လိက်အုပ်ညးပ္တိတ်လဝ်ဂှ်လေဝ် နူအာစာပါန်ထဝ် ကော်(ဖံၚ်သာၚ်မန်) မဒှ်ကောန်ညး မတန်တဴမံၚ် အပ္ဍဲဝှတ်ဝိၚ်၊ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်အမေရိကာန်မွဲစွံဂှ်လေဝ် ညးကၠုၚ်ကဵုဒါန်ကုအဲကီုရ၊ လိက်ပရေၚ်ညး ချူဇန်မံၚ် အပ္ဍဲဂျာနေဝ် အမာတ်ဒိန် တအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် အဲကလိဂွံအခေါၚ် ဗှ်လ္ၚတ်ကီုရ၊ အခိၚ်ပိုဲဍောတ်တအ် လိက်မဂ္ဂဇြေန် ဂျာနေဝ် ကွးဘာတက္ကသိုလ်ပံၚ်ကောံလေဝ် လိက်ပရေၚ်အာစာ ဂွံဗှ်မံၚ်လၟိုန်လၟိုန်ကီုရ၊ လိက်ပရေၚ်မွဲပိုဒ် အဲသမ္တီုဒးမံၚ်ဂှ် (ဍုၚ်မတ်မလီုဟာ? ဍုၚ်မန်လီုဟာ? ဂှ် အဲခယျကေတ် အာစာချူလဝ်ရောၚ်၊ ဆဂးဂွံကလေၚ်ဂၠာဲဆဵုဂှ် ဟွံလောဲသက်သက်ရ။

          ကၞေဟ်ညးဂှ်
          ဒှ်တၟအ်ချူမြသွက်ပိုဲ
          အာစာကၠေဟ်ခေတ်တၟိတအ်မွဲရ။

     ပိုဲဂွံဆဵုညး မွဲအလန်မ္ဂး စိုတ်ဓါတ်မိက်ဂွံဆက်ချူအာလိက်မန်မွဴာဲအလန်ပၠန်ဂှ် က္တဵုဒှ်ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ရ၊ ၜိုန်ညးဗျုထဴ ကီုလေဝ် ညးချူမာန်ဏီမ္ဂး ပိုဲတအ်ဂှ်လောန်တဲု ဒးဆက်ချူအာမာန်ဏီရောၚ်ဂှ်၊ ဗီုသာ်ဏအ် စိုတ်ဂါတ်ကီတဵုဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ရ၊ ပူဂိုလ်ဗီုသာ်ဝွံဂှ် ညးကော်စ (အစာံ) ရ၊ ညးဂှ် ဒှ်အစာံပိုဲ အပ္ဍဲအရာအရာချူကေှ်လိက်မဒှ်ရ၊ ကၞေဟ်ညးဂှ် ဒဵုတၟအ်ချူမြသွက်ပိုဲအာစာကၞေဟ် ခေတ်တၟိတအ်မွဲရ၊ ပိုဲစေှ်စိုတ် မြပိုဲၜီုအာရမ္ဂး ပိုဲဒးချူသကေက်ဂှ်တဲု ယဝ်ပိုဲ စိုတ်ဓါတ်လီုအာ အပ္ဍဲအရာချူဆာဲ လိက်ပတ်မန်မ္ဂး ပိုဲဗှ်လိက်ညး ပိုဲအာဆဵုကဵုညးမ္ဂး စိုတ်တေံ ဍေံပြံၚ်လှာဲအာ မာန်ရ။
     တၟေၚ်တၟဟ်မွဲသာ်ပၠန်ဂှ် အပ္ဍဲအာစာကၞေဟ်မန်တအ်ဂှ် စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆာန်ဂကူ ဇြိုဟ်ဇြိုဟ်နက်နက် နွံအိုတ်ဂှ်တဲု၊ ဣဝွံလေဝ် ပိုဲတအ်ဒးကေတ်မံၚ် ဂုဏ်စရာဲဟွံအိုတ်ပၠန်ရ၊ အာစာကၞေဟ်မန်တအ်ဂှ် ဂယိုၚ်လမျီုကဵုကၞေဘ်ဟွံမာန်အိုတ်ကီုလေဝ်၊ နကဵုအသိၚ်စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆာန်ဂကူ မသ္ကာတ်မြဟ်ဂှ်ရဒုၚ်ခဳတုဲ၊ ချူဇန်ပ္တိတ်မံၚ် လိက်မန်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ညးတီအဲတီရ၊ အာစာကၞေဟ်တအ် ၜိုန်ရမိက်ဂွံပ္တိတ် လိက်အုပ်ဇကုအိုတ်ကီုလေဝ် ဒၟာနူတော်ဟွံကိတ်လောန်ဂှ်တဲု ဒးဗ္ဒေါံလဝ်အသိၚ်အိုတ်ရ၊ တမလိက်ဇကု တအ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူဟွံဒှ်ကၠုၚ် လိက်အုပ်ဂှ်တဲု ကၠေံဏှၚ်အာအိုတ်ကီုရ၊ လိက်ပရေၚ်တအ် ကဗျတအ် ပံုအာဂီုတအ်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရအာစာပိုဲ ဗညာသာၚ်မန်၊ ချူလဝ်နွံဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ကီုလေဝ် ပိုဲတအ် ဟွံဂွံဗှ်ကေတ်ဖအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒၟာနူဟွံဒှ်လိက်ကၞပ်ရ၊ သွက်ဂွံပသေှ်စွံအာ အဆက်ကောန်အဆက်စဴဂှ်လေဝ် ရန်တၟအ်တအ်ဂှ် ဟွံမံက်ဂတဝ်ကၠုၚ်အိုတ်ရ။
     ဗီုအာစာဗညာသာၚ်မန် ဆာန်လိက်ပတ်မန်ဂှ် ပိုဲကောန်ဂကူမန် သၟတ်တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်တၟိတအ် ကေတ်သ္ပအစာံတဲု ဂပ်ဝဝ်ဒးချူအာလိက်ပတ်မန်၊ ဂပ်ဝ်ဒးမၚ်မွဲအာ လိက်ပတ်မန် ထေက်ကွေံကွေံရ၊ ဗီုညးဆာန်လိက်မန် စဵုလ္အိတ်လမျီုဂှ်လေဝ် ပိုဲတအ် ကဵုဂွံကေတ်စ နဲကဲမာန်အိုတ် ကီုညိ၊ နဒဒှ် ရော်ဏာ ဂုဏ်အာစာ ဗညာသာၚ်မန်တဲု၊ စဵုလ္အိတ်လမျီု အဲဆက်ချူအာလိက်မန် ပ္တိတ်အာလိက်မန်ရောၚ်၊ ဂှ်လေဝ်မိက်ဂွံလဴပူစကဵု အာစာဗညာသာၚ်မန်ကီုရ။

                      ဗညာတိထဝ်  (တၠဂုဏ်နာရဒ)
                      ကွာန်ကြုၚ်ဘာ
                      ခတ်ေတ U.S.A
      
   လိက်ပရေၚ်ဝွံ ကံက်ပ္တိတ်နၚ်နူလိက် မဂ္ဂဇြေန်
   ဂကောံအာစာကၞေဟ်မန် ကၞပ် (၃)
   မုက်လိက် (၂၉)
   ညးကံက်ပ္တိတ် အမ်သဝ်နာဲ အၜဝ်
   (.12:10.AM.21.08.2021.)

ဂကူမန်လိက်မန်ကၠုၚ်နူလဵုရော
*****************************
အ္စာသုတေသနတံ ဍေံတံချူဝၚ်ဂကူမွဲမွဲ ဍေံထ္ၜး သက်သဳမာန်ဒၟံၚ်ကီု၊ ဝၚ်ဂကူမ္ဂး သက်သဳလိက်ပတ် ဒှ်ဇြ ဟတ်ဇၞော် အိုတ်ရ။ ဍေံတံကေတ်လဝ်အဓိပ္ပါယ် ဂကူမန်, အရေဝ်မန်, လိက်မန်ကၠုၚ်နူမန်ဟွံသေၚ်ဂှ် ဟွံမိက်စှ်ေ စိုတ်အှ်ေရ။ ညးတၞဟ် ဟီုဂွံကၠာ ဟီုအာရ ညးတၞဟ်ချူဂွံကၠာ ချူဏာရ ဒးဆိၚ်ဆခယျကေတ်လဝ် နွံဗဝ်ရ။ ဂွံလဝ်ဂမြၚ်ညာဏ်ကျာ်အရှန် ဟွံသေၚ် ဒးထေၚ်ကေတ်ရဂၠိုၚ်တုဲ ဍေံတံထေၚ်ကေတ်လဝ် နွံမံၚ်ကီုရ။      
  မိက်ဂွံထ္ၜးသက်သဳ တွဵုရးဍုၚ်မန်ကၠာတေံ အလုံ (၉၆)ဍုၚ် ပၞောဝ်ကဵုတွဵုရးဖာသီ, မံၚ်မလ, ဒဵုပသဲ, ဟံသာ ဒေံါ(၃၂)ဍုၚ် တွဵုရးဗဂေါဟံသာဝတဳ, ဍုၚ်သေၚ်, ဍုၚ်ဒလ, ဍုၚ်ပါဒ, ဍုၚ်လ္ဂုၚ် ဥက္ကလာပ(၃၂)ဍုၚ် တွဵုရး မုဟ်တၟံ, သဓီု သုဝဏ္ဏဘုံ,တ္ကအ်ခၟိုၚ်, ဗြဝတဳ, ရးဇြာဝါခရူ, ရေဝ်, ရး တနၚ်သဳ(၃၂)ဍုၚ်တံဂှ် ဒှ်ဍုၚ်မန် ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် ဍုၚ်မန်သိုၚ် နန်ပြာသာဒ် ဍုၚ်နွံကဵုဨကရာဇ်မန် ချိုတ်တ် ပၠိုတ်တ်မဒှ်ရ။         
    ဂကူဒှ်သၟိၚ်မန်ကၠာအိုတ် ဒးထံက်ထ္ၜးဂလာန် ရာဇာ ဝၚ်မန်မ္ဂး တွဵုရးဍုၚ်မုဟ်တၟံ(၃၂)ဍုၚ် ဍုၚ်သုဝဏ္ဏဘုံဝွံ ကၠာကျာ်တြဲဂေါတမပိုဲ ဟွံက္တဵုဒှ်ကျာ်ဏီ ဗၞတ်(၅ဝဝ)သၞာံ တေံ ဂကူမန်မၚ်ဗၠာဲမၞုံယၟုသုဓမာနဝ, သုဓမ္မ မာဏဝ, သၟိၚ်အိန်မာဃတၠသွဝ်ၜါ စှ်ေကၠုၚ်ပသေက်ကဵု သ္ပဨက ရာဇ်မန် ကၠာအိုတ်ရ။
    သ္ပဟိုတ်နူကဵု သၟိၚ်အိန်နိမိတ်ဗဒှ်ကဵု ဍုၚ်ပြာသာဒ် သၠိုက်ကဵုအဘိသိက် ၝောံကိုဋ်ဗြကၞေၚ် ရေၚ်မတ်ရတ် နာနာ ရန်ကဵုယၟုယၟာဗွဲဘာသာပါဠိဂှ်တုဲ̏ ဍုၚ်သုဓမ္မဝတဳ̋ ဍုၚ်မၞုံကဵုဓဝ်သၟိၚ်အိန် ခုတ်ခဴကဵုလဝ်ယၟုရ။ ဂလာန်ရာဇာဝၚ်မန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂလာန် မဍာံပြဟေၚ်တုဲ မၚ်ဗၠာဲသၟတ်မန် သုဓမ္မမာဏဝဂှ် ဒှ်ကောန်ညးဇၞော်တမ္ၚာတုဲ မၚ်မွဲလဝ်သဳလဥပုဟ်လၟိုန်ကာလရ။ မိမယာဲဣတဂှ် ၜိုန်ရကၠောန်မံၚ် ကမၠောန်တမ္ၚာ ဂယိုၚ်လမျီု ̏မိစ္ဆာဇဳဝ̋ ပရေံကဵုဒှ်ကၠာရ။ ကောန်တြုံပရဲ ပြဲနူတၞဟ် ဒှ်ညးတၠပါရမဳ ဂှ် ဝေၚ်ပဲါထောံကမၠောန် ပွသရာံပါပ် ဗၞတ်မွဲအာယုက် မာန်တုဲ ဟိုတ်နူအသိၚ်သဳလဥပုဟ် သဳလပါရမဳစိ သၟိၚ် အိန်ဒေဝတဴသွဝ်ၜါ ဒးစှ်ေသၠိုက်အဘိသိက် ပအပ်ဇိုန် ကဵုကၟိန်ဍုၚ်က္ဍိုၚ်ဗ္တာၚ်နန်ထဝ် ပြာသာဒ်ထဝ် ကဵုသ္ပသၟိၚ် ဨကရာဇ် မန်ကၠာအိုတ်ရ။
          ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ထံက်ရံၚ်ကဵုဒဒှ်သက်သဳ ရာဇာဝၚ်မန် အာဂမယုတ္တိ ဗီုဒှ်မူလဍာံပြဒၟံၚ်တုဲ သၟိၚ်ဨကရာဇ်မန်ဂမၠိုၚ် တံဂှ် ယာဲအပါမန်ဟေၚ် ၜံၚ်ခ္ဍတ်ပတိတ် က္တဵုဗဒှ်ကဵုဂကူမန် မဒှ်ရ။ မန်ကၠုၚ်နူမန်ဇေတ်တ် ဂကူမန်, အရေဝ်မန်, လိက်မန်,ယေန်သၞာၚ်မန်,ကၠုၚ်နူမန်ဖအိုတ်ရ။ တိတ် ကၠုၚ်နူကဵု ဂကူ(၄)ဂကူတေံဟွံသေၚ် ဂကူမန်ပိုဲသမ္တီလဝ် ချိုတ်တ်ပၠိုတ်တ်အိုတ်ညိအဴ။ စပ်ကဵုကိစ္စ အရေဝ်မန်, လိက်ပတ်မန်ဂှ် လညာတ်ရဲညးလ္ၚတ် (သုတေသန) တံဂှ် ဂကူမန်, လိက်မန်, အရေဝ်မန်, ကၠုၚ်နူကဵု (၄)ဂကူ တေံရ။ ဂကူမန် ယဝ်ရကၠုၚ်နူဂကူ (၄)တေံမ္ဂး သံသယ သၠေဟ်ပၟာ ဟွံအိုတ်ရ။
    မန်ကၠုၚ်နူဂလာလေဝ်ဒှ်ဂွံ ကၠုၚ်နူကြုက်ခမေန်လေဝ် ဒှ်ဂွံ သၠေဟ်ပၟာဟွံအိုတ် နကဵုစိုတ်ဟေၚ် ဒးထေၚ်ဒးခယျ ဆိၚ်ဆ ကေတ်တုဲ သံသယစိုတ်က္တဵုဒှ်ၜါလွးရ။ ဂၠာဲရိုဟ် ကၞက်တမ် ဂကူမၞိဟ်ဂွံ လဝ်ကၠာတမ်ဍာ်ၜဳမှာသၟိဒ် နွံဒၞာဲလဵု ရောဒဵုသိန္နရာဇ်နွံဒၞာဲလဵုရော အာဂၠာဲဆဵုမံၚ်ကီုဟာ? လညာတ်အ္စာရာဇာဝၚ်မန်လ္ၚဵု ဂကူမန် လိက်မန် အရေဝ်မန်ကၠုၚ်နူမန်ဟေၚ် သၠေဟ်ပၟာဟွံမွဲတုဲ ဖျေံတၚ် သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ဂံၚ်ၚ် ဟွံယောၚ်ဟွံယံၚ် ဖျေံစိုတ်ပိုတ်တ် သ္ကုတ်တ်ရ။ ဂကူမန်, လိက်မန်, အရေဝ်မန်, ကၠုၚ်နူဂဝ် ဂၞဴတၟာမလ္ၚဴဟွံသှ်ေ နူကၠာကျာ်တြဲဂေါတမဟွံက္တဵုဒှ်ဏီ ဗၞတ်(၅ဝဝ)သၞာံ ပယာံမလအ် တေံဟေၚ်၊ ဟွံသေၚ်သာ်ဂှ် နူတိဒှ် ဒကှ်တိုန်တေံ မန်ပိုဲသှေ်ၜက် ကၠုၚ်မံၚ် စဵုကဵုအခိၚ် လၟုဟ်ရ။ 
   ဟီုဍေံရ လိက်မန်ကၠုၚ်နူ ဂလာအိန္ဒိယ(INDIA) အက္ခရ်ဗြဟ္မဳ နူဂှ်အက္ခရ်ပလ္လဝ ကဒမ္ဗဂးသာ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပူဂဵုလ္ၚဵုလ္ၚဵုလေဝ်ဒုၚ်ယဵု အာမန္တာ နွံမံၚ်ကီုရ။ ခရေတ်အေဒဳ(ဗီ) (၅ဝဝ)သၞာံဂှ် အ္စာသၠပတ်မန် မှာထေရ်ဗုဒ္ဓဃောသာ က္ညအာ ချူကှ်ေဆာဲ ကၠာဲကေတ်ပိဋကတ်ပိစိုပ် ဍုၚ်မန် သုဝဏ္ဏဘုံရ။ သၞာံသာသနာမန်ပိုဲဂှ် (၉ဝဝ)သၞာံဟေၚ် ဝၚ်ပိဋကတ်မန် စၞောန်ထ္ၜးလဝ်တုဲ အက္ခရ်မန် လိက်မန်ပိုဲဂှ် နွံမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်မန် သုဓမ္မဝတဳ ကၠာနူသၞာံခရေတ် ထုက်ထက်ဏီရ။ 
    (က)ဗြဟ္မဳသဒ္ဒါ ဣကာရန္တပုံလိၚ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲပါဠိအဘိဓာန်မန် အက္ခရာဝလိဟွံမွဲတုဲ ဗြဟ္မဳ ဣကာရန္တပုံလိၚ်ဟေၚ် နွံထေၚ်လဵုမံၚ်ရ။ ဗြဟ္မဳသဒ္ဒါဂှ် တွံအရထတၞးဗြီု-မနဳ တွံ အရထဂလာန် ၜါသာ်ရ။ တၞးဆုဗြီုမနဳဂှ် တၞးဍေံ ညးသ္ပဂဥုဲ အ္စာသဝ်တံရပ်စပ်စကာရ။
            (ခ)ကဒမ္ဗသဒ္ဒါ အာကာရန္တပုံလိၚ်ဂှ် တွံအရထ ဆုသဴ, ဆုပြဲ, တၞံရာဲသဳဓတ်, တၞံမိတ်, ဂကောံ တွံအရထ (၅)ဂကူရ။
   (ဂ)ပလ္လဝသဒ္ဒါ အကာရန္တပုံလိၚ်ဂှ် တွံအရထသၠ လမတ်, တၞံဆုမၜတ်,တၚ်ကၞာၚ်ဆု,မဒှ်မွဲဟာန်သၠလၟတ်,တွံအရထသၠဆုၜတ်တ်
ကဵုတါ်ျကၞာါ်ျဆုရ။
    ပါဠိသဒ္ဒါဍာံပြဟေၚ် အရထဍေံတိတ်ကၠုၚ်ဗွဲမဍာံပြတုဲ အဓိပ္ပါယ်နွံပၟိက်လ္ပာ်ဍေံလေဝ် ကလိဂွံမာန်ဗွဲစၟတ် ဟေၚ်ရ။
    အတိုၚ်လညာတ်ညာဏ် အ္စာသုတေသနတံ ကေတ်လဝ် အဓိပ္ပါယ်အက္ခရ်မန် ကၠုၚ်နူဍုၚ်ဂလာအိန္ဒိယ ထ္ၜးပါဠိပိပိုဒ်ဂှ်တုဲ ကံက်ကေတ်အဓိပ္ပါယ်ဂွံ ဂွံဍောၚ်ဓရ်သဒ္ဒတ် သာ်ဂှ်ရ။ အက္ခရ် လိက်မန်, ကၠုၚ်နူဗြဟ္မဳဂှ် ဂွံကဵုတၞးဆုရ။

    အတိုၚ်လညာတ်ညာဏ် အ္စာသုတေ သနတံ ကေတ်လဝ် အဓိပ္ပါယ်အက္ခရ်မန် ကၠုၚ်နူဍုၚ်ဂလာအိန္ဒိယ ထ္ၜးပါဠိပိပိုဒ်ဂှ်တုဲ ကံက်ကေတ်အဓိပ္ပါယ်ဂွံ ဂွံဍောၚ်ဓရ်သဒ္ဒတ် သာ်ဂှ်ရ။ အက္ခရ် လိက်မန်, ကၠုၚ်နူဗြဟ္မဳဂှ် ဂွံကဵုတၞးဆုရ။
    အက္ခရ်မန်,လိက်မန် ကၠုၚ်နူတၞံဆု, တၞးဆုဂှ် ဒှ်အဓိပ္ပါယ်ဍေံရ။ ဂလာန်အရေဝ်ဂှ် ကၠုၚ်နူ ဂလာတုဲ ဆက်စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်မန်ပိုဲဂှ် ဒှ်ဟွံမာန် ဗၠေတ်လ္ပကေတ်စညိ။ 
    အက္ခရ်မန်,လိက်မန် ကၠုၚ်နူဗြဟ္မဳ, ပလ္လဝ, ကဒမ္ဗ ဍာံပြဟွံဍာံပြ စၟဳစၟတ်ရံၚ်နကဵုသဒ္ဒါညိ။ ညံၚ်ရဴမလိက် နွံပ္ဍဲဗုၚ်ဂၞဴမပ္တံ (သြွံသြွဳဿုံဟ္တ အအ) တံဂှ် ဒှ်ပါဠိလီုလီုတုဲ အရထဟွံမွဲ အဓိပ္ပါယ်ဟွံတိတ်ရ။ ယဝ်ရကေတ်အတိုၚ် ပါဠိပိပိုဒ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး လိက်မန်ပိုဲဂှ် တုပ်ကဵုလိက်ဗၟာ လကျာ်တဳ ခမဳအပြောံ ဍုၚ် ဗကာံတေံကီုရ။
  လကျာ်တဳခမဳအပြောံတေံဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ချူကေတ် လိက်ပပ်ပ်ပဳပဳတုဲ အာတိုပ်ပြိုက် စုတ် ပ္ဍဲဂဝေၚ်ဆု ပေၚ်ပိသၞာံ ဂဝေၚ်ဆုဂှ် ဂတိုပ်ခၞော်ဍေံပေၚ်တိုန်တုဲ ကၟာတ်ကၠက် အာရ။ ဒဒှ်ရလိက်ဗၟာပိုဲနွံဒၟံၚ်ဂှ် ဒေဝတဴတံကဵုနိ မိတ်လ္ပအ်တုဲ ပိုဲမရာဇ်ဒးဇက်ပၞာန် အာကေတ် လိက်ပတ် တံဂှ်ရောၚ်။                                ဂရၚ်ပ္တီ သၟိၚ်ဗၟာအနဝ်ရထာ (အနော်ရထာ)ရ။ သၟိၚ်ဗၟာအနဝ်ရထာပတှ်ေတုဲ ဇက်ပၞာန်အာခဲါ အာၜံက် အာဂၠံက်ကေတ်တုဲ ဒှ်လိက်ချူဗဒှ် ကၠောန်ကေတ် ပပ်ပ်ပဳပဳဂှ်တုဲ ညိဟွံကိတ် ညဳကဵု ပရေၚ်လောကဓမ္မဒ္စာံသာ်တုဲ သၟိၚ်စံၚ် ထောံဖအိုတ်ရ။ 
    ဂွန်အလီညာဏ်အလီဇၞော်ကွေံကွေံတုဲ ဟိုတ်နူကဵု လိက်ပတ်ဟွံမွဲဂှ်ရ လကျာ်တဳခမဳ အဖြေဟ်ဒးကၠောန် ဗဒှ်ကေတ်လိက်ပတ်ရ။ လိက်မန်ပိုဲဂှ် ဟွံတုပ်ကဵုလိက်ဗၟာ လကျာ်တဳ ဍုၚ်ဗကာံတေံပုဟ်၊ လိက်မန်ပိုဲဂှ် ကၠုၚ်နူကဵုတၞံ 
ဆု,တၞးဆု,ကဝေၚ်ဆုဟွံသေၚ်၊ ကၠုၚ်နူကဵုမန် ဂကူမန်ဟေၚ်ရ။ ခေတ်ညးကဵုညး အခိၚ်ညး ကဵုညး စကာသုၚ်စောဲပြံၚ် လှာဲကၠုၚ်နွံမံၚ်တုဲ လိက်မန်ခေတ်သၠပတ် ပြာကတ်မံက်ဂတဝ် တိုန် ပ္ဍဲလက်ထက်အ္စာကဝိမန် အ္စာသၠပတ်မန် မှာထေရ်ဗုဒ္ဓဃောသာပိုဲရ။                             ကောန်မန် ပိုဲဂွံတီအာကိုန်ဂစိုတ်မာန် ဂကူမန် လိက်မန် အရေဝ်မန် ကၠုၚ်နူ မန်ဟေၚ်၊ ကွေတ်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာကဵု အခိုက်ကၞာ သာသနာမန် ကၠုၚ်နူမန်ဟေၚ်၊ အခိုက်ကၞာ ရှ်ေသှ်ေ ဗဴဗယိကလော်သ္ၚိ ကၠုၚ်နူမန်ဟေၚ်၊ အခိုက်ကၞာ ဒက်စေတဳ ဒးပ္တိုန်က္ဍိုၚ် လ္ဇံက် က္ဍိုၚ်ကျာ် ကၠုၚ်နူမန်ဟေၚ်။ 
    အခိုက်ကၞာ သ္ပဒကာထပိုဲခမဳပယျၚ် ကၠုၚ်နူမန်ဟေၚ်၊ အခိုက်ကၞာ ပြေၚ်စွံ ကမ္မဋ္ဌာန်သၚ်ကဵုခရှ်ဂှ် ကၠုၚ်နူမန်တံ ဖအိုတ်ရ။                         
    ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ-ဂကူမန်, လိက်မန်, ကၠုၚ်နူကဵု ဂကူတၞဟ် သအာၚ်တေံဟွံသေၚ်။ (ဂကူမန်, အရေဝ်မန်, လိက်ပတ်မန်, ယေန်သၞာၚ်မန်) ကၠုၚ်နူမန်ပိုဲဖအိုတ်ရ။ 
     မိက်ဂွံဗ္ကန်ဏာကဵုဂကူမန် ညးမဗှ်လိက် မန်ပိုဲတံ      မွဲတၚ်ပၠန်ဂှ် ဒၞာဲလဵုမံၚ်ၚ်က္ဆံၚ်လဵု စိုပ်ပ် ဟီုအရေဝ်မန်,ချူဗှ် လိက်မန်, သုၚ်စောဲ အာဲယေန်သၞာၚ်အခိုက်ကၞာမန်ပိုဲတံ အိုတ်ညိ။ လ္ပထေၚ်ဇၞော်ကဵု ဂကူတၞဟ်သအာၚ်အိုတ်ညိဂှ် မိက်ဂွံဗ္ကန်ပြၚ်ဏာ နကဵုကၞေဟ်လိက်ဏံ မဒှ်ရအဴ။

ရာမညအာၚ်မန်
တံၚ်ပရၚ်

ရတနတ္တယပဏာမ-ကေုာံ-ပတ္တနာ
   
       နမောတဿ၊ ပဏာမလိက်ပတ်။ ဗုဒ္ဓဓမ္မ၊ သီုသဳဃံရတ်။ အဲဍိက်ရှ်ေသှ်ေ၊ ဖျေံက္ဍိုပ်သ္ပဝတ်။ ဣန်ဗြီုယီုမာ၊ဒေဝါပြကတ်။ နွံဂၠိုၚ်ပြးဇး၊ဂးဗးဟုဝတ်။မိကဵုမၜါ၊ အ္စာဇၞော်သွတ်။ကဝိပန်ဌာန်၊ ဥာဏ်ညံၚ်သၞာ်ရတ်။ ဂုဏ်ညးတအ်ဂှ်၊ဒှ်ဗဇ္ဇဗတ်။ အတိက်လေဝ်ကီု၊သီုအနာဂတ်။အဲဍိက်သ္ပဝတ်၊ပ္ဍဲပစ္စုပ္ပန်။ 
        ဖျေံက္ဍိုပ်စိန်ဝုန်၊ ယိုက်လဝ်ဂုဏ်ပၠန်။ ဖိုလ်အဲရဴဂဴ၊ဇဴထပှ်တန်။ကမ္မကဵုစိ၊ ပိစှော်ၜါပၠန်။ ဝေဒနာတုန်၊ ၜါဣသုန်ဗ္ဂန်။ ပရိုက်ဥပဒြဴ၊ စှ်တြဴတန်။ အန္တရာယ်စှ်၊ ဒဏ်စှ်မွဲဒွန်။အိုတ်ကပ်ပိကီု၊ သီုဝဲမသုန်တန်။ဂြိုဟ်ပါပပၠန်၊ သီုဒဏ်အန္တရာယ်။
         အိုတ်သီုယဲဗော်၊ ကလော်တာဲဗြဲ။ ဗၟုဲဘုတ်ပြိုတ်၊အိုတ်သီုသရာဲ။ ပရိစ္ဆေဒ၊ ဘဝဇၟာပ်ဒၞဲါ။သၞနိမိတ်သၞဲ၊ ကဵုဍေံသ္ၚောဲသာဲ။ သၟိၚ်ဍာ်ပၟတ်၊ ကမၠက်စိုတ်စၞာဲ။ ကဵုဍေံပြးဆာဲ ပဲါဒဴအာညိ။
        ယိုက်ဂုဏ်တုဲပၠန်၊ ဆန်ဗ္ဒက်လိက်စိ။ ညးမဒှ်ကၠာ၊အ္စာကဝိ။ တံၚ်ပိုအ်ရးဇြာ၊ ကွာန်ဂှ်ဇာတိ။ အဲမာံတောအ်ကၠာ၊အ္စာကဝိ။ဥာဏ်ဒှ်မြမောဝ် လ္ၚောဝ်ရးမန်ပိ။ အာယုဒဳဃ၊လာဘသုခိ။လာပ်ကဵုစိုပ်ကၠုၚ်၊ ညံၚ်နုၚ်နိဓိ။အာယုက်ကဵုဂၠိၚ်၊ညံၚ်သၟိၚ်နေမိ။ ဂွံဒှ်မြမောဝ်၊ဒေါဝ်ရးမန်ပိ။ဝၚ်တြေံတြဟ်၊ဆန်ဗ္ဒက်တၟိ။ ဂကူမန်ကၠာ၊ဂွံတီအာညိ။ ဗၟာယုတ်ပျဲလဝ်၊ညံၚ်ကဝ်အဂ္ဂိ။တူဂြောတ်ဂဵုဒၟံၚ်၊ညံၚ်ရဴပ္တေၚ်ဂျိ။သွက်မန်ဂွံတီ၊တၞီမံၚ်ဒမၠိ။တီတုဲသတိုက်၊ စွံစိုတ်ကဵုဂိ။ ညံၚ်ဂွံချပ်မာန်၊ဂစာန်တိုန်ညိ။ညးအဲလ္ပဝိုတ်၊ ဂိုတ်ကဵုဗိုန်ဂၠိ။မန်ပိုယ်ဗၠိုက်မံၚ်၊ဘိုၚ်ဟံၚ်အိုတ်ညိ။ယဝ်ဟံၚ်ဂွံကၠာ၊ လာဘသုခိ။ လာပ်ဂွံစိုပ်ကၠုၚ်၊ညံၚ်နုၚ်နိဓိ။ အာယုက်ဂွံဂၠိၚ်၊ ညံၚ်သၟိၚ်နေမိ။ဇဲယသိဒ္ဓိ၊ကဵုဒှ်ညိမန်။
        မၞိဟ်ဒေဝတဴ၊ ကလောသ္ၚောဲညန်။တၞောဝ်ဂကူစိဇာတိပိုယ်မန်။တဆိပ်ၜိုပ်ကၠာ၊ဟံသာထဝ်သောန်။ရာဇာဝၚ်တၞမ်၊ တမၠာလအ်လောန်။ နူသၟိၚ်ပိုယ်မန်၊ စှ်ေနူနန်ထဝ်။
    ဍုၚ်ဟံသာဟေၚ်၊ ညးတၟေၚ်ဂွံလဝ်။ ၜိုပ်ကျအာမြာ်၊သြိုဟ်ပါ်သၞေၚ်ထဝ်။ပြာသာဒ်ရတ်ထ္ၜိုၚ်၊ က္ဍိုၚ်ဗ္တာၚ်နန်ထဝ်။ဘုတ်ဘာသီုသ္ၚိ၊ တိဍာ်ကၠအ်သွဝ်။ဍုၚ်ဗဂေါကၠာ၊ တၟာမဗ္ဒဝ်။ဟွံသှ်ေလေၚ်အိုတ်၊ ဟိုတ်ဝဲတမ်ကဝ်။ သာ်ဝွံဆတ္တဝ်၊ ပြာကတ်လဝ်ရောၚ်။
      သမ္ပတီယောၚ်၊ မွဲတောၚ်ချူဇန်။ နူရာဇာဝၚ်၊ ရံၚ်ကေတ်နၚ်ဂြန်။ ပ္ဍဲဇာတာထဝ်၊ သ္ပလဝ်ကိုန်ခန်။သ္ၚဳဂၠိပ်တုဲပၠန်၊ဆန်ဗ္ဒဟ်မၚ်ဇေန်။
        ဘာသာမန်အဴ၊ ကြဴဂွံဆက်ဆေန်။ ကလောမိတ်စှ်၊တုဲဂွံဗှ်ပ္ဍေန်။သ္ပလိက်မၚ်ဇေန်၊ မာံတောအ်ဟေန်ဆာဲ။
        ဍုၚ်ဗဂေါလီု၊ ဗီုကဝ်တူပြာဲ။ ဒဒိုက်ပိုယ်မန်၊ ကောန်ယာံကဵုယာဲ။ မိယာံကဵုကောန် အောန်စိုတ်ဇၟာပ်ဒၞဲါ။ဝုတ်ယာံကဵုဗၠာဲ၊ ဆာန်တုဲသာဲအာ။
        တၞောဝ်ရာဇာဝၚ်၊ အိုတ်လၚ်ဂတာ။ ဂကူမည၊ ဝံသပိုယ်ကၠာ။ ဒှ်ဍိက်ဗၟာရ၊ သဗ္ဗကေၚ်ကာ။ပိုယ်ဒးဒှ်လၞီ၊ ကြအ်ဆီသိၚ်သာ။အတိက်တမၠာ၊ နူကၠာတေံဂှ်။
             ဒဒိုက်ပိုယ်မန်၊ဇၞော်လောန်သ္ကာတ်မြဟ်။ ဒးချိုတ်ဘဲပၟတ်၊ တူဂြောတ်ဟေၚ်ဟဟ်။လေၚ်သီုဒြပ်ရတ်၊ပိဋကတ်သၟဟ်။ လေၚ်ဘုတ်လေၚ်ဘာ၊ လေၚ်ဝါတိရှ်။ လေၚ်ဍုၚ်လေၚ်ကွာန်၊ လေၚ်ဌာန်ဒိုဟ်စှ်။ လေၚ်သၟိၚ်နာဲတၠ၊ လေၚ်မသထပှ်။ပိုယ်လဴခၠေဝ်သှ်၊ ဂတှ်ဝိပက်။
        ဂွံတီညာတ်ရ၊ ဂတမွဲအဆက်။ ဒှ်စိတ္တဥာဏ်၊ ဂလာန်ဒှ်ကြက်။ ကောန်ဇာတ်ဗွဲကြဴ၊ စဴစေက်သှ်ေၜက်။ ဂွံတီညးအဲ၊မွဲၜါအဆက်။လိက်နွံဂွံဗှ်၊ မန်စှ်ကိုဋ်ဠက်။ဝၚ်မန်ပိုယ်ဟေၚ်၊ ဗီုတၟေၚ်ဒးကၠက်။ဗၟာသတ်အဟိုတ်၊ ဂစိုတ်မန်ညံၚ်ကၠက်။သ္ပလဝ်ရိုဟ်ကၞက်၊ ဨကဂ္ဂတာ။
        ရာဇဝၚ်ရ၊ နူသၠပတ်ကၠာ။ သ္ပမၚ်ဇေန်ပ္ညုၚ်၊ဍုၚ်မန်ဟံသာ။ အဲချူဆန်ဗ္ဒဟ်၊ ဂွံဗှ်သေၚ်ဟာ။ ဝၚ်ပိုယ်ဖအိုတ်၊ ပၠောပ်စိုတ်လောဲသွာ။ ချူကှ်ေပိုဒ်ဗျဥ်၊ ဆန္ဒလကႅာ။ဗီုပိုယ်ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်၊ ဍုၚ်မန်ဟံသာ။ သ္ဂောံစေန်ဆက်အာ၊ ပြာကတ်လဝ်ရောၚ်။
      မၞးတအ်ကလၚ်၊ ပၚ်မှိၚ်မွဲတောၚ်။ထံၚ်လဝ်သောတ၊စိုတ်ပကဵုယောၚ်။မညာဘာသာ၊ မေတ္တာအခေါၚ်။ ဆာန်ဂကူရောၚ်၊ ဟီုလဴသောၚ်ထ္ၜး။
        ဟိုဲတၞောဝ်မည၊ဝံသဗော်သွး။ဂကူပိုယ်ကၠာ၊ ညဳသာသၟဟ်တး။ ဟွံဒးလီုလာ်၊ ဟွံပါ်ဒကး၊ဍိက်ကဵုတၠနာဲ၊ ဟွံဒးသာဲပြး။ ပၚ်မှိၚ်ညိဏး၊ ယွံကွးဘာမန်။
        အတိက်တေံကၠာ၊တမၠာလအ်လောန်။ ဟံသာဝတဳ၊ဍုၚ်ကျာ်သြဳမန်၊ သၟိၚ်ဨကရာဇ်၊သီုအမာတ်ဝန်။မၞိဟ်မွဲဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊ ဇၟာပ်ဌာန်သ္ၚောဲညောန်။ သ္ကိုပ်ပၞာန်ဂှ်၊ ဟိုတ်ဟွံသၟဟ်သၟန်။ညိရောဒးဗီု၊ ဒးလီုလ္ၚုလ္ၚန်။ဟံသာဍုၚ်မန်၊ နန်ထဝ်က္ဍိုၚ်ဗ္တာၚ်။
       ဒးထောံကၠေံသ္ကဲ၊ လုပ်တဲညးသ္အာၚ်။ သၟိၚ်ဒဴဗညာ၊ ရာဇာတြုံသာၚ်။ က္တဴက္တာန်မံၚ်၊ ညံၚ်ၜိုဟ်ကဵုကၠာၚ်။ ဒးထောံကၠေံဂအာၚ်၊ ကၟာၚ်ဍုၚ်ဒေါဝ်ဝါ။
         ဂၠုက်ရာပ်ဂၠုက်အုပ်၊ ဒဴလုပ်ဒျူဒျာ။ ဍိုက်ဂွံဂၠုၚ်က္ၜၚ်၊လှၚ်ဒေါဝ်ဂဂႅါ၊ သၟိၚ်ဨကရာဇ်၊အမာတ်ဒဴဗညာ။ဝံသဒတောဝ်၊တၞောဝ်မန်ရာဇာ။ဖေက်အဲအနိုၚ်၊ ဝၚ်သၟိၚ်ယုတ်ဗၟာ။မန်ပိုယ်ဒဴပၞာန်၊ ထောံကွာန်ဂွံဝါ။ ဂြိပ်ဒဴထောံဗၟာ၊ ပ္ၚောံဒျူဒျာရောၚ်။
         သာ်ဝွံမွဲတောၚ်၊ ဟွံယောၚ်ဒှ်ဍာံ။ ဍုၚ်ဗဂေါဝွံ၊ လ္ၚုလုံဒိုဟ်ဒ္စံါ။ တၞောဝ်ပိုယ်မည၊ ညံၚ်ကဒဴကျာံ။ သ္ပကာဝရာံ၊ 
သၞာံဂှ်လ္အိတ်။
        ကၞိရောၚ်ဒးဘဲ၊ ဗ္ဂဲရပ်ကိတ်။ သက္ကရာဇ်ဍုၚ်၊ ကၠုၚ်စိုပ်လ္အိတ်။ လ္ၚီကၠံဟီုတွံ၊ ကဵုစှ်ဒ္စိတ် (၁၁၁၉)။ မန်ကျအာဗၟာ၊ ရာဇာတၞောဝ်သိဒ်။ တၞောဝ်မညပြဲ၊ 
စိုပ်ဘဲဍာ်ဒ္စိတ်။ ပ္ဍဲဇမ္ဗုဒိပ်၊ဂြိပ်ဒဴဗၟာၚိတ်။ တိုန်ဒဵုကၠဆာ်၊ စှ်ေဍာ်ကျာံကိတ်။ ညံၚ်သာ်ဂှ်ကၠာ၊ ဥပၟာလ္အိတ်။ ညံၚ်သာ်ဂှ်လေဝ်၊ သရေနိမိတ်။ မန်ဒးထောံဍုၚ်၊ သုၚ်ဝိပရိတ်။ ဆၚ်ဒဴနူနန်၊ ယောန်အာဟိတ်ဟိတ်။လုပ်အာဂြိုပ်ဂၞိၚ်၊ ကြာကၠစိၚ်သိတ်။ ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုဝိဝဲ၊ ဂၠိုၚ်ဘဲလ္အိတ်။ဒးအေၚ်ပုၚ်ဍာ်၊ ကွာ်အာမံၚ်ဍိတ်။ဒဒိုက်စိုပ်သိဒ်၊ လ္အိတ်ပိုတ်သ္ကုတ်။
    ဍုၚ်ဟံသာရော၊ ဗဂေါညးခုတ်။ လုပ်စိုပ်တဲဗၟာ၊ ရာဇာအယုတ်။ ဂးအံၚ်ဇေယျ၊ စိုတ်ညံၚ်ကၠဂြုတ်။တၞောဝ်ၜိုပ်ထဝ်ကွေံ၊ ဍေံရပ်ပရှ်ဍုတ်။ ဂၠာဲဒုဟ်ဂၠိုၚ်နဲ၊ ဂၠာဲစောဲဂဗုတ်။လဟုက်ထေဲထုတ်၊ စုတ်ဒုဟ်ကဵုမန်။
         သၟိၚ်ဗၟာယုတ်လေဝ်၊ ဨကရာဇ်ဝန်။ညံၚ်ကလော်ကြုက်၊မုက်ညုဓညောန်။ ဍေံဂွံအဝဵု၊ ဍဵုဍိုက်ပျဲလောန်။ ခမဳသၚ်မန်၊ကြပ်ညောန်သ္ၚောဲသာဲ။
         ကဵုကော်နၚ်ကၠာ၊ ဗၠးဏာသရာဲ။ ကၠုၚ်စိုပ်ဆတ္တဝ်၊ပ္တောံလဝ်မွဲဒၞဲါ။ညာတ်ဒှ်ဒေါသ၊ ညံၚ်ကၠရပ်သ္ၚာဲ။ ဟၟဲမေတ္တာ၊အာဏာလောန်ကာဲ။ မုက်အံၚ်ဇေယျ၊ ဒေါသဗ္တေတ်ဍာဲ။မၚ်မွဲဓုတၚ်၊ သၚ်ခမဳဗၠာဲ။ ဒးအလီရ၊ ဗၟာသ္ပပြယာဲ။ ဗၟာယုတ်စိုတ်စၞာဲ၊ ဥပါယ်အဟိုတ်။
        ကေတ်စိၚ်ဒြၚ်ဗိုန်၊ ကဵုလိုန်ဂစိုတ်။ နကဵုလွဟ်ပၠန်၊ ပန်ဗာ်ဖအိုတ်။ ဒးဒုၚ်ပယျဲ၊ ဘဲကမ်ဒးချိုတ်။ ဗုၚ်လိုက်ကအ်ပိုတ်၊ ချိုတ်ၜိၚ်မံၚ်ဆီ။
       ကွးသၚ်အရဳ၊ခမဳမန်ပိလ္ၚီ (၃၀၀၀)။ စုတိစဴသွဝ်၊ သီုဓဝ်လၞီ။ဒးဒုၚ်ကၠုၚ်ပၠန်၊ ဘဲဒဏ်ကၠံလ္ၚီ။ သာ်ဝွံခပ်သီ၊ သမ္တီလဝ်ညိ။
          ဣတ္တဳဗြဴမန်၊ သီုဂဝ်သန္ဓိ။ပ္ဍဲဗော်ရာဇာ၊ ဗၟာယုတ်ဒိဋ္ဌိ။ပန်ဗာ်ထပက်၊ ၜုၚ်တက်ကဵုရိ။ ညာတ်ဒှ်ဗဟေက်၊ ဖေက်ဖေက်ဂိဂိ။ လရိုအ်ယာံဟာဲ၊ ဗက်ဂၠာဲကော်မိ။ ပၞာန်ဗၟာတဲဂံၚ်၊ ညံၚ်နာ်သတ်ဂျိ။ ညးဒၞဲါဟွံမွဲ၊ ဂၠိုၚ်နဲလက်ဗျိ။ စိုတ်ယုတ်လောန်ကာဲ၊ဟာဲသတ်ရိုၚ်ရိ။ ဗြဴသီုသန္ဓိ၊ အိုတ်ဇဳဝိတ။
         မၞိဟ်ထပှ်လ္ၚီ၊ တီကၠးဍာံပြ။ (၇၀၀၀) ဂကူပိုဲကၠာ၊ဘာသာမည။ အဆက်သၟိၚ်ပိုတ်၊ အိုတ်တၞောဝ်ဝံသ။ ညံၚ်ဂွံကၠက်အာ၊ ဘာသာပိုယ်ပၠ။ ဗၟာယုတ်စိုတ်စၞာဲ၊ ဍေံဗက်ဂၠာဲသၞ။ကောန်ၚာ်တြုံရ၊ သ္ပမံၚ်ကွးဘာ။
           ဍေံဒဳနၚ်သ္ကဲ၊ ညံၚ်ဂၠဴပ္ဍဲဝါ။ ဗာ်ထပက်ပန်၊ ပ္ကီုဒဏ်နာနာ။ဆီဇွောဝ်ဒှ်ဍာ်၊ ကောန်ၚာ်ကွးဘာ။ဗုၚ်လိုက်ကအ်ပိုတ်၊ ချိုတ်ထပ်လောတ်လ္ၚာ။ ပဲါရောဟွံဗၠး၊ ဒးဘဲလွဟ်ဗၟာ။ ဗာ်ထပက်ပန်၊ကဵုဒဏ်နာနာ။အသမ်ရာဇာ၊ ဗၟာသတ်အလီ။
          ဂစိုတ်ထောံပၠန်၊ သၟတ်မန်မသုန်လ္ၚီ။ (၅၀၀၀) ဒးဘဲလမျီု၊ ဗီုစိၚ်မံၚ်ဆီ။ ဒဒိုက်ဠက်ဆ၊ ဟွံကကၠံလ္ၚီ။ ဟိုတ်နူဗၟာ၊ကွးဘာဒှ်လၞီ။ လိက်နွံဂွံတီ၊ သီပရူဒဒှ်။
           ဆဏအ်ရောသေၚ်၊ တၟေၚ်တိုန်နူဂှ်။ကောန်ၚာ်သၟတ်မန်၊ ဒှ်မံၚ်ကောန်တှ်။ အံၚ်ၚေဝ်လရိုအ်၊ ဂွံဆဗက်ဂြဟ်။ မွဲသာ်ရောကၠိုဟ်၊ဂၠုက်သြိုဟ်မဴတှ်။သၟတ်မန်တြဴလ္ၚီ (၆၀၀၀)၊ ဗက်သီကေတ်ပြဟ်။ ပ္ကောံလဝ်တုဲပၠန်၊ ဟွံတန်ချပ်ဗှ်။ ဂစိုတ်ထောံသၟဟ်၊ ကဵုလွဟ်မၞုဟ်ဇြၚ်။
       သုသာန်ကောန်ၚာ်၊ဆီဒှ်ဍာ်ဝၚ်။ ဇွမန်ပြးမံၚ်၊ တုပ်ညံၚ်သွးဂၚ်။ ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုဠက်ကိုဋ်၊ ချိုတ်မွဲသဘၚ်။ ဂးအံၚ်ဇေယျ၊သၟိၚ်တၠမၞုဟ်ဇြၚ်။ ဓဇန်လောန်ကာဲ၊ ဂၠာဲကော်ပ္ကောံနၚ်။ ဗၟာသတ်အယုတ်၊ ကုတ်ထောံဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠၚ်။ ကောန်တှ်ကောန်သၟတ်၊ လောတ်လောချိုတ်လၞၚ်။ ဆီဒှ်ၜဳဂၚ်၊ ဘိၚ်ဘၚ်လောန်ကၠာ။
        ဂကူပိုယ်မန်၊တၟေၚ်ဂၞန်သၚ်္ချာ။ အဃောဂှ်ရ၊ ဆမန်ချိုတ်အာ။ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဟံသာ၊ ၜါဠက်မွဲလ္ၚီ။ (၂၁၀၀၀) ရာဇဝၚ်ထၟိက်၊ လိက်နွံဂွံတီ။ ဆဗၞတ်ဂှ်ဟေၚ်၊ တုဲဟွံသေၚ်ဏီ။ ဗၟာဗက်ဂစိုတ်၊ဠက်ကိုဋ်ကၠံလ္ၚီ။ အလုံဍုၚ်မွဲ၊ ရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲဗက်လီ။ အသမ်တၠနာဲ၊ ဗက်ဂၠာဲဗက်သီ။ မန်ပိုယ်ကြအ်ဆီ၊ ဆဵုလၞီဇၞော်။
       မညဘာသာ၊ နွံကြာဂရော်။ ဇၟာပ်ဒိုဟ်သတိုတ်၊ ပလိုတ်ဗၟံက်။ ဒိုဟ်ဥတ္တရ၊ဒက္ခိဏဗော်။ ပ္ဍဲဒိုဟ်ပန်ဟာန်၊ဒ္စံါဌာန်ညးကော်။ ဍေံဗက်ဂၠာဲအာ၊ ကြာဒဵုဂရော်။ ဒဴလေဝ်ဟွံဗၠး၊ဒးစိုပ်ဘဲဇၞော်။ဆမန်နွံကၠာ၊ ဍေံအာဗက်ကော်။ ဍေံရပ်နၚ်တုဲ၊ဟွံရုဲဍောတ်ဇၞော်။ တြုံဗြဴဝုတ်ဗၠာဲ၊ သီုကၟာဲဍေံကော်။ဒိုက်သိုက်ဟွံရော်၊ ဍေံကော်ဖအိုတ်။ 
      တၟော်မၞိဟ်ရောတီ၊ ကၠံလ္ၚီဠက်ကိုဋ်။အံၚ်ဇေယျဝွံ၊သၟိၚ်ဒုစရိုတ်။မောဟဒွိဟိုတ်၊ စိုတ်ညံၚ်ဂျိနာဲ။
     အိုတ်ဂကူမန်၊ ၝောံမၞိဟ်ကောန်ၚာ်။ အကြာဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊ဌာန်ၜဳပ္ဍဲဍာ်။ဍေံဗက်သ္ၚဳဂၠာဲ၊ ဇၟာပ်တာဲဇၟာပ်ရာ်။ ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိဂြိုပ်ဝါ၊ဘုတ်ဘာသီုကျာ်။ ဆနွံဗက်ဂၠာဲ၊ ဒၞာဲဂၠိုၚ်ဇဳသာ်။ဗၟာမၞိဟ်အရိုၚ်၊ဒှ်သၟိၚ်ပိုၚ်သၞာ်။ ဒဳပ္ကောံနၚ်မန်၊လက်ဒေါန်သ္အဵုသ္အာ်။ စိုတ်ဍေံမ္ၚိုဟ်ကြံၚ်၊ တုပ်ညံၚ်ဂျိနာ်။ ပါၚ်စက်လ္တာ်၊ ကွာ်လဇုဲဗာ်ထောံ။
         မန်ဖေက်ဍေံစိ၊ စိုတ်ညံၚ်တိကလောံ။ ညံၚ်ဂၠဴသ္ကအ်ရ၊ဖေက်ကၠကွေံသွံ။ဇၟာပ်ဒိုဟ်ဇဳကၠောံ၊ ဍောတ်ဇၞော်ကြောံဇြာဲ။
       မဂဳလထဴ၊ နှဴသီုကၟာဲကၟာဲ။ ကောန်ၚာ်ညးခုတ်၊ ဝုတ်ဝုတ်ဗၠာဲဗၠာဲ။ ကောန်ဍောတ်ဂွံဆဵု၊ လ္ၚဵုမဴတှ်ယာဲ။ ဗျုဗျုဗျဗျ၊မိမနော်နာဲ။ တဲရပ်ဂစုန်၊ ရုန်ရုန်ဂဲါဂဲါ။ သၠုၚ်သဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်စွံ၊ ကြောံကြောံဇြာဲဇြာဲ။ ပၞာန်ဗၟာဒဳနၚ်၊ ဒေါသလၚ်ဍာဲ။ ထေဲပၞောတ်လောန်ကာဲ၊ အသမ်နာဲစာ။
       မုက်မတ်ကှ်ဇြ၊ ဘယလောန်အာ။ ဖေက်ဟွံဂံၚ်ကျောဝ်၊ လၚ်ဇွောဝ်ပူဆာ။ ဒးယာံဓဇူ၊ ဗ္ဂူဗြဲမတ်ၜါ။ ဂၠိုၚ်ဘဲပရိုက်၊ ဂၠိုၚ်ဒဒိုက်သၞာ။ဒးယာံရၚ်သ္ကအ်၊ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဏအ်ကၠာ။ယာံရေဝ်ကရောတ်၊ ဂစောတ်သာသာ။ ဗၟာဒဳပ္ကောံနၚ်၊ရပ်ဇြဲတဲၜါ။အသမ်သၟိၚ်ကၠာ၊ ယာံဗက်အာဍေံ။
         လရိုအ်သေဲသေဲ၊ ကရေဲညံၚ်ချေံ။ ဗၟာယုတ်မိစ္ဆာ၊ ရပ်ဏာတုဲကွေံ။ ညံၚ်ညးဗက်ချေံ၊ ဍေံဒဳပၠောပ်စာတ်။
      ပိုယ်မန်တမၠာ၊ ဍုၚ်ဟံသာကၞာတ်။ ကိုဋ်ဠက်ကၠံလ္ၚီ၊ ဟွံတီလောဲဝါတ်။ပါၚ်ဟီုတဲချဳ၊ ဍေံဒဳပၠောပ်စာတ်။ ၜုၚ်တက်ဒှ်တမ်၊ အသမ်လေဝ်သ္ကာတ်။ မန်သီုဖအိုတ်၊ လၞီစိုတ်ဂွံညာတ်။မွဲစာတ်ပေၚ်ထာတ်၊ ပ္ဍဲစာတ်က္ဍန်ဂြက်။
       ဒှ်လၞီသောက၊ မောဟညံၚ်ယက်။လရိုအ်ယာံဒၟံၚ်၊ ညံၚ်ဍုၚ်နရက်။ဍိက်ရာဇဝတ်၊ ကြမ်ကြထတ်မြက်။ ဍေံမိၚ်စုတ်ဗက်၊ လက်ဗျိပၠုက်မန်။
        ဂကူပိုယ်ကွေံ၊ မိၚ်ဍေံဗျိဒေါန်။ သြိုဟ်ညံၚ်ကဵုဖဲါ၊ ယာဲယာံကဵုကောန်။ ဒဒိုက်ကၠံလ္ၚီ၊ ဒှ်လၞီဂၠိုၚ်လောန်။ ကြိုၚ်လဝ်ပ္ဍဲစာတ်၊ ကၟာတ်လဝ်ကၟောန်ကၟောန်။ ဗၟာသတ်အယုတ်၊ စိုတ်အုတ်လက်ဒေါန်။ ဒေါသဂဵုမံၚ်၊ ညံၚ်ကၠကဟောန်။ ဂကူပိုယ်လေၚ်၊ ပၠေၚ်ထောံရောအောန်။လၞီဂၠိုၚ်လောန်၊ကောန်ကဵုမိမ။
       သမ္ဘာယာံအဵု၊ ကဵုတၠသ္ၚိပၠ။ ဗြဲမတ်ၜါပြိုဟ်၊ ဂတီုသြိုဟ်ရ။ တြုံတၠသ္ၚိကၠာ၊ သာမိဘာဂ။ ညာတ်မိတ်ဘမ္ဘာ၊ ဖေက်ဘဲရာဇ။ ဍာ်ရမတ်ဍုက်၊ မုက်ညံၚ်ပ္ကဴဇြ။
သောကစံၚ်ပၠေၚ်၊ပေၚ်ဟဒယ။ပ္ဍဲကဵုသ္ၚိစာတ်၊ ပါတ်လုံခန္ဓ။ လၞီဇၞော်ဂိ၊ စိုတ်ဂျိနာဂ။ညးဒှ်ဗဴလ၊ ဇုဇသဳမူ။
        ဆဵုညာတ်စဴကၟိန်၊ ယွာံဟွံတီဇၞူ။ ဍာ်ရမတ်ပြဟ်၊ ထၞဟ်စှ်ေဓဇူ။ အလုံစာတ်အဵု၊ ပၟတ်ဂဵုဝူဝူ။ညံၚ်ဂိတုဘတ်၊ ကျာထတ်ဗြဲဂူ။ လၞီဇၞော်ဂၠိၚ်သ္ၚောဲ၊ ဟွံမွဲကဵုဇၞူ။ဒးယာံဓဇူ၊ ဆာန်ဍူကောန်စဴ။
       သဳမူကဵုကၟိန်၊ ယာံထဂၠိန်နှဲ။ ညာတ်မံၚ်ပ္ဍဲစာတ်၊ကအ်အာတ်ပါၚ်ဠဴ။ ယာံမံၚ်သေဲသေဲ၊ ကမြေဲကမြဲ။ ဒုၚ်ဂုဏ်ဟွံဂွံ၊လရိုအ်အာတ်စဴ။ ဗၟာယုတ်ဒိုဟ်ဂွိုက်၊ ဍဵုဍိုက်ဗွဲကြဴ။ပၟတ်ဂဵုဗြံၚ်ဗြံၚ်၊ စံၚ်စာတ်ဖအဴ။ဗြဴမိတၠကောန်၊မိန်လဝ်ကောန်ဂၞဴ။မိန်ဗၟဴဖျုၚ်တှ်၊ ပါၚ်ဂှ်ယာံတဴ။ကောန်ဍောတ်ဟွံတီ၊ အီကဵုမိဂၞဴ၊မိညာတ်ဒးဗက်၊ သြိုဟ်ဂြက်ကွေံအဴ။ကောန်ဍောတ်ဂှ်မိန်၊ကောန်ဇၞော်ဂၠိန်နှဴ။ ကောန်ဇၞော်ဂှ်ယာံ၊ မိလေဝ်ယာံတဴ။တြုံကဵုသမ္ဘာ၊ ယာမုက်ဗွဲကြဴ။ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုယွာံ၊ ဒေံယာံကဵုကော။ကၟိန်ကဵုနာဲတြ၊ ဗဴကဵုလထဴ။ၝဲယာံကဵုဒေံ၊ ကာယပၠောတ်ပၠဴ။ ထုဲၜန်မံၚ်ပၠန်၊ ညံၚ်ချံက်စန်နှဴ။ညံၚ်ၚဴတမ်သၞာံ၊ ယာံမံၚ်ရေဲရဴ၊ညံၚ်ဗရုဂဂဵု၊ဗြုသဓဵုတဴ။ဇၟာပ်ဒိုဟ်ရော၊ယာံတဴဖဳဒွါ။
      ပိုယ်မန်ဗျုဇၞော်၊လုပ်ဗော်ဇရာ။ ဂွိၚ်ဖေက်တၠိၚ်ဒိုဟ်ရိုဟ်ရေၚ်နာနာ။ ဟိုဲလေဝ်ဣတ၊ လေၚ်ရမွဲဝါ။ပိုယ်ကၠက်ဂကူ၊ဂုဏ်နူသၟိၚ်ဗၟာ။ ပိုယ်ဒးဒုၚ်ပၠန်၊ ဘဲဒဏ်နာနာ၊ စံၚ်ဂစိုတ်ပြဟ်၊ဒှ်သၠာတ်ပ္ဍဲဝါ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵုစာတ်ဗၟာ၊ ဘဲရာဇာအနိုၚ်။
     မန်ချိုတ်တူဂြောတ်၊ ပ္ဍဲပၟတ်စာတ်သၟိၚ်။ ဒးသ္ကန်ကလိ၊ စုတိသီုဂဝိၚ်။ ရမ္သာၚ်ထတ်ကၠာ၊ ယာံပြာကတ်ပၟိၚ်။ ဗၟာယုတ်ပၟၚ်ထံၚ်၊ မၚ်မံၚ်စာတ်သၟိၚ်။ တြုံဗြဴဗျုထဴ၊ ယာံတဴမံၚ်ဗျိၚ်။ကၠာဍေံဟွံစံၚ်၊ ပၟၚ်ထံၚ်ဂွံမိၚ်။ ဒေါသဇၞော်တိုန်၊ မွဲချိုန်ဂွံမိၚ်။ဍေံဟွံချပ်ဗ္စာ၊ ကရုဏာသိၚ်။ အပိုၚ်အနိုၚ်၊ ဍေံဖျေံပၟိၚ်ဟေၚ်။
   ဗၟာအံၚ်ဇေယျ၊ သ္ပပိုယ်ဗီုပြေၚ်။ ဍေံစက်ကဵုပသဲ၊ သ္ကဲပိုယ်ဗွဲလၟေၚ်။ဂကူဂွံယုတ်၊ ဍေံဂၠာဲစုတ်ပၠေၚ်။ပလီုကျာ်သြဳကၠာ၊ ဘာသာမန်ဟေၚ်။ တၞောဝ်ရာမည၊ဍေံကော်ဣတလေၚ်။ဇၟာပ်ဇၟပ်စာၚ်ဟေၚ်၊ကွာ်ရေၚ်ဗက်ဗဵု။
        တက်တဲဂေတ်ရ၊ သ္ပဝေၚ်စရဵု။ ဣတလေၚ်ဣတလေၚ်၊ ပိုယ်ရပၠေၚ်ကဵု။ ဍေံဖအဴဂေတ်ကွေံ၊မ္ၚးစာတ်ဂှ်အဵု။မန်ဘဝဍိက်၊ ဒှ်ကၠိက်ဒှ်ကၠဵု။ကျညးမုက်ဍောတ်၊ညံၚ်ပ္ကေတ်ဒးခပဵု။ညံၚ်ဂၠုၚ်က္ၜၚ်ဗြမ်၊ ကမ်အကုသိုလ်။လၚ်ဇွောဝ်ကၠၚ်ပြဵု၊ ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိစာတ်။
         ဗၟာသတ်အဟိုတ်၊ စိုတ်ဍေံယုတ်သ္ကာတ်။ဍေံပြိုက်စုတ်ဂြုဲ၊ ဂဥုဲသေနာတ်။ရဲသၟိၚ်ရာဇာ၊ ဗၟာဗာဇ္ဇခါတ်။ဍေံစံၚ်ပၠေၚ်အဵု၊ ကဵုအဂ္ဂဓါတ်။ပၟတ်ဗ္ကေတ်ဂဵုဍာဲ၊ တူဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲသ္ကာတ်။ကၠံလ္ၚီဠက်ကိုဋ်၊ ချိုတ်အိုတ်သီုစာတ်။ဗဂေါလ္ၚုလ္ၚုန်၊ ပိုယ်မန်ဂွံညာတ်။ လုံဍုၚ်ကွာန်ရး၊ ဒးဖေက်သမ္ၚာတ်။ ချိုတ်ဂုဏ်ပယျဲ၊ ပ္ဍဲစိုတ်ဒှ်ဝါတ်။ သီုဂကူလေၚ်၊ ဂြောတ်မံၚ်ပေၚ်စာတ်။ဖျုန်ဇုတ်စၞာံဂှ်၊ ဒှ်အာပ္တေၚ်ဓါတ်။ပိုယ်မန်ဂွံညာတ်၊သမ္ၚာတ်ကွေံဏး။
           ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဗဂေါ၊ အဃောဂှ်သၟး။ဒ္စိတ်စာတ်သွံ၊စံၚ်ထောံကၠးကၠး။ဍေံစံၚ်ပၠေၚ်မန်၊ အောန်စိုတ်ကွေံဏး။ ဗြဲမတ်စရိုဟ်၊တသိုက်တဟး။ ဆဝွံရောသေၚ်၊လ္ပထေၚ်မၞိဟ်သၟး။ ဗၟာစိုတ်ဟွံပြေ၊ အံၚ်ဇေယျဏး။ ပဲါနူမၞိဟ်ဟေၚ်၊ တၟေၚ်နူဂှ်မ္ဂး။ ကပေါတ်မန်ကွေံ၊ ဍေံဗက်ဂၠာဲသၟာန်။
            အကြာၜဳကြုၚ်၊ အလုံဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊ ကၠအ်သွဝ်တိဗ္ၚ ဇွောံမမွဲဟာန်။ဘုတ်ဘာဒေါဝ်ဍုၚ်၊ဇြပ်ဇၞူရုၚ်ဒါန်။သိမ်ဥပုသ်ကၠာ၊ ရုၚ်ဖျာသ္ၚိဌာန်။သ္ၚိသွာၚ်ဒိုဟ်ပန်၊ ဒဒန်ဂၠံၚ်ဍာန်။ဆအပေါတ်မန်၊ ကၠောန်လဝ်ကွေံကြာန်။ ဂိုဟ်မံၚ်ဟာနာဲဍေံဟွံဂၠာဲသၟာန်။ ဗၟာယုတ်တအ်သွံ၊ စံၚ်ထောံကြာန်ကြာန်။နန်ထဝ်သ္ၚိကၠတ်၊ ဒြပ်ရတ်ပိုန်ဟာန်။ ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်သတိုတ်၊ရိုဟ်အိုတ်ဟွံမာန်။ တမ်ဂြန်ကိုန်ဆန်၊ အၚ်ယန်နွံဥာဏ်။
      ဗေဒၚ်ပန်ဗော်၊ ဗိုတ်ဇၞော်ပကာန်။ ဓဝ်ပိဋကတ်၊ လိက်ပတ်ဇၟာပ်ဌာန်။ သိဒ္ဓိ ဗလသဗ္ဗထုဲကြာန်။ ဗၟာအယုတ်တအ်၊တၟအ်ဍုၚ်တၟအ်ကွာန်။ စံၚ်ထောံသီုဘာ၊ ဝါဒဒပ်ပၞာန်။ ဂြန်ဂဥုဲဒဗျ၊ ရောဂနိဒါန်။စံၚ်လိက်စံၚ်ကျာ်၊ လီုလာ်ထုဲတၞာန်။ဂၠာဲဂွံဗက်စံၚ်၊ ကမၠက်ဂၠံၚ်ဍာန်။ဍဵုဍိုက်ပိုယ်မန်၊ ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်ကွေံကြာန်။ ယွံဗော်အဟော၊ ကလောမန်ဆာန်။ ဒဒှ်ဟိုတ်ဖိုလ်၊ သမ္တီကဵုမာန်။ ဗကတ်လဝ်ညိ၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵုဝိဥာဏ်။ ဂိုတ်လွဳညိမန်၊ ညံၚ်ဂွံနန်ယာန်။ ဒဵုစိုပ်နိဗ္ဗာန်၊ ဆာန်ဂကူအိုတ်ညိ။
       ရာဇာမူလ၊ ဝံသသၟိၚ်နန်။ တၞောဝ်ဨကရာဇ်၊ သီုအမာတ်ပန်။ ဗိန္ဒောဟောရာ၊ ပညာဇၞော်လောန်။သ္ကိုပ်ပၞာန်ရ၊ညးတၠအစောန်။ဒဴထောံနူနန်၊ ယောန်လုပ်ဒျူဒျာ။
          ဂိုၚ်သမ္တီရ၊ လ္ပဝိုတ်ပြောဲဇွာ။ ဒဒိုက်မန်ဂှ်၊ ဒှ်နူပၞာန်ဗၟာ။ ပၠောပ်စာတ်တုဲစံၚ်၊ ဒှ်ညံၚ်သၠာတ်ဝါ။ ပန်ဗာ်ဂစိုတ်၊ လေၚ်အိုတ်နာနာ။ ဂကူအယုတ်၊ စံၚ်ဘုတ်စံၚ်ဘာ။ ဒဒိုက်ပိုယ်ဂှ်၊ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်နူဗၟာ။ချူစွံလဝ်ပြဲ၊ ပ္ဍဲသၠရိုတ်တာ။ ဒုမဂႅလ၊ ပ္ဍဲဘဒ္ဒကၠာ။ဂိုၚ်သမ္တီလဝ်၊ ဓဝ်သတိပမှာ။ မန်ရာမည၊ ဂယဏအ်ကၠာ။သၟတ်ဝုတ်ဗၠာဲတအ်၊ တၟအ်ညးအဲမှာ။က္တဵုတိုန်တၟိကၠာ၊ ပဝိုယ်မှာတဴ။
          နူဂှ်သေၚ်ဟာ၊ အခါဗွဲကြဴ။ ဆမန်သှ်ေဂး၊ ပြးဇးဂြိပ်ဒဴ။ပ္ဍဲဂြိုပ်ဇၞော်ဟေၚ်၊ ဇရေၚ်လ္ဂောဝ်အဴ။ ကၠောန်ဂွဲသြောံဇွောံ၊ ဂၞဴဂွံဒုၚ်တဴ။ သိုၚ်သ္ၚိတက်တာဲ၊ ဗြဴကၟာဲလထဴ။မံၚ်လအ်ညိပၠန်၊ဗၟာဗက်လန်နှဴ။ ပ္ဍဲသက္က ရာဇ်၊လောကဓါတ်သ္ဍဴ။ လ္ၚီကၠံပိစှော်၊ပန်ဂှ်ပံၚ်နှဴ။ (၁၁၃၄) ဗၟာယုတ်ဂွံလဝ်၊ နန်ထဝ်က္ဍိုၚ်ပ္ကဴ။ ရးမန်ပိအဴ၊ က္တဴက္တာန်ရောၚ်။
           သမ္တီပယောၚ်၊ သောၚ်သောၚ်ပံက်ပါၚ်။ ဂကူမန်ရ၊ ညံၚ်ကပ္ဍဲကၠာၚ်။က္တဴက္တာန်အဵု၊ကဵုမံၚ်ရမ္သာၚ်။ ဗညာစိၚ်ကၠာ၊အာထောံဍုၚ်ဂြာၚ်။ က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်မန်၊နန်ထဝ်က္ဍိုၚ်
ဗ္တာၚ်။ ဒးထောံဂအောၚ်၊ အောပ်ညံၚ်စာၚ်ဂြိုပ်။
          ပိုယ်မန်သေၚ်ဟာ၊ ဗြဲမတ်ၜါရိုပ်။တွဵုရးမုဟ်ရး၊ ဒးသ္ပဗ္ဒိုပ်။ သက္ကရာဇ်ဍုၚ်၊ ရိုဟ်ကၠုၚ်အာစိုပ်။ လ္ၚီမွဲကၠံကိုပ်၊ စိုပ်မသုန်ဣသုန်။(၁၁၅၅)
         ဆမန်သှ်ေအဴ၊ မံၚ်ရောစိန်ဝုန်။ဒဴလုပ်ဒျူဒျာ၊ ထောံဂြိုပ်ဝါတုန်။ လ္ၚီမွဲကၠံအဴ၊ တြဴစှော်ဟီုပ္ဍုန်။ (၁၁၆၀) ဆမန်သှ်ေမံၚ်၊ညံၚ်ကဵုစၟဂြုန်။ လုပ်ဒျူဒျာတုန်၊ လ္ၚုသုန်ဒေၚ်ၚုၚ်။
      သမ္တီဒဵုချိုတ်၊ စိုတ်လ္ပကေဝ်ဇြုၚ်။ဖေက်အံၚ်ဇေယျ၊ညးတၠပိုၚ်ဍုၚ်။ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ကွာ်တိုက်၊ ဍိုက်က္ၜၚ်ဍိုက်ဂၠုၚ်။ မန်ဒဴဗၟာ၊ ဂြိုပ်ဝါတိသၠုၚ်။ နွံမွဲဂလာန်၊ဥာဏ်ပ္သရုၚ်။စိုပ်သက္ကရာဇ်၊ပိုၚ်ကၞာတ်လဝ်ပ္ညုၚ်။လ္ၚီကၠံဟီုတွံ၊ ထ္ပက်စှော်စုတ်ကၠုၚ်။ (၁၁၇၀) ရးမန်ပိကၠာ၊ ဟံသာလ္ဂုၚ်။ ဗၟာယုတ်အဂွိုက်၊ ဂးမှကျိုက်ပဠုၚ်။ ဍေံဍိုက်ကအ်စိၚ်၊ ပသၟိၚ်ပိုၚ်ဍုၚ်။ ဍဵုဍိုက်မန်ပ္ညုၚ်၊ဒုၚ်ဒဝ်ဟွံမာန်။
        ဟွံမဲဂဗုတ်၊ ဂၠာဲစုတ်ဂလာန်။ သ္ၚိလံက်ခပဵု၊ ကဵုဒဏ်စုတ်ဒါန်။ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ကြာရး၊ မ္ဒးက္တဴက္တာန်။ ဗၟာယုတ်အဂွိုက်၊ကျိုက်ပဠုၚ်သ္ပမာန်။ ဗက်ကၠောန်ဗၠေတ်ဗၠေတ်၊ ကေတ်ဇၞးကေတ်မာန်။ မန်ပိုယ်ၚုၚ်ၚ၊ ဘဝကျပၞာန်။တုပ်ညံၚ်ပၟတ်ဖဴ၊ ဂမ္တဴမ္တာန်။အရေဝ်ဂလာန်၊ သ္ၚိဌာန်ဂမြိၚ်။
           ဆမန်သှ်ေမံၚ်၊ ညံၚ်ဟွံဂွံယုတ်ဂၠိၚ်။ ဖေၚ်ပူက္ဍိုပ်ကၠာ၊ ပြာကတ်ဂွံမိၚ်။ အသမ်ရာဇာ၊ ဗၟာယုတ်ဒှ်သၟိၚ်။ဂၞိန်မၞိဟ်ဗြဴကွေံ၊ ဍေံကဵုပူဂဵုကွိၚ်။ ဟိုတ်ဒှ်ဂၞိန်ဂး၊ ပိုဲဒးကေတ်ထၟိၚ်။မန်ပိုယ်ဂွံယုတ်၊ ဍေံစုတ်အသိၚ်။ ဒေါသလဟုက်၊ မုက်ဍေံညံၚ်ဂြိၚ်။ ဍေံဖျေံအမိၚ်၊ ဂွံမိၚ်ကေတ်ကီု။
        ညာတ်မၞိဟ်ဟွံကော်၊ ဍောတ်ဇၞော်ပဟီု။ ယဝ်မိၚ်ဒးမ္ဂး၊ထဗးထၞိက်ပ္ကီု။ တပ်ဒဏ်ကဵုဘဲ၊ ဂြဲကၠေၚ်တက်တ္ၚီု။ စန်ဇိုၚ်ကၠေၚ်တဲ၊ စဲပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲကီု။ဆဂှ်ဟွံသေၚ်၊ တၟေၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုဗီု။ ဂလာန်ၜဴပါၚ်၊ လာၚ်မုက်လေဝ်ကီု။ လဳမုက်ရောၚ်ဂး၊ ပိုယ်ဒးဗက်ကီု။ညံၚ်ဂွံဟိဏ္ဏ၊ မညအိုတ်သီု။ ဍေံရောၚ်ပလီု၊ ကဵုပိုယ်ဟီုစုတ်။
      ကောန်ၚာ်တြုံဗြဴ၊ အာနုဘဴဂွံဟုတ်။ဂကူမန်ဂှ်၊ ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဂွံယုတ်။ ဝေါဟာဥပဲါ၊ ကဵုကၞာဲဒးစုတ်။ ဍေံဗ္ဂေတ်ထောံပၠန်၊ပိပန်ဟွံသ္ကုတ်။ ဂကူပိုယ်ကၠာ၊ ပညာဂွံဆုတ်။ မိကောန်ၚာ်ဂး၊ဇံၚ်နးဍေံစုတ်။ သၠးသန္ဓိကောန်၊ မန်ပိုယ်ဂွံယုတ်။ ညံၚ်ကွိုန်ဂွံဟုတ်၊ ဇံၚ်နးစုတ်ညိ။
        ဍေံကဵုတက်မံၚ်၊ လ္တူဇံၚ်အဂ္ဂိ။ ဂလာန်ဂှ်ကၠာ၊ ခါဟွံစၟတ်ညိ။ ဗၟာယုတ်သ္ပဝဲ၊ ဍေံပျဲမတှ်၊ ပါၚ်ကှ်ဖိဖိ။ အိုတ်ဇိုၚ်တဲမာ၊ကၠာဟွံချိုတ်ညိ။ ကာလဒးဘဲ၊ ဒှ်ယဲဗျာဓိ။ ကောန်ဂၞဴဂှ်စိ၊ မိဂွံဆဵုကၠာ။
      ကောန်ၚာ်သၟတ်ပြဲ၊ လောန်မွဲအခါ။ ပိုယ်ဂကူမန်၊ယဝ်ကၠောန်ဇာတာ။ ညံၚ်ကၠိုက်လ္ၚၚ်ရ၊ ဟိဏ္ဏလောန်အာ။ဒုန်ဓလိၚ်ဇွ၊ ဂဗသေၚ်ဟာ။ ကဵုဂကူမန်၊ကၠောန်သ္ပဇာတာ။အသမ်ရာဇာ၊ ဗၟာယုတ်မိစ္ဆာ။ပြဝေဏဳတၞမ်၊ ဝါဒိတမၠာ။သၠရိုတ်သၠတာ၊ ကၠောန်ဇာတာရ။
       ဗၟာယုတ်တအ်အဵု၊ ယဝ်ဍေံဆဵုပၠ။ လဟုက်ကဟောန်၊ကောန်သီုယာဲတ။စန်ဇိုၚ်တဲပ္ညဳ၊ ဖုံပၠဳမိက်ရ။ပၠေတ်အသုဘ၊ညံၚ်ဇွပသ။ပၠေဲစဲတ္ၚဲကၠာ၊ ကြာဂြိုပ်ဝါဗ္ၚ။ကၠာဟွံချိုတ်ညိ၊သှ်ေဇဳဝိတ။ တုဲဗလးဖျဴ၊ကြဴတပ်ဒဏ်ရ။ ဗၟာယုတ်စိုတ်သၠုၚ်၊ကၠုၚ်ပိုၚ်ပိုယ်ပၠ။ ဍေံဓဇန်လောန်၊ ပျဲပိုယ်မည။ ညံၚ်လကိုဟ်,ကၠန်၊ ကုမ္ဘဏ်ယက္ခ။ ဗၟာသတ်အဟိုတ်၊ စိုတ်နာ်စိုတ်ကၠ။ ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုပယျဲ၊ ပျဲပိုယ်မန်ရ။ ဂကူမန်အဴ၊ ဗွဲကြဴဂတ။ 
လၟုဟ်ပစ္စက်၊သွက်ရာမည။ မိၚ်လိၚ်ဝွံပၠန်၊ ပ္တန်လဝ်စိတ္တ။ ပၠံၚ်ဍုၚ်ဗက်အာဲ၊သၠာဲကဵုဇဳဝ။ ဒၞာဲချပ်ဒၞာဲဂွ၊ လ္ပဝိုတ်ဒညဟေၚ်။
             ဒးစှ်ေနူနန်၊ ကောန်ဗြဴယိုက်လေၚ်။ မိုၚ်သဝ်နာမ၊ ဗၟာရခေၚ်။ ဒဏ်ရာဇဝတ်၊ဇြဟတ်စိၚ်ဟေၚ်။ ကြောံကၠေၚ်ကျေဝ်ဂေါဝ်၊ ဗဵုလ္ၚောဝ်ဍိုက်ပေၚ်။ပ္ဍဲရးမည၊ သ္ပသၟိၚ်ဍေံပၠေၚ်။ ဍဵုဍိုက်ပိုယ်မန်၊ နန်ထဝ်ဒးလေၚ်။ ပွိုၚ်မွဲသၞာံကၠာ၊ အခါလဵုဟွံဝေၚ်။ ဍေံပၠေၚ်ပိုယ်ဟေၚ်၊ ဗွဲတၟေၚ်ပျဲပျာံ။
         ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ်၊ဂွံညာတ်ဍာံဍာံ။ အေက်ၜါသပ်ၜါ၊ ဟွံမှာဒှ်သၞာံ။ (၁၁၁၇) ကၠံလ္ၚီဠက်ကိဋ်၊အိုတ်မန်မွဲဂံါ။ဘဲသၟိၚ်ရာဇာဖေက်ဗၟာဗက်ဒံါ။ ဂွိၚ်ဂွိၚ်ယံၚ်ယံၚ်၊ ညံၚ်ကၞိဒးတာံ။ ပဲါဘဲယုတ်ဗၟာ၊ လုပ်ဒျူဒျာသ္ဍာံ။ သမ္တီလ္ပဝိုတ်၊ ဟိုတ်ဍေံပျဲပျာံ။ ဖေက်ဗၟာအိုတ်ရ၊ ကလုပ်ပါၚ်ကျာံ။ တုပ်ညံၚ်သာ်ဂှ်၊ သၟဟ်ကဵုပယျာံ။ဗွဲကြဴတုန်သ္အး၊ အတးၜက်သၞာံ။ လ္ၚီကၠံဟီုတွံ၊ ထပှ်စှော်ဒ္စံါ။(၁၁၇၈) သၟိၚ်ဒါဝန်သ္ဍာံ၊ နာမ်နာမအဴ။
     သီုဗိုလ်ပၞာန်ရ၊ ထဥဒှ်တဴ။ဇက်လုပ်ဒျူဒျာ၊ အဝဇ္ဇာထဴ။ယိုက်လဝ်ဇၞော်မာန်၊ ဝေၚ်ပၞာန်ဒှ်ဆဴ။ဍေံဗက်လုပ်ပၠန်၊ လီၜန်ဗက်နှဴ။ ပန်ဗာ်ဗက်ဗ္တိုက်၊ လိုက်ဍုၚ်သေံအဴ။ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ်၊ မိၚ်ညာတ်ကော်ခဴ။လ္ၚီမွဲကၠံဂှ်၊ ထပှ်ဣသုန်နှဴ။ (၁၁၇၅) ရးမန်ပိအဴ၊ က္တဴက္တာန်ရိၚ်က္တၚ်။ 
     ဥတုပိကီု၊ ကသီုကညၚ်။သြောံသ္ၚုခၞေဝ်သွ၊ ဖျုန်ကၚုဟ်က္ဍၚ်။ က္ဍၚ်ဇဳဒှ်ကၞောဝ်၊ ကၠောဝ်ဗျဵုတဟၚ်။ ဝတ်ဓမ္မတာ၊သံသာဍာ်ဂၚ်။ ဖျာတိုက်ကွဳပ္ညုၚ်၊ ဖျာဂၠုၚ်ဖျာက္ၜၚ်။ၚုဟ်မးအနဳ၊အိုတ်ဇၟာပ်ဇဳက္ဍၚ်။ ဒှ်ဂ္ညိဂ္ညောန်အဵု၊ အလဵုဍေံကၠောန်နၚ်။ ပ္တိုန်ၚုဟ်မးက္ဍၚ်၊ ကၠောန်နၚ်ဒကေဝ်နှဳ။
      ကၠောန်သၠဒကေဝ်၊ အလေဝ်ဍေံဟွံတီ။လောဘလောန်ကာဲ၊ဆာဲဥာဏ်အလီ။ ပၠောပ်သၠဒကေဝ်၊ ကေဝ်တုဲဍေံသီ။ ဟီုလဝ်အရေဝ်၊ၚုဟ်အလေဝ်နှီ။လျိုၚ်ညဳသတိုတ်၊တုပ်စိုတ်ဂြိုၚ်အီ။ ကၠောန်သ္ပသာ်ဂှ်၊ ဟွံဒှ်ဗၞိက်အလီ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵုရးမန်၊ ကမၠောန်ကၠံလ္ၚီ။ ကေတ်ကေတ်ကဵုနှီ၊ ဂွံတီတၟော်ရော်။
               ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ်၊ သမ္ၚာတ်စိုတ်ဇၞော်။ ထအုကမြဴ၊ စိုတ်ဂၠိုက်က္တဴသၞော်။ဗၟာမၞိဟ်အရိုၚ်၊ ဒှ်သၟိၚ်ပိုၚ်ဗော်။ စိုတ်ဍေံမ္ၚိုဟ်ကြံၚ်၊ ညံၚ်ဘုတ်ကလော်။ ဗၟာဗၟုဲနာံဗ္ဂဲ၊ ပျဲမန်ဂၠာဲကော်။ ဂွံတုဲဒဳဏာ၊ အကြာဂရော်။ နာမ်ကၞိဂှ်မန်၊ ဆီနန်တော်တော်။ကၠဗ္ဂဲရပ်ကိတ်၊သ္ၚာဲၚိတ်ကြော်ကြော်။ မန်ကဵုဗၟာရ၊ သၞကဝ်ညးကော်။ ယဝ်ရဒးတၟော်၊ တော်ညိတီတဴ။
         ကၞိကဵုဗ္ဂဲ၊ ဒှ်ဝဲထုဲနှဴ။ စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ပၠန်သွံ၊ ဟွံလအ်ဗွဲကြဴ။လ္ၚီမွဲကၠံဂှ်၊ ထပှ်စှော်တြဴ။ (၁၁၇၆) ဒပ်မန်ဗၠးၜး၊ပၠန်ဂတးအဴ။ဒှ်ကလိုက်ကၟဵု၊ ကွဵုဍုၚ်တှ်ေကြဴ။ မံၚ်စံၚ်ဟွံမာန်၊ ဟိုတ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်က္တဴ။ ထအုကမြဴ၊ စိုတ်ဂၠိုက်က္တဴသၞော်။
         နူတြိကုမ္ဘုၚ်၊ လ္ဂုၚ်ဍုၚ်ဇၞော်။ ထောံကၠေံကျာ်လေဝ်၊စေတဳဓါတ်သော်။ ပ္ၚောံလုပ်ဍုၚ်သေံ၊ တိတြေံဒှ်ဆော်။ ဒဴလုပ်ဗြိုဟ်ဗြိုဟ်၊ ပုဗ္ဗဒိုဟ်ဗၟော်။ ဍာ်ရမတ်တော်တော်၊ စိုတ်သၞော်ကတဴ။
        ဒှ်ဍိက်ညးကီု၊ လေၚ်သီုဂကူ။ ပိုယ်မန်ကွေံကြာန်၊ညံၚ်ပၞာန်အသူ။ ဒးဒုၚ်ဍဵုဍိုက်၊ ဗၠိုက်စှ်ေဖြဴဖြဴ။ဗၟာယုတ်တအ်ပၠန်၊ ပ္တန်ၚုဟ်မးအဴ။ မၞိက်ရတ်ဂကူ၊ ဝိပူရသာဲ။
      ဇာတိကုလ၊မညၜိုပ်ကၠာ။ မ္ဒးထောံလဝ်၊ နန်ထဝ်ဟံသာ။ ဍုၚ်ဗဂေါလီု၊ စွံဗီုဥပၟာ။ လ္ၚုလ္ၚန်ဒၟံၚ်၊ ညံၚ်ဂြိုပ်အၚ်လှာ။ဗၟာဗၟုဲစံၚ်ပၠေၚ်၊ ဒှ်ပ္တေၚ်သေၚ်ဟာ။ ဘာတူကျာ်ပိုတ်၊ မန်ချိုတ်ဟွံသာ။သှ်ေပ္တေၚ်သှ်ေချး၊သၟးသုသာန်ကၠာ။ ထောံဍုၚ်ထောံနန်၊ မန်တအ်ဒဴအာ။ ချပ်စိုပ်သိၚ်သာ၊ အခါယောၚ်ယာ။
     မန်ပိုယ်ဒးချိုတ်၊ ဟိုတ်နူဗၟုဲဗၟာ။ မဒးထောံလဝ်၊ နန်ထဝ်ဗၠဲဂွါ။ လီုဒၟံၚ်အပၠိတ်၊ ပေၚ်ဒ္စိတ်ဝါ။ သန္တာန်မန်တြေံ၊ ဍုၚ်သေံဒျူဒျာ။အာသ္ပနိဿာဲ၊ သ္ပရဲပြောဲဇွာ။ မန်ဒးယာံဓဇူ၊ဟိုတ်နူဗၟုဲဗၟာ။ ဘဲအဝိဇ္ဇာ၊ဂလာဗက်အာဲ။
        ဟိုတ်ဂွံတိုပ်လဝ်၊ ထးထဝ်ဂဵုဍာဲ။ ဣတ္ထဳရာဇာ၊ သ္ဂောံမြာဒှ်နာဲ။ ဍုၚ်မန်ဍုၚ်ဗၟာ၊ ဗၠဲဂွါရာၚ်ဆာဲ။ ဂလာသ္ပသၟိၚ်၊ သိုက်လှိၚ်ပိုန်အာဲ။ ပိုၚ်ရးနိဂီု၊ ဇူဒီုဒှ်နာဲ။ ဟံသာသဓီု၊ မတ်မလီုဆာဲ။ဍုၚ်မတ်တၟ၊ ဒေသဇၟာပ်ဒၞာဲ။ ဒယှ်လောန်ကာဲ၊ နာဲညးပိုၚ်တဴ။
       သ္ပတံနူဂှ်၊ ဍုၚ်မြဟ်ကွေံအဴ။ လအ်လလောန်သန်၊ဒတန်ဗွဲကြဴ။ဂလာမုက်ဗု၊ ညံၚ်ကၞုဲဗျုထဴ။ လ္ၚီမွဲကၠံသ္ဍာံ၊ကဵုဒ္စံါစှော်တြဴ။ (၁၁၈၆) သက္ကရာဇ်ဍုၚ်၊ ကၠုၚ်ခုတ်လဝ်အဴ။ဒဒှ်အိုတ်သီု၊ ဟီုတုဲအီစဴ။ စိုပ်ဍုၚ်တေံအဴ၊ မံၚ်တဴဒၞာဲဂှ်။
      ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ်၊ ဟီုကၞာတ်ဒဒှ်။ လ္ၚီမွဲကၠံသ္ဍာံ၊ဒ္စံါအဋ္ဌသၟဟ်။(၁၁၈၈) ပ္တန်မတ်မလီုရ၊ ဒေသဒဒှ်။လ္ၚီၜါကၠံပၠန်၊ ပန်စှော်ထပှ်။(၁၂၄၇) သၟိၚ်အၚ်ဝပ္ညဳ၊ ဒဳဗဝ်ဒယှ်။ ဍေံရပ်ဏာသ္ဍာံ၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵုသၞာံဂှ်။လ္ၚီပိကၠံပိ၊ ယုတ္တိဒဒှ်။ (၁၃၀၃) ကြုက်ဂျပါန်ဂှ်၊ ဒှ်သၟိၚ်ပိသၞာံ။
          ဍုၚ်ပိုယ်မန်ဝွံ၊ လ္ၚုလုံဒိုဟ်ဒ္စံါ၊ ညးတၞဟ်ပိုၚ်အဵု၊ ဒဵုကဵုလၟုဟ်ဍာံ။ သၟိၚ်ဗၟာဒှ်ဇၞော်၊ ပိုၚ်ဗော်သံက်စၞာံ။ မန်ပိုယ်ဒးကျ၊ကလုပ်ပါၚ်ကျာံ။ ဘဝဍိက်ပၠက်၊ ညးတက်ပျဲပျာံ။ သမ္တီလဝ်ရ၊ သ္ပလဝ်ပတ္တာံ။ ဗၟာမၞိဟ်အရိုၚ်၊ ပိုၚ်မန်ဍာံဍာံ။ ဘဝဍိက်ဂၠုဲ၊ထုဲလအ်ပယျာံ။ ဂကူပိုယ်မန်၊ လအ်လောန်ကဵုသၞာံ။ လ္ၚုလ္ၚန်သုန်ဂြာံ၊ ဟွံတီအိုတ်ဟာ။
        ယွံကလောမန်၊ တၠနန်ဟံသာ။ ဍုၚ်ွာန်ပိုယ်ဂှ်၊ ညးတၞဟ်ဂွံဏာ။ဗၟာတအ်ပိုယ်မန်၊ လအ်လောန်အခါ။ ပိုယ်ဒးဒုၚ်ပျဲ၊ဘဲညးတၞဟ်ကၠာ။ဂၠိုၚ်ဂိတုသၞာံ၊ ပယျာံအခါ။ လၟုဟ်ဂွံတီရ၊စိုတ်လ္ပသ္ပအ်သာ။ညံၚ်ဂွံတိတ်ဗၠး၊ နူဍိက်ညးကၠာ။ညံၚ်ဂွံဒှ်နာဲ၊ဂၠာဲဂစာန်အာ။ ညးကီုအဲကီု၊ပြီုလွဳပရာ။ဆီတၠဆီနာဲ၊ဝုတ်ဗၠာဲကညာ။ သမ္တီလ္ပမှာ၊ ချ်ဗ္စာညိ။ ဝၚ်နူအာဒိ၊ကေတ်ကၠာညိအဴ။
         
             ဝၚ်မန်အတိက် တုဲဆဝွံရအဴ။
            ✯           ✯           ✯          ✯
       ယၟုအ္စာကၞေဟ်➲မာံတောအ်✍✍✍

== တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာ သရိုဟ်စှေ်မှ ဍုၚ်မန်မံက်ဂတဝ်ဟာ  ဒဵုဗျု ဂိတုနောဝေမ်ဗာ ၆၊ တ္ၚဲသ္ၚိသဝ်၊ ၂၀၂၁ ==

တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာ သရိုဟ်စှေ်မှ ဍုၚ်မန်မံက်ဂတဝ်ဟာ

ဒဵုဗျု
ဂိတုနောဝေမ်ဗာ ၆၊ တ္ၚဲသ္ၚိသဝ်၊ ၂၀၂၁

တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာ သရိုဟ်စှေ်မှ ဍုၚ်မန်မံက်ဂတဝ်ဟာ? ဂလာန်ဝွံ အဲသၟာန်ရံၚ်ဇကုအဲသာ်ဝွံတုဲ အဲကလေၚ်ဂၠာဲရံၚ်သွဟ် သွက်ပုစ္ဆာ အဲကဵုအဲဂှ်တုန်၊ “ဟွံသေၚ်” အဲဓရိုက်က္ဍိုပ်ရ။ ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်မဂး  သာ်လဵုဂွံဖန်ရော ကလေၚ်စမ်ၜတ်ရံၚ်ဗဟုသုတညာန် ပညာ ပရေၚ်ဆဵုဂဗဇကုပၠန်ရ။ အခန်ဝွံ ဗော်ပၠန်ဂတးရခေၚ်တအ်၊ ယူဒဗယူအိတ်သ်အေတအ်ဂှ် လညာတ်ညးတအ်ဂှ် ညး တအ်ဗတိုက်သအးတၠအဝဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာဟွံသေၚ်ရ။ ဆဂး ရခေၚ်တအ် ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မံၚ်ပေဲါဗတိုက်ကဵုဗၟာတအ် ဇၞော်အိုတ်မွဲတုဲ သီုဒး ဒုၚ်ကေၚ်ထ္ၜုတ်ကၠုၚ်ယၟု နဒဒှ်ဂကောံပလီုပလာ် ကော် ထေဝ်ရဝ်ရေတ်ဏီရ။ အခိၚ်ညးတအ် ဒးဒုၚ်ထ္ၜုတ်ကော်သာ်ဂှ် တၠအ ဝဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ်ဟေၚ် ဖျေံလဝ်သဂုတ်သွာတ်ဟွံသေၚ်၊ ဗွဲတၟေၚ် အံၚ်ဆာန်စုကျဳတအ်၊ ရဲဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳတအ်ကီု ၊ က္ဍိုပ် သကိုပ်ဗော်ဗၟာတၞဟ်ဟ်တအ်ကီု သီုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ်ကီုရ။ ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ် နွံပ္ဍဲကၠတ်ထဝ်တအ်လေဝ် မူပကဵုဟွံမာန်၊ တာဒၞာကဵုဟွံမာန်ရ။ အခိၚ်ဂှ် ကၠတ်ထဝ်တအ် ဖျေံလဝ်သဂုတ်သွာတ်ရောၚ် ဟီုမဂး ကၠးဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်မဂး ပိုဲသ္ပအဓိ ကဗ တိုက်မံၚ်တၠအဝဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာဂှ် သာ်လဵုဂုန်ဖဵုမဇၞော်ရော။ ရခေၚ်ကဵုဝတအ်ဂှ် ညးတအ်ဟွံစွံလဝ်စိုတ် ဗၟာတအ်ဂှ် နဒဒှ်သၞ ဒတန် ကဝ်ညးတအ်ရ။ ဂုန်ဖဵုဂကူညးတအ်နွံမဂး ပံၚ်အာတုဲ ဂုန်ဖဵု ဟွံမွဲမဂး ဟွံပံၚ်ရ။ ယဝ်ကဵုကၠုၚ်အန္တရာဲညးတအ်မဂး ညးတအ်စဵုဒၞာ ဒဵုအိုတ်လမျီုရ။ တ္ၚဲရ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ်ဂှ် ဟွံကဵုအန္တရာဲကုညးတအ်မဂး တ္ၚဲဂှ် ညးတအ်ဟွံစၟတ်သမ္တီ နဒဒှ်သၞညးတအ်မွဲရ။ အေ အေတအ် ဟီုပတိတ်လဝ်ဂှ် အဟိန်ဗတိုက်ဂှ် ဒက်ပတန် မဒှ်ရ။ အခိၚ်လၟုဟ်ဝွံ ဟိုတ်နူပေဲါဗတိုက်ကဵုဗၟာတအ်ဟွံမွဲဂှ်တုဲ ညးတအ် သ္ပအဓိကကဵုဒက်ပတန်အဝဵု ပမာညံၚ်ရဴ မလလောၚ်တရးတဴ အဝဵုညးတအ် ပ္ဍဲတိဍာ်ဍုၚ်ရခေၚ်ညးတအ်ဂှ်ရ။ လၟုဟ် ဝွံ အဝဵုဂကောံရခေၚ် မဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ်ကဵုအေအေတအ်ဂှ် တဴအာနူကဵုကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ် ညံၚ်ရဴကရေၚ်၊ ကချေၚ်တအ်ဏီရောၚ်။
ပ္ဍဲကာလဝွံ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်မၞိဟ်မွဲဂှ် ပတိုန်လဝ်ပ္ဍဲပတ်ညးတေံ စပ်ကဵုအဝဵုပိသာ်မတွံဂး “ကုတ်သၞောဝ်ဒန်သၞောဝ်၊ ခၞံသၞောဝ်၊ စဳရေၚ်ဂဗုတ်၊ အုပ်ဓုပ်” ပိပြကာဏံဂှ် ဒှ်အဓိကရောၚ်ဂး။ အဝဵုပိဏံ ဂွံစိုပ်ပ္ဍဲသကေံတဲပိုဲဂှ် သာ်လဵုပိုဲဒးကၠောန်သ္ပရော။ ဒးကဵုဥ ပမာမွဲမဂး ပ္ဍဲဇကု သြန်နွံကဵုပြကောတိကိုတ်မဂး ဗွဲအလဵုဇကု ဟီုဂး အဲဂှ် ဒှ်မဳလဳယာန်နာမွဲရောၚ်ဂွံရ။ ယဝ်ရနွံ ကဵုအ သၚ် ဃဲယံၚ်မဂး ဗွဲအလဵုဇကု ထ္ၜုတ်ဟီု အဲဂှ် ဗဳလဳယာန်နာမွဲရောၚ်မာန်ရ။ ဟွံပတှေ်မဂး ထ္ၜးကဵုဗီုညာတ်မာန်ရောၚ်။ ညး တၞဟ် တအ် သ္ပသမ္တီကဵုဒှ် ဟွံသ္ပကဵုဒှ် ဟွံဒှ်အဓိက၊ အဓိကဇေတ်တ်ဂှ် သြန်ဇကုနွံဍာံဍာံမဒှ်ရ။ တုပ်သာ်ဂှ်ကီုရ ပ္ဍဲဇကု အဝဵုပိပြကာဏံ ညံၚ်ဂွံနွံဂၠိုၚ်ၚ်ဂှ် ဒးဂစာန်၊ ဇြဟတ်ပိဏံဂွံနွံဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ဇကုဒးဖျေံဗီုပြၚ်ရ။ အစောန်စရာဲဖျေံဗီုပြၚ်ဗၟံက်ရုပ်ရဴဇကုခိုဟ်မဂး ဒးဟီုစ အ လဵုအသဳဇကုခိုၚ်ကီု ခိုဟ်ကီုရ။ အဝဵုပိပြကာဏံ ရောဟ်ရေၚ်မံၚ်၊ ဟွံခိုဟ်ဆာဲဏီမဂး ဒးသၟိတ်ဂး အလဵုအသဳဇကု ရောဟ်ရေၚ် ဟွံခိုဟ်ဆာဲဏီရ။ 
ယဝ်ရဒးဟီုကဵုဥပမာမွဲမဂး ပ္ဍဲတိဍာ်ဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိတဴဂှ် ပရေၚ်အုပ်လဒမ်သၞောဝ်နွံဂၠိုၚ်မံၚ်ဟာ၊ ယဝ်ရနွံဂၠိုၚ်မဂး အဝဵုပိပြကာဂှ် ခိုဟ်ဟီုမာန်ရ။ ယဝ်ရအောန်မဂး အဝဵုဟွံဗျာပ်တရးဏီရောၚ်ဒးဟီုရ။ ရဲတန်တဴပ္ဍဲဗွိုၚ်တိဍာ်ဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိတအ် ဂွံကၠောန်ဂယိုၚ် အာလမျီု ၜိုဟ်ဟ်သြိုဟ်ဟ်၊ ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်အမှုဂဗုတ်မဂး ညးတာလျိုၚ်တအ် စဳရေၚ်ကဵုဓဝ်ဝ်တြာတြာ၊ ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ညးတအ် မံၚ်တန် တဴဂှ်လေဝ် ကမၠတ်ဒမၠအောန်၊ ဂွံတိက်မံၚ်ၜိုဟ်ဟ်သြိုဟ်ဟ်၊ ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ယဲဘဲလေဝ် ညးတအ်ရံၚ်စံၚ်ကဵုပေၚ်ၚ်ရောၚ်မဂး အဝဵုပိ တန်ဂှ် ခိုၚ်မံၚ်ခိုဟ်မံၚ် ဗွဲယျေဘူယျ ဟီုမာန်ရ။ ဍေံဂွံဒှ်ကၠုၚ်သာ်ဝွံမာန်ဂှ် ပိုဲဒးဗတိုက်သရိုဟ်ဖျေံတၠအဝဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာကၠာရောၚ် ဟီု ဟွံဂွံရ။ 
မွဲသာ်ပၠန်ဂှ် အလဵုအသဳဟီုဂှ် ဒှ်ညးကေတ်အကံက်အခေါန်မွဲရ။ အကံက်ဂှ်ရ ဒးကလေၚ်ကၠောန်ပလေဝ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ရောၚ်။ ဌာ နအကံက်အခေါန်ညးတအ် ညံၚ်ဂွံခိုၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ၚ်ဂှ် ဒးဂိုတ်ဂစာန်တုဲ သတ်ပၟဝ်ဇဝ်ပကဴဍေံဂှ် ညးတအ်ဒးကလေၚ်ပလေဝ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် ညံၚ်ရဴလွဳလွတ်ဂဥုဲ၊ ပလေဝ်ဂၠံၚ်ဍာန်၊ လဟဵုပတိုန်ပရေၚ်ပညာ မပ္တံသာ်ဝွံရ။ ဌာနအကံက်အခေါန်ဟွံခိုၚ်မဂး ဍုၚ်လဵုမွဲ ကလိဂွံ အလဵုအသဳခိုဟ်ဟ်ဟွံမာန်ရ။ ဂွံဇနော်ပတိုန်အလဵုအသဳဂှ် ဒးဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ်ကဵုအကံက်ရောၚ်။ ဗွိုၚ်ကေတ်အကံက်မာန်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးဇနော်သၠဲပတိတ်ဍေံ ဒးပခိုၚ်ပတိုန်ဍေံ ဒးသၠုၚ်ပတိုန်အသိၚ်ဍေံ ဒးပခိုဟ်ပတိုန်နဲကဲဍေံရောၚ်။ 
မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် ဇကုကေတ်အကံက်၊ မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် ဇကုကေတ်လျိုၚ် ကုညးမကဵုအကံက်တအ်ဂှ်မဂး ဍေံဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ဗီုပြၚ်အလဵုအသဳရောၚ်။ ဟွံကေတ်အကံက်လေဝ် ဇနော်ပတိုန်အလဵုအသဳဟွံမာန်၊ ကေတ်အကံက်တုဲ ဟွံဒုၚ်လျိုၚ်ကဵုမၞိဟ်ကဵုအကံက်တအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဒတုံမံၚ်ညံၚ်မၞိဟ်ဂၠေံသြန်တုဲ ဟွံကလေၚ်လေဲကဵုရ။ မၞိဟ်ကဵုအကံက်တအ်ဂှ် ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်သီုဖအိုတ်မဒှ်ဂှ်တုဲ၊ မၞိဟ်သီုဖအိုတ် မတၞီလုပ်လၟိဟ်သီုမၞိဟ်ကၠောန်ကမၠောန်ပ္ဍဲအလဵုအသဳမဒှ်ဂှ်တုဲ အကြာကဵုကဵုကေတ်ၜါဏံ ညံၚ်ဂွံပြေပြံၚ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဖျေံဗီုပြၚ်ရ။ ယဝ်ဒး ထ္ၜးဥပမာမွဲကြပ်ပ် ပ္ဍဲဗွိုၚ်ဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိမဂး တၠကၠအ်သွဝ်တအ် တၠဆေၚ်ဖျာတအ်၊ ကမ္ပဏဳတအ်ဂှ် ဒးကဵုအကံက်ဂှ်တုဲ ဗီု လဵု ညးတအ်ဂွံကဵုအကံက်နကဵုနဲကဲဒးဒးရးရးကီု၊ ဂတာပ်ခေတ်ကီုဂှ် လပါ်ညးတာလျိုၚ်ဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိတအ် ဒးဖန်ဇန်ရ။ ၜိုတ်အဲ ဍဟောဝ်စိုပ်မဂး ညးတအ်အာဗက်ကေတ်ပ္ဍဲကၠအ်တအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဆေၚ်တၠဖျာတအ်သၟးဂၠိုၚ်တုဲ နကဵုလိက်ကဵုဗစိုပ်တၠဆေၚ်ဖျာ၊ တၠကၠအ်တအ်တုဲ ကဵုညးတအ်ဗစိုပ်နၚ်ဇရေၚ်ရုၚ်ဇကုဂှ် အောန်လောန်လေဝ်ဒှ်မာန်၊ ဟွံမွဲဏီလေဝ်ဒှ်မာန်ရ။ တၠကၠအ်တအ်ဂှ်၊ တၠဆေၚ်ဖျာတအ်ဂှ် စိုပ်အခိၚ်မဂး၊ ကလိဂွံလိက်အကံက်တုဲမဂး ညးတအ် ဒးအာကဵုပ္ဍဲရုၚ်တအ်ဂှ်ရ။ အခန်ဏံမွဲ ယဝ်ရ ဖျေံဗီုခိုဟ်ဟ်မဂး သြန်အကံက်တအ်ဂှ် ဂွံမံၚ်တၟာဂလိုၚ်ရ။ အခန်ဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိ ဒးကေတ်တာလျိုၚ်စပ်ကဵုဂီုကၠီု အုပ်လဒမ် သၞောဝ်ဂှ် ဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ်ကဵုညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ် အာတ်မိက်တအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဖ္ဍိုက်ဗပေၚ်ကဵုမာန်ကီုရ။
ဂလာန်အဲမပတိုန်ထ္ၜးသာ်ဝွံဂှ် ဗၞတ်ညိညဓဝ်ဟေၚ်ရ။ နကဵုဥပမာဍောတ်တ်မွဲရ။ ဍေံဒးဒှ်ထေက်ဂှ် ပညာစပ်ကဵုကေတ် အ ကံက်အခေါန်၊ လညာတ်မကေတ်လျိုၚ်ကဵုညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ်ဂှ် သၠဲလးဗျာပ်တရးလောန်ဂှ်တုဲ တန်တဴကဵုအဝယ်ဗွိုက်အလဵုအ သဳဂှ်တုဲ ဒးဖန်အာရောၚ်။ ဂွံလ္ၚတ်ကေတ် ဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိ ဗက်ဒုၚ်မံၚ်ဒါန် ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်သေံကီု ဍုၚ်တၞဟ်ဟ်တအ်ကီုဂှ် ပရေံဟွံသေၚ်၊ ဆဂး ကမၠောန်အုပ်ဓုပ်အလဵုအသဳဟီုဂှ် ဒးသ္ပအဓိကကဵုမၞိဟ်မတန်တဴမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲတိဍာ်ဇကုဂှ်တုဲ၊ သယံဇာတမတိတ်နူတိဍာ်ဇ ကုတအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ညံၚ်ဂွံဒှ်သြန်ဖအုံဇကုဂှ် ဒးပတိတ်ဇြဟတ်ကီုရ။ အဝဵုအုပ်ဓုပ်ဇကုခိုၚ်မဂး အလဵုအသဳဇက၊ု ဂကောံအလဵုအ သဳဇကုခိုၚ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။ ဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိဂှ် အလဵုအသဳဟွံသေၚ် ၜိုန်ရခၠေဝ်မာန်ကီုလေဝ် ဆဂး ဍေံဒးဒှ်အလဵုအသဳဟေၚ်ရ။ ယဝ်ရ အလဵုအသဳဟွံသေၚ်မဂး ပိုဲဟီုဂကောံကမၠတ်ဒမၠမတာ၊ ဂကောံတံၚ်ဂြဲရပ်မၞိဟ်တုဲ အာတ်သြန်ဂးဟာ။ ဗီုပြၚ်ညးတအ် မဒက် ပတန်လဝ်ဂှ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ကီု၊ ဗီုညးတအ်အုပ်ဓုပ်ကၠောန်မံၚ်ကမၠောန်ဂမၠိုၚ်ကီု၊ ရန်တၟံညးတအ်ကီုဂှ် ဍေံဒှ်မံၚ်ဗီုပြၚ်အလဵုအသဳရောၚ်။ ဌာနအုပ်ဓုပ်ညးတအ်၊ ပညာ၊ ထတ်ယုက်ညးတအ်၊ ကမၠောန်သ္ပစၞးဂကူမန်တုဲ မကၠောန်မံၚ်တအ်၊ ဒုၚ်ဂိုၚ်ကေတ်ညးတအ် သီုဖအိုတ်တအ်ဂှ် ဍေံသ္ပမံၚ်အဓိကကဵုဂုန်ဖဵုဂကူပိုဲရောၚ်။ ဥပမာမွဲဂှ် ကောန်ဗော်မွဲမွဲဂှ် ယဝ်ရဟွံပေၚ်စိုတ်တုဲ အာထံက် ၜံၚ်ကဵုသၞမဂး အာပအပ်ဇကုရဂွံမာန်၊ ကေတ်ဏာလွဟ်ဟွံဂွံရောၚ်၊ လွဟ်ဂှ် လွဟ်ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်ရောၚ် သာ်ဝွံ ညးတအ်ဒုၚ် ဂိုၚ်ကေတ်လဝ်အိုတ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ကာလကပ်ယဲဝွံဂှ်လေဝ် ဌာနထတ်ယုက်ညးတအ် ပံၚ်ဗစပ်ကဵုဂကောံအလဵုအသဳဍုၚ် သ အာၚ်တအ်ကီု၊ ယူအေန်ကီုတုဲ ချဳဒရာၚ်မံၚ်ဂှ် ဂွံညာတ်ကေတ်အိုတ်ရ။ တုပ်သာ်ဂှ်ကီု ဌာနပညာညးတအ်လေဝ် ပံၚ်ဗစပ် ကဵုယူအေန်ကီု၊ အလဵုအသဳဍုၚ်သအာၚ်တအ်ကီုတုဲ ချဳဒရာၚ်မံၚ်အိုတ်ရ။ ကမၠောန်တအ်ဝွံ ဒှ်ကမၠောန်ဗီုပြၚ်အလဵုအသဳမွဲဟီု မာန်ရောၚ်။
ပ္ဍဲအရာပိုဲပတန်အဝဵုဂကူပိုဲဂှ် သၞကဵုမိတ်ၜါသာ်ဏံ ပိုဲဒးပါ်ဒးရ။ သၞလၟိုန်လေဝ်ဟွံမွဲ မိတ်လၟိုန်လေဝ်ဟွံမွဲ၊ အဓိကဂှ် ဂုန်ဖဵုဂကူ ဟေၚ်ရ။ ဂကူဗၟာဂှ် သၞပိုဲလၟိုန်ဟွံသေၚ် မိတ်ပိုဲလၟိုန်လေဝ်ဟွံသေၚ်ရ။ အခိၚ်ဂုန်ဖဵုဂကူနွံဂှ် ဒှ်မိတ်တုဲ အခိၚ်ဟွံမွဲဂှ် ဒှ်သၞလေဝ် ဒှ်မာန်ရ။ သၞဗွဲပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်လေဝ်နွံ၊ သၞဗွဲပရေၚ်ပၞာန်လေဝ်နွံပၠန်ရ။ အခိၚ်လၟုဟ်ဏံ ပိုဲပတန်အဝဵုဂကူပိုဲမဂး ပိုဲဒးသ္ပတိုၚ် ကဵုဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိဟေၚ်ရ။ ဆဂး လညာတ်တအ်ဂှ် တၞဟ်ဟ်သာ်နွံမာန်ရောၚ်။ ယဝ်ရဒးလုပ်ပေဲါဗတိုက်ပ္ဍဲပါလဳမာန် ပမာညံၚ်ရဴ မတုဲကၠုၚ်တေံမဂး ဗော်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ပ္ဍဲဂှ် ဒှ်အဓိကရောၚ်ဟီုမာန်ရ။ ဂကူဗၟာဂှ် ဒှ်သၞအဓိကပိုဲလၟိုန်ဟွံသေၚ်၊ စိုပ်မွဲတ္ၚဲ ဂကူ တၞဟ်ဟ်တအ် ညံၚ်ရဴကရေၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်သၞမုက်ဂၞန်မွဲမာန်တဴကီုရောၚ်။ ဆဂး တန်တဴကဵုအကာဲအရာတုဲ ဒးဟီုဂးအာရောၚ်။ ပိုဲရံၚ်အာဍုၚ်ကြုက်ကဵုအမေရိကာန်မဂး ကိုပ်ကၠာတေံ ၜိုန်ရဍုၚ်ကြုက်ကဵုအမေရိကာန် ဟွံဒှ်သၞကီုလေဝ် လၟုဟ်ဝွံ ဟိုတ်နူ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်တုဲ ဒှ်အာသၞမုက်ဂၞန်မွဲညးသကအ်အိုတ်ရ။ 
ပ္ဍဲအရာပိုဲပတဝ်က္ဍိုပ်ကဵုဂကူပိုဲ ဒက်ပတန်အဝဵုပိတန် ဍေံမဒှ်လက်သန်အလဵုအသဳဂကူမွဲမွဲဂှ် လွဟ်လေဝ်ဒးနွံပ္ဍဲတဲ၊ ပေဲါဗတိုက် ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် ပ္ဍဲပါလဳမာန်လေဝ် ဒးကော်ဆဴအာရောၚ်။ ပ္ဍဲကဵုလညာတ်တၠဂုန်အစာရာဝိက မဟီုသောၚ်ကလးလဝ် မဟွံ လအ်ကၠုၚ်ဏံဂှ် ဗီုပြၚ်ဒပ်ပၞာန် ကေုာံ အုပ်ဓုပ်ကရေၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဍေံဒှ်မံၚ်အန္တရာဲကဵုဂကူပိုဲအနာဂတ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်ရောၚ်။ ပဝ်လ ဇြဳဂကူ ကရေၚ်ညးတအ်လေဝ် ကၠေဟ်မံၚ်ကဵုပိုဲတအ်ရ။ တိဍာ်အုပ်ဓုပ်ပိုဲကဵုညးတအ်လေဝ် ထပ်မံၚ်ညးသကအ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ ညး တအ်ကဵုပိုဲဂှ် သွက်ဂွံဒှ်သၞဇၞော်ဇၞော်နွံတဴဏီရ။ တိဍာ်ဍုၚ်မန်ပိုဲဂှ် ညးတအ်သ္ပလဝ်တိဍာ်ညးတအ် ကြပ်အိုတ်မံၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ အနာ ဂတ်ဏံ ပဲါဟွံဗၠး ဍေံဒးဒှ်သၞညးသကအ်မာန်ရောၚ်။ ဇြဟတ်ပၠန်ဂတး ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ညးတအ်ကီု ဇြဟတ်တၞဟ်ဟ် တအ်ကီုလေဝ် ဍေံတဴမံၚ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ဏီရ။ စပ်ကဵုကိစ္စဏံဂှ် အလဵုဇကုအစာဟံသာ ဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိလေဝ် ဟီုပတိတ်မံၚ်ဓဝိၚ် ညးတအ် ဟွံလအ်ဟွံလအ်ကီုရ။
ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ လညာတ်မဂး တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာသရိုဟ်စှေ်မဂး ဍုၚ်မန်မံက်ဂတဝ်ဂှ် ဒးကလေၚ်ကူချပ်သ္ၚဳဂၠိပ်ရောၚ်။ အဝဵုပိုဲ အလဵု အသဳပိုဲ တိဍာ်အုပ်ဓုပ်ပိုဲ တ္ၚဲရစိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ပ္ဍဲသကေမ်တဲပိုဲတုဲ ပိုဲပစူအလာံပိုဲ ပ္ဍဲကရောံဍုၚ်ဗော်သွးဂၠးတိမာန်မဂး တ္ၚဲဂှ်မဂး ပိုဲဟီုစ ဍုၚ်မန်မံက်ဂတဝ်ရောၚ်။ ဒှ်တ္ၚဲနွံကဵုစရာဲကျာ်သြဳပိုဲ ပ္ဍဲလိုက်ဝွံရောၚ်။ အကြာဏံ အန္တရာဲခက်ခုဲဆိုအ်ဗတအ်ဂှ် နကဵုကောန်ဂ ကူပိုဲသီုဖအိုတ် ဒးတဝ်စၞေဟ်ပြိုၚ်ပကာန်အာရောၚ်။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၂၁:၂၃၊ ၇ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== ဝၚ်အံၚ်ဇေယျအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဗမာချိုတ် ==

ဝၚ်အံၚ်ဇေယျအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဗမာချိုတ်

 အဃောဍုၚ်မန်ဆီပါ်ဍာ်ဇွောဝ် ပၟတ်ကဵုယက်ဂၠု ထအုတမ္ညဝ်ယာံတသဝ် ရိုဟ်ရေၚ်ကေုာံညးမွဲကဵုမွဲ (မန်သှေ်အကြာ ဂြိပ်ဂၞိၚ်)ဂှ် ဂၠာဲဒၟံၚ်ညးပၠန်ဂတးကဵု ဗမာအံၚ်ဇေယျလေဝ်ဟီုစဂွံရ။ မၞိဟ်ပ္ဍဵုပ္ဍိုက်ကဵု မၞိဟ်ဒးဒုၚ်ပ္ဍဵုပ္ဍိုက်ဂှ် တ္ၚဲလဵုဟွံရုဲ (ဂစေံဝိုၚ်ဒၞက်၊ ဒၞက်ဟွံဝိုတ်ဂစေံ) ဒးပၠန်တဲကလေၚ်ကွိုက်တွဵုရ။ ဒးကလေၚ်ဗက်တမ်တွဵုရ။ သိၚ်သာကဵုဒဒိုခ်ဂကူ မန်ကီု၊ စိုတ်ဂိကဵုဂကူဗမာကီု ဂွံအခေါၚ်ခိုဟ် အခါပြဲ ဂၠာဲရဲကောန်သ္ဂံၚ်တုဲ က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်မန်တၠညးဗညာစိၚ် ကၠတ်ကၠောန်တိုန်ကမၠောန်ပၠန်ဂတး ကဵုဂကူဗမာတအ်ရ။ သၠးလမျီုသွက်ဂကူရောၚ်ဂှ်  ဖျေံလဝ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် တုဲတုဲရ။ 


             နနဲပၞုက် နနဲဓလုက်ကၠတ်ကၠောန်ကၠတ်ပ္ကောံကောန်သ္ဂံၚ်တုဲ မၞိဟ်ပတှေ်ဇကု ချိုတ်မွဲက္တုိုၚ် - ဂျိုၚ်မွဲစွံဂှ် စန္ဒက် လဝ်ကၟောန်န်ရ။ ချဳဒရာၚ်အပ္ဍဲလေဝ် ချဳဒရာၚ်သ္ၚိတ်တ်ရ။ သၟိၚ်ဗမာအံၚ်ဇေယျလေဝ် ဟွံဗလးမတ်ရ။ ပရိုၚ်ဗညာစိၚ်တအ် မံက်ပြာကတ်တိုန်က္ဍၚ် ကောန်ဍုၚ်မန်တအ် ဒှ်ဒဒိုခ်က္ဍၚ်ရ။ မိၚ်ရိုၚ်တၟေၚ် ဗက်ရပ်ဗက်ကၠေၚ်ဒက်ဇုက် ဒုၚ်ၜုၚ်တက်ထပက်ဗာ်ဂစိုတ်မံၚ် မၞိဟ်ဟွံမွဲကဵုဒုဟ်ဒဏ်တအ်လေဝ် ဍေံစောဲစုတ် ဒုဟ်တုဲ ဒးလေၚ်ဆောံဟွံမွဲကဵုလၟိဟ်ဂၞန်ရ။ အခိၚ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး မန်ပိုဲနွံမံၚ်သၟဝ်တဲဍေံဂှ် ညံၚ်ဂၠဴဖေက်ကၠ၊ ကၚ္ၚုဲဖေက်ဇာ၊ စာၚ်အဒါဖေက်ပၞောဟ်၊ ကၞိဖေက်ဗ္ဂဲဂှ်ကီု ဖေက်ဗမာအံၚ်ဇေယျ သေပ်ထဍေပ် ခြေပ်ဟွံဂံၚ်ဗြုမွဲတုဲ ညံၚ်ရဴကဟွံမွဲ ကဵုဍာ် ဂြက်က္ဍန်အိုတ်အစောန်ရ။


            ပ္ဍဲပွိုၚ်ၜါစှော်သၞာံ မပေၚ်ဂှ်ဟေၚ် က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်မန်ဗညာစိၚ်စၞေဟ်ပလန် ပၠန်ဂတးကဵုဗမာသ္ဂးလဝ်ရ။ ဂကူမန်ပိုဲဒးမံၚ်သၟဝ်တဲ ဂကူဗမာ ဒှ်ဘဝဍိက်ဗမာ ဗၞတ်ၜါစှော်သၞာံတုဲဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၁၂၁ - အလဵုဇကု အံၚ်ဇေယျ ယိုက်ပၞာန်ဇၞော်တုဲ တိုန်ဗ္တိုက်ဍုၚ်ဒျူဒျာဇၚ်မာဲတေံရ။ စံၚ်ဍုၚ်စံၚ်ကွာန် သၠာတ်ဒှ်ဝါဂှ် ဂွံညာတ်ကေတ်မာန်ရ။ ကျာ်ပဋိမာရုပ် ကျာ်စေတဳနွံအပ္ဍဲအကြာဂှ်လေဝ် ဗက်ဗာ်ဗက်စံၚ် တက်သရိုဟ်ပလီုထောံအိုတ်ရ။ စဵုကဵုတ္ၚဲဏအ် ဂွံညာတ်ကေတ်မာန်ရ။ ပၞာန်သေံဒျူဒျာဇၚ်မာဲ ကြာပ်ဗ္တိုက်ပန်ဗာ် အံၚ်ဇေယျတုဲ ချိုတ်အာပ္ဍဲကွာန်သေံ ကွာန်မဳ ချံက်(မန်ဍုၚ်သေံကော် ကွာန်ဗမာချိုတ်)ဂှ်ရ။ ဇွအံၚ်ဇေယျဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ဍေံ လုပ်ပၠံၚ်ဂွံတုဲ ဖျဴဗစိုပ်ဍုၚ်မုဟ်တၟအ် နူဂှ် ဖ္ဍိုက်ဖျဴဏာကဵုဖံၚ် အာစံၚ်တိုပ်ထောံ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဗြဴကၟာဲ ဒၞာဲအံၚ်ဇေယျ တိုပ်သုက်တေံရောၚ်။


            ထ်ၜးလဝ်ပ္ဍဲဝၚ်ဗညာစိၚ်ဂှ် 

ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ်ဍုၚ် ၁၁၂၄ (ဨကရာဇ်ပၞာန်ဗမာအံၚ်ဇေယျ သီဂွံဍုၚ်မန်ဗဂေါဟံသာဝတဳ နကဵုလွဟ်သေဏာတ်ဗွဲမ ဓဇန်ဂှ် ပိုၚ်လဝ်ဍုၚ်ပိုဲ ဂွံမသုန်သၞာံ) တၠညးသ္ကိုပ်ပၞာန်ဇၞော် သေနာပတိဗျူဟာ-ဂှ်ကီု၊ တၠစိၚ်လ္ၚီ၊ သၟိၚ်သတ်ဗြဴ၊ ဃံၚ်ဝါခရူကီု၊ တၠညးဒါဂြာၚ်ကီု လုပ်ဇူပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးဍုၚ်ဒျူဒျာ -ရတနကောသိန္ဒ ဍုၚ်ဓနၜူရဳ၊ ကော်ခဴစလၟုဟ် &quot;ဍုၚ်ၜၚ် ကံက်&quot;ရ။ သ္ကိုပ်ပၞာန်မန်သၟိၚ်ဗညာစိၚ် လုပ်ဇူပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်သေံတေံတုဲ ပကောံဗဵုလဗးပၞာန်မန်ကီု၊ ပၞာန်သေံကီု သီုၜါတၠ (ပၞာန်ၜါဒပ်) ဂှ် ကလေၚ်ပၠန်ဂတးဗ္တိုက်ကဵုပၞာန်ဗမာ မွဲဝါပၠန်ရ။ နကဵုလွဟ်ဇၞော်ဍောတ်ပေၚ်ၚ်ဂှ် ဇက်ဂၠောဲတိတ်ကၠုၚ်နူဍုၚ်သေံဒျူဒျာ၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗမာအံၚ်ဇေယျ ဇက်ဂၠောဲတိုန်အာဗတိုက်ဍုၚ်သေံရ။


            အဃောဆိုၚ်မုခ်ပ္ဍဲဂၠံၚ်တရဴမွဲဒၞာဲ ဗ္ဒာဲကွာန်သေံဂှ် ဗမာအံၚ်ဇေယျ ဒးဗၞုဟ်ပ္ဍဲပါၚ်ကၞက် သ္ကိုပ်ပၞာန်မန်ဗညာ စိၚ် ထပက်ကဵုလွဟ်တဲတုဲ၊ လမျီုဒးအိုတ် ဒးချိုတ်အာဟေၚ် ဒးကလေၚ်စဴကၠုၚ် ဍုၚ်ဗမာဏအ်ရောၚ်။ ဒၞာဲကွာန်သေံ - ဗမာအံၚ်ဇေယျချိုတ်ဂှ် မန်တအ်ကော်ခဴစကၠုၚ် (ကွာန်ဗမာချို်တ်)လအ်လဂၠိၚ်သ္ၚောဲ ဗွဲကြဴဏအ် ရမျာၚ်ပြံၚ်အာ (ကွာန်မာချံက် - ကွာန်ကၟာချံက်- ကွာန်မာဲချံက်) ပံက်ဗရုယောၚ်ယာစဵုကဵုလၟုဟ်ရောၚ်။


            က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်မန် တၠညးဗညာစိၚ် ကဵုကောန်သ္ဂံၚ်ဆီဨကရာဇ် မွဲဂကောံဂှ်၊ ရပ်ကေတ်ဗၞုဟ်ဇြၚ်တုဲ က္လေၚ် တဝ်စၞေဟ်ပၠန်ဂတးကဵု ဂကူဗမာတအ်ရ။ သၟိၚ်ဗမာအံၚ်ဇေယျဟွံမွဲတုဲ ကောန်ညးမၞုံယၟု တၠစိၚ်ဗ္တာၚ်&quot;သေန်ဖျူယှေန်&quot;ပိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ဗဂေါ ပစၞးမအံက်ဇကုတုဲ သ္ပပ္တံနူသက္ကရာဇ်ဍုၚ် ၁၁၂၅-သၞာံဂှ် ဒုၚ်ယၟုတၠစိၚ် ဗ္တာၚ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲလက်ထက်အံၚ်ဇေယျ ကဵုကောန်ညးဂှ်ဟေၚ် ဒှ်လက်ထက်က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်မန် တၠညးဗညာစိၚ် ကဵုကောန် သ္ဂံၚ်ဆီနာဲဂမၠိုၚ် ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုဝါကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ပ္ဍဲဂြိုပ်စွံဗဒိုပ်တုဲ သ်အးကြဴကြာတ်ကမၠက်ထောံဂကူဗမာလေဝ် ကၠောန်ကၠုၚ်ရ။ ဆဂး  ဟွံအံၚ်ဇၞးတုဲ ကောန်မန်သှ်ေမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်သေံတေံဂှ်လေဝ် ကလေၚ်ဂြိပ်တိတ်ကၠုၚ်ၜါဝါဂှ် ဒှ်အလန် ဒ္စာံကဵုဒ္စိတ် ရ။ လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်မပါတိတ်ကၠုၚ်ကရောံဂှ် ပိဠက်ကဵုပိလ္ၚီပြၚ်ၚ် ပံၚ်ထောံသီုအလန်တုဲတုဲကၠုၚ်တေံ သီုဒ္စိတ်အလန်မ္ဂး ကောန်မန်ဒဴလုပ်ဍုၚ်သေံ ဗၞတ်ဒ္စိတ်ဝါဂှ် မွဲကိုဋ်ဍောတ်ကီုရ။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၂၁:၂၈၊ ၇ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== ခိၚ်ပေဲါရုဲမာဲ ညးလဵု အန္တရာဲဇၞော်ရော  ဒဵုဗျု ဂိတုနောဝေမ်ဗာ ၈၊ တ္ၚဲစန် ==

အခိၚ်ပေဲါရုဲမာဲ ညးလဵု အန္တရာဲဇၞော်ရော

ဒဵုဗျု
ဂိတုနောဝေမ်ဗာ ၈၊ တ္ၚဲစန်

 “တၠပညာမန်ဂမၠိုၚ် လညာတ်တုပ်မံၚ်ကဵုအစာလိက်ဏံဖအိုတ်ရတှေ် လ္ပစၟဳအခေါၚ်ဗၠးၜးရ။” (Win Bo)
“ယဝ်ခါရလညာတ်ဏံဒးမံၚ်တှေ် မန်ပိုဲ ဗတိုက်မံၚ်ကဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာပွိုၚ်(၇၀)သၞာံပြၚ်ဂှ် အဓိပဲါဍေံဟွံမွဲရ။” (Banyarsoe Saimon)
 
လညာတ်အဲမချူပတိုန်ထ္ၜးလဝ်“တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာ သရိုဟ်စှေ်မှ ဍုၚ်မန်မံက်ဂတဝ်ဟာ” ပ္ဍဲ ဂိတုနောဝေမ်ဗာ ၆၊ တ္ၚဲသ္ၚိသဝ်၊ ၂၀၂၁” နကဵုက္ဍိုပ်သာ်ဝွံဂှ် ညးတအ်ညးၜါတၠ နာဲဝေန်ဗိုဝ်ကဵု ဗညာသဵု သာဲမန် ဟီုခၠေဝ်ပါ်ပဲါသ္ၚဳဂၠိပ်နၚ်လညာတ်ညးတအ် ဗွဲလ တူတေံဂှ်တုဲ ပိုဲၜတ်ကၞာတ် လညာတ်ကီု ပရေၚ်ဆဵုဂဗကီုတုဲ ဆက်သဳကၠဳပါ်ပဲါအာထေက်ရောၚ် ညာတ်ကေတ်တုဲ လိက်ပ ရေၚ်လညာတ်ဏံ မဒးထပ်ကလေၚ်ချူဏာလဝ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအရာဝွံ ဗွဲကိုပ်ကၠာ မိက်ဂွံဟီုဏာဂှ် ညးတအ်ဗၠေတ် အဲဒး သာ်ဝွံ ပၠုပ်စိုတ်တုဲ ချူဟွံသေၚ်ရ။ လတူလညာတ်မပါ်ခြာတအ်ဂှ် ပိုဲပတိုန်ထ္ၜးတၚ်နၚ်တုဲ ပါ်ပရအ်လညာတ်တုဲ ညးမဗှ်လိက်တအ် ဒးပါ်ပဲါကေတ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသဘၚ်ပေဲါမွဲမွဲလေဝ် ဆေၚ်ဍာ်ၜဴညးခိုဟ်၊ ဆေၚ်လဵုခၞာညးခိုဟ်၊ ဆေၚ်ပုၚ်ညးခိုဟ် သာ်ဝွံ ပတိုန်သာၚ် ဗုက်တုဲ ပစူပတိုန်မလိက်ဆေၚ်အိုတ်ရ။ မၞိဟ်ဗဵုပေဲါ ကြေဝ်ပ္ဍဲပေဲါတအ်ဂှ် ဆေၚ်ဇကုဒးစိုတ်ဂှ် လုပ်ဂဇံရာန်စ သီုလဟိၚ်စိုတ် မာန်ရ။ လညာတ်ဟီုဂှ် ညးမွဲကဵုမွဲ ကာလလဵုဟွံတုပ်ညးသကအ်ပေၚ်ၚ်ရ။ ကာလလဆောဝ်တုပ်ညိည၊ ကာလလ္ဆောဝ် တုပ် ဂၠိုၚ် သာ်ဝွံ နွံအဆံၚ်အဆံၚ်အိုတ်ရ။ ဆဂး ပ္ဍဲအကြာပိုဲ ယေန်သၞာၚ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် မသဳကၠဳလှာဲဂတးလညာတ်ညးသကအ် ကျေဝ်ဝ်ဂေါဝ်ဝ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မဂး နွံကဵုသိက္ခာကဵုဂကူပိုဲရ။ လညာတ်ဗၠေတ်ဒးဂှ် ဟွံမိက်သ္ပအဓိကတုဲ ဂုန်ဖဵုကောန်ဂကူနွံဟွံမွဲဂှ် ဟေၚ် မိက်ဂွံသ္ပအဓိကရောၚ်။
အခိၚ်ကာလဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဂွံအဝဵုပွိုၚ်မသုန်သၞာံဂှ် ညးတအ်ဂှ် အန္တရာဲဇၞော်နူကဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာဏီ သာ်ဝွံ လညာတ်တၟိတၟိမွဲ မံက်ဂတဝ်ကၠုၚ်အကြာပိုဲတအ်ရ။ ဖိဒ္ဒရာဂှ် ပိုဲကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ် က္ဍိုက်ပ်တုဲ ဒးဗၟံက်ရုပ်ရဴရောၚ်၊ ပတှေ်ဗၟာတအ်ဟွံဂွံရောၚ် လညာတ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်တၟိ မဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ်ကဵုပရေၚ်ဆဵုဂဗ ကိုပ်ကၠာဟွံစိုပ်ပေဲါရုဲမာဲက္ဍၚ် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုၚ် ပ္ဍဲအကြာဗွိုၚ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ် ကွာန်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲတအ်ဂှ်တုဲ လညာတ်ဏံ လၟုဟ်ကလေၚ်ဟောံပၠိုတ်အာရ။ မူဟိုတ်လညာတ်တံဏံ ဂွံမံက်ဂတဝ်ကၠုၚ်ရော ပိုဲပိုက်တမ်ဂၠာဲရိုဟ်ဂှ် တၚ်နၚ်နာနာသာ် မံက်ဂတဝ်တိတ်ကၠုၚ်မာန်ရ။ အခိၚ်ကာလအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဒှ်မံၚ်ဗော်ဒစဵုဒစးတေံ လ ညာတ်တအ်ဏအ် ဟွံမံက်ကၠုၚ်တုဲ အခိၚ်ညးတအ် ဂွံအဝဵုရောၚ်မံက်ကၠုၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ပိုဲဒးကလေၚ်ဗစာရဏာရောၚ်။ ဂလာန် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳတအ် မဟီုပတိတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲအကြာမသုန်သၞာံဝွံ ပိုဲကလေၚ်သ္ၚဳဂၠိပ်ဖအိုတ်ရောၚ် ယဝ်ဒှ်မဂးလေဝ် ပိုဲကဵုသွဟ်ကၠးကၠးမာန်ဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲခေတ်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ တိုန်ဂွံအဝဵုဂှ် မၞိဟ်၊ ပူဂဵု ပိုဲဂကူမန်တအ် က္ဍုဟ်မၠေံဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ် ဟီုဂှ် ညးဂှ်ရော ယဝ်ရသၟာန်မဂး ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် ဟီုသွဟ် (မိကောန်ဆာန် ) သာ်ဝွံမာန်ရောၚ်။ ပ္ဍဲမွဲအယုက်ပိုဲဏံ ကောန်ဂကူမန်တအ် ဗီုက္ဍုဟ်မၠေံမိ ကောန်ဆာန်ဂှ် ဟွံကေၚ်ဆဵုမွဲလှေ်ရ။ မိကောန်ဆာန်ဂှ်ညးဂှ်ရော ဒၞာဲဏံ ဟွံမိက်ဆက်သၟာန်အာရ။ မူဟိုတ်ဂွံက္ဍုဟ်မၠေံညးဂၠိုၚ်ရော သာ်ဝွံလေဝ် ဟွံမိက်ဆက်သဳကၠဳအာရ။ 
တၚ်နၚ်ဗွဲသၟဝ်တေံ ပိုဲသဳကၠဳပတို်န်ထ္ၜးမဂး ခိုဟ်ရောၚ်။
(၁) ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ အလဵုဇကုအံၚ်ဆာန်စုကျဳ အာစိုပ်ဂတမုက်ရုၚ်ဂလုတ်ဂၠးတိတုဲ စဵုဒၞာကုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာရ။ ယဝ်ရညးဟွံစဵုဒၞာ အာဟီုခၠေဝ်သှ်မဂး အခိၚ်ဂှ် သကိုပ်ပၞာန်မေန်အံၚ်လှာၚ်တအ် ဒတုံဇြဟ်ဗၚ်မာန်ရောၚ် ပိုဲတအ် ညာတ်ကေတ်လဝ်သာ် ဂှ်အိုတ်ရ။ အခိၚ်ပိုဲဒးဗတိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန် ညံၚ်ယာက္ဍိုပ်ဟွံဂွံမာန်ဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳတအ် ဟွံဗတိုက်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ဟီုမာန်ရ။ ကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာညး ဟွံကလိလောန်လဝ်ဒုဟ် မပ္တံပလီုကောန်သမ္ဘာ ကေုာံ ပြိုက်ဂစိုတ်ရောၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဟီုစဵုဒၞာပၠန်ရ။ ဂလာန်အံၚ်ဆာန်စုကျဳမဟီုခၠေဝ်ပလန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲအာၚ်သဳဂျေတအ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ရပိုဲကလေၚ်လ္ၚတ်ရံၚ်မဂး ဗၞတ်ဂလိုၚ်လဵုညး ဆာန်မံၚ်ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ မဒှ်ဒပ်ပၞာန်အပါညးမထ္ၜုတ်လဝ်ဂှ်မဂး တီကၠိုဟ်ကေတ်မာန်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူညးဟီုစဵုဒၞာဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ မကြမ် ကြရုန်မဵုဂှ်တုဲ အလုံညးလိုက်မွဲ မေတ္တာပ္ဍုၚ်ကၠုၚ်လတူညးတုဲ ကလေၚ်သီကေတ်ထောံ တဆိပ်ကြာနာနာ မဇိုန်ဏှၚ် လဝ်ကုညးအိုတ်ဏီရ။ ဒဒှ်ဗီုဏံ ပ္ဍဲလိုက်ဂၠးတိပိုဲဏံ ကြပ်ဟွံဆဵုမံၚ်ရ။ ဒုၚ်က္ဍုဟ်ကဵုဗော်သွးဂၠးတိတုဲ ညးစဵုဒၞာကုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဂှ် ဗီုဏံ ဍေံကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မာန်ရောၚ် ပိုဲတအ်ဟွံထေၚ်စှေ်စိုတ်အိုတ်ရ။ လၟုဟ်ပိုဲဒးဗတိုက်သရိုဟ်ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဂှ်ပၠန်မဂး ပိုဲကဵုညး ညံၚ် ကဵုဒစဵုဒစးမံၚ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်ရ။ စိုပ်မွဲတ္ၚဲ ညးကလေၚ်ကလိဂွံအဝဵုပၠန်မဂး ညးဟွံဟီုစဵုဒၞာကုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာညးရပုဟ်ဂှ် ဂံၚ်ဟီုဟာ။
ဗီုပိုဲက္ဍုဟ်မၠေံဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာအိုတ်အစောန်ဂှ် ညးဟွံက္ဍုဟ်ညိညတုဲ ဆာန်မံၚ်အိုတ်အစောန်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ်မာန်ရ။ အလဵုဇ ကုညး အာခၠေဝ်သှ်မာန်ရောၚ် အခိၚ်ဂှ်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်ပတှေ်ကေတ်အောန်ကွေံကွေံရ။ အခိၚ်ညးအာခၠေဝ်သှ်ဂဗုတ်ဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်သ ကိုပ် ဂကူဗၟာတအ် ညာတ်ဒုဟ်အောန်ကွေံကွေံရ။ ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်လေဝ် ကဟဳမံၚ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ ဂလာတအ်ဂှ် ကောန်ဍုၚ် အရၚ်ဟွံသေၚ် သာ်ဝွံစွံလဝ်စိုတ်ဒှ်မာန်ရောၚ်။ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ပရေံမံၚ်ဂလိုၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် အခိၚ်ဂှ် မူဟိုတ်ပိုဲကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ် ဟွံ ဟီုဗျိဂရိုဟ် ညံၚ်ရဴမသီအဝဵုဂှ်ရော။ ဟွံဒစဵုဒစးကဵုပြဝဒပ်ပၞာန်ပရေံ မဒှ်အဆံၚ်ပရေံလောန် ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိဂှ် ဒှ်ပြဝဗတိုက် သရိုဟ်ဖျေံဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာဂးမာန်ဟာ။ မေန်ကိုဝ်နာၚ်တအ်လေဝ် မူပဟွံဒစဵုဒစးကီုရော။ အခိၚ်ဂှ် လုပ်စမံၚ်လပါ်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳကဵု ပၞာန်ဗၟာဖအိုတ်ရ။ လညာတ်ပိုဲတအ်ကဵု လညာတ်ညးဂၠးတိတအ်ဂှ် အခိၚ်ဂှ်မဂး ဒစဵုဒစးမံၚ်ပေၚ်ၚ်ရ။ ကာလအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဒး ဒုၚ်သီအဝဵုမှ နာဲမေန်ကိုဝ်နာၚ်တအ် မံက်ကၠုၚ် ပ္ဍဲမဳဒဳယျာဗၟာတအ်အိုတ်ရ။ အခိၚ်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳဂွံအဝဵုဂှ် မဳဒဳယျာဗၟာတအ် ဒတဴ လိုၚ်ကရောံအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳဖအိုတ်တုဲ ဟွံသ္ပကေၚ်ကာကဵုကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ရောၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် နာဲလွဳဝၚ် မဒှ်ပူဂဵုမကေၚ် ကၠောန်လဝ်ပ္ဍဲဌာနပရိုၚ်အေရာဝတဳဂှ် ဟီုပါ်ပဲါလဝ်နွံကီုရ။ ဂကူဝတအ် ဗၠးၜးတိတ်မံၚ်ညိညဂှ် မဳဒဳယျာဗၟာတအ် ဟွံပေၚ်စိုတ်လး လးရောၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် လ္ၚတ်ကေတ်မာန်ကီုရ။ ဌာနပရိုၚ်သြၚ်လောန် ပ္ဍဲမတ်မလီုဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဒးဒုၚ်သီအဝဵုဂှ်တုဲ ညး တအ်စိုတ်လီုဗွဲမလောန်ဏီရောၚ်။ 
 ညးဂၠးတိတအ်လေဝ် ရံၚ်ကဵုမုက်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳတုဲ ဟွံဂံၚ်ဟီုပါ်ပဲါ စပ်ကဵုဂစိုတ်ကမၠက်တၞောဝ်မၞိဟ်တအ်ဂှ်ရ။ အခိၚ်တေံဂှ် အလဵုဇကုကံၚ်သဳဂီုကၠီုယူအေန် အာစိုပ်ဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲစၟဳတ်ဏီရဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ။ ရံၚ်ကဵုဒဒှ်သာ်ဝွံတအ်ဂှ်မဂး ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဗတိုက်ပလီုမံၚ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာ၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာဟွံသေၚ်၊ သီုစဵုဒၞာမံၚ်ကုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာပေၚ်ၚ်ရောၚ် ဟီုဟွံမာန်ဟာ။ ဗေဲရေတ်ချိတ် သေန် မဒှ်ကလုတ်အမေရိကာန်တြေံ ဟိုတ်နူဟီုဗၟံက်ဒးပရော ဂလာရောဟေန်ဂျာညိဂှ်ဗက်ဂှ် ဒးဒုၚ်ကဟုက်ကဵုအံၚ်ဆာန် စုကျဳရောၚ်ဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ။ ခေတ်ကာလအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဖံက်ပကဝ်အခေါၚ်မၞိဟ်ဂှ် အလုံဂၠးတိမွဲ သ္ပလဝ်မဇ္ဇျဟ်၊ ပိုဲကောန်ဍုၚ် အရၚ်တအ် အာစိုပ်ဒဒိုက်ဇၞော်ကဵုဇြဟတ်ရ။ ဝန်ဇၞော်ဍုၚ်သအာၚ်အမေရိကာန် ပမ်ပဳယောလေဝ် ရံၚ်ကဵုမုက်အံၚ်ဆာန်စု ကျဳတအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဟွံစၟတ်သမ္တီ နဒဒှ်ဂျေန်နောသာ်၊ ဟွံသ္ပသမ္တီ နဒဒှ်ဂစိုတ်ကမၠက်တၞောဝ်မၞိဟ်ကီုရ။ ယဝ်ရအံၚ်ဆာန်စု ကျဳ ထေဲအာမဂး ဖေက်ကၠဟ်ထောံအမေရိကာန်တုဲ အာပံၚ်ဗဒကဵုကြုက်ဟာဂှ် ကေတ်ဟွံဒးရ။ ကိုပ်ကၠာအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဟွံဂွံအဝဵုဂှ် ဓဝ်ပတှေ်ကောန်ဂကူတအ် နွံမံၚ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ကီုလေဝ် ကာလညးတအ်ဂွံအဝဵုဂှ် ကောန်ဂကူတအ် ဓဝ်ပတှေ်လတူညးတအ် ကြပ် အိုတ်အာရောၚ်ဂှ် ညာတ်ကေတ်ကၠးကၠးမာန်ရ။ အခိၚ်ကာလအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳဂွံအဝဵုဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ မစဴကၠုၚ်နူပေဲါဗတိုက် ကချေၚ်တအ် သမ္မတနာဲထေန်ကျဝ် ဟီုသၟိတ်တဴ “လုပ်ပေဲါဗတိုက် ဂံၚ်ၚ်သကာသကာ” ကော်ဗတ်ဗၟာ (ရွတ်ရွတ်ခွျန်ခွျန်) ဂှ်တုဲ ကောန်ဂကူတအ် ဒှ်ဒေါသအိုတ်ရ။ ဒးလၞိန်ဗပိန်ကုကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ကမၠောန်ဂကူဗၟာညးတအ်ဖအိုတ်ရောၚ် ဟီုဟွံမာန်ဟာ။ 
(၂)ကိစ္စကေၚ်ကာရခေၚ်ဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်အေအေတအ် တဲကၠာဂှ် ဇကုအံၚ်ဆာန်စုကျဳ စၟတ်သမ္တီညးတအ် နဒဒှ်ဂကောံ ပလီုပလာ်မာန်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ဟွံညာတ်ကေတ်အိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ မိက်ဂွံတီကေတ်လညာတ်ညးဗွဲတိုက်ရိုက်ရ။ ဆဂး ဗွဲကြဴဏံ တီကၠး ကေတ်ဂှ်တုဲ အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳလေဝ်ကီု ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာလေဝ်ကီုဂှ် တုပ်သၟဟ်ကဵုလေံဒုက် မနွံၜါအရံၚ်သာ်ဗ္ဂေတ် ကဵုသာ်တ္ၚေက်ရ။ နကဵုလေံဒုက် သာ်တ္ၚေက်ဒုက်လေဝ်ဂိ၊ နကဵုလေံဒုက်သာ်ဗ္ကေတ် ၜုၚ်တက်လေဝ်ဂိ သာ်ဝွံ က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်အေအေတအ် ဟီုပ တုပ်ကၠုၚ်အိုတ်ရ။ က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ရခေၚ် နာဲအေမံၚ်လေဝ် သီုဒုဟ်ဟွံမွဲမွဲသာ် အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳတအ် ဖျေံလဝ်ထံၚ်မွဲအယုက်ဏီရ။ ထ္ၜးဟိုတ်သွက်ဂွံပါ်တိတ်တုဲ ဒက်ပတန်ဍုၚ်ရခေၚ်တၞဟ်ခြာရ။ ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်မဂး သွက်ရခေၚ်တအ်ဂှ် အလဵုအသဳကဵုပၞာန် ညးလဵု အန္တရာဲဇၞော်ရော၊ တုပ်တုပ်ဟီုဟွံမာန်ဟာ။ ယဝ်ရဟီုဟွံမာန်မဂး အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳဂှ် ဇၞော်ဂၠိုၚ်ညိဒှ်မာန်ရောၚ်။
 (၃) တၠုၚ်လအာမတုပ်သာ်ဂှ်ကီု ကာလဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာထပက်ပၞာန် ပ္ဍဲကချေၚ်ဂှ် ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဟွံဟီုဗျိဂရိုဟ်ကုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဂှ်တုဲ နကဵုအလဵုဗော်ကချေၚ်တအ် ဒဵုကဵုဒးနုက်တိတ်ထောံနယူအေန်အာဖ်သဳဏီရ။ ဟိုတ်နူအန္တရာဲထပက်ပၞာန်ဇၞော်လောန်ဂှ်တုဲ ဒပ်ဥမၚ်ညးတအ် မခိုၚ်ဗိုန်ဇၟအ်(ဂျဳဂန်)ဂှ်လေဝ် သရိုဟ်အာရ။ ဂွံစဵုဒၞာနူဘဲထပက်ပၞာန်မာန်ဂှ်တုဲ ညးတအ်ဒးအာပံၚ်ကဵုဂ ကောံမဟာမိတ်ပၞာန် သၟဝ်ကျာဏီရ။ အခိၚ်ဂှ်ဂှ် အလဵုအသဳအံၚ်ဆာန်စုကျဳတအ်ကဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ်ဂှ် တုပ်ပ်ရရောၚ်ဂးတုဲ ပ္ဍဲဝေါဟာရတၟိမွဲ ဗတ်အေၚ်္ဂလိက် မုက်လိက်တုပ်ပ် မတွံဂး the same page ဂှ် ဂွံဗှ်ကေတ်ရ။ ယဝ်ရဒးဟီုအရေဝ်အ ရာပ်ဂွံကၠိုဟ်လောဲသွာမဂး အလဵုအသဳအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳကဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ်ဂှ် ဗၟာတုပ်ပ်ရ။ လညာတ်တုပ်ပ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် ပဝ်လဇြဳဂ ကူဗၟာ စပ်ကဵုကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ဂှ် တုပ်ပ်ဖအိုတ်ရောၚ် သာ်ဝွံလေဝ် ဟီုအိုတ်ပၠန်ရ။ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဗီုဒးစိုတ်ဍဵုဍိုက် ကောန် ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်မာန် ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ဂှ်ဂှ်တုဲ နကဵုဗော်အံၚ်ဆာန်စုကျဳတအ် ဗက်စဵုဒၞာပ္ဍဲအဆံၚ်ဂၠးတိမာန်ရ။ အလဵုအသဳဍုၚ်ဂၠးတိ တအ်လေဝ် ဟွံမိက်သ္ပအရီု ကဵုကံ ကုသဵုကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဆၜိုတ်ကလၚ်ဂလာန်အံၚ်ဆာန်စုကျဳတအ်သၟးရ။ ဟိုတ် ဂှ်တုဲ အလဵုအသဳအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳဂှ် အန္တရာဲသွက်ကောန်ဂကူတအ်ဂှ် ဇၞော်လောန်ရောၚ်ဂးရ။
(၄) စပ်ကဵုလိက်ကသုက်အေန်သဳအေဂှ် ကရေၚ်၊ ချေၚ်၊ သေံဇၞော်တအ် က္ဍိုက်ပ်တုဲ လုပ်ချုက်လိက်၊ ဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိ၊ ကချေၚ်တအ် သှေ်အာဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူမိက်ဂွံအာတ်အခေါၚ်အရာကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ဂၠိုၚ်ၚ်ရ။ အခိၚ်ကၠောန်သ္ပသဘၚ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ် နူအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ တိုန်စိုပ်ထံက်ဂလာန်ကီုဂှ်တုဲ ဂၠးတိတအ် လုပ်စလပါ်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳတုဲ ဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိ သီုကချေၚ် ဒးဒုၚ် ကရေပ်ဓရတ်ဇၞော်ကဵုဇြဟတ်ရ။ ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳလေဝ် ဟဳဗက်ကဵုလိက်ကသုက်ဂှ်တုဲ လုပ်စလပါ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာပေၚ်ၚ်ရ။ ဗွဲကြဴဏံ ဟိုတ်နူဒးဒုၚ်ကရေပ်ဂရတ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိလေဝ် ဒးချုက်လိက်ကသုက်ဂှ်ကီုရ။ ဂကောံယူအေန်အာဖ်သဳလေဝ် လ မျီုအိုတ်အာ အခိၚ်ဂှ်ဂှ်ကီုရ။ 
(၅) အတိုၚ်သၞောဝ်၂၀၀၈ဂှ်မဂး ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်မဇၞးမာဲဂၠိုၚ်တအ် အခေါၚ်ဒှ်သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်တွဵုရးနွံကီုလေဝ် ဆဂး ဗော်ရ ခေၚ်တအ် ဟွံဂွံတိုန်ဒှ်သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော် ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးညးတအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဒၞာဲဂှ် အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳရောၚ် တိုန်္ၚာပ်ကေတ်ထောံရ။ မၞိဟ်ဇၞး ကေတ်သီုဖအိုတ်ဂးတုဲ မာဲညးတအ်အလုံဍုၚ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ ညးတအ်ဟွံမိက်ပရအ်အဝဵုရ။ ယဝ်ရအာမံၚ်နဲကဲဏံရ မဂး ပိုဲကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ် ကာလလဵုလေဝ် ဒှ်သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်တွဵုရးဟွံမာန်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဗော်ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ် မိက်ဂွံပံၚ်တဲကဵုကျဖောတ်ကီု၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကီုတုဲ မိက်ဂွံကေတ်ဇၞးလတူအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳရ။ ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ကၠတ်လဝ်မာဲ ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးတအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ကေတ်ဇၞးဏာမမာဲကုကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲရခေၚ်ဂှ် ဖေက်ကျတုဲ သီုကၟာတ်ဒၞာထောံ ဟွံကၠောန်ဗ ဒှ်ကဵုပေဲါရုဲမာဲဏီရ။ ကိုပ်ကၠာဟွံစိုပ်ပေဲါရုဲမာဲဂှ် မူဟိုတ်ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ် မိက်ဂွံပံၚ်ကဵုကျဖောတအ် ကေုာံ ပၞာန်ရော၊ ဂလာန်ဝွံ ဟိုတ်နူအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဟွံလဂူတပ်တး ကုကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ရောၚ် ဟီုမာန်ရ။
(၆) ဒပ်ပၞာန်သီအဝဵုအလန်ဏံဂှ် မူဟိုတ်ရော၊ ဟိုတ်နူမိက်ဂွံဍဵုဍိုက်ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ဟာ ဂလာန်သၟာန်သာ်ဝွံ မိက်ဂွံ သၟာန်ရ။ ယဝ်ရမိက်ဂွံဍဵုဍိုက်ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်မဂး ညးစၞးဗော်မန် ကေုာံ ရခေၚ်တအ်ကီု၊ ကရေၚ်(မာန်ညိၚ်မံၚ်) ကီု တအ်ဂှ် ပါလုပ်ကၠောန်ပ္ဍဲကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်မာန်ရောၚ်ဟွံထေၚ်ရ။ အခိၚ်ဂှ်ဂှ် ဗော်မန်ပိုဲ အဃောလညာတ်ကၠေဟ်မံၚ်ကဵုအေန်အေဝ် ဒဳတၟိတၟိဂှ်တုဲ ညးတအ် အဃောထေဲမံၚ်ကဵုအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဟိုတ်နူပလီုကၠေံပေဲါကောံဓရီုအကြာၜါလပါ် နပွမထ္ၜးဟိုတ် ဟွံလ ဂူတပ်တးရ။ 
(၇) ပၞာန်ဗၟာလေဝ် ဂုန်ဖဵုဂကူပိုဲဟွံမွဲ၊ ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳလေဝ် ဂုန်ဖဵုဂကူပိုဲဟွံမွဲ တုပ်ပ်မဂး လညာတ်မဂး ဒးဗတိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠ အဝဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာရောၚ်၊ ဟွံဒးဗတိုက်တၠအဝဵုအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳရောၚ်ဂှ် ဟွံဒးရ။ ပိုဲဗတိုက်မံၚ်ကဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ပွိုၚ်(၇၀)သၞာံဂှ် ဂုန်ဖဵု ဟွံမွဲရောၚ် သာ်ဝွံ ပိုဲတအ် ဟွံဒုၚ်ဂိုၚ်ကေတ်ရ။ ဆၜိုတ်ဂှ် ဟွံရုမ်ဂပ်ဏီရောၚ် မိက်ဂွံဟီုရ။ နကဵုသွာၚ်ပၞာန်ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ကၟာတ် လဒဵုလဝ်အခေါၚ်ပု်ိဲ၊ နကဵုသွာၚ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဂှ် ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ကၟာတ်လဒဵုလဝ်ပိုဲဂှ်တုဲ တုဲတုဲကၠုၚ်တေံ နကဵုဂၠံၚ် အဓိက ၜါဏံ ဗၟာတအ် ကၟာတ်လဝ်ပိုဲရောၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပၞော်တိတ်ပိုဲတအ် ဟွံမွဲရ။ အန္တရာဲပၞာန်ဂှ် မသုန်စှော်၊ အန္တရာဲအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ် ကွာန်ဂှ် မသုန်စှော် ယဝ်ဒှ်မဂး အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ အောန်စှေ်အာမွဲမဂး အန္တရာဲဂကူပိုဲ ယအ်စှေ်အာမ သုန်စှေ်ကၠိုပ်ကၠံရောၚ် မိက် ဂွံဟီုရ။ ပ္ၚံက်ပေဲါဗတိုက်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဂှ် ဒးဗတိုက်ကဵုအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဝါတ်လောန်ဂှ်တုဲ သီုဒးကူချပ်ဖျေံဗီုပြၚ် ဂွံပံၚ်ကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်တအ်ဏီရောၚ် ဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ။ ပရောဒဒှ်ဍာံဏံ မိက်ဂွံတီကၠးမဂး အာသၟာန်ရံၚ်ကာပၞုက် သၟာပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်မန် ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ် မန်တေံညိ။ ညးတအ် သှ်ကဵုဗွဲတြးမာန်ရောၚ်။ ယဝ်ရပၞာန်ဟွံသီအဝဵုမဂး အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဆိၚ်လဝ်ဝေၚ်အမှုကဵု ဒံက်တာအံၚ် နာၚ်ဥူတုဲ ညးတေံ ဒးထံၚ်မာန်ဏီရောၚ်ဂှ် အခိၚ်တေံတေံ ပိုဲတအ် ဒုၚ်စသိုၚ်လဝ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၂၀:၂၀၊ ၈ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== ယဝ်ရဍုၚ်ဗၟာ ဟွံကလိဂွံအခေါၚ်သ္ပစၞး ပ္ဍဲယူအေန်မဂး ဒဵုဗျု ဂိတုသာပ်တေမ်ဗာ ၁၆၊ တ္ၚဲဗြဴဗတိ၊ ၂၀၂၁ ==

ယဝ်ရဍုၚ်ဗၟာ ဟွံကလိဂွံအခေါၚ်သ္ပစၞး ပ္ဍဲယူအေန်မဂး ဒဵုဗျု ဂိတုသာပ်တေမ်ဗာ ၁၆၊ တ္ၚဲဗြဴဗတိ၊ ၂၀၂၁ သွက်ဂွံပၠံၚ်အဝဵုဒၞာဲခုၚ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဍေံမစိုန်ဒှ်တဴဒၞာဲ ဂွံဟီုသ္ပစၞးကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဗၟာဂှ် ကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်ကဵုဂကောံအေန်ယူဂျဳ မ ဒးဒုၚ်သီအဝဵုတအ် ဗီုညးညးဂစာန်လွဳပရာကၠုၚ်ဂှ် မဟာမိတ်ညးတအ်ဇၞော်အိုတ် အမေရိကာန်ကဵုကြုက် လုပ်စမွဲမွဲလပါ်ဂှ်တုဲ ညးတအ်သီုၜါဂကောံဂှ် မွဲဂှ် ကလိဂွံအခေါၚ်တိုန်စိုပ်တုဲ ဟွံကလိဂွံအခေါၚ်ဟီုဂးမွဲမွဲသာ်၊ မွဲဂှ် ဟွံကလိဂွံအခေါၚ်တိုန်စိုပ်သက် သက်၊ ပြဟ်ဟ်ဏံဒးဟီုစ ညးကျအဲကျ၊ ညးဟွံဇၞးအဲဟွံဇၞးဂှ်တုဲ သွက်ဂကောံကံၚ်သဳပၞာန် ဂွံဒှ်အာဗဗွဲဓဝ် ပ္ဍဲအဆံၚ်ဂၠးတိဂှ်လေဝ် လပါ်အမေရိကာန် မဒှ်မဟာမိတ်ကဵုအေန်ယူဂျဳဂှ် ဗက်ဒစဵုဒစးမံၚ်ပေၚ်ၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ အခိၚ်တ္ၚဲဏံပၠန် နကဵုဍုၚ်ပြၚ်သေတ်လေဝ် ထပ် လလောၚ်တရးဏာ ညးသ္ပလဝ်စၟတ်သမ္တီကဵု သွဟ်ပေဲါရုဲမာဲဖိုဟ်ဂှ်တုဲ၊ ဂလာန်ညးတအ်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံအဓိပဲါ ညးတအ်သ္ပလဝ် စၟတ်သမ္တီ နဒဒှ်အလဵုအသဳအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳဂှ် ဒှ်အလဵုအသဳဗဗွဲဓဝ်တုဲ ကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်(ဝါ)အလဵုအသဳမၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဂှ် ဟွံဗဗွဲဓဝ်ရောၚ်။ ရံၚ်ကဵုဒတဴလိုၚ်ဍုၚ်အမေရိကာန်ကေုာံမဟာမိတ်ညးတအ် ညံၚ်ရဴဍုၚ်ပြၚ်သေတ်၊ ယူခေတအ်ဂှ်မဂး ညးတအ်ကေတ်စလပါ် အလဵုအသဳအံၚ်ဆာန်စုကျဳတအ်ပေၚ်ၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ၊ ဒတဴလိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ကြုက်ကဵုရာတ်သာတအ်ဂှ် ညးတအ်ကေတ်စလပါ်ကံၚ်သဳပၞာန် ပေၚ်ၚ်ပၠန်ဂှ်တုဲ ဇြဟတ်တံၚ်ဂြဲဂၠးတိတအ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူဇၞော်လောန်ဂှ်တုဲ ပေဲါပြိုၚ်ပကာန်အဝဵုအကြာဗော်ဗၟာၜါ ဂွံအုပ်ဓုပ်ဍုၚ်ဗၟာဂှ် လောဲလောဲသွာသွာ တုဲဒှ်အာဟွံမာန်ရ။ ပၞာန်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဂွံဒှ်ဗဗွဲဓဝ် ပ္ဍဲအဆံၚ်ဂၠးတိဂှ် ဟွံလောဲ၊ ဂကောံအေန်ယူဂျဳတအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဂွံကလေၚ်ဒှ်အလဵုအသဳ ကလေၚ်ဂွံအဝဵုပၠန်ဂှ် ဟွံလောဲသွာ။ ၜါလပါ်ဏံ ညးဂွံကေတ်ဇၞးလတူအဲ အဲဂွံကေတ်ဇၞးလတူညးဂှ် ဖန် လောဲသွာတဴဟွံသေၚ်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ရံၚ်ကဵုအကာဲအရာသတ္တာဟဏံ ဗီုကတဵုဒှ်မံၚ် ပ္ဍဲအဆံၚ်ကောံဓရီုယူအေန်ဂှ်မဂး ကၠးကေတ် မာန်ရ။ ပရိုၚ်တအ်ဟီုတဴဂှ် အမေရိကာန်ကဵုကြုက် ကၠတ်ပညဳညးသကအ် ကိုပ်ကၠာဟွံစိုပ်ကောံဓရီုယူအေန်က္ဍၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ ကလိဂွံ တၚ်တုပ်စိုတ်၊ ဆက်ဒုၚ်အာတဲကဵုအမာတ်ကုလသမဂ္ဂ နူအေန်ယူဂျဳ နာဲကျဝ်မိုဝ်ထောန်၊ ဆဂး ဟွံကဵုညးတေံဟီုဂလာန် ညံၚ်ရဴကၠာကၠာတေံကီု၊ ဟွံဒုၚ်တဲကဵုအမာတ်ကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်မခါန်ကၞက်လဝ် နာဲအံၚ်သူရိန်ဏီဂှ်တုဲ စိုပ်ဂိတုနောဝေမ်ဗာတေံမဂး ကမ္မတဳစၟဳတ်အစောံစရာဲ ကော် Credentials Committeeဂှ် ဒးစၟဳတ်ညးစၞးနူဍုၚ်ဗၟာတအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဒးပလံၚ်ဗစိုပ်ကဵုသဘၚ်သဳကၠဳ ဇၞော်ယူအေန် သွက်ဂွံသ္ပစၟတ်သမ္တီ နဒဒှ်ညးစၞးဗဗွဲဓဝ်ဒဒက်တဴကဵုဍုၚ်ဗၟာရောၚ်။ အကြာဏံဂှ် လပါ်လဵုမွဲလေဝ် အခေါၚ်ကဵုသ ဂုတ်သွာတ်ကံကုသဵုကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဗၟာဟွံမွဲဏီဒးဟီုရောၚ်။ စိုပ်အခိၚ်တေံလေဝ် သဂုတ်သွာတ်မွဲမွဲသာ် ကၠးကၠးမးမးစှေ်ကၠုၚ်မာန် ဟာဂှ် ဒးမၚ်ဗဵုအာဏီရ။ ယဝ်ရပိုဲရံၚ်အာကဵုမတ်ဓမ္မတာမဂး ကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်ဂှ် ညးတအ် ကေမ်္ၚာပ်ဂွံလဝ်အဝဵုအလဵုအသဳ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဗၟာပေၚ်ၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ မူမွဲကီုပကဵု ညးတအ်ဟွံမာန်ဂးကီုလေဝ် ဆဂး ဂကောံဍုၚ်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေဇြဳဇၞော်ဇၞော် ညံၚ်ရဴအမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ မဟာမိတ်ညးတအ် ယဝ်ရ ဟွံသ္ပစၟတ်သမ္တီ နဒဒှ်ဗဗွဲဓဝ် ပ္ဍဲအဆံၚ်ကုလသမဂ္ဂမဂး သွက်ဂွံသ္ပစၞးဍုၚ်ဗၟာဂှ် ကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်တအ် ဖန်က်ဟွံဂွံဂှ်တုဲ အကာဲအရာဝွံ ဍေံဒှ်အာဇြဟတ်စိုတ်ကဵုဂကောံအေန်ယူဂျဳတအ် ဇၞော်ကဵုဇြဟတ်ဂှ်တုဲ သွက်ဂွံဝေၚ်အာပေဲါပၞာန်အပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ်ကီု၊ သွက်ဂွံက လေၚ်သီဗၜေါဝ်ဇြဟတ် ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်လေဝ်ကီုဂှ် ဒှ်အာအထံက်အပၚ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်ရ။ ယဝ်ရစိုပ်အခိၚ်သဘၚ်သဳကၠဳဇၞော် ဂိတုနောဝေမ်ဗာတေံ ကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်တအ် ဒှ်အာဗဗွဲဓဝ်မဂး ဂကောံအေန်ယူဂျဳဂှ် သွက်ဂွံဒေါံကၟိုၚ်စှေ်အာမာန်ရောၚ်။ ဆဂး ညံၚ် ဟွံဂွံဒှ်အာဗီုပြၚ်သာ်ဂှ်မာန် အလဵုအသဳအမေရိကာန်တအ် ဂစာန်လွဳပရာမံၚ်ပေၚ်ၚ်ရောၚ်ဟီုဂှ် သက်သဳသာဓကတ္ၚဲဏံ ပိုဲ ညာတ်ကေတ်မာန်ရ။ မွဲလပါ်ပၠန်ဂှ် ညးစၞးကုလသမဂ္ဂ သွက်ဍုၚ်ပိုဲဂှ်လေဝ် ညးတအ်လုက်စုက်မံၚ်ကဵုဂကောံရပ်လွဟ်ကောန် ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ကီုဂှ်တုဲ ရမ်သာၚ်ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် လျောဝ်ဗက်မံၚ်လပါ်အေန်ယူဂျဳကီုရောၚ်ဂှ် ညာတ်ကေတ် မာန်ပၠန်ရ။ ရံၚ်ကဵုဝၚ်မွဲပ္ၚံက်မဂး ဗော်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် ကေုာံ ဗော်ရပ်လွဟ်ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ကၠောံဍမံၚ်ကဵုအ မေရိကာန်ဂၠိုၚ်ကီုရောၚ်ဂှ် ပိုဲဒးညာတ်ကေတ်သာ်ဂှ်မာန်ကီုရ။ ယဝ်ရပ္ဍဲအဆံၚ်ကုလသမဂ္ဂတေံ အမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ မဟာမိတ်ညးတအ် ဗလံက်ထောံ ဟွံဒုၚ်တဲကဵုညးစၞးကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်တအ်ဂှ် မဂး ပၞော်တိတ်တၞဟ်ဟ် သွက်ကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်တအ် နွံသာ်လဵုဏီရောဂှ် ပိုဲဒးဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲရ။ ညးစၞးနာဲကျဝ်မဵုထောန်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူနွံမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲ ဍုၚ်အမေရိကာန်ဖိုဟ်ဂှ်တုဲ ၜိုန်ရကြုက်ဟွံတုပ်စိုတ်ကီုလေဝ် ညးတေံ အာစိုပ်ဂတမုက်ရုၚ်ကုလသမဂ္ဂ အခိၚ်ကောံဓရီုမာန်ဏီ ဂှ်တုဲ မွဲနဲမွဲဗီု ညးတေံကလိဂွံအခေါၚ်ဟီုဗၟံက်မွဲမွဲသာ်မာန်ဏီဂှ်တုဲ သွက်အေန်ယူဂျဳဂှ် သာမံၚ်ရ။ ဂကောံအေန်ဂျဳအိုဝ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော် တအ် ထံက်ဂလာန်ညးတေံလေဝ် ဒှ်မာန်ဏီရ။ ပ္ဍဲမ္ၚးကောံဓရီုဂှ် ညးတေံ ဒုၚ်ဆဵုကဵုအစာပရိုၚ်တအ်တုဲ ဟီုပတိတ်လညာတ် ဂွံ မံၚ်တၟာဂလိုၚ်ဏီရ။ ညးစၞးကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်ဂှ် အမေရိကာန် ဟွံကဵုလုပ်ဍုၚ် ဟွံပတိတ်ကဵုဗွဳဇြာမဂး အကာဲအရာဂှ် ဂတးဂတန် အာမွဲမွဲဗီုလေဝ်မာန်ဏီရ။ ဍုၚ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်တအ် ဝေၚ်နဲကလုတ်ညးသကအ်မဂး သီုညးစၞးၜါလပါ်ဂှ် ဟွံကလိဂွံတိုန်စိုပ်ကောံဓရီု ပ္ဍဲယူအေန်မဂး အခိၚ်ဂှ် သွက်နာဲကျဝ်မဵုထောန်ဂှ် အာထ္ၜးဆန္ဒပ္ဍဲမ္ၚးရုၚ်ယူအေန်မာန်ဏီဂှ်တုဲ သွက်အေန်ယူဂျဳတအ် သာမံၚ်ညိ ဏီဒးဟီုရ။ အကာဲအရာဂိတုနောဝေမ်ဗာတေံဂှ် ညးစၞးနူကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်တအ် ဂွံတိုန်သ္ပစၞးပေၚ်ၚ် ပ္ဍဲယူအေန်ဂှ် ကြပ်ဒှ်ဟွံမာန်ရ။ ယဝ်ရယူအေန် တုပ်စိုတ်ကဵုညးစၞးအေန်ယူဂျဳမဂးရော သာ်လဵုမကတဵုဒှ်မာန်ဂှ်ရော ဂလာန်စောဒနာသာ်ဝွံလေဝ် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုၚ် မာန်ဏီရ။ ဆဂး ဂွံတုပ်စိုတ်ဂှ် ဝါတ်မံၚ်ရောၚ်ဟီုဂှ် သက်သဳကြုက်ကဵုအမေရိကာန် မကလိဂွံတၚ်တုပ်စိုတ်အကြာဏံဂှ် ကၠးမံၚ် တုဲတုဲရ။ ယဝ်ရပၞာန်တအ် ဒှ်အာဗဗွဲဓဝ် ပ္ဍဲအဆံၚ်ယူအေန်မဂး အကာဲအရာဒဳမဝ်ကရေဇြဳ ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိပိုဲဏံ သုန်စှေ်အာစိုပ်ဂၠးဂတာမာန် ရောၚ်။ ဝါဒဒဳမဝ်ကရေဇြဳဂှ် ဓဝ်ပတှေ်ညးဂၠးတိတအ် အောန်စှေ်အာဇၞော်ဇၞော်ရ။ ဝါဒတၠအဝဵုပၞာန်တအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် တအ် မံက်ဂတဝ်ကၠုၚ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်မာန်ကီုရောၚ်။ ပရေၚ်သီအဝဵုနူအလဵုအသဳ မဇၞးလဝ်မာဲတအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ကတဵုဒှ်ဇၟာပ်ပ်ဒၞာဲမာန်ကီု ရောၚ်။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် ဂွံဒှ်ဗဗွဲဓဝ် ပ္ဍဲအဆံၚ်ကုလသမဂ္ဂဂှ် ဝါတ်မံၚ်တၟာလှေ်ရောၚ် တော်ဆကေတ်မာန်ရ။ ဗီုကတဵုဒှ်မံၚ်တ္ၚဲဏံ စပ်ကဵုပေဲါပြိုၚ်ပကာန် ဂွံသ္ပစၞးပ္ဍဲယူအေန်ဂှ် ကၠာကၠာတေံ ခေတ်ကာလနေဝေန်၊ ခေန်ညောအ်တအ်ဂှ် ဟွံ ကေၚ်နွံကၠုၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဍေံဒှ်ဗီုသာ်ဝွံမာန်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ညးဂှ်မွဲ ဟွံကေၚ်တော်ဆလဝ်ရ။ ကၠာတေံ ပၞာန်သီအဝဵုတုဲဗက်ဂှ် ညးစၞးသွက် ယူအေန်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဍေံဒှ်အာညးစၞးသွက်ပၞာန်တအ်ကီုရ။ လၟုဟ်ဝွံ ဟိုတ်နူနာဲကျဝ်မဵုထောန် ဟွံလျောဝ်ဗက်လပါ်ပၞာန်ဂှ်တုဲ အ ကာဲအရာဂှ် ဒှ်အာဂတးဂတန်ရောၚ်။ အလဵုအသဳအမေရိကာန်လေဝ် သ္ပလဝ်စၟတ်သမ္တီ ဒုၚ်လဝ်တဲညးတေံပၠန်ဂှ်တုဲ အကာဲအ ရာဍာံဍာံဂှ် ဗီုဆိၚ်ဂှ်သၟိၚ်ဟွံစၟတ်ရ။ တုဲကၠုၚ်ခြာဟွံလအ်တေံပၠန်ဂှ်လေဝ် ကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်တအ် ဗလးမၞိဟ်ကဵုကၠတ်ဂစိုတ်ညးတေံ ပၠန်ဂှ်တုဲ ဟိုတ်အမေရိကာန် ဂွံလုပ်စလပါ်နာဲကျဝ်မဵုထောန် လပါ်အေန်ယူဂျဳဂှ် လောန်တုဲခိုၚ်ဗိုန်ဂၠိုၚ်အာရ။ ပ္ဍဲဂကောံကုလသမဂ္ဂဂှ် ယဝ်ရဂကောံကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်တအ် ဟွံကလိဂွံအခေါၚ်သ္ပစၞးမဂး သာ်လဵုညးတအ် ချဳဒရာၚ်အာပ္ဍဲကေၚ်ကာ ဂၠးတိဂှ်ရော။ ယဝ်ရအေန်ယူဂျဳ ကလိဂွံအခေါၚ်သ္ပစၞးမဂး အကာဲအရာပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် ဍုၚ်ပိုဲ ဗီုလဵုကြက်ဒှ်အာမာန်ဂှ်ရော၊ ယဝ် ရညးတအ်ကီု အေန်ယူဂျဳကီု ဟွံကလိဂွံအခေါၚ်သ္ပစၞးမဂး သာ်လဵုကံကုသဵုဗၟာ ကတဵုဒှ်အာမာန်ဂှ်ရော။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၂၀:၂၃၊ ၈ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== စေဝ်ပၞောန်ပန်တၚ် ==

စေဝ်ပၞောန်ပန်တၚ်
&quot;#ယၟုအ္စာကၞေဟ်ဂှ်ဒးဒှ်ယၟုမန်ဟေၚ်ရောၚ်ယဝ်ဟွံဒှ်မ္ဂးၜိုန်ရတမ်လိက်စၟတ်ပေၚ်ဒၟံၚ်ကီုလေဝ်ဒှ်လလေၚ်ဟေၚ်ရ&quot;

    ပ္ဍဲအရာချူလိက်ပရေၚ်မွဲပိုဒ် ဒးပၠောပ်စိုတ်ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် လိက်ပရေၚ်ဇကု ဂွံဒုၚ်ရုဲစှ်မံၚ်ကဵု/ဟွံမာန်ဟွံသေၚ်။ လိက်ပရေၚ်ဇကု ကိတ်ညဳမံၚ်ကဵု၊ တၚ်ရန်တၟံကေုာံ စေဝ်ပၞောန်ဂကောံကီုဟာဟေၚ်မဒှ်ရ။ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ညးမချူလိက်ဝွံ ဇၟာပ်ချူတမ်လိက် သ္ပကၠုၚ်သတိကဵုတၚ်ရန်တၟံကေုာံစေဝ်ပၞောန်ဂကောံဗွဲတၟေၚ်ရ။ပ္ဍဲကာလကလိဂွံကသပ် သွက်ဂွံချူတမ်လိက် ဇရေၚ်ဂကောံမဂ္ဂဇြေန်လဂံါအာဇာနဲကၞပ်ပိဝွံလေဝ် ဗှ်လ္ၚတ်ရံၚ် တၚ်ရန်တၟံကေုာံစေဝ်ပၞောန်ဂကောံမဖျေံလဝ် သွက်အ္စာကၞေဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ရ။ ကာလစိုပ်စေဝ်ပၞောန်မရနုက်ကဵုပန် အတိုၚ်မစၞောန်ထ္ၜးလဝ်လတူတေံဂှ်-
         &quot;  အဝ်……ဒၟါနူဂှ်ဟေၚ် ပ္ဍဲကၞပ်ၜါတေံ နာဲမိၚ်တဝ်ဂှ်ဂွံဒှ်အာယၟု နာဲမၞိက်ၜိုပ်၊
        နာဲထောန်သိၚ်ဂှ် ဂွံအာယၟုနာဲထဝ်သောန်ရောၚ်သွံ…။&quot;
          သာ်ဝွံ ပဟေဠိဟွံသောၚ်ပ္ဍောၚ်မံၚ်မွဲတၚ်ဂှ် တၟးအာဖၠၚ်ရ။ မွဲဒမြိပ်ဓဝ်ဟေၚ် စိုဂ်မကေတ်တဴဂုဏ်စရာဲလတူလညာတ်ဥာဏ်ညးတာလျိုၚ်ဂကောံမဂ္ဂဇြေန်မန် လဂံါအာဇာနဲဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် မံက်ဂတဝ်တိုန်ကၠုၚ် တာဒၞါဟွံမာန်ရ။ စေဝ်ပၞောန်မရနုက်ကဵုပန်ဝွံ ဇၟာပ်ဂကောံမဂ္ဂဇြေန်မန်တံ သ္ပဒတန်တုဲ သုၚ်စောဲထေက်ရောၚ်။
         ယၟုမ္ဂးဂှ် တၚ်လဝ်သွက်ဂွံကော်သက်သက်ရောၚ်-သာ်ဝွံမိက်ဂွံသ္ဂးမာန်ရ။ ဆဂးမၞိဟ်မ္ဂးဂှ် မံၚ်ဒၟံၚ်ကဵုယၟုမွဲမရောၚ်-ဗီုဂလာန်မြဴသာ်ဝွံလေဝ်နွံမံၚ်ကီုတုဲ သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ်ပရောယၟုဂှ် ဂွံတဴဒြဟတ်ပၠန်ရ။ သွက်မၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲဂှ် ယၟုမွဲမကိစ္စဇၞော်ကွေုရ။ ယၟုမွဲမခိုဟ်မ္ဂး ကုကၠောန်ကၠောန်ညးတၞဟ်ထေၚ်ခိုဟ်ရ။ ဗွဲတၟေၚ်-ယဝ်ရကၠောန်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်,ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်မ္ဂး ယၟုဟွံခိုဟ်ဟွံဂွံရ။
             ဆေၚ်စပ်ကဵုယၟုတုဲ ညးကဝ်တံ ဟွံသ္ပထောံမဇ္ဇျဟ်ရ။ ဓရ်ပရမတ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ယဝ်ရစာ်စ္ဍးအာနူပညပ် (ယၟု)မ္ဂး လတူနူဒှ်ဂုဏ်ဖဵုညးလောကတံဂှ် ဒှ်ဒုဟ်ဂၠိုၚ်ရောၚ်-ဂှ် ညးတံကၠိုဟ်ခၠၚ်လဝ်ရ။ ယၟုဟွံမွဲမ္ဂး ကပေါတ်ကညောတ်အဝိညာဏကမပ္တံ ဂဥုဲဂမၠိုၚ်ကီု၊ သတ်သဝိညာဏက မပ္တံမၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ကီုဟွံမွဲကဵုအပိုၚ်ခြာအာကာသဓာတ်ညးကဵုညးရ။ အပိုၚ်အခြာမြဴသာ်ဝွံ ဟွံမွဲမ္ဂး အဝေါၚ်မၞိဟ်လေဝ်မံက်ဂတဝ်ကၠုၚ်ဟွံသေၚ်ရ။
             ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဆေၚ်စပ်ကဵုယၟုတုဲ သ္ပကၠုၚ်သုတေသန်ဗွဲမလံလကာဖာတေံရ။ ပြကိုဟ်ဗေဒၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ်မပ္တံကဵု နာမက္ခရဆာန်
မဒက်ပတန်လဝ်နကဵုဂိုဏ် (၈)ဂိုဏ်မပ္တံ &quot;ဘ&quot; ဂိုဏ်၊ ပြကိုဟ်ခုတ်ယၟုဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ်ကဵု ဂၞန်သၚ်္ချာသ္ၚိတုဲ၊ ပြကိုဟ်ဗေဒၚ်ရးပလိုတ်-ဗီုရုပ်ယၟုမကိတ်ညိကဵု ဂၞန်သၚ်္ချာပုၚ်ခၟူ၊ ဂၞန်သၚ်္ချာယၟု-NUMEROEOGY ဂမၠိုၚ်ကီု ပြကိုဟ်သုတေသနဂမၠိုၚ် မပ္တံကဵုပြကိုဟ်ဝၚ်ကောန်ဂကူဒေသကောန်ဂကူ၊ ပြကိုဟနအဘိဓာန်ဂမၠိုၚ်ကီုမံက်ဂတဝ်ကၠုၚ်လတူကဝ်ဏံဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ရ။

         ဗွဲစၟတ်တုန်-ယၟုမ္ဂးဂှ် စၞောန်ထ္ၜးမံၚ်အဓိပ္ပါယ် ရနူက်ဗ္ဒန်မၞုံကဵုၚုဟ်မးဂမၠိုၚ်ရ။ ယၟုမၞိဟ်မ္ဂးဗီုယၟုမၞိဟ်၊ ယၟုတိရစ္ဆာန်၊ ယၟုတၞံဆုမ္ဂး ဗီုတၞံဆု-မပ္တံသာ်ဏံ ဖန်ဗဒှ်မံၚ်ကဵုဒြဟတ်ဒမၠုဂမၠိုၚ်နူလက်ကြဴတေံ ဗွဲမသကာတ်မြဟ်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။ ဆဂးဂှ် လိက်ပရေၚ်ဝွံ ချူပရောအစောံသတ္တိယၟုဟွံသေၚ်တုဲ ဟွံဇမၠိၚ်ဇိုၚ်ကၞေဟ်ပရောဗေဒၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ရ။ ဟီုသာ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ပဲါနူဏံမုဂုဏ်ဖဵုနွံမံၚ်ဏီရော။
          ဗီုယၟုကိစ္စဇၞော်ဂှ် နကဵုပုစ္ဆာ(၃)တၚ် သၟဝ်ဝွံ သ္ပဏာပြာကတ်ရ။
      ၁။  ဂကူမြာန်မာ(ဗၟာ)တံဂှ် ဂကူသာကျ၊ဝၚ်ကွေံဟာ။
     ၂။   မန်လုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်ဏံ နူဒိုဟ်လဵုရော။
      ၃။   ဂကူပျူ အခိၚ်လဵုကၠေံအာရော။
၁။ ဂကူမြန်မာ(ဗၟာ)တံဂှ်ဂကူသာကျဝၚ်ကွေံဟာ။

   ဗၟာတံ ဒလူလပုဟ်တဲကဵုဝင် &quot;တကံၚ်&quot; တုဲ ဒုၚ်ယၟုဂကူသာကျဝၚ်ရ။ ဒုၚ်ယၟုဂကူသာကျဝၚ်မ္ဂး &quot;ပိုယ်ဂှ်တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်ကျာ်ရောၚ်- &quot; သာ်ဝွံ ဒုၚ်ဝန်တုပ်တုပ်ရ။ အာစာဝၚ်ဗၟာတံဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်တံဂှ် &quot;တၞောဝ်သၟိၚ်ပထမ-အဘိရာဇာဂှ် ဒှ်ညးပတန်ဍုၚ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူသၟိၚ်ဝိဋဋူဘ ဗတိုက်ဍုၚ်ကပိလဝှ်တုဲ ညးတံပှ်တိတ်ကၠုၚ်ဒၞဲါ ဍုၚ်တကံၚ်ဝွံရောၚ်။ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဂကူမဒှ်တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ် &quot;တကံၚ်&quot; ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူမပိၚ်ပှ်ကၠုၚ်နူမဇ္ဇျိမဒေသတေံရောၚ်&quot; သာ်ဝွံ ချူတဴအိုတ်ရ။ အတိုၚ်လဟီုဏံ ယဝ်ရကေတ်စမ္ဂး ဂကူဗၟာတံဂှ် ဟွံပါလုပ်ပ္ဍဲဂကောံ &quot;မန်ဂေါ&quot; တုဲ ပါလုပ်ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဂလာတၟောဝ်အာရိယာန်တံရောၚ်-ဟီုစဂွံရ။
           FDEA - ကၠေၚ်က္ဍဟ် &quot;ဂကူဗၟာ ဂကူသာကျဝၚ် &quot; ပ္ဍဲဝၚ်ဗၟာကၠာတေံချူကၠုၚ်ဟွံမွဲရ။ မွဲအခိၚ်တေံဍုၚ် &quot;တကံၚ်&quot;နွံကၠုၚ်၊ ယၟုဨကရာဇ်ဂှ် အဘိရာဇာ-သာ်ဝွံဗွဲမခ္ဍန်ဟေၚ် ချူကၠုၚ်ရ။ ညးတၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်&quot;တကံၚ်&quot; တံ ကၠုၚ်နူမဇ္ဇျိမဒေသလေဝ်ဟွံပါ။ ဂကူဗၟာ ဂကူသာကျဝၚ်လေဝ်ဟွံပါရ။
       အ္စာဝၚ်ဗၟာမဟာသဳလဝံသ(၁၆က္ဍိုပ်ကၠံကၠာ)ကီု၊ ဥူကလာ(၁၈ က္ဍိုပ်ကၠံကၠာ)ကီု ၊ တောန်တေန်တာက်ဝန် မဟာစဳသူ(၁၈ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ) ကီု၊ ဒှ်အ္စာဝၚ်ဗၟာ ဒယှ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ရ။ ဆေၚ်စပ်ကဵဝၚ် &quot;တကံၚ်&quot; ဂှ်အယာံမာတ်မြော်-ဓမံက်သ္ဂးရ။ ပ္ဍဲလိက်ရာဇာဝၚ်ဗကာံတၟိလေဝ် ဓမံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ်တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်သၟိၚ်တကံၚ်ဟွံမွဲရ။
        စိုပ်လက်ထက်ကုၚ်ဗံၚ်(၁၉ က္ဍိုပ်ကၠံ)၊ ဟီုချိုတ်ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ပၠိုတ်မ္ဂးပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ်ခရေတ်-၁၈၂၉သၞာံဏံမှ အ္စာရာဇဝၚ်မှန်နန်တံ ဟီုကၠုၚ်ပရောဝၚ်တကံၚ်ဗွဲတြးရ။ ပရောဍုၚ်တကံၚ်ကီု၊ ပရောတၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ် သၟိၚ်တကံၚ်ကီု ဟီုကၠုၚ်ဗွဲတြးတုဲ ဝါဒ &quot;ဂကူဗၟာ ဂကူသာကျဝၚ် &quot; ဂှ် မံက်တိတ်ကၠုၚ်-မဒှ်ရ။ ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် အ္စာရာဇဝၚ်မှန်နန်တံ ချူလဝ်ဆဆဵုဟွံသေၚ် ညံၚ်ဂွံနွံကဵုယုတ္တိဗေဒဂှ် စၞောန်ထ္ၜးလဝ်ပြကိုဟ်နိဿယ်ရ၊တကံၚ်-ညးတံနိဿယ်လဝ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဍာံဍာံတေံပရောတၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်သၟိၚ်တကံၚ် ဟွံပါရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ စိုပ်လက်ထက်ဏံမှ ဖန်ဇန်တိုန်ရာဇဝၚ်ဏံဗွဲတြးရောၚ်ဂှ် ပြာကတ်မံၚ်ရ။
          အခိၚ်ချူရာဇဝၚ်မှန်နန်ဂှ် ဒှ်အခိၚ်ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တံဟွံညဳသာသၟဟ်သၟန်၊ ဒှ်မံၚ်ပြသၞာဝိရောဓိတုဲ ညံၚ်ဂွံစိုပ်လတူဂကူမန်မၞုံကဵုတၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်ဝၚ်မခိုၚ်ကၠိုက် မဍိုက်ပေၚ်ကဵုယေန်သၞာၚ်ပြဝေဏဳကဆံၚ်လှုၚ်ဂှ် ဗၟာတံသ္ဒးထွုတ်ပတိုန်ဝၚ်ကံၚ်ဗွဲတြးရ။ ဂကူမန်တံဂှ် စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ်ဂကူ သာကျဝၚ်ဂှ်ဂကူပြဲတုဲ ညးတံလုပ်ထောံအဝေါၚ်ဂကူသာကျဝၚ်မှ ပ္ဍဵုပ္ဍိုက်ဝးပကဝ်ကၠေံ စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆီနာဲဂကူမန်တံမာန်ရောၚ်မဒှ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ-အရေဝ်မ္ဂး&quot; ဂကူဗၟာ-ဂကူသာကျဝၚ် &quot;ဂှ် ဒှ်အရေဝ်ဇြဲကဴဝဴသတ်-သဒ္ဒတ်ဟွံမွဲတုဲ အယာံမာတ်သၠုၚ်ဝေၚ်သကေတ်ဇကုဟေၚ်ရောၚ်ဂှ် အ္စာဝၚ်တံ ဖျေံလဝ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ညာတ်လဝ်အဇှ်ေ ဇိုၚ်ကၞေဟ်ရာဇဝၚ်မှန်နန်ရ။
        ပ္ဍဲအရာဂကူဗၟာတံ ဂစာန်တဴညံၚ်ဂွံစိုပ်လတူဂကူမန်ဂှ် စိုပ်ခေတ်ကုၚ်ဗံၚ်ဏံမှ သ္ပကၠုၚ်ဍာ်ပလာဲဝေၚ်ကၠုၚ်ပြယာဲ ဟွံသေၚ်ရ။ နူခေတ်ဗကာံတေံလဝ် သၟိၚ်ရေတ် တက်ကၠုၚ်ပေဲါအလီ-ဂှ်ဗှ်ကေတ်ပ္ဍဲလိက်တၟံယှိုဲစိခုံ &quot;မာန်ရ။ ဂကူမန်တံ ရှ်ေသှ်ေမံၚ်မှာထေရ်ပဝမ္မတိ၊ ဂကူပျူဂှ်ရှ်ေသှ်ေဒေဝတဴဗိသြဴ-တုဲ-&quot;ဂွံလဝ်ပျးဒိုသ်နူညးတံညံၚ်ညံၚ်&quot; ချူလဝ်ပ္ဍဲလိက်တၟံဂှ်ရ။သုၚ်စောဲပါဝါမှာထေရ်ဂဝမ္မတိ, ဒေဝတဴဗိသြဴတံတုဲ အုပ်ဓုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဂကူမန်တံကေုာံဂကူတိစူ(ပျူ)ရ။တက်ကၠုၚ်ဓယံက် ပရေၚ်ဘာသာဂှ် စကၠုၚ်နူဍုၚ်ဗကာံတေံရောၚ်-ဟီုစဂွံရ။
      ဂကူဗၟာကၠုၚ်နူမဇ္ဇျိမဒေသဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး နူလဵုညး တံကၠုၚ်ဂှ် သ္ဒးစၞောန်ထ္ၜးမာန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲဒၞဲါဝွံယၟုဂမၠိုၚ်ဟီု ကၠုၚ်အရေဝ်ရ။ မၞိဟ်မ္ဂးဂှ်ဇိုတ်ကၠေံဒၞဲါဇိုၚ်ဇကုဟွံအးရ။ ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုအောန် စက်ဒၞဲါဇိုၚ်သှ်ေဝက်မံၚ်ဟေၚ်ရ။ &quot;ဇြုံကဵု ဇြုံညာတ်ဒၞဲါဇိုၚ် &quot;ဟီုဂှ် တန်ဒှ်အဓိပ္ပါယ်ဏံရ။
       ဂကူဗၟာတံလေဝ် ဒၞဲါညးတံမံၚ်ကၠုၚ်နူတမၠာတေံဂှ် ဒၞဲါဇိုၚ်သှ်ေဝက်ကၠုၚ်ရ။ ယဝ်ရဒးထ္ၜး ဥပမာမ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲဂကူမန်ပိုယ် ဒိုသ်ပန်ဂှ် အဓိပ္ပါယ်ပြာကတ်လောန်ရ။ဒိုဟ်ဗၟံက်မ္ဂးဒၞဲါတ္ၚဲမံက်တိုန်၊ ဒိုဟ်ပလိုတ်မ္ဂးဒၞဲါတ္ၚဲပၠိုတ်စှ်ေ၊ ဒိုသ်သၠုၚ်ကျာမ္ဂး ဂၠံၚ်ကျာသၠုၚ်၊ ဒိုသ်သၟဝ်ကျာမ္ဂး ဂၠံၚ်ကျာအာ-ပြာကတ်မံၚ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲဂကူဗၟာတံ ဒိုဟ်ပန်ဂှ် အဓိပ္ပါယ်ရနူက်ဗ္ဒန်လောန်ရ။ အဓိပ္ပါယ်ဟွံမံက်ဂတဝ်။ဂတမုခ်လပါ်တ္ၚဲတိုန်တေံညိ။ ဂတမုခ်ဇကုဂှ် &quot;အရှေအ်&quot;၊ လက်ကြဴဇကုဂှ် &quot;အနံက် ၊ လပါ်တဲပုၚ် ဂှ် တံၚ် &quot;လပါ်တဲပဲါဂှ် မြံက် &quot; သာ်ဝွံသ္ဂးရ။ နူဂကူဗၟာ ဝိုတ်ကၠံ ကံက်သၟာန်စမ်ရံၚ်မ္ဂး အတိုၚ်လတူတေံဟေၚ် ကဵုကၠုၚ်သွဟ်ရောၚ်-မဒှ်ရ။ တၚ်ဒုဟ်ဟွံထေက်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲဘာတန်မူလလေဝ် ဗတောန်မံၚ်အတိုၚ်ဂှ်ရသေၚ် ဟာ။
           အဓိပ္ပါယ်ဒိုသ်ပန်လတူတေံဂှ် အဓိပ္ပါယ် &quot;အရှေအ် &quot;ကဵု &quot;အနံက်&quot; ဝါဒိုသ်ဂှ်နွံကဵုယုတ္တိတုဲ အဓိပ္ပါယ် &quot;တံၚ်&quot; ကဵု မြံက်ဝါဒိုသ်&quot; ဂှ် ဟွံပြာကတ်ရ။ယၟုဒိုသ်(၂)ဒိုသ်ဝွံ စၞောန်ထ္ၜးလဝ် ဇာတိတိုပ်သုက်ဂကူဗၟာတံ ပေၚ်ပေၚ်ရ။ ဒၞဲါဗၟာတံမံၚ်ကၠုၚ်ကိုပ်ကၠာတေံဂှ် ဒှ်ဍုၚ်ကြုက်ဒေသနေရတိရ။ တ္ၚဲဏံ တွဵုရးကောန်သုကော်ရ။ ညးတံယေန်သၞာၚ်ဟွံမွဲဏီတုဲ မံၚ်ဒၟံၚ်ပ္ဍဲအကြာ ဂြိုပ်ဒဵုဝိစောဝ်ရ။ ဒၞဲါမူလဒေသညးတံဂှ် တၟေၚ်တၟေၚ်တၟဟ်တၟဟ် ဝိဂှ်ဇွောဝ်မံၚ်လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာရ။ ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ဝိမ္ဂးဂှ်ဇွောဝ်လပါ်သၠုၚ်ကျာဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂးလပါ်ပလိုတ် ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂးလပါ်ဗၟံက် ဇွောဝ်တဴတုဲလပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာဂှ် ဇွောဝ်စအောန်ရ။ ဝိမၞုံယၟု &quot;ဟဵုအေန်ယဵု&quot; မူလဒေသဗၟာတံဂှ် ဟဳဇွောဝ်မံၚ်လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ သၠုၚ်ကျာဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူဒဵုနွံမံၚ်တုဲ &quot;တံၚ်&quot; သာ်ဝွံသ္ဂးတုဲ လပါ်ၜဳဟဳဇွောဝ်စှ်ေအာဂှ် &quot;မြံက်&quot; သာ်ဝွံပညပ်စရ။ မြံက်ဂှ်ချူမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲလိက်တၟံ&quot;မ္လစ်သြက်-မ္လစ်အောက်&quot; တုဲအဓိပ္ပါယ်ဂှ် သၟဝ်ၜဳ-ၜဳလပါ်သၟဝ်-မဒှ်ရ။သရုပ်ထောံမ္ဂးလတူၜဳဂှ်ဒဵုနွံမံၚ်တုဲ &quot;တံၚ်&quot; လပါ်ၜဳ ဟဳဇွောဝ်စှ်ေအာဂှ် မ္လစ်အောက်/မြောက်&quot; သာ်ဝွံ ဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဗၟာတံဂှ် ဂကူသာကျဝၚ်ပိၚ်ပှ်ကၠုၚ်နူ မဇ္ဇျုမဒေသဟွံသေၚ်တုဲ ဒှ်ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်ဍုၚ်ကြုက်မၞုံပ္ဍဲအကြာမုဟ်ဂြိုပ်ခၟဴ ဂစေံ သကေံကၞောတ်ၜဳ &quot;မာချူ&quot; မဒှ်လစှ်ေၜဳဇၞော်ဟဵု အေန်ဟဵုကေုာံဒေသ&quot;ဗယျာန်ခရ &quot;ရောၚ် - ဂှ် ယၟုဒိုသ် ညးတံသုၚ်စောဲမံၚ်ဂှ် လဴထ္ၜးလဝ်ကဵုဗွဲမဗိုန်ဗတ်ရ။ပဵုတုဲပြာကတ်မံၚ်ပၠန်ဂှ် ဂကူကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်ဆီတုပ်ကဵုဗၟာ မသှ်ေမံၚ်လတူဒဵုတံဂှ် ဒဵုတ္ၚဲဏအ်ကော်စချေံ &quot;မြာန်&quot; ရ။ ဗၟာတံဍိုက်ချေံစောန် ပန်တ္ၚဆိုက်ဗ္ဒက်တဴရ။ ဗၟာပါမ္ဂးချေံပါရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဗၟာကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး ချေံကၠုၚ်ရ- သာ်ဝွံ နကဵုဌာနူပစာ၊ သဒိသူပစာ ကော်ခဴကၠုၚ်ဂကူ ဗၟာတံ &quot;မြန်မာ&quot; ဒှ်ဂွံရောၚ်-အ္စာသုတေသိတံစှ်ေ စိုတ်ရ။ မြက်စာတုဲ &quot;မြာန်&quot;ကြံၚ်မ္ၚိုဟ်တုဲ &quot;မာ&quot; ဟွံသေၚ်။ &quot;ဍိုက်ချေံကြမ်တုဲ&quot;  &quot;မြန်မာ&quot; မဒှ်ရ။ ဂကူဗၟာတံဂှ် ဒးဒုၚ်ဍဵုဍိုက်ကဵုဂကူကြက်တံဗွဲမလောန်တုဲ ဟွံဂွံမံၚ်ကၠုၚ်ဝိုဟ်ဝိုဟ်ရ။ စိုပ်ဍုၚ်ပိုယ်ဏံတုဲမှ ညးတံဝွံ ဇူစဗွဲတသိုခ်စိုတ်တသိုခ်ကာယအိုတ်ရ။
      ပ္ဍဲအေဒဳ-၈၃၂ ဂှ် ကောန်ပၞာန်ချောမ်ဖေအ်ယဵု ကၠုၚ်ဗတိုက်ပလီုထောံလုၚ်သိရိခေတ္တရာတုဲ ရပ်ဏာမၞိဟ်ပိလ္ၚီတုဲ ဖျေံကဵုဒၞဲါပ္ဍဲချေဝ်တုၚ်-လၟုဟ်ဍုၚ်ခေါန်မေန် တွဵုရးယူနာန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအေဒဳ ၈၃၅ သၞာံဂှ် ထပ်ဗတိုက်သဓီုတုဲ ထပ်ရပ်ဏာ မၞိဟ်ပိလ္ၚီပၠန် စွံပကန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကၞောတ်ၜဳ ဨရာဝတဳ လၟုဟ်မျေတ်ကျဳနာ ရပ်နၚ်ဂကူဗၟာတံသ္ပကောန်ပဝ်တာဒပ်အာဂတ သ္ပစရန်ဍန်ပၞာန်ရောၚ် -သ္ဂောံတီကေတ်တုဲ ကိုပ်ကၠာနူအေဒဳ-၉-က္ဍိုပ်ကၠံဂှ် ဂကူဗၟာတံဟွံဂွံဖျေံဇိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ပိုယ်ဏီဂှ်လေဝ် ပြာကတ်အာရ။ဣဝွံ……အဆက်ဒတုဲဖဵုဝၚ်မကလိဂွံနူယၟုဂမၠိုၚ်မဒှ်ရ။
၂။မန်လုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်ဏံ နူဒိုဟ်လဵုရော

       အ္စာဝၚ်မန်တံဂှ် မန်ပိုယ်လုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်ဏံ နူဒိုသ်သၟဝ်ကျာရောၚ်-သ္ဂးရ။ မန်တံပ္တန်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်ပ္ဍဲဇရေၚ်ၜဳ ယာန်သဳကြုၚ်ရောၚ်လေဝ်ဟီုရ။ အ္စာဝၚ်ဗၟာတံဂှ် မန်ပိုယ်လုပ်ကၠုၚ်နူဒိုဟ်ဗၟံက်တုဲကေၚ်မံၚ်ကၠုၚ် ပ္ဍဲဒေသတွဵုရး ကာန်တုၚ်ရောၚ်-သ္ဂးအိုတ်ရ။ အ္စာဝၚ်မန်လ္ၚဵု ယိုက်ဗက်အ္စာဝၚ်ဗၟာတံတုဲ ချူဗက်အတိုၚ်လညာတ်ညးတံလေဝ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။
         တွဵုရးကာန်တုၚ်ဂှ်နွံသၠုၚ်ကျာၜဳယာန်သဳ ကြုၚ်,ဗၟံက်ဍုၚ်ဗဳယေက်နာမ်ဏီရ။ ယၟုၜဳယာန်သဳ ကျာန်ဂှ်ဒှ်မံၚ်ယၟုမန်ကီု၊ မၞိဟ်ဒေသတံဂှ် သုၚ်စောဲလဝ်ဝေါဟာမန်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ကီု၊ ၜဳယာန်သဳကျာန်ဂှ်နူကုန်ဒဵုတိဗက်ဟဳဇွောဝ်အာလဒေါဝ်ဍုၚ်ကြုက်ဒဵုကဵုစိုပ်ဍုၚ် ရုၚ်ဟာဲကီုတော်ရံၚ်မ္ဂးဂကူမန်စကၠုၚ်နူကာန်တုၚ်ဂှ်ဒှ်ဟွံမာန်ရ။ပ္ဍဲကာန်တုၚ်ဂှ်မံၚ်ကၠုၚ်ကီုလေဝ် ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ်ဟီုဟွံဂွံရ။
          ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဂကူမန်တံဂှ် နူဒဵုသၟဝ်ကျာ လုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်ပိုယ်ဏံကီု၊ ဍုၚ်ဒွါရဝတဳ(သေံ)ကီု၊ ဍုၚ်ကမ္ဗုဇကီု မဒှ်ရ။ ဒွါရဝတဳလီုတုဲမှ စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်ရာမညဏံဟွံသေၚ်။ မန်ဒွါရဝတဳကေုာံမန်ရာမည (ဍုၚ်ဗၟံက်+ဍုၚ်ပလိုတ်)ဝါဍုၚ်ဝွံ မွဲဒမြိပ်ဓဝ်လိက်ပတ်ယေန်သၞာၚ်ဇၞော်-မောဝ်ရာၚ်ဆာဲကၠုၚ်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ယၟုယၟာမန်တြေံတြဟ် ညးဂူတံ,ခါသဳတံ ထ္ၜးမံၚ်သာဓကရ။
       မွဲသာ်ပၠန် ယဝ်ရလုပ်ကၠုၚ်နူဒိုဟ်ဗၟံက်မ္ဂး တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်မန်မပ္တံဂကူ မုဏ္ဍဆာန်တာ(လ်)၊ခါသဳတံဂှ် ဂွံစိုပ်အာတွဵုရးအာသာမ်၊ ရးမဇ္ဇျိမဒေသတေံဟွံလောဲရ။ ယၟုကွာန်၊ ယၟုဍုၚ်၊ ယၟုဘုတ်ဘာစေတဳ မၞုံမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲလတူဍုၚ်ပိုယ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠၚ်တံဂှ် စၞောန်ထ္ၜးမံၚ်ဒဒှ်ရ မန်တံစိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်ဏံနူဒိုသ်သၟဝ်ကျာရ။ ကာလချိုတ်-စွံက္ဍိုပ်, ကေတ်ဏာက္ဍိုပ်လ္ပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာဂှ် ပြာကတ်မံၚ်ရ။ ဒၟါနူယၟုမန်သှ်ေဝက်မံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဒေသတံဂှ်တုဲ ဂုဏ်ဖဵုဝၚ် ပတန်ၚုဟ်ဟွံမာန် ဂမၠိုၚ် မံက်ဂတဝ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။
       ၃။ ဂကူပျူ အခိၚ်လဵုကၠေံအာရော-
     ကြုက်တံကော်ခဴစဂကူပျူတံ &quot;ပိယော&quot; -(PINO)၊ မန်တံတံကော်ခဴစ &quot;တိရ်စူလ်&quot; ရ။ ဍုၚ်ဗဳသၞဴ ရာဇဌာနဳပျူတံဂှ် ပ္ဍဲ အေဒဳ-၅ က္ဍိုပ်ကၠံဂှ် ဖူနန်အၚ်ပါယာဗတိုက်ပလီုထောံရောၚ်-ဂှ် အ္စာဝၚ်ဗၟာတံ ထေၚ်သၠေဟ်တဴရ။ ဍုၚ်သဳရိခေတ္တရာ(ပြည်)ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအေဒဳ (၈)က္ဍိုပ်ကၠံဂှ်သၟိၚ်ပျူလက်ကြဴအိုတ် သဳဟဝိကြမ ဂ္ဇံနန်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။ လက်ထက်သၟိၚ်ဝွံ ယေန်သၞာၚ် ပျူတံဇၞော်မောဝ်ရာၚ်ဆာဲစိုပ်ကၞောတ်အထောတ်ရ။ သၟိၚ်သဳဟဝိကြမဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအေဒဳ-၇၁၈, စဴအာသွဝ်တုဲလက် ကြဴဏံ သၟိၚ်ပျူအဆက်ပိုတ်အာရ။ညးမွဲကဵုမွဲဟွံညဳ သကအ်ရ။ သၟိၚ်မအုပ်ဓုပ်ဂကူပျူတံသီု ဖအိုတ်ဂှ်ဟွံမွဲရ။ သၟိၚ်ဒေသညးကဵုညးဂှ်နွံမံၚ်ဏီရ။ ပ္ဍဲအေဒဳ-၈၃၂-ကာလကြုက်နန်ချံၚ်တံကၠုၚ်ဗတိုက်ဂှ် ဍုၚ်ပျူသီရိ ခေတ္တရာလီုအာရ။နူဂှ်ပတန်ဍုၚ်ဟာန်လေန်ပၠန်ရ။ ဍုၚ်ဟာန်လေန်လေဝ် ဒုၚ်ဟွံလံရ။ လ္ၚဵုဟီုကြုက်ဗ္တိုက် လ္ၚဵုဟီုပၟတ်ဒဵုဂတိုဟ်ဍုၚ်ဟာန်လေန်လီုအာရ။တော်ရံၚ်ကဵု ဂကူဗၟာတံ စိုပ်မံၚ်ဗကာံဍုၚ်ပျူတုဲ ဗၟာတံဟွံ ဗတိုဟ်-ဟီုဟွံဂွံ။
        ဂကူပျူတံဂှ် ကဵုဂကူဗၟာတုပ်တုပ်ဟီုဂှ် ဒးဗ္စာရဏာရ။ ဥပမာ-ဂကူညးဂူကဵုဂကူမန်တံ လောန်ကၠုၚ်ၜိုတ်(၈၀၀)သၞာံတေံဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မွဲဂကူဓဝ်ကီုလေဝ် လၟုဟ်ဟွံကၠိုဟ်အရေဝ်ညးသကံရ။ ဂကူဗၟာကဵုဂကူပျူတံဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကောံ တိဗက်တဝ်ပါမေန်တုဲ အရေဝ်တုပ်-ဟီုဟွံဂွံ။ ကရေၚ်ကဵုကချေၚ်တံလေဝ် အ္စာတံစုတ်လဝ်ပ္ဍဲဂကောံတိဗက်တဝ်ပါမေန်ကီုရ။ ရ မျှာၚ်ညးတံ ပဲါနူဟွံတုပ်ကဵုဗၟာတံ သက်သက်ရ။ ရ မျှာၚ်ညးတံ ပဲါနူဟွံတုပ်ကဵုဗၟာတံဂှ် ကြပ်မံၚ်ကဵုမန်တဴဏီရ။ နူစတမ်တေံ ပျူကဵုဗၟာတံ ဟီအရေဝ်တုပ်ကဵုဒှ်ကၠာရ။ ပြဆာဲမံၚ်ညးသကံပွိုၚ်(၉၀၀)သၞာံတုဲအခိၚ်တေံ ဂၠံၚ်ဆက်ဆောံ ဟွံမွဲတုဲ အရေဝ်ဂွံဆက်တုပ်အာပၠန် အခေါၚ်အောန်လောန်ရ။
         အ္စာဝၚ်ဗၟာတံချူမ္ဂး ဂကူပျူတံဂွံကၠက်ဂှ် ဗဝ်စုတ်ဒုဟ်လတူမန်,ခမေန်,ကြုက်တံရ။ ဆဂး-ဒၞါဲဍုၚ်ပျူတံဂှ် ဂကူဗၟာတံဂ္ဇံလဝ်ဂှ် ရုပ်ရဴပရေံမံၚ်ရ။ မန်ဂွံၚိတ်ပျူတံဂှ်လ္ပဟီုဏီ၊ အခိၚ်ပျူတံကၠက်အာဂှ် မန်တံနွံကဵုဍုၚ်ဟွံသေၚ်ရ။ နွံမံၚ်သၟဝ်တဲဗၟာတုဲ ညံၚ်ဂကူဇကု ဟွံဂွံကၠက်အာဂှ် ဒးရုန်ဂစာန်မံၚ် ဟွံသံက်သာလးလးဂှ် ဇၟာပ်ညးအဲမတ်တၟးမံၚ်သီုဖအိုတ်ရ။ ဂကူပျူတံဂှ် ကၠအ်အာပ္ဍဲတဲဗၟာတံတုဲ တာလျိုၚ်ပ္ဍဲမန်,ခမေန်,ကြုက်တံဟွံမွဲရ။
        ဂကူမန်ကဵုပျူတံ ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ပၞာန်မွဲလှ်ေဟွံဆဵုရ။ကာလပၞာန်ကြုက်တံ+ခမေန်တံဓလဵုခၞံၚ် ကၠုၚ်ပၠံၚ်တိဍာ်မ္ဂး မန်ကဵုပျူတံ တံၚ်တဲညဳသာတုဲ စဵုဒၞါကၠုၚ်တိဍာ်ဇကုအိုတ်ရ။ အတိုၚ်အ္စာဝၚ်ဗၟာတံဟီု-ပျူတံဖေက်ဘဲမန်တုဲပြံၚ်တိုန်အာလပါ်ယှိုဝ်ဗဝ်တေံဂှ် ဒှ်ဟွံမာန်ရ။မူဟိုတ်ရောမ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲအေဒဳ ၈၃၂ သၞာံဂှ်ဍုၚ်သဓီုလေဝ် ဒၟါနူလီုအာကီုမဒှ်ရ။ ဒၟါနူဘဲပၞာန်ကြုက်တံတုဲ ပျူတံမွဲဓဝ်ဟွံသေၚ် ဒးပြံၚ်ဍုၚ် မန်တံလေဝ်ဒးပြံၚ်ဍုၚ်ကီုရ။
       ပျူတံဂှ် ဍုၚ်ဗိသၞဴလဵု စိုပ်သိရိခေတ္တရာ၊ သိရိခေတ္တရာလီု စိုပ်ဟာန်လေန်(ဟာန်လေန်ဂှ်နွံမံၚ်ဒိုဟ်ဂၞဲ ဍုၚ်ယှိုက်ဗဝ်(၁၁)တိုၚ်ရ)မဒှ်ရ။ မန်တံဂှ် ပထမသဓီုလဵု-စိုပ်သဓီုဒုတိယ၊ သဓီုဒုတိယလီု-စိုပ်သဓီုတတိယ၊ (ပထမသဓီုကဵု တတိယသဓီုဂှ် သဓီုလၟုဟ်ဝွံရ။ ဒုတိယသဓီုဂှ် နွံဇိုၚ်ဒဵုကေလာသရောၚ်-အ္စာတံသ္ဂးရ။)မဒှ်ရ။ မန်ကဵုပျူတံ ဟွံတၟေၚ်ညးသကအ်ရ။ ဂကူမန်ကဵုပျူဒဒှ်ရညိသာမံၚ်ညးသကံဂှ် ယၟုယၟာကပေါတ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ထ္ၜးမံၚ်သက်သိရ။
        စိုပ်လက်ထက်သၟိၚ်ဗၟာအနူရုဒ္ဒ (အနာဝ်ရထာ)ဂှ် သဓီုလေဝ်လီုအာတုဲ စှ်ေအာသၟဝ်တဲဗၟာ ညံၚ်ရဴပျူတံကီုရ။ မန်ကဵုပျူဘဝတုပ်ရ။ သၟိၚ်အနဝ်ရထာဂှ်နူ AD-1044-စိုပ်-AD-1077သ္ပသၟိၚ်ရ။ သၟိၚ်ဗကာံလက်ကြဴအိုတ်ဂှ် သၟိၚ်ပေက်ကြုက်(AD-1256-1287)မဒှ်ရ။ခေတ်ဗကာံဂှ် ပွိုၚ်-234သၞာံတန်တဴကၠုၚ်ရ။ ဂကူပျူတံဂှ် ဒဵုကဵုစိုပ် AD-1248ဟွံကၠက်ဏီရ။ပ္ဍဲလိက်တၟံညံၚ်ယျၚ်ကျိတမိ မချူကှ်ေလဝ် AD-1233ဂှ် ယၟုဂကူပျူ,ဂကူမန်တံပါမံၚ်တုဲ ဒဵုကဵုအခိၚ်ဏံ ဂကူပျူတံနွံမံၚ်ဏီရောၚ်ဂှ် ပြာကတ်အာရ။ ဂကူပျူတံ နန်ကၠေံအာပွိုၚ်(၄၀၀)သၞာံပြၚ်ပြၚ်တုဲမှ ဂကူကၠက်အာရောၚ်မဒှ်ရ။ဂကူမန်တံဂှ် စိုပ်လက်ထက် သၟိၚ်ပေက်ကြုက်မှ ဂွံတိတ်ဗၠးနူသၟဝ်တဲဗၟာရ။
       ဒၟါနူဆဵုယၟု ကမၠောန်မောၚ်မပျူတံပ္ဍဲလိက်တၟံတုဲ အခိၚ်ပျူတံကၠေံအာကီု၊ ကၠေံအာပ္ဍဲတဲညးလဵုကီု၊ ညးဂှ်ၚိတ်ထောံကီု  တြးဇာဥာဏ်တုဲ ညးကဝ်တံတော်ဆဒးအာရ။ ဂကူမွဲမွဲကၠေံကၠက်အာဂှ် မွဲတ္ၚဲဓဝ်မွဲဗတံဓၚ်ဟွံသေၚ်။ ကၠေံကၠက်အာသိုက်သိုက်ရောၚ်။ညးမၚိတ်တံဂှ် ဖျေံလဝ်ဂွန်တုဲ ဖန်ၚိတ်အာညံၚ်ရဴကၠန်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ယၟုကမၠောန်မောၚ်မပျူတံဂှ် ကဵုမံၚ်သတိကဵုပိုယ်ရ။တၚ်ယၟုမန်ညိမန်-
            အ္စာသုတေသနတံဂွံရုပ်ကျာ်ပရမံ ခေတ်အနဝ်ရထာချူလဝ်လိက်ပျူမွဲ၊ အ္စာချူဂှ်ယၟုမန်။ၜိုန်ရတၚ်လဝ်ယၟုမန်မ္ဂး။ &quot;သီရိဗညာနော &quot;ကီုလေဝ် ဂကူပျူတန်ဒှ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲထွာဲတေံ ဂွံရုပ်ကျာ်ပရမံၜါ ခေတ်သၟိၚ်ကျာန်ယျေတ် ချူလဝ်လိက်မန်၊ အ္စာချူလဝ်ယၟုမန်သီုၜါ။ ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ်-ဆဵုလိက်မန်ပ္ဍဲထွာဲတုဲ ဂကူမန်စိုပ်ထွာဲရ-ဟီုဟွံဂွံသာ်ဝွံ အ္စာဝၚ်ဗၟာ သဝ်လူသွးရ။ 
      မန်ခေတ်ဗကာံတေံ တၚ်လဝ်ယၟုမန်ဖိုဟ် ဒးဒုၚ်ထောံ ဂကူပျူ။ ရးတနၚ်္သီတေံယၟုကွာန်မန်နွံပြာကတ်မံၚ်ဖိုဟ် ဒးဒုၚ်ထေၚ်မန်တံဟွံကေၚ်မံၚ်ရ။ အရေဝ်ဏအ်ဒှ်ဟွံဒှ်စွံလဝ်ကၠာတုဲမန်ပိုယ်ခေတ်ဏံ ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ယၟုမန်ဟွံတၚ်၊ လိက်မန်ဟွံလေပ်တံဂှ် ဂတဏံ(၁၀၀၀)သၞာံပၠန်မ္ဂးအ္စာသုတေသနတံ စုတ်စရၚ်ပ္ဍဲဂကူလဵုထေၚ်ရောၚ်။ ဘာမန်လ္ၚဵု၊ ကွာန်မန်လ္ၚဵု အတိုၚ်ယၟုမန်ဂှ်ဟွံချူ၊ ကၠာဲထောံဘာသာတုဲ ချူမံၚ်တံဂှ်လေဝ် ပ္ဍဲဘာတံဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်တံဂှ် မူရဴဂကူလဵုမွဲမံၚ်ကၠုၚ်-အ္စာသုတေသနတံထေၚ်ရောၚ်။ ဥပမာ- &quot;ဘာဇၞော်&quot; ဂှ် ကၠာဲထောံ &quot;ဘုရာကြီးကျောင်း&quot;တုဲ ချူဟွံထေက်။&quot;ဘာကျိုက်၊ဇနော&quot;- သာ်ဝွံသ္ဒးချူအတိုၚ်ယၟုမန်ဂှ်ရ။
       လိက်မန်ဂှ်နူလက်ထက်အနဝ်ရထာစိုပ်လက်ထက်အလံၚ်စိသူ-ပွိုၚ် (၁၀၀)သၞာံဍောတ်ဍောတ် သုၚ်စောဲကၠုၚ်ပ္ဍဲနန်ဗကာံရ။ အမာတ်ဒဴဗညာမန်ဗၟာဟွံရုဲ သ္ဒးလေပ်လိက်မန်ရ။ ၜိုန်ရဒးဗတောန် လိက်မန်ကီုလေဝ် ဗၟာတံ ဒုၚ်ယၟုမန်ဟွံသေၚ်ရ။ တ္ၚဲဏံဂကူမန် ရဲဟွံလေပ်အရေဝ်မန်တံဂှ် သ္ပဟိုတ်ကဵုဟွံလေပ်အရေဝ်မန်တုဲ ဟွံဒုၚ်ယၟုမန်ဂှ် သ္ဒးအမ်သဝ်ရ။ ယၟုဍေံဂှ်လေဝ်ယၟုမန်ဟွံတၚ်လဝ်၊ အရေဝ်မန်လေဝ် ဟွံဗတောန်လဝ်ကဵုဍေံ၊ လိက်မန်ဂှ်သ္ၚောဲ၊ ကောန်ၚာ်ဗီုဏံဍေံထေၚ်ဍေံဂကူမန်ဟွံသေၚ်ဂှ် ဗျိဟွံထေက်ရ။
       ပ္ဍဲအိန်ထံၚ်မၞုံကဵုပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်လ္ဂုၚ်လ္ၚဵု မဍုက်ကေဝ်မံၚ်ကေုာံ ညးမချူလိက်ဏံဝွံ ညးတံသုၚ်စောဲယၟုမန်အလုံသ္ၚိရ။ကောန်ညးတံ ဟီုအရေဝ်မန်ဂွံသီုဖအိုတ်ဟွံသေၚ်ကီုလေဝ် &quot;အာဲဂကူမန်&quot; သာ်ဝွံဍေံတံ ဂံၚ်ဒုၚ်ယၟုသီုဖအိုတ်ရ။ ဒၟါနူဟွံလေပ်လိက်မန်,ဟွံလေပ်အရေဝ်မန်တုဲ ဟွံဒှ်ဂကူမန်ဂှ်အဓိပ္ပါယ်ဟွံမွဲရ။ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်လက်တေန်အမေရိကာန်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်တံဂှ် အရေဝ်,လိက်ပတ်ညးတံကၠေံအာပ္ဍဲအကြာဘာသာကဵုလဵုနဳကီုလေဝ် ယၟုဂကူညးတံ ညးတံဟွံကၠဟ်။ စိုပ်မွဲတ္ၚဲညးတံဟွံကၠဟ်။ စိုပ်မွဲတ္ၚဲညးတံဂွံဗၠးၜးရ။
          ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်တ္ၚဲဏံ ဂကူမန်တံ ထေက်ကဵုဒးစွံသတိအိုတ်ရ။ ၜိုတ်လဵုဒှ်ဒှ် ယၟုဇကုကီု၊ ယၟုဒေသဇကုကီု၊ ယၟုမန် သ္ဒးဒှ်ရ။ ဂွံဆဵုညးယၟုကၠာဲမံၚ်တံဂှ်မ္ဂး ဒးကဵုလညာတ်ထေက်ရ။ ဒးသောၚ်ကလးၚုဟ်မးယၟုထေက်ရ။ &quot;ဂကူမန်ဂှ် ဂျိုၚ်မံၚ်ကဵုယၟုမန်မွဲမရောၚ်&quot;ဂှ် ဒးကဵုသမ္တီထေက်ရ။ သ္ၚိဌာန်ဇကုဘုတ်ဘာဇကု၊ ကောန်ဇကု ကောန်ကွးဇကုတံဂှ် ဒးခုတ်ခဴကၟုမန်ထေက်ရ။ အယာံမာတ်မိ,နာဲမိမံၚ်ဂတဂှ်မွဲမဓဝ် ဟွံရုမ်ဂပ်ဏီဂှ် သ္ဒးကဵုပညာထေက်ရ။
        ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ပိုယ်ဝွံဒက်ပတန်လဝ်နကဵုကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ရ။ ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် နကဵုသာ်အရံၚ် ဇကုအပိုၚ်ဂှ် ကယျိုၚ်ကယျဝ်မံၚ်ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်အိုတ်ရ။သွက်ဂွံကယျိုၚ်ကယျဝ်ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဂှ်ဂကူမန်တံ ဟွံဒးပြံၚ်သာ်ရ။ နကဵုသာ်အရံၚ်ဇကုအပိုၚ်ဂှ်ဟေၚ် ကယျိုၚ်ကယျဝ်မ္ဂး ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်လေဝ်တန်ဂကူပိုယ်,တွဵုရးပိုယ်လေဝ်တန်အာမာန်ရောၚ်။ နကဵုသာ်အရံၚ်မန်မတွံဂး လိက်ပတ်ဘာသာ,သာသနာ,ပညာဂကူမန်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ကယျိုၚ်ကယျဝ်အာကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ထေက်ရ။ နကဵုယၟုမန်ဂှ် ဒက်ပတန်အာဝၚ်ဘဝကောန်ဂကူဇကုပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဏံထေက်ရ။ လက်ကြဴအိုတ်ဂှ် ညံၚ်ရဴစေဝ်ပၞောန်မရနုက်ကဵုပန် ဒှ်မံၚ်ဒတန်ပ္ဍဲမဂ္ဂဇြေန်မန်လဂံါအာဇာနဲကီု ဇၟာပ်ဂကောံမဂ္ဂဇြေန်မန် သ္ပဒတန်စေဝ်ပၞောန်ဝွံထေက်ရ။
         
                ✍   ရာမည-မာံဝါန်ၛာဲ✍
                ကွာန်ကအ်သိုခ်
     သၞောဝ်စိုပ်တွဵုရး ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဗၟာဏံမ္ဂး &quot;မွဲတ္ၚဲဂကူမပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရး ဒၞာဲတံဂှ်တံဂှ် အာတ်မိက်ကၠုၚ် မိက်သၠာဲယၟုတွဵုရးမ္ဂး သၠာဲကဵုမာန်ရောၚ်&quot; ရံၚ်ကဵုပိုဒ်ဏံတုဲ ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးမန် မၞိဟ်ဟီုအရေဝ်မန် အောန်အာမ္ဂး ယၟုမ္ဂး &quot;တွဵုရးဍုၚ်မန် &quot; ဂှ် ပြံၚ်လှာဲအာ ယၟုတၞဟ်မာန်ရောၚ်၊ စွံသတိကဵုဇၞော်ညိ။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၂၀:၂၈၊ ၈ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== ဍိက်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန် ==

ဍိက်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်

ယွံကလောပိုဲ ဟိုဲမန်မွဲသကအ်
ဂွံတီလဴကဵု ဒှ်ဖဵုဗိုန်ဇၟအ်
နေဝေန် သာန်ယု ယၟုဗမာတအ်
ဗော်ပၞာန်ဂမၠိုၚ် ပိုၚ်လဝ်ဍုၚ်ဏအ်
ပေၚ်စှ်ၜါသၞာံ ပယျာံဟွံပၠအ်
ဍန်ဂြက်ဇဳဂၠံၚ် ပၠံၚ်ၜးတေံဏအ်
ဗက်သီဗၞိက်တိုက် ဍိုက်ယာန်ဂဇအ်
လောဘဖအဴ ထဴသီတိကၠအ်
လုံကောန်ရးဍုၚ် ဒုၚ်ပျဲရေက်ကအ်
ပၞာန်ဂွှံအဝဵု ညျြါံ က်ကဵု ကှအကြှအြ
ဗက်ကိတ်ဗက်ကဳ သၚဳညးဂြိပ်တၚအ်
ဓဇနျလောနျကဲာ ဟဲာက္ကဵုတမွအျ
စှၜါသၞာံဏအှ ဝးကအသှုါဆှီ
နူဂှ်သၠာဲပြံၚ် ညံၚ်ဒးအလီ
လပါ်တံသွံ စွံလဝ်မွဲလၚီ
ပိပိမသုန်(၁၉၇၃) သၞာံတုန်ဂေါဝ်မြီ
မြေက်ကသဵုအဴ တြဴစွေက်ကြအ်ဆီ
ဍှုါရှးဟှံပဲါ ရဲုမဲာအလီ
ပၞာန်အပ်အဝဵု လၚဵုမိပ်ဂြိုၚ်အီ
လလံကဵုပြဟ် မွဲတၚဲဒှ်လၞီ
သမတလေဝ် နေဝေန်ကြအ်ဆီ
မန်ညံၚ်ဂွံသၠေက် ဍေံပေက်ဟဇီ
မိၚ်ဒးၚုၚ်ၚ ဂွဂွဗြီဗြီ
ရုဲမာဲအလီ ဒှ်လၞီရိုဟ်တၚဲ
သၞာံလတူဂှ် ဟီုသှ်ဗဗွဲ
ဂိတုပုဟ်ကၠာ ဖါမံက်စှ်မွဲ 
ကဵုဍုၚ်မန်ရ ပစၟတ်လဝ်တၚဲ
နေဝေန်သာန်ယု ဂးယၟုညးအဲ
ဒှ်အလဵုသဳ ပိုၚ်ပြီဂၠိုၚ်နဲ
ဍာံဂှ်ဟွံကေတ် ဗၠေတ်ရောၚ်ဗဗွဲ
ကဵုဍုၚ်မန်ဂှ် ရှ်ညိဟွံမွဲ
ဂကူဂွံကၠေအ် လှေအ်လှန်ဂၠိုၚ်နဲ
ဍုၚ်မန်ဍုၚ်ပၠက် ခိုဟ်သွက်ညးမွဲ
မူသာ်ရောတၟေၚ် ပထေၚ်ညးအဲ
ဍုၚ်မန်ဍုၚ်ဍိက် ရပ်ဇိက်ရိုဟ်တၚဲ
ညိရောဟွံတၟေၚ် ဒးထေၚ်ညးအဲ
ညးဂဇံခုၚ် ပေၚ်ဗုၚ်ရိုဟ်တၚဲ
မန်ဍိက်ဗမာ ယာမုက်ဒုၚ်နဲ
အခေါၚ်မန်ကၠက် သွက်ဇကုမွဲ
ဍုၚ်ဟွံဗဗွဲ တုပ်နဲကောန်ဍိက်
ရဲမန်ဒုၚ်ဂိ ညိဟွံမွဲပၟိက်
အခေါၚ်အဝဵု စဵုဇာစဵုနှိက်
ကၠောန်ပၠန်ဒှ်လုတ် စုတ်ထံၚ်စုတ်ထိက်
ဂကူဟွံသၠုၚ် ဍုၚ်မန်ဍုၚ်ဍိက်
မန်ကေတ်ဟွံကဵု ပလဝ်ကၠဵုကၠိတ်
မန်ဟွံကေတ်ဂှ် ဗဒှ်ခိုဟ်ပိက်
မန်ညးဂရိုဟ် မန်ဒိုဟ်မန်ကၞိက်
မန်ဏအ်ရောၚ် ဂွံဖဵုဒှ်ဍိက်
ဒုၚ်ဇက်ဒုၚ်ဇိက် မန်ဍိက်နေဝေန်
ကှ်ေကဲလၚုလၚန် ဍုၚ်မန်ဟွံထၞေန်
ညိရောစောဲစပ် ကၞိပ်တိက်ကဝေန်
ဂွံဆယၟုပညုၚ် ဍုၚ်မန်ပိုတ်ကြေန်
မူသာ်ရောဒှ် ဟွံသၟဟ်မၚ်ဇေန်
ညးဒုၚ်ဂစိုတ် တဲပိုတ်ဇိုၚ်လၟေန်
မူဟွံပကဵု တုပ်ကၠဵုဂျာပေန်
ညးဆာန်မန်ဍိက် ဗက်ကိတ်ဗက်ကဟေန်
မန်ဍိက်နေဝေန် ထၞေန်ကဵုဍုၚ်ပၠက်
မန်ညံၚ်ဂွံကၠက် ဍုၚ်ပၠက်ဍုၚ်ဍိက်
မန်ဏအ်ရောၚ်ကဵု ဂွံဖဵုဒုၚ်ဇိက်
မန်ဒုၚ်ဒဒိုက် သီုကွိုက်သီုထၞိက်
ဍုၚ်မန်‌ဍေံကဵု ညးလဵုရောဘိက်
မန်ရဲနေဝေန် ဒက်ဂြေန်စတိက်
စၚ်ခဗာဲကၠာ စကာရပ်ဇိက်
မန်ဏအ်ပဇၞော် ဍေံကော်ဍေံဘိက်
ရပ်ဗဂန်ဟေၚ် ညံၚ်ပြေၚ်ဂၠဴဇိက်
ဗီုပြၚ်ဍုၚ်လၟုဟ် ဒုဟ်ဟွံဗၠးဍိက်
သွက်ဂကူမန် ဆီနန်ပြိုက်သိက် 
ရဲညးတၠကောန် ဗတောန်ဗှ်လိက်
ရေၚ်တၠုၚ်ဟွံမာန် ကွာန်ပိုဲနွံပၟိက်
ဍုၚ်ပၠက်ဍုၚ်ဍိက် လိက်ပတ်ကၠေံအိုတ် [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၂၀:၃၃၊ ၈ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== မဟာဗျူဟာဂွံဂွံဖျောန်အရံၚ်ချီဒနာဲသာ်ဍာဲဂှ်မာန် ဒးပဓာန်နဲပတန်သာသနာမန် ==

မဟာဗျူဟာဂွံဂွံဖျောန်အရံၚ်ချီဒနာဲသာ်ဍာဲဂှ်မာန် ဒးပဓာန်နဲပတန်သာသနာမန်
------------------------------
ရံၚ်ကဵု ၂၀၂၀ ဏအ်မ္ဂး အတိုၚ်တိဍာ်မန်ဖအိုတ်လ္ပဟီုဏီ 
ၜိုတ်တိဍာ်နွံသၟဝ်ယၟုတွဵုရးမန်ဂှ် မန်ဟွံဂွံအခေါၚ်ကျမာဲပေၚ်ၚ်။ 
ညအ်ဂှ်တာလျိုၚ်ဗော်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ရ။ ဇေတ်တ်ၜိုတ်ဟွံဇၞးကီုလေဝ် ဇၟာပ်ပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ် ၜိုတ်ကျ ဒးဂံၚ်ပြိုၚ်။ ညအ်ဂှ် အခေါၚ်ကျဟွံမွဲဏီမ္ဂး ဂွံဇၞးဂှ်လအ်မံၚ်ညိဏီ။ 
ဂွံဇၞးနကဵုပေဲါပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်မွဲဟီုဂှ် ညံၚ်ပေဲါပတိုက်ပၠန်ဂတး မွဲပေဲါ မွဲတမြိပ် ကၠောန်ဂွံဟွံသေၚ်။ ဒးအာကဵုဗျူဟာဟေၚ်ရ။ 
မုဟိုတ်ဂွံဟီုရောတှ်ေ မန် ရဲစွံဒၞဲါဟွံဒးဏီဂှ် မုဒှ်ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ဂၠာဲမံၚ်သၞကဵုလကျာ် ဗွဲတၟေၚ်အဲ &quot; ဟိုတ်နူ လကျာ်လၟိုဟ်ဂၠိုၚ် ၊ ဟိုတ်နူညးရုၚ်သ္ၚာဂၠိုၚ်ရ &quot; ဇြဟတ်ပၞာန် ဇြဟတ်မန် ယအ် &quot; ညအ်ဂှ် လညာတ်ရဲစွံအိက်ဒၞဲါဟွံဒးတအ်မွဲရဒးဟီု။ 
တ္ၚဲဏအ် လကျာ်မန်အိုတ်အာ တ္ၚဲဏအ်ဂကူမန်ပြံၚ်အာရ။ နတဲဂှ် ရံၚ်ကဵုကွာန်မန် ဒှ်ဘာလကျာ်ဗၟာ ဘာမန်သုၚ်စောဲဝေါဟာဗမာမ္ဂး သက်သဳဏအ်ကၠိုဟ်ကေတ်လုပ်ရ။ 
ဒၞဲါဏအ်မိက်ဂွံဟီုဂှ် စၞးဒးဟီုမံၚ်ကဵုလကျာ်မန်ဂၠိုၚ် ဇြဟတ်ပၞာန် ဇြဟတ်ညးကဵုမာဲယှအ်ဂှ် 
သြန်ဇကုတအ် မပၠေၚ်မံၚ်အကြာသ္ဘၚ်ဘာသာ ဌာန်ကွာန်ဇကုဂှ် ပကောံတုဲ ဗက်ရာန်တိ ပတိုန်ဘာ ဗဒှ်ဘာတုဲ ဌာန်ဘာလကျာ်မန်ဟွံမွဲညိ။ အခါဂှ်မ္ဂး ဌာန်ဂှ် တိဂှ် ဗၞတ် ၃၀ သၞာံ ၄၀ သၞာံမ္ဂး ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ဇြဟတ်မန်ဟေၚ်ရ။ ၜိုန်ရဟွံဒှ်မန်ကီုလေဝ် အောန်အိုတ် ညံၚ်ဍေံဂွံစုတ်ကၠုၚ်မာဲကဵုဗော်မန်ဇကု ဒးဂစာန်ဂွံ ဂစာန်မာန်။ 
ကဆံၚ်ၜိုတ်ဏအ် ချပ်လဝ်ဟွံမွဲ ချပ်ဟွံလုပ် ဗက်ဟရာံမံၚ်လကျာ်ဗၠာဲ သက်က်ဂှ် ဂၠံၚ်ဒးဟွံသေၚ်။ လမုဟ် ဘာလကျာ်မန် ပအပ်ထောံလကျာ်ဗမာ ကွာန်မန် ၁၀ သၞာံဟွံပေၚ် ဒှ်အာဗမာ (ဗမာသာမညဟွံသေၚ်၊ ဗမာဍဟ်မန်ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မာန်) 
လပါ်သၚ်မန်တအ်လေဝ် ကမၠောန်ပတိုန်သာသနာဂှ် ကဆံၚ်ဂိုဏ် ကဆံၚ်ကွာန် ဒးချပ်ဇန်ထေက်ရ။ ညအ်ဂှ်ကမၠောန် ကောန်သာသနာတအ်ဒးကၠောန်ရ။ လကျာ်ဗမာ ညးတအ်ဂစာန်ပတိုန်မံၚ်သာသနာ အကြာတိဍာ်ချေၚ် ကချေၚ်တအ် ပရဲညးတအ်တိတ် ၂ လပါ် မွဲသာသနာ ညးတအ်တိုန် ၂ ဂကူညးတအ် ဗျာပ်တြး။ ကမၠောန် ပတိုန်သာသနာ missonary ဟီုဂှ် အၚ်္ဂလိက်လေဝ် သုၚ်စောဲလဝ်ရ။ ကိုပ်ကၠာနူဒပ်ဍေံဟွံအာမ္ဂး သၟာပတိုန်သာသနာ ဍေံစိုပ် တုဲမ္ဂး ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဍေံဗက်စိုပ်။ 
မန်ပိုယ်လေဝ် ဒးမံၚ်ကၠာ်ဏအ်ရသေၚ်ဟာ။ နဲသီကေတ်တိဍာ်ဇြဟတ်ဂကူၜေတ်တ်၊ တီဖိုဟ်ရနဲ ဆဟွံကလေၚ်သုၚ်စောဲ။ 
ဌာန်တိဍာ် နူကျာ်ထဝ် စဵုစိုပ်သထီုဂှ် ပွိုၚ် ၁၀ သနာံ ဘာမန် ဒးဒှ်မုစိဘာ၊ ပွိုၚ် ၂၀ သၞာံ မုစိဘာ ၊ ပွိုၚ် ၁၀၀ သၞာံ မုစိဘာ နကဵုကသပ်ကမၠောန် ကဆံၚ်သၚ်ဂကူဟီုဟ
ို ကဆံ၎်ဂိုဏ်ညးကဵုညးဟီုဟီု ဒးချပ်ဇန်ကမၠောန်ပတိုန်သာသနာရ။ ညအ်ဂှ်သွက်မဟာဗျူဟာရ။ ဘာဒှ်တုဲ ဒးကာဗက်ဟေၚ်ရ။ ဒးကာဗဒှ်ဘာတုဲ လကျာ်ဗက်ဟေၚ်ရ။ 
ဂွံကလေၚ်သီတိ ဂွံဗဒှ်ဇြဟတ်ဂကူပၠန်ဂှ် ဗော်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် ဗော်ရပ်လွဟ် ကေုာံ သၚ် တအ်ကီု သီုကောန်ဂကူမန်တအ် ဗဒိက္ဍိုပ်တုဲ လကြဴကမၠောန်ပတိုန်သာသနာမန်ဂှ် ဇြဟတ်မန်ဗီုလဵုသ္ဂောံဆက်ဗက်အာဂှ် ဒးသီကၠဳရ။ 
လမုဟ်ဂှ် ဗော်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်လေဝ် ပတှ်ေမံၚ်ဇြဟတ်မၞိဟ်ကၠးကၠး ဒၞဲါလဵုမန်တီုရ ဂံၚ်လုပ်ပြိုၚ်၊ နကဵုအစဳအဇန်ဗော်လေဝ် ဒၞဲါဒးဖံက်ဂၠံၚ်တၟိဂှ်ဟွံဂံၚ်သုၚ်စောဲဇြဟတ် ဗွိုက်ဘာသာပၠန်လေဝ် တုပ်ကဵုရဲမာဲကီု ဒၞဲါလဵုမန်တီုရ ပကီုစုတ်။ 
အခါညးချူလိက် ပရေၚ်ပညာတုဲမ္ဂး ဌာန်ဒၞဲါတၟိမွဲ ၜိုန်ညံၚ်ဂွံဒှ်ဂကူမန်ဟွံမာန်ကီုလေဝ် အောန်အိုတ် ၜိုတ်ညးစုတ်မာဲကဵုဗော်မန် ညံၚ်ဂွံဒှ်မာန် ရန်ချပ်လဝ်နွံ။
Pic: TLT [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၁၂:၃၇၊ ၉ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== ၜံက် ==

ကြက်မၞိဟ်ဂှ်ပုၚ် ကြုက်ဍုၚ်ဂှ်ပၞာန်
ကြုက်မၞိဟ်ဂှ်ဒှ်မံၚ်ပုၚ်ဖိုဟ် မူဟိုတ်မၞိဟ်စောဲၜံက်တံ ထပိုတ်ၜံက်ဟွံမာန်တုဲ ဟီုမံၚ်ၜံက်မွဲတၞုၚ် ပုၚ်မွဲပ္ၚာန်ဂှ်ရော? ထေက်ကဵုဒးသ္ပ သုတေသန လ္တူၜံက်ဏံထေက်ကွေံရ၊ ၜက်ဏံဂှ် သုၚ်ကၠုၚ်နူစကဝ်တန်ရဟာ? သာ်ဂှ်ဟွံသေၚ် ဗီုလဵုဂွံစိုပ်ကၠုၚ် ပ္ဍဲမၞိဟ်ရောဂှ် ယဝ်ရလ္ၚတ်မ္ဂး အတိုၚ်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဏံ ဂွံဆဵုကေတကမာန်ရောၚ်-

          လောန်ကၠုၚ်သၞာံၜိုတ် ၜါလ္ၚီ(၂၀၀၀) တေံ မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ် စံၚ်တၞးဆု တၞံဆုတံဂှ် ကေၚ်ခရေတ်ကေတ်သၟုဟ်ဍေံ နဒဒှ်ဂဥုဲမွဲဂကူရ။ၜိုန်ဂှ်ခမူဗီုၜံက်တုဲ သုၚ်ဂှ် ဟွံကေၚ်ဆဵုကေတ်ရ။
       သက္ကရာဇ်ခရေတ် (၁၄၉၂)ကောန်ဍုၚ်ယူရောပ်ပ မၞုံယၟု ကိုဝ်လာန်ဗာတ် ကၠုၚ်ဇရေၚ်တ္ကံ မဟာမာဗ္ဒဲါတိုက်အမေရိကဂှ်တုဲ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ညးအရိုၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ် စံၚ်ဒၟံၚ်တၞးဆုမွဲဂကူတုဲ ခရေတ်ဒၟံၚ် ယက်တၞးဆုဂှ် ဗွဲမသာယျေန်ရ။ က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်မၞိဟ်အရိုၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဆက်ကွာဲကဵုတၟာဲတဲကုကိုဝ်လာန်ဗာတ်တုဲ ဂဥုဲတၞးဂှ် စိုပ်အာတိုက်ယူရောပ်ပတေံ ကီုရ။
      မၞိဟ်အရိုၚ်နွံပ္ဍဲဇရေၚ် ဇိုၚ်ၜဳဍုၚ်ဗေန်နဳဇွဳဠာ ပ္ဍဲတိုက်အမေရိက သၠုၚ်ကျာဂှ် ထၜမ်လဝ် ဂဥုဲတၟးသီုညးဖ္အိုတ်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲလိက်စၟတ်သမ္တီပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် (၁၄၉၉)တေံရ။
       ပ္ဍဲခေတ်ဂှ်ကီု ကောန်ဂကူသပိန်ဂမၠိုၚ် အာစိုပ်တ္ကံဂျူဗာတုဲ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်မၞိဟ်အရိုၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ခရေတ်ဒုၚ်မံၚ်သၟူ ခမူမွဲဂကူ သၠဟ်ညံၚ်ၜံက်ခမူ ခေတ်ပိုဲဏံကီုဂှ် စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ်ရ။ ရံၚ်ကဵုဟိုတ်စဏံတုဲ ဂဥုဲတၞးဏံဂှ် ကၠုၚ်နူဒေသတိုက်အမေရိကတေံဟီုစမာန်ရ။
         ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် (၁၅၆၅) ဂှ် ဂဥုဲတၞးစိုပ်အာ ဍုၚ်အေန်ဂလာန်တုဲ အခိုက်သုၚ်ၜံက်တဝ်တံ ဂၠိုၚ်တိုန်ညံၚ်ဍာ်ဒဳကီုရ။ ဗွဲကြဴဏံ ဂဥုဲတၞးဂှ် ပြးဇးအာအလုံမွဲတိုက် ယူရောပ်မွဲတုဲ နဒဒှ်ဂဥုဲမွဲဂကူလေဝ် သုၚ်စောဲကၠုၚ်ရ။ ဗီုဒှ်ဂှ်ပ္ဍဲၜိုတ်ခရေတ် (၁၆၆၄-၁၆၆၆) တေံဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်အေန်ဂလာန်က္တဵုဒှ်ယဲ ပလိက်တုဲ မၞိဟ်ချိုတ်အာ ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ တၞဟ်နဂွံစဵုဒၞာယဲဂှ် မၞိဟ်သၟတ်ဂမၠိုၚ် မွဲတ္ၚဲမွဲတၞုၚ်ဒးသုၚ်ၜံက်ရ။ ရဴဝွံ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ပ္ဍဲလိက်စၟတ်သမ္တီရ။ ယဲပဲါနူဂှ်ပၠန်လေဝ် နဲလွဳယဲ ထဂိုဟ်စုတ်သၟုဟ်ဂဥုဲ ပ္ဍဲဂၠံၚ်ကသုၚ်အိက်လေဝ် နွံရ။
       မဂဥုဲက္လိဂွံ နူအ တိုက်အမေရိကဂှ် ကၠောံအာတိုက်ယူရောပ်ပနူဂှ်ကၠောံအာတိုက်အာဖရိက တိုက်အာယှသကုတ်လ္ဒောဝ်ကေုာံ ဍုၚ်ကြုက်တံ ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခေတ်ဂှ် ဇၟာပ်မၞိဟ်တြုံသုၚ်ၜံက်လေပ်အာရ။ ယဝ်ရ ဟွံသုၚ်ၜံက်မ္ဂး ဟွံဒှ်မၞိဟ်တြုံခိုဟ်က္ဆံၚ်ဏံစိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။
         ညံၚ်ရဴမၞိဟ်ဒးစိုတ်ၜံက်ဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ဍုၚ်လ္ၚဵုလ္ၚဵုဂှ် ကၟာတ်စဵုဒၞာၜံက်လေဝ် က္တဵုဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲခရေတ် (၁၆၀၄)ဍုၚ်အေန်ဂလာန် လက်ထက်သၟိၚ်ဂျုၚ် (ကိုပ်ကၠာ) ဂှ် သုၚ်ၜံက်မ္ဂး က္တဵုဒှ်ယဲကဴဇြဏောဝ်ဟီုတုဲ စဵုဒၞာကၠုၚ်ကီုရ။ ခရေတ် (၁၆၃၄) ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ရုယှာ ညးသွံရာန်သုၚ်စောဲဂဥုဲတၞးတံ သီုဖ္အိုတ်ရပ်ဂွံမ္ဂး ရေက်ထပိုတ်ကၠေံမုဟ်ကေုာံကဵု ဒုဟ်ဒဏ်ဓဇန်ဓဇန်ကီုရ။ ညးမက္လိဂွံလောန်အာဒုဟ် ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုအလန်မ္ဂး ဒးဒုၚ်ဘဲဒဏ်ဂစိုတ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲ (၁၇) ဗွဝ်ကၠံတေံ  ဍုၚ်ဒါၚ်မာတ် ဍုၚ်သွိဒေန် ဍုၚ်နလ်တာလာန် ဍုၚ်သေဿဠဳ ဍုၚ်အဝ်သကြဳယျကဵု ဍုၚ်ဟာန်ဂေရဳဂမၠိုၚ် ပ္တိတ်သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ သုၚ်ၜံက်ဟွံဂွံကီုရ။ ဆဂးသၞောဝ်ဂှ် ဟွံဓလီုဖဍိုက်ကွေံကွေံရ။
     နူဂှ် ဗီုဂွံစိုပ်ကၠုၚ် ၜံက်ခၟူနကဵုစက္ခောဏံ ဂှ် သၟာလအာတ်မစောဲၜံက်တံဂှ် ရာန်သုၚ်ဟွံမာန်တုဲ ဗက်ဂၠာဲကပှ်ဍုတ်ၜံက် ညးတၞဟ် ကၠဟ်လဝ်ဂှ်တုဲ ခမူကဵုစက္ခောတုဲသုၚ်ရ။စနူဂှ်တုဲ ကၠောံအာအလုံဍုၚ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲ (၁၈) ဗွဝ်ကၠံ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်အဳတလဳကဵုဍုၚ်ပဝ်တူကဳ သၟာပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ကၠောန်ခမူၜံက်နကဵုစက္ခောတုဲ ပ္တိတ်ၜံက်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲခရေတ် ၁၈၅၃ ဍုၚ်ဟာဗာနာတ္ကံဂျူဗာဂှ် ကၠောန်ပ္တုတ်ရုၚ်စက်ၜံက် ကၠာအိုတ်ရ။
      ဆဂး ကၠောန်လဝ် ဗီုမၞိဟ်ဗြဴရတံခၟူလၟုဟ်ရ။ နူဂှ် သၟာပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ညံၚ်ညးတၞဟ် စိုတ်ဂွံလုပ်စဂှ် ဂစာန်ကၠောန်လဝ် ကျေဝ်ကျေဝ် လိၚ်ကေတ် ကောန်သၟိၚ်ဒယှ်ဒယှ်တုဲ ကဵုတက်ဗီု ဗီုသုၚ်ၜံက်အကြာရုပ်ဒမျိုၚ်တံတုဲ မၞိဟ်သုၚ်ၜံက် ဂၠိုၚ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။
          ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ပိုဲဏံဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအကြာရာဇဝၚ်ပိုဲမန်ကီု ပ္ဍဲအကြာတၞဟ်ဟ်ကီု ယဝ်ရလ္ၚတ်ရံၚ်ချိုတ်တ်ပၠိုတ်တ်မ္ဂး ဨကရာဇ်မန်ပိုဲသုၚ်ဒၟံၚ်ၜံက် ကောန်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲ အခိုက်သုၚ်ၜံက် နွံမံၚ်ဏောၚ်ဂှ် ဟွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။ ဆဂး အတိုၚ်ရာဇာဝၚ်ဗၟာတံမ္ဂး ၜံက်ဏံ စနူသက္ကရာဇ်ဍုၚ် (၉၉၁) လက်ထက်သၟိၚ်ဗၟာ တလောန်မေန်တယျာ ဍေံတံဂှ် စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဒေသလပါ်ဍေံတံရ။ အခိုက်ဒုၚ်ကၟုဲ နပၠံၚ်ကဵု ဂဥုဲ သုၚ်ၜံက် ဒှ်အခိုက်ဗၟာတံရောၚ်။ ဆဂး လက္ကရဴဏံ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကကရာဇ် ၁၁၁၉ သၟိၚ်မန် ကၟိန်နန်မန် ဒးကဝ်အာတုဲ ဘဝဂကူပိုဲဒးမံၚ် သၟဝ်ဂကူဗၟာအယုတ်မိစ္ဆာဒိဋ္ဌိဂှ်တုဲ ယဲသုၚ်ၜံက်ဏံ ကၠောံကၠုၚ်နူကဵု ဍေံတံဂှ် အဲထေၚ်ကေတ်ရ။
     ပိုဲတီကေတ် ဟိုတ်ဝၚ်ၜံက် ဒဒှ်စကၠုၚ်နူမၞိဟ်အရိုၚ်တံတုဲ သၟာပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ပဂေတ်ဝေၚ်က္ဍဟ်လ္တူဘဝပိုဲဂှ်တုဲ ပိုဲကလေၚ်ပံက်ရံၚ်အဘိဓာန် ဟိုတ်ဖဵုရှ်သာဍေံပၠန်မ္ဂး ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်မာန်ရ။
      ပိုဲဇြောတ်ပြောတ် ပ္တိတ်ၜံက်မွဲတဲမ္ဂး ဗၞတ်ဗ္ၜတ်သၟုဟ်ဂဥုဲမတၟုဲတဴနကဵုဓါတ်ဂျိ, မပ္တံနေတ်ကဵုတောန်,ဘာနဇဵုပါၚ်ယေန်ကာဗန်မဵုနံက်သာ်,ပါၚ်ရဵုဖေန်ဖိနဝ်,ဖဝ်မေတ်အက်သေတ်,နာ်တရေတ်အက်သေတ်,အေက်ဇြဳတုန်တုန် တံပါလုပ်ခက်ဗာန်ဂွံကသအ်ညးသုၚ်ၜံက်ဂှ် (၉၀) က္ဍိုပ်ကၠံရ။
    ပ္ဍဲကဵုဓာတ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ဓာတ်ကာဗန်မိနံက်သာ်မွဲပရေံဓဇန်အိုတ်တုဲ ဓာတ်နေစ်ကဵုတေန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဓာတ်အဓိကပ္ဍဲၜံက်ဂှ်ရ။ ဓာတ်ဂျိဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ပိုဲဇြောတ်ပၠောပ် ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုအလန်မ္ဂး ဓာတ်ဂျိဂှ် ကောံဂၠိုၚ်ကၠုၚ်တုဲ ကဵုဒဒိုက်ကုခန္ဓကာယပိုဲမာန်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူၜံက်တုဲ ယဲအဓိကက္တဵုဒှ်မာန်ဂှ် 
(၁) ယဲကဠေန်ပ္ဍဲကသအ် (ဒဳဗဳ) (၂) ယဲသ္ၚိကျာ်ကသအ်ဂုဟ်ဖေါဝ် (၃) ယဲကတေၚ်ကျာကသအ်ဂုဟ် (၄) ယဲဂန္ဓမာလာ (ဂေန်ဇြာ) ကသအ်ကေုာံဂန္ဓမာလာတၞဟ်ဟ် (၅) ယဲကောန်တၟံ (၆) ယဲဆီၜေတ် (ကတေၚ်ဆီဍန်) (၇) ယဲထိုၚ်စၞတံ က္တဵုဒှ်မာန်ရ။

       ဟိုတ်နူသုၚ်ၜံက်တုဲ ခမုဟ်ယက်အိက်ၜံက်ဂှ် ခက်ဗာန်ဂွံကတေၚ်ကျာကသအ်တုဲ က္တဵုဒှ်လှေဟ်ရ။လှေဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ပလီုကၠေံ ကသော်ၜတ်တ် ပ္ဍဲကတေၚ်ကျာဂှ်တုဲ လံညိ ကတေၚ်ကျာဂှ် ကၟာတ်အာတုဲ ကတေၚ်ကျာ ပ္ဍဲကသအ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ဖေါဝ်တေၚ်ကၠုၚ်တုဲ မွဲခဏခဏခ္ဍက်တုဲ (Emphysema) စောဲဂွံလေပ်ရ။
        ဓါတ်မလေပ်ဗဒှ်ကဵုယဲ ဂန္ဓမာလာ တၞဟ်ဟ်မပ္တံပ္ဍဲကသအ်,ပ္ဍဲဂၠံၚ်ယွီု ပါၚ်,လတာ်,တံဂှ် လေဝ် ပါလုပ်ဒၟံၚ်နဒဒှ်အဓိကမွဲတုဲ ညးမထၜမ်ဂဥုဲတဲဂှ် မလေပ်ဒှ်ယဲဂန္ဓမာလာပ္ဍဲပါၚ်လတာ်ရ။ ဓါတ်ဂျိခၟုဟကယက်ၜံက်ဂှ် ခ္ဍဳလျတ်ဒးမံၚ် ခန္ဓကာယပိုဲလၟိုန်တုဲ ကလာရုပ်ပိုဲက္တဵုဒှ် မူဟွံဍာံတုဲ က္တဵုဒှ်ယဲ ဂန္ဓမာလာမာန်ပေၚ်ပၚ်ရောၚ်။
        ပဲါနူဂှ်ပၠန် ဓာတ်နဳကဵုတေန်ဂှ် မလေပ်ကဍန်ကဵုကတေၚ်ဆီတုဲ ညးသုၚ်ၜံက်လောန်န်ကာဲကာဲတံဂှ် က္တဵုဒှ်ယဲ ကတေၚ်ဆီဍန်တၞဟ်ဟ်သာ်မာန်ရ။
        ကတေၚ်ဆီ ကောန်တၟံဍန်မ္ဂး ယဲကောန်တၟံမပ္တံကဵု ကောန်တၟံထအံၚ် ကောန်တၟံအုဲတံက္တဵုဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။ ပဲါနူဂှ်ပၠန် ဆီနွံပ္ဍဲကောန်တၟံတေံဂှ်လေဝ် ကှ်ကလောံကၠုၚ်မာန်ရ။ ဗွဲတၟေၚ်တှ်ေ မၞိဟ်ဗြဴသုၚ်ၜံက်လေဝ်လေပ် သီုသုၚ်ဂဥုဲပလီုဂဝ်ပၠန်တှ်ေ က္တဵုဒှ်ယဲကတေၚ် ဆီကောန်တၟံဍန် ဂၠိုၚ်နူမၞိဟ်ဓမ္မတာမသုန်ချရ။ ကတေၚ်ဆီနွံပ္ဍဲဇိုၚ်တဲဂမၠိုၚ် ဍန်ဂြက်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး ဇိုၚ်အုဲတဲအုဲ ဒးရေက်ကုတ်ဇိုၚ်တဲတံ မလေပ်ကတဵုဒှ်ရ။ မၞိဟ်ဗြဴက္တဵုဒှ်ယဲဂန္ဓမာလာပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိကောန်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်တံဂှ် ဒှ်သၟတ်ဗြဴသုၚ်ၜံက်လေပ်တံသၟးရ။
      လောန်ကၠုၚ်ၜိုတ်(၂၀)သၞာံတေံ အ္စာသုတေသနဂမၠိုၚ်ဂွံတီကေတ် ဟိုတ်နူခၟုဟ်ၜံက်ပွဳပွူတုဲ ဟွံဟီုဂး တြုံဗြဴ ကတဵုဒှ်ယဲမာန်ရ။ မွဲအခိၚ်တေံ ယဲဂန္ဓမာလာ ကသအ်ကဵုယဲ ကတေၚ်ဆီကောန်တၟံတံဂှ် ဒှ်ပ္ဍဲညးသုၚ်ၜံက်လေပ်တံဟေၚ် ၜိုန်ထေၚ်ကီုလေဝ် လၟုဟ်ပ္ဍဲ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်အမေရိကာန်တေံ ပ္ဍဲ ကဵုညးချိုတ်အာနကဵုယဲ ကသအ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်ၜိုတ် (၃၀၀၀) ပြၚ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ညးသုၚ်ၜံက် ဟွံလေပ်တံတုဲ တၟေၚ်ကွေံကွေံရ။ ညံၚ်သာ်ဂှ်ကီု ညးသုၚ်ၜံက် ဟွံလေပ်တံ ချိုတ်အာမ္ဂး နကဵုယဲကတေၚ်ဆီ ကောန်တၟၠံ ၊ မွဲသၞာံဂှ် နူကဵုပိလက် (၃၀၀၀၀) စဵုကဵုမသုန်လက် (၅၀၀၀၀) ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူသၟုဟ်ယက်ၜံက်ပွဳပွူဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။
        သၟုဟ်ယက်ၜံက်ဂှ် တိတ်ဒှ်ၜါသာ် (၁) ယံက်ၜံက်နူတမ် (၂) ယက်ၜံက်တိတ်ဟဗဵုရ ယက်ၜံက်တမ်ဟီုဂှ် ဒှ်ယက်ၜံက် ခြောတ်ပၠေပ်ပ္ဍဲဂၠံၚ်ယွီုညးသုၚ် ၜံက်ဂှ်ရ။ ယက်ၜံက်တိတ်ဟဗဵု ၜံက်မဍေန်လဝ်တုဲ ယက်မဓဂုဲမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲက္ဍိုပ်ဍေံဂှ် မဟီုရ။
       ယံက်ၜံက်တုတ်ဟဗဵုဂှ် ဗၞတ်ဗ္ၜတ်ဒြဟတ် ဓါတ်မလေပ်ပလီုကၠေံ ကလာရုပ် ပိုဲမၞိဟ်တံဂှ် ဂၠိုၚ်နူယက်ၜံက်တမ်ဏီရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵုရုၚ်သ္ၚိဌာန်ကျာလုပ်တိတ်အောန်အောန်တံဂှ် သာတုဲဒးသ္ပဂရုဏီရ။ လဂွံကဵုသုတေသန ပ္ဍဲ (၁၉၈၁) တေံမ္ဂး သၟတ်ဗြဴဟွံကေၚ်သုၚ်ၜံက် ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဂျပေန်တံဂှ် က္တဵုဒှ်ယဲဂန္ဓမာလာကသအ်ဂၠိုၚ်ကၠုၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဟိုတ်နူယက်ၜံက်ပွဳပွူရ။
       သၟတ်တြုံပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဂျဖေန်ဂမၠိုၚ် ဟိုတ်နူသုၚ်ၜံက်သဳခ်ရိတ် ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်တုဲအာယုက်သုၚ်ၜံက်လောန်အာနူ (၁၄) သၞာံမ္ဂး ကောန်ဗြဴ ညးတံကလိဂွံယဲ ဂန္ဓမာလာကသအ်ဂၠိုၚ်ကၠုၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။ ဗွဲတၟေၚ်တှ်ေ သၟတ်ဗြဴမပဒတဴပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိကၟိန်မၞိဟ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠိုၚ် ကျာလုပ်တိတ်လေဝ် ဟွံခိုဟ် မၞိဟ်သုၚ်ၜံက်လေဝ် နွံဒၟံၚ်မ္ဂး သွက်ကလိဂွံယဲဂှ် နွံစဒှ်ရ။
     သၟတ်ဗြဴမၞုံကဵုယဲဒိုက် (ဂဝ်ဂၞဴ) တံဂှ် အလဵုဇကုညးသုၚ်ၜံက်ကဵုဒှ် ဟိုတ်နူယက်ၜံက်ပွဳပွူကဵုဒှ် ကောန်ဖျုန်ဂြိုဟ်ညးတံဂှ်  ယဲဇၞော်ပါနူဂဝ်တံကီု ဂိတုတ္ၚဲဟွံပေၚ်ကီု၊ ကၠေၚ်က္ဍဟ်ညာဏ်သမ္တီဟွံခိုဟ်ကီု၊ ပရေၚ်ထတ်ယုက်ဟွံခိုဟ်ကီု က္တဵုဒှ်မာန်တုဲ စဵုကဵုဂဝ်ဂၞဴလီုက္တဵုဒှ်မာန်ရ။
       အန္တရာဲဘဲၜံက်ဏံဂှ် ယဝ်ဒှ်မံၚ်ဗီုဂျိပတိုဟ်တၠိၚ်သၞာံ ကၠၚ်ပၟတ်ခဍောတ်စဒးထၜူဓဝဲါဂှ်မ္ဂး ဇၟာပ်မၞိဟ်ဝေၚ်ပဲါအိုတ်ရ။ သုၚ်ၜံက်မွဲတၞုၚ် မုလေဝ်ဟွံဒှ် သုၚ်မွဲဂိတု,မွဲသၞာံ မုလေဝ်ဟွံဒှ်တုဲ မၞိဟ်တံဟွံဖေက်စကွေံကွေံရ။ အန္တရာဲ ပ္ဍဲၜံက်မွဲဂှ် ယဝ်ပါ်ပ္တိတ်ဓာတ်ဂျိဍေံသၟးမ္ဂး ကၞိမွဲချိုတ်မာန်ကီုလေဝ်၊ ပိုဲမၞိဟ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူဓာတ်ကြံၚ်နူကၞိၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုချတုဲ ရုပ်ရဴဟွံမံက်ရ။
        လၟုဟ်ပ္ဍဲကဵုလ္တူဂၠးတိဏံ ညးတံတီဒဒှ်ၜံက်ဏံဟွံခိုဟ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမေ (၃၁) ဂှ်မ္ဂး စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် တ္ၚဲဂၠးကဝ်ဟွံသုၚ်ၜံက် (World No Tobacco Day) ရ။ ဍုၚ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်မပ္တံဍုၚ်အမေရိကာန်၊ ဍုၚ်ကြုက်တံဂှ် ညးတံဂွိၚ်ကဵု ကောန်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ညးတံဂှ် ၜိုတ်စဵုဒၞာမာန် ကဵုမာန် ညးတံစဵုဒၞာအိုတ်ရ။
         မပ္တံကဵုဍုၚ်ကြုက်တံဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူမၞိဟ်သုၚ်ၜံက်ဍုၚ်ညးပေၚ်အာ ပိကၠံပြကောဋိကိုဋ် (၃၀၀, ၀၀၀,၀၀၀,)တုဲ စတံနူ၁၉၉၅ ဂိတုဇန်နဝရဳ (၁)ဂှ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲလိက်ပရိုၚ်ကီု ပ္ဍဲလိက်ကၞပ်တၞဟ်ဟ်ကီု ပ္ဍဲပလံၚ်ဓာတ်ကီု ပ္ဍဲဓူရဓါတ် (TV) တံဂှ် ကြီုလလောၚ်တြးပရူၜံက်ဟွံဂွံ၊ ပ္ဍဲအကြာဂၠံၚ် ယဝ်ရဆဵုဒးဗါန်လဝ် မွဲတၞးမ္ဂး ကုမ္ပဏဳၜံက်ဂှ် ဒးလေဲသြန်ရ။
           ဗွဲကြဴဏံ ကလေၚ်ပ္တိတ်ကမိၚ်မွဲပၠန်ဂှ် ညးဂှ်သုၚ်ၜံက် အကြာမၞိဟ်မ္ဂး ဒးဒဏ်သန်ဒဝ်လာ အမေရိကာန် မွဲဒကေဝ်ရောၚ်၊ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ပရာဇြဳပၠန် ညးဟွံပေၚ်အာယုက် (၁၈)မ္ဂး သုၚ်ၜံက်အခေါၚ်ဟွံမွဲ မၞိဟ်အာလ္တူအာယုက် (၁၈) ဂှ်ပၠန် လေဝ် ညးဟွံကလိဂွံ အခေါၚ်သုၚ်ၜံက် ယဝ်ရပ်ဂွံမ္ဂး ဒးဒဏ်ဇၞော်ကဵဒြဟတ်ရောၚ်။ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်အမေရိကာန်ပၠန်တၞဟ်နဂွံဖအောန်ကၠေံမၞိဟ်သုၚ်ၜံက်တုဲ ကြီုၜံက်အခေါၚ်ဟွံမွဲ၊ သွံၜံက်အကြာဂၠံၚ် ဍာန်ဟွံဂွံရ။
         ဍုၚ်ပိုဲဏံဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် (၁၁၉၃) တေံဂှ် အတိုၚ်သုတေသန ပရေၚ်ထတ်ယုက်တံ ဂၠာဲဂွံမ္ဂး မၞိဟ်မံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်သုၚ်ၜံက်လၟိဟ် ၃၁ ဒသမ ၅ က္ဍိုပ်ကၠံ၊ မၞိဟ်ပ္ဍဲဂြိုပ် ၃၆ ဒသမ ၈ က္ဍိုပ်ကၠံဂှ် သုၚ်ၜံက်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲ(၁၉၉၄) ကလေၚ်သ္ပ သုတေသနပၠန် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်သုၚ်ၜံက် အလုံကၟိန်ဍုၚ်မွဲ ၄၆ ဒသမ ၆ က္ဍိုပ်ကၠံရ။ လၟိဟ်ဂၠိုၚ်တိုန်မံၚ်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။ ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် အလဵုအသဳတၠအဝဵုတံ ဟွံသ္ပတီဏီရ၊ သီုဘိက်ကော်ပၠောပ်ကုမ္ပဏဳၜံက်တံရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵုဓူရဓါတ် (TV) ကီု၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵုပလံၚ် ဓာတ်ကီုဂှ် ကုမ္ပဏဳၜံက်တံဒှ်မံၚ်အ္စာရ။ အတိုၚ်ညးတၞဟ်တံဟီု ဍုၚ်ဗၟာဏံ ကော်ဘိက်မံၚ် (ဘိၚ်,အရက်,ၜံက်,မှံက်မုစ္စလေန်တုဲ ဂၠာဲပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ရ။ အတိုၚ်ဍေံတံတက်တၚ်ပ္တဝ်က္ဍိုပ်ဍေံ တမျိုတာလုံကြာန်မာယျေနေအ် လူမှုယျေ မျေအ်မာယျေ &quot; ဂှ် ဒှ်အာဆလံက်ဂြိပ်ကဵု ညးတၞဟ်ဟေၚ်ရ။
         ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ပိုဲဂကူမန်တံ ယဝ်ရဆာန်ကောန်ဖျုန်ဂြိုဟ်ဇကု၊ ယဝ်ရဆာန်ဇကု ယဝ်ရဂိုဟ်ဒြပ်လေပ်မ္ဂး ၜံက်ဟွံမွဲ ၚုဟ်မးသွက်ဘဝဂှ် လ္ပဒုၚ်ဗဂေတ်မတ်ကဵု ရဲသၟာပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်တံညိ၊ ၜံက်ဏံဗဵုလဵုဂွံထပိုတ်ရော ယဝ်သၟာန်မ္ဂး အတိုၚ်ပိုဲသ္ပကၠုၚ်သုတေသနမ္ဂး တ္ၚဲဏံထပိုတ်မ္ဂး တ္ၚဲဏံပိုတ်ရ။ တ္ၚဲပ္ဍဲမၞိဟ်သုၚ်ဂှ်ဟေၚ်ရ။ မၞိဟ်ဟွံဂွံသုၚ်ၜံက်ဂှ် ဍေံဟွံချိုတ် ဟွံဂွံစပုၚ်ဟေၚ် ချိုတ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ၜံက်ကဵုပရေၚ်ထတ်ယုက် ၝောံဒးဂၞပ်ဂှ် ရုဲကေတ်ရသဟာဲ…………။         ။
         ✍ကောန်စေက်✍(ချူ)☞☟
          {ရာမညမာံဝါန်ၛာဲ}
      ဗ္စိုပ်/➩➭➬
                         ခန္ဓကာယပိုဲသီုဖ္အိုတ် ဂွံထတ်ယိုတ်မံၚ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဆီပ္ဍဲလတေၚ်ပိုဲရ၊ ဆီတံ ဂွံက္တဴဂွံအး ဇ္ၚးဂှ် ကသအ်ပိုဲကဵု ဒြဟတ်ခ္ဍိုက်ကဵုရ၊ ဒၟာနူဂှ်ရ၊ မၚ်မွဲကသအ်ညံၚ်ဟွံဂွံဒှ်ယဲညိ။ ပိုဲသုၚ်ဖျေံၜံက်မ္ဂး ကသော် (ချောဲ) နွံလ္တူကသအ် (မကဵုဒြဟတ်ကဵုက္သအ်) ဂှ်အေဲအာမ္ဂး ကသအ်ဂှ် ဒြဟတ်ဍိုန်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး ဂမ္တဴကဵုဆီလေဝ်ဟွံမာန် ဖ္အးကဵုဆီလေဝ်ဟွံမာန်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး ယဲဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် က္တဵုဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မာန်ရ။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၁၂:၃၈၊ ၉ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== ရုဲစှ်က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်ကဵုလေပ်ညိ ==

လိက်ပတ်

 ရုဲစှ်က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်ကဵုလေပ်ညိ
 
“က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” အရေဝ်ဏံ ပိုယ်တအ်ကေၚ်မိၚ်ကၠုၚ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ မပ္တံ ဍုၚ်မွဲမွဲ ကွာန်မွဲမွဲ ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး ဂကောံမွဲမွဲ ဂွံတောတက်ဇၞော်မောဝ်ကျေဝ်ဂေါဝ်ကီု ဂွံတန်တဴအာဍာ်ဇမၠိၚ်မာန်ကီုဂှ် ညးမဒှ် “က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” တအ် ဒှ်တဴအဓိကမွဲတၠကီု ဟီုမ္ဂးဟွံဗၠေတ်ရ။ ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး-ကောန်ဂကောံတအ်ရော ဟွံဒှ်အဓိကပုဟ်ဟာ-? ယဝ်ပုစ္ဆာမ္ဂး “ဟွံသေၚ်” ဗီုဏံဂှ် မ္ဒးသွဟ်ဏာဂၠေံဂၠေံရ။ မုဟိုတ်ရောမ္ဂး ဇရေၚ်ပူဂိုလ် ညးမဒှ် “က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” အံၚ်ဇၞးမွဲဂှ် ဒးနွံကဵု ကောန်ဂကောံခိုဟ်ဟ်တအ် ပူဗိုၚ်လဝ်ရ။ တုပ်ပမာ-သၟာရပ်သၞေဝ်ဂၠုၚ်(အာစာဂၠုၚ်) ကေုာံ ကောန်ဂကောံမတွံဂးညးမဒုန်ဂၠုၚ်တအ် တာလျိုၚ်ညးကဵုညးပြေမှ သ္ဂောံအာစိုပ်သြၚ်တၚ်ရန်တၟအ်တေံမာန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအရာဏံ ညးမဒှ်“က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” ယဝ်ထ္ၜးဂၠံၚ်ခိုဟ် တီပြယာဲဂၠံၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်မ္ဂး ညးမဒှ်ကောန်ဂကောံတအ် ဒှ်လၟောၚ်ဍောၚ်ၜိုတ်အောန်တုဲ အာစိုပ်တိုၚ်ပ္ကဴလေဝ် လောဲသွာကီုရ။

ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲအရာမရုဲစှ်“က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်”ဂှ် ဒှ်တၚ်အဓိကဇၞော်မွဲရောၚ် စှ်ေစိုတ်တုဲၜိုတ်လညာတ်သၟဟ်

အစောံ မ္ဒးပ္တိုန်ထ္ၜးဏာကဵု ကုညးမဗှ်လိက်တအ် “ပူဂိုလ်ဟွံထေက်ကဵုရုဲစှ်နဒဒှ်က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” ဍန်န်ဂၠေံဂၠေံ မွဲကဏ္ဍကီုရ။

ပူဂိုလ်ညးမသုၚ်စောဲအဝဵုအာဏာ

ခေတ်ကာလလၟုဟ်ဏံ ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ကီု ဂကောံကီု အုပ်ဓုပ် နကဵု အဝဵုအာဏာဂှ် အောန်ကၠုၚ် မၞိဟ်ဒးစိုတ်ဟွံမွဲကၠုၚ်တုဲ ပြံၚ်သၠာဲကၠုၚ် ဗီုပြၚ်အုပ်ဓုပ် နကဵု “တၚ်တုပ်စိုတ်” ကေုာံ “သၞောဝ်စဳပၞောန်” အိုတ်ရ။ ညးမဒှ်“က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်”တအ်ကီု ကောန်ဂကောံတအ်ကီု ဒးဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက်အာ ဒးကွာ်ဗက်အာ အတိုၚ်“တၚ်တုပ်စိုတ်” ကေုာံ “သၞောဝ်စဳပၞောန်” တအ်ဂှ်ရ။ အဝဵုအာဏာ ဟီုဂှ် တုပ်ပမာ-ပၟတ်ကီုရ။ ယဝ်စိုပ်တဲ ညးမၞုံကဵုဓရ်ဍာံမ္ဂး ဒှ်ဂုဏ်ဖိုလ်မာန်တုဲ ယဝ်စိုပ်အာတဲ ပူဂိုလ်ကြအ်ကဵုအဝဵုအာဏာမ္ဂး ဒှ်လလေၚ်ဖိုလ် သွက်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် သွက်ဂကောံတအ်ဂှ်တအ်ဂှ် မာန်ရ။

ပူဂိုလ်ညးမဟွံမွဲကဵုတၚ်ဒုၚ်လျိုၚ်ကေတ်လျိုၚ်

ဂလာန်ဝွံ ဍာံစၟတ်သြန်ရ။ ကုပူဂိုလ် ညးမဒှ်“က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” တအ် တၚ်ဒုၚ်လျိုၚ်,ကေတ်လျိုၚ် ဂှ် ဒှ်အဓိကဇၞော်မွဲရ။ ကု“က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” ဟွံမွဲကဵုတၚ်ဒုၚ်လျိုၚ်ဂှ် ကောန်ဂကောံတအ် ဂွံရှ်ေသှ်ေရဴဂဴလေဝ် ဒှ်ဟွံမာန်တုဲ အာစိုပ် ဒဵုကဵုက္ဆံၚ် ဍုၚ်ကွာန်လီု ဂကောံလီု လေပ်ရ။ “ဒးတှ်ေ ဗီုဒး၊ ဗၠေတ်တှ်ေ ဗီုဗၠေတ်” ညးမဒှ်“က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” တအ် ဒးနွံကဵုသစ္စ ဒးနွံကဵုတၚ်ဒုၚ်လျိုၚ် လ္တူဂလာန်ဇကု လ္တူကမၠောန်ဇကု ဍိုက်က်ပေၚ်ၚ်ထေက်ရ။

ပူဂိုလ်နွံကဵုဓရ်အဂတိ ဟွံတပ်တး

ညးမဒှ်“က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” ယဝ်ဟွံတပ်တးမ္ဂး ဒှ်ဂၠံၚ်တရဴသွက်ဂကောံဂွံယုတ်ဒေက်စှ်ေဟေၚ်ရ။ ယဝ်ရံၚ်လ္ပာ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်မ္ဂး ပူဂိုလ်လ္ၚဵုတအ်ဂှ် မိက်ဂွံဒှ်တဴ “က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” ဗွဲမလောန်ရ ဆ္ဂး ဒှ် “က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” တုဲ ရံၚ်ကဵုလာဘ်သကာဟွံဗဗွဲဓရ်တအ်မ္ဂး ဍုၚ်ကွာန်မွဲမွဲ ထေက်ကဵုဒးတောတက် ဒးၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်ဂှ် ဟွံတောတက် ဟွံၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။

ပူဂိုလ်ဟွံဂံၚ်ဖျေံတၚ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်

ပ္ဍဲအရာပံၚ်ကၠောန်ကမၠောန်ဂကောံဝွံ ပွမဖျေံတၚ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်မွဲဂှ် ဒှ်တၚ်အဓိကမွဲသာ်ကီုရ။ သၠေဟ်ပမာ ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ၜါလွးတုဲ ညးမဒှ်“က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” တအ် ယဝ်ဟွံဂံၚ်ဖျေံတၚ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်မ္ဂး ကမၠောန်လဇုဲလဇ ဟွံစိုပ်ဒ္တုဲဒှ်မာန်ရ။

ပူဂိုလ်ဟွံမွဲကဵုဓရ်မေတ္တာ

ဒဒိုက်၊တသိုခ် ကောန်ဂကောံ ညးမဒှ်“က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” တအ် ယဝ်ဟွံသ္ပစၟတ်၊ဟွံကၠိုဟ်လဝ်မ္ဂး ကၠောန်ကမၠောန်ဂကောံ ဟွံစိုပ်တရဴရ။ ညးမဒှ်“က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” တအ်ဒးနွံကဵုတၚ်သၠာဲဂတးလညာတ် ကုကောန်ဂကောံရ။ ဟွံထေက်ကဵုစွံဓရ်ဣဿာ မစ္ဆရိယ လ္တူကောန်ဂကောံတအ်တုဲ ဒၞာဲထေက်ကဵုဒးထိုၚ်သးမ္ဂး ဒးထိုၚ်သး ဒၞာဲထေက်ကဵုဒးကဵုက္ဍိုပ်မ္ဂး ဒးကဵုက္ဍိုပ်လေပ်ရ။

သရုပ်ကၠေံမ္ဂး ဂကောံမွဲမွဲ ဂွံအာစိုပ်တိုၚ်ပ္ကဴအံၚ်ဇၞးမာန်ဂှ် “က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်” လေဝ်ဒးခိုဟ်၊ ကောန်ဂကောံတအ်လေဝ် ဒးတီတာလျိုုၚ် ဘိုၚ်ယိုက်ဂၠေၚ်အာမ္ဂး အံၚ်ဇၞးလောဲလောဲရ။ မွဲသာ်ပၠန် ပ္ဍဲအရာကၠောန်ကမၠောန်ဂကောံဂှ် ပရေၚ်ဂကောံ, ပရေၚ်ပူဂိုလ် ပိုယ်တအ်ထေက်ကဵု ဒးပါ်ပါဲလေပ်ရ။ ယဝ်ရ ပါ်ပါဲဟွံလေပ်မ္ဂး ပူဂိုလ်မွဲကဵုမွဲ ဒက်ဝဲဒှ်သၞ ဂွံဆဵုညာတ်ကေတ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ “ပရေၚ်ပူဂိုလ်မ္ၚးဏံ ၜိုန်ပၟိက်ဟွံတုပ်ညးသ္ကအ်ကီုလေဝ် ကိစ္စစပ်ကဵုကမၠောန်ဂကောံမ္ဂး ဒးပံၚ်ကၠောန်ညးသ္ကအ်ဂွံ” စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဗီုဏံဒးနွံထေက်ရ။

  ဓမ္မေ ဟောန္တု သဂါရဝါ

မၚ်ဗၠာဲဗျူဟာခေတ် (လျးကျာ်သြဳ)

(11/7/2020)
crd [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၁၂:၄၀၊ ၉ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ==

 လိက်ပတ်

တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု

 တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု(အင်္ဂလိက်: Mon Kingdom Hongsawatoi Fallen Day) ဂှ် စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဂိတုပသာ် (၈) စွေက်တုဲ မဒှ်တ္ၚဲ မရန်တၟအ် ဍုင်မန်ဟံသာဝတဳ မဒးဒုင်ပလီု ကုသၟိင်ဗၟာ အလန်လက္ကရဴအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၇၅၇ (သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၁၁၉) တေအ် နကဵုသၟိင်ဗၟာ အံင်ဇေယျ မဒှ်သၟိင် နူ မုက်ဆဝ်ပေါဝ်တုဲ ဒှ်တ္ၚဲ ဂကူမန်တအ် မဗှ်ဗၞုဟ် ဒှ်လၞီ ဟိုတ်နူ ဍုင်ဇကု မစိုပ်အာ သၟဝ်ဂကူညးတၞဟ်ကီု သီုကဵု ဂကူမန် မဂၠိုင်ကဵု လက်ကိုဋ် သီုမၞိဟ်ဗြဴ ကောန်ၚာ် ခမဳသင် မဒးဒုင် စံင်ယဇ် ဂစိုတ်ပဠက်ဏာလဝ်ဂကူဂှ်ရ၊၊ တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီုဂှ် နကဵု တ္ၚဲမစၟတ်သမ္တီ ဂကူမန် မဒးဒုင်စံင်ယဇ် ကုဗၟာဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ကၠောန်ကၠုင် နူစ ခေတ်ပၠန်ဂတးမန် ကလေင်ကတဵုဒှ် ပ္ဍဲခေတ်တၟိ (ကြဴနူခေတ် ကဝ်လဝ်နဳ) ကီုလေဝ် နကဵု ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ဂကောံမၞိဟ်မှာဇန်မန်မွဲဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ဍုင်ဗၟာ တၠအဝဵုပၞာန် မအုပ်ဓလီုလဝ် ဗွဲမတေင်ဂြတ် ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု မပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံဂှ် ဟီုဂွံရ၊၊

တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု
Cannon-inscription.jpg                
လိက် သၟိင်ဗၟာအံင်ဇေယျ မချူလဝ် ပ္ဍဲအမၠံက် မြတဗူ၊
(၁) သံလျှင်ရ မြတဗူ --။ (၂) ကုဓရ မဵုကြီး

(၃) သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၁၁၉ ခု ကဆုလပြည်ကျော် (၄) ၆ ရက် ညတချက်တိကျော် ဟံသာဝတီ (၅) မဟာသတ္တြု သေဒ
အဓိပ္ပါယ်
အဗၠံက်မြတၜူ မသီဂွံ နူဍုင်သြေင်။
ဗြဲဇၞော်ကုဓရ (ပတိုန်စလဝ် အမၠံက်။ မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် အမၠံက် မဗဂူဖျေဟ်ပၞောတ်ဒေါသ ညံင်ဗြဲဇၞော် (ကုဓ (ပါဠိ) - ပၞောတ်ဒေါသ))
သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၁၁၉ ပသာ် ၆ စွေက် (8 May 1757)[၁]အခိင်ဗတံ လုပ်သီ ဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳ မဒှ်ဍုင်မဟာသၞသတြု(ဗၟာ)။၊
ဍုင်မကၠောန်
ဒၞာဲ ဂကူမန် မနွံ
ပေါဲသဘင်ဂမၠိုင်
ပူဇဴ ပၞာင်သ္ဍဴ ကေုာံ က္ဍိုင်ဇၞောဝ် ပ္ဍဲကျာ်၊ ဟီုတွဟ် ပရူဟံသာဝတဳလီု ကေုာံ ဗီုလဵု ဂွံကလေင်ပ္တန် ဍုင်မန် မွဲဝါပၠန်
ဗီုမကၠောန်သဘင်
သွက်ဂကူမန်တအ် ဂွံကလေင်ဗှ်ဗၞုဟ် ဝင်အတိက်ဇကု
စနူ
မေ ၉၊ ၁၇၅၇ (မရနုက် ကဵု ၂၆၄)
ပသာ် (၈) စွေက် (တ္ၚဲကၟာင်ဍုင်သရိုဟ်ဂှ် ပသာ် ၆ စွေက် (ဂိတုမေ ၉)
မဆက်စပ် ကု
ဍုင်မန်ဟံသာဝတဳ မဒးဒုင်ပလီု ဂကူမန် မဒးဒုင်စံင်ယဇ် မဒးဒုင်ဂစိုတ်ပဠက်ဂကူ ကဵုသၟိင်ဗၟာ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ်ဍုင် ၁၁၁၉ ဂိတုပသာ် (၈) စွေက်၊၊
စၟတ်သမ္တီ တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု	


ဗီုဂတာပ်လိက် ဂျာနေဝ်တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံ၊၊ မဒှ်ဗီု ကောန်ဂကူမန်တအ် ကလေင်ဇက်လုပ် နန်ဍုင်ဗဂေါ နကဵုအလာံခေတ်တၟိ၊ နမရန်တၟအ် မန်ကလေင်ဒက်ပ္တန် ဍုင်မန်တၟိ၊၊
တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု မကၠောန်ဗဒှ် နဒဒှ် ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ညးဍုင်ကွာန်ဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၇ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် (၂၅၀) သၞာံဂှ် ဟီုဂွံရ၊၊ ကၠာနူဏအ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုတိဍာ်ဗၠးၜး ဒၞာဲဒေသ ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ မအုပ်ဓုပ်ဂှ် နကဵုအခန်ကၞာ ဟီုတွဟ် ကေင်ကၠောန်လဝ် ညိညကီုရ၊၊ တုဲပၠန် အခိင်ကာလ ဂကူမန်တအ် မအာစိုပ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် နကဵုအစဳအဇန် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ မဖျေဟ်ဒၞာဲ ကုညးမဒှ်ဒဒိုက်တုဲ ဂကူမန် ပ္ဍဲအမေရိကာန်တအ် စတမ်နူ သၞာံ ၁၉၉၄ နကဵုအစဳအဇန် ထ္ၜးဆန္ဒ ဂတရုင်ကလုတ်ဗၟာ ဇၟာပ်ပ်သၞာံရ၊၊ ဗွဲကြဴ နူဂှ်ညိ ၜိုတ်သၞာံ ၂၀၀၀ ဂှ် ဂကူမန်တအ် ပါဲနူကဵု ရးအမေရိက ကဵု ရးအဝ်သတြေလျာတုဲ စိုပ်အာ သီုကဵု ရးယူရောပ်တအ်ကီုရ၊၊ မန်ဒေသအလုံလိုက် (အမေရိက၊ အဝ်သတြေလျ၊ ယူရောပ်) တအ် ပံင်ကောံတုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန် ဂကောံပံင်ကောံမန်ဍုင်သအာင် မွဲရ၊၊ နကဵုဂကောံဏအ် ပံင်တောဲ ကုမန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မန် ဗွဲတၟေင် ဂကောံသၟတ်မန်လညာတ်တၟိ၊ ညးတာလျိုင် ပရေင်စန်ဒက် ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ (ဗွဲတၟေင် နာဲအံင်မ္ၚဵု) တုဲ သၠုင်ပတိုန် အသိင် ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဂကူမန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မန်တေအ်ရ၊၊ မန်ဍုင်သအာင်ဂှ် ပ္တိတ်ကဵုသြန်ခရိတ် ကေုာံ လညာတ်တုဲ မၞိဟ်မဗမံက်ရုပ်ရဴကမၠောန်ဂှ် ကောန်ဂကောံ ဂကောံသၟတ်မန်လညာတ်တၟိ ကေုာံ နာဲအံင်မ္ၚဵု မဒှ်မၞိဟ်မပၠတရဴရ၊၊

လညာတ်မ္ဂး ＂ကမၠောန် ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်မန် ညံင်ဂွံစိုပ် ပ္ဍဲညးဍုင်ကွာန်မန်＂ ဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် နူပရေင်ပံင်ကောံ အကြာမန် မစိုပ်ဍုင်သအာင် ကေုာံ ဂကောံသၟတ်မန်တအ်ရ၊၊ နကဵုလညာတ်ဂှ် ရုပ်ရဴကမၠောန် ညံင်ဂွံမံက်ဂှ် ညာတ်ကေတ် ပ္ဍဲမန်

တ္ၚဲကောန်ဂကူမန် မဒှ်တ္ၚဲ ပ္တန်ဍုင်၊
တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု မဒှ်တ္ၚဲ မန်ဒးကျဟောံဗြမ်ဍုင် မဒးဒုင်ဂစိုတ်ပဠက်ဂကူ ကုဗၟာ၊
တ္ၚဲပၠန်ဂတး မဒှ်တ္ၚဲ ကောန်ဂကူမန် ဂစာန်တဝ်စၞေဟ် သွက်ဗၠးၜးဂကူမန်၊
တ္ၚဲပိဝွံ စွံအာရီုတုဲ ဒးကၠောန်အာရောင်၊၊ ကၠောန်ပၠန်ရ သ္ဒးဒှ် နကဵု ဗီုပြင်ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ကောန်ဂကူဂှ် ဒးကၠောန်ရောင်၊၊ တ္ၚဲကောန်ဂကူမန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒၟံင် တ္ၚဲပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် အလုံဂကူမန်မွဲ တုဲဒၟံင်ရ၊၊ သှ်ေဒၟံင် တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ကဵု တ္ၚဲပၠန်ဂတး ရ၊၊ တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီုဂှ် မၞိဟ်တီအောန်တုဲ လဆောဝ်မ္ဂး ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ ကၠောန်ဒၟံင် သဘင်ဟီုတွဟ်ညိည ကဵု ဂကူမန် မစိုပ်အမေရိကာန်တအ် အာထ္ၜးဆန္ဒ ပ္ဍဲဂတမုက် ရုင်ကလုတ်ဍုင်ဗၟာရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ရဲတၠအဝဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် ကၟာတ်လဝ် အခေါင်ပရိုင် ဗွဲမတေင်ဂြတ်ကီုလေဝ် ဇၟာပ်ပ်သၞာံ နူကဵုဌာနရေဒဳယော RFA ဘာသာဗၟာ နူကဵု ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ဗလးကဵုဒၟံင်ပရိုင် မန်ပ္ဍဲအမေရိကာန် ထ္ၜးဆန္ဒ ဂတမုက်ရုင်ကလုတ်ဗၟာ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီုဂှ်တုဲ ယၟု ကေုာံ စၟတ်တ္ၚဲဂှ် ဂကူမန်တအ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် တီကေတ်ဒၟံင်အိုတ်ကီုရ၊၊ ညံင်ဂွံဒှ် နကဵုပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ညးဍုင်ကွာန်၊ ညးဍုင်ကွာန်ဂွံတီ ပရူဟံသာဝတဳဂှ် ချပ်ဂၞန် ရေင်သကအ်ဂှ်

ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုဂကူမန် မဒးဒုင်စံင်လဝ်ယဇ် မဒးဒုင်ဂစိုတ်ပဠက်လဝ်ဂကူတုဲ သ္ဒးဖန်ဇန်အာ ညံင်ဂွံကိတ်ညဳ ကုအခိုက်ကၞာဂကူမန်၊၊
နကဵုအကာဲအရာလဵုဒှ်ဒှ် ဗွဲမဗၠးဒုဟ် ဗၠးရာ ကုတၠအဝဵုဗၟာဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် ဂွံကၠောန်အာဂွံဂှ် သ္ဒးဖန်ရောင်၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် အခေါင်ညးဍုင်ကွာန် ကောံရေင်သကအ် ဟွံမဲ၊၊
ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုတင်ဗွဲလတူတအ်တုဲ ချပ်ရေင်သကအ်ဂှ် နာဲဗဳထဝ် မန်ဇြာ နူဒိန်မက် ပတိုန်လညာတ် ＂ဆဝ်မ္ၚုဟ် ဂကူမန် ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု မဒှ် တ္ၚဲသဳ ပသာ်ဒစာံစွေက်ဂှ် ရန်တၟအ်ကဵု ဇုဇဗဴလပိုယ် မဒးဒုင်ဂစိုတ် ပဠက်ဂကူ၊ မဒးဒုင်စံင်ယဇ်ဂှ်တုဲ ကောံရေင်သကအ် အာဇရေင်ကျာ်တုဲ ဍေန်ပၞာင်၊ အတိုင်အခိုက်မန် သွက်ညးမစုတိတအ်ဂှ် ညးထောအ်ဇၞောဝ်ဂှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဂှ် ကၠောန်ဇၞောဝ်တုဲ ပူဇဴကျာ်ရ၊၊ ကၠောန်ဗီုဏအ်မ္ဂး နကဵုအလဵုအသဳ ကၟာတ်လဒဵုဟွံဂွံ ပဒုဟ် လတူညးဍုင်ကွာန် ဟွံဂွံရ၊၊ တုဲပၠန် ညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ်လေဝ် ဂွံတီကေတ် ပရူတ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီုမာန်ရ၊၊＂

နကဵုကသပ်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုင် တုပ်စိုတ်တုဲ ဖျေဟ်အစဳအဇန်ကမၠောန် ညံင်ဂွံစကၠောန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၆ မဒှ် တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် ၂၄၉ သၞာံ၊၊ ကေတ်အသိင် ပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံတုဲ သွက်သၞာံဂတ မပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံဂှ်မ္ဂး ညံင်ဂွံဒှ် ဒေသဇဳဇဳ သီုကဵု ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗဂေါ လတူကျာ်မုဋ္ဌော (မုဟ်တဴ)ဂှ် ဖန်ဇန်ရောင်၊၊ အတိုင်မဖျေဟ်လဝ် အစဳအဇန်ဂှ် စဗၟံက်ရုပ်ရဴတုဲ တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု နကဵုဗီုပြင် ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ညးဍုင်ကွာန်မန် နမပူဇဴကျာ် နကဵုပၞာင်ဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၆ ဂှ်ရ၊၊ ဆဂး ဒေသဟွံဇဳရ၊၊

သွက်ဂွံဆဝ်မ္ၚုဟ် ဗၟံက်ရုပ်ရဴ သွက် မပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံဂှ် နူကဵု ဂကောံပံင်ကောံမန်ဍုင်သအာင် ဖျေဟ်လဝ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ဒးပံက် ဗော်သွးကမ္မတဳမကၠောန်ဗဒှ် တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီုပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံမွဲ နကဵုဂကောံနာနာရောင်၊၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵုကမ္မတဳဂှ် ညးစၞး နူဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ၊ ဂကောံညဳသၟဟ်ဂကူမန် (MUL)၊ ဂကောံမန် နယူဇြဳလာန်၊ ဂကောံမန်အဝ်သတေလျာ၊ ဂကောံမန်မလေရှာ၊ ဂကောံမန်ပံင်ကောံ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် (ဗော်ကလေင်ဒက်ပတန်ဍုင်မည်)၊ ဂကောံမန်ခေနဒါ၊ ဂကောံမန် ရးယူရောပ်ဂမၠိုင် မပ္တံကဵု ဂကောံမန်ဒိန်မက်၊ ဂကောံမန်ဝှေန်လာန်၊ ဂကောံမန် နေတာလာန်၊ ဂကောံမန်နဝ်ဝေတအ် ပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲကမ္မတဳဂှ်ရ၊၊

နူကဵုကမ္မတဳဂှ် ဖျေဟ်လဝ် သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ကၠောန်ပ္တိတ်

ကဝးဒွက် တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံ၊၊ နာဲရတ်ရတ် မန်ဇြာ ညးမပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်အမေရိကာန် ကေတ်တာလျိုင် အဓိကတုဲ စန်ဒက် ဗၟံက်အာရုပ်ရဴကမၠောန်၊၊
လိက်ဂျာနေဝ် တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံ၊၊ နာဲဗဳထဝ် မန်ဇြာ ညးမပဒတဴ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဒိန်မက် ကေတ်တာလျိုင် အဓိကတုဲ စန်ဒက် ဗၟံက်အာ ရုပ်ရဴကမၠောန်၊၊ ဂျာနေဝ်ဂှ် တၠဂုဏ်အစာ ဣန္ဒလင်္ကာရ (ဘာကျာ်သြဳမန်)၊ တၠဂုဏ်အစာကေလာသ (တၠဂုဏ်သေံ) ဗိုင်ကၠောန်ကဵု ပ္ဍဲအရာ မဖျေဟ်ဒဳဇာင် ကေုာံ အရာတၞဟ်၊ နာဲတိုင်ပ္ကဴ နူကဵု ဂကောံသၟတ်မန်လညာတ်တၟိ ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မချဳဓရာင် ညံင်လိက်ဂွံစိုပ်စက်တုဲ ကောန်ဂကောံသၟတ်မန်လညာတ်တၟိ ကောန်တာလျိုင် ညံင်ဂွံစိုပ် တဲဂကူမန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မန်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ ဒေါအ်လဝ် ပန်ပှော် ကုတၠအဝဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာတုဲ တၞဟ်န ဂွံတြးလောဲသွာ ဟွံဂွံဒှ် အန္တရာဲ ကုညးမချဳဓရာင်တအ်တုဲ ဒုင်လဝ်ယၟု တြးပ္တိတ် နူကဵု ဌာနပရေင်စန်ဒက် (ဗဟဵု) ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ၊၊
ပလောအ်တဳရှာတ် မစုတ်လဝ် တဆိပ် တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံ၊ ဂကောံသၟတ်လညာတ်တၟိ ကေတ်တာလျိုင်တုဲ စန်ဒက် ဗၟံက်အာ ရုပ်ရဴကမၠောန်၊၊
ထိုင်ကၟာဲ (ဟွံဒှ်ပတိတ်)
ဝဳဇြဳဒဳ နာဲလျးရတ် (ဂင်ယင်) ကေတ်တာလျိုင် အဓိကတုဲ စန်ဒက်ဗၟံက်အာရုပ်ရဴကမၠောန်၊၊
အရာတအ် သီုဖအိုတ် ညံင်ဂွံဒှ်တိတ် ကၠာဟွံစိုပ် တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံရ၊၊

တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံ	
အတိုင် ဗော်သွးကမ္မတဳမကၠောန်ဗဒှ် တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံ မရန်တၟအ်လဝ် သွက်ဂွံ ဗၟံက်ရုပ်ရဴကမၠောန်ဂှ် နာဲအံင်မ္ၚဵု နူဌာနစန်ဒက်ဗဟဵု ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ ကေုာံ ဂကောံသၟတ်မန်လညာတ်တၟိ (MYPO) ပံင်ကောံ ကုဂကောံသင်သၟတ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မန်တုဲ ဗၟံက်အာရုပ်ရဴရ၊၊ သင်သၟတ် ကေုာံ ဂကောံသၟတ် နူဒေသနာနာ ပ္ဍဲဒေသညးကဵုညး ဗၟံက်ရုပ်ရဴကမၠောန် နကဵုမဍေန်ပၞာင် ရာဒၞာမံက် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကျာ်စေတဳတအ်ရ၊၊

ဍုင်ဗဂေါ	
ဂကောံသၟတ်မန်တအ် ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲပသာ် (၈) စွေက်ဂှ် ပြာပ်အာ ဒၞာဲအာဲကၟာဲဂကူမန်တြေံ ပ္ဍဲလတူဍုင်ဗဂေါ မပ္တံ ဒၞာဲကျာ်ပန်၊ နန်၊ ကျာ်ၜိုပ်တုဲ ပၠးပ္တိတ်ယာတ် မချူလဝ်＂ပသာ် ၈ စွေက် တ္ၚဲဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံ ဍုင်ဗဂေါ＂ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်သဝ်တ္ၚဲဂှ် ခမဳသင် ကေုာံ ကောန်ဂကူမန် လတူဗဂေါ ၜိုတ် ၂၀၀ဂှ် ကောံအာ ဇရေင်ကျာ်မုဟ်တဴ သွက်ဂွံဍေန်ပၞာင် ပူဇဴကျာ် နကဵုမဗဒှ်မလိက် တ္ၚဲဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံရ၊၊ တုဲဂှ် ဖဍောတ်လ္ၚောဝ်ကျာ် ရာဒၞာဖျေဟ်မေတ္တာ ကုဂကူမန် မဒးဒုင်ဂစိုတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဍုင်လီုတေအ်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် ညးသၟိင်တၠဗၟာတအ် ပြာပ်ကၠုင်တုဲ စၟဳစၟတ်ကီုလေဝ် ဟိုတ်နူမဒှ်ကမၠောန် မဍေန်ပၞာင် ပူဇဴကျာ်တုဲ ဍေဟ်တအ် ကေတ်ဒုဟ်ဟွံဂွံ၊ ကောန်ဂကူမန် လတူဍုင်ဗဂေါတအ် ဆက်ကၠောန်အာ ဗွဲမအံင်ဇၞးရ၊၊

ဒဵုမာဲ၊ ဆက်တဲ	
သင်သၟတ် ကေုာံ ဂကောံသၟတ်ဒေသ ဒဵုမာဲဆက်တဲ ပံင်ကောံတုဲ ကၠောန်သီုမလိက်လက္ကရဴတုဲ ဟီုဂး ပရူဝင်ဟံသာဝတဳ၊ ဗှ်လိက်လလောင်တြး ပူဇဴကျာ် နကဵုပၞာင် သီုမဂေတ်ကျာ်ရ၊၊

ကွာန်အၜေတ်	
ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ၜေတ်ဂှ် သင်သၟတ် ကေုာံ ဂကောံသၟတ်တအ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲဘာလကျာ် ဟီုဂး ပရူဝင်ဟံသာဝတဳ၊ ဗှ်လိက်လလောင်တြးလတူဘာတုဲ စှ်အာ ဇရေင်ကျာ်တုဲ နကဵုပ္ကဴ ကေုာံပၞာင်တုဲ ဂေတ်ကျာ်တုဲ ပူဇဴကျာ်ရ၊၊

ကၟာဝက် ကျာ်ဇြာ	
ဂကောံဗ္တောန်လိက်ပတ်မန် ကေုာံ ယေန်သၞာင်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ကေုာံ ဂကောံသၟတ်တအ် ပံင်ကောံတုဲ ကွာန်မန် ပ္ဍဲပွိုင်ဍုင်မုဟ်ဍုင် စှ်မွဲကွာန် ကောံကၠုင် ဇရေင်ကျာ်ဇြာ ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ကၟာဝက်တုဲ ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳ ပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံရ၊၊ မၞိဟ်နူကွာန်တၞဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ညးတအ်လေဝ် ညးတအ်ကၠောန်လဝ်ကီုတုဲ ကောံကၠုင် ဇရေင်ကျာ်ဇြာ နဒဒှ် ဒၞာဲဒတန်ဗဟဵုရ၊၊ တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံ မကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မန်မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲဇရေင်ကျာ်ဇြာဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဂၠိုင်အိုတ် ဇၞော်အိုတ်ရ၊၊

ဒေသတၞဟ်ဟ်	
ပါဲနူ ပ္ဍဲပွိုင်ဍုင်မုဟ်ဍုင် ကေုာံ ဍုင်ဗဂေါတုဲ ဒေသတကအ်ခၟိုင်၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ရေဝ်၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ကျာ်မြဟ်၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်မတ်မလီုလေဝ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်လဝ် မဂၠိုင်ကဵုဒၞာဲရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်နူမကၠောန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲတကအ်ခၟိုင်ဂှ်တုဲ တ္ၚဲယးဂတဂှ် ဗၠာဲသၟိင်ဗၟာ ကၠုင်စၟဳစၟတ် သီုဘပဠဏာ နကဵုဒုဟ် မဆက်ဆောံ ကုဍုင်သအာင်ရ၊၊

ဍုင်သေံ	
ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဝင်ကဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲ Songkhlalia River Hut and Resort ပ္ဍဲဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်သၟာပၠန်ဂတးမန် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တိုန်စိုပ်ရ၊၊ တုဲဂှ် မၞိဟ်တအ် ကောံအာ ဇရေင်ကျာ်သာမ်သုက်တုဲ ပူဇဴကျာ် နကဵုပၞာင် ကေုာံ က္ဍိုင်ဇၞောဝ်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်က္ၜင်ကံက်၊ မာဲဆံက်လေဝ် နကဵုအစဳအဇန် ခန်ကၞာကၠောန်ဗဒှ်လဝ်ကီုရ၊၊

ဍုင်သအာင်	

(နူပုင် ပ္ဍဲဗီု) နာဲမဂ္ဂါမန်၊ Broddi Siguroarson, တၠဂုဏ်ရတ်တ် မန်ဇြာ အဃောမအာဆဵု ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် ၂၅၀သၞာံ ပ္ဍဲရုင်ဇၞော်ကုလသမဂ္ဂ၊၊ နူကဵုကောံဓရီုဏအ် ဂကူမန် ဒှ်အာ ဂကောံထာဝရ ပ္ဍဲကုလသမဂ္ဂ မဆေင်ကဵု ဂကူရးတၟံ၊၊[၄]
ရန်တၟအ် ကဵုတ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် (၂၅၀) သၞာံ ကေုာံ ဂကူမန် ဂွံတိတ်ဗၠး နူဘဝဍိက်တုဲ နူကဵု ဗော်ကလေင်ဒက်ပတန်ဍုင်မန် ကောန်ဂကူမန် (၅၇)တၠ အာထ္ၜးဆန္ဒ ဂတမုက် ရုင်ဇၞော်ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်နယူယျံက်၊၊ နာဲမဂ္ဂါမန် (ညးအုပ်ကာ ဗော်ကလေင်ဒက်ပ္တန်ဍုင်မန်)၊ မိပ္ကဴရတ် (ဒုဥက္ကဌ ဂကောံညးဗြဴမန် ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်)၊ တၠဂုဏ်ရတ်တ်မန်ဇြာ ညးပိဝွံ အာဆဵုဂဗ ကုညးတာလျိုင် ဂကောံကုလသမဂ္ဂ မၞုံယၟု Broddi Siguroarson (Division for Social Policy and Development, Department of Economic and Social Affairs) Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.United Nations၊ သ္ဂောအ်ဓရီု ကိစ္စဂကူမန် ဗၞတ် (၅၀) မိနေတ်ဂှ် နူကဵုညးစၞးဂှ် ကဵုကသပ် ဂကူမန် ညံင်ဂွံပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံ Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues မာန်ဂှ် ပတိုန်အာတ်မိက်ညိ၊ ဒှ်ကောန်ဂကောံတုဲ နူကဵုညးစၞး ဂကောံမန် သွက်ဂွံတိုန်စိုပ် ကောံဓရီုဂှ်တုဲ ပတိုန်ထ္ၜး ပရူဂကူမန် ပ္ဍဲကောံဓရီုဂှ်ဂွံရ၊၊ စနူကဵုဂှ် ဂကူမန် ဂွံပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံထာဝရ ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဂကူရးတၞံ ပ္ဍဲကုလသမဂ္ဂဂှ်တုဲ အလာံမန်ဂှ်လေဝ် ညးစုတ်လဝ်ကဵု မွဲကီုရ၊၊ ဇၟာပ်ပ်သၞာံ မန်အာတိုန်ဒၟံင် ကောံဓရီု ပ္ဍဲကုလသမဂ္ဂ မဆေင်ကဵု ဂကူရးတၟမ်တအ်ရ၊၊

ပါဲနူဂှ်တုဲ နူကဵု ကမ္မတဳမကၠောန်ဗဒှ် တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု ပေင် ၂၅၀ သၞာံ ချူလဝ်လိက် သွက်ဂွံဗစိုပ် ဇရေင်ညးအုပ်ကာနာနာ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဗေန်ကဳမုန် (Mr. Ban Ki Moon, Secretary General)ဂှ်လေဝ် ဂွံကဵုဗစိုပ်ကီုရ၊၊ ကောန်မန် (၉) တၠဂှ် အာထ္ၜးဆန္ဒ ဂတရုင်ကလုတ်ဗၟာ ပ္ဍဲဝတ်ယှေန်ဒါန် ဒဳဇြဳ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲဘာလကျာ်မန်တအ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်သဘင် နကဵုအစဳအဇန် မဍေန်ပၞာင် ရာဒနာ ဇိုန်ပိုန် ကုဂကူမန် မဒးဒုင်ဂစိုတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကျဍုင်တေအ်ကီုရ၊၊

ဍုင်အဝ်သတြေလျာ၊ ဍုင်ဒိန်မက်၊ နာဲနေတာလန်၊ ကေုာံ ဍုင်တၞဟ်ဟ်တအ်လေဝ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် စၟတ်သမ္တီ တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီု နကဵုအစဳအဇန် မဍေန်ပၞာင် ဟီုတွဟ် ပရူဝင်မန် ကေုာံ အကာဲအရာ ဘဝဂကူမန် တ္ၚဲဏအ်အိုတ်ကီုရ၊၊

HFD-Bago.jpg
ဝင် စတုတ္ထ ဟံသာဝတဳ	

တတိယ ဟံသာဝတဳလီု	
သၟိင်ဗၟာ တပေန်သောဲထဳ ကၠုင်ဗတိုက် ပၠံင်ကေတ် ဍုင်မန်ဟံသာဝတဳ နူသၟိင်ဒကာရတ်ပိ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ၉၀၁ ဂှ်တုဲ တၞောဝ်ဨကရာဇ်မန် ပ္ဍဲဟံသာဝတဳ ပိုတ်အာရ၊၊ ကျာ်ဇၞော်ဓမ္မရာမ မၞုံပိုန် ဘာအသောကရာမ်ဂှ် ပအပ်ကွးဇကု မၞုံယၟု သၟိင်ဍောတ် ကုတပေန်သောဲထဳ၊ သၟိင်ဍောတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ကောန်သၟိင်စဍုင်ဒသေတ်ရ၊၊ ခြာဟွံလအ် ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ၉၁၂ ဂိတုပသာ် ၁ စွေက် တ္ၚဲဗုဒ္ဓဝါဂှ် သၟိင်ဍောတ်ဂစိုတ်ကၠေအ် တပေန်သောဲထဳတုဲ ပိုင်ပြဳ ဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳရ၊၊ ဆဂး သၟိင်ဍောတ် ဂွံပိုင်ဍုင် ၜါဂိတုလပါ် သၟိင်ဓဝ်ဇုက်လလဳ ကလေင်ဂစိုတ်ကၠေအ်ပၠန်တုဲ သၟိင်ဓဝ် တိုန်ပသၟိင်ပၠန်ရ၊၊ သၟိင်ဓဝ်ဇုက်လလဳဂှ် ဒှ်ကောန်သၟိင်ဗညာရာံစေဝ် (၈၅၃-၈၈၈) မဒှ်ကောန်စဴ သၟိင်ဓမ္မစေတဳရ၊၊

ဂတဂှ် ခြာဟွံလအ် ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ၉၁၃ ဂိတုစဲ ၃ စွေက် တ္ၚဲသ္ၚိသဝ် ကြဴနူသၟိင်ဗၟာဘုရင်နံင် ကလိဂွံဇမၞး သရေခေတ္တရာတုဲ စိုပ်ကၠုင် ဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳရ၊၊ သၟိင်ဗၟာ ဘုရင်နံင် ကဵု သၟိင်မန် သၟိင်ဓဝ်ဇုက်လလဳ ပြိုင်ဗဇဵုစိင် ဂြင်စိင် သၟိင်ဘုရင်နံင်ကဝ်၊ သၟိင်ဘုရင်နံင်လေဝ် ဒးဂိသကေဝ်အာ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ကီုလေဝ် ဟိုတ်နူဗိုလ်လဗး ဘုရင်နံင်ဂၠိုင် မလုပ်သီဍုင်တုဲ သၟိင်ဓဝ်ဇုက်လလဳ ဒးဒဴလုပ်အာဂြိုပ်ရ၊၊ ဍုင်မန်ဟံသာဝတဳဂှ် ကလေင်စိုပ်အာ သၟဝ်တဲဗၟာပၠန်ရ၊၊ စိုပ်သက္ကရာဇ် ၉၁၉ ဂိတုမြေက္ကသိုရ်ဂှ် သၟိင်ဓဝ်ဇုက်လလဳ ဒးဒုင်ရပ်တုဲ စဵုကဵုစဴသွဝ် ဟွံပင်တဲလ္ၚောဝ် ဘုရင်နံင်ရ၊၊

ဍုင်ဗဂေါဟံသာဝတဳဂှ် လဆောဝ် ဒှ်ဍုင်ရာဇာဌာနဳ၊ လဆောဝ် ဒှ်ဍုင်သၟဝ်အင်ဝ ဆဂး နူဘုရင်နံင် မသီဂွံတုဲဂှ် ဒးမံင်ကၠုင် သၟဝ်ဗၟာရ၊၊ စိုပ်လက်ထက် သၟိင်ဗၟာဓမ္မရာဇာဓိပတိဂှ် ဗၟာတအ် ပၠံင်နန် ရေင်သကအ်တုဲ ဍုင်ကွာန်ဟွံၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်၊ ဂကူသေံတအ်လေဝ် ကတဵုသပုန် တဝ်စၞေဟ် ကဵုဗၟာရ၊၊

စတုတ္ထ ဟံသာဝတဳတန်	
ပ္ဍဲဗဂေါဟံသာဝတဳဂှ် သၟိင်စဍုင်ဗၟာ နာဲသာအံင်ဂှ် စနူကဵု သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၁၀၂ ဂိတုဇှ်ေပေင် တ္ၚဲဗြဴဗတိဂှ် ဂစိုတ်ထောအ် မၞိဟ်ဟွံမိက် ပုန်ကဵု အင်ဝတုဲ လလောင်တြး ဍုင်ဗၠးၜးမွဲရ၊၊ မန်တအ်လေဝ် ချပ်ဒၟံင် ညံင်ဂွံဗၠးၜး နူဗၟာတွဵုတုဲ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် ဂွံအခေါင်ခိုဟ် ဂစိုတ်ထောအ် နာဲသာအံင် ရ၊၊ နာဲသာအံင် ချိုတ်အာတုဲ သၟိင်ဗၟာဗလးနင် မင်ရာဲအံင်နာင် သီုကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန် ဗွဲမဇၞော် ကၠုင်ဗတိုက်တုဲ မန်တအ် ဒးမံင်အာ သၟဝ်ဗၟာပၠန်ရ၊၊ ဆဂး မန်တအ် ပံင်ကဵု သၟိင်ဓဝ်ဗုဒ္ဓကေသဳတုဲ ကလေင်ဂစိုတ်ထောအ် မင်ရာဲအံင်နာင်ပၠန်ရ၊၊ သၟိင်ဓဝ်ဗုဒ္ဓကေသဳဂှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်ဂကူဗၟာ ဆဂး ဒှ်မၞိဟ် ဟွံမိက်မံင် သၟဝ်အဝဵုသြဇာအင်ဝရ၊၊

သၟိင်ဓဝ်ဗုဒ္ဓကေသဳ ဂွံပိုင်ဍုင် ဗၞတ် ၆ သၞာံ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်မအာဝေင်ဂြိုပ် ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ၁၁၀၈ ဂိတုမာဃ် ၁၂ မံက် တ္ၚဲအဒိုက်ဂှ် နာဲစရင်ခိုင် ညးမဒှ်ဂကူဗၟာပၠန် သီကေတ် အဝဵုဍုင်ဗဂေါဟံသာဝတဳပၠန်ရ၊၊ ဆဂး မန်တအ် ကလေင်ဖျေဟ်ထောအ် နာဲစရင်ခိုင် နူဒဒှ် ဨကရာဇ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဖဝ်ရဂိုန် ၄ မံက် တ္ၚဲဗုဒ္ဓဝါဂှ် မန်တအ် ခပတိုန် မဟာသေနာပတိ ဗညာဒလ နဒဒှ် ဨကရာဇ်ဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳရ၊၊ ဗညာဒလဂှ် ကာလမတိုန်နန်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံယၟု ဗြမိုင်ဓိရာဇာနာဓိပ္ပတိ၊၊ ဆဂး ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲလိက်ခၞိင် မဒှ်လိက်ဒေအ်ညး (ဥပ္ပရာဇာ) မချူလဝ် နကဵုယၟု မဟာသေနာပတိရာဇ်၊ ဟိုတ်မဒှ်လဝ် သကိုပ်ပၞာန်တုဲ ညးဂမၠိုင်တီလဝ် ဗညာဒလ ဂှ်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵုလိက်ဝင်မ္ဂး တၠညးဗညာဒလ မြဴသာ်ဝွံ ချူစဂၠိုင်ရ၊၊ နူစ သၟိင်ဗၟာ ဘုရင်နံင် မလုပ်သီကေတ် ဍုင်မန်ဟံသာဝတဳ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ၉၁၃ တေအ်တုဲ လုကဴ ပွိုင် ၁၉၅ သၞာံဂှ် ဍုင်ဗဂေါ ဒးမံင်လဝ် သၟဝ်ဗၟာဂှ် စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၁၀၈ ဂှ် အဝဵုသြဇာဍုင် ကလေင်စိုပ် တဲဂကူမန်ပၠန်ရ၊၊ အလန်ဝွံ ဒှ်အလန်မန် ကလေင်ဒက်ပ္တန် ဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳ အလန်စတုတ္ထ ရ၊၊

ဟံသာဝတဳ သီအင်ဝ	
ဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳ မဒှ်ဍုင်ဗၠးၜးမွဲဂှ် နကဵုသၟိင်ဗၟာအင်ဝ ဟွံဒးဂၞပ်လးလးရ၊၊ ညးဗလးနင် သွက်ဂွံဗတိုက် ကဵုမန် မဂၠိုင်ကဵုအလန်ရ၊၊ စိုပ် သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၁၁၂ ဂှ် ဥပ္ပရာဇာ အာဗတိုက် ပၞာန်ဗၟာ စိုပ်အာ စဵုကဵု မြစ်ဆုံ၊ ဗၟာစိုပ်ကရေပ်တုဲ သကိုပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ သတိုးမင်းခေါင် အာတ်မိက် သွက်ဂွံဒက်ပ္တန် ဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံတုဲ တုပ်စိုတ် ရေင်သကအ် အတိုင်ပယျဵုတိ သၟိင်မန် တၠညးရာဇာဓိရာဇ် ကေုာံ သၟိင်ဗၟာ တၠညးဖရင်မင်ဂံင် မစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ဗွဲပလိုတ်ၜဳဨရာဝတဳမ္ဂး တၟအ်ဗ္ဒင်ရမ္မဂှ် ပပယျဵုတုဲ လပါ်လတူ ဒှ်ရးဗၟာ၊ လပါ်သၟဝ် ဒှ်ရးမန်၊၊ ဗွဲဗမံက်ၜဳဨရာဝတဳမ္ဂး ကြုင်လှာဗ္ၚဂှ် ပပယျဵုတုဲ ကြုင်လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာ ဒှ်တိရးဍုင်ဗၟာ၊ ကြုင်လပါ်သၠုင်ကျာ ဒှ်တိရးဍုင်မန်ရ၊၊ ပါဲနူဂှ် တၞဟ်နမဂွံရီုဗင် ကမၠောန်ဇၞော်မောဝ်သာသနာကျာ်တုဲ ဗၟာတအ် ဗလးကဵု တၠပညာ မဒါတ်ထဝ် ငဥူ ကေုာံ ကောန်ရဲ ၜါစှော်တၠ ရ၊၊

ဆဂး ငဥူဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် မကၠတ်လ္ၚတ် အကာဲအရာ ပရူဍုင်မန်တုဲ ညးကဵုဒုဟ်ဒဏ် အမိင်ဂစိုတ်ရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်နူဂှ်တုဲ သၟိင်ဗၟာအင်ဝ ဗလးနင် မင်းရဲကျော်ခေါင် သွက်ဂွံ ကၠုင်ဗတိုက် ဝေင်ပၞာန်ကဵုမန်ပၠန်ရ၊၊ မွဲလပါ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဟံသာဝတဳ ဒက်မိတ် ကုသကိုပ်က္ၜင်ပြင်သေတ် သဳခွာဒဳပရူနဝ် (Sieur de Bruno) တုဲ နူကဵုမန် ကဵုဒၞာဲဂအာင်တိ ကုပြင်သေတ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သြေင် မဒှ်ဍုင်ဗၞိက်တုဲ နူကဵုပြင်သေတ်ဂှ် ကဵုမန် အမၠံက်ပါင်စှ်ဒစာံ ၆ ဒကိုအ်၊ သေနာတ် ပိပန်ကၠံရ၊၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန်မန် ဇက်တိုန်အာ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၁၁၃ ဂိတုခ္ဍဲသဳ ၅ မံက်ဂှ် သီဂွံ ယှိုဲပံင်လံင်၊ ခ္ဍဲသဳ ၁၀စွေက်ဂှ် သီဂွံ ညောင်လှ၊ မြေက္ကသိုရ် ၈ မံက်ဂှ် ဂွံဇမၞးကေတ် ဒပ်ဗၟာ ခေန်ဥူ၊ မြေက္ကသိုရ် ၅ စွေက်ဂှ် သီဂွံ ငါသောက်၊ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံဂှ်အိုတ်ဂှ် သီဂွံအာ ဍုင်ကြံက်သေဝ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၁၁၃ ဂိတုစဲ ၉မံက် တ္ၚဲဗြဴဗတိဂှ် မန်သီဂွံအာ ဍုင်အင်ဝရ၊၊

စတုတ္ထဟံသာဝတဳလီု	

လိက် သၟိင်ဗၟာအံင်ဇေယျ မချူလဝ် ပ္ဍဲအမၠံက် မြတဗူ၊ ((၁) သံလျှင်ရ မြတဗူ --။(၂) ကုဓရမ်ုကြီး(၃-၅) သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၁၁၉ ခု ကဆုလပြည်ကျော် ၆ ရက် ညတချက်တိကျော် ဟံသာဝတီမဟာသတ္တြု သေဒ) မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် အဗၠံက်မြတဗူ မသီဂွံ နူဍုင်သြေင်။ ဗြဲဇၞော်ကုဓရ။ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၁၁၉ ပသာ် ၆ စွေက် (9 May 1757)[၅]အခိင်ဗတံ လုပ်သီ ဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳ မဒှ်ဍုင်မဟာသၞသတြု(ဗၟာ)။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ တ္ၚဲဟံသာဝတဳလီုဂှ် သ္ဒးဒှ် တ္ၚဲကြဴနူပသာ် (၆) စွေက်ဂှ် ဟီုမာန်ရ။
ဒပ်ပၞာန်မန် သီဂွံအာ ဍုင်အင်ဝတုဲ သၟိင်စဍုင်ဝုတ်ဒိုဟ်ဂမၠိုင် ကၠုင်ဒုင်သစာ ကုဟံသာဝတဳရ၊၊ မၞိဟ်မိက်ဂွံတဝ်စၞေဟ် ကုမန် ဗီုကဵု ကောန်သၟိင်အင်ဝတြေံဂှ်ကီု သရာဲပၞာန်ဗၟာတြေံကီု အာကောံဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်မုက်ဆဝ်ပေါဝ် ဖအိုတ်ရ၊၊ မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်ကွာန်မုက်ဆဝ်ပေါဝ် ဥူအံင်ဇေယျဂှ် ဟွံကၠုင် ဒုင်သစာ ကုဟံသာဝတဳရ၊၊ ကာလဒပ်မန် သိဒ္ဓိဟံသာ ပြာပ်စိုပ်အာ ကွာန်မုက်ဆဝ်ပေါဝ်ဂှ် ကွာန်မုက်ဆဝ်ပေါဝ်ဂှ် ပခိုင်လဝ် ကၟာင်ဒပ် ဗွဲမခိုင်တုဲတုဲရ၊၊ တုဲပၠန် ကေတ်မာန် နကဵုပြယာဲတုဲ လၞိန်ဗပိန် ဒပ်မန်သိဒ္ဓိဟံသာမာန်အာရ၊၊ သကိုပ်ပၞာန်တၠဗာန် အာဗတိုက် ဂၠိုင်ကဵုအလန်ကီုလေဝ် ဒးကျစဴကၠုင်ရ၊၊ ကောန်ပၞာန်ဇကု ညးမဒှ်ဂကူဗၟာတအ်ဂှ် စိုပ်မုက်ပၞာန် ဟွံကဠင်အမိင်ဇကု ဒှ်အာ ကောန်ပၞာန်မုက်ဆဝ်ပေါဝ်ရ၊၊

မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် လပါ်ဗၟံက် ဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳ သၟိင်သေံလေဝ် ဘပဠကၠုင် ဟံသာဝတဳကီုရ၊၊ တၞဟ်နဂွံသၠာဲ ဗီုပြင် မုက်ပၞာန်တုဲ သကိုပ်ပၞာန်တၠဗာန်ဂှ် ကော်ဖျဴ ဟံသာဝတဳတုဲ စၞးဂှ် ပလံင်ဏာ သၟိင်အခေါန်ထဝ် ကေုာံ သကိုပ်ပၞာန်ဗညာအရိန္ဒမ ရ၊၊ နကဵုသကိုပ်ပၞာန် ဗညာအရိန္ဒမလေဝ် အာဗတိုက်ဒၟံင် ဒပ်မုက်ဆဝ်ပေါဝ် မဂၠိုင်ကဵုအလန်ကီုလေဝ် ကေတ်ဇၞး မုက်ဆဝ်ပေါဝ် ဟွံမာန်၊၊ ကြဴနူ မန်သီဂွံအင်ဝ ၜါသၞာံတုဲ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ၁၁၁၅ ဂှ် ဒပ်မုက်ဆဝ်ပေါဝ် သီဂွံအာ အင်ဝရ၊၊

ဒပ်မန် နူအင်ဝ ဒးစှ်ေဒုင်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲပြန်၊၊ နူကဵု ဟံသာဝတဳပၠန်တုန်လေဝ် ဂကောံမြုဝန်ဍုင်ဂမၠိုင် ချပ်ရေင်သကအ်တုဲ သွက်ဂွံကလေင်သီကေတ်အင်ဝ ဗွဲမပြဟ်မာန်ဂးတုဲ ဗလးဏာ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗွဲမဇၞော်ရ၊၊ ဆဂး အခိင်ဂှ် စိုပ်အာအခိင်ကၞောတ်သၞာံရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ပၞာန်မဇီုရေင်သကအ်ကွေဟ်ဟ်ဂှ် စိုပ်အာအခိင်ဗြဲရ၊၊ ဒြဟတ်ပၞာန်မန် ပၞာန်ဂၠုင်ဂှ် ဒးဘဲဗြဲကျာကီု ဘဲပၞာန်ကီုတုဲ ဒးလီုလာ် ကျသ္ၚောံဗြံအာရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်နူကျပၞာန် ပ္ဍဲအလန်ဏအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဒြဟတ်ဟံသာဝတဳ ဍိုန်လျစှ်ေအာ ဗွဲမလောန်ရ၊၊

ဒြဟတ်ပၞာန် အောန်စှ်ေဗက် ဂကူမန် မဟီုအရေဝ်ဗၟာတုဲ မဒုင်ပလဝ် ဂကူဗၟာ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မန်ဂမၠိုင် မပ္တံကဵု ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗဂေါ၊ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ပြန်တအ်ဂှ် ကတဵုသပုန်တုဲ ဒပ်ပၞာန်မန် ပ္ဍဲကဵုပြန်ဂှ် ဒးဒြေပ်တိတ် နူဍုင်ရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗဂေါဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ကလေင်ထိင်မာန်၊ သပုန်တအ်ဂှ် ဗက်ရပ်ထိင်မာန်ကီုလေဝ် ဍုင်ကွာန်ဓရံက်ဓရာ်အာရ၊၊ ဒေသမၞိဟ်မဟီုအရေဝ်ဗၟာဂၠိုင် ဗွဲတၟေင် ဒေသလတူဍုင်လ္ဂုင်တအ်ဂှ် အဓိကိုရ် ကောန်ဂကူ အကြာဂကူမန် ကဵု ဂကူဗၟာ ကတဵုဒှ်တုဲ ဂကူမန် နူဒေသတအ်ဂှ် ဒးဒြေပ်ဒဴစှ်ေကၠုင် လပါ်ဍုင်လ္ဂုင် ဍုင်ဗဂေါရ၊၊ အဝဵုသြဇာမန် ပ္ဍဲဒေသဂှ်လေဝ် အိုတ်အာရ၊၊

ညးဇၞော်ကွာန်မုက်ဆဝ်ပေါဝ် အံင်ဇေယျဂှ် ဂွိင်ဖေက် ဇကုဟွံကလိဂွံအဝဵုတုဲ ကောန်ဨကရာဇ်အင်ဝတြေံ မပၠဒၟံင်ဒပ် ကရောမ်ဇကုဂှ် ဇကုဂစိုတ်ထောအ်တုဲ ဇကုဂွံဒှ် ဨကရာဇ်သၟိင်ဗၟာရ၊၊ အခိင်ညးစိုပ် ဍုင်ပြန်ဂှ် ဂကူအာမေရဳယာန် ဂြဳဂေါရဳ အာဝေလ် (gregory Aves) အာခစညးရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူဒြဟတ်ပၞာန်မန်အောန်တုဲ ဂကူယူရောပ် အင်္ဂလိက် မန်မကဵုလဝ်ဒၞာဲ ပ္ဍဲမုဟ်တင်နာဂရာဇ် (ဟိုင်းကြီးကျွန်း)ဂှ်ကီု၊ ပြင်သေတ် မန်ကဵုလဝ်ဒၞာဲ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သြေင်ဂှ်ကီု ချပ်ကၠုင် သွက်ဂွံပံင်ကဵုဗၟာအိုတ်ရ၊၊ ညးဒြဟတ်ဇၞော်ၜါ ပြင်သေတ် ကဵု အင်္ဂလိက်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂကူသၞတမ်ကဝ်တုဲ ပြိုင်ပကာန်ဒၟံင် ရေင်သကအ်ရ၊၊ ညးတအ်သီုၜါဂှ် မိက်ဂွံဂွံဒၟံင် သီုဒၞာဲဖအိုတ်ရ၊၊ ဆဂး နကဵုမန် ညးလဵုမွဲလေဝ် ဟွံကဵုလဝ် ဒၞာဲဂၠိုင်င် ဇၞော်ဇၞော်ရ၊၊ ယဝ်ရကဵုမ္ဂး ဍေဟ်တအ် ကလေင်သီဇကုမာန်ဂှ် မန်တအ်တီလဝ် ဒှ်မာန်ရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ကဵုလဝ် ဒၞာဲသီုညးၜါတုဲ အကြာဒြဟတ်ၜါဂှ် ကလေင်ထိင်လဝ် အဝဵုသြဇာ ညးမွဲကုမွဲ ညံင်ဟွံဂွံဇၞော်တိုန်ရ၊၊

နကဵုအရီုအဗင် ဂြဳဂေါရဳတုဲ ကလုတ်ဗၟာအာဆဵုကဵု သကိုပ်ပၞာန်အင်္ဂလိက် ဟေန်ရဳဗရက် (Henry Brooke) မၞုံပ္ဍဲမုဟ်တင်နာဂရာဇ်မာန်ရ၊၊ အင်္ဂလိက်ကဵုဗၟာ တုပ်အာစိုတ် ရေင်သကအ် နကဵုအင်္ဂလိက် ကဵုအရီုအဗင် နကဵုဒြဟတ်ပၞာန်ကီု သီုကဵုဒြဟတ်လွဟ် ကုဗၟာ စဵုကဵုသီကေတ် ဍုင်မန်သီုဖအိုတ်မာန်ရ၊၊ ကာလသီဂွံတုဲမ္ဂး ဗၟာဒးကဵုအင်္ဂလိက် ဒၞာဲဗဒိုပ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင်၊ ပ္ဍဲမုဟ်တင်နာဂရာဇ်ဂှ်တုဲ ကုပြင်သေတ်ဂှ် ဒးထဍေင်ပ္တိတ် နူကဵုဒေသဂှ်ရ၊၊ ပြင်သေတ်လေဝ် ကၠတ်ဗလးဏာမၞိဟ် သွက်ဂွံပံင်ကဵု ဗၟာကီုရ၊၊ ဆဂး နကဵုအရီုအဗင်ပူဂိုလ်ဂှ် အံင်ဇေယျဒုင်တဲတုဲ နကဵုကမ္မဏဳ (ဝါ) နကဵုဂကူဂှ် အံင်ဇေယျ ဟွံဒုင်တဲရ၊၊

ပရေင်ပံင်တောဲ အကြာဗၟာ ကဵု အင်္ဂလိက် ညံင်ဂွံလီုဂှ် နကဵုနဲကလုတ်ကီု နကဵုနဲပၞာန်ကီု ၜိုန်ရ ဥပ္ပရာဇာ ဂစာန်ဂၠိုင်ကဵုနဲကီုလေဝ် နကဵုပူဂိုလ်သကိုပ်ပၞာန်အင်္ဂလိက်လ္ၚဵု ပါလုပ်ကၠုင် လပါ်မန်ကီုလေဝ် နကဵုဂကူအင်္ဂလိက်ဂှ် ဟွံပါလုပ်ကၠုင် လပါ်မန်ရ၊၊ 

ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဍုင်ကိစ္စဇၞော် သွက်ပၞာန်ဟွံသေင်၊ ဒှ်ဍုင် ဒၞာဲဒတန်ဓါတ်ကျာ်ရ၊၊ ဆဂး ဒပ်ပၞာန်အံင်ဇေယျ စၞးအာဗတိုက်သြေင်ဂှ် လုပ်ဖျေဟ်ထောအ်ဒပ်ဇကု ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ရ၊၊ ကျာ်စုလောဟ် (ဆူလေ)ကဵု ကျာ်လ္ဂုင်ဂှ် ပဒၞာဲဗဒိုပ်ဇကုရ၊၊ အတိုင်စၟတ်သမ္တီမ္ဂး အံင်ဇေယျ ဖျေဟ်ထောအ်က္ဍိုင်ကျာ်လ္ဂုင် မတ်မၞိက်ၚုဟ်က္ဍင်င်ဂှ် ကေတ်တုဲ ကဵုတၟာဲတဲ ကုအင်္ဂလိက် သွက်ဂွံဂွံလွဟ်ရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်နူဒပ်ဗၟာ မဖျေဟ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကျာ်တုဲ မန်ဟွံဂံင်ပန်တုဲ ဖအးထောအ်ဗၟာ နူလ္ဂုင် ဟွံမာန်ရ၊၊ ဗၟာ၊ အင်္ဂလိက် ကေုာံ သကိုပ်ပၞာန်ပြင်သေတ် ပံင်ကောံတုဲ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ၁၁၁၈ ဂိတုဒဂိုန် ၃ စွေက်ဂှ် လုပ်သီဂွံ ဍုင်သြေင်ရ၊၊ နူဂှ် ပၞာန်ဗၟာ၊ ပၞာန်အင်္ဂလိက်၊ ပၞာန်ပြင်သေတ် ဇက်ကၠုင်တုဲ ဗိုင်လဝ် ဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳရ၊၊ တၞဟ်နဂွံဗၜိုဟ်လလံပၞာန်တုဲ နကဵုခမဳသင်မန်၊ ခမဳသင်ဗၟာ၊ ခမဳသင်သေံ အာပညဳပညပ် ဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံကီုလေဝ် အံင်ဇေယျ ဟွံဒုင်တဲ၊၊ ယဝ်ရ ပအပ်ကဵု ကောန်ဝုတ်ဨကရာဇ်မန် မိဂုဏ် မ္ဂး နုက်ကဵုပၞာန်ရောင် ဟီုနင်ကီုလေဝ် ကာလကလိဂွံ ကောန်ဝုတ်ဨကရာဇ်တုဲလေဝ် ဟွံနုက်ပၞာန်၊၊ အလဵုဇကု ဨကရာဇ်ဟံသာဝတဳ တၠညးဗညာဒလ အာပညဳပညပ် ဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံဂှ် ရပ်ကၠေင်ထောအ် တၠညးဗညာဒလတုဲ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၁၁၉ ဂိတုပသာ် ၄ စွေက်ဂှ် လုပ်သီ ဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳတုဲ ဂိတုပသာ် ၆ စွေက် ကၟာင်ဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳသရိုဟ် ပၞာန်ဗၟာလုပ်စိုပ်ဍုင်တုဲ ဂတဂှ် ၜါပိတ္ၚဲဂှ် ဗၟာသီဂွံအာ ဍုင်ဟံသာဝတဳရ၊၊

ဟံသာဝတဳလီုတုဲ	

ဍုင်ဗဂေါဟံသာဝတဳ စိုပ်အာသၟဝ်တဲဗၟာတုဲ

တၠညးဗညာဒလဂှ် ရပ်ဏာ ကြိုင်စွံလဝ် ပ္ဍဲမုဟ်သဝ်ပေါဝ်၊ ဗွဲကြဴ နကဵုဒုဟ် မဆဝ်မ္ၚုဟ် မန်ညံင်ဂွံတဝ်စၞေဟ်တုဲ ကေတ်နင် ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်တုဲ ကုတ်ဂစိုတ်ကအ်၊၊
ကောန်ဂကူမန် ၜိုတ်မရပ်ဂွံဂှ် မၞိဟ်မသွံစဂွံဂှ် သွံစ နဒဒှ်ဍိက် မၞိဟ်မွဲ မသုန်စှ်ော၊ အစိတ်၊ ၜါစှ်ော၊ စှ်သုန် ဗွဲမဗဗွဲကဵု အဝဲခန္ဓကာယ၊
ကုမၞိဟ်မသွံစ ဟွံဂွံ၊ သွံဟွံအိုတ် သှ်ေဒၟံင်တအ်ဂှ် စုတ်ကဵုစာတ်တုဲ စံင်ဂစိုတ် သီုဖအိုတ် ဒစိတ်စာတ်၊
ခမဳသင်မန်ပိလ္ၚီပြင်င်ဂှ် ကဵုစိင်လိုန်တုဲ ဂစိုတ်၊၊ နကဵုဓဝ်ပတှ်ေညးတအ် အလဵုဇကုညးတအ် ဂစိုတ်ဟွံသေင် ကဵုစိင်လိုန်တုဲ မဂစိုတ်မ္ဂး ညးတအ် ဟွံကလိလောန် ပါဏာတိပါတကမ်တုဲ ကဵုစိင်လိုန်တုဲဂစိုတ်၊၊ 
ဒြပ်ရတ်ထဝ်သြန် မကေတ်ဏာဂွံတအ်ဂှ် ဖ္ဍိုက်ကဵုက္ၜင်တုဲ ဖျဴဏာဍုင်ဗၟာ၊ အရာမကေတ်ဏာ ဟွံမာန်တအ်ဂှ် ကဵုစံင်ပလီုထောအ်၊၊
အရာမဒှ်အာဲကၟာဲမန် မပ္တံ လိက်တၟအ်တအ်ဂှ် ၜိုတ်မဆဵု ကဵုတက်ပကဝ်ထောအ်ဖအိုတ်၊ ယၟုကျာ်ဂှ် စၞးကျာ်ဂှ် ဒးစုတ် ရွှေ ညံင်ရဴ ဍုင်မုဟ်သဝ်ပေါဝ်ဂှ် မစုတ် ရွှေဘို ကီု၊၊
အတိုင်မတုပ်လဝ်စိုတ် ကုအင်္ဂလိက် ဍုင်သြေင်ဂှ် ဟွံကဵုဒှ် ဌာန်ဒတန်မၞိဟ်မံင်၊ စၞးဂှ် ဗဒှ်ပတိုန်လ္ဂုင်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ဂှ် ကဵုဒၞာဲ ကုကမ္မဏဳ (ဝါ) ဒပ်ပၞာန်အင်္ဂလိက် မဖျေဟ်ဒၞာဲ၊ တုဲပၠန် ဒၞာဲအင်္ဂလိက်တြေံ မန်မဖျေဟ်ကဵုလဝ် ပ္ဍဲမုဟ်တင်နာဂရာဇ်ဂှ် ကဵုအင်္ဂလိက် ဆက်မံင်အာ၊၊ 
က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ပြင်သေတ် မၞုံပ္ဍဲသြေင်ဂှ် ဂစိုတ်ထောအ်၊၊ ဟွံကဵု ဒၞာဲကုပြင်သေတ်၊၊ အင်္ဂလိက်မွဲဓဝ် သှ်ေပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဗၟာ သကုတ်သၟဝ်၊၊ ဂုဏ်ဖိုဟ်ဍေဟ်ဂှ် ပြင်သေတ် ဟွံမဲတုဲ ဂတဂှ် သၞာံဟွံလအ်ကွေဟ်ဟ် အင်္ဂလိက် သီကေတ်ဏာ သီုဖအိုတ်ရ၊
နူ ဝဳကဳမန်

== လိက်မာတင်ဂ ==

လိက်မာတၚ်ဂ

✍(ဘဒ္ဒန္တ − ညာဏဝံသ) ဒူရာ ဘာဇၞော်

(နမောတဿ ဘဂဝတော အရဟတော သမ္မာသမ္ဗုဒ္ဓသ)

ကလေၚ်တက်ပ္တိုန်လဝ်လ္တူဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာဘာသာမန် စၟတ်တ္ၚဲ (16-8-2020)မဒှ်ကီုရ ။


မာတိကာ
၁	မုက်လိက်−၁
၂	မုက်လိက်−၂
၃	မုက်လိက်−၃
၄	မုက်လိက်−၄
၅	မုက်လိက်−၅
၆	မုက်လိက်−၆
၇	မုက်လိက်−၇
၈	မုက်လိက်−၈
၉	မုက်လိက်−၉
၁၀	မုက်လိက်−၁၀
၁၁	မုက်လိက်−၁၁
၁၂	မုက်လိက်−၁၂
၁၃	မုက်လိက်−၁၃
၁၄	မုက်လိက်−၁၄
၁၅	မုက်လိက်−၁၅
၁၆	မုက်လိက်−၁၆
၁၇	မုက်လိက်−၁၇
၁၈	မုက်လိက်−၁၈
၁၉	မုက်လိက်−၁၉
၂၀	မုက်လိက်−၂၀
၂၁	မုက်လိက်−၂၁
၂၂	မုက်လိက်−၂၂
၂၃	မုက်လိက်−၂၃
၂၄	မုက်လိက်−၂၄
၂၅	မုက်လိက်−၂၅
၂၆	မုက်လိက်−၂၆
၂၇	မုက်လိက်−၂၇
၂၈	မုက်လိက်−၂၈
၂၉	မုက်လိက်−၂၉
၃၀	မုက်လိက်−၃၀
၃၁	မုက်လိက်−၃၁
၃၂	မုက်လိက်−၃၂
၃၃	မုက်လိက်−၃၃
၃၄	မုက်လိက်−၃၄
၃၅	မုက်လိက်−၃၅
၃၆	မုက်လိက်−၃၆
၃၇	မုက်လိက်−၃၇
၃၈	မုက်လိက်−၃၈
၃၉	မုက်လိက်−၃၉
၄၀	မုက်လိက်−၄၀
၄၁	မုက်လိက်−၄၁
၄၂	မုက်လိက်−၄၂
၄၃	မုက်လိက်−၄၃
၄၄	မုက်လိက်−၄၄
၄၅	မုက်လိက်−၄၅
၄၆	မုက်လိက်−၄၆
၄၇	မုက်လိက်−၄၇
၄၈	မုက်လိက်−၄၈
၄၉	မုက်လိက်−၄၉
၅၀	မုက်လိက်−၅၀
၅၁	မုက်လိက်−၅၁
၅၂	မုက်လိက်−၅၂
၅၃	မုက်လိက်−၅၃
၅၄	မုက်လိက်−၅၄
၅၅	မုက်လိက်−၅၅
၅၆	မုက်လိက်−၅၆
၅၇	မုက်လိက်−၅၇
၅၈	မုက်လိက်−၅၈
၅၉	မုက်လိက်−၅၉
၆၀	မုက်လိက်−၆၀
၆၁	နိဿဲ
မုက်လိက်−၁[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ကျာ်သမ္ဗုဒ္ဓ နာမတုလံ၊ ဟွံမွဲပ္တောံၜတ် အိုတ်သတ်လောကံ၊ သောဘဂဝါ ဗုဒ္ဓအရဟံ မဂၠိုၚ်ကုဂုန် အန္တအန္တံ၊ ဗုဒ္ဓဂုန္နံ အဟံဝန္ဒာ၊ ဍောၚ်ဓရ်ကျာ်တြဲ ဇၟန်ဗၠဲဒွါ၊ ပိဋ္ ကပိ သီုပိပြကာ၊ ဒစာံစှော်လ္ၚီ ကဵုပန်လ္ၚီကၠာ၊ မိက်ဂွံဒ္ဂေတ် လၟေတ်ဒေသနာ၊ မၚ်မွဲဂွံဗၠး နူပဝိဇ္ဇာ၊ မဂၠိုၚ်ကုဂုန် အနန္တအနန္တာ၊ ဓမ္မဂုန္နာ တန္ဒာမိဟံ၊ သၚ်ၜါပြကာ မဟာတုလံ၊ မၚ်မွဲလဝ်ကၠာ သာသၞာဗုဒ္ဓံ၊ သံဃဂုန္နံ အဟံဝန္ဒာ၊ မာတာပိတု ဂုရုပဇျာ၊ ဂုန်မဇၞော်လှဲ လ္တူအဲကၠာ၊ ခါမသၟဟ်စိ တိသုန္ဓရာ၊ မွဲသာ်တိုန်အဵု သၟဟ်ကဵုဂၚ်္ဂါ၊ ဟွံတုပ်သၟဟ်စိ ဂုန်မိမၜါ၊ မဂၠိုၚ်ကုဂုန် အနန္တအနန္တာ၊ ဂၠးဇိုၚ်ပါဒ လ္ၚောဝ်ကၠာရအဴ။


ဘုမ္မဇဵုရ ရုက္ခဒေဝတဴ၊ အကာသပၠန် မရာဇ်ပန်နှဴ၊ ဗဳနာဲယၟု ဗဳသၞုဗဳသဴ၊ အိန်ဗြီုယီုမာ ဒေဝသွဝ်တရဴ၊ အဲဍိက်ရဴဂဴ ပူဇဴသကာ၊ သ္မိၚ်ဂိတုသ္မိၚ်တ္ၚဲ သ္မိၚ်ဗြဲသ္မိၚ်ကျာ၊ ပၟၚ်ဟေမဝန် သဳဒန်ဂၚ်္ဂါ၊ ဝိသုန္ဓရဳ မနဳခလာ၊ သြဿဝတဳ သဏ္ဍဳမိဒ္ဒြာ၊ လက္ခမ္မဳစိ ဝိနာယကာ၊ အိုတ်ဒေဝတဴကွေံ ဂၠးစက္ကဝါ၊ အဲဍိက်ကလံကၠာ သီုကဵုဒွါပိ၊ ဖဵုကလံရ သရဏစိ၊ ဖဵုကလံအ္စာ ၜါမကဵုမိ၊ ဖဵုကလံအဴ ဒေဝတဴမဂ္ညိ၊ ပ္ဍဲပစ္စက္ခ လောကဝုတ္တိ၊ သဗ္ဗယဲပၠန် ပကဵုစောန်ကၠိ၊ ဗၞတ်အာယုက်ကၠာ ကဵုမြာသုခိ၊ ကဵုဍိုက်ပေၚ်ညိ သီုသတိညာဏ်၊၊

မုက်လိက်−၂[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဆန္ဒလၚ်္ကာ မြာကဵုချပ်မာန်၊ ပါဠိရထ သဗ္ဗနိဒါန်၊ လၟေၚ်သုတ်ဇာတ် နိပါတ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊ ပကဵုတိုန်စှ်ေ ကဵုတၟးပ္ဍဲညာဏ်၊ ပကဵုဝိုက်ဝုဲ ပကဵုထုဲကြာန်၊ ကဵုအဲချပ်မာန် ပ္ဍဲညာဏ်ကဝိ၊ ဟိုတ်ကဵုဝါသနာ ပြေၚ်ဏာယတိ၊ ဓမ္မဒါန်အဴ သၟိက်ပူဇဴညိ၊ သၟိက်လလောၚ်ကမြဴ ဓရ်သ္ဍဴမူဏိ၊ လၟေၚ်ဓမ္မ ရထပါဠိ၊ လၟေၚ်သုတ်ဇာတ် နိပါတ်မဂ္ညိ၊ အဲမာဲယှိုဲလေန် ဟေၚ်ဆာဲဖိဖဳ၊ သၟိက်ဇန်လဝ်ညိ ကဝိလၚ်္ကာ၊ သၟက်ကောန်ဂကူ လ္ဂူဓရ်မေတ္တာ၊ ကွိုၚ်ကွုဲဟွံဖေက် ဗ္ဒေက်ဖျဝ်ကာယျာ၊ ဟွံရိုဟ်စရ ရုပ္ပခန္ဓာ၊ သွက်ဂွံဗှ်လောဲ ဆန်ဗွဲလၚ်္ကာ၊ ယၟုလိက်ကီု ပိုဲဟီုကဵုကၠာ၊ ကဵုဂွံပြာထာ လိက်မာတၚ်္ဂ၊ ကာလၜတ်ၜတ် ဗောဓိသတ္တာ၊ ဟံၚ်ပြာ်ရဲတဳ ပ္တိတ်ဝဳရိယ၊ ၜိုတ်လွဳဂှ် ဟွံသၟဟ်ရထ၊ ဒဵုဒဴနိဗ္ဗာန် ပြာ်ဟွံမာန်ရ၊ ဂလာန်သာ်ဂှ် တွံအဂါမ၊ ပိုဲဟီုကဵုရ က္ညကၠၚ်ညိကၠာ၊ မိၚ်ဂွံဒှ်မ ဗိဇ္ဇဆက်အာ၊ မိၚ်ဂွံဂၠာဲဟေန် ဒက်ဂြေန်စိတ္တာ၊ မိၚ်တုဲဂွံလွဳ ပါရမဳမြာ၊ မိၚ်မၚ်မွဲဒး ကြဗၠးဒက္ခာ၊ ယဝ်ဂွံမိၚ်လဝ် ဓရ်သမ္ဗုဒ္ဓါ ကြဴတုဲမွဲဝါ မြာသုခညောန်၊ လိက်ဇၟန်ဗၠဲ ကာအဲဆန်၊ (၁)သက္ကရာဇ်ကီု ပိုဲတိတ်ဟီုပ္တန်၊ သုညနဝ ဒွါရဨကန်၊ ဖဝ်ရဂိုန်စိ ပိမံက်ပြဲလောန်၊ အာဒိုတ်ဒှ်တ္ၚဲ ပ္ဍဲစှ်ခၞောန်၊ နက်သတ်ဟီုတွံ ဒှ်ၜါစှော်ပန်၊ မူဒၞာဲဂွံဆန် သန္ထာန်ဒေသ၊ ကိုပ်အဒိကၠာ ယက္ခာဒဳပ၊ ကံခၟိုၚ်အဴ ကြဴခုတ်နာမ၊ မုဟ်ရိုတ်ဍောတ်ကွာန် ဋ္ဌာန်ဂှ်မူလ၊ သ္ၚိဇိုၚ်ဍာန်ကၠာ ဖျာဗေသဇ္ဇ၊ ကရောံသွံဂဥုဲ တုဲဂွံဆန်ရ၊ ထံၚ်လဝ်သောတ တ္ညကၠုၚ်ညိအဴ၊ လၟိဟ်ဍုၚ်ဇၞော်အဴ စှ်တြဴရ၊ ဍုၚ်ရာဇာဂြိုဟ် ၜိုဟ်သိုဟ်လောန်တဴ၊ ဒဵုဗိုၚ်လဝ်ပၠန် ဆုဒုန်ဍိုပ်ဍဴ၊ သဝ်ဇဝ်ပေၚ်ရ သီုသၠသီုပ္ကဴ၊ အဒေါဝ်ဂှ်အဴ မဒှ်ဂၞဴဍုၚ်၊ ကၟာပ်ပိထပ် ညဳညပ်သဝ်သၠုၚ်၊


မုက်လိက်−၃[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
အကြာဂှ်ပၠန် ၜံက်ကၠောန်ခါဲကြုၚ်၊ တြၚ်ပန်ကၠာ လုပ်အာတိတ်ကၠုၚ်၊ သတြုဂြိုဟ်စာ ဂွံဒၞာဒုၚ်၊ ပ္တိုန်ကၟာၚ်ဍုၚ် သၠုၚ်သဝ်ရေၚ်ဗ္ဂါ၊ သၠဲဍုၚ်ရော ပိယောဇနာ၊ ပန်ကၠၚ်ဒးရး တပ်တးညဳသာ၊ အပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဟေၚ် ပြုပြေၚ်နာနာ၊ ဥဒျာန်ဍုၚ်စိ ဘိသေဓနန်၊ ပြာသာဒ်အဆံၚ် ညံၚ်ဝေဒယန်၊ ဂ္ညိဂ္ညာတ်လဝ်ကွေံ နဂၠးထဝ်သြန်၊ ဗြံက်ဗြပေၚ်တဴ ပ္ကဴသၠဇာဗြောန်၊ ဂးပြာသာဒ်နန် စိစောန်ပြေၚ်ဖျဳ၊ အဆံၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်သာ် ဂၞကျာ်ဒေဝဳ ဗၞတ်လၟိဟ်တုန် မသုန်ကၠံညဳ၊ ပြပြေၚ်လဝ်သၟတ် နန်ကၠတ်ကျာ်သြဳ၊ လျးထဝ်ဖၞောတ် လျးမတ်လလဳ၊ ပ္ကဴဒုၚ်ဗွုတ် ပါန်မုတ်ပါန်ခဳ၊ လျးရတ်လလဳ နန်ဒေဝဳဗြဴ၊ မှောၚ်မှနၚ်စၚ် လဗၚ်ဖက်နှဴ၊ ဇၞော်ဇၞော်ဍောတ်ဍောတ် သ္ၚိကၠတ်ကၠံပ္ကဴ၊ တိုက်အမာတ်စိ သ္ၚိသၞာဲဒဴ၊ သေဏၚ်္ဂအဴ သ္ၚိသၞာဲဒဴ၊ တိုက်လွဟ်ပၠန် ကောန်ပၞာန်မွဲသာ၊ တိုက်ကၠိက်ယာတ်သွံ တိုက်ဇွောံအဟာ၊ တိုက်ဖံမန်ဒိုၚ် ဗာတ်ကိုၚ်သီုခရာ၊ ဆာၚ်မံၚ်လဒု ဗရုကြဵုဇာ၊ တိုက်ကဵုတိုက်ဗ္ဂါ ဟာန်ဇာစိစောန်၊ ရုၚ်ကဵုရုၚ်ဟေၚ် ဝၚ်ကဵုဝၚ်ခၠန်၊ ရုပ်ချေံရုပ်စိၚ် ရုပ်သၟိၚ်ကုတ်ဒန်၊ သ္ၚိကဵုသ္ၚိဂၠောဲ ဗၚ်ဗွဲလီုဝန်၊ ဓမာတ်ရဲဖျာ တမ္ၚာလုလန်၊ ဂၠံၚ်ကဵုဂၠံၚ်ဗျာၚ် ဇၟာပ်သွာၚ်ဒိုဟ်ပန်၊ တိုက်သေဋ္ဌဳပၠန် ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်ရေၚ်ဗ္ဂါ၊ ဂြပ်ရတ်ထဝ်သန် ဟွံတီနန္တာ၊ ဍုၚ်သ္အာၚ်ရောၚ် ဟွံဂံၚ်ပ္တောံၜါ၊ အိုတ်အလုံဍုၚ် အာကၠုၚ်ဟောဒြာ၊ လ္ၚဵုကွာ်တိုက် ဍိုက်ကွဳမွဲသာ၊ ညံၚ်ဂြုန်ဇက်ဂၠောဲ ရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲကၠုၚ်အာ၊ ဆာဲရာၚ်သ္အဳဗ္ဂါ ကၠုၚ်အာလီၜန်၊ စရာဲဍုၚ်ကၠာ ရာဇာဂြိုဟ်ပၠန်၊ ယဝ်ရချူအာ သၠရိုတ်တာအောန်၊ ချူကှ်ေဟွံအိုတ် လၟေၚ်ပိုတ်ဗျဥ်၊ ဗၞတ်ဆညိည ဟီုပၠလက်သန်၊ လၟေၚ်ဍုၚ်ပၠန် တန်လဝ်ကၠာရ၊ . . . . .။


မုက်လိက်−၄[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
လၟေၚ်ဖဵုဂုန် တွံပၠန်ဂတ၊ ဍုၚ်ရာဇာဂြိုဟ် ၜိုဟ်သိုဟ်ကာယျ၊ သၟိၚ်ဘိမ္မသာ မဟာရာဇာ၊ တၠက္ဍိုၚ်သန် နန်ဘိသေခ၊ ဂကောံဍုၚ်အဴ စှ်တြဴရ၊ ဍုၚ်ဝွံပဋ္ဌမ ကျာ်တြဲတ္ညတန်၊ သၟိၚ်ဘိမ္မသာ သဒ္ဓါပြဲလောန်၊ သိုၚ်လဟဵုလဝ် ဘာထဝ်ဘာသန်၊ ဘာဝေဠုဝန် သီုကွန်စိစောန်၊ ကဵုဒါဂၠိုၚ်သာ် တ္ညကျာ်နိမန်၊ ကျာ်သီုအရှန် တ္ညတန်တဴရ၊ ပ္ဍဲမမံၚ်စိ ပိတ္ၚဲဂတ၊ ကြိုက်သၟိက်ကဵုဒှ် တွံဒေသ၊ မၞးၜါပၠန် ကွးသန်ဇဲယ၊ မွဲဂးယၟု ဥပတိဿ၊ မွဲဂှ်တုန်ရော ဂးကောလိတ၊ ဟွံစှ်ေစိုတ်ရ ပြဝအ္စာတဳ၊ ဓရ်မစုပ်ကၞတ် ပ္တိတ်ဓတ်ဂၠာဲလွဳ၊ အလုံဍုၚ်ရး ဟီုဂးဂၠာဲသ္ၚေဝ်၊ ဟွံဂွံဆဵုသၟတ် စံၜတ်ဂၠာဲဇဳ၊ ဟွံဂွံဆဵုအဴ ကၠေၚ်စဴအနဳ၊ ပ္ဍဲလုပ်ဍုၚ်ဂှ် ညာတ်ဒဒှ်အရဳ၊ ကၠုၚ်အာတ်ပါန်ယဵုတဲ ဓဝ်မပြဲဂ္ညိ၊ ဖျေံက္ဍိုပ်လ္ၚောဝ် ကၞိပ်လျောဝ်တိ၊ ခါဂှ်ထေရ ဟွံလဇညိ၊ ထေအဿဇိ နကြိတွံကဵု၊ ဗၞတ်ၜါဂါထာ ဟွံခြာဒစဵု၊ ဥပတိဿ တၠကုသဵု နဲလ္ၚီကွေံ တီကၠးလၚ်ပြဵု၊ မကၠိဂွံကၠာ သောတာပတ္တိဖဵု၊ မိပ်စိုတ်ပူမှ် တဲစရှ်ယဵု၊ စ္ဍးစဴတုဲအဵု ဟီုကဵုအ္စာ၊ ယွံလေဝ်တိက္ခ တၠဒါယကာ၊ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်အဲ လန်ထဲကၠုၚ်အာ၊ ဓဝ်မစိုပ်သိတ် လအိတ်ရှ်သာ၊ အဲဂွံမိၚ်ရ နသောတဒွါ၊ ယဝ်နွံဂၞပ် ပချပ်စန်စာ၊ ညံၚ်ပိုဲဂွံအာ ဋ္ဌာန်ဘာကျာတြဲ၊ သန်ဇဲယကီု ဟီုတိုန်သဲသဲ၊ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်ကွေံ ယွံလေဝ်ကွးအဲ၊ ရာဇာဂြိုပ်ကၠာ အ္စာဆအဲမွဲ၊ ချိုတ်လဝ်ကဵုချိုတ် ဒဵုလ္အိတ်သ္ကန်ဒဲ၊ ပကွးကျာ်တြဲ အဲအာဟွံမာန်၊ ဥပတိဿ တွံနကယျာန်၊ ယွံလေဝ်အ္စာ ပသၚ်္ကာကြာန်၊ ဓဝ်အ္စာတွံ ဟွံဒှ်ဂလာန်၊ ရုပ်နာံဟွံပၠိုတ် ဟွံပိုတ်ဝိညာဏ်၊ တွံဓဝ်ကေတ်လာပ် ဇၟာပ်ဍုၚ်ဇၟာပ်ကွာန်၊


မုက်လိက်−၅[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ကၠတ်စမဒါန် ဂလာန်အ္စာတွံ၊ ဂွံစသုၚ်ဖဲ ပ္ဍဲချိုန်လၟုဟ်၊ ဒ္ဂေတ်အာကြာန် နိဗ္ဗာန်ဟွံဒှ်၊ လံညိဗျုအာ ဇရာဟွံရုဲစှ်၊ တာပိုတ်ကၞတ် လာဘဇတ်ကှ်၊ ဒုက္ခမတ်ဇျဟ် ကြဴဒှ်ရအ္စာ၊ တဳသန်ဇဲယ ဟွံဂွံညှာတာ၊ တုဲဟီုတိုန်ရ ကွးတံညံၚ်အာ၊ မၞိဟ်ဒိုဟ်ဓီုလောန် မၞိဟ်အောန်ပညာ၊ ကၠုၚ်ကဵုအဲရ ဍေံပရှ်သာ၊ မၞိဟ်နွံပညာ အာကဵုကျာ်တြဲ၊ မၞိဟ်ဍေံအောန်ညာဏ် ကဵုဒါန်ကဵုအဲ၊ လာပ်အဲဟွံပိုတ် ဟွံအိုတ်ကြဴတဲ၊ ကွးတံပဂွိၚ် တြဴဂၠိၚ်သ္ၚောဲ၊ ကွးတံညံၚ်အာ အာပနိဿဲ၊ ကံအဲကဵုအဲ ပကော်ဂြဲရ၊ မိၚ်တုဲလ္အိတ် ဥပတိဿ၊ ညးၜါတုန်ရော သီုကောလိတ၊ သီုညးၜါပၠန် ဟွံရန်ဒည၊ သၟိက်ဂွံတိတ်အာ ဘာမှာဗုဒ္ဓ၊ သ္ပိုၚ်လ္တက်ရ တၞဟ်နယကြာ၊ ကွးအ္စာတဳ မဂၠိုၚ်သ္အဳဗ္ဂါ၊ ဗၞတ်မသုန်ကၠံ ဂကောံရဲသာ၊ ဒှ်တိုန်ဂြုက်ဂြေက် သၟိက်ဗက်ညးၜါ၊ ညးညးအဲအဲ ကွာ်ဂၠောဲဗက်အာ၊ အဏံဘာအ္စာ ပၟာသုသာန်၊ လ္ၚုကှ်သံၚ် မံၚ်စံၚ်ဟွံမာန်၊ အ္စာတဳဂရေက် ဒြေပ်ဗက်ဂစာန်၊ ဒြေပ်အာသီုဓတ် လောတ်အဒေါဝ်ဍာန်၊ ကွးကလေၚ်ရံၚ် ဒှ်စံၚ်ခလာန်၊ က္တဵုဒှ်ဇြဟာန် ဆာန်ဍူအ္စာ၊ မၞိဟ်ကဝက်ဟေၚ် ကလေၚ်စဴအာ၊ ကဝက်အာကောံ ကရောံညးၜါ၊ ကွာ်အာမွဲဟာန် အာစိုပ်ဋ္ဌာန်ဘာ၊ ကောံရေၚ်သ္ကံ ဂဇံညဳသာ၊ ယဵုတဲဟောဒြာ ဝန္ဒနာရ၊ အာတ်ပါတ်တိုန်အဴ ယွံသ္ဍဴလောက၊ သၟိက်ဂွံခမဳ လွဳဓတ်သဳလ၊ ကြၚ်ကၠုၚ်စိုပ်ကွေံ ဂၠးဇိုၚ်ပါဒ၊ နမေတ္တာဇဴ ဖ္အောဝ်လဴဂတ၊ သၟိၚ်သၚ်တၠဳ တ္ညခၞံညိအဴ၊ ကျာ်အ္စာဗြီု သီုလျးတြဴ၊ သ္ၚေဝ်ရံၚ်ဂွံညာတ် ပတ်ပဳတိဇဴ၊ ကျာ်သၟိက်လလောၚ် ဍောၚ်ဓဝ်ကမြဴ၊ ပါဠိပဋ္ဌမ ရထဖက်နှဴ၊ လၟေၚ်သုတ်ဇာတ် နိပါတ်ဗွဲကြဴ၊ ညံၚ်ရဴဍောၚ်ပ္ကဴ ကမြဴဓဝ်ဂှ်၊ ကွးတဳရေၚ်ဗဂါ ၜါကၠံမသုန်စှော်၊


မုက်လိက်−၆[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဓဝ်စှ်ေစိုတ်တုန် အရှန်ဂွံဒှ်၊ ဥပ္ပတိဿ ကောလိတသၟဟ်၊ ၜိုန်မိၚ်အိုတ် စရိုတ်ကၠိုက်ကၠဟ်၊ ညးၜါညဳသၟဟ် ဟွံဒှ်အရှန်၊ မူဟိုတ်မ္ဂး ဟီုပျးလက်သန်၊ ဟိုတ်ပါရမဳ လွဳလဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်၊ ညးၜါကြဴဒှ် ဓယှ်တန်တန်၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်လဇ ဗွဲဂတတုန်၊ ညးၜါသၟဟ်န် ဇၞော်လောန်ပါရမဳ၊ ဥပ္ပတိဿ ဇၞတ်မပလွဳ၊ ကမ္မဋ္ဌာန်ပၠန် ဟွံဗၠန်ဟွံချဳ၊ ဗၞတ်စှ်သုန်တ္ၚဲ နဲအိန်တက္ခဳ၊ ကၠေံစိုတ်ပၟဝ် ဓဝ်သၟိၚ်ခမဳ၊ ဇၞတ်မလွဳ ဒှ်အရဳပၠန်၊ ဂးကောလိတ ညးတၠအစောန်၊ ဗၞတ်ထပှ်တ္ၚဲ ကြဴတဲဒှ်အရှန်၊ သီုညးၜါရ တေဇပြဲလောန်၊ ဓယှ်က္ဍၚ်က္ဍီု အိုဿီုဒိုဟ်ပန်၊ ကျာ်မဂၠိုၚ်ဂုန် ဒေါဝ်အရှန်ကၠာ၊ ဥပ္ပတိဿ ကျာ်မပြထာ၊ ကွးသတုံရ ဓမ္မအစာ၊ သာရိပိုတ်ကၠာ မြာကျာ်ခုတ်ပ္တိုန်၊ ဂးကောလိတညး ညးတၠအစောန်၊ ဒေါဝ်အရှန်ကၠာ ကျာ်ပြာကတ်ပၠန်၊ ဒှ်ကွးဇွိမွဲ မပြဲလောန်သန်၊ မုဂ္ဂလာန်ပြဲ ကျာ်တြဲခုတ်ပ္တိုန်၊ ဣဒ္ဓိဗလပၠန် အစောံပြာထာ၊ ဂွံဓဝ်တုဲကီု သီုကဵုညးၜါ၊ ညာတ်ဓဝ်နိဗ္ဗာန် ဆာန်ဍူအ္စာ၊ သၟိက်ကဵုတိတ်ဗၠး နူပးဝိဇ္ဇာ၊ ၜိုန်ကော်ခဴရ ဟွံပကေၚ်ကာ၊ သီုကဵုညးၜါ ချပ်ပိုၚ်ခြာရ၊ ပိုဲဟိုတ်ဒှ်ကွး ဟွံဝးဓဝ်မၞ၊ ကျာ်မဂၠိုၚ်အသဝ် ယဝ်ဂွံဆောံမ၊ နဣဒ္ဓိသၟတ် ကၞတ်လောက၊ ဍဵုဍိုက်ဟီုဝေတ် ဖေက်ဒးကေတ်စ၊ ကသပ်ဝွံဂွံမြာ အ္စာသန်ဇဲယ၊ ချပ်တုဲဟေၚ်ရ လ္ၚောဝ်ပါဒပၠန်၊ ယွံကျာ်ဂမျိုၚ် ပၞာၚ်တိုၚ်တ္ကံပန်၊ တဳသန်ဇဲယ မူလပြာပ်ညောန်၊ အဒိကိုပ်ကၠာ အ္စာခုတ်ပ္တိုန်၊ ဟိုတ်နူသာ်ဂှ် ဂၠာဲချပ်ဗှ်ရန်၊ ညံၚ်ဂွံတိတ်ဗၠး သ္ဍးကိလေသန်၊ ကျာ်သ္ဍဴတ္ကံပန် ဝေတ်ဗ္တောန်ညိအဴ၊ ကျာ်တဲနာဲညး တၠလျးတြဴ၊ ခါဂွံမိၚ်ဒး တရးဝိတှဳဇဴ၊ အတိက်ကာလ ဘဝဗွဲကြံ၊ ကေၚ်ဂွံဝေတ်လဝ် ဖအောဝ်လလဴ၊


မုက်လိက်−၇[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
နွံဟွံမွဲဟာ ဗ္စာရံၚ်တဴ၊ အဒိတံအဴ တရံသ္ၚောဲခြာ၊ နညာဏ်ဒိပ်ဟေၚ် ဂြၚ်ရံၚ်ညာတ်အာ၊ တုဲကျာ်ဟီုဂး ယွံလေဝ်ကွးၜါ၊ သန်ဇဲယကီု သီုဒါယကာ၊ အဲဟီုဝေတ်အဵု ဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုဝါ၊ ဘဝအတိက်ကၠာ ဂၠိုၚ်ဝါရမၞး၊ ရိုဟ်မဒှ်ကောံ ကရေအဲညး၊ ဓဝ်မဂၠိုၚ်နဲ ၜိုန်အဲဟီုပျး၊ မၞဗိုန်ဇၟံ ဍေံတံဟွံဝး၊ ယိုက်လဝ်ဇၞောန်မာန် ကယျာန်ဟီုဂး၊ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်ကွေံ သ္ဇက်ဂးနွံဟာ၊ သာရိပိုတ်ရ တေဇပြဲဖါ၊ မုဂ္ဂလာကီု သီုကဵုညးၜါ၊ မိၚ်ကျာ်ဟီုပျး တၟးစိတ္တာ၊ လၟေၚ်သာဒက ဘဝတမၠာ၊ သီုကဵုညးၜါ ခါဂှ်အာတ်ပါန်၊ ယွံကျာ်မဂ္ညိ ပလိုဟ်ဗောဓိယာန်၊ ကိုပ်အဓိရ မူလဂလာန်၊ ၜိုန်ဝေတ်တဴကီု ဟီုဂးဟွံမာန်၊ လၟေၚ်ဓဝ်ဂှ် တွံကဵုနိဒါန်၊ သၟိက်ယဵုဒုၚ်အိုတ် ပၠောပ်စိုတ်ဝိညာဏ်၊ က္တဵုဗဒှ်ဇြဟာန် ဆာန်ဍူယတ်သဒှ်၊ ပိုဲဍိက်တံကီု သီုညးတၞဟ်၊ သၟိက်ဂွံမိၚ်လဝ် ဍောၚ်ဓဝ်နွံရှ်၊ တၟေၚ်ဓဝ်ဂှ် တွံပၟိၚ်ညိအဴ၊ သၟိၚ်သဳစန်ဂြ နအနုဘဴ၊ ဂါံဍိုက်ကွဳသန် ဗ္ဂန်သိန္ဓဴ၊ အရံၚ်သာ်ကၟု သ္ဇုၚ်ဂွုၜတ်သဴ၊ ဂၠးကာသအဴ ဂၠိုၚ်တဴကျာ်သြဳ၊ နက်သတ်တာရာ ကျိုၚ်လှာပေၚ်ညဳ၊ ပၠေဲပၠေဲပၠဴပၠဴ ဖျဴဖျဴဖျဳဖျဳ၊ ဍောတ်တ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော် ပေၚ်ပြောဲဝိထဳ၊ လျးကဵုလျး တၟးဗ္ဂဳ၊ တူဂၠံဝိထဳ ပေၚ်ဇဳရေၚ်ဗ္ဂါ၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ပျးသဲ ဗွဲဒိက္ခိဏာ၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ဍောတ်ဇၞော် ပျးညတ္တရာ၊ လ္ၚဵုကောံကလောံ ပ္ၚောံအမ္ဗာ၊ အရံၚ်ဗြာဗြာ ပျးအာတ္ကံပန်၊ ပျးတဴဟွံပိုတ် တရိုပ်စိုတ်ဇန်၊ တိုၚ်ပၟိက်ကၠာ ကၠုၚ်အာလဆန်၊ ဂွံညာတ်ရေၚ်သ္ကံ၊ မုဂြံလီုၜန်၊ မိပ်တဴစရိုတ် အဵုဇိုတ်ပူဗန်၊ အိုဿီုတ္ကံပန် ဗၞုဟ်သၟိၚ်စန္ဒြာ၊ ကျာ်သ္ဍဴဇမ္မု သၟိၚ်ဂိတုပၟာ၊ ဓဝ်ကျာ်နာဲညး လျူသာ်လွာ၊ အရံၚ်ဒးရး တၟးစက္ကဝါ၊ သၚ်မတုပ်သၟတ် နက်သတ်တာရာ၊ ကမြဴဓဝ်ပၠန် စိုတ်ဇန်လိုက်ဗာ၊ ရေၚ်တၠုၚ်ဏာ မြာစိုပ်နိဗ္ဗာန်၊


မုက်လိက်−၈[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ကျာတၠဳဂှ် ဂၠိုၚ်တေဇဥာဏ်၊ ဂြၚ်ရံၚ်တီလောဲ ဂၠိၚ်သ္ၚောဲသန်ဋ္ဌာန်၊ သၟိက်တွံကဵုပၠန် အရှန်မွဲဟာန်၊ လၟေၚ်အၚ်္ဂ ဓမ္မနိဒါန်၊ ဝေတ်ဗော်တဳဟေၚ် ပရေၚ်ဂလာန်၊ ကျာ်တၠဳဇျာန် နညာဏ်တွံရ၊ ယွံအရှန်တံ ဗိုန်ဇၟံညာဏ၊ သၟတ်ကလၚ်ရောၚ် ထံၚ်လဝ်သောတ၊ အတိက်တေံပြဲ ဂၠိၚ်သ္ၚောဲကာလ၊ ဍုၚ်ဗာရာန္နသဳ ခုတ်ပ္ညဳနာမ၊ ဨကရာဇ ဗြမ်မရာဇာ၊ ဒးရးစိစောန် ပိုၚ်နန်ထာၚ်သွာ၊ မိပ်ဇြိပ်ရာၚ်ဆာဲ စရာဲဘောဂါ၊ ဂကူဗၞးပၠန် ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်ဝေါဟာ၊ ရှ်ေသှ်ေမှာဗြီု မသ္တီုဘာသာ၊ မဇၞော်ဂကူကၠာ မဟာသာလ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂကူသွံ စွံဓဝ်မၞ၊ ညးသ္အာၚ်ဂှ် ညံၚ်ဟွံသၟဟ်ရ၊ ဟွံပဆောယျာ ကၠုၚ်အာရောံဆ၊ ညးသ္အာၚ်ဂှ်ဗတ်ဍုန်ပုၚ်သွ၊ ဟွံဒုၚ်စဟေၚ်ပါဲဝေၚ်စၞ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂကူရဒှ်မၞကီု၊ မဟာသာလ ရဲခစဗြီု၊ ဗၞးဝွံရ တေဇက္ဍၚ်က္ဍီု၊ မဂၠိုၚ်ယဿပတ် ဒြပ်ရတ်မသ္တီု၊ ဒစာံစှော်ကိုတ် တော်ဂိုတ်စိုန်သ္ကီု၊ ဗော်ဗၞးတံကီု အိန်သွီုအိုတ်အာဲ၊ ကၠံသွဝ်ဂူဗ္ၚ သဗ္ဗဂၠိုၚ်ဒၞာဲ၊ ပြေၚ်ဂၠံစိချေံ ပေၚ်သ္ဂေဟ်တက်နှာဲ၊ ကွဳဍောတ်ကွဳဇၞော် ပေၚ်ဗြော်စရာဲ၊ ဥဒျာန်ပ္ကဴကၠံ ဍိက်တံၜှ်ကွာဲ၊ မဂၠိုၚ်ပိုန်စရာဲ ဂၠာဲဟီုရောမာန်၊ သိုက်လှိၚ်တဴဟေၚ် ၜိုဟ်စိုတ်ရေၚ်ကာန်၊ လ္တူလွဳမာန် မဒါန်တမၠာ၊ ဗၞးဗြဴပၠန် တန်အာဂဗ္ဘာ၊ နူတန်ဂဝ်ဗက် မသက္ကုခြာ၊ ဟွံက္တဵုဒှ်ယဲ ဘဲဝေဒနာ၊ စဟာပ်မၚ်မွဲ ဋ္ဌာန်သ္ၚောဲဟွံအာ၊ မၚ်မွဲဇကု အမှုဇြိုၚ်သာ၊ မၞတ်ဓမ္မတာ ဟွံခြာဟွံညန်၊ ဒစိတ်ဂိတု ဂွံသၠးဂဝ်ပၠန်၊ ဂွံကောန်ဗြဴမွဲ ရုပ်နဲညးသောန်၊ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဂှ်ရ ဂွံလာပ်ထဝ်သန်၊ သေဋ္ဌဳမိပ်စိုတ် အဵုဇိုတ်ပူဗန်၊ လညာတ်ဝွံပြဲလောန် မ္ၚဵုတန်ဒှ်ရ၊ ဂးဣၚုဟ်ကွေံ ဗၞးသာလ၊ ကော်နၚ်အ္စာ မဟာတိက္ခ၊ ထ္ၜုတ်တၟာဲ ဇိုန်ကွာဲသက္ခ၊ ပ္ဍဲကောန်ဗြဴဍောတ် ကဵုခုတ်နာမ၊


မုက်လိက်−၉[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
အ္စာဂှ်ရ တော်ဆသ္ၚေဝ်ရံၚ်၊ သၟတ်ဝွံသၟတ် ရုပ်ညံၚ်ရဴနှံၚ်၊ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဝွံအသဝ် ထတ်သန်လုပ်ကၠံၚ်၊ တော်ဂိုတ်ဂၠိုၚ်နာဲ စရာဲဇဳဂၠံၚ်၊ လညာတ်ပြဲအဵု မ္ၚဵုမၚ်္ဂလံ၊ အ္စာတော်ရံၚ် ဇဳဂၠံၚ်ဗိုတ်ပိ၊ နက်သတ်ဟေရာ စဂ္ဂတာမဂ္ညိ၊ ယးမတ်ၜါပြဲ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲသုခိ၊ တံကၞောတ်ရောၚ်ပြဲ အဒေါဝ်ဂှ်ဘဲမြိ၊ ၜိုန်ဒိုက်စိုတ်ကွေံ ဗၠးလီုဇိဝိ၊ အ္စာခုတ်ရ နာမဗၠးဗျိ၊ ဒိဋ္ဌိဟိရိ ဂးမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ ဗၞးဂှ်ဂွံမိၚ် ကွိၚ်ပါၚ်အ္စာ၊ အိုဟ်တၟိုဟ်စိုတ် အဵုဇိုတ်လာံတာ၊ ထဝ်သန်ဍိုပ်ဍဴ ပူဇဴအ္စာ၊ ဇိုန်ကဵုလက်ဆံၚ် လ္ၚောဝ်ပလံၚ်ဏာ၊ ချိန်ဂှ်အ္စာ တ္ညစဴအာ၊ မၞးသေဋ္ဌဳကၠာ မဟာသာလ၊ မၚ်မွဲမြိမြန် ဖန်ဖက်တော်ဆ၊ ကော်ဍိက်တြုံဗြဴ လွဳတဴခယျ၊ ဗၟဴဖျီုဖအံ မုံဂြံကဵုပ၊ ဝတ်ဗြဴတံရ ထဒၟမၚ်မွဲ၊ ဍိက်ဗြဴတံကီု အိုတ်ညးအဲလွဳ၊ ဖျီုဖအံ ဆံလံတက်တဲ၊ နနဲသာ်ဂှ် ရိုဟ်ဒဒှ်တ္ၚဲ၊ ဇၞော်တိုန်ဖေါၚ်ၚ် ညံၚ်ဒကောၚ်ဗၠဲ၊ မသက္ကုယဲ ဘဲဝေဒနာ၊ ကြဴဂှ်ဟွံလံ ဂဇံဂမာ၊ ဟွံမွဒဒဒိုက် ဗြဴသိုက္ခမာ၊ ဒါန်အတိက်ရောၚ် ထံက်ပၚ်ဍံၚ်သွာ၊ ညးဒးမုံဂြံ ဆံလံလာံသာ၊ လံညိဇၞော်အာ တီဝေါဟာပန်၊ ဟွံမွဲကဵုမ္ၚဵု ဟွံမိက်ဆဵုပၠန်၊ ယဝ်ဒးမိၚ်ညာတ် သ္ၚာတ်စိုတ်က္ဍန်၊ ဟွံကဵုမိၚ်ညာတ် မာတ်ဒဝ်တန်န်၊ စွံသတိဟေၚ် ဟွံကဵုဝေၚ်ခၠန်၊ အိုဿီုဒိုဟ်ပန် ဗိုန်ညန်မၚ်မွဲ၊ သေဋ္ဌဳတြုံဗြဴ ဗဴလဇမ္ၚောဲ၊ သဳမုနော်တြ ဝေါၚ်သတပ်ဂၠောဲ၊ ထိုၚ်သးထဥ ရုရုညံၚ်ပေါဲ၊ ကဵုတဴခၟ ဝေါၚ်သနတဲ၊ မိပ်စိုတ်ဟွံဟဲ ရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲကၠုၚ်အာ၊ ဒါန်အတိက်သၟတ် ဝတ်ဓမ္မတာ၊ ဇၞော်တိုန်ဖေါၚ်ၚ် ညံၚ်ဍောၚ်ထာၚ်သွာ၊ ဗၞတ်အယုက်အဴ စှ်တြဴအခါ၊ ရုပ်သာ်ဂဥုပ် ညးဟွံတုပ်ၜါ၊ အလုံဍုၚ်ကၠာ ပြာကတ်ဒယှ်၊ တုပ်အဇပ္ကဴ မောဝ်နှဴဒိုဟ်စှ်၊ အမြာဲမောဝ်ပ္ဍး ထိုၚ်သးကဴဂှ်၊ ဒှ်တိုန်ခဵုခါတ် ညာတ်သၟိက်ဂွံၜှ်၊


မုက်လိက်−၁၀[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
အလုံဍုၚ်ကၠာ မေတ္တာက္တဵုဒှ်၊ ကောန်ဝုတ်ဗၞးဂှ် ဓယှ်ရုပ်ဗြဴ၊ ကောန်သေဋ္ဌဳသ္အာၚ် တၟံပါၚ်ဂၠာဲလဴ၊ တၟံညးအဲ နတဲဇန်ပ္ကဴ၊ ဗလးကလုတ်အဵု ကဵုကၠုၚ်ပူဇဴ၊ ညးညးအဲအဲ ရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲဖက်နှဴ၊ ကလုတ်တံဟေၚ် ဂွဒးကလေၚ်စဴ၊ မနသၠုၚ်အဴ ကောန်ဗြဴသေဋ္ဌဳ၊ ပ္တေဟ်လဝ်ဗိုန် ပိုန်ရုပ်ကျာ်သြဳ၊ ဗတ်ဟီုလှေံလှန် ဟွံဗၠန်ဟွံချဳ၊ ကၟာဲဂၠိုၚ်တောၚ် ဟွံရံၚ်ဟွံသ္ၚေဝ်၊ ဂလာန်အိုဿီု ဟီုထောံဓရဳ၊ ကောန်ဝုတ်သေဋ္ဌဳ လွဳဓဝ်မန၊ ညးညးအဲအဲ ဟွံဂွံမွဲရ၊ ပ္ကဴၜိုန်ဍေံဂေါဝ် မြမောဝ်ပသ၊ ညံၚ်ဗီုသာ်ဂှ် သၟဟ်ပၟာဏ၊ ဗတ်နွံမေတ္တာ ယဝ်အာဒးဂွ၊ ဟွံဂံၚ်မွဲရ အိုတ်ဒေသဍုၚ်၊ ရုပ်ဂေါဝ်ကွေံရ ဟိုတ်မနသၠုၚ်၊ ၜိုန်ရုပ်ဂေါဝ်တဴ ညံၚ်ပ္ကဴဟရုၚ်၊ ပသဂၠိုက်မံၚ် ညးဟွံဂံၚ်ဆုၚ်၊ ကောန်သေဋ္ဌဳဗၠာဲ ကွာ်သာအာကၠုၚ်၊ ယိုက်စၞောန်တဲ ဂေတ်ဂြဲပါဲပုၚ်၊ သၟိက်ဂွံဂဗး ဟီုဂးတက်ၜုၚ်၊ အိုတ်အလုံဍုၚ် ဍုဟ်ဟွံကၠုၚ်အာ၊ မိဒိဋ္ဌဟေၚ် ဂးမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ ကရောံမိမ မနဖြာဖြာ၊ လ္တူပိုန်ဘိုက် တသိုက်ဘောဂါ၊ လ္တူဍိက်ကမၠောန် ကၠောန်ၜိုတ်နၚ်ဏာ၊ နပိုန်အခါ တန်တဴကၠာရ။


လၟေၚ်ဖဵုဂုန် တွံဆန္ဒ ပိုဲချူပျးဇန် ဇၟန်ဝက်ကျ၊ လၟေၚ်မဂ္ညိ ဗောဓိသတ္တ၊ ဟိုတ်အကုသဵု ဇိုန်ကဵုမူလ၊ မက္တဵုဒှ်ရ ဋ္ဌာနဍုၚ်ဂှ်၊ ဂဗ္ဘာဂမြၚ် ကြၚ်ကၠုၚ်က္တဵုဒှ်၊ ညးပမၞိဟ်ယုတ် ခါဲဒုတ်ညးချဟ်၊ ဍုဟ်ဒၞာဲ ညးပါဲရုဲစှ်၊ ဗတ်ညးဍုဟ်ကီု ဟွံဟီုခၠေဝ်သှ်၊ ပ္ဍဲဂကူဂှ် ကၠုၚ်ဒှ်ဂဗ္ဘ၊ ကံအတိက်ဟေၚ် ချူပြေၚ်နၚ်ဏာ၊ ပါရမဳစိ ဗောဓိသတ်ကၠာ၊ မသက္ကုယဲ ဗွဲဓမ္မတာ၊ အကုသဵုကီု ကုသဵုသီုၜါ၊ ဍေံဇိုန်ကဵုကၠာ သၠးဂဗ္ဘာရ၊ ဗဗွဲဓမ္မတာ ဇၞော်အာလျလျ၊ ရုပ်သာ်ဟိန်ဗိန် ဇိုၚ်သေန်တတ်ဖလ၊ မုက်လးကယေၚ်ၚံက် သီုဗ္စံက်သီုကွ၊ ရာညးညာတ်ဗိုန် ဇအိုန်ဇရ၊


မုက်လိက်−၁၁[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ညးခုတ်နာမ မာတၚ်ဂပၠန်၊ ကရောံမိမၜါ ဂယိုၚ်လမျီုစိ ပိမိကဵုကောန်၊ လၟိုန်တ္ၚဲဟေၚ် ဟွံဂွံဝေၚ်ခၠန်၊ တ္ၚဲသဝ်စဴညောန် သန္ထာန်တာဲဝၚ်၊ တ္ၚဲယးခဵုခါတ် ဂၠာဲအာတ်စဟေၚ်၊ ခၞာတ်ထိုၚ်ရ ထ္ၜကေတ်ဓလေၚ်၊ လၟိဟ်သ္ၚိကၠာ အာတ်ဟွံခြာဝေၚ်၊ လ္ၚဵုညးချဟ် ဍုဟ်မုက်ဓစေၚ်၊ ဆညးကဵုဟေၚ် ယိုက်ဂၠေၚ်တုဲစဴ၊ ရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲအာတ်ရ ဂွံပဗုၚ်ဂၞဴ၊ ဗောဓိသတ္တ တုပ်အဇပ္ကဴ၊ ဗွဲဓမ္မတာ ဇၞော်အာသဴသဴ၊ အယုက်တိုန်ဒှ် စိုပ်စှ်တြဴ၊ မိမဗျုထဴ စိုပ်သဘဴဇရာ၊ ဗောဓိသတ္တ မာတၚ်ဂကၠာ၊ က္တဵုဒှ်ဗဒှ်ကသပ် ချပ်နပညာ၊ ဂုန်မဇၞော်ပြဲ မိမအဲၜါ၊ မဂၠိုၚ်အနန္တ ဟွံကသုန္ဓရာ၊ လၟုဟ်အဲဇၞော် အဲဒးရော်ခၠေဝ်၊ မိမဇရာ ဟွံကဵုအာတ်ရ၊ အဲအာတ်ဗ္စညိ ၜါမိကဵုမ၊ ဟွံကဵုယုတ်တ် ပ္ဍဲဝတ်ပုၚ်သွ၊ ဟွံကဵုဒိုတ်ဝါတ် ဂၠိက်ယာတ်ညိည၊ ဂၠာဲအာညံၚ်ဂွံ ဟွံဒိုအ်ဟွံလဇ၊ ချပ်တုဲဟေၚ်ရ ပ္တီမိမၜါ၊ လ္ၚောဝ်ဒးရး ဂၠးဇိုၚ်ပါဒါ၊ တုဲဟီုတုန်ရ ယွံမိမၜါ၊ လၟုဟ်ကောန်ဍောတ် ထတ်စောံမြက်စာ၊ မိမၜါဂှ် ဒှ်ဓဝ်ဇရာ၊ ဂုန်မဇၞော်လှဲ လ္တူအဲကၠာ၊ ကဵုကောန်ဂွံခၠေဝ် မွဲဝါညိအဴ၊ မိမၜါဝွံ လၟုဟ်ဗျုထဴ၊ လ္ပဂၠာဲရ စၞအဟာဂၞဴ၊ မံၚ်ပ္ဍဲတာဲညိ မိလ္ပကတဴ၊ ကောန်ဂၠာဲအာတ်ဟေၚ် ဂွံယိုက်ဂၠေၚ်ဖျဴ၊ သွကအဟာဂၞဴ လ္ပကတဴညိ၊ မိၚ်ကောန်ဟီုပၠန် ဒှ်တိုန်ပဳတိ၊ ကောန်ညံၚ်ကောန်အဲ ဟွံမွဲလိုက်ပိ၊ ဟိုတ်ဒှ်ခါဲဒုတ် ယုတ်ညးဟီုဗျိ၊ ကောန်အဲဟွံယုတ် ဟိုတ်တီဝတ်မိ၊ ညံၚ်ကောန်ဝွံစိ ဇြက်ဗျိနွံဟာ၊ ဟီုထိုၚ်ဟးကီု သီုမိမၜါ၊ ဝဳတိနရု ဒုၚ်သာဓုကာ၊ ဂးမၚ်တၚ်ဂ တၠပညာ၊ သၟိက်ခၠေဝ်ရော်ညိ ဂုန်မိမၜါ၊ တိုၚ်ပၟိက်ကၠာ အဲမြာကွေံရ၊ ဂးဣၚုဟ်ပြဲ တ္ၚဲယးဂတ၊


မုက်လိက်−၁၂[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
သွက်ကေတ်ထိုၚ်ဟေၚ် ဓလေၚ်ရပ်ထ္ၜ၊ ခၞာတ်တဲမွဲ ကွာ်သဲတိတ်ရ၊ ဇၟာပ်သ္ၚိပၠန် ဟွံရန်ဒည၊ ဂဇံအာတ်ရ သ္ပရာဒနာ၊ သာဓုသာဓု သာ်ဝွံကဵုမြာ၊ ဖဵုဂွံကဵုရ ပုၚ်သွအဟာ၊ သ္ၚုသီုသှုဲသၠာဲ ဂၠိုၚ်သာ်နာနာ၊ ပိုန်ကၞောတ်ပိုန် သီုကွိုန်ပညာ၊ ရုပ်ကၞတ်ရုပ် ညးဟွံတုပ်ၜါ၊ ဖဵုကဵုဒါန်ကၠာ ကဵုမြာသုခိ၊ ကဵုဂွံဗၠးယဲ ပ္ဍဲပစ္စက္ခ၊ ကဵုသိုက်လှိၚ်အဴ ပ္ဍဲဘဴဂတ၊ ယဝ်စုတိအဴ ဇၟာပ်ဘဴဘဝ၊ ဋ္ဌာန်အပါဲကွေံ ကဵုဗၠးဒိဋ္ဌ၊ ဍုၚ်သွဝ်မူလ ကဵုစိုပ်ညိအဴ၊ မိၚ်ဒးဆံလံ တၟံတြုံဗြဴ၊ ကၠုၚ်ဒုၚ်ကဵုရ ပုၚ်သွဖက်နှဴ၊ သၠုဲသၠာ်သီုသ္ၚု ဇဗၠုဗြာတ်က္ၜဴ၊ သီုစေတနာ သီုမေတ္တာဇဴ၊ မာတၚ်ဂအဴ အာတ်တဴညိညိ၊ တဲရပ်ခၞာတ် ဂၠာဲအာတ်ဇၟာပ်သ္ၚိ၊ ယဝ်ဖ္ဍောဝ်ပၠန် ညံၚ်မန်ရသိ၊ မိၚ်ဒးစိုတ်ချဳ ရာသဳပက္ကတိ၊ ဂြပ်နွံကဵုပၠန် ညံၚ်ကောန်ကဵုမိ၊ ဆုဲအာတ်အာညိ သ္ၚိဟွံညန်သ္ၚောဲ၊ မာတၚ်ဂဗိုန် ဖ္ဍောတ်တိုန်သဲသဲ၊ သာဓုသာဓု ယွံလဇုအဲ၊ ယွံဗဴယွံလနော်တြၝဲ၊ ဆာန်ဍူညိရ ဒါနရောၚ်ပြဲ၊ ဒါန်ဂွံနိဿဲ ကြဴတဲဒှ်မ၊ အယုဝဏ္ဏ သုခဗလ၊ ဂွံဍိုက်ပေၚ်တဴ ဇၟာပ်ကဵုဘဝ၊ ပိုန်မၞိဟ်ပိုန်သွဝ် ဗွဝ်သုခ၊ ဋ္ဌာန်အပါဲကၠာ ဟွံဒးအာရ၊ ယွံမိယွံမ သၠးညိရအဴ၊ ဝုတ်တ်ဗၠာဲဗၠာဲ ဗြဴကၟာဲလထဴ၊ သၟတ်တြုံကီု သီုကဵုသၟတ်ဗြဴ၊ ယဝ်မိၚ်ဒးအဴ ကၠုၚ်ကဵုနှဴရဴ၊ သ္ၚုသၠုဲသၠာဲရ ပုၚ်သွဖက်နှဴ၊ မာတၚ်ဂအဴ ဂွံတုဲစဴအာ၊ ဂၠေၚ်ဖျဴဏာသၟတ် လျတ်သာသာ၊ ညောန်စိုပ်တာဲဝၚ် ဇရေၚ်မိမၜါ၊ ဖျေံဓလေၚ်ရ သဂါရဝါ၊ ဆန်ၜန်တုဲကီု သီုမရောံညှာ၊ လ္ၚောဝ်ဂၠးပါဒါ ခါဂှ်ဟီုပၠန်၊ ယွံလေဝ်ပိတာ ညးၜါဂၠိုၚ်ဂုန်၊ ဒုၚ်ဒါန်ညိရ ပုၚ်စၞဗျန်၊ စွံမေတ္တာပြဲ ပ္ဍဲအဲဍိက်ကောန်၊ ပြေၚ်ဖျဳတုဲသ္အး ဒးရ:ပြဲလောန်၊ ချိုန်လမုဟ်ပၠန် ဒုၚ်ဒါန်ကောန်အဴ၊ ဂမြၚ်ဇၞော်ကၠာ ညးၜါတြုံဗြဴ၊ မိၚ်လဟီုကောန် ဝန်စဝ်ပူဇဴ၊


မုက်လိက်−၁၃[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
မိပ်တဴစရိုတ် အဵုဇိုတ်မှောဝ်ဇဴ၊ ရိုဟ်ရေၚ်ဟီုဂး ထိုၚ်သးကောန်ဂၞဴ၊ ကောန်ပိုဲဝွံအဴ ဒေဝတဴပၟာ၊ ဂၠာဲအာတ်ဟွံလံ လၟုဟ်ဏံရောၚ်အာ၊ ဂွံနၚ်ပြဟ်ရ စၞအာဟာ၊ သ္ၚုသီုသၠုဲသၠာ် ဂၠိုၚ်သာ်နာနာ၊ ၜိုန်ဂြပ်ညးလအိတ် အာတ်ကေတ်လောဲသွာ၊ ညံၚ်ကောန်ဝွံကၠာ ၜါဟွံမွဲရ၊ ထိုၚ်သးကၠာအဴ ကြဴဟာပ်ပုၚ်သွ၊ ဂဇံဒးရး ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ၊ ဍာ်ကြဴတဲပ္ညုၚ် ဍာ်သုၚ်ရပ်ထ္ၜ၊ ဇိုန်ကွာဲကဵုရ တဲမိမၜါ၊ ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ တၠပညာ၊ ဟွံဂွံလၞုဟ် ပ္ၚုဟ်ဓဝ်သဒ္ဓါ၊ လၟိုန်တ္ၚဲပၠန် ကၠောန်ၜိုတ်နၚ်ဏာ၊ ဖါၚ်ဗ္စရ စၞအဟာ၊ ဟွံကဵုယုတ်မတ် ပတ်ပေါန်လွဳပရာ၊ ဒးအခိၚ်ကၠာ အာဂၠာဲအာတ်ပၠန်၊ အလုံဍုၚ်မွဲ ဂေတ်အာထဲလန်၊ ဆညးကဵုကွေံ ဟွံဂးဂၠိုၚ်အောန်၊ သိုဂၠိက်ယာတ်ကွေံ ဟီုဂးကၠိစောန်၊ ဆဂွံယိုက်ဖျဴ စဴသ္ၚိပြာပ်ညောန်၊ ဗ္စမိမပၠန် အာတ်ကၠောန်လွဳပရာ၊ မိမၜါဂှ် ဒှ်ဓဝ်ဇရာ၊ နူဇရာစိ ဗျာဓိပြိုက်ဖါ၊ ယဲဂှ်ထပ်လံၚ် လံအာကြံၚ်အာ၊ ရာန်သကိုတ်ရ ဒုက္ခဝေဒနာ၊ ဒွံမာရဏ သီုညးၜါပၠန်၊ မါတၚ်္ဂရ စိတ္တကၠိစောန်၊ ညာတ်ဒးဂိုဟ် တက်သိုဟ်ယာံဒေါန်၊ တံဇိုၚ်မိမ ယာံထပူဗန်၊ မိမဒဴထောံ ဟွံဂွံခၠေဝ်ဂုန်၊ လၞီထတ်လောန် တသောန်တသဝ်၊ အဵုတၟံတိုၚ်ဗိုတ် ဒေပ်စိုတ်ဓဇန်၊ မိလၟာဂၞဴ ကၠုၚ်ဒဴထောံကောန်၊ ကၠၚ်ဨကောဝ ဒေသဒိုဟ်ပန်၊ ဟွံမွဲကောဒေံ ကၠၚ်ရစောန်လောန်၊ အဵုမိကျာ်ဂန် ဒဴထောံကောန်ဟာ၊ အဵုမဂၠိုၚ်ဂုန် သၟဟ်သုန္ဓရာ၊ လၟုံကောန်ဇၞော် ကောန်ဂွံရော်ခၠေဝ်၊ ဟွံလံသွံအဴ မိတံဒဴအာ၊ ထောံလဝ်အောန်မွဲ ညံၚ်ဇြဲဒေါဝ်ဝါ၊ ဟွံမွဲသၞေဟ်သၚ် ပါတဟၚ်သာ၊ အဵုမိမာတာ က္ဍုဟ်ကောန်ဟာအဴ၊ အဵုဓုပ်ပြကာ ယွံလၟာဂၞဴ၊ ကောန်ကဵုဒုဟ် ဍုဟ်လဝ်ကဵုဒဴ၊ ကောန်ဂၠာဲအာတ်ဇွောံ ဂွံတုဲကလေၚ်စဴ၊


မုက်လိက်−၁၄[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
စိုပ်သ္ၚိဇံသဝ် လ္ၚောဝ်ပူဇဴ၊ လၟုဟ်ဒဴအာ သ္ၚောဲခြာတဴ၊ ယွံလၟာဂၞဴ ဒဴထောံကောန်မွဲ၊ အဵုလၟာဂၞဴ တုပ်ရဴသၟိၚ်တ္ၚဲ၊ ပျးတကံပန် ဂေတ်လန်ဂေၚ်ထဲ၊ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်ဝွံ ရာဟုကၠုၚ်ပျဲ၊ လျးဂၠုထုပ် အုပ်ဒးမတ်ဗြဲ၊ ဒဵုသဝ်ပၠိုတ်အာ ပါသတြုပျဲ၊ ဒဴထောံကောန်မွဲ ကဵုညးပျဲဟာ၊ အဵုမိကျာ်ဂန် ထောံကောန်ဒဴအာ၊ ဥတုဒးဂွာံ တံသၞာံလဗိုက်ကျာ၊ အကာသဓဇူ ဗြဲဂူဖြာဖြာ၊ ဍာ်ဗြဲလေဝ်ကှ် ကြဴဒှ်မုဟ်ကျာ၊ ဗြဲမတ်ကောန်ၜါ ကှ်ကီုဟာယာဲ၊ အဵုလၟာဂၞဴ ဒဴထောံကောန်ဗၠာဲ၊ ညးနွံညးသိုက် ညးဂွံအိုတ်အာဲ၊ ကောန်ဒှ်ခါဲဒုတ် ဒုဟ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဒၞာဲ၊ ဇကုမွဲအဵု ဟွံမွဲကဵုဗ္ဒာဲ၊ ကောန်ကၠၚ်ညးဂး ဒးပြးနူယာဲ၊ ကောန်ဒးတူလာဲ အဵုယာဲတၠဂုန်၊ အဵုလၟဂၞဴ ကောန်ရဴအှ်ေဒုန်၊ ဗဗုလဟဵု ဂဵုတုဲဒးသုန်၊ ပၠိုတ်တုဲဟုံအဴ ကြဴဒှ်ဗွဝ်ဂြုန်၊ ညံၚ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ ဒုက္ခမဵုရုန်၊ အဵုမိတၠဂုန် ဒဴထောံကောန်ဟာ၊ အဵုမိကျာ်ဂန် ကောန်ဒှ်ပူဆာ၊ လတေံဍာ်ဆၚ် လၟောဝ်ဂၚ်္ဂါ၊ ကျာလေၚ်ကဝ်ပိုတ် သိုက်က်ဇတ်အာ၊ ရမတ်ကောန်ဆက် နူစက္ခုဒွါ၊ ရမတ်ဂၚ်္ဂါ ဇတ်မာန်ဟာအဴ၊ ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ တၠအနုအဴ၊ နဓဝ်ပညာ ချပ်ဗ္စာတဴ၊ ဇာတိဇရာ ဗျုဓိဖက်နှဴ၊ ဓဝ်မာရဏ ဇၟာပ်သတ်ကျစဴ၊ ဒှ်ဗျုယဲအဴ ချိုတ်အဴဟွံလံ၊ ညံၚ်မံၚ်ညးအဲ တက်တဲကဵုကံ၊ မံၚ်ပ္ဍဲလိုက်ဗာ သိုတ်သာသ္ပံ၊ ဟွံဗှ်ဂၠံၚ်ချိုတ် စရိုတ်စတ္တံ၊ ညံၚ်ဟွံပြးဆာဲ ဟွံလာဲညံၚ်တၟ၊ ကာလဒးချိုတ် စိုတ်ကၠုၚ်ဒှ်ပရအ်၊ အဲလၟုံဏံ ဒှ်ပရံရသွံ၊ ချပ်ဣၚုဟ်သွံ ဂတိဂိုၚ်စွံ၊ သောကဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲ ဂိုၚ်ဖရာဲထောံ၊ ဟွံကဵုဗၠိုက်ဗၠန် ဟွံကဵုစောန်ကလောံ၊ သောတဆေဝ်ဒဝ် ဓဝ်ရောၚ်ဇၞးဂွံ၊ မာတၚ်ဂသွံ စွံသ္တိတုဲဗ္စာ၊ တုဲသၟိက်ဂိုၚ်ရ ဇွမိမၜါ၊ ကော်ပကောံနၚ် ဂမြၚ်ရဲသာ၊ ဍောတ်တ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော် သီုဗော်ပြဝါ၊


မုက်လိက်−၁၅[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဖန်ဖက်စဳရေၚ် လၟေၚ်အရာ၊ ပြဝေဏဳရ ယိုက်ဇွတမၠာ၊ ပြုပြေၚ်တုဲကၠာ ပ္ဍဲကာလဂှ်၊ သၟိက်ဂိုၚ်ဒေပ်ကၠာ ပ္ဍဲကာလဂှ်၊ ခါဲကတိုၚ်ကၠာ သီုၜါညဳသၟဟ်၊ တိုပ်ဒေပ်ညဳသာ သီုၜါဟွံတၞဟ်၊ ကလေၚ်စဴရ ဒေသဒဒှ်၊ မာတၚ်ဂဂှ် ဂၠာဲဗှ်ဗ္စာ၊ ဗတ်အဲမွဲသွံ ချိုတ်ထောံဂွံဟာ၊ ဇၟာပ်ညးအဲ ဗွဲဓမ္မတာ၊ ပိုဲခါဲဒုတ်ရ မူဒၞာဲပကာ၊ ခိုဝ်ခိုဝ်ခါတ်တ် ဂၠာဲအာအာတ်အာ၊ ဗွဲဓမ္မတာ အာတ်စအာရ၊ ချပ်ဣၚုဟ်ပၠန် ဟွံရန်ဒည၊ ပလေဝ်ကောန်တာဲ ဂၠာဲၜုန်မြ၊ ဇုက်ဝါဂၠာဲပၠန် ဆုဒုန်မှာဲမှ၊ ဂၠာဲပကောံနၚ် ပြုပြေၚ်သက္ခဏ၊ သၞာံဂၠဴမူလ ဂွံပကၟဳ၊ ဒုန်ၜဝ်ထၞေက် ကရေက်ဝဏဳ၊ ဇုက်ညးဒက်ဂဝ် ဒက်ကွဝ်ညဳညဳ၊ ယာတ်ညးဂြာပ်ဇွ ဂွံဇိၚ်ပဂၞဳ၊ အိုတ်ဂမြၚ်ပၠန် ဗိုၚ်ကၠောန်ပလွဳ၊ မံၚ်တဴညဳညဳ ပနဳသုသာန်၊ တၠပညာ ပ္စာနညာဏ်၊ ဂွံမိၚ်ကေတ်ဟေၚ် ပရေၚ်နဳဒါန်၊ ခါဲဒုတ်ညးဍုဟ် စုတ်ဒုဟ်သီုကွာန်၊ ဂကူယုတ်ကွေံ ဟီုက္ၜေဟ်အဓာန်၊ အိုတ်ဇၟာပ်ကွာန် ကွာ်ဍာန်ညးချဟ်၊ ဂကူယုတ်ကွေံ ဒုဟ်ဍေံဟွံဒှ်၊ စိုတ်ယဝ်ရယုတ် ဒှ်လုတ်ကျာ်တွံ၊ ဒးစှ်ေအပါဲ ဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲပှ်လှ်၊ ဂကူယုတ်ပြဲ ၜါနဲတုပ်သၟဟ်၊ စိုတ်သတ္တံဂှ် ဒှ်တံအရၚ်၊ သမ္မာမိစ္ဆာ စိုတ်ၜါတွံနၚ်၊ သမ္မာစိုတ် ကွာ်လောဲစိုပ်သၚ်၊ မိစ္ဆာဒှ်ဗက် နရက်ဒးကြၚ်၊ စိုတ်ယုတ်ခဵုခါတ် ပါတ်ဇၟာပ်တၚ်၊ စိုတ်ဆောံမမၚ် ဟွံဒးကြၚ်အာ၊ ဂလာန်ဝွံဂှ် ဗှ်တုဲဗ္စာ၊ ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ မိမသီုၜါ၊ ဂကူယုတ်အိုတ် ချိုတ်ရောသ္ဂးဟာ၊ ဂကူပြဲပၠန် ချိုတ်အနန္တာ၊ တိုၚ်ချိုတ်မွဲတ္ၚဲ အိုတ်အဲညးကၠာ၊ ဓဝ်မာရဏ ချပ်ဗ္စာညိ၊ လောဘဒေါသ မောဟညးပိ၊ မၞမွဲကၠာ မိစ္ဆာဒိဋ္ဌိ၊ ယဝ်ဗက်စဍေံ ဒးစှ်ေကမ္ဘိ၊ သၟိက်ကဵုဝေၚ်ပါဲ ဂၠာဲကဵုဂတိ၊ ဝေၚ်ပါဲကၠေံညိ သတိပလွဳ၊ မဟာသာလ နာမသေဋ္ဌဳ၊


မုက်လိက်−၁၆[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဂွံကောန်ဝုတ်မွဲ ညံၚ်နဲထဝ်ဂွဳ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ရုပ္ပါကျာ်သြဳ၊ မဇၞော်ဓဝ်မၞ ခန္ဓပြေၚ်ဖျဳ၊ ကျိုၚ်ကျဝ်ဟုံလဳ ပြေၚ်ဖျဳရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲ၊ ပ္ဍဲလိုက်ဝွံကွေံ ညးဟွံတုပ်အဲ၊ ဂကူပိုဲဗၞး နူညးပိုဲပြဲ၊ ထတ်သန်ဂၠိုၚ်ထပ် ပိုန်ဒြပ်ပိုဲလှဲ၊ ဂးရုပ်အသဝ် ဂေါဝ်ဆအဲမွဲ၊ ပ္ဍဲစိုတ်ဒက်ဂြဲ ရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲကျိုၚ်လှာ၊ ကြိုက်သၟိက်ဒှ် ကာလဂှ်ကၠာ၊ သ္ဘၚ်နက်သတ် ဒးသၞောဝ်အ္စာ၊ အလုံဍုၚ်မွဲ မွဲသၞာံမွဲဝါ၊ အိုတ်ဗၞးတံ တၟံဝေါဟာ၊ ၜးကေတ်ကြိယျာ ကၠုၚ်အာလဳၜန်၊ ညးဝါတ်ညးလောဲ တံၚ်ဂြဲပြာပ်ညောန်၊ ပုၚ်ကွာၚ်စၞ သဗ္ဗဂၠာဲကၠောန်၊ ကၞာထကီု သီုပ္ကဴဇၟန် အိုတ်ဇၟာပ်သ္ၚိ တိညံၚ်ဍန်၊ ဖါပ်စ္စပၠန် တန်ဆန်ကၠုၚ်အာ၊ ဒိဋ္ဌဟိရိ ဂးမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ ဍိက်ကမၠောန်ရောၚ် ဟောဟောဂြာဂြာ၊ သၟိက်ဝေၚ်သဘၚ် အခြၚ်နာနာ၊ ဂၠာဲကၠောန်ကွာၚ်ၜဲ ဂၠိုၚ်နဲပြကာ၊ ဓရိက်ခၞာ ဂၠိုၚ်ဝေါဟာလောန်၊ ထဝ်ဗာတ်ဍာ်သာဲ ဖက်ပၠာဲခန်န်၊ သဂြာကလောံ ထောံကၠေၚ်သောန်န်၊ ဓုပ်ကဵုဓုပ်အဵု ဂွဳကဵုဂွဳပၠန်၊ ဝေါဟာဗၞး ဒးရးဂၠာဲကၠောန်၊ ဍိုက်ပေၚ်စိစောန် ဂၠာဲကၠောန်ဗဒှ်၊ ကော်ဍိက်ဗြဴပၠန် ဗၞတ်မသုန်စှော်၊ ကဵုကျိုၚ်ကျဝ်အဴ ပ္ကဴကဵုစရှ်၊ ကော်ဍိက်တြုံရ ခၞံညဳသၟဟ်၊ မသုန်စှော်ကၠာ ဟွံခြာတၞဟ်၊ ကောံတုဲညဳသၟဟ် ပြဟ်ကဵုနၚ်ကွဳ၊ အမာဲပုၚ်သွ စၞကွာၚ်ဂွဳ၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်စန်ဒက် ကၠံက်ဂွက်ဓရဳ၊ မြမောဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠၚ် ကဵုပၟၚ်ကဵုဂွဳ၊ ဍိုက်စုတ်ပေၚ်ဍတ် ဟွံလျတ်ချဳ၊ ဍိုက်ပေၚ်ဇၟာပ်ကွဳ ညဳညဳသာသာ၊ ဒိဋ္ဌဟိရိ ဂးမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ ကျိုၚ်ကျဝ်ဒးရး ၜးလဝ်ကြိယျာ၊ ကွဳဇရာထဝ် အသဝ်သာ်လွာ၊ ကျိုၚ်လဝ်ဒးရး ချေံသိန္ဓဴၜါ၊ ဗ္ဂန်ကေတ်တုဲ သၟိက်အာဥဒျာန်၊ ဍိုက်ကွဳကမၠေ အသေအဟာန်၊ ညးညးအဲအဲ ထပ်ဂၠောဲပေၚ်ဍာန်၊ လ္ၚဵုကွာ်တိုက် လ္ၚဵုဍိုက်ကွဳယာန်၊


မုက်လိက်−၁၇[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ကောန်သေဋ္ဌဳဗြဴ ပ္ကဴလှဖ္ဍာန်၊ ကၟဳလဝ်ကွဳယာန် မွဲဟာန်သၟိက်အာ၊ ခၞဂှ်ပၠန် ဖျေံအမန္တာ၊ ယွံလေဝ်ဍိက်သ္ကံ လ္ပသ္ပံသာ၊ လညာတ်ယုတ်ကွေံ မၞးတံဆေဝ်တာ၊ မၞိဟ်ချိုတ်မၞိဟ်ယဲ ကဵုပါဲသ္ၚောဲခြာ၊ ခါဲဒုတ်ယုတ်မာ ပကဵုဒနာကြတ်၊ ဟွံမွဲကဵုမ္ၚဵု လေပ်ဆဵုဒးပယျတ်၊ ယာံအဲညာတ်ကွေံ ဟွံဒးကဵုမတ်၊ ဟွံဒးညာတ်မွဲ နူအဲဍောတ်တ်၊ ဂၠံၚ်ပိုဲအာကွေံ ပကဵုဍေံတတ်၊ မၞးတံဍောတ်ဇၞော် စဳစောတ်မၚ်မွဲ၊ မိၚ်တုဲဆံလံ ဍိက်သ္ကံရဲ၊ လ္ၚဵုလေံလွပ် ရၠ်ကေတ်နတဲ၊ ကွာ်အာဂတ ဟီုရသဲသဲ၊ ဟွံမွဲမ္ၚဵုကၠာ ပါဲသာဲသ္ၚောဲ၊ ကောန်သေဋ္ဌဳပြဲ တ္ၚဲဝွံတိတ်ကၠုၚ်၊ ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ ဂၠာဲစၞပုၚ်၊ တ္ၚဲဝွံပြဲဟေၚ် ဝေၚ်သဘၚ်ဍုၚ်၊ ဇၟာပ်ညးဇၟာပ်ကွာန် ကဵုဒါန်အာကၠုၚ်၊ အဲဂွံလောဲရ စိတ္တကေဝ်ဇြုၚ်၊ ဂွံကသပ်ပ္ညုၚ် ကွာ်ကၠုၚ်ဇောဲဇောဲ၊ ခၞာတ်နတဲ ထိုၚ်မွဲကၟာဲ၊ ဆဵုသ္ၚိလုပ်အာတ် ဟွံဒးဝါတ်ခါဲ၊ ဆညာတ်ဒးကဵု ကုသဵုဇိုန်ကွာ်၊ ဆဵုဒးပေၚ်ခုတ် ဍိက်ဝုတ်ဍိက်ဗၠာဲ၊ ဍေံဟီုသ္ကာတ်သာဲ ဂၠိုၚ်ဒၞာဲဆေဝ်တာ၊ ဟေံမာတၚ်္ဂ မၞးလ္ပအာ၊ ဂကူခါဲဒုတ် ဗှ်ေမၞိဟ်ယုတ်မာ၊ တေံနာဲပိုဲကွေံ ဂးမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ ဟွံမိက်ညာတ်ဟေၚ် အမၚ်္ဂလာ၊ မၞးလ္ပအာ ယဝ်အာဒှ်ဝါတ်၊ မာတၚ်ဂဗၠာဲ ဂါဲဝါဲခါတ်မါတ်၊ ဟွံဟီုဟွံခၠေဝ် ကွာ်ကြေဝ်ဂၠာဲအာတ်၊ ဍိက်တံအိုဿီ ဗိုၚ်ဟီုရာဲသာတ်၊ ဟေံမာတၚ်ဂ ယဂၠာဲပတိဃာတ်၊ နာဲပိုဲယာံညာတ် ဒှ်ဝါတ်ရယ၊ မာတၚ်ဂပၠန် ဟွံရန်ဒည၊ ဓဏာတ်တဲမွဲ ကွာ်သဲဗၠဗၠ၊ ကောန်ဝုတ်သေဋ္ဌဳ စဝ်ကၠုၚ်ကွဳရ၊ ဂွံညာတ်ကေတ်ကွေံ မၞးမာတၚ်ဂ၊ ချပ်ခါ်ဆိုအ်ေ ဇအိန်ဇရထအအ်၊ တုဲသၟာန်တိုန်ကွေံ ယွံလေဝ်မၞးတံ၊ ဒးညာတ်လၟုဟ် ညးဂှ်ဍေံဏံ၊ မူယၟုကီု ဟီုပကဵုလံ၊ ဟိန်ဗိန်ယုတ်မာ လအာညံၚ်ပရံ၊ ညးဂှ်ဍေံဏံ မၞးတံဟီုစံ၊ ဍိက်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂွိၚ် မိၚ်ဒးအသံ၊


မုက်လိက်−၁၈[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
လ္ၚောဝ်ပ္တီညိ ယွံမိတ္ကံဇမ်၊ ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ ဍေံမၞိဟ်ပရံ၊ ပိုဲဍိက်ဆေဝ်တာ ဂၠိုၚ်ဝါလ္ၚီကၠံ၊ ဍေံဟွံဒိုအ်စံ ဍေံကြံလောန်အဴ၊ ကောန်ဝုတ်သေဋ္ဌဳ မိၚ်ချဳလိုက်လဴ၊ ညာတ်မာတၚ်ဂ ဒေါသဖက်နှဴ၊ ဟွံမွဲကဵုမ္ၚဵု ဆဵုဘာ်တရဴ၊ ဟွံမိက်အာဟေၚ် ဂေတ်ကလေၚ်စဴ၊ ချပ်ခါ်တုဲအဴ ကလေၚ်စဴအာရ၊ ဍိက်သေဋ္ဌဳကီု ဟီုသီုဒေါသ၊ ဟိုယ်လေဝ်ယတံ တ္ၚဲဏံဒးဂွံ၊ ဒၟာနူဂမြၚ် ယမာတၚ်ဂ၊ ဟွံဂွံစသုၚ် ပုၚ်ကွာၚ်စၞ၊ ကဵုဘဲဒက္ခ ဒးရယတံ၊ မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ကီု ဟီုတုန်ခံခံ၊ ကဵုဘဲလၟုံရ ပစွံဍေံလံ၊ ဂၠောဲလုပ်ဗိုန်ဗတ် ဍေံရပ်ပတ်ကံ၊ လ္ၚဵုဍေံခၞက် တက်ဗိုတ်ကဵုတၟံ၊ စိပ်တိုန်ဂြိုဟ်ချအ် ကံဝ်မတ်ပ္တဴ၊ ဍိက်သ္ကံရဲ တက်ဖဲစဴအာ၊ ဍေံပၠောထောံအဵု ညံၚ်ကဵုဇွဂၠဴ၊ ဗောဓိသတ္တ တၠအနှဘဴ၊ ဓဝ်အကုသဵု ဇိုန်ကဵုဖက်နှဴ၊ ဟွံဂွံချိုတ်အဴ လောတ်လောကၟဝ်၊ ဂိသၠောံကာယျ သဗသ္အဝ်၊ ဝိုတ်သ္တိကီု တသ္ၚဳကသဝ်၊ လောတ်လောကၟဝ် ကသဝ်သာသာ၊ လံညိဗ္ၜူဗၠး ဂွးတိဇက်အာ၊ ဇရေၚ်သၞိၚ်ဇြဲ ထောံဇိုၚ်တဲၜါ၊ လၟောၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ထပ် ဗကပ်လ္ၚာ၊ နကဵုတဲကဵု ဗက်ဍဵုညှာညှာ၊ ပတ်ဇွိတ်သာသာ ဂိဟဲအာရ၊ ဇက်က္တဵုပၠန် ဂဇုန်တော်ဆ၊ အဲအာတ်စလၟုဟ် ဗၠးဒုဟ်ပွ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ဒေပ်စိုတ်ပါပ၊ ချပ်ခါ်အဲပၠန် ဟွံရန်ဒည၊ စရိုတ်ဓဝ်မၞ ဍေံပနိဿဲ၊ အဲဒှ်ခါဲဒုတ် ပွလုတ်ဟွံမွဲ၊ ဂၠာဲအာတ်စရ ဗၞတ်ဆစဖဲ၊ ဟွံဂၠာဲဟီုၜေဟ် ညးရးဇမ္ၚောဲ၊ ရာဒနာအဵု လ္ၚောဝ်ယဵုတဲ၊ ဍေံညာတ်ရုပ်အဲ ချဟ်ခါ်အဲပၠန်၊ ဍိက်တံဂှ်ရ ဟွံဒညရန်၊ ဍေံရပ်ဂွံအဲ ဍေံကဵုဘဲဒန်၊ ဍိက်ကဵုနာဲရ မၞတန်တန်၊ ဓဝ်မေတ္တာရ သ္တိညာဏ်အောန်၊ ဟွံဂၠာဲဗှ်ရန် ဟွံချပ်စန်စာ၊ မာတၚ်ဂပြဲ ချပ်ပၠန်မွဲဝါ၊ ညးဍဵုဍိုက်သၟတ် ကဵုယုတ်ရဟာ၊ ဒေပ်စိုတ်ကဵုပြဲ မၚ်မွဲဂွံမြာ၊


မုက်လိက်−၁၉[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဗတ်ၜုၚ်တက်ကွေံ ဖျေံဓဝ်မေတ္တာ၊ ရပ်စိုတ်သမ္မာ မြာပိုန်သုခ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ပိုၚ်ခြာမာန၊ ဓဝ်မေတ္တာသွံ အဲစွံဂတ၊ အဲဟံၚ်ပြာ်ဍေံ ဂှ်ရောၚ်ဒးပွ၊ ကြဴဂွံတီညိ သတိဗလ၊ အဲအာတ်ဍေံရ ကာလဂှ်ဒး၊ ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ တြုံတၠညး၊ ချပ်တုဲက္တဵု ဍဵုၜံၚ်ရပ်ပၞး၊ လျဝ်ဇိုၚ်တဲ ကွာ်ထဲဆဒး၊ စံဇြဟတ်ညိ ဋ္ဌာန်တိသတး၊ မာန်ကီုရဂး ဇၞးစိုတ်တုဲအာ၊ ဇောဲဇောဲဇာဲဇာဲ လုဲလာဲဇိုၚ်ၜါ၊ ဟိုတ်ညးၜုၚ်တက် ဟွံဓဝ်ဟွံယာ၊ ဒစုန်ဝါဲဝါဲ ထိုၚ်ကၟာဲဏာ၊ သ္ၚေဝ်ရံၚ်အာစိ သ္ၚိမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ ချိုန်ဂှ်စိုပ်အာ ဟွံပါလၞၚ်၊ ဂဇုန်ယဵုဲ ပ္ဍဲတြၚ်ဝၚ်၊ ဖ္ဍောဝ်သဲသဲ ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုနဲတၚ်၊ သာဓသာဓု ဒါန်ဝွံပြဲက္ဍၚ်၊ ဒါန်ရောၚ်ဇိုန်ကဵု မဂ်ဖဵုစိုပ်သၚ်၊ ဒါန်ရောၚ်ရီုဗၚ် ဟွံဒးကြၚ်လန်၊ ဒါန်ဇိုန်ကဵုစိ ကလိဂွံထဝ်သန်၊ ဒါန်ဇိုန်ကဵုတသိုက် ပိုန်ဘိုက်တန်န်၊ ဒါန်ဇိုတ်အဝဲ ရုပ်သာ်ပြဲလောန်၊ ဒါန်ဇိုန်ကဵုကွေံ ဟွံဒးဂၠာဲကၠောန်၊ ကၠိဂွံထဝ်သန် ဒြပ်ကောန်သမ္ဘာ၊ ဒါန်ရောၚ်ဒှ်တံ ခၞံနၚ်ဏာ၊ ဒါန်ဝွံရီုဗၚ် ဒါန်ဂွံဍံၚ်သွာ၊ ဒါန်ဇိုန်ကဵုတသိုက် လိုက်သွဝ်သီုၜါ၊ ဒါန်ရောၚ်တိတ်ဗၠး နူပးသံသာ၊ ဒါန်မှတ်ကဵုမြာ သုခသိုၜါ၊ ဍိက်သေဋ္ဌဳတံ တၟံတြုံဗြဴ၊ မိၚ်ကၠုၚ်ကဵုရပုၚ်သွဖက်နှဴ၊ မာတၚ်ဂကီု ဟွံကေတ်ဟီုတဴ၊ ကောန်ဝုတ်သေဋ္ဌဳ ကျာ်သြဳၜတ်သဴ၊ အဲဂွံအဲစဴ အဲအာတ်တဴရောၚ်၊ ဍိုက်သ္ကံရဲ တက်တဲဂြိုၚ်ကၠံၚ်၊ ကောန်ဝုတ်အသဝ် ရုပ်ထဝ်ဒကောၚ်၊ ဂလာန်ဂှ်ကွေံ ဒှ်ဍေံဟီုဂံၚ်၊ ခါဲဒုတ်ညံၚ်ဍေံ ညာတ်ဒးစံၚ်ပရံၚ်၊ ဒှ်ဍေံအာတ်ဂံၚ် အဲစံၚ်ပြံၚ်ကွေံ၊ ဍိက်သေဋ္ဌဳတံ ကဵုကံဟီုၜေဟ်၊ ဍေံတံဂြိုၚ်ကၠံၚ် မံၚ်စံၚ်ဟွံဒး၊ လ္ၚဵုခါတ်မါတ် သၟိက်ဘာတ်ထောံဍေံ၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ချပ် သၟိက်ရပ်ဂဗး၊ ဆဍေံကဵုဍေံ ဂၠာဲဟီုဂးကၠံၚ်၊ ကၠံၚ်မံၚ်ထဥ ရုရုသံၚ်သံၚ်၊ သေဋ္ဌဳဗြဴမိၚ် ဂွံၚ်ဘိုန်စိုတ်စံၚ်၊


မုက်လိက်−၂၀[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ကော်ဍိက်ဗြဴအဵု ကဵုပါန်အခေါၚ်၊ ထဝ်သန်ကဵုဏာ ကဵုအာပလံၚ်၊ ပကဵုဍေံမံၚ် ညံၚ်ဒုၚ်ဂုန်ညိ၊ မိၚ်သေဋ္ဌဳဟီု သီုဍိက်ဗြဴပိ၊ဂိုၚ်ကေတ်ထဝ်သန် ယောန်စှ်ေအာတိ၊ ဟွံမိက်အာကီု ဍေံဟီုဒေါန်ဗျိ၊ ဍုဟ်ခါဲဒုတ်လောန် ညောန်လုပ်ညိညိ၊ စိုပ်တြၚ်ဝၚ်စိ နကြိဟီုပၠန်၊ ယွံမာတၚ်ဂ ကေတ်ရထတ်သန်၊ ကောန်ဝုတ်ညးကီု တုပ်ဗီုထဝ်သောန်၊ မၞးလ္ပအာတ် သွက်ဂွံဝါတ်လောန်၊ လံညးထေဲအဵု ညးကဵုဘဲဒန်၊ ဆဗၞတ်ထတ်သန် ကေတ်ညိပၠန်ရ၊ မာတၚ်ဂကီု ဟီုတိုန်ခယျ၊ ချိုတ်လၟုဟ်အဲ ဟွံမွဲမိမ၊ သွက်ဂွံမၚ်တာဲ ဂၠာဲဖျိန်ပုၚ်သွ၊ ဗတ်ညးဂစိုတ် ဒဵုအိုတ်ဇိဝိ၊ အာတ်ဒဵုဂွံရ ပဆေဝ်တာညိ၊ မိၚ်ကေတ်ဆဴဆဴ ဍိက်ဗြဴညးပိ၊ မိၚ်ဒးစိုတ်စံၚ် ဗီုသုၚ်ဍာ်ဂျိ၊ သၟိက်ဂွံကဵုချိုတ် ထေဲပၞတ်စိုတ်ဂိ၊ သ္ၚေဝ်မုက်တုဲဟေၚ် ကလေၚ်တိုန်သ္ၚိ၊ လ္ၚောဝ်ပ္တီစိ ယွံမိသေဋ္ဌဳ၊ လၟုဟ်ခါဲဒုတ် မၞိဟ်ယုတ်ခါခၞဳ၊ ဒုၚ်ဂုန်ဍေံကီု ဍေံဟီုဝေရဳ၊ ကဵုထဝ်သန်ကွေံ ဘာတ်ဍေံဟွံချဳ၊ ဍေံအာတ်ကေတ်ပၠန် ကောန်ဝုတ်သေဋ္ဌဳ၊ ခါဲဒုတ်ခါခၞဳ ဍေံဟွံချဳစဴ၊ မိၚ်လဟီုစိ မိသေဋ္ဌဳဗြဴ၊ ဇၞော်တဴဇကု သၟူဒမြဴ၊ ခါဲဒုတ်အာတ်ကောန် ဒယှ်လောန်တဴ၊ ပရိုၚ်သာ်ဂှ် မြဟ်ကမြဴ၊ ဂွံလောန်သဘဴ လှေံဖျဴပြဲလောန်၊ ဂးဗြဴသေဋ္ဌဳ ဂွဳစိုက်ကေတ်သန်၊ ဗၞတ်ကၠံပသာ ဂွဳဏာလှေံလှန်၊ သေဋ္ဌဳဗြဴကၠာ ကွာ်အာပြာပ်ညန်၊ တုဲဟီုတိုန်ရ ယွံကောန်ယွံကောန်၊ မိနၚ်ကဵုသန် ကောန်ကေတ်ညိရ၊ သန်ကၠံပသာ အာပဇွောံမ၊ ကြဴဟွံဒးအာတ် ဟွံဝါတ်စၞ၊ တိုၚ်ပၟိက်ကၠာ ကဵုမြာသုခ၊ အာတ်ကောန်ကွေံ ဟွံဒးပွ၊ ညးမိၚ်ဒးဂွ စဴကၠာရကောန်၊ မိၚ်သေဋ္ဌဳဗြဴ ဟီုတဴသောန်သောန်၊ မာတၚ်ဂကီု ဟီုခၠေဝ်ပလန်၊ ပိုဲခါဲဒုတ်ကီု မူနွံပၟိက်သန်၊ ခါဲဒုတ်သိုက်ကွေံ ညးထိုၚ်သးအောန်၊


မုက်လိက်−၂၁[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဟိုတ်ဂှ်အဲပၠန် ဂၠာဲကောန်သမ္ဘာ၊ အဲဒးအာတ်စိ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ ဗတ်ရဂစိုတ် ကဵုအိုတ်ဇိဝါ၊ အဲအါတ်ညံၚ်ဂွံ ဒိုအ်ပၠန်ဂွံဟာ၊ချိုန်လၟုံပြဲ ကဵုအဲစဴအာ၊ ဗတ်ဟီုလာံသာ အဲဟွံအာရ၊ ပါၚ်တရၚ်ဝၚ် ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ၊ တိက်လၞၚ်ကၠာ ဗဒေါံဖျေံကာယျ၊ ပိတ္ၚဲလ္အိတ် ဟွံကေတ်ပုၚ်သွ၊ ပ္တပ်ဇိုၚ်တဲ တုပ်နဲဇွ၊ ပညံၚ်ချိုတ်ရ ကာလဂှ်ပၠန်၊ ပရိုၚ်သာ်ဂှ် ဒယှ်တန်တန်၊ မၞစိုတ်ယုတ် ခါဲဒုတ်အာန်ကောန်၊ ကောန်ဗၠာဲသေဋ္ဌဳ ဟီုကြေဝ်ဂၠာဲလန်၊ အလုံဍုၚ်မွဲ ညးအဲလီၜန်၊ အိုတ်အလုံဍုၚ် ကောန်ကၠုၚ်ပြာပ်ညန်၊ ဟီုရေၚ်သ္ကံပၠန် ဒးဂွန်ရယ၊ ပိုဲကၠုၚ်ဒုၚ်ဂုန် ညးပ္တိုန်မာန၊ လၟုံဒးအဵု ကဵုမာတၚ်ဂ၊ ခါဲဒုတ်အာတ်ဏာ ဂွမာဂွ၊ ကံဍေံစိုပ်ဍေံ ပေၚ်စိုတ်ဍေံရ၊ ဟိုတ်နူဓဝ်မၞ ဂွံရဟွံလံ၊ ဍေံဟီုတိုန်ပလေ ဟိုယဲလေယတံ၊ ပိုဲလၟုဟ်ရ ပိုဲပသောၚ်ဏံ၊ ကဵုမာတၚ်ဂ ပိုဲပသ္ကံ၊ ပကဵုညးပျဲ ဘဲပကဵုဒွံ၊ ဍေံဂွံဗြဴဏံ ယတံထေဲဟာ၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်အီဂြိုၚ် တက်ဇိုၚ်တဲၜါ၊ ဗြဴသၠုၚ်မာန မူပရောဇွာ၊ စိုတ်ညံၚ်အိက်အာ် ရုပ်သာ်ဍေံကျေဝ်၊ ဗြဴသာ်ဂှ်ကွေံ စရုပ်ဍေံဟာ၊ ဍုဟ်ကွေံရဇွာ ကဵုဏာခါဲဒုတ်၊ ညးလ္ၚဵုကီု ဍေံဟီုဂၠာဲပျုတ်၊ ယွံလေဝ်ယတံ ဗြဴဏံဗြဴယုတ်၊ ပိုဲတီလံကွေံ နူဍေံဍောတ်တ်၊ သၠုၚ်မၞအဵု ဒဵုဍေံဒှ်ဝုတ်၊ ဟိုတ်နူဍေံယုတ် ခါဲဒုတ်အာတ်ဍေံ၊ လ္ၚဵုဟီုတိုန်ပြဟ် ဒှ်ကွေံဒှ်ကွေံ၊ မိၚ်ညးဟီုဂှ် ချဟ်ခါ်လဝ်ဍေံ၊ ဍိက်သ္ကံစိုတ်သၠုၚ် တက်ၜုၚ်ဂဗး၊ ဟိုတ်ပွလုတ် ယုတ်မာပဒး၊ မာတၚ်ဂကွေံ ဍေံအာတ်ရောၚ်ယ၊ သေဋ္ဌဳဗၠာဲရောၚ် ဟီုကၠံၚ်ခယျ၊ အိုဿီုညးအဲ တက်တဲဂြိုၚ်ခ၊ မိပ်စိုတ်ယူယာ် ဒံၚ်သၠာ်ရ၊ ကောံတုဲရံၚ်ပၠန် ယတံပကသဳ၊ ဟေံမာတၚ်ဂ ကၠေံစိုတ်ပလွဳ၊ ဂွံလၟုဟ်ရ မၞးလ္ပချဳ၊ ယဝ်ညးတက်ကီု ပိုဲရီုညဳညဳ၊


မုက်လိက်−၂၂[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
မၞးလ္ပချဳ လွဳကျာ်ထိုၚ်သး၊ ဗၠာဲလ္ၚဵုကီု ဍေံကော်ဟီုဂး၊ ဟေံမာတၚ်ဂ လွဳရဂွံဇၞး၊ လွဳဂှ်ကၠေံစိုတ် ဗတ်ချိုတ်လ္ပဗလး၊ လွဳမာန်ရောၚ်ပြဲ ကျာ်တြဲထိုၚ်သး၊ တိက်ဟွံချဳကွေံ ဗၠးမာန်ကီုဟာ၊ ဗၠာဲဂမၠိုၚ်ရောၚ် ကောံမံၚ်ဟောဂြာ၊ ဍေံဗိုၚ်ဟီုရ ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုပြကာ၊ ကောံတုဲတက်တဲ ဂၠောဲကၠုၚ်ဂၠောဲအာ၊ ဍေံဍုဟ်ညာတ်ဟေၚ် မၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ ကဵုဇြဟတ်ကၠာ ကဵုမှာတၚ်ဂ၊ ဍိုက်သေဋ္ဌဳကီု ဍေံဟီုစမြ၊ ဗၞတ်မဟီုဂှ် ဟွံသၟဟ်ရထ၊ ဟွံဂံၚ်ပျဲပျာံ ဍေံရောံဒည၊ ဗၠာဲသ္ကံရဲ ဟိုတ်မၚ်မွဲရ၊ ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ တိက်ရဟွံချဳ၊ အိုတ်ပန်ဒိုဟ်စိ ဇရေၚ်သ္ၚိသေဋ္ဌဳ၊ မၞးသ္ကံရဲ ဂၠောဲကၠုၚ်ရံၚ်သ္ၚေဝ်၊ ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ တိက်ရလွဳ၊ ယဝ်ဍေံချိုတ်အာ ဘာသာလီုဇဳ၊ ဂွိၚ်တိုန်ဂြိုဟ်ချဳ ဒးကၠုၚ်သ္ၚေဝ်ရံၚ်၊ ဗၞးရေၚ်သ္ကံ ကောံဂဇံမံၚ်၊ ညးညးအဲအဲ ဂၠိုၚ်နဲဟီုကၠံၚ်၊ မာတၚ်္ဂချိုတ် ဝုတ်ဒိုဟ်ပန်ဂၠံၚ်၊ ထပ်ှထပှ်စိ ဇၟာပ်သ္ၚိဒးပြံၚ်၊ ဒှ်ခါဲဒုတ်ရောၚ် တုဲဒးပြံၚ်အာ၊ ဇာတ်ဗၞးရ ညးပပြာထာ၊ လၟုဟ်ခါဲဒုတ် ဍေံမၞိဟ်ယုတ်မာ၊ ပ္ဍဲပါၚ်တြၚ် တိက်တၚ်လ္ၚာ၊ ယဝ်ဍေံချိုတ်ဟေၚ် လေၚ်ရသေၚ်ဟာ၊ အိုတ်မွဲဘာသာ ဒှ်လေၚ်အာရ၊ ဟိုတ်နူညးကီု လေၚ်သီုမသ၊ ကဵုပိုဲလေၚ်ကွေံ ဟွံဒးပွ၊ အိုတ်ပိုဲညးကီု ဗိုၚ်ဟီုဆောံမ၊ ညံၚ်အာကီုရ ကာလဂှ်ဒး၊ လ္ၚဵုဟီုပြဟ် ဒှ်ကွေံဒှ်ကွေံ၊ ဂကောံဝေါဟာ ဘာသာဗၞး၊ ဂုန်ကောန်ညးမွဲ ညးအဲလေၚ်ပြး၊ ယဝ်ဟွံကဵုကီု ပိုဲဟီုညံၚ်ဇၞး၊ ကသပ်ဝွံကွေံ ဒးရမၞးတံ၊ တိုၚ်ကသပ်အဵု ပိုဲပကဵုလံ၊ အိုတ်မၞးတံဟေၚ် ကောံရေၚ်သ္ကံ၊ ဂၠာဲကၠုၚ်ထိမြိ ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိပေၚ်ချံ၊ ဆမွဲကရောံ ကောံတုဲဂဇံ၊ အိုတ်မၞးတံ ခံမံဟီုပၠန်၊ ယွံသေဋ္ဌဳဇၞော် ဗော်ညးတၠသန်၊ ဂကူပိုဲဗၞး ဒးရးပြဲလောန်၊ ဘာသာဗၞးစိ ဟွံဂွံကၠိစောန်၊ အိုဿီုညးအဲ မၚ်မွဲတန်န်၊


မုက်လိက်−၂၃[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ချိုတ်လၟုဟ်ပၠန် ကောန်ဝုတ်သေဋ္ဌဳ၊ ခါဲဒုတ်အာတ်ရောၚ် တိက်မံၚ်ဟွံချဳ၊ ထပှ်တ္ၚဲရ လံခန္ဓဏှဳ၊ ယဝ်ဍေံချိုတ်အာ ဘာသာလီုဇဳ၊ ဒးဒှ်ခါဲဒုတ် ယုတ်မာကၠၚ်ဟဳ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်သေဋ္ဌဳ သ္ၚေဝ်တုဲတော်ဆ၊ ဂုန်ကောန်ဝုတ်မွဲ သီုရဲမသ၊ ဒးလေၚ်တဴအဆက် အနာဂတ်ဂတ၊ လေၚ်ညးမွဲဂှ် ဟွံသၟဟ်ရထ၊ လေၚ်သီုမသ ဝါတ်ရသေဋ္ဌဳ၊ မဟာသာလ တော်ဆဂၠာဲသ္ၚဳ၊ လၟုဟ်ဝါတ်လောန် ဂုန်ကောန်ကျာ်သြဳ၊ ဍေံကၠုၚ်အာတ်စုတ် ခါဲဒုတ်ခါခၞဳ၊ ဟွံဂွံဟွံအာ ဗက်ဏာဟွံချဳ၊ လံဖေက်ချိုတ်ပၠန် ခန္ဓဍေံဏှဳ၊ ဍေံချိုတ်လီုဇဳ ပြဝေဏဳဗၞး၊ ဒးကဵုဏာကောန် သၞောဝ်ပၠန်ဂတး၊ ဟွံကဵုဒှ်ဝါတ် ဝါတ်သီုညးအဲ၊ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်ရ သိက်ဂွံပဒး၊ အိုတ်ကသပ်ရောၚ် ညံၚ်ဂွံတိတ်ဗၠး၊ သေဋ္ဌဳဇၞော်ကွေံ ဟွံဟီုဂးပၠန်၊ ဗၞးဂမၠိုၚ် ဗိုၚ်ဟီုတန်တန်၊ ယွံသေဋ္ဌဳဇၞော် ဗော်တၠသန်၊ ဟွံဟီုသၚ်ရိုဟ် လၟုဟ်ဂိုဟ်ကောန်၊ ညးဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ဟွံဂၠာဲဗှ်ရန်၊ သီုသေဋ္ဌဳပၠန် သီုကောန်သီုဗြဴ၊ သဳမူနော်တြ မသကောန်စဴ၊ အဆက်ဆက် ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်ဖက်နှဴ၊ ဒးဒှ်ခါဲဒုတ် ယုတ်မာဗွဲကြဴ၊ ဗတ်ဒြပ်နွံကွေံ ညးဟွံရဴဂဴ၊ ယဝ်ဂိုဟ်ကောန်ဗြဴ ကြဴတဲဒးဟောံ၊ သေဋ္ဌဳၜိုန်ကြံ ဂဇံဒေန်ဗျောံ၊ ဖျုန်ဂြိုဟ်ဂတဝ် ဒှ်ဓဝ်ဇြဟောံ၊ ညံၚ်ဆုဇိုၚ်ဍာ် သၚ်လာ်ဆုဒေါံ၊ ဟွံသေၚ်မွဲသာ် ညံၚ်ညးဗာ်ပြောံ၊ ဒှ်ဓဝ်ဇြဟောံ ဒေါံစှ်ေအာရ၊ ဗၞးဂမၠိုၚ်ရော ကောလာဟာလ၊ ၜိုန်ဟီုတိုန်ဇဳ သေဋ္ဌဳဟိတ်ဇြ၊ ဟွံကလေၚ်ပါၚ် ရမျာၚ်ညိည၊ ဒှ်မံၚ်ကၠိုက်ကၠဟ် ဟွံသၟဟ်ရထ၊ ဟီုတိုန်ပၠန်ရ ကာလဂှ်ပၠန်၊ ယွံသေဋ္ဌဳဇၞော် ဗော်တၠသန်၊ ဟွံဂိုဟ်ဘာသာ လၟုဟ်ဂိုဟ်ဟာကောန်၊ ကဵုဟွံကဵုကီု ဟီုရခိုဟ်သန်၊ ယဝ်သ္ၚိတ်မံၚ်ကီု ပဟီုပိုဲဓဇန်၊ ပိုဲဟီုဒုၚ်ဂုန် တုန်စှ်ေစိုတ်ရ၊ သေဋ္ဌဳဇၞော်ကီု ဟွံဟီုပါတ်သဗ၊


မုက်လိက်−၂၄[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဇြဟာတ်ပ္ဍဲကောန် ဍိုန်တိုန်စိတ္တ၊ မွဲသာ်ဂှ်ပၠန် ရံၚ်ကဵုဝံသ၊ ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုအောန်ဂှ် ဟွံသၟဟ်ရထ၊ ကောန်သၠးကဵုရ ကာလဂှ်ဒး၊ မူဟိုတ်တုန်ရော ပိုဲဂကူမၞး၊ လၟေၚ်ဝေါဟာ ဘာသာဇၞော်ကၠး၊ ဇာတ်လီုညးပါဲ ဂၠိုၚ်နဲပြးဇး၊ ဟွံဂွံအာကောံ ကရောံအဲညး၊ ကောန်ကဵုဏာကွေံ ဒှ်ဒးရးသန်၊ ချပ်တုဲသေဋ္ဌဳ ဒ္ၚဳကဵုကဵုကောန်၊ ယွံကောန်သ္ဍိုက်မ ရုပ္ပလက်သန်၊ လၟုံခါဲဒုတ် ဍေံယုတ်မာလောန်၊ ဍေံကၠုၚ်တိက်တၚ် ပါၚ်တြၚ်ပၠန်၊ ဍေံကၠုၚ်အာတ်ကောန် အံက်ဝါတ်လောန်ရ၊ ယဝ်ဍေံချိုတ်ကီု လေၚ်သီုမသ၊ ညးဂမၠိုၚ်ကီု ကၠုၚ်ဟီုကြံကြ၊ ဟိုတ်ဘာသာမၞး အံက်မ္ဒးကျ၊ ချိုန်လၟုံကောန် ပ္တိုန်လဝ်စိတ္တ၊ မူဟိုတ်မွဲရ ဒါနဒှ်တံ၊ ပ္ဍဲကုသဵုရ အကုသဵုကံ၊ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်ပ္ညုၚ် ဍေံကၠုၚ်ခၞံ၊ ပ္ဍဲဂၞဴအဆၚ် က္ၜၚ်လေဝ်ဒးဗြံ၊ လီုတုဲသဘဴ ကြဴခိုဟ်လေဝ်နွံ၊ ဟိုတ်ရောၚ်ဒှ်တံ ခၞံနၚ်ဏာ၊ ဟိုတ်ကဵုဖဵုရ သီုၜါပြကာ၊ ဍေံဇိုန်ကဵုသၟတ် သတ်ပ္ဍဲလိုက်ဗာ၊ လဆောဝ်သၠုၚ်သဝ် ရေတ်ဂပဝ်အာ၊ လဆောဝ်ဒှ်ရ သုခဒုက္ခာ၊ သ္ဘဴဓဝ်ရ ဗ္စာညိရကောန်၊ လၟုံအံက်မ ဒှ်ပွဓဇန်၊ စုတ်တဲခါဲဒုတ် ပွလုတ်ဂြန်၊ ယဝ်ဟွံကဵုသၟတ် ခါဲဒုတ်အိုတ်သ္ကန်၊ ယဝ်ဍေံချိုဃတ်ကီု လေၚ်သီုဒိုဟ်ပန်၊ ကရောံခါဲဒုတ်ရ ညံၚ်အာညိကောန်၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ကညာရုပ္ပ၊ မိၚ်ဂလာန်ညး ဟွံသၟဟ်ရထ၊ က္တဵုဒှ်စံၚ်တူ ဒွံဓဝ်သောက၊ တိုန်ညံၚ်ဂျိဇြုံ ဗ္ဒောံဖျေံကာယျ၊ ဝိုတ်သတိရ သက်ခၞပၠန်၊ သောကဍဵုဍိုက် စရိုတ်ဗၠိုက်ဗၠန်၊ ဟီုဟွံဒးဟေၚ် ညံၚ်ညးကၠေၚ်စန်၊ သဗသ္ဘာ် တသၚ်တသောန်၊ ဂွံသ္တိကီု ဂၠာဲဟီုယာံဒေါန်၊ တံဇိုၚ်မပၠန် သောန်န်ယာံတဴ၊ အဵုသၟိၚ်အံက်မ တၠနှဘဴ၊ မူရဴနွံဒုဟ် လၟုဟ်က္ဍုဟ်ကောန်ဂၞဴ၊ စုတ်တဲခါဲဒုတ် ယုတ်သန်သွံအဴ၊ အံက်မကျာ်ဂန် ဓဇန်ကဵုကောန်ဂၞဴ၊


မုက်လိက်−၂၅[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
အဵုလၟာဂၞဴ ဍုဟ်ကောန်ဗြဴဟာ၊ အဵုသၟိၚ်အံက်မ ဂးဓုပ်ပြကာ၊ ညးသ္အာၚ်ပၠန် ဍုဟ်ကောန်နွံဟာ၊ လၟုဟ်အံက်မ ပွမှာရာ၊ စုတ်တဲခါဲဒုတ် ပွယုတ်မာ၊ အဵုအံက်ရာဇာ မူရာဍုဟ်ကောန်၊ အဵုသၟိၚ်အံက်မ တၠတိုက်သန်၊ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်ကွေံ ကောန်ဒးစောန်လောန်၊ ဗျဂ္ဃစောရ ညးပဓဇန်၊ လၟုဟ်အံက်မ ပွလုလန်၊ အဵုအံက်ကျာ်ဂန် ဓဇန်လောန်ရအဴ၊ အဵုလၟာဂၞဴ မူရဴနၚ်ဒုဟ်၊ စုတ်တဲခါဲဒုတ် မၞိဟ်ယုတ်က္ဍုဟ်၊ ကောန်ဒးလေၚ်ဘဝ ဒိဋ္ဌလၟုဟ်၊ ဂစိုတ်ထောံပြဲ ကဵုဘဲဇြၚ်ဗၞုဟ်၊ ကောန်ဟွံမွဲဒုဟ် မူရာဍုဟ်ရော၊ အဵုသၟိၚ်အံက်မ ညးတၠအယော၊ ညးဂွံဗၠးဒုဟ် က္ဍုဟ်ကောန်ဟီုတဴ၊ ညးမိပ်စိုတ်အဴ ကြဴညးစောစ၊ ဟိုတ်ပတှ်ေညး ကောန်ဒးစံၚ်တဴ၊ အဵုမဂၠိုၚ်အယော ဗဵုညးစောဟာ၊ အဵုမဂၠိုၚ်အဇ အံက်မရာဇာ၊ ကောန်လဝ်ကဵုချိုတ် ကေတ်စိုတ်ဘာသာ၊ အိုတ်ဂကူဗၞး ကောန်ရးခန်လွာ၊ ဟိုတ်နူညးက္ဍုဟ် ဂၠာဲဒုဟ်နာနာ၊ အံက်မရာဇာ အဵုအံက်မရာဇာ ဟုံမှာရအဴ၊ အဵုမဇၞော်ဣဒ္ဓိ မိဒေဝတဴ၊ ကံအတိက်ဟေၚ် ချူပြေၚ်အဲဗြဴ၊ ဟွံသေၚ်ပ္ဍဲလၟုဟ် ဒုဟ်ကၠုၚ်ဖက်နှဴ၊ နတဲခါဲဒုတ် ညးစုတ်လလဴ၊ အဵုဒေဝတဴ ဍုဟ်အဲဗြဴဟာ၊ ဇိုန်ကဵုခါဲဒုတ် အဲဒးယုတ်မာ၊ ညံၚ်ဒဒှ်အဲ ညးဟွံမွဲၜါ၊ လၟုံမွဲဝါ ပြာ်ညိကၠာအဴ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ သိုက္ခာဗြဴ၊ တံဇိုၚ်သၟိၚ်မ ယာံထဂၠက်သ္ဍဴ၊ နရာတ်ဇတဝ် ဖ္အောဝ်စိုတ်ဇဴ၊ ဂၠးကၞေၚ်အဝဲ ယဵုတဲညံၚ်ပ္ကဴ၊ လ္ၚောဝ်သၟိၚ်မအဴ ရဴဝွံသ္ဂးပၠန်၊ ယွံလေအံမ တၠတိုက်သန်၊ ခါဲဒုတ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဒုဟ် အဲဗြဴဍုဟ်လောန်၊ နူဍောတ်တ်ဟေၚ် အဲဗြဴဝေၚ်ခၠန်၊ ဍေံကၠုၚ်အာတ်ကွေံ ဒးကဵုဏာကောန်၊ အံက်မကျာ်ဂန် ဓဇန်လောန်ရအဴ၊ ဗတ်ဍေံအာတ်ပၠန် ကဵုသန်ဗက်ဖျဴ၊


မုက်လိက်−၂၆[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ကဵုဍိက်တံဓဇက် ၜုၚ်တက်ဗက်ဗဒဴ၊ ကဵုဘဲဓိမြိ ဍေံဂိဒးစဴ၊ ဟွံမိက်ဗက်အဵု ဇိုန်ကဵုကောန်ဂၞဴ၊ ကံအဲဍိက်ဗြဴ ခၞံတဴသ္ဂးဟာ၊ မွဲသာ်သၟိၚ်မ ကျရောံပြဝါ၊ ကောန်စၞးထောံရ ဗက်စဘာသာ၊ ရန်ကဵုညးကွေံ ကောန်ဒးကဵုဏာ၊ ဟွံချပ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠေံ ပွမှာရာ၊ သၟိၚ်မရာဇာ အေၚ်ညိကၠာအဴ၊ သေဋ္ဌဳမိၚ်ကီုသၟိက်ဟီုဖ္အောဝ်အဴ၊ ယွံကောန်သ္ဍိုက်မ အဇဍောၚ်ပ္ကဴ၊ လၟေၚ်ဓဝ်စိ သတိသှ်ပတဴ၊ ကံပြုပြေၚ်ရ ကံပၠတြဴ၊ အိုတ်သတ္တံအဴ ဂေတ်တဴသံသာ၊ ကံဇိုန်ကဵုဟေၚ် ကံနၚ်ကံဏာ၊ ကံရောၚ်ဒှ်သၠဲ သတ်ပ္ဍဲလိုက်ဗာ၊ လဆောဝ်သၠုၚ်သဝ် ဂွံသွဝ်အာ၊ အိုတ်သီုညးအဲ ဗွဲဓမ္မတာ၊ ပဒှ်သၚ်ကာ ညံၚ်အာရကောန်၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ကညာရုပ်သောန်၊ ဂၠုသူစရိုတ် အိုဿီုဒိုဟ်ပန်၊ သီုဓဝ်ဟိရိ သတိစွံပ္တိုန်၊ ဟိုတ်အသံရ မိမပြဲလောန်၊ ယဵုဒုၚ်ကေတ်ပၠန် တိုၚ်အမန္တာ၊ ကယိုၚ်မဂ္ညိ အိုဿီုကြိယျာ၊ ဂယိုၚ်ဂှ်သွံ ၜးစွံသာသာ၊ ယာတ်မစောန်ပြံက် ဗစံက်ဂဝါန်၊ ဒးကျိုၚ်သၠောံစုတ် ခါဲဒုတ်ပၟာ၊ ဇရေၚ်မိမာ တာကွာ်ရဴဂဴ၊ သၟိက်ခၠေဝ်ရော်ပၠန် ဂုန်လၟာဂၞဴ၊ စိုပ်တုဲဂဇံ တဲခၠာံပ္ကဴ၊ ချိုန်ဂွံညာတ်ဒး မိဗၞးဗြဴ၊ ကၠိၚ်ရုပ်ကောန် သိုဟ်စန်လိုက်လဴ၊ သဗသ္အဝ်တဴ ညံၚ်ရဴကၠေၚ်စန်၊ နရာတ်သ္အဝ် တသဝ်တသောန်၊ ဒတဝ်ဖျုန်ဂြိုဟ် ဟီုရိုဟ်ရေၚ်ဒေါန်၊ ဟီုအာယာံအာ စံၚ်ဏှာပူဗန်၊ မိဒးကြံအု ဟိုတ်ဆာန်ဍူကောန်၊ ဗၞးဗြဴပၠန် ယာံဒက်ဒေါန်တဴ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ကညာရုပ်ဗြဴ ၊ ယဵုတဲဂဇံ ကၠံမိဂၞဴ၊ ဝါစဳကာယ စိတ္တဖက်နှဴ၊ လ္ပုဟ်တဲစှ် သၟဟ်ဍောၚ်ပ်ကဴ၊ ဒုဟ်ပ္ဍဲကောန်ဗြဴ ကဵုစ္ဍးဒဴညိ၊ ဗၞးဗြဴကီု ဟီုတိုန်တသိ၊ သာဓုသာဓု အယုဝုဒ္ဓိ၊ သဗ္ဗဒုဟ်ပၠန် ပကဵုစောန်ကၠိ၊ အိုတ်သဗ္ဗယဲ ဘဲပကဵုမြိ၊ ကဵုဒှ်သုခိ ညံၚ်အာညိကောန်၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ကညာရုပ်သောန်၊


မုက်လိက်−၂၇[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ကလံမိတုဲ သုဲဂါဲအာပၠန်၊ သၟိက်ကလံရ သၟိၚ်မကျာ်ဂန်၊ ယောန်လုပ်သာသာ ခါမပြာပ်ညောန်၊ သေဋ္ဌဳဇၞော်ပၠန် ညာတ်ဒးကောန်ဗြဴ၊ ဒှ်တိုန်ဝိဝိၚ် ကၠိၚ်ကောန်ဂၞဴ၊ ညံၚ်ရဴဒးဂျိ သတိဖက်နှဴ၊ ဟီုဇီုဟွံဒး ညံၚ်ညးက္ဍိုၚ်ကၠဴ၊ သေဋ္ဌဳဇၞော်အဴ ရမတ်ရဴဗြဲ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ယဵုသ္ပာတဲ၊ သီုမဇံသဝ် လ္ၚောဝ်အဲပရဲ၊ ဝါစဳကာယျ သီုစိတ္တပ္ဍဲ၊ သီုမသိပ်ဂၠိပ် ကၞိပ်အဝဲ၊ ဒုဟ်ပ္ဍဲကောန်မွဲ ကဵုစ္ဍးသ္ၚောဲညိ၊ သီုမကၠၚ်ဟဳ သေဋ္ဌဳဇၞော်စိ၊ ဒုၚ်သာဓုပၠန် ပ္ဍဲစိုတ်စောန်ကၠိ၊ ကောန်ဒးစ္ဍးအာ ပၟာသုၚ်ဂျိ၊ အိုတ်ဝေဒနာ ပကဵုပါမြိ၊ ပ္ဍဲပစ္စက္ခ ဒိဋ္ဌဝုတ္တိ၊ ကဵုဍိုက်ပေၚ်ညိ သုခကဵုတန်၊ ညံၚ်အာညံၚ်အာ ညံၚ်အာရကောန်၊ ကံဝဳပက်ရ အံက်မဟွံဓဇန်၊ ယဝ်ကောန်စှ်ေစး အံက်ဒးဘဲဒန်၊ အိုဿီုဝေါၚ်သ ဋ္ဌာနဒိုဟ်ပန်၊ ကောန်ဂွံဍံၚ်သွာ စေတနာပ္တိုန်၊ ညံၚ်အာရကောန် ပစောန်စိုတ်ရ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ကညာရုပ္ပ၊ တုဲစ္ဍးတိတ်အာ ဗ္စာတော်ဆ၊ အိုတ်သတ္တံရော အလုံလောက၊ ဒါန်ရောၚ်ဒှ်ကံ တံပထမ၊ ကာမာဝစရ နမကုသဵု၊ ဟိန်ဏာဒါန်ပ္ညုၚ် ဍေံကၠုၚ်ဇိုန်ကဵု၊ လဆောဝ်ဂှ်ခိုဟ် လဆောဝ်ဂှ်ရုန်မဵု၊ ဆာန်ဒးသာဲရောၚ် ဍုဟ်မဗံၚ်ဒးဆဵု၊ ပၟိက်သၟိက်ဂွံ ဟွံဂွံလၚ်ပြဵု၊ ဟွံမွဲပၟိက်အဵု ဒးဆဵုဂၠိုၚ်တုန်၊ ကာမာဝစရ ဒါနဒးကၠောန်၊ ကၠုၚ်ဒှ်မၞိဟ်စိ ကၠိဂွံထဝ်သန်၊ ဇပန်ဂွံညိ တိညံၚ်ဍန်၊ သၠေဟ်သုခ ဒေပ်ရဗိုန်တ္ညန်၊ ဗတ်ဂၠိုၚ်ထဝ်သန် လေၚ်ပၠန်မွဲဝါ၊ ကုဇကုဟေၚ် ချိုတ်ပၠန်သေၚ်ဟာ၊ ဂြပ်ဒေပ်လဝ်ရောၚ် ဇမၠိၚ်သံသာ၊ ဂျိုၚ်မံၚ်ဟွံအိုတ် ချိုတ်ညးဂွံဏာ၊ ဂုပ်ရတ်သန်ထဝ် ဒေပ်လဝ်ဒှ်မှာ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ချပ်ဗ္စာရ၊ မွဲနဲသေၚ်ဟာ ချပ်အာဂတ၊ အဲဟိုတ်ဒါန်ကၠာ ကာမာဝစရ၊ ဒှ်ကောန်သေဋ္ဌဳ ရုပ်ပစဳခၞ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂၠိုၚ်သန်ထဝ် စွံဓဝ်မၞ၊


မုက်လိက်−၂၈[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ချိုန်လၟုံရ ဒုက္ခကၠုၚ်ပျဲ၊ ဒှ်ဂၠုဲခါဲဒုတ် ယုတ်မာလောန်တဲ၊ အိုဿီုညးတၞဟ် လေပ်ဒှ်ညံၚ်အဲ၊ ဂြပ်ကောန်သမ္ဘာ လေၚ်အာလောဲလောဲ၊ ၜိုန်ဇကုရ မာရဏပျဲ၊ ဗၠးပၠန်ဟၟဲ အိုတ်အဲညးကၠာ၊ ဒိဋ္ဌဟိရိ ဂးမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ မဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုကသပ် ချပ်နပညာ၊ အိုဿီုညးအဲ လန်ထဲသံၚ်သာ၊ ဇပန်ဒှ်စိ သ္တိဝိုတ်အာ၊ ညံၚ်ဟွံဒးချိုတ် ဒက်ဂတ်စိတ္တာ၊ ဟိုတ်ဓဝ်သၚ်ကာ ဟွံမှာဘဝ၊ မွဲသာ်ဒေပ်လဝ် ဟိုတ်ဓဝ်လောဘ၊ မွဲသာ်ဒေါသ မောဟမန၊ သီုကဵုဓဝ်ပန် ဗ္ဒန်ညာဏ၊ ဂၠုညံၚ်ညးမာတ် ဟွံဂွံညာတ်ရ၊ ဟွံစ္ဍးလောဘ ညာတ်ရသ္ဂးဟာ၊ ဂွံကသပ်စိ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ ဝးဓဝ်မၞ လောဘဒေါသ၊ ဝေၚ်ဓဝ်မောဟ ဖေက်ဂွံရောံညှာ၊ တိုၚ်အသံရ အံက်မိပိတာ၊ ဂွဳပုၚ်သွကၠာ တုဲစှ်ေအာရ၊ ပ္ဍဲတြုၚ်ဝၚ် ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ ၊ တိက်သဝပ်လဝ် တုပ်အၚောပ်ဇွ၊ ထပှ်တ္ၚဲသွံ ဟွံဂွံပုၚ်သွ၊ ဟၟဲဇြဟတ် ဆဗၞတ်ညိည၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာရ ခၞပြာပ်ညောန်၊ ဂဇံတုဲဗိုန် ဟီုတိုန်သောန်န်၊ ယွံနာဲပိုဲရောၚ် ညံၚ်ကတဵုညိပၠန်၊ ညံၚ်လာၚ်မုက်မတ် ပ္တိုန်ဓဝ်ခိုဟ်သန်၊ ပုၚ်သွနွံရှ် ဍာ်တှ်ခန်ခန်၊ အဲပရာပ်နၚ်ပၠန် သွက်ကောန်တၠ ၊ ညံၚ်က္တဵုညံၚ်က္တဵု ညံၚ်က္တဵုရ၊ က္တဵုဍာ်ဂွံသုၚ် ဂွံစပုၚ်သွ၊ တိုၚ်ပၟိက်စိ ကၠိဂွံဒိဋ္ဌာ၊ ပဒှ်စံၚ်တူ ပဒှ်သောက၊ ယွံမာတၚ်ဂ ညက္တဵုညိအဴ၊ မာတၚ်ဂကၠာ ချပ်ဗ္စာတဴ၊ တိုၚ်လွဳကွေံ အဲဂွံဇၞးစဴ၊ လၟုဟ်အဲဂွံမြာ သိုက္ခမာဗြဴ၊ ကဵုမၚ်တာဲကွေံ အဲဒးကော်ဖျဴ၊ ချပ်တုဲသဘဴ ညံၚ်ရဴမက္တဵု၊ ဗၠာဲအလုံဍုၚ် ဍေံတံကၠုၚ်ဗဵု၊ ဍေံကော်ဟီုရ ဍေံပဝေၚ်စရဵု၊ ဟိုဲမာတၚ်ဂ မူပဟွံက္တဵု၊ မွဲအယုက်ဗှ်ေ မွဲလှ်ေဟွံဆဵု၊ ချုန်လၟုဟ်အဵု ဂွံဆဵုရယ၊ ညက္တဵုကီု ဍေံဟီုဂြိုၚ်ခ၊ ဟိုဲမတၚ်ဂ သာ်လဵုယပ၊ ပိုဲမၚ်မွဲကွေံ ယဗၠးဘဲလ္ၚ၊ ၚုဟ်တၟံယဒုၚ် ပိုဲဂွံသုၚ်စ၊ ဟွံကဵုပိုဲကၠဟ် ယဒှ်ဒုက္ခ၊ ဟီုတုဲဂြိုၚ်ရ ခယျတက်တဲ၊


မုက်လိက်−၂၉[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ညးလ္ၚဵုကီု ဟီုတိုန်သဲသဲ၊ ဟိုဲမာတၚ်ဂ လွဳရယပြဲ၊ ဟိုတ်လွဳယ ဂွံရလောဲလောဲ၊ ဂွံညံၚ်ကဵုစိုတ် ပဝိုတ်သ္ကံရဲ၊ ဟီုဂြိုၚ်ဝေၚ်ဖဲ တက်တဲစဴအာ၊ မာတၚ်ဂပၠန် ယောၚ်ကတဵုသာသာ၊ က္တဵုဟွံမာန် ဟွံစအာဟာ၊ ဟွံမွဲဇြဟတ် ဂၠုသီုမတ်ၜါ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာညာတ် သမ္ၚာတ်ပူဆာ၊ သီုကဵုမေတ္တာ သာသာထ္ၜ၊ ဝတ်တြုံကဵုဗြဴ ရဴဗၟာဏ၊ ၜိုန်ဗၠာဲဗဵုကၠံၚ် အမာဲပုၚ်သွ၊ ဟွံရောံဒည ပြုပြေၚ်နတဲ၊ မာတၚ်ဂအဵု က္တဵုဇာဲဇောဲ၊ မၠာဲရံၚ်ကၞာတ် ညာတ်ကေတ်လောဲလောဲ၊ ညာတ်မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ချပ်ဗ္စာမွဲ၊ ပထမစိ ကိုပ်အဒိတဲ၊ ဖျဝ်မၞဍေံ ဂးဇကုအဲ၊ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်ပြဲ အဲဗၠးဒုဟ်ဟာ၊ ကာမေသုကီု ပလီုကောန်သမ္ဘာ၊ အဲဟွံဂွံပလီု ဟီုပါန်သာသာ၊ အာတ်ပါန်ဂၠိုၚ်ကီု သီုကဵုမေတ္တာ၊ ၜိုန်ညးကဵုရောၚ် သ္ၚေဝ်ရံၚ်ညိကၠာ၊ ကြိုက်ဟွံကြိုက်ဟာ ဗ္စာရံၚ်မွဲ၊ လောကထ္ၜုတ် ဂကူယုတ်ပြဲ၊ ဂကူခါဲဒုတ် မၞိဟ်ယုတ်ရအ်၊ ဍေံကောန်သေဋ္ဌဳ ညံၚ်ဗနဳတ္ၚဲ၊ ဟွံကြိုက်ကဵုဗှ်ေ ဗှ်ေပတံၚ်တဲ၊ ဗှ်ေဝေၚ်ကဵုသ္ၚောဲ ဗွဲဝိရတိ၊ မာတၚ်ဂရ ချပ်တုဲပလွဳ၊ တိုၚ်ကသပ်ပၠန် ဟွံကဵုဗၠန်ချဳ၊ ဒက်ဂန်ဗိုန်တၟံ လံခန္ဓဏှဳ၊ ချပ်ပ္ဍဲစိုတ်ရ ပညံၚ်ပိုၚ်ပြ၊ ၜးဂဇံသ္ၚေဝ် ဟွံချဳကာယျ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ လာံသာခယျ၊ ယွံနာဲပိုဲရောၚ် ညံၚ်ဟာပ်ပုၚ်သွ၊ ဂွံဒှ်ဇြဟတ် ဗၞတ်ဆညိည၊ မူဒၞာဲအာဂှ် ဂွံသၟဟ်ရထ၊ ပဒှ်ၚုၚ်ၚ ဟာပ်ပုၚ်ရကော၊ ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ ညးတၠအယော၊ ဟာပ်ဖျေံပုၚ်ညိ မြိဒးဝါယျော၊ ကျာဒွံမုဟ်ဂြိုဟ် လှိုဟ်တိုန်သောသော၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ မေတ္တာဂၠိုၚ်အဴ၊ ဟွံဖေက်ညးစော အဵုကောသိက်ပ၊ ဂးဣၚုဟ်ပၠန် ဟွံရန်ဟွံဂွံ၊ ထံက်ကလဵုပၠန် ပဝ်ပေါန်ဓယျ၊ ဇွိတ်သြိုဟ်ဇွိတ်စး ရပ်ပၞးတုဲထ္ၜ၊


မုက်လိက်−၃၀[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ကဵုဍာ်ညိညိ ဂိဍိုန်အာရ၊ ဒှ်တဴၚုၚ်ၚ ၚိတ်စၞဝါတ်လောန်၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ခါဂှ်ပတ်ပေါန်၊ ဟာပ်ပုၚ်ညိညိ လံဍေံဂိအောန်၊ ပုၚ်စှ်ေဂၠိုၚ်ဇၞး ကြဴဂွံဗၠးပၠန်၊ ဗၠးတုဲဒှ်ဓဝ် ဇြဟတ်စိစောန်၊ မာတၚ်ဂပၠန် သၟိက်ဟီုဝန်စဝ်၊ ယွံလေဝ်ဒေံဗြဴ မိရဴရုပ်ထဝ်၊ မိကောန်သေဋ္ဌဳ ပိုန်ကျာ်သြဳဗဝ်၊ အဲဒှ်ခါဲဒုတ် ဂကူယုတ်သဝ်၊ ၜိုန်ခါဲဒုတ်ကီု ပဟီုဗ္ဒေက်ဖျဝ်၊ စွံစိုတ်ကဵုသဝ် ဝးဓဝ်မၞ၊ ဂကူပိုဲပြဲ ဟွံမွဲဂုန္န၊ ဂကူယုတ်ဂှ် ဟွံသၟဟ်ရထ၊ စိုတ်ယၚ်ပြဲသ္အး ဂွံဗၠးဒုက္ခ၊ လိုက်ပလိုက်ကၠာ သီုၜါဋ္ဌာဏ၊ ဒှ်ပၠန်ဒုက္ခ ပသၠေဟ်ရမိ၊ ဂကူခါဲဒုတ် ယုတ်ပဟီုဗျိ၊ ဟိုတ်မဒါန်ရ မူလအဒိ၊ ဒါန်ဂှ်ဟိုတ်အဵု ဖဵုဒှ်ဇာတိ၊ ဟိုတ်ဒါန်ဇၞော်လှဲ ဇိုန်ကဵုပြဲဂၠိ၊ ပသၚ်ကာညိ ယွံမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ ဟီုဇီုတုဲဒှ် တၞံနယကြာ၊ မာတၚ်ဂအဵု က္တဵုသာသာ၊ ဂါံကွာ်ဇောဲဇောဲ လုဲလာဲဇိုၚ်ၜါ၊ အိုတ်တဴဇြဟတ် ဒးဖုတ်အဟာ၊ ဂးမၚ်္ဂလိကာ လဘာ်ဏာရ၊ ကၠာလောတ်ဟွံလောတ် ဇြဟတ်ဍိန်လျ၊ လုဲလုဲလာဲလာဲ ဇောဲဇာဲရံက်ရာ်၊ ဇိုၚ်ဒေၚ်ဒိုတ်ဓီု ဓယီုဗၠဗၠ၊ သီုညးၜါလ္အိတ် ပ္တိတ်ဝဳရိယ၊ ဂွံအာစိုပ်ရ ဒေသသုသာန်၊ တိုန်စိုပ်တာဲကၠာဲ ညးၜါမွဲဟာန်၊ ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ ညးတၠညာဏ်၊ တိုၚ်ပၟိက်ပြဲ ဟီုမွဲဂလာန်၊ ယွံလေဝ်ဒေံဗြဴ မူရဴစံၚ်ခလာန်၊ လ္တူအဲကၠာ ပသၚ်ကာကြာန်၊ ဒေံဗြဴဟွံကယျာန် ဂလာန်မိမ၊ ညးဇိုန်ကဵုပြဲ စိုပ်တဲအဲရ၊ ကောကဵုဒေံကၠာ စွံပၟာဏ၊ ညံၚ်ကောန်မွဲမိ သန္ဓိဇလ၊ ပိုဲပ္တန်လဝ်စိုတ် ဒဵုအိုတ်ဇိဝိ၊ စှ်ေစိုတ်ညိရ ယွံလေဝ်ဒေံဗြဴ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ခါဂှ်ဟီုတဴ၊ ဒးရးအိုဿီု လဟီုကောဂၞဴ၊ ဂွိၚ်စၞပုၚ် စသုၚ်ဗွဲကြဴ၊ ဂွိၚ်ကဵုဗိုက်လ္တက် ဂၞိန်ယာတ်ဖက်နှဴ၊ ပိုဲဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဗြဴ ဒှ်စံၚ်တူလာန်၊ မာတၚ်ဂကီု ဂၠာဲဟီုလှေံလှန်၊ ယွံလေဝ်ဒေံဗြဴ မူရဴစိုတ်ဍန်၊ ပိုဲခါဲဒုတ်ရ မူဒေပ်စွံသန်၊ ဒိုတ်သိုက်ဟွံဝါတ် အာတ်ကေတ်ဂွံပၠန်၊


မုက်လိက်−၃၁[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဂၠိက်ယာတ်ထဝ်သန် ဂွံပၠန်လောဲလောဲ၊ ဒေံဗြဴမၚ်တာဲ ဂၠာဲအာရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲ၊ သ္ၚိဆက်ရေၚ်ဗဝ် ယဝ်ညာတ်ဒးအဲ၊ ဟွံဟီုမုက်ဂွး လၚ်လးညန်သ္ၚောဲ၊ ပုၚ်သ္ၚုသၠုဲအဵု ဇိုန်ကဵုရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲ၊ ပဂွိၚ်ဒေံအဲ တိုၚ်စဖဲရ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ကညာရုပ္ပ၊ မိၚ်တုဲမိပ်စိုတ် အဵုဇိုတ်ခယျ၊ ဝတ်ကောဒေံဟေၚ် ပြုပြေၚ်နာထ၊ အှော်ဍာ်သွက်သုၚ် ဗစိန်ပုၚ်သွ၊ ရှ်ေသှ်ေညံၚ်မ အဇကောပၟာ၊ ပ္ဍဲမမံၚ်ကောံ ကရောံညးၜါ၊ ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ ချပ်နပညာ၊ အိုတ်သတ္တံအဴ ဂၚေၚ်ဘဴသံသာ၊ ဘုံပိစှော်မွဲ လန်ထဲကၠုၚ်အာ၊ ချိုတ်ကဵုဒှ်ရ ဘဝနာနာ၊ ယုတ်ပြဲဇၟာပ်ရာ နာနာဘဝ၊ မူဟိုတ်မွဲကၠာ ဗ္စာတော်ဆ၊ ဇၟာပ်ဍုၚ်ဇၟာပ်ကွာန် ဟိုတ်ဒါန်မသ၊ ဇၟာပ်ညးအဲ ဟွံမွဲဂါရဝ၊ အရီုကြာန်ထုဲ ပတုဲဒါန၊ ကေတ်စဇျာန်မက် ဗက်ပကာသန်၊ ဇၞော်ပၟဝ်ရာဂ ပသဘၚ်ပေါဲ၊ ကာလဇိုၚ်ကဵု ကုသဵုဇမ္ၚောဲ၊ ဒးဒုၚ်စကီု သီုယုတ်သီုပြဲ၊ လဆောဝ်ဒှ်တသိုက် လဆောဝ်ဒိုက်ယဲ၊ လဆောဝ်ဂွံဇၞး လဆောဝ်ဒးဘဲ၊ သၠုၚ်သဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်နဲ ယုတ်ပြဲနာနာ၊ လဆောဝ်ဒှ်ရ ဨကရာဇာ၊ လဆောဝ်ပိုန်ဟုတ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ယုတ်မာ၊ လဆောဝ်စိန်ဂၠက် နရက်ဒုက္ခာ၊ လဆောဝ်ဍုၚ်သွဝ် ဂေဝ်သွဝ်အာ၊ ဘဝနာနာ စိုပ်လိုက်ဗာပၠန်၊ ဗတ်စိုပ်လိုက်ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဝါတ်လောန်၊ ယဝ်ဒှ်မၞိဟ်စိ တိညံၚ်ကဵုဍန်၊ လောဘဒေါသ မောဟတန်တန်၊ ဟိုတ်နူဗိဇ္ဇ မဂှ်ပြာပ်ညောန်၊ ဇၞော်ပၟဝ်ပၠန် ကၠောန်ဒါန်မိဿ၊ ဆက်မံၚ်ဟွံသ္ဂုတ် သမုဒ္ဒယ၊ သမုဒ္ဒယော ဒုက္ခောဝန္ဓ ဗတ်ဆဵုဒးစိ၊ တိသရဏ ဟွံထောံဒဂေတ်၊ ဇြိုၚ်ရောၚ်ကေတ်စ ဘဝအနန္တဂၠိုၚ်ကဝ်ရအဴ၊ ဟွံကဵုဒှ်ရ ဘဝဂၠိၚ်သ္ၚောဲ၊ ဘဝဂွံအိုတ် ဂွံပၠိုတ်ဟုံဟဲ၊ မူမၚ်မွဲရ ဂွံပနိဿ၊


မုက်လိက်−၃၂[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဒဴဝတ်ပိရ ကာလဂှ်ပြဲ၊ ရုပ်နာံပၠိုတ်ဟဲ ဗၠးဘဲသံသာ၊ အဲအာပညိ ရသိဟေမာ၊ သ္ဂောံပၟဝ်ရ သမထကၠာ၊ ဗဒှ်အဘိညာဏ် လိုန်သဗာန်ကျာ၊ ကြဴဂွံပ္တန်လဝ် ဓဝ်ဝိပဿနာ၊ ကသပ်ဝွံဒးကၠာ မြာရကုသဵု၊ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်အဴ မၞုံဒေဴဗြဴမွဲ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ပါသတြုဝဲ၊ အဲထံက်ပၚ်ညိ ကိုပ်အဒိတုဲ၊ ကသပ်ဂှ်ရ မၞုံစိတ္တပ္ဍဲ၊ ကသပ်ဂှ်ပြဲ အဲဒးလွဳကၠာ၊ ဂးမွဲသာ်ပၠန် ချပ်နပညာ၊ လောကုတ္တဵုကီု လောကဳသီုၜါ၊ ကဵုဍိက်ပေၚ်ပြဟ် ဂှ်ရောၚ်ဂွံမြာ၊ အဲဂၠာဲအာတ်ရ ဇွောံမအဟာ၊ ကဵုဍိုက်ပေၚ်ကၠာ ကာလဒှ်ဒး၊ ဗောဓိသတ္တ တြုံတၠလွဳ၊ တိုၚ်ကသပ်ကီု သၟိက်ဂွံဟီုဂး၊ ယွံမၚ်္ဂလိကာ ရုပ္ပါဒးရး၊ ဇွောံမဟွံမွဲ စဟွံလှဲလး၊ ဒေံဗြဴမွဲကွေံ မၚ်တာဲဒးရ၊ အဲဂၠာဲအာတ်ကီု သီုဇွောံစၞ၊ ဒေံပအာသ္ၚောဲ မၚ်မွဲစိတ္တ၊ ယဝ်ရအာသ္ၚောဲ လေပ်ဆဵုဝဲသၞ၊ ရံၚ်မၚ်မွဲညိ သတိဗလ၊ ဟိုတ်ကောဏံရ ဆောံမဗကန်၊ ဗတ်ရကောအာ ဟွံခြာသ္ၚောဲညန်၊ ဟွံကဵုလံဟေၚ် ကလေၚ်ကၠုၚ်ပၠန်၊ ဟီုတုဲစဳရေၚ် ဓလေၚ်ထိုၚ်ယန်၊ ခၞာတ်တဲမွဲ ကွာ်ထဲကြေဝ်လန်၊ ဆဵုသ္ၚိညးပၠန် ဟွံဂွံညောန်သ္ၚောဲ၊ ရပ်ခၞာတ်ပၠန် ဂဇုန်ယဵုတဲ၊ အရာဒါန်သၟတ် ဖ္ဍောတ်သဴသဴ၊ သာဓုသာဓု ဒါန်ဝွံဒှ်ပြဲ၊ ဒါန်ရောၚ်ဒှ်မ ဒါန်ပနိဿဲ၊ ဒါန်ဇိုန်ကဵုပြဲ ကြဴတဲဂွံမြာ၊ ဒါန်ဇိုန်ကဵုလဝ် ရုပ်သာ်ကျေဝ်ဂေါဝ်၊ ဒါန်ဇိုန်ကဵုသၟတ် ထတ်စောံမြက်စာ၊ ဒါန်ကဵုပိုန်ဘိုက် တသိုက်ဘောဂါ၊ ဒါန်ဇိုန်ကဵုအယုက် ဂွံဗၠးဒုက္ခာ၊ ဒါန်ဂွံဍံၚ်သွာ ဂွံမြာသုခ၊ ဒါန်ရောၚ်ဇိုန်ကဵု မဂ်ဖဵုဂတ၊ ဒါန်လၟောဝ်တၠုၚ် ဍုၚ်နိဗ္ဗာန်၊ ဒါန်ဒှ်မူလ ကဵုညိရအဴ၊ မိၚ်ဒးဆံလံ တၟံတြုံဗြဴ၊ သီုဝုတ်သိုဗၠာဲ ဗြဴကၟာဲလထဴ၊ မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်ဗျုလောန် စကာကောန်စဴ၊ ခါမိၚ်ဖ္ဍောတ် ဒြပ်ရတ်ပူဇဴ၊ ဟုသၠုဲသၠာဲအဴ ကဵုတဴညးအဲ၊


မုက်လိက်−၃၃[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
မာတၚ်ဂကၠာ အာတ်ဟါံခြာသ္ၚောဲ၊ ဆုဲအာညိညိ သ္ၚိရေၚ်ဂၠောဲ၊ ယဝ်ဖ္ဍောတ်အဵု ကၠုၚ်ဗဵုညံၚ်ပေါဲ၊ ဇၟာပ်သ္ၚိသွံ အာတ်ဂွံလောလောဲ၊ ပယျာံသဝ်တ္ၚဲ ဇာဲဇောဲစဴအာ၊ ခါစဴစိုပ်သ္ၚိ ကဵုမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ အာတ်လၟိုန်ပြဲ မွဲတ္ၚဲမွဲဝါ၊ နဲသာ်ဂှ်ရ သ္ပလွဳပရာ၊ ဇၞတ်ပကောံရ ဇွောံမပေၚ်ဗဂါ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ မိပ်စိုတ်ခါဂှ်၊ ဗောဓိသတ္တ တၠကြဳဇှ်၊ တိုၚ်ကသပ်ကၠာ မြာသၟိက်ကဵုဒှ်၊ တ္ၚဲဂတဒး နူဂယျးပြဟ်၊ ကဵုဒေံဗြဴကီု ဟွံဟီုခၠေဝ်သှ်၊ ဇကုမွဲကၠာ သၟိက်အာတၞဟ်၊ တိုၚ်ကသပ်ဂှ် ပြဟ်ဒဴတိတ်အာ၊ ဇကုမွဲသ္ၚိတ် ဟွံကေတ်ပြဝါ၊ သၠးကဝိုၚ်ဍုၚ် သရုၚ်ကန္တာ၊ တြဴဂၠိၚ်သ္ၚောဲ ကွာ်သဲဒေါဝ်ဝါ၊ ဂမၠိုၚ်ကဵုအဆၚ် လစအၚ်လှာ၊ ဍောတ်တ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော် ပေၚ်ဗြော်ရေၚ်ဗ္ဂာ၊ သီုဓကှ်သွာ ဝုန်ခါဗၚ်ဗွဲ၊ ကံက်ကဇုံဝေါတ် ကၟောတ်သောဲသောဲ၊ ကဴကဵုကဴပြး၊ တၞးကဵုတၞးဂၠောဲ၊ သတ်ကဵုသတ်ကောံ ခၟောံညံၚ်ခၟောံဗၠဲ၊ တဝ်ကဵုတဝ်ဖလ ကွကွဒက်ဂြဲ၊ ညာတ်ဋ္ဌာန်ဇမ္ၚောဲ ဗဵုဟွံဖဲကီု၊ လ္ၚဵုလျလျ ဖလဍီုဍီု၊ လ္ၚဵုဗြဗြး ပေါၚ်လးသာ်ဍီု၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ခရံက် ဗ္စံက်ဂၠိုက်တီု၊ လ္ၚဵုခစာန်ဗြံက် ကဝံက်ဂြီုဂြီု၊ ဗဵုဟွံဖဲကီု အကြီုအၚ်လှာ၊ မွဲသာ်ဍောတ်ဇၞော် သတ်လ္တူကျာ၊ လၞေၚ်ပူပံက် ၚေက်ကြေၚ်ဂံက်ဂါ၊ ခဍိအဂၠောန် ကောန်ၜိုပ်ကောန်မာ၊ ကြေဲတေဝ်တောတ်ရ ဗျုဒိုၚ်ဂလာ၊ ဇံၚ်မံၚ်ပရောတ်ၜဳ ၜိၚ်လေဝ်သာဲအာ၊ အကၠဟ်မွဲသာ ဗၠိုပ်အာရေၚ်ၚ်၊ ဒိုၚ်ဗျုဒိုၚ်ဂလာ ယောန်အာလက်ခစေၚ်၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ကဵုကံ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ပၠံသၞေၚ်၊ လ္ၚဵုကဵုရဲသာ ဟွံကဵုခြာဝေၚ်၊ လ္ၚဵုဇဵုထုဲထ္ၜန် ညံၚ်ညးစန်ကၠေၚ်၊ ဍေံကဵုဍေံဟေၚ် ညံၚ်သ္ဘၚ်ပေါဲ ၊ ထိုၚ်သာဲအဒါဲ ဂၠာဲဇာပ်ပဝ်ဂၠောဲ၊ အလိုန်ဂြပ်သၞေၚ် အခြၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်နဲ၊ ဗရုဇၞော်ဍောတ် ထတ်တ်သောဲသောဲ၊ ညံၚ်ရဴစိၚ်ဂြဝ် တိၚ်လဝ်နတဲ၊


မုက်လိက်−၃၄[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဟွံမိက်အာသ္ၚောဲ ဟွံဖဲသောတ၊ ဆဂှ်ဟွံသေၚ် တၟေၚ်ဝိသေသ၊ သတ်ပ္ဍဲဍာ်ကီု မဂၠိုၚ်အနန္တ၊ ဂၠိုၚ်ထုဲဓရုဲ သီုၚုဲသီုက၊ ကၞုဟ်ကၠဴဂတာံ ဟလီုကျာံရ၊ ဇၞော်ဍောတ်နထ ဂၠိုၚ်နာမကီု၊ ဂမၠိုၚ်တ္ၜန်တ္ၜောဲ ထဝ်ဂၠောဲသီုသီု၊ လ္ၚဵုစောန်ပြံက် လ္ၚဵုမံက်လှီုလှီု၊ လ္ၚဵုသဝ်ဗၠိုက် လ္ၚဵုပိုက်ယဝီု၊ လ္ၚဵုဒံၚ်သၠာ် ညံၚ်ညးဗာ်တ္ၚီု၊ ဍေံကဵုဍေံကီု သီုသီုသာဲသာဲ၊ မာတၚ်္ဂညာတ် သမ္ၚာတ်ပူဆာ၊ ဗှ်ဇကုမွဲ ကြၚ်ထဲဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲ၊ ဗဵုအာရံၚ်အာ ပါတဟၚ်ဂြာဲ၊ ရံၚ်အာအိုတ်မတ် စိုတ်ဍောတ်ဇၟာပ်ဒၞာဲ၊ ကွာ်အာသာဲသာဲ ပယျာဲကန္တာ၊ ကွာ်အာသောၚ်ၚ် ဗက်ူဓလောၚ်ဝါ၊ တဟၚ်ဒြာဲဇး တၟးညာတ်အာ၊ ဗျဵုဗျဵုဗျောံဗျောံ မၞုံသာ်လွာ၊ ညံၚ်ဒဵုညံၚ်ဆု သာ်ဝွံနာနာ၊ စမဳညာတ်အာ မိပ်စိုတ်ခါဂှ်၊ ဝါဝွံၜိုဟ်သ္တိုတ် မိပ်စိုတ်ပူမှ်၊ ပ္တိတ်ဝဳရိယျ စိတ္တဟွံလၞုဟ်၊ တိုၚ်ပၟိက်ကၠာ စေတနာပ္ၚုဟ်၊ ဟိုတ်ဝဳရိယ ခဏစိုပ်ပြဟ်၊ ကၞောတ်ဝါဂှ် ဇီုဇြဟ်ဗတဳ၊ ဂြိုပ်ဇီုဂြိုပ်ဗြး ပြးဗြးပေၚ်ဇဳ၊ သိၚ်သိၚ်သာဲရေၚ် ညံၚ်ညးပြေၚ်ဖျဳ၊ သၠုၚ်ၚ်တၞံလျ ကွကွမံၚ်ညိဳ၊ ကဴကဵုကဴဆက် ညံၚ်ညးဒက်ဂွဳ၊ ဂၠိုၚ်လောတ်ကျာသြီ ညံၚ်လွဳမာန်သွဝ်၊ ကွာ်အာဗဵုအာ ရံၚ်အာဗဵုဒ္ၚောဝ်၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ကၞာၚ်လျ သီုသၠသီုကၟဝ်၊ သၠုၚ်ၚ်သဝ်သဝ် ဗဵုလ္ၚောဝ်ဟွံဖဲ၊ ဗဵုအာရံၚ်အာ ကွာ်အာဇကုမွဲ၊ ညောန်စိုပ်ဒဵုရ သၠုၚ်လျသၠာလကဲ၊ တၞံဗၠိုဟ်မံၚ်ဗျာၚ် ထာၚ်လျမံၚ်ဂၠောဲ၊ ကဴရဴနော်နာ် ဗကေတ်သာ်ဗၠဲ၊ ယဝ်ရဍုဟ်သၟတ် သတ်ဍေံလုပ်ပေါဲ၊ ယဝ်ဍုဟ်ဍေံလကဲ တုပ်နဲသတ်ဗြာတ်၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်သၠုၚ်သဓုံ တၞံညံၚ်ပြသာဒ်၊ လဴဂှ်သဝ်လက် ခတောဲဂှ်ကြံၚ်ဃာတ်၊ သတ်ယဝ်ဍုဟ်ဗက် ကရေက်စဍေံဝါတ်၊


မုက်လိက်−၃၅[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ယဝ်စရံၚ်ကီု သီုကြောံသီုဍာတ်၊ မၞိဟ်ယဲစိုပ်ဝါတ် ကဵုဓါတ်ဒူရေန်၊ လ္ၚဵုတၞံကဓုံ ကောံညံၚ်ညဂြေန်၊ ကဴဍေံဇဝ်ပရဲ လကဲသေန်န်၊ သတ်ကြံၚ်ဗ္စံက် သီုတ္ၚံက်သီုကဝေန်၊ ယဝ်ထ္ၜးသတ်ဍေံ ညံၚ်လှ်ေညံၚ်အေန်၊ စံၚ်လဝ်စိန်န် အမြာဲဂၠိန်ခနေၚ်၊ လ္ၚဵုသၠုၚ်ခဝေါဲ ဇာၚ်ဇောဲမံၚ်ရေၚ်၊ ဟွံမွဲကၞၚ်ကဝ သၠညံၚ်ဗၞုဟ်ဇြၚ်၊ ဗရဲဗုၜတ်သတ်လက်ဂစေၚ်၊ ဍုဟ်စဖျိုတ်လောန် ခ္ဍန်ညံၚ်မဝေၚ်၊ တၞံကဵုတၞံတၟေၚ် သတ်ဟေၚ်ကော်ဍေံ၊ မွဲသာ်တၞံလ္ၚဵု ထာၚ်ကဵုထာၚ်ပြး၊ ကၞာၚ်ဗာၚ်ဟွံမွဲ သတ်လကဲပြး၊ အပ္ဍဲရဴဗြံက် ၜံက်ရံၚ်ဍေံထကး၊ ဍာ်ဍာတ်ဖျုန်ကြောံ ပ္တောံပၠန်ဟွံဒး၊ ကောန်မန်တံကွေံ ကော်ဂးသတ်ဗြဴ၊ လ္ၚဵုဗြးဗြး မွဲလှ်ေဟွံကဴ၊ သတ်တိတ်နူပီု ညံၚ်ဗီုကောန်ရဴ၊ ကြံၚ်ၜိုဟ်ပေက်ရ ဍုန်သွဖက်နှဴ၊ ဍုဟ်စဍာတ်အိုတ် ထၜိုတ်ဆဴဆဴ၊ ယဝ်ညးခုတ်ခဴ တုပ်ညံၚ်ရဴပၞဟ်၊ လ္ၚဵုသဓုံဗျာၚ် သၠကၞာၚ်မဝ်ဂၠဟ်၊ ကဴဇဝ်ပရဲ လကဲလျဟ်၊ ခတောဲၜတ်တ် ဖျိုတ်ဖျးလေဝ်ဒှ်၊ဍုဟ်စဟွံဝါတ် ဍာတ်ဖျးနွံရှ်၊ သတ်ကြုက်ရဒှ် ကော်ဍေံဂှ်ရ၊ လ္ၚဵုမွဲရဲ တၞံသောဲကွကွ၊ အလုံတၞံပၠန် ကေက်လောန်ဇလ၊ ၜှ်တၞးဍေံ ဆုၚ်ဒးပသ၊ ဖျးနူၜတ်ၜတ် ဍုဟ်မတ်ဖလ၊ ပၠာဲထဥုဲထပက် ဗၠးသက်ခၞ၊ ညးကော်တုန်အဴ သတ်ပၞဴရ၊ လ္ၚဵုတၞံဒလ ကၞာၚ်လျဍိုပ်ဍဴ၊ တၞးၜတ်တ် သတ်သီုပ္ကဴ၊ ယတ်ၜှ်ဆုၚ်ရ ပသကတဴ၊ ပါ်ရံၚ်အဒေါဝ် ခၟောဝ်ဖက်နှဴ၊ သတ်ဂှ်သဘဴ ညံၚ်ရဴသတ်ဗဳ၊ သီုသတ်သီုပ္ကဴ ဖက်နှဴညဳညဳ၊ သၟးဟေမဝန် ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်ကျာ်သြဳ၊ ညံၚ်ညးပြေၚ်ဖျဳ တုပ်ဗၞဳသွဝ်၊ ကှ်ေအနာၚ်ပြာန် ပ္ကာန်ဍောၚ်ပ္တိတ်ဇဝ်၊ အနုသ္ဇၚ်ထောဲ ခပေါဲတဝ်သွဝ်၊ အဂၠဴကြက်စၠန် ကဴသန်ကဴထဝ်၊ ပ္ၚာလာံသဴ ညံၚ်ရဴကျိုၚ်ကျဝ်၊


မုက်လိက်−၃၆[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
သီုကဴသီုဇဝ် မြမောဝ်နာနာ၊ ပြာ်ဇုက်အဂၞု သ္ဇုၚ်ဂွုစမ္မာ၊ အံၚ်ရေၚ်သၞေၚ်ဇုက် အသုက်ကဏ္ဏကာ၊ ဓဇေၚ်သရဖဳ ပကဇဳသွာ၊ မၠဵုကဴသတၚ် ဗၚ်ယခ္ဍၚ်ရာ၊ သတ်ကဵုသတ်နှဴ ကဴကဵုကဴခြာ၊ ဇဝ်ကဵုဇဝ်ကၠာ ဂၠိုၚ်ရာစိစောန်၊ ကၞာၚ်ကဵုကၞာၚ်လျ လှကဵုလှညန်၊ ဟွံသိၚ်ဟွံသာဲ ဂၠိုၚ်ဒၞာဲစိစောန်၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ကြပ်ဇြ တုပ်အဇသန်၊ ပ္ဍဲဂြိုပ်ဟေမန် ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်ရေၚ်ဗ္ဂါ၊ မာတၚ်ဂအဵု ကွာ်အာဗဵုအာ၊ သတ်ဂြိုပ်တံပၠန် သ္ၚောဲညန်ဂၠိုၚ်ရာ၊ လ္ၚဵုညံၚ်ကၞုဲဗျ လ္တူဆုမွဲသာ၊ ဍောန်ဝေၚ်ဓရီု သီုကောန်ဗာဏာ၊ သီုကဵုပြဝါ အာကၠုၚ်လဆန်၊ လ္ၚဵုညံၚ်ဂၚ် ဆၚ်အာတန်န်၊ ဆဵုဏှာအာပြဟ် ဂှ်ဂှ်ဟီုဒေါန်၊ လ္ၚဵုဗုၜတ် ညံၚ်ဝုတ်အဵုပၠန်၊ ဗြုတဴဝိုဟ်ဝိုဟ် အိုတ်ကံသောန်န်၊ လ္တူဆုပၠန် ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်ပြဝါ၊ ပ္ဍဲတိဂၠိုၚ်ရဲ ဂၠောဲကၠုၚ်ဂၠော်အာ၊ စိုၚ်ကၠဒြာဲမၚ် ဗလေၚ်မွဲသာ၊ ပှ်ပှ်ေကၠဵုကၠိၚ် ကလိၚ်နာနာ၊ က္ၜိုၚ်သိတ်သီုကောန် ကၠဗြန်ကၠလှာ၊ ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုရဲသာ အာကၠုၚ်လဆန်၊ ကၟက်ကၟက်ဂၠိုၚ်စွံ ၝောံၝောံသီုကောန်၊ ဗၟက်ကလှ်ေ ဍေံကဵုဍေံပၠန်၊ ဟွံတီသ္ကံရဲ ထပ်ဂၠောဲလီၜန်၊ မဂၠိုၚ်ဇၞော်ဍောတ် သတ်ပ္ဍဲဟေမဝန်၊ မၚ်တၚ်ဂပၠန် ဂၠာဲချပ်စန်စာ၊ ချိုန်လၟုံအဲ ဒဴဝဲသံသာ၊ အဲတိတ်ဋ္ဌာန်ဂြိုပ် ဗ္ဒိုပ်ဟေမာ၊ ပရသိပၠန် ပ္တန်စေတနာ၊ တိုၚ်ကသပ်ကီု ကဵုလီုရဟာ၊ ဟွံကဵုလီုကၠာ စေတနာပ္တိုန်၊ ပ္ဍဲဋ္ဌာန်ဝွံကွေံ ဒးရးပြဲလောန်၊ သ္ၚေဝ်ရံၚ်အာမွဲ သၞဝဲလေဝ်အောန်၊ ဂးဍာ်လေဝ်ၜိုဟ် သာဓါဒိုဟ်ပန်၊ ရိုဟ်ဇုက်ကြုက်ပၞဟ် နွံရှ်စိစောန်၊ ဒးရးပြဲလောန် စိစောန်ဇၟာပ်ဒၞာဲ၊ မာတၚ်ဂပၠန် ခၞံကောန်တာဲ၊ တိုၚ်ပၟိက်အဵု ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုပြယာဲ၊ ခၞံဗွဲပရှ် ဋ္ဌာန်ဇြဟ်ဗိုၚ်လာဲ၊ ဇရေၚ်တၞံဇြဲ ဟွံမွြကဵုဗ္ဒာဲ၊ ဂြိုပ်မဂၠိုၚ်စရာဲ ပဗ္ဒာဲပန်၊ ယာတ်မစေါန်ပြံက် ဍာ်လွံက်ဖျောန်၊


မုက်လိက်−၃၇[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
လ္တူကၞိပ်ကၠာ ကေသာကုတ်ဒန်၊ သ္ပိုၚ်တုဲကၠေဟ် ဒးရးပြဲလောန်၊ လှာဲရုပ်တၟိ ရသိဟေမောန်၊ ဇကုမွဲပၠန် တန်တဴမံၚ်ရ။

ဟွံမွဲလၞုဟ်ကွေံ ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ၊ လဆောဝ်ဂှ်အိုတ် စရိုဟ်ကာယျ၊ သၟိက်ဂွံပ္တိုန်လဝ် ဓဝ်သမထ၊ သတးတိဗက် စက်စေဝ်သၟိက်ပ၊ ထွာဲဟွံသ္ၚောဲ မွဲဟတ်မွဲဍ၊ ပရိကံရ ပထမကၠာ၊ ဒက်ထဝါဲဗိုန် သွိုန်ဘာဝနာ၊ ထ္ၜေက်မၠာ်ကီု ကၠံဝါလ္ၚီဝါ၊ စေဝ်ကသိုဏ်အဵု ဟွံကဵုကၠေံအာ၊ ပ္တိုန်သမာဓိ ဒမၠိဂၠိုၚ်ဝါ၊ ဟွံကဵုယောၚ်မှာ ပ္ဍဲကာလဂှ် ရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲအနဳ လွဳဟွံလၞုဟ်၊ ဟွံကဵုကၠိပၠန် ဟွံကဵုစောန်ထၞဟ်၊ ပၟဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်စိ ပဳတိက္တဵုဒှ်၊ ပရိကံလ္လိတ် နိမိတ်စဝ်ပြဟ်၊ သမာဓိဂှ် မက္တဵုဒှ်ရ၊ ကြဴဝွံအနဳ ပ္တိတ်ဝဳရိယျ၊ ကမ္မဋ္ဌာန်ပၠန် ပန်စှော်နာမ၊ ဗၞတ်မွဲမွဲ ပ္တန်ပ္ဍဲစိတ္တ၊ ပၟဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဂိုတ် ကိုတ်လက်ဟွံက၊ ကဵုပြာကတ်ကၠး တၟးစက္ခ၊ ဂွံနိမိတ်ရ ဥဂ္ဂဟပၠန်၊ နိမိတ်ဗိုန်စိ သမာဓိတုန် ၊ သ္ဍိုက်စိုတ်လွဳ ပဳတိပြာပ်ညန်၊ စွံတဴဂတိ ဟွံကဵုကၠိစောန်၊ လၟိုန်တ္ၚဲဟေၚ် ဟွံကဵုဝေၚ်ခၠန်၊ နဲဂှ်လက်သန် ပၟဝ်ပၠန်ဂတ၊ ဂဇံဟွံချဳ ပတိတ်လွဳရိယ၊ နိမိတ်ဂဵုခၠၚ် ဟွံဒှ်ခၚ်ခ၊ နိမိတ်ဗိုန်စိ ပတိဘာဂ၊ သမာဓိတိုန် နရဴခန္ဓ၊ ပဳတိစပ်ရ လုံကာယျဒွါ၊ ပဳတိမသုန် မၞုံဂုန်ပြဲဖါ၊ သ္ဍိုက်စိုတ်ပ္ဍဲ ဟွံဟဲစိတ္တာ၊ လၟေၚ်ဇျာန်တိုန် မသုန်ပြကာ၊ ပၟဝ်တုန်န် ထပ်ပၠန်မွဲဝါ၊ လၟေၚ်ၚ်ကၠာ ပၟဝ်အာရ၊ ဝိတက်ဇျာန်စိ ပၟဝ်အဒိတ၊ ပၟဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်လောန် စှ်ေတန်စိတ္တ၊ နိမိတ်ဗိုန်ဆိတ် ပ္တိတ်လွဳရိယ၊ ဇျာန်ဝိတက်အဴ ဒှ်တဴကြံကြ၊ ပါဲဝိတက်ဂျ ပၟဝ်ရဝိစာ၊ ပၟဝ်ဂလိုၚ် ဂၠိုၚ်ၚ်ကဵုဝါ၊ စှ်ေစိုတ်ဗိုန်ကြပ် ခပ်ပ္ဍဲစိတ္တာ၊ မဂၠိုၚ်ပဳတိ သမာဓိဂွံမြာ၊ ဝိစာလောန်က္ဍၚ် စၚ်ခြၚ်မနောဒွါ၊ ပါဲကၠေံဝိစာ ပၟဝ်အာပဳတိ၊ ပၟဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်လောန် ပ္တိုန်သမာဓိ၊ ပတိတ်ဝဳရိယ ဟွံလဇညိ၊


မုက်လိက်−၃၈[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
အိုတ်တၟိုဟ်တဴ ပါတ်ဇဴဖိဖိ၊ ဟွံဗၠန်ဒစေၚ် ဟွံဝေၚ်ခြာစိ။ ပါဲဇျာန်ပဳတိ ပၟတ်ညိသုခ၊ ပၟဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်လောန် ပ္တိုန်စိတ္တ၊ တသိုက်စိုတ်တန် ကြပ်ဗန်ကာယ၊ ဝိထဳဗိုန်ဗတ် စိုပ်သၞောတ်ဇျာန၊ ဟွံဗၠန်ဒစေၚ် ဟွံဝေၚ်သက္ခဏ၊ ပါဲကၠေံသုခ ဨကဂ္ဂတာ၊ ပၟဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဆိတ် စိုတ်သိပ်ဂွံမြာ၊ လၟေၚ်ဇျာန်တုန် မသုန်ပြကာ၊ ဍိုက်ပေၚ်ဟွံချဳ လိုန်ဝိထဳကျာ၊ ဂေတ်လန်အာပၠန် တ္တံပန်ကၠုၚ်အာ၊ အိုတ်အလုံပြဲ မွဲစက္ကဝါ၊ ဇျာန်ဍိုက်ပေၚ်ကၠာ ပြာကတ်အဘိညာန်၊ အဘိညာန်အဴ သီုတရဴဋ္ဌာန်၊ သမာပတ်ဒ္စာံ ဒးဂွါမွဲဟာန်၊ တိုၚ်ပၟိက်အဴ အာတဴနဇျာန်၊ ရသိတၠညာန် နဇျာန်ကၠုၚ်အာ၊ ပၠေၚ်ဗဒှ်ရုပ် ပတုပ်နာနာ၊ ညံၚ်ဂိတုတ္ၚဲ ညံၚ်ဗြဴညံၚ်ကျာ၊ ညံၚ်အိန်ဗြီုရောၚ် အယောၚ်အာ၊ ပ္တောံကၠဗြန် ကုမ္ဘန်ယက္ခာ၊ ပၠေၚ်ဗဒှ်ဏာ နာနာသဗ္ဗ၊ နအဘိညာန် ဇျာန်သမ္မထ၊ တိုၚ်ပၟိက်ကၠာ သွာပ္ဍဲစိတ္တ၊ ရသိပြဲက္ဍၚ် ဂးမာတၚ်ဂ၊ လွဳဗိုန်ဗတ် ထပှ်သတ္တဟ၊ ဍိုက်ပေၚ်တုဲရ သမ္မထဇျာန်၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ဣသိတၠညာန်၊ ဂၠာဲချပ်ဗ္စာ ဗှ်အာဍုက်ကွာန်၊ စွံလဝ်ဒေံဗြဴ တဴပ္ဍဲသုသာန်၊ အဲထံက်ပၚ်ညိ အဒိဂလာန်၊ ဒက်ဂြေန်ဝိဥာန် ပၟဝ်ဇျာန်ဂွံမြာ၊ ချိုန်လၟုံအဲ ဒးရးပြဲဖါ၊ တိုၚ်ပၟိက်အဲ ကၠိဂွံလောဲသွာ၊ အဲဒးထံက်ပၚ် မၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ က္တဵုဗဒှ်ဇျာန် လိုန်သဗါန်ကျာ၊ မာတၚ်ဂကၠာ ကလာၚ်စဴအာရ၊ ပရဟ်ဇျာန်ပြဲ မွဲသက္ခဏ၊ ခါညန်စိုပ်ကွေံ စှ်ေနူကာသ၊ ဂမြၚ်တံညာတ် သွာတ်ဟဒယ၊ ဂြေပ်ကၠုၚ်လ္ၚောဝ် ဇံသဝ်ထဒၟ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ညာတ်သ္ပာထ၊ တဲပ္ဍဵုသိသ ပဝတ်လ္ၚောဝ်၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ကညာရုပ်ထဝ်၊ ညာတ်ရသိပၠန် ကသောန်ကသဝ်၊ သောကဍဵုဍိုက် ကလိုက်ကၟဝ်၊ ဂၠိုက်တိုန်ပေၚ်သိုဟ် ဖျုန်ဂြိုဟ်ဇတဝ်၊ ရမတ်ဗြဲကဝ် ဆေဝ်ဒဝ်ဟွံမာန်၊ လီုစတ္တဇ ကာယျဝိညာဏ်၊


မုက်လိက်−၃၉[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဟွံညာတ်ဒိုဟ်စှ် ဒှ်အာန်တၞာန်၊ ဂၠာဲဗှ်ချပ်ခဝ် ဆေဝ်ဒဝ်ဟွံမာန်၊ ညံၚ်ရဴဥူမတ် ပညောတ်သန္ထာန်၊ တၞံနအာတ်ပါန် ဂၠိုၚ်ဂလာန်ယာံပၠန်၊အဵုကောရသိ ကောမိဓဇန်၊ ထောံလဝ်အဲဗြဴ ညံၚ်ရဴအှော်ဒုန်၊ ဗဗုလဟဵု ဂဵုတုဲပၠိုတ်သုန်၊ ဒးပၠိုတ်ဟုံဇြ ဒှ်စၞဂြုန်၊ အဵုကောတၠဂုန် အဵုကောတၠဂုန် ကဵုလေၚ်သုန်ဟာ၊ အဵုကောသော်က္ဍိုပ် ဋ္ဌာန်ဂြိုပ်ဒဴအာ၊ နူတံတုန်စိ အဒိကိုပ်ကၠာ၊ ကော်နၚ်တုဲသွံ ကၠုၚ်ထောံလသာ၊ ဟွံဗှ်ဂၠိၚ်သ္ၚောဲကဵုအဲပူဆာ၊ အဵုတၠသိက္ခာက္ဍုဟ်အဲဟာကော၊ အဵုတၠပဿတၠအယော၊ ထောံလဝ်အဲမွဲခြာသ္ၚောဲကလော၊ ဟွံမွဲဝံသညးဟွံပဆော၊ ညးဂၠာဲနၚ်ဒုဟ်ညးဍုဟ်ဟီုစော၊ အဵုကောအဵုကောကဵုညးစောပၠန်၊ အဵုမဂၠိုၚ်အယောအဵုကျာ်ဂန်၊ တူတံဝါဒိကြာမိကဵုကောန်၊ အာတ်တုဲဖျာ်နၚ်ကဵုအဲကၠၚ်ကၠောန်၊ ပွတံဂှ်ဟွံဂၠာဲဗှ်ရန်၊ ဒဴထောံအဲပၠန်ဓဇန်လောန်ရအဴ၊ အဵုတာပဿတၠနုဘဴ၊ ပၠီုကၠေံတုဲကၠာဘာသာအဲဗြဴ၊ ဒှ်ခါဲဒုတ်ရောၚ်သ္ၚိဟွံဂံၚ်စဴ၊ ညာတ်ဗွဝ်ဒုဟ်ဒုဟ်အဲဒြေပ်ဒဴ၊ ကောဟးကောဂၞဴဟွံစဴရဟာ၊ တံဇိုၚ်ရသိဂးမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ တက်သိုဟ်တုန်န်ယာံအာဒေါန်အာ၊ ဇါတ်လီုဂၠိုၚ်စွံဒးထောံဘာသာ၊ ဂကူလီုရလောကပြိုက်ဖါ၊ ဒဴထောံအဲကၠာဒးရးရဟာ၊ မာတၚ်္ဂစိရသိကြက်လှဴ၊ သီုမေတ္တာကီုသၟိက်ဟီုဖ္ဘောဝ်လဴ၊ ယွံမၚ်္ဂလိကာကညာဒေံဗြဴ၊ ၜိုန်ဒးသာဲခြာမူဒၞာဲစိုတ်ကတဴ၊ ထံက်ပၚ်ဒေံဗြဴအဲဒးဒဴအာ၊ ဂလာန်ဂှ်ရောၚ်ထံၚ်လဝ်သောတ၊ အဲဒှ်ခါဲဒုတ်ဂကူယုတ်မာ၊ အောန်ရကဵုပိုန်ဟိုတ်နူဒိုက်သာ၊ ဟွံမွဲလးလးဥုပ်ဂၠးကြိယျာ၊ ဂွံထံက်ပၚ်ကၠာခါဂှ်ဝါတ်လောန်၊ နမေတ္တာဇဴဒဴတိတ်ဟေမောန်၊ က္တဵုဗဒှ်ဇျာန်အဘိညာဏ်ပၠန်၊


မုက်လိက်−၄၀[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဍိုက်ပေၚ်တုဲလ္အိတ်စိုပ်သိတ်ဗိုန်တ္ညန်၊ တိုၚ်ပၟိက်ဟေၚ်ဟွံဂွံဝေၚ်ခၠန်၊ ဍိုက်ပေၚ်စိစောန်ဂွံပၠန်ဒေံဗြဴ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာခါဂှ်ပါန်တဴ၊ ယွံတာပဿတၠနုဘဴ၊ ထဝ်သန်ဗိုန်မြဇိုန်ကဵုညိအဴ၊ ဇိုန်ကဵုပိုန်ဘိုက်တသိုက်ဗွဲကြဴ၊ ဆာန်ဍူညိအဴကြဴဂွံသိုက်တန်၊ မာတၚ်ဂကီုသၟိက်ဟီုဗ္တောန်၊ ယွံမၚ်္ဂလိကာလောဲသွာထဝ်သန်၊ ဗတ်ဂွံဒြပ်ဂၠိုၚ်ညးထိုၚ်သးအောန်၊ ဟိုတ်ဒှ်ခါဲဒုတ်ယုတ်ညးဂးပၠန်၊ ဗတ်သိုက်ညးၜေဟ်ဟီုဂးဒက်ဒေါန်၊ ကြဴဒေံဂွံပၠန်ထဝ်သန်ဗၠဲဒွါ၊ လုပ်အာဍုၚ်ဇၞော်ကွာ်အာကော်အာ၊ ပသာ်ဂလာန်ကီုသၟိက်ဟီုကဵုကၠာ၊ ယွံတၠတံလ္ပသာသ္ပံ၊ လ္တူအဲဂှ်ပဒှ်သၚ်ကာ၊ သမ္ဘာအဲကၠာမှာဗြီုတေံရ၊ ပလွေဟ်ကၠာရုပ်မှာတၚ်ဂ၊ ယဝ်ဟွံပ္တေဟ်အဲထပှ်တ္ၚဲဂတ၊ ဗပေၚ်သဝ်ပၠန်သၟိၚ်တ္ၚဲပၠိုတ်ဇြ၊ မှာဗြီုစှ်ေကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်ဝွံမူလ၊ ဗဵုအိုတ်ညိရယွံတၠအဲ၊ တိုၚ်ဗကန်စိဟီုညိကဵုတ္ၚအ်၊ ထပှ်တ္ၚဲရဂတဟွံလံ၊ ညးညာတ်ညးဆဵုညးဒးကဵုကံ၊ ညးဒးရှ်ေသှ်ေဖျေံက္ဍိုပ်မုဂြံ၊ ခိုဟ်စလၟုဟ်ဏံဟွံလံဂတ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာကညာရုပ္ပ၊ ဂွံမိၚ်တုဲအဵုယဵုတဲဓယျ၊ မိပ်စိုတ်အသဝ်လ္ၚောဝ်ထဒၟ၊ တိုၚ်ဗကန်ကၠာညးတာပဿ၊ ယဵုဒုတ်လဝ်ရပ္ဍဲကာလဂှ်၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိရသိဒယှ် ဗကန်တုဲကၠာတၞံနအာပြဟ်၊ ဂလာန်သ္အာၚ်ကီုဟွံဟီုခၠေဝ်သှ်၊ ပ္ၚုဟ်အဘိညာဏ်နဇျာန်က္တဵုဗဒှ်၊ ဋ္ဌာန်ဟေမဂှ်ပြဟ်ကလာၚ်အာ၊ အဏံတုန်ကွေံဂးမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ တိုၚ်ဗကန်စိရသိပြဲဖါ၊ သၟိက်လလောၚ်ပ္ညုၚ်ဋ္ဌာန်ဍုၚ်လုပ်အာ၊ ဆဵုမၞိဟ်ထပ်ဂၠောဲကွာ်ထဲရေၚ်ဗ္ဂါ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာခါဂှ်ကော်ဟီု၊ ယွံမိယွံမဗဴလအိုဿီု၊ ကလၚ်လဝ်ကွေံဒးဟွံဒးကီု၊ သမ္ဘာအဲကၠာညးဂှ်မှာဗြီု၊ ပလွေဟ်ပုတ်ခါဲဒုတ်သမၠီု၊ ထပှ်တ္ၚဲကီုဗဵုစံဂတ၊ ဗပေၚ်သဝ်ပြဲတ္ၚဲပၠိုတ်ဟောံဇြ၊


မုက်လိက်−၄၁[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ညံၚ်ဂိတုၜါတုပ်မၟာဏ၊ သၟိၚ်ဗြီုစှ်ေရမူလဒၟံၚ်၊ ရံၚ်ဗဵုရံၚ်အာလ္တူကာသ၊ စိုတ်ပခၚ်ခတ္ညဗဵုညိအဴ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာသိုက္ခမာဗြဴ၊ လၟိုန်တ္ၚဲကီုကော်ဟီုကမြဴ၊ နူယးဒဵုသဝ်ကော်ဖ္အောဝ်လလဴ၊ ကဵုညးမိၚ်အိုတ်တ္ၚဲပၠိုတ်တုဲစဴ၊ လၟိုန်တ္ၚဲအဴကော်တဴတမ္ညဝ်၊ အိုတ်ဂကူဗၞးမိၚ်ဒးချပ်ရ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာဟုံမှာလၚ်ဇွောဝ်၊ ယုတ်မာကာဲကဝ်၊ သမ္ဘာဍေံဗြီုကၠုၚ်ဟီုပ္ဍဲကတောဝ်၊ ခါဲဒုတ်ဇိုၚ်ကဝ်ဆဵုလဝ်ဍာံဍာံ၊ ညးလ္ၚဵုကီုဟီုတိုန်ဆာံဆာံ၊ ဗြဴဒှ်သာ်ဏံကြံရုပ်ကြံနာံ၊ ဟွံဒှ်ဟီုအဵုဟွံဆဵုဂၠာဲဂၠာံ၊ ခါဲဒုတ်ညာတ်ကၠးဗြီုညးအာဟီု၊ ပိုဲဆဵုဍာံဍာံဍေံပဂၠာံကြာန်၊ ညးလ္ၚဵုကီုသၟိက်ဟီုကယျာန်၊ ယွံလေဝ်မၞးတံသာ်ဏံဂလာန်၊ အတိက်တေံဟေၚ်ပရေၚ်မဒါန်၊ ဍာံဟွံဍာံဟာဗ္စာနညာဏ်၊ ဗြီုပၠေၚ်ရုပ်မာန် တီညာဏ်ဗြီုဟာ၊ လ္ၚဵုမွဲရဲတက်တဲဂြိုၚ်အာ၊ ဍေံဂၠာဲဟီုက္ၜေဟ်ပတေဟ်ညိဇွာ၊ ဗြီုပ္တောံခါဲဒုတ်ဂလာန်ယုတ်မာ၊ ဟွံမွဲမွဲလှ်ေဍေံပကၠုၚ်ကျာ၊ ဍေံဂွံဂၠိုၚ်အာဍေံကျာစရောၚ်၊ အလုံဍုၚ်ထဥရုရုသံၚ်သံၚ်၊ လ္ၚဵုပ္တေဟ်ကီုဟီုတဗြံၚ်ၚ်၊ လ္ၚဵုဟွံပ္တေဟ်ဂၠာဲဟီုဂးကၠံၚ်၊ ကောလာဟာလတော်ဆသ္ၚေဝ်ရံၚ်၊ ရုရုသံၚ်ၚ်ကၠံၚ်ညံၚ်ကဵုပေါဲ၊ ညးလ္ၚဵုကွေံဗၞးသ္ကံရဲ၊ ချပ်ရေၚ်သ္ကံကွေံညးညးအဲအဲ၊ ကောန်ဝုတ်ကညာအာတ်ဏာလောဲလောဲ၊ သဘဴမၞိဟ်သွံဂွံပၠန်ဟွံမွဲ၊ ဂုန်ဒှ်ဗြီုအဵုဟွံဂံၚ်ကဵုဘဲ၊ ဂွံဏာလောဲလောဲဗြီုအဲဂးရ၊ ညးလ္ၚဵုဂှ်စိုတ်ဒှ်ခၚ်ခ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာဗၞတ်ဗြဴဟာယ၊ ရုပ်သာ်ဂေါဝ်လောန်ညံၚ်ကောန်ဒေဝ၊ ပိုန်ဒြပ်ဍေံပၠန်ဟွံတီနန္တ၊ ခါဲဒုတ်အာတ်ကီုလဟီုစောဒက၊ ဗြီုတိုန်ဒှ်ရအဲခယျရံၚ်၊ ညးလ္ၚဵုပ္တေဟ်ဟွံဟီုဂးဍောၚ်၊ ခၞံကၞာပ္ကဴတြုံဗြဴသံၚ်ဗြံၚ်၊ တဵုဗြာတ်တဵုက္ၜဴသတ်နှဴၜတ်ကြံၚ်၊ ညးညးအဲအဲညံၚ်ပေါဲဟောကၠံၚ်၊

မုက်လိက်−၄၂[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
အိုတ်ဗၞးတံရောၚ်ကၠောန်မံၚ်ဟောဂြာ၊ ဇာတ်ဗၞးတံကီုဗြီုပပြာထာ၊ ရှ်ေသှ်ေဗြီုဂှ်ဒှ်မွဲဘာသာ၊ ဗၞးဂကူဗြီုလဟီုဝေါဟာ၊ လညာတ်ကျေဝ်ဂေါဝ်အသဝ်ဂန္ဓာ၊ မ္ၚဵုရသေၚ်ဟာပပြာကတ်ပၠန်၊ ညးလ္ၚဵုရခၚ်ခစိုတ်က္ဍန်၊ အတိက်မိမဗဴလသ္ၚောဲလောန်၊ ဂလာန်တြေံကီုညးဟီုဗကန်၊ ဗြီုစှ်ေလိုက်ကွေံစှ်ေဝေတ်ဗ္တောန်၊ လေဝ်ပိုဲမိၚ်ပၠန်လံလောန်ကာလ၊ လၟုဟ်ဗြီုစှ်ေဟီုဂးခယျ၊ ယဝ်စှ်ေပြဲလောန်ဂုဏအနန္တ၊ မိပ်စိုတ်သၠောၚ်ဟွံဍောၚ်ကာယျ၊ သိုက်ကၞာမ္ၚဵုတဵုပ္ကဴသၠ၊ ဇၟာပ်သ္ၚိရဆဂကူဗၞး၊ ကွာၚ်ၜဲယိုဟ်ၜန်ဂၠာဲကၠောန်ဒးရး၊ သ္ဂောံပူဇဴဗြီုအိုဿီုအဲညး၊ တိညံၚ်ကဵုဍန်ဖန်ဖက်ၜံက်ဂွး၊ ဇၞောဝ်အလာံကီုဍာ်ထီုမောဝ်ဖ္ဍး၊ အိုတ်ဂကူဗၞးဒးရးကျိုၚ်ကျဝ်၊ မွဲသာ်ပၠန်ရဒးပအံသဝ်၊ ဒါန်ကညဗြဴဂွံပူဇဴလဝ်၊ ဒါန်ဂှ်ဒါန်ပြဲဒါန်ဗ္စဲကဝ်၊ ဇာတ်ဗၞးရဍေံပဇၞော်မောဝ်၊ ဍေံကဵုကျိုၚ်ကျဝ်အသဝ်ကောန်ဗြဴ၊ ဗၞဝုတ်တ်ကရှ်စုတ်ပ္ကဴ၊ ဍောတ်တ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်ပေၚ်ဗြော်ဖက်နှဴ၊ ယဝ်ဗြီုစှ်ေကၠုၚ်ဝေၚ်ဒုၚ်ပူဇဴ၊ ဗၞးဗၠာဲဗၠာဲဗြဴကၟာ်လထဴ၊ စၟဳရံၚ်အဴလ္တူအကာသ၊ ပေၚ်ထပှ်တ္ၚဲ တ္ၚဲသဝ်ပၠိုတ်ဇြ၊ ဂိတုစက်သန်ယုဂ္ဂန်သၠးရ၊ မာတၚ်ဂကၠာ ဂးတာပဿ၊ ဗဒှ်အဘိညာဏ်နဇျာန်ကြံကြ၊ ဗဒှ်ရုပ်ဗြီု မသ္တီုတေဇ၊ အရံၚ်ဗိုတ်မြ အဇဂိတုကီု၊ ညံၚ်ဂိတုၜါတုပ်ပၟာဗီု၊ ဂဵုတဴတၟးလစးက္ဍီုက္ဍီု၊ ဍုၚ်ဗာရာန္နသဳ ညာတ်ကျာ်သြီလီု၊ ဒံၚ်သၠာ်ယူ ဗဵုဒ္ၚောဝ်သီုသီု၊ ယဵုတဲဂြီုဂြီု ဗြီုတန်ဒှ်ဟာ၊ လ္ၚဵုဍေံဟီုဂိတုသီုၜါ၊ ညောန်စိုပ်ဓဝ်ဝ်သဝ်စှ်ေသာသာ၊ ဂေတ်မံၚ်တူကျာညာတ်အာညံၚ်ဗြီု၊ ဗၞးထပ်ဂၠောဲယဵုတဲဂြီုဂြီု၊ ဍောတ်တ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်ပေၚ်ဗြော်ကဍၚ်ဍီု၊


မုက်လိက်−၄၃[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ကလံရဴဂဴပူဇဴကောဟီု၊ ကောလာဟာလ ကော်အာသီုသီု၊ တန္ဒနာကီုအိုဿီုညးအဲ၊ ဟွံတီဍောတ်ဇၞော် ပေၚ်ဗြော်ယဵုတဲ၊ ဂဇံရဴဂဴဂတဴဂၠိုၚ်နဲ၊ ဟွံတီလထဴလဗြဴမွဲရဲ၊ ဟွံတီဝုတ်ဗၠာဲဗြဴကၟာဲထပ်ဂၠောဲ၊ တိညံၚ်ရဴပြဵုလ္ၚောဝ်အဲပရဲ၊ မာတၚ်ဂပြဲဂေတ်ထဲလ္တူဍုၚ်၊ ပၠဇကုကဵုကဵုညးဝေၚ်ဒုၚ်၊ ညာတ်ဂွံဗဵုဒ္ၚောဝ်ဟွံသဝ်ဟွံသၠုၚ်၊ ပၠတဴစရာဲသီုပါဲသီုပုၚ်၊ ဗၞးတံဇံသဝ်လ္ၚောဝ်တၠုၚ်၊ အိုတ်အလုံဍုၚ်ဝေၚ်ဒုၚ်လ္ၚောဝ်၊ ဗကဗြာတ်က္ၜဴယဵုပူဇဴလဝ်၊ ဗ္ဂဵုပၞာၚ်သ္ဍဴပ္ကဴမြမောဝ်၊ ပုၚ်ကွာၚ်စၞကဵုသၠကဵုခဝ်၊ မဂၠိုၚ်သတ်ပ္ကဴပူဇဴဇံသဝ်၊ ဗၞးတံလ္ၚောဝ်ဇံသဝ်ရဴဂဴ၊ မွဲသာ်ဂှ်ကၠာဒါန်ကညာဗြဴ၊ ဗၞးဗြဴဝုတ်ကရှ်စုတ်ပ္ကဴ၊ ဟွံတီသၠုၚ်သဝ်ကျိုၚ်ကျဝ်ဖက်နှဴ၊ ပဝတ်ဇံသဝ်လ္ၚောဝ်ပူဇဴ၊ ဒါန်ကညာဗြဴပူဇဴသကာ၊ ဇာတ်ဗၞးတံတၟံဘာသာ၊ ဍုၚ်ညံၚ်ထကးလုံရးခန်လွာ၊ လ္ၚောဝ်ဝေၚ်ဒုၚ် ဒြေပ်ကၠုၚ်ဒြေပ်အာ၊ ဟွံဂွံဒိုအ်စံ ဗ္တံသ္ဂာ၊ ဟောဟောဂြာဂြာကၠုၚ်အာလီၜန်၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိဟေမောန်၊ ဂေဝ်သွဝ်အာလတူကျာဂေၚ်လန်၊ ဂၚေၚ်အာဒးရးမ္ၚးဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊ ဒေသသုသာန်မွဲဟာန်စိတ္တ၊ အိုတ်အလုံဍုၚ်ဒေပ်ကၠုၚ်ထဒၟ၊ ဟွံတီဍောတ်ဇၞော် ဗော်မိဂၠးမ၊ ထုဲဓရုဲကောံ လ္ၚဵုဒေါံဂြ၊ တိတ်ဟွံမာန်ရဒေသတြၚ်ဍုၚ်၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်လိုန်လဝ်တဲကဝ်ပါဲပုၚ်၊ လ္ၚဵုထိမြိတိသဝ်တိသၠုၚ်၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်တံၚ်ဂြဲတဲဒၞာဒုၚ်၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်လောတ်စှ်ေညးလိုန်ဒးဗုၚ်၊ ၜေတ်တြၚ်ဍုၚ်အာကၠုၚ်ဟွံမာန်၊ လ္ၚဵုဆဗၠးတိတ်ကိတ်ၚေက်ဂစာန်၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ဂၠိက်လာဲဇော်ဇာဲဇိုၚ်ညန်၊ လောတ်ဒးကြေဟ်ဝါန်ၜေတ်တြၚ်ဟွံမာန် ဂစာန်ဟောဒြာ၊


မုက်လိက်−၄၄[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
လ္ၚဵုဂှ်မၞုံဓတ်ၜေတ်စတ်တိတ်အာ၊ ပ္ၚောံသုသုာန်ဋ္ဌာဂှ်ဒြေပ်အာ၊ ဂွံညာတ်ရုပ်ရောၚ်အယောၚ်အလာ၊ လ္ၚောဝ်ရဴဂဴပူဇဴသကာ၊ ကောံမံၚ်ဟောဒြာပ္ဍဲကာလဂှ်၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိရသိဒယှ်၊ ပ္ဍဲမၚ်္ဂလိကာမေတ္တာစောန်တၞံ၊ သၟိက်ဂွံထံက်လဝ်အသဝ်ဂွံဒှ်၊ ကဵုရှ်ေသှ်ေကီုဗၞးသီုဒိုဟ်စှ်၊ အဒိဋ္ဌာရခၞဗွဲပရဟ်၊ ပ္ဍဲကာလဂှ်ဗဒှ်ဓဝ်ဟိရိ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာပ္တိုန်သမာဓိ၊ မာတၚ်ဂတၠရသိ၊ နလ္ပုဟ်တဲအဵုဍဵုပၞေဟ်စိ၊ ဂဗ္ဘပြဲလောန်ကဵုတန်ဂဝ်ဂၞဴ၊ ခါဂှ်ရသိအဒိဋ္ဌာန်ပၠန်၊ တုဲရသိကီုသၟိက်ဟီုဗ္ကန်၊ ယွံမၚ်္ဂလိကာကၠၚ်ကၠာဗိုန်တ္ညန်၊ ချိုန်လၟုံရဂဗ္ဘဒးတန်၊ သၟတ်တြုံဗြဴကြဴကလိဂွံကောန်၊ လ္တူညးပၠန်ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်ကျာ်သြဳ၊ ဒးရှ်ေသှ်ေကီုညးဒးဖုံပၠဳ၊ အလုံဍုၚ်ရညးဒးပလွဳ၊ အိုတ်ဂကူဗၞးညးဒးပြေၚ်ဖျဳ၊ ဂွံစသိုၚ်အဵုဒဵုခန္ဓဏှဳ၊ ဍုၚ်ဗာရာန္နသဳဒးလွဳဒေံဗြဴ၊ ခါရသိပၠန်ဗ္ကန်တုဲသၟိက်စဴ၊ ဗဒှ်အဘိညာဏ်သီုဇျာန်ဖက်နှဴ၊ သီုအရဴၚ်အဵုဂဵုမံၚ်ဖျဴဖျဴ၊ အဇဗြီုကွေံညာတ်ဒးပူဇဴ၊ ရသိဓယှ်အဴကလာၚ်စဴအာ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာတန္ဒနာသ္ပ၊ ဗၞးတံညာတ်သမ္ၚာတ်ဟဒယ၊ သီုသ္ကံရဲယဵုတဲထ္ၜ၊ စမဳရံၚ်အာလ္တူကာသ၊ ကၠေံဗ္ဒန်အာရပ္ဍဲဂတမတ်၊ ဗၞးအလုံဍုၚ်ဒြေပ်ကၠုၚ်ဖ္ဘောတ်၊ ဗၞးဂၠိုၚ်ဗော်ဟွံတီဇၞော်ဍောတ်၊ ကြိက်ကြက်လၞၚ် တိတ်တြၚ်ဟွံလတ်၊ ဟွံဂတာပ်ကို ဒြေပ်သီုဇြဟတ်၊ ဟီုဒေါန်ၜုတ်ၜုတ် မၞိဟ်ယုတ်အဲရ၊ ညးဒြေပ်ညးဆဵု ညးဗဵုဖဲဖဲ၊ ပိုဲဒြေပ်ညံၚ်ချိုတ် ဒြေပ်အိုတ်သ္ကန်ဒဲ၊ ဒြေပ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဗုၚ်ဂိဂုန်ညိရောမွဲ၊ ဟီုဒေါန်ဗြိုဟ်ဟ်တက်သိုဟ်နတဲ၊ ဍောၚ်မံၚ်ဟွံဟဲထောံဇိုၚ်တဲၚုၚ်၊ ပေၚ်သုသာန်ကွေံ ဗၞးအလုံဍုၚ်၊ မိပ်စိုတ်ဟောဒြာကောံအာကောံကၠုၚ်၊ ကဵုမၚ်္ဂလိကာ လုပ်အာဝေၚ်ဒုၚ်၊ ဍေံပယွံသွံစွံဋ္ဌာန်သၠုၚ်၊


မုက်လိက်−၄၅[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဗၞးအလုံဍုၚ်သၟိက်ဒုၚ်ဖျဴဏာ၊ မိဗြီုမိဗြီု ဟီုမံၚ်ဟောဒြာ၊ ဇာတ်ဗၞးဂှ်ဒှ်မွဲဘာသာ၊ ခၞံဝဝ်ထဝ်အသဝ်သာ်လွာ၊ အလာံဖက်နှဴပ္ကဴနာနာ၊ သၠဖ္ဍာန်ရတ်ရေၚ်မတ်နဳလာ၊ မြမောဝ်နာနာပၟာလွဳမာန်၊ ဗၞးသ္ကံရဲကျိုၚ်ထဲပေၚ်ဍာန်၊ အိုတ်အလုံဍုၚ်ကောံကၠုၚ်မွဲဟာန်၊ လ္ၚဵုကွာ်တိုက် လ္ၚဵုဍိုက်ယာန်၊ ဇက်ပ္ၚောံအာဋ္ဌာဏသုသာန်၊ ကောံမွဲဟာန်ယိုက်ဏာယာန်ထဝ်၊ လ္ၚဵုမွဲသာတိၚ်အာစံၚ်ဂြဝ်၊ လ္ၚဵုသေဲကျာံဗာတ်သၞာံအဟဝ်၊ ဗရုကြဵုဆက် တိၚ်ဇက်တမ္ညဝ်၊ ဗၞးဝုတ်ဗၠာဲလှ်ေကွာ်အာဗဝ်၊ ဝေၚ်ဒုၚ်မိဗြီုတုပ်ဗီုဍုၚ်သွဝ်၊ ယိုက်ဏာယာန်ထဝ် မိပ်တဴအဝ်ဇာ၊ အာစိုပ်သုသာန်ဋ္ဌာန်မၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ စိုပ်တုဲဝန်စဝ်ဇံသဝ်အောပ်မာ၊ ယွံလေဝ်မိဗြီုမသ္တီုအဒ္ညာ၊ ဒၟံၚ်ပ္ဍဲသုသာန်ဒှ်ဋ္ဌာန်ယုတ်မာ၊ အပ္ဍဲအဍုၚ်ရဂပ်ဝ်ကျအာ၊ စွံစိုတ်မေတ္တာတ္ညအာညိအဴ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာမိကညာဗြဴ၊ ဂွံတီကေတ်ပၠန်ဟိုတ်တန်ဂဝ်ဂၞဴ၊ ဒုၚ်ပါၚ်ကဵုကံဟွံပၠံကမြဴ၊ ဟွံတီဝုတ်ဗၠာဲဗြဴကၟာဲလထဴ၊ ဍေံဗၠိုပ်ဖုံပၠန်စၠန်အဂၠဴ၊ ယာတ်သုတ်ယာတ်ပ္ကဴကဵုကျိုၚ်စဴပၠန်၊ လ္တူဝဝ်ထဝ်အသဝ်ပြဲလောန်၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာဍိုက်အာသိပ်တန်၊ ဗၞးတံဂမၠိုၚ်ဝေၚ်ဂြိုၚ်လုလန်၊ ဝုတ်တ်ဗၠာဲဗၠာဲ ဗြဴကၟာဲလီၜန်၊ တိၚ်တိုက်တုဲလှ်ေဓယှ်ေသောန်န်၊ ဒုၚ်မိဗြီုပၠန်မိပ်လောန်ဟောဒြာ၊ အိုတ်ဗၞးကၠာဝေါဟာဂလာ၊ အာတဴသိုက်က်အခိုက်နာနာ၊ ယိုက်ဏာယာန်ထဝ်မိပ်လောန်မှောဝ်ဇာ၊ အဝဲအလာံမန်ဂြာံဂြာတ်ဏာ၊ ဗ္ဂိုဟ်ခပဵုသီုကဵုခရာ၊ ဝေၚ်အာဂြိုၚ်အာစိုပ်ဍုၚ်ခါဂှ်၊ အိုတ်ဗနးကၠာစိုတ်ညဳသာသၟဟ်၊ အဒေါဝ်ဍုၚ်ပၠန်ကၞကၠောန်ဗဒှ်၊ ခၞံဇံၚ်ရတ် ကြကောတ်ဍာ်စှ်၊ ညံၚ်ဇံၚ်ဒေဝဟွံခြာတၞဟ်၊ ဂၠာဲကၠောန်ဗဒှ်ဆဂှ်ရောသေၚ်၊


မုက်လိက်−၄၆[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ပ္ကဴလဳဆက်ကွက်စုတ်သၠကြေၚ်၊ သၠကဵုသၠဗျာၚ် ကၞာၚ်ကဵုကၞာၚ်ဗၠေၚ်၊ တၞံသတ်ဗြဴက္ၜဴကဵုတဵုရေၚ်ဏာ၊ အလာံနာနာဟွံခြာဟွံဝေၚ်၊ အိုတ်ဗၞးဟေၚ်ပြုပြေၚ်သ္အဳဗ္ဂါ၊ ကၞာရတ်ပၠန်ကၠောန်လဝ်တုဲကၠာ၊ စွံပ္တိုန်စိမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ ညးညးအဲအဲမၚ်မွဲဟောဒြာ၊ ဖါပ်ဗ္စရစၞဟောဒြာ၊ ဗိုၚ်ပူဇဴပၠန်ထတ်သန်ဗၠဲဒွါ၊ ယာတ်ဗြေဝ်ယာတ်သုတ် မြခုတ်သရာ၊ ဗ္ဂဵုပၞာၚ်သ္ဍဴပူဇဴသကာ၊ ဇာတ်ဗၞးတံတၟံဝေါဟာ၊ လၟိုန်တ္ၚဲကၠာသာဓာလီၜန်၊ ဗၞးအလုံဍုၚ်ပြာပ်ကၠုၚ်စိုပ်ညန်၊ ညံၚ်ဆဵုဒးကျာ်သာ်ဂှ်စိုတ်တန်၊ ဇံသဝ်ရဴဂဴပူဇဴထဝ်သန်၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာဗြဴဂွံစဴသိုက်တုန်၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာပၠန်သိုက်တုန်ကာယျ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာကညာရုပ္ပ၊ သ္ဇိုၚ်ဂဝ်ဂၞဴမဒှ်သဘာဝ၊ ကြံၚ်ဍုဟ်အာညိညိဂတ၊ ဗၞးဗြဴဟေၚ်မၚ်မွဲထဒၟ၊ ဝတ်ဗြဴတံရဆောံမထံက်ပၚ်၊ စသုၚ်တိက်မံၚ်သ္ၚေဝ်ရံၚ်ဇၟာပ်တၚ်၊ ဍာတ်ကြောံဂၠိုၚ်နဲဂၠာဲပြာပ်နၚ်၊ ကဵုဝေၚ်ပါဲရစၞရိၚ်ကတၚ်၊ အိုတ်ဇၟာပ်ဒၞာဲ ဂၠာဲသ္ၚေဝ်စၚ်ခြၚ်၊ ပြုပြေၚ်ဇၟာပ်တၚ်မၚ်မွဲသ္အဳဗဂါ၊ ရုပ္ပဒးရး ဂးမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ ကြံၚ်အာိညညိသန္ဓိဂဗ္ဘ၊ ဒစိတ်ဂိတုပြဲဗွဲဓမ္မတာ၊ ဒးအခိၚ်သၟတ်နက်သတာရာ၊ သၟိက်သၠးကၠာကာလဂှ်ရ၊ ဗၞးဗြဴတံတၟံဋ္ဌဏ၊ ကၠုၚ်မၚ်မွဲကောံဗိုၚ်ရောံဆောံမ၊ တုပ်အဇကောန် ပူဗန်ခယျ၊ ဟောဟောဒြာဒြာလာံသာထဲဒၟ၊ သန္ဓိဇလဂဗ္ဘယာယဳ၊ ဥဒ္ဓံဂါထာ ကျာဂဝ်ဂှ်ချဳ၊ ဓမ္မမပြဲသတ်ပ္ဍဲလောကဳ၊ ဝတ်ဗြဴတံရတုဲသ္ပလွဳ၊ ကောန်တြုံအသဝ်တုပ်နဲထဝ်ဂွဳ၊ သီုရုပ်ကျာ်သြဳဒ္ၚဳဂွံသၠးရ၊ သၠးတုဲဗိုန်ချိုန်သက္ခဏ၊ နဍာ်မြမောဝ် စဝ်ဗၠိုပ်ဂတ၊ တုဲလာၚ်ဇအးဍာ်ပၠးရ၊ ဟိုတ်ကောန်ဗြီုပၠန် ဍေံရောံဒည၊ ဗၞးဗြဴတံရဍေံပရေက်သာ၊ ယာတ်ဗြေဝ်ယာတ်ပါန် ဖက်ခါန်သာခါ၊


မုက်လိက်−၄၇[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
လ္တူထးထဝ်ကဵုလးလဝ်ကၠာ၊ သုတ်ညံၚ်ရဴသော်သောတ် ဂွဳကဵုသာသာ၊ တၟံညးအဲဆက်တဲဒုၚ်အာ၊ လ္တူထးကၠာသာသာစွံပတုန်၊ ဗြဴတၠတှ် ခါဂှ်ရုဲပၠန်၊ ဗြဴဗကေတ်သ္အးတှ်ဖျးတှ်အောန်၊ ဗြဴဗ္စံက်ကြၚ် တှ်ဖျိုတ်က္ဍၚ်သန်၊ ဗြဴဗ္တာၚ်ကြဳ တှ်ကေဝ်ဍာတ်လောန်၊ ဗြဴသရဳဂှ် တှ်ေကြောံဍာတ်ခန်၊ တီတုဲလက်သန် ကောန်ပၠန်ဗြဴမွဲ၊ ဗြဴသရဳသ္အး ကဵုဗၟဴရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲ၊ ဗၞးဗြဴတံသီုသ္ကံရဲ၊ လွဳဖျီုဖအံ ဆံလံတက်တဲ၊ ကြဳဇှ်ကုသဵုဟွံက္တဵုဒှ်ယဲ၊ ဇၞော်တိုန်ရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲဗွဲဓမ္မတာ၊ ဗၞးဍောတ်ဇၞော်ဂၠိုၚ်ဗော်အ္စာ၊ အ္စာဗိန္ဒော အ္စာဟောရာ၊ ဗိုတ်ပိဗေဒၚ် မက္ဍၚ်အဒ္ညာ၊ အိုတ်မွဲကရောံ ဂကောံပြဝါ၊ ရံၚ်စဝွံတာကာလဂှ်ရ၊ တီအိုတ်ညာတ်ကၠး တၟးစိတ္တ၊ အ္စာဂမၠိုၚ်ကွေံ ဟွံဒးခၚ်ခ၊ ဒဒှ်တြုံမွဲ ပ္ဍဲကဵုလောက၊ ဂွံဒုၚ်ဒယှ်သၟဟ်ဗြီုတံရ၊ မိပ်စိုတ်ခယျကာလဂှ်ပၠန်၊ ပ္ဍဲကၞာအဴ ရတ်ပ္ကဴဇၟန်၊ ဟိုတ်ဒှ်မၠိဟ်အဵု မ္ၚဵုရောၚ်ဂးပၠန်၊ နကွတ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဒၞာဲ ဂၠာဲဟီုတော်ဂၞန်၊ ဗိုတ်ပိလေဝ်ကီု သီုဗေဒၚ်ပန်၊ တုဲသၟိက်ခုတ်နာမပြဲလောန်၊ မာန်ဏာပ္ပပၠန်ခုတ်ပ္တိုန်လဝ်ရ၊ အ္စာဗၞးကီု ဟီုတိုတ်ခယျ၊ လၟုံပိုဲအဴတဴပ္ဍဲလောက၊ ပြဲနူညးကွေံ ဍုၚ်ရးလောက၊ မူဟိုတ်မွဲကၠာ ဗ္စာတော်ဆ၊ ဗြီုဒှ်သၟိၚ်မ ဆဵုရသေၚ်ဟာ၊ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဝွံဂးမၚ်္ဂလိကာ၊ ဒှ်မဗြီုရဂွံပရေက်သာ၊ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်ပြဲ ကောန်တြုံမွဲမြာ၊ ဂွံရှ်ေသှ်ေရဂတဆက်အာ၊ နူညးသ္အာၚ်ကၠာ ဘာသာပိုဲပြဲ၊ အ္စာဗၞးကီုဟီုတိုန်သဲသဲ၊ မိၚ်အ္စာဟီု သီုသ္ကံရဲ၊ မိပ်စိုတ်ခံမံ ကဵုကံတက်တဲ၊ ဗဂိုဟ်ကၞုသၚ် အခြၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်နဲ၊ လ္ၚဵုဒံၚ်သၠာ် ယူယာ်ညးအဲ၊ ဗၞးသကံရဲအိုတ်မွဲဘာသာ၊ ဗၞးသ္အာၚ်ကီု သီုကဵုအ္စာ၊ သိုၚ်ဗဒှ်ကၞာတ်ပြာသာဒ်ရေၚ်ဗဂါ၊ ထပှ်ဘုံကီု ညံၚ်ဘုံဒေဝါ၊ ဂ္ညိဂ္ညာတ်လဝ်အဴ ပ္ကဴသြဴနာနာ၊ နရတ်ထတ်သန် ဇၟန်ဗၠဲဒွါ၊ ပြေၚ်ဖျဳနာနာ သီုဓဇာပ္ကဴ၊


မုက်လိက်−၄၈[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ရတ်မဂၠိုၚ်သာ် သၠုဲသၠာ်ဖက်နှဴ၊ ညံၚ်ဇုက်လလဳ ဖျဳဖျဳဖျဴဖျဴ၊ အရံၚ်မတ်လစ တၟးဍိုပ်ဍဴ၊ ပ္ကဴကြကောတ် အရံၚ်ၜတ်သဴ၊ ဂၠာဲခၞံလဝ်အဴဂၠိုၚ်တဴပြကာ၊ ဍိက်ပေၚ်စိစုံ ထပှ်အုဴရေၚ်ဗဂါ၊ တဵုလဝ်ဗြာတ်က္ၜဴပ္ကဴသြဴနာနာ၊ အလာံစောန်ပြံက်ဗစံက်ဂဝါန်၊ ပတာၚ်ဗ္ကေတ်ဍာ်မိတ်မွဲသာ၊ သာ်တ္ၚေက်အရံၚ်မာဲဂၠိုၚ်နဲပြကာ၊ ဗၞးတံဟောဒြာ ခၞံတုဲခါဂှ်၊ ဗၞးမွဲကရောံကောံတုဲညဳသၟဟ်၊ အိုတ်တၟိုဟ်စိုတ် အဵုဇိုတ်ပူမှ်၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ရုပ္ပါဒယှ်၊ ဗၞးတံအဵုသၟိက်ဇိုတ်ကဵုပြဟ်၊ ဇိုန်ကဵုညဳသၟဟ်ကာလဂှ်ပၠန်၊ ဂွံသိုက်သၠိၚ်ကၠာၜါမကဵုကောန်၊ မဂၠိုၚ်ပိုန်ဘိုက်တသိုက်ထဝ်သန်၊ အိုတ်အလုံဍုၚ်ဖျေံက္ဍိုပ်ဒုၚ်ဝေါန်၊ ပူဇဴရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲ ထပ်ဂၠောဲရေၚ်ဇန်၊ ၜေတ်ဟွံမာန်အဵုဂွံဝါတ်လောန်၊ အိုတ်ဗၞးတံပၠန်ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်ပူဇဴ၊ ဂးမာန်ဏာပ္ပတုပ်အဇပ္ကဴ၊ ဇၞော်တိုန်ဒးရးတၟးဍိုပ်ဍဴ၊ အိုတ်ဇၟာပ်အ္စာမေတ္တာစိုတ်ဇဴ၊ ကၠုၚ်ပကတ်ကၠာ ပညာဖက်နှဴ၊ မာန်ဏာပ္ပအဴ လေပ်တဴဂၠိုၚ်လောန်၊ ဗိုက်ပိလေကီု သီုဗေဒၚ်ပန်၊ ဗိန္ဒောဟောရာ ကြိယျာတော်ဂၞန်၊ နက်သတ်ဒိထိ တာရာစဳဇန်၊ လေပ်အိုတ်စိုပ်သၚ် ဂြၚ်ရံၚ်သၟဟ်ပ္တိုန်၊ ဒုၚ်ဒယှ်ပၠန် ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်ပြထာ၊ ညးဒးရှ်ေသှ်ေဍုၚ်ရးခန်လွာ၊ ညးဒးရဴဂဴပူဇဴသကာ၊ မဂၠိုၚ်ကြက်ဂြပ် အရပ်အရာ၊ ဍိက်သ္ကံတြုံဗြဴ ဂၠိုၚ်တဴပြဝါ၊ မာန်ဏာပ္ပကၠာ ခါဂှ်သိုက်လှိၚ်၊ ပိုန်ဟာန်သၠဲလးစဟွံဒးဂွိၚ်၊ မဂၠိုၚ်ပေၚ်ဍတ် သ္ၚိကၠတ်ဇမၠိၚ်၊ ပိုန်ဒိပ်အသဝ် ညံၚ်သွဝ်တာဝတိၚ်၊ ဂးမာံဏာပ္ပ အဇကောန်သၟိၚ်၊ စဟွံဒးဂွိၚ်သိုက်လှိၚ်သ္အဳဗဂါ၊ အယုက်ဒှ်အဴစှ်တြဴအခါ၊ အိုတ်ဗၞးရကၠုၚ်ပအ္စာ၊ ကောန်ဗြီုကောန်ဗြီု ဗိုၚ်ဟီဟောဒြာ၊ ဟိုတ်ညးထိုၚ်သး စိုတ်ဂတးအာ၊ မၞိဟ်ညံၚ်ကဵုအဲ လိုက်ဟွံမွဲၜါ၊


မုက်လိက်−၄၉[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ပ္ဍဲစိုတ်သၚ်ကာဒှ်ပၟာဒ၊ ညံၚ်ကောန်ဗြီုကွေံသၠေဟ်ပၟာဏ၊ ယိုက်ဇၞော်မာန် မွဲဟာန်မၞ၊ ၜိုန်ညးဇၞော်ပြဲ ဟၟဲဂါရဝ၊ ဇကုပြဲအိုတ် ဒိပ်စိုတ်ပါပ၊ ချိုတ်ဟွံတီရမာန်ဏာပ္ပပၠန်၊ ဒါန်အတိက်အဵုဇိုန်ကဵုထတ်သန်၊ ကသပ်သာ်ဂှ်ဟွံဂၠာဲဗှ်ရန်၊ သၠေဟ်ကောန်ဗြီုဟိုတ်ဒိုဟ်ဓီုလောန်၊ ဟိုတ်ဓဝ်မနမောဟဂၠုဗ္ဒန်၊ ဟွံညာတ်သက်က် ကၠက်သီုဒိုဟ်ပန်၊ ကုဇကုပၠန်ကောန်သၚ်ကာ၊ ဒးဂွါံကာလ မာန်ဏာပ္ပကၠာ၊ သၟိက်ကဵုဒါန်ကီုချပ်သီုစေတနာ၊ ကော်သ္ကံကွး ဍုၚ်ရးခန်လၟာ၊ ဆမွဲကရောံဂကောံဘာသာ၊ ဖန်ဖက်ညဳသာ ခါဂှ်ပြုပြေၚ်၊ ဒယိုၚ်လ္ၚီကၞာ ဟွံကဵုခြာဗၠေၚ်၊ ၜတ်ကၞာတ်ညဳညတ် ခါဂှ်ဗ္ဂပ်စဳရေၚ်၊ ညဳညဳသာသာ ဟွံဂွံခြာဝေၚ်၊ ညးညးအဲအဲကၠောန်တုဲမံၚ်ရေၚ်၊ ဘာသာမၞးဟေၚ်ပြုပြေၚ်ညးအဲ၊ ၜတ်ကၞာတ်ဗိုန်တ္ညန် ကုတ်ဒန်နတဲ၊ ကၠောန်ဖ္ဍာန်လဝ် အၚောဝ်သၞိၚ်ဇြဲ၊ ဇိပ်ဂၠိပ်ဒးရး သွက်ဂွံဗၠးတ္ၚဲ၊ ပ္ကဴလဳဆက်ကွက်လဝ်လကဲ၊ ယာတ်အရံၚ်ဗၠဲ ကၠောန်နဲခဇာ၊ အသေအဟာန်သၠးဖ္ဍာန်ကျာ၊ မွဲသာ်ပါန်ခဳ ချူပ္ညဳဏာ၊ ရုပ်က္ၜိုၚ်ရုပ်ဒြာဲ ဗ္တာဲကၠလှာ၊ ရုပ်စိၚ်ရုပ်ချေံ ပှ်ပှ်ေမွဲသာ၊ ရုပ်ကၞုဲရုပ်ဂၚ် ရုပ်မၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ရာ၊ ချူလဝ်နာနာ ရိုဟ်အာဟွံမာန်၊ လ္ၚဵုလၟေၚ်ဇာတ် နိပါတ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊ လ္ၚဵုဍုၚ်ရးဟီုဂးဥဒျာန်၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ချူဏာပြာသာဒ်နန်ယာန်၊ လ္ၚဵုဗီုတိုက်စိ လ္ၚဵုဗီုသ္ၚိဋ္ဌာန်၊ ဗီုဂၠံၚ်ဗီုဍာန်ကွဳယာန်ဇက်ဂၠောဲ၊ မွဲသာ်ချူပျး အကးအမှဲ၊ မွဲသာ်ချူကီု ညံၚ်ဗီုမတ်ဗြဲ၊ မွဲသာ်ချူလံၚ် နှံၚ်ဂိတုတ္ၚဲ၊ မွဲသာ်ချူဏာ တာရာသောဲသောဲ၊ ယဝ်ဗဵုဋ္ဌာန်သ္ၚောဲ ဗဵုဟွံဖဲကီု၊ မွဲသာ်ချူဗဒှ် ဒဵုဇြဟ်ဂြိုပ်ဇီု၊ မွဲသာ်ညံၚ်တ္ကံ ညံၚ်တၟံညံၚ်ထီု၊ မွဲသာ်ညံၚ်ဝါ အၚ်လှာချူဗြီု၊ မွဲသာ်ၚုဲက အဇတုပ်ဗီု၊ ပေၚ်ဗြော်ဍၚ်ဍီုဂၠာဲဟီုရောမာန်၊ ယဝ်ကၠုၚ်ညာတ်ဒးအိုတ်ရးဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊


မုက်လိက်−၅၀[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
တၟံတြုံဗြဴ ပါတ်ဇဴဝိညာန်၊ ဝိုတ်ဝုဲသတိ ထောံကၠေံသ္ၚိဋ္ဌာန်၊ ဗဵုတဴရုရု ကေုာံမွဲဟာန်၊ သိုၚ်ကၞာယာန်မွဲဟာန်ညဳသာ၊ အလုံဍုၚ်ကွေံဗၞးပုဏ္ဏာ၊ ကောံတဴလဆန် ကၠောန်ၜိုတ်ဟောဒြာ၊ ကွာၚ်ၜဲယိုယ်ၜန် ဖန်ဖက်နာနာ၊ လ္ၚဵုကွာၚ်ဗုတ် လ္ၚဵုဝေါတ်သာသာ၊ လ္ၚဵုဖက်ပၠာဲ တၚ်လာဲကဝ်တာ၊ ဍာ်သာဲသဂြာ ဖက်ဏာခန်ခန်၊ ကဝ်သဂြာ ထၞာသောန်န်၊ တၚ်ဂွါၜဲဒုတ် ၜဲမုတ်သွံဂန်၊ ခၞာဂၠိုၚ်သာ်သီုဍာ်မၚ်ဂၠန်၊ မဇဳမအဳ ဖက်ပ္ညဳဆအောန်၊ ကဵုထဝ်ဗာတ်ပၠန် သောန်န်ခၞာ၊ ပုၚ်ကၠေၚ်သွဟ် နွံကုရှ်သာ၊ ဖျိန်ဗဒှ်လဝ် မြမောန်နာနာ၊ သဂြာဍာ်ပၞဴ ပၠာဲနှဴသီုၜါ၊ မွဲမွဲဗောတ်ဟေၚ် ကဵုပြေၚ်လဝ်ကၠာ၊ ဗောတ်တြဴလက် ပန်လ္ၚီဆက်အာ၊ ပြုပြေၚ်ညဳသာ ဝေါဟာဗၞး၊ အ္စာစိုပ်ကောံ အလုံဍုၚ်ရ၊ တြဴလက်ပၠန် ကဵုပန်လ္ၚီဒး၊ ဂဇံရေၚ်ဗဂါ ကၞာလှဲလး မာန်ဏပ္ပကၠာ မဒှ်အ္စာညး၊ ကျိုၚ်ကျဝ်ဒးရး ၜးကေတ်ကြိယျာ၊ စှ်ေဒတဴဗျာံ ပ္ဍဲဂါံလုပ်ကၞာ၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိဟေမာ၊ သၟိက်ဝးဓဝ်မၞ မာန်ဏပ္ပကၠာ၊ ချပ်တုဲလုပ်ဍုၚ် ကၠုၚ်လ္တူကျာ၊ စှ်ေတုဲလုပ်အာ စိုပ်ကၞာဂှ်၊ မာန်ဏပ္ပညာတ် သ္ၚာတ်က္တဵုဒှ်၊ ဟိုတ်ဒးညာတ်စိ ကၠိခဍက်ဇြကှ်၊ အဲဒးညါတ်စုတ် မၞိဟ်ယုတ်မတ်ဇျဟ်၊ ဗက်ထောံခိုဟ်ရ ခဏလၟုဟ်၊ ချပ်တုဲဣၚုဟ် ခါဂှ်ဟီုတိုန်၊ ဟေံမၞိဟ်ယုတ်မာ ပါပအိုတ်ကွိုန်၊ ညံၚ်စ္ဍးတိတ်အာ ဇိုၚ်ကၞာပလိုန်၊ အာဟွံအာကီု ဟီုညိဗိုန်န်၊ ဟွံအာကဵုဘဲ နတဲအဲသွိုန်၊ ဇိုၚ်ကၞာပလိုန် ချိုန်လၟုံတိတ်အာ၊ မာတၚ်စိ ရသိဟေမာ၊ ဟွံဒှ်ဒေါသ ဟီုရညှာညှာ၊ ယွံမာန်ဏပ္ပ တၠသဒ္ဓါ၊ မၞိဟ်ဇၟာပ်ကွာန် သၠးဒါန်သေၚ်ဟာ၊ လ္ၚးညးစိ ညိညသ္ဇိုၚ်သာ၊ လၟုံမွဲဝါ ကဵုညိကၠာရ၊ အဲဒှ်ခါဲဒုတ် ယုတ်မာဍာံပြ၊ အဲပရသိ ဂ္ညိလဝ်သဳလ၊


မုက်လိက်−၅၁[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
လၟေၚ်သိက္ခာ မၚ်မွဲကာယျ၊ ဒဴထောံဍုၚ်ကွာန် မံၚ်ဋ္ဌာန်ဟေမ၊ အဲကၠုၚ်အာတ်ဒါန် ပ္ဍဲမာန်ဏာပ္ပ၊ ဗၞတ်ဆညိည ကဵုဒါန်ရဒကာ၊ မာန်ဏာပ္ပဂှ် မိၚ်ဒှ်ဒေါသာ၊ သီုဒေါသကီု ဟီုတိုန်ဟွံညှာ၊ ဟာဲရသိမုတ် ရုပ်ရဴယုတ်မာ၊ မုက်ညံၚ်ကလော်ပၠန် ကမ္ဘန်ယက္ခာ၊ ချိုတ်လၟုဟ်ပြဲ ဋ္ဌာန်သ္ၚောဲသ္ဍးအာ၊ ပဟီုဂၠိုၚ်ဝါ အာကၠေံကဵုပြဟ်၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိဒယှ်၊ ဂွံမိၚ်ကေတ်ကီု တုဲဟီုခၠေဝ်သှ်၊ ယွံမာန်ဏာပ္ပ ကဵုဒါန်သဒှ်၊ ညံၚ်ရဲဇိက်ဗ္ၚ တဵုမသၟဟ်၊ တိခိုဟ်ဂွံသွံ စွံပၟာဂှ်၊ မာန်ဏာပ္ပလၟုဟ် စွံစိုတ်ဂှ်ညိ၊ မာန်ဏာပ္ပကီု မိၚ်ဗီုသုၚ်ဂျိ၊ တုဲဟီုတိုန်ရ ဟေံတၠရသိ၊ ဟီုလၟုဟ်ကီု ညံၚ်ဗီုရုဲတိ၊ အဲပါဲထောံသၟတ် မၞိဟ်ယုတ်ဒိဋ္ဌိ၊ ရုဲဂိုၚ်လဝ်စိ ဇာတိဗၞး၊ ဇၞော်ဂကူကၠာ ပညာလှဲလး၊ ပူဂဵုဂှ်ရ လောကထိုၚ်သး၊ ဇၞော်လောန်ကုသဵု ကဵုဒါန်ရောၚ်ဒး၊ ရသိမၞိဟ်ယုတ် ခါဲဒုတ်တီကၠး၊ ချိုန်လၟုံကွေံ ညံၚ်စ္ဍးတိတ်ညိ၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိဟေမာ၊ မိၚ်ဂလာန်ကီု ဟီုတိုန်ညှာညှာ၊ ယွံမာန်ဏာပ္ပ တၠသဒ္ဓါ၊ ဂကူခါဲဒုတ် ယုတ်ရသ္ဂးဟာ၊ အိုတ်ဂကူဗၞး ပြဲပသၠေဟ်ပၟာ၊ ယုတ်ပြဲသီုၜါ ညဳသာသၟဟ်န်၊ ယွံမာန်ဏာပ္ပ ကၠၚ်ရဗိုန်တ္ညန်၊ သတ္တံတုပ်သၟဟ် ဒှ်နူဓါဟ်ပန်၊ ဘုံလိုက်ဝွံ သန္ဓိဒးတိုန်၊ ဒှ်ယဲဗျုအဴ ကြဴဒးချိုတ်ပၠန်၊ ဟွံတၟေၚ်တၟဟ် တုပ်သၟဟ်လက်သန်၊ ပိုဲသတ္တံပၠန် ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်သာသာ၊ ဂကူဇၞော်ကွေံ ပြဲရသ္ဂးဟာ၊ သဳလဟွံသ္အး ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ယုတ်မာ၊ ဂကူယုတ်ကီု ယဝ်နွံသဳလာ၊ ပူဂဵုဂှ်ပြဲ သတ်ပ္ဍဲလိုက်ဗာ၊ မာန်ဏာပ္ပကၠာ ဗ္စာတုဲကဵုဒါန်၊ မာန်ဏာပ္ပကီု ဟီုဗက်ဟွံမာန်၊ အိုတ်တဴကသပ် ဂၠာဲချပ်ကြာန်န်၊ ကော်သ္ကံရဲ ဂၠောဲကၠုၚ်မွဲဟာန်၊ ကဵုရပ်ထၞက် ကဵုတက်ပ်ဍဲဍာန်၊ ရသိတၠဇျာန် နညာန်ကလာၚ်အာ၊ ဟွံညောန်သ္ၚောဲကွေံ တုဲစှ်ေသာညာ၊ လိုန်ဒးတိရ တုဲပပတ္တနာ၊


မုက်လိက်−၅၂[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဒၞာဲဇိုၚ်အဲ ကဵုညာတ်လောဲသွာ၊ ဂါံကွာ်အာဗိုန် ဍိုန်ဍိုန်ညှာညှာ၊ ဇရေၚ်ဇြပ်ကၠာ ခါဂှ်မံၚ်တိုန်၊ လတေံတုန်ရ မာန်ဏာပ္ပပၠန်၊ ဝါစဳကံရ ပွလုလန်၊ ညးမၞုံသဳလ ဟီုရဒက်ဒေါန်၊ ဍဵုဍိုက်ဟီုပျုတ် လဟီုယုတ်လောန်၊ ကဵုၜုက်တက်ဟေၚ် သၟိက်ကဵုကၠေၚ်စန်၊ မဂၠိုၚ်ဒုဟ်လောန် ဟွံချပ်စန်စာ၊ ပၟၚ်ဍုၚ်ရ ရုက္ခဒေဝါ၊ အာကော်နၚ်ပၠန် ကုမ္ဘန်ယက္ခာ၊ ရပ်မာန်ဏာပ္ပ ကြံကြဂြိုဟ်စာ၊ ဝတ်ကၠေံကံပၠန် ကၠဗၠန်ဝိုတ်အာ၊ ဗၞးတြဴလက် ပန်လ္ၚီသၞက်ဗဂါ၊ စိပ်လေါတ်စှ်ေအာ လောအကြာတိ၊ ရုဒှ်တိုန်အဴ ဖက်နှဴထိမြိ၊ သိက်ပသိက်ပ သိက်ဂွံပညိ၊ ညးလ္ၚဵုကၠာ ဒြေပ်တိုန်အာသ္ၚိ၊ ဟီုဇီုဟွံဒး တက်သိုဟ်ဖိဖိ၊ ဂဇံတုဲစိ နကြိဟီုပၠန်၊ ယွံလေဝ်မိဗြီု ဗဵုကီုရကောန်၊ မာန်ဏာပ္ပသၟတ် ကံဝတ်မုက်ဗၠန်၊ ဗၞးဂမၠိုၚ်လောတ် ညံၚ်ရဴအိုတ်သ္ကန်၊ ဒှ်လၟုဟ်ရ ယွံမိတၠဂုန်။ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်ပၠန် ဝါတ်လောန်ရမိ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ခါဂှ်ဟီုစိ၊ ယွံလေဝ်မၚ်ဗၠာဲ ကာတ်သာဲက္ဍၚ်ညိ၊ တိုၚ်မၚ်ဗၠာဲဟီု ညံၚ်ဗီုသုၚ်ဂျိ၊ ဗ္ၜူလောတ်နး ပြးအလုံတိ၊ ဟွံတီဟိုတ်စိ တန်ဒှ်ညိဟာ၊ ယွံလေဝ်မိဗြီု ကလၚ်ပိုဲဟီုကၠာ၊ ရသိခါဲဒုတ် ဍေံမၞိဟ်ယုတ်မာ၊ ကၠုၚ်ဒုၚ်ဒါန်ရ ဟွံဂွညှာတာ၊ မာန်ဏာပ္ပကီု ဟီုစုတ်ပြိုက်ဖါ၊ ကဵုရပ်တက်ကၠာ ရသိကၠေံအာရ၊ ကၠေံအာတုဲဗက် ချိုန်သက္ခဏ၊ ကံဝတ်အာကွေံ ဂးမာန်ဏာပ္ပ၊ အိုတ်အ္စာဗၞး လောတ်စှ်ေညံၚ်ဇွ၊ ဟွံဂွံမုဟ်ပါၚ် ရမျာၚ်သ္ၚိတ်ဇြ၊ ဍိက်ဖေက်ကွေံရ ယွံမိတၠဂုန်၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ကညာရုပ်သောန်၊ ဂွံမိၚ်လဟီု တီကေတ်ဗိုန်တ္ညန်၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိတၠအစောန်၊ ကၠုၚ်ဒုၚ်ဒါန်ကွေံ ဟီုတ္ၜေဟ်လက်ဒေါန်၊ ဟိုတ်ဒုဟ်ဂှ်ပၠန် ဇၞော်သန်က္တဵုဒှ်၊ ကလံအာတ်ဒုဟ် လၟုဟ်ညံၚ်ပြဟ်၊ ကေတ်နၚ်သၠိုၚ်ထဝ် ဍာ်မြမောဝ်စှ်၊ ဂွံတုဲသၟိက်အာ ကောံညဳသာသၟဟ်၊


မုက်လိက်−၅၃[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဋ္ဌာန်ရသိကၠာ ကွာ်အာပြဟ်ဟ်၊ ရသိဓယှ် ဗဒှ်လတ်ဒၞာဲဇိုၚ်၊ ရံၚ်တုဲဗက်အာ ယဵုဏာဍာ်သၠိုၚ်၊ ဟွံဂံၚ်လ္ၚာ် ကွာ်အာလက်ဂစိုၚ်၊ စိုပ်ဇြပ်ဂွံညာတ်သ္ၚာတ်က္ဍိုပ်ဘိုၚ်၊ ဟွံဂံၚ်ဟီုပြဟ် ဒှ်မံၚ်ကၠိုၚ်မိုၚ်၊ ဟွံဂံၚ်အီဂြိုၚ် လ္ၚောဝ်ဇိုၚ်သာသာ၊ ဟီုပါန်တိုန်ရ ယွံတၠပညာ၊ ကောန်အဲဗြဴရပွယောၚ်မှာ၊ အဲဍိက်အာတ်ဒုဟ် လၟုဟ်မွဲဝါ၊ လ္တူကောန်သွံ ယဝ်စွံမေတ္တာ၊ လၟုဟ်မွဲဝါပြာ်ညိကၠာအဴ၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိကြက်လှဴ၊ မိၚ်တုဲသၟိက်ဟီု သီုမေတ္တာဇဴ၊ တုဲဟီုတိုန်ရ ယွံလေဝ်ဒေံဗြဴ၊ အဲဟွံကဵုဘဲ ဒက်ဝဲဗွဲကြဴ၊ ဒုဟ်ပ္ဍဲကောန်ဂၞဴ မူရဴကဵုဒှ်၊ အဲဟွံဂွံပပွတံဂှ်၊ ဒေဝတံအနဳ မဇၞော်ကြဳဇှ်၊ ဒေဝတံပ ပ္ဍဲပွလၟုဟ်၊ ဟိုတ်ဒးပ္ကီုလဝ် ပ္ဍဲဗွဝ်ဒုဟ်၊ ဒေဝတံက္ဍုဟ် ဍေံတန်ဒှ်ရ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာကညာရုပ္ပ၊ ဟီုပါန်တိုန်ကၠာ ယွံတာပဿ၊ ယဝ်လေပ်လဝ်ပၠန် မန်ယန်နာထ၊ သ္ဂောံဗက်ဗ္ဒဴပၠန် ကုမ္ဘန်ယက္ခ၊ ယဝ်မၞုံတဴသၟတ် ဗၞတ်ဆညိည၊ ထံၚ်ပၚ်ညိရ ယွံတၠဂုန်၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိဟေမောန်၊ မိၚ်လဟီုအဵု ကဵုပိုဲတုဲပၠန်၊ ပ္ဍဲလှိုၚ်ထဝ် မြမောဝ်စၠန်၊ လ္ၚဵုက္ၜဴပါၚ် လာၚ်မုက်မွဲဂွန်၊ ဆမသှ်ေပၠန် ဍာ်စၠန်ဂှ်၊ ကြဴဗဗေၚ်ရ ခၞဗွဲပရဟ်၊ ညးတာပဿ တၠကြဳဇှ်၊ ပတ္တနညာဏ် အဓိဋ္ဌာန်ဗဒှ်၊ ကဵုဗၠးဘဲသွာ နမေတ္တာသၟဟ်၊ ဍာ်ၜါသာ်ဂှ် ပၠာဲစုတ်နတဲ၊ စုတ်ဗပေၚ်လဝ် လှိုန်ထဝ်သာ်ဗၠဲ၊ မွဲဂလာန်ကီု ဟီုတိုန်သဲသဲ၊ ယွံဒေံဗြဴအဲ ကလၚ်ညိမွဲဝါ၊ ပုၚ်ဍာ်ဝွံရောၚ် ဒေံဗြဴညံၚ်ဏာ၊ ဖျီုဗ္စရ မာန်ဏာပ္ပကၠာ၊ ဆသှ်ေက္ဍဝ် ပၠာဲလဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်ရာ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ကညာရုပ္ပ၊ မိၚ်တုဲမိပ်စိုတ် အဵုဇိုတ်ခယျ၊ တဲစရှ်ယဵု ပ်ဍဵုတူသိသ၊ လ္ၚောဝ်ဒးရး ဂၠးဇိုၚ်ပါဒ၊


မုက်လိက်−၅၄[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဂွံသၠိုၚ်ထဝ်ရ ခဏဂှ်စဴအာ၊ ခါမညန်ကြပ် လုပ်စိုပ်ကၞာ၊ တိုၚ်ဗ္စန်ရောၚ် ဟွံကဵုယောၚ်ယာ၊ ဖျုၚ်ဗ္စရ မာန်ဏာပ္ပကၠာ၊ သက္ခဏပြဲ ဂွံဗၠးလောဲသွာ၊ ညံၚ်ရဴသၠိၚ်အာ ခါဂှ်ၚုဟ်ပၠန်၊ ချိုန်ခဏစိ ညာတ်မိကျာ်ဂန် အိုတ်ဇၟာပ်ဂၠံၚ်၊ သ္ၚေဝ်ရံၚ်ဒိုဟ်ပန် ညာတ်ဗၞးအိုတ်လောတ်လောလီၜန်၊ မူဟိုတ်မွဲကၠာ သၚ်ကာစိုတ်ဍန်၊ ဟွံတီလက်သန် သၟာန်မိပၠန်ရေၚ်၊ ယွံလၟာဂၞဴ မူရဴုဒုက္ခ ၊ ဗၞးဂမၠိုၚ်ကဵု ဟွံဟီုသ္ၚိတ်ဇြ၊ လောတ်လောကၟဝ် တုပ်အၚောပ်ဇွ၊ ကဵုသတိရ ဟီုပၠညိအဴ၊ သြကောန်သြကောန် ယွံလေဝ်ကောန်ဂၞဴ၊ ကောန်တံစွံမၞ သီုဒေါသဇဴ၊ ညးမၞုံသဳလ ဟွံပရဴဂဴ၊ ရသိပြဲသ္အး ကောန်ဒးဗက်ဗ္ဒဴ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်သဘဴ ဒုဟ်စဴဒှ်ရ၊ ကောန်ဒးဝပ်ပၠန် ကုမ္ဘန်ယက္ခ၊ ကံဝတ်မုက်ဗၠန် ညောန်မာရဏ၊ ဟွံဂွံတီစိ သတိဗလ၊ မိဒြေပ်ဂၠာဲအာ ညးတာပဿ၊ ဂွံဆဵုလောဲလောဲ ယဵုတဲထ္ၜ၊ မိအာတ်ဒုဟ်ရ တာပဿပၠန်၊ အာတ်ဂဥုဲကီု ဟီုပါန်ဒုၚ်ဂုန်၊ သွက်ဂွံဗၠးအာ ဝေဒနာကောန်၊ ဍာ်မကေဝ်ဇြုၚ် သီုပုၚ်ပၟန်၊ ဂွံတုဲဒြေပ်စဴ တရဴသ္ၚောဲလောန်၊ သုၚ်တုဲမွဲဂွန် ကောန်ဂွံဗၠးလၟုဟ်၊ ကောန်ဟွံပ္တေဟ်ကၠာ ရံၚ်အာညးတၞဟ်၊ လောတ်လောမံၚ်ရ ဒုက္ခမတ်ဇျဟ်၊ ညးဂမၠိုၚ်ကၠာ သၟိက်ကဵုဗၠးပြဟ်၊ ဂဥုဲရသိ မဂ္ညိကြဳဇှ်၊ ဖျုၚ်ဂွံဗၠးပြဟ် ချိုန်လၟုဟ်ရ၊ ဟီုရိုဟ်ရေၚ်ပၠန် ကဵုကောန်ပုတ္တ၊ တုဲဂိုၚ်ပ္တိတ်ကၠာ ပုၚ်တာပဿ၊ ဖက်ဍာ်ပၠာဲအဵု ဟွံကဵုလဇ၊ ဖက်တုဲဖျုၚ်ကွေံဗၠးသက္ခဏ၊ ဂးမာန်ဏာပ္ပ ညာတ်ရသေၚ်ဟာ၊ ညာတ်ဒှ်ဗဟေက် ဖေက်ဂွညှာတာ၊ ပ္ဍဲတာပဿ ပွဇကုမှာ၊ ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ ဘယသၚ်ကာ၊ ပ္ဍဲစိုတ်ဗှ်ဂွိၚ် ဒှ်မံၚ်သိၚ်သာ၊ မာန်ဏာပ္ပကၠာ သိၚ်သာမံၚ်တုန်၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ခါဂှ်ဟီုဗ္တောန်၊ ယွံလေကောန်မိ ကၠၚ်ညိဗိုန်တ္ညန်၊


မုက်လိက်−၅၅[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
သတ္တံပ္ဍဲလိုက် ဒိုက်သိုက်ပရန်၊ ဂကူယုတ်ပြဲ ဟွံမွဲရကောန်၊ တုပ်သၟဟ်လက်သန် ဓာတ်ပန်က္တဵုဒှ်၊ ဇာတိပုည ဂုနကျာ်တွံ၊ ဓဝ်ပိဝွံရ မၞတုပ်သၟဟ်၊ ရုပ်ဂေါဝ်ပိုန်လှဲ ဂုန်ပ္ဍဲညးတၞဟ်၊ ဓဝ်မၞအဵု ဇၞော်ကဵုကြဳဇှ်၊ ဓဝ်ပိဝွံဂှ် ဗဒှ်ညိကောန်၊ ဒမုၚ်ဒါန်သဳလပြဲလောန်၊ ဂကူပြဲဂှ်ပဂၠာဲဗှ်ရန်၊ သဳလဟၟဲဋ္ဌာန်သ္ၚောဲဝေၚ်ခၠန်၊ ဂကူယုတ်ရသဳလယဝ်တိုန်၊ ပူဂဵုဂှ်ပၠန်ကောန်ကဵုဒါန်ညိ၊ ဖေက်ပါပ်ဂွပါပ် ဗျာပ်ဓဝ်ဟိရိ၊ သဳလဇြၚ်ဂွု အယုဝုဒ္ဓိ၊ ဂှ်ညးပြဲလောန်တိုၚ်ဗ္ကန်မိ၊ သမ္တီအိုဒဵုလီုဇိဝိ၊ ကဵုလဝ်သတိလ္ပဝိုတ်ညိကောန်၊ မာန်ဏာပ္ပစိ တိုၚ်မိဗကန်၊ ဟွံစှ်ေစးကီုဟွံဟီုပၠန်၊ မၞဂှ်ဍဵုဍိုက် ဗ္တိုက်ဗ္တောန်၊ ဝေၚ်အကုသဵု ဟွံကဵုမဵုရုန်၊ စွံသတိပၠန် မၚ်မွဲစန်စာ အိုတ်အ္စာဗၞးဂွံဗၠးရောဂါ၊ ဗၠးအိုတ်တုဲဟေၚ်ကလေၚ်စဴအာ၊ လ္ၚခါဲဒုတ်စၞယုတ်မာ၊ စသုၚ်ဂှ် ဓယှ်ဖြာဖြာ၊ ညးဂမၠိုၚ်ကၠာဘာသာဗၞး၊ ဒှ်ခါဲဒုတ်ကီုဍေံတံဟီုဂး၊ ဍေံပါဲထောံကီု ဇာန်လီုပြးဇး၊ ဗၞးတံဂှ်ရောၚ် မံၚ်စံၚ်ဟွံဒး၊ တြဴလက်လၟိဟ် မၞိဟ်ပန်လ္ၚီ၊ ဍုၚ်မစ္စတာ ပြံၚ်ကၠောံအာကီု၊ တံဇိုၚ်သၟိၚ်ရ ခစဂြီုဂြီု၊ ပ္တေဟ်ဂကူရ ရဲခစဗြီု၊ ဟွံတီဖေက်ဂွ မၞဂၠိုက်ထီု၊ ဍုၚ်မစ္စကီု မံၚ်သီုညးအဲ၊ ပ္ဍဲဂကူကွေံ မၞုံဗၞးမွဲ၊ ဇိုၚ်ၜဳဝတ္တ တိတ်ပနိဿဲ၊ ပရသိကီု ပလီုရုပ်ဝဲ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂကူရမၞထုၚ်ဂြဲ၊ ဓဝ်ဟွံမၚ်မွဲမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဇိုၚ်ၜဳ၊ ဇာတိမာန်တ နာမခုတ်ပ္ညဳ၊ ဓဝ်ဇကုရ ဂၠာဲပလွဳ၊ နဲညးတၞဟ် ဟွံဂၠာဲဗှ်သ္ၚေဝ်၊ ပၟိက်ဇကုမွဲ ရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲပြေၚ်ဖျဳ၊ နိဿဲကဵုၜဳ လွဳမံၚ်အဓါန်၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိတၠဇျာန်၊ လ္တူကျာတၟး တြးအဘိညာန်၊ ဂွံညာတ်ရသိ ဒှ်ဇာတိမာန်၊ သၟိက်ဝးကၠေံရ မၞထုဲကြာန်၊ ချပ်တုဲနညာန် မွဲဟာန်ပြာပ်အာ၊ ဗွဲလ္တူပ္ညဳ ဇိုၚ်ၜဳဂၚ်္ဂါ၊ ဍာ်ဟွံဒးတုက်လာၚ်မုက္ခဝါ၊


မုက်လိက်−၅၆[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဗကဂၠိုၚ်ရာ ပေါတ်ၚေက်ခါဂှ်၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိဓယှ်၊ နမေတ္တာညာန်အဒိဋ္ဌာန်ဗဒှ်၊ ဖဳဖျေံဏာဗက ခၞဗွဲပရှ်၊ ကဵုခက်က္ဍိုပ်ညိ ဇာတိမာန်လၟုဟ်၊ ဖဳဖျေံဏာသၟဟ် လၟုဟ်ရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲ၊ ဇာတိမာန်စိ ရသိၜိုန်သ္ၚောဲ၊ စှ်ေဗၠိုပ်ဍာ်ၜဳ ဟုံလီကြာတ်တဲ၊ ဗကဟဳစိုပ် ခက်က္ဍိုပ်အဂဲ၊ ချိုန်မလုက်ဒး ပသၠေဟ်ချောဲ၊ ခက်မံၚ်တံၚ်ဂြဲ နတဲလၟုဟ်ရ၊ ခါသ္ၚေဝ်ရံၚ်ကၠာ ဒှ်အာဗက၊ ညာတ်ဒးဂြိုဟ်ဆအ် သၟိက်ဂအံတ၊ ဇာတိမာန်စိ ရသိကြံကြ၊ ခၞဗွဲပရဟ် က္တဵုဒှ်ဒေါသ၊ မူညးမွဲရ ဖဳဗ္ကကဵုအဲ၊ ဒစးတိုန်ရောၚ် ဂၠာဲရံၚ်တီလောဲ၊ သီုဒေါသကၠာ ကွာ်အာၜိုတ်သ္ၚောဲ၊ အာဆဵုဒးရ မာတၚ်ဂပြဲ၊ မွဲဂလာန်ကီု ဟီုတိုန်သဲသဲ၊ ယွံတၠအဲ မံၚ်မွဲဓဝ်ဟာ၊ မၚ်မွဲသ္ဒးပ ပွယုတ်မာ၊ ဖဳဖျေံဗက ပသနာနာ၊ ခက်ဒးက္ဍိုပ်အဲ ရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲဟွံခြာ၊ လ္တူဇမောဝ် ဂပ်ဝ်ရဟာ၊ ဗွဲသၟဝ်ကၠာ ပြံၚ်အာကဵုပြဟ်၊ မာတၚ်ဂကီု ဟွံဟီုခၠေဝ်သှ်၊ ပြံၚ်စှ်ေအါရ ချိုန်ခဏလၟုဟ်၊ ဗၞတ်မွဲကော်ရ ဒေသဋ္ဌာန်ဂှ်၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိဓယှ် စိုပ်ဒၞာဲဂှ် ဗဒှ်အဒိဋ္ဌာန်၊ ဗကအဲဖဳ ကဵုဟဳတိုန်မာန်၊ နဣဒ္ဓိစိ သီုအဘိညာဏ်၊ လာၚ်မုက်တုဲဖဳ ၜိၚ်လဳဂစာန်၊ ရသိတေံကီု ဟုံဍာ်အဓာန်၊ ခက်ဒးက္ဍိုပ်ကြာန် ဒှ်မာန်ဒေါသ၊ ထေဲပၞတ်က္ဍၚ် ကဵုမာတၚ်ဂ၊ ခဵုခါတ်အာပၠန် ဟွံရန်ဒည၊ ခါစိုပ်တုဲကီု သၟိက်ဟီုကြံကြ၊ လက်ချဴစုတ်ပၠန် ဟွံရန်တော်ဆ၊ ဟာဲမၞိဟ်ပါပ ပွဗှ်ေလၟုဟ်၊ ထပှ်တ္ၚဲဂတ ပ္ဍဲကာလဂှ်၊ ဂဂဵုတးပန်ပၠန် ကဵုပန်ဗှ်ေပြဟ်၊ ဒေါသဂြေန်ဒက် သီုလက်သီုချဟ်၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိဓယှ် ဟွံခၠေဝ်သှ် ဗဒှ်ဓဝ်မေတ္တာ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂကူရ မၞဖြာဖြာ၊ ဟိုတ်ဓဝ်မၞ ဒေါသသ္ကေက်သ္ကာ၊ ကၠုၚ်ချဴအဲပၠန် စောန်စိုတ်လက်ဖါ၊ ဝါစဳကံရ ရသိဝွံမှာ၊ ထပှ်တ္ၚဲကၠာ လံအာဂတ၊ ဂဂဵုတးပန်စိ ရသိဂှ်ရ၊


မုက်လိက်−၅၇[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
သီုဓဝ်မေတ္တာ ဗ္စာတော်ဆ၊ တီတုဲမဇ္ဇျဟ် ဒှ်မံၚ်ၚုၚ်ၚ၊ ဒှ်ဓဝ်လဟောံ ဒေၚ်ဗျောံကာယျ၊ ဂွံကသပ်ရ ကာလဂှ်ပၠန်၊ ထပှ်တ္ၚဲဒး ဂဵုတးကၠာဟွံပန်၊ အဲဗ္ဒောံလဝ်တ္ၚဲ ကဵုထဲမံၚ်ပၠန်၊ ရသိဂွံဖေက် ဗဟေက်ဇၞော်လောန်၊ သ္ဒးဖျဝ်မၞ ဘယစိုတ်က္ဍန်၊ ဂှ်ဒးရးသန် မိပ်စိုတ်ပၠန်ရ၊ ထပှ်တ္ၚဲပြဲ ချိုန်ဗွဲဂတ၊ နဣဒ္ဓိကာ ရသိမှာတၚ်္ဂ၊ စက်ဗ္စဲကဝ် ပ္တိုန်လဝ်သ္ပ၊ ၜိုန်အခိၚ်ဒး အကးဟွံဖလ၊ ဗ္ဒန်လျးတ္ၚဲ ဂၠုနဲအန္ဓ၊ ကောလာဟာလ ဒှ်ရလုံဍုၚ်၊ ဒှ်တဴသၚ်ကာ ကောံအာကောံကၠုၚ်၊ ဒှ်တဴလၞီ ဟွံတီဍာ်ပုၚ်၊ တိတ်ကဵုရသိ တိသဝ်တိသၠုၚ်၊ စိုပ်တုဲဇံသဝ် လ္ၚောဝ်ယဵုဒုၚ်၊ ဇၟာပ်ညးဂၠောဲကၠုၚ် ယဵုဒုၚ်တဲသၟာန်၊ ယွံတာပဿ ဂၠိုၚ်တေဇညာဏ်၊ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်အဵု ဓိကဵုဒှ်ကြာန်၊ သၟိၚ်တ္ၚဲကၠေံဗ္ဒန် ဝါတ်လော်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊ ဟိုတ်တာပဿ နပွဇျာန်၊ ပိုဲဍိက်တံကၠာ သၚ်ကာတုဲသၟာန်၊ ယဝ်ဗဒေါံတ္ၚဲယာန် ဆာန်ဍူညိကၠာ၊ ဇာတိမာန်စိ ရသိကြက်လှဴ၊ သၟိက်ဟီုတိုန်ရ သီုဒေါသဇဴ၊ ယွံဒါယကာ ပသၚ်ကာတဴ၊ စက်ဗ္စဲကဝ် အသနုအဴ၊ အဲရပ်မာန်အဴ သဘဴဍေံနွံဟာ၊ တေတေံမွဲစိ ရသိဓိစ္ဆာ၊ ရသိခါဲဒုတ် ဍေံမၞိဟ်ယုတ်မာ၊ ရသိဂှ်ပၠန် တိုန်ဒှ်ရောၚ်ဒကာ၊ ဍေံလေပ်မန်ယန် ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်ဝေါဟာ၊ ဍေံတန်ဒှ်ကၠာ ညံၚ်အာသၟာန်ရ၊ အိုတ်ဒါယကာ ဒြေပ်အာထဒၟ၊ အိုဿီုညးအဲ ဒြေပ်မွဲခဏ၊ စိုပ်တုဲကလံ မုံဂြံသ္ပ၊ တုဲသၟာန်တိုန်အဵု ကဵုတာပဿ၊ ယွံလေဝ်သိက္ခ ဂၠိုၚ်တေဇညာန်၊ သၟိၚ်တ္ၚဲကၠေံအာ ပူဆာဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊ ဟိုတ်တာပဿ နပွဇျာန်၊ ဗ္ဒန်လဝ်ကွေံ ပိုဲဍိက်သၠေဟ်ကြာန်၊ နမေတ္တာသၟဟ် က္တဵုဗဒှ်ဇြဟာန်၊ ဗၠးစက်ယာန် ဆာန်ဍူညိအဴ၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိကြက်လှဴ၊ သၟိက်ကဵုတီရ နအနုဘဴ၊ တုဲဟီုတိုန်ကၠာ သီုမေတ္တာဇဴ၊ ယွံဒါယကာ မူရဴစိုတ်ကတဴ၊


မုက်လိက်−၅၈[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဗ္ဒန်လတ်တ္ၚဴအဴ တဴလျိုန်အဲရ၊ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်ကွေံ မူဟိုတ်ဒးပ၊ လတေံမွဲစိ ရသိဂၠိုၚ်မၞ၊ လက်ချဴလဝ်အဲ ထပှ်တ္ၚဲဂတ၊ ဂဵုတးကဵုပန် ချဴပၠန်ကြံကြ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်အဲရ လဇဗ္ဒန်လဝ်၊ ယဝ်ညာတ်တ္ၚဲပၠန် ပန်စှ်ေဓဝ်ဓဝ်၊ ဒးရသိဂှ် ကြဴဒှ်လၚ်ဇွောဝ်၊ ဟိုတ်ဒုဟ်သေသာတ် ညာတ်တုဲဆာန်ဍူ၊ ချိုန်လၟုဟ်အဲ တ္ၚဲဒးဆေဝ်ဒဝ်၊ တ္ၚဲဒတန်ကဝ် ဒးဆေဝ်ဒဝ်ရ၊ သြကျာ်သြကျာ်သာ်လဵုဂွံပ၊ ဂပ်ဝ်ဖေက်ကၠာ ယွံတာပဿ၊ ဟိုတ်မၞစိ ညိဟွံတော်ဆ၊ ဝါစဳကံကၠာ ဂြိုဟ်စာကြံကြ၊ သိက်လဵုဂွံပ ဟီုပၠညိအဴ၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိကြက်လှဴ၊ မွဲဂလာန်အဴ ဟီုတဴသဲသဲ၊ ရသိတေံအဵု ကဵုကၠုၚ်ကလံအဲ၊ စှ်ေပ္ဍဲၜဳအဵု ယဵုတိကလောံမွဲ၊ ခဏအဲဗလး ဂဵုတးပန်သော်၊ ကဵုဗၠိုပ်စှ်ေအာ ရာဋ္ဌာန်ဇမ္ၚောဲ၊ တိုၚ်လဟီုအံ ဗၠးဘဲဒက္ခ၊ ညးဂမၠိုၚ်ကၠာ မိၚ်ဒြေပ်အာရ၊ အိုတ်သီုရဲသာ ဒြေပ်အာသက္ခဏ ခါစိုပ်ရသိ ညိဟွံလဇ၊ ဟီုတိုန်သဲသဲ ယဵုတဲထ္ၜ၊ ယွံတာပဿ ပွယောၚ်မှာ၊ တာပဿကီု ဟီုလတ်သေၚ်ဟာ၊ အာကလံညိ ရသိတေံကၠာ၊ ညံၚ်ဂွံကလံ လ္ပသ္ပံသာ၊ ညးဗလးတ္ၚဲ ဂၠိုၚ်ဘဲဒုက္ခာ၊ ဂဵုတးပန်ကၠာ ဒးတာပဿ၊ ချိုန်ဂှ်ရသိ ဇာတိမၞ၊ ဟွံမိက်ကလံရောၚ် မံၚ်တဴသ္ၚိတ်ဇြ၊ ပညံၚ်က္ဍိုၚ်ကၠဴ ပ္တပ်တဴကာယျ၊ ယဝ်ရဟွံအာ ဟုံမှာဗွဲကြဴ၊ ကရောံရသိဂှ် ပိုဲဒှ်ဂတဴ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ဝန်စဝ် ဒးဖ္အောဝ်လဴ၊ ညံၚ်အာညိအဴ ယွံသ္ဍဴမူဏိ၊ သ္ၚိတ်ဇြမံၚ်ရတၠရသိ ၊ ဟိုတ်မၞကီု ညံၚ်ဗီုသုၚ်ဂျိ၊ ဒကာတံကွေံ ဍေံတံစိုတ်ဂိ၊ ဂၠောဲလုပ်ဓဇက် ဂြုက်ဂြက်ထိမြိ၊ အာစိုပ်တုဲစိ နကြိကဵုလ္ၚောဝ်၊ ညးဂမၠိုၚ်အဵု ဍေံကဵုဝန်စဝ်၊ ကဵုစှ်ေဍာ်စိ တိကဵုယဵုလ္ၚောဝ်၊ တုဲကဵုဗလး လျးဗ္စဲကဝ်၊ ဂဵုတးထတ်လောန် ပန်ဖျေဴဓဝ်ဓဝ်၊


မုက်လိက်−၅၉[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဟွံဒးရသိ တိဍာ်ဇမောဝ်၊ ရသိဂြိုဟ်ဂတဝ် ၜိၚ်စဝ်လုပ်သၚ်၊ ဟိုတ်နူဓဝ်မၞ ဒးဂွဇၟာပ်တၚ်၊ ဒဴထောံဍုၚ်ကွာန် ဋ္ဌာန်ဂြိုပ်တိတ်ကြၚ်၊ ၜိုန်ဒှ်ရသိ ညိဟွံချပ်ဂြၚ်၊ မၞဟွံဝး ကြဴဒးဘိၚ်ဘၚ်၊ မိၚ်တုဲစၚ်ခြၚ် မၚ်မွဲအိုတ်ညိ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်မစ္စ ဒေသနန်လွဳ၊ ဗၞးတြဴလက် ပန်လ္ၚီဆက်ဂၠိ၊ နူဗာရာန္နသဳ ပြံၚ်တုဲသိုၚ်သ္ၚိ၊ ကၠုၚ်ကောံမံၚ်ကွေံ ဟွံဗၠးဒိဋ္ဌိ၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ပြာ်ညိချပ်ပၠန်၊ နဓဝ်မေတ္တာ ဗ္စာတုန်တုန်၊ သၟိက်ကဵုဗၠးညိ နူဇာတိပန်၊ ကသပ်ဝွံကွေံ ဂှ်ဒးရးသန်၊ သ္ပိုၚ်လ္တက် လၜက်ဗိုန်ညန်၊ သၟိၚ်ဒုၚ်ဒါန်ပၠန် ကွာ်ညောန်စဴအာ၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိဟေမာ၊ သၟိက်ဒုၚ်ပုၚ် လုပ်စိုပ်ဍုၚ်ကၠာ၊ ဗၞးတြဴလက် ပန်လ္ၚီဆက်ဗ္ဂါ၊ ဍေံညာတ်ဒးစိ ရသိပြဲဖါ၊ ဒေါသဖြာဖြာ သီုရဲသာပၠန်၊ ပ္ကောံသရဲ ဂၠောဲလုပ်အာနန်၊ ဍေံလ္ၚောဝ်ပ္တီရ ယွံတၠက္ဍိုၚ်သန်၊ ရသိခါဲဒုတ် ပူဂဵုယုတ်လောန်၊ ချိုန်လၟုံပ္ညုၚ် စိုပ်ဍုၚ်ဝွံပၠန်၊ ဍေံလုပ်မန်ယန် လေၚ်ရကောန်တၠ၊ မူဟိုတ်မွဲရော ထံၚ်လဝ်သောတ၊ ဍုၚ်ဗာရာန္နသဳ လေၚ်ကၠုၚ်တုဲရ၊ ပိုဲဒးပြံၚ်ကွေံ စိုပ်ဂၠးပါဒ၊ ဗက်ရပ်ဂစိုတ် ဒဵုအိုတ်ဇိဝ၊ ပလဇရ ယွံတၠနန်၊ ဨကရာဇ်မိၚ် ကွိၚ်ပါၚ်လက်သန်၊ စှ်ေစိုတ်ဒးရး ပတှ်ေဗိုန်ညန်၊ ကော်သရာဲသဂံၚ် ချပ်ရံၚ်တုန်တုန်၊ ကေတ်ဟွံဂွံရ ဇျာနအစောန်၊ ကြဴမွဲဝါပၠန် ဇၞော်လောန်ဓိကဵု၊ ဟိုတ်ပ္တုဲလဝ်ရ ဓဝ်အကုသဵု၊ ဒးဒုၚ်ဘဲလ္ၚ ပွရုန်မဵု၊ ပ္ဍဲကဵုပိုန်ပၠန် ဍေံယောၚ်ကၠုၚ်ဆဵု၊ နလွဟ်ဆက် ထပက်တုဲဍဵု၊ နာံဒဴထောံအဵု ဒဵုဗြီုစိုပ်အာ၊ ဂးဍုၚ်မစ္စ ဨကရာဇာ၊ မိၚ်ဂလာန်ဗၞး ပ္တေဟ်တုဲမှာ၊ ပ္ဍဲညးမၞုံရ သဳလသိက္ခာ၊ ပတုံဇိဝိ တၞဟ်နဖ္အောဝ်ဏာ၊ ဒေဝတံမၚ် ပၟၚ်လန်လွာ၊ ထေဲပၞတ်ကၠာ ပ္ဍဲကာလဂှ်၊ ဟွံမၚ်မွဲကၠာ ကျာပိုက်သှ်သှ်၊ လံအာကြံအာ စာ်ခြာပှ်လှ်၊ ဗြံဗ္တဳဂူ သူညဳသၟဟ်၊


မုက်လိက်−၆၀[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
ဍုၚ်ဗၠိုက်တၞီ ဟွံတီဒိုဟ်စှ်၊ လေၚ်ဟုံတုဲချိုတ် ကၠေံအိုတ်တုဲဒှ်၊ အကုသဵုဂှ် ဒးဒှ်ဒိဋ္ဌ၊ ကျာ်သမ္ဗုဒ္ဓေါ နာဲသာလောက၊ ဂ္ၚေၚ်လန်အဴ ဂၠိုၚ်တဴဘဝ၊ ဇာတ်မသုန်ကၠံ တံပထမ၊ ဂြၚ်တုဲတွံလဝ် ဓဝ်ဝိသေသ၊ သၟတ်ကၠေံဇာတ်ရ ပ္ဍဲကာလဂှ်၊ အတိက်ရသိ ဒိတှိစောန်ထၞဟ်၊ ဒေဝဒတ်ပ္ညုၚ် လၟုံကၠုၚ်ဒှ်၊ သၟိၚ်ဍုၚ်မစ္စ စိတ္တဟေက်ဟဟ်၊ တဳညန်ဇဲယ ဒှ်ရလၟုံ၊ ဗၞးဂမၠိုၚ်ကၠာ ဒကာညဳသၟဟ်၊ မာတၚ်ဂစိ ရသိဓယှ်၊ မွဲချိုန်လၟုဟ် ဒှ်အဲကျာ်ရ၊ အတိက်မွဲဟာန် ဂးမာန်ဏာပ္ပ၊ ပ္ဍဲချိုန်လၟုံဒှ်ရာဟုလ၊ မၚ်္ဂလိကာ ကၠာပဋ္ဌမ၊ ချိုန်လၟုံရ ယသောဓရာ၊ ကျာ်တြဲတွံဇန် ကဵုအရှန်ကၠာ၊ အရှန်တံအဵု ကဵုသာဓုကာ၊ ဇန်တံမိၚ်ရောၚ် ရှ်ဍောၚ်ဓမ္မာ၊ ဒှ်သောတာပန် ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်ဝေါဟာ၊ တၠပညာ သမ္တီကၠာအဴ....။

ဖဵုအဲချူပၠန် လိက်ဇၟန်ပ္ကဴ၊ ညောန်ကဵုစုတိ ကၠိသ္ကန်တဴသာရဏပၠန် ကဵုတုန်ပ္ဍဲဇဴ၊ စုတိတုဲရ ဘဝဗွဲကြဴ၊ တိဟိုတ်ပြဲဂၠိ သန္ဓိဂဝ်ဂၞဴ၊ ပကဵုဆောတ်အဴ ကဵုတန်တဴညိ၊ ပ္ဍဲညးမၞုံကၠာ သမ္မာဒိဋ္ဌိ၊ ကရောံညးပၠန် တန်ဂဝ်ကဵုမိ၊ ပကဵုဒိုက်ယဲ ဘဲပကဵုမြိ၊ ကဵုဂွံတီလတ် ဍောၚ်ဓဝ်ဒမၠိ၊ ကဵုဂွံပ္တံပ္ညဳ ပါရမဳကျာ်ညိ၊ ဗွဲကြဴဒမၠိ ယဝ်စုတိပၠန်၊ ပ္ဍဲတၠပညာ မြာကဵုဂွံတုန် ၊ ကဵုဒှ်ကျာ်မွဲ နဲမေတ္တဲယျ၊ ဂွံအိုတ်ဇပန် ကြဴပၠန်ဟွံဒှ်၊ နိဗ္ဗာန်ဂဵုမြဟ် စိုပ်ပြဟ်ညိအဴ ။ ။ ။


သက္ကရာဇ်တၞံ ၁၃၅၉ − သၞာံ ၊ ဂိတုပသာ် ၄−မံက်၊ တ္ၚဲသ္ၚိသဝ်အခိၚ်မွဲနာဍဳ ၄၅−မိဏေတ် ချူအာစိုပ်ဒတုဲရ။ (ဘဒ္ဒန္တ ညာဏ − ဒူရာဘာဇၞော်)

နိဿဲ[ပလေဝ်ဒါန် | ပလေဝ်ဒါန် တမ်ကၞက်]
လိက်အုပ်- မၞုံယၟု(လိက်မာတၚ်ဂ) ဘဒ္ဒန္တ−ညာဏဝံသ (ဒူရာ−ဘာဇၞော်) − (စောဟံသာ)ပုံနှိပ်တိုက် ကမာဝက် စိန်တောၚ်ရပ်။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၁၂:၄၅၊ ၉ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== นายทอโสน (สุพจน์) ผู้นำชนชาติมอญอายุ 98 ปี เสียชีวิต เมื่อวันที่ 7 พ.ย. 2557  အစာထဝ်သောန် က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်ကောန်ဂကူမန် ညးမဒှ်အစာံခိုဟ်ပြဲ သွက်ပိုဲကောန်ဗွဲကြဴညးဂမၠိုင် ==

นายทอโสน (สุพจน์) ผู้นำชนชาติมอญอายุ 98 ปี เสียชีวิต เมื่อวันที่ 7 พ.ย. 2557 
အစာထဝ်သောန် က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်ကောန်ဂကူမန်
ညးမဒှ်အစာံခိုဟ်ပြဲ သွက်ပိုဲကောန်ဗွဲကြဴညးဂမၠိုင်

 ပ္ဍဲကဵုဝင်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်မန်မွဲဒမြိပ်နူပၞာန်ဂၠးကဝ်အလန်ဒုတိယတုဲတေံ ဒိုဝ်ကဵုစိုပ်အခိင် ပစ္စုပန်ဏအ်ယၟုယၟာအစာထဝ်သောန် (နိုင်ထွန်းသိန်း) မွဲပြာကတ်ကၠုင်ဒၟံင်လၟိုန်ရ။ တၞဟ်နသဂွံတိုန်ဒှ်ကဍိုပ်သကိုပ်မန်ဂှ် ဟွံလောဲသွာမွဲ ဒးဍိုက်ပေင်ကဵု အင်္ဂလက်သန်ဂၠိုင်ကဵုသာ် မပတံဒ္ဂေတ်ပတိပတ်ယျဵုလဂူတပ်တး ညာန်ပညာကေတ်သကာမြက်စာ ရင်တၠုင်ဂုန်ဖဵုကဵုကောန်ဍုင်ကောန်ကွာန်ဂမၠိုင်မာန်ရောင်။ 
 နူအဝဲဍောတ်သွတ်တေံ အစာထဝ်သောန်မနွံညာန်ပညာကေတ်သကာဗွဲမလောန်တုဲ ကလိဂွံလာပ်ကတ်ပညာမကော်ဂး SHOLARSHIP လၟိုန်န်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။ ကာလတိုန်ကတ်လိက် ပ္ဍဲဘာတက္ကသိုလ်ပၠန်လေဝ် ဂွံလုပ်တိုန်ကတ်ဓါတုဗေဒ ပ္ဍဲတန်ဂုန်တၟေင်၊ ကၠာဘာညးဟွံတုဲက္ဍင်ဏီ ပ္ဍဲကဵုသၞာံကြဴအိုတ် သက္ကရာတ် ၁၉၄၀ ဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်ပၞာန်ဂၠးကဝ်အလန်ဒုတိယဂှ်ရ ဘာတက္ကသိုလ်ဂမၠိုင်လေဝ် မ္ဒးကၟာတ်အာအိုတ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ ဘာတက္ကသိုလ်ညးဂွံတုဲဂှ် အခိင်လဇုဲလအ်အာမသုန်သၞာံ ဒိုဝ်ကဵုပၞာန်တုဲမဒှ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲလက်ထက်အင်ဂလိက်အုပ်ဓုပ်လဝ်ဍုင်ပိုဲ ကောန်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲမၞိဟ်ဂွံတိုန်ကတ်လိက်ကဆံင်ဘာတက္ကသိုလ်မာန်ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ကၞောတ်အထောတ်မွဲ ဟီုစမာန်ရ။ ကတ်လိက်ဘာတက္ကသိုလ်တုဲသက်ဂတာပ် အစာထဝ်သောန် လုပ်ကၠောန်ပရေင်ကောန်ဂကူမန် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံမန်အလုံရးမည ဒှ်ညးအုပ်ကာဂကောံဂှ်ရ။ မွဲအခိင်ဓဝ် သီုကဵုဒှ်ဂအုပ်ဋ္ဌာနပရေင်ပညာခရိုင်ကျာ်ခမဳ မနွံဒေသတာလျိုင် (၁၀) ပွိုင်ဍုင်မဒှ်ရ။ ဗွဲကြဴဂှ် ကာလရဲဗော်သၟာပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်မန်တအ် ချဳဒရာင်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် အပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဟွံဂွံတုဲ မ္ဒးလုပ်အာဂြိုပ်ဂှ် အစာထဝ်သောန်လေဝ်ဗက်လုပ်အာကီုရ။ 

 ပ္ဍဲကဵုလိက်ကၞပ်နာဲဆာန်ဍုင် (ဗဵုပၞာန်ဒပ်ဍာ်သေံမွဲတၠ) ချူဇန်လဝ်ပရောဆဵုဂဗညး မနွံယၟုလိက် &quot;ဒစာံသၞာံဒစာံဗြဲပ္ဍဲဍုင်မန်&quot; ဂှ် ညးချူထ္ၜးလဝ် ပရောအစာထဝ်သောန်နွံကီုရ။  အလန်ကၠာအိုတ်ညးဂွံဆဵုဂဗကုအစာထဝ်သောန် ပ္ဍဲဘာလကျာ်ကွာန်ကြုက်ပိ သက္ကရာတ် ၁၉၅၁ တက်ကျာရင်သကအ် နကဵုဘာသာအင်ဂလိက် ဍုက်ကေဝ်ဒှ်အာမိတ်သဟာဲညးသကအ်ညံင်ရဴတီညာတ်လဝ်ညးသက်တုဲတုဲ၊ ပရေင်ဝေါဟာမၞိဟ်အစာထဝ်သောန်ခိုဟ်ဗီုလဵု မဍိုက်ပေင်တဴကဵုအင်ဂလက်သန်တၠပညာ မနွံစိုတ်စရိုတ်ခိုဟ်ပြဲလောန်သန် ရဴသာ်ဝွံ နာဲဆာန်ဍုင်ချူထ္ၜးလဝ်ပ္ဍဲလိက်ကၞပ်ညးဂှ်ရ၊ အခိင်ကၠောန်ဒၟံင်ပရေင်ပၠန်ဂတးတေံဂှ် အစာထဝ်သောန် မနွံတာလျိုင်ဗွဲတၟေင် ပရေင်ဆက်ဆောံကုဍုင်သၟာင် ပစၞးကောန်ဂကူမန် မကဵုလဝ်ယၟုသေံ &quot;နာဲသုဖတ်&quot; ဂးပြာကတ် ဒၟံင်အကြာမန်ဍုင်သေံဂမၠိုင်ရ။ 

 မွဲအယုက်အစာထဝ်သောန်နူအယုက်အဝဲဍောတ်သွတ်ကတ်ဗတောန်ဒၟံင်ပညာ ပ္ဍဲဘာတန်သဇိုင်တေံ ကၠောန်ကၠုင်ပရေင်ကောန်ဂကူမန် စဵုကဵုလအိတ်အယုက်ညးဂိုတ်ဂစာန်ကၠောန်ကၠုင်လဝ်ပရေင်ဂကူမန်။ ကမၠောန်ဂွံလာပ်သြန်ဂိတုကီုဒှ် ကမၠောန် အလဵုသဳသၟိင်ကီုဒှ် အစာထဝ်သောန်စိုတ်ဟွံလုပ်စကမၠောန် ပရေင်ကောန်ဂကူမန် ပရေင် လိက်ပတ်ယေန်သၞာင်မန်ဟေင်ရ အစာထဝ်သောန်စိုတ်လုပ်စတုဲ ဂိုတ်ဂစာန်ကၠောန်လဝ်ရ။ နကဵုဓဝ်စေတနာပြဲ ဟွံကလိဂွံၚုဟ်မးမွဲသာ် အစာထဝ်သောန်ဗတောန်ထ္ၜးကဵုလိက်မန် လိက်တၟိမန်တြေံ ကုခမဳသင်မန်ကီု ကောန်ဍုင်ကောန်ကွာန်မန်ဂမၠိုင် ညးမလုပ်စိုတ် ပ္ဍဲပရေင်လိက်ပတ်မန်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ သအာင်နူဂှ်ပၠန်လေဝ် ညးချူဇန်လဝ် လိက်ကၞပ်ပ္ဍဵုဗီုတက်ပတိတ် လဝ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် ညးညးအဲအဲဂွံဆဵုဒၟံင်ရ။ အခိင်အခါဒးရးကၠောန်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်မန်ဂွံမ္ဂး အစာထဝ်သောန်ပိုဲကၠောန်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်မန်တုဲ အခိင်အခါဍေံဟွံဒးရးမ္ဂး အစာပိုဲ ကၠောန်အာပရေင်လိက်ပတ်ယေန်သၞာင်မန်မဒှ်ရ။

 စိုတ်ဓါတ် စေတနာညးလတူကောန်ဂကူမန်ကီု သီုကောန်ဂကူတၞဟ်သအာင်ဂမၠိုင် အးဇ္ၚးကေဝ်သ္ဇုင်ဗွဲမလောန်တုဲ ဒ္ဂေတ်ပတိပတ်ညးပၠန်လေဝ်မနွံကဵုဓဝ်သဳလ သမာဓိ ဟွံစသုင်စၞဗၜူမွဲလေဟ်၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ အယုက်ညးဂွံဂၠိင်သီုကဵုပရေင်ထတ်ယုက်ခိုဟ်ဒၟံင်ဂှ် ပိုဲဂွံညာတ်ကေတ်ရ။ ပရေင်လိက်ပတ်ယေန်သၞာင် ပရေင်ကောန်ဂကူ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဆဂှ်ဟွံသေင်ဏီ ပ္ဍဲကဵုပရေင်သာသနာပၠန်လေဝ် အစာထဝ်သောန်ဂွံကၠောန်ပတုဲကၠုင်လဝ်ဇၞော်ကဵုဇြဟတ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲပေဲါသၟာန်လိက်ပရိယတ္တိရာမညနိကာယ ဓမ္မာစရိယခမဳသင်မန် သက္ကရာတ် ၁၉၈၄ - ၁၉၈၅ ဂှ် အစာထဝ်သောန် ကေတ်တာလျိုင်ဒဒှ်ဥက္ကဋ္ဌဂှ်လေဝ်ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၁၄:၂၀၊ ၉ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== ဝတ် ကဵု တာလျိုၚ် ကောန်ဒပ် (၂၇) တၚ် ==

ဝတ် ကဵု တာလျိုၚ် ကောန်ဒပ် (၂၇) တၚ်
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၀၁။ ဒးက္လၚ်အမိၚ် ချိုတ်တ်ပၠိုတ်တ်ရောၚ်။

၀၂။ ဒးမြက်ဇက်ရောၚ်။

၀၃။ လၟိုန်ကာလ ဒးနွံကဵု သတိရောၚ်။

၀၄။ ဒးနွံကဵု ပွမသ္အးဇ္ၚးရောၚ်။

၀၅။ လၟိုန် ဒးနွံကဵု ဂွန်ရောၚ်။

၀၆။ ဒးလ္ၚတ် လိက်ပတ်ရောၚ်။

၀၇။ ဗွဲတၟေၚ် ဒးသ္ပဂရုကဵု ပရေၚ်ထတ်ယုက်
       ရောၚ်။

၀၈။ ကောန်ဒပ် ကဵု ကောန်ဒပ် ဒးနွံကဵု စိုတ်
       ရဲဗော်ရောၚ်။

၀၉။ ဒးပါ်ပါဲကေတ် တၚ်တၟေၚ်တၟဟ် 
       ပ္ဍဲအကာဲအရာ ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊ 
       အကာဲအရာ ညးတိဍာ်တအ်မာန်ရောၚ်။

၁၀။ အခိၚ်သၠး နူတာလျိုၚ် ပရေၚ်ပၞာန်ဂှ် 
       ဒးကၠောန်သ္ပကဵု သွက်ဂုဏ်ဖဵု 
       ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်ရောၚ်။

၁၁။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပံၚ်ဖက်ဆက်ဆောံ ကဵု
       ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဂှ် ဒးဍိုန်ဍောတ် 
       ကၠောံက္ဍရောၚ်။

၁၂။ သွက်ဒပ် ဂွံဇၞော်မောဝ်တိုန်ဂှ် ထ္ၜးစဳပျးတုဲ 
       ဒးစန်ဒက်ပၠုပ် ကောန်ပၞာန်တၟိတအ်
       ရောၚ်။

၁၃။ လ္တူဍုၚ်ကွာန် ဂကူဇကု အလဵုဇကု မၞိဟ် 
       က္ဆံၚ် ဇၞော်ဍောတ် ကဵု ကောန်သ္ဂံၚ်ဇကု 
       ဂမၠိုၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးနွံကဵု သစ္စ သမာဓိ
       ရောၚ်။

၁၄။ လ်တူသၞဂျှ ဒးစှံစိုတျ ဗီုသၞတဲု ဒးနှံကဵု 
       ပွမက္ဍုဟ်မၠေံရောၚ်။

၁၅။ ဒးစဵုဒၞာမၚ်မွဲကဵု လမျီု သ္ၚိဌာန် ပိုန်ဟာန် 
       ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ်ရောၚ်။

၁၆။ လ္တူတၚ်နၚ်ဆဵုဂဗ ကဵု ပရိုၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ဇကု 
       ဂွံနၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုၚ်စဳရေၚ်ကဵု 
       သ္ကိုပ်ဒပ်စြေက် ဇကုရောၚ်။

၁၇။ ဒးထိၚ်ဒဝ်လဝ် လွဟ်ဇကု ညံၚ်ဂွံ 
       ဂီုကၠီုရောၚ်။

၁၈။ လၟိုန်တ္ၚဲ ဒးပေါတ် သ္အးကဵု လွဟ်ဇကု
       ရောၚ်။

၁၉။ ဒ္ဂေတ်ပဋိပတ် ဒးခိုဟ်ရောၚ်။

၂၀။ ဒးရှ်ေသှ်ေ ညးဇၞော်လ္တူဇကု ဂမၠိုၚ်ရောၚ်။

၂၁။ ဒးရှ်ေသှ်ေ အခိၚ်ရောၚ်။

၂၂။ ဒးနွံကဵု ပွမပတှ်ေကေတ် ဇကုဇကုရောၚ်။

၂၃။ ဒးနွံကဵု ပွစိုတ်ဓါတ် ကတိုၚ်ကၟဟ် 
       ချဳဒရာၚ်ရောၚ်။

၂၄။ ဒးနွံကဵု ဂလာန်ပတှ်ေ မဗိုန်ဇၟအ်ရောၚ်။

၂၅။ ပ္ဍဲကမၠောန် သ္ဒးစှ်ေသၞောတ် သိပ်ဂၠိပ်
       ရောၚ်။

၂၆။ ဒးဒုၚ်ကေတ် ဘဲဒဏ် ပရေၚ်ဝါတ်ဂါတ် 
       ကြေပ်ဂြတ် ခတ်က္ဍန်တအ်မာန်ရောၚ်။

၂၇။ ဒးထိၚ်ဒဝ် ဇကုဇကု မာန်ရောၚ်။

#crd #Wunchay Rukchaytdee [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၀၅:၄၉၊ ၁၀ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== ညးတၠဂုန် မိကဴထဝ် ကဵုစိုပ်သွဝ်ညိ  အဂုန်တိုၚ်ထဝ် ဂိတုနောဝေမ်ဗာ ၉၊ တ္ၚဲအၚာ၊ ၂၀၂၁ ==

ညးတၠဂုန် မိကဴထဝ် ကဵုစိုပ်သွဝ်ညိ

အဂုန်တိုၚ်ထဝ်
ဂိတုနောဝေမ်ဗာ ၉၊ တ္ၚဲအၚာ၊ ၂၀၂၁

ဂလာန်မရာဒနာသာ်ဝွံ မိက်ဂွံချူပတိုန်ထ္ၜးလညာတ်တၟိမွဲ ပ္ဍဲခေတ်ကာလဓဝ်ညးသပ္ပရိုဟ်မအောန်တဴဝွံရ။ ပိုဲဂကူမန် မတန် တဴပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုၚ်အမေရိကာန်တအ် ဓဝ်ညးသပ္ပရိုဟ် အကြာဂြောဝ်ဂတာသ္ၚိကၟိန်- အကြာသမ္ဘာကဵုတၠသ္ၚိ၊ အကြာမိမကဵုကောန် ဇာတ်၊ အကြာသကအ်ရဲမွဲကဵုမွဲ ဓဝ်ညးသပ္ပရိုဟ် မဒှ်ဓဝ် မဒှ်ဒ္ဂေတ် ပူဂဵုမပြဲပြဲတအ် မဖအာတဴတအ်ဂှ် အောန်စှေ်ကၠုၚ် ဂၠိုၚ် လောန်၊ သုန်ဂြာံကၠုၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဂပ်ဝ်ဒးဒှ်ဂဝိၚ်လောန်သန်ရ။ အသပ္ပုရိသတောဝါ ပ္ဍဲပါဠိသၠပတ်ပရိုတ်ဇၞော် ဟီုလဝ်စပ်ကဵု အန္တရာဲနာနာသာ် မပ္တံသၟိၚ်ဍာ်ကမၠတ်ပၟတ်တအ်ဂှ် ဓဝ်ညးသပ္ပရိုဟ်မကၠေံခၞၚ်ဝွံဂှ်လေဝ် တၞီလုပ်လၟိဟ်မွဲကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်မၞိဟ်ပိုဲဏံ မၞိဟ်တအ် ရှေ်သှေ်ကၠောန်ၜိုတ်ဥပကာမံၚ်မိမကီုဟာ သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ်ဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲမာန်ဂှ် ဒေဝတဴတအ် ဇၟာပ်ပ်သတ္တာဟ ကေတ်မံၚ်စ ရၚ်ရောၚ်ဂှ် လိက်ပိဋကတ်တေံ ဟီုလဝ်ရ။ ယဝ်ရဟွံကၠောန်ၜိုတ် ဟွံသ္ပရှေ်သှေ်ရဴဂဴမိမမဂး ပိုဲမၞိဟ်တအ် ဂွံအာစိုပ်ဍုၚ်သွဝ် ညးတအ်ဟွံလောဲသွာဂှ် အလဵုဇကုဒေဝတဴတအ် တီညာတ်လဝ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပိုဲတအ် ညံၚ်ဂွံကၠောန်ၜိုတ်ဥပကာမိမတအ်ဂှ် လိက်ပိဋ ကတ်ဂှ် ဟီုဆဝ်ဗ္ၚုဟ်လဝ်ရ။ ပိုဲကၠောန်ၜိုတ်ဥပကာမိမမဂး သွက်ဂွံကလိဂွံဍုၚ်သွဝ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဟိုတ်ကြပ်ပ်မွဲရောၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် တီကၠိုဟ် ကေတ်မာန်ရ။ ဣဏံဂှ် ဒှ်ဓဝ်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာမွဲရောၚ် မိက်ဂွံဟီုလေဝ် ဂွံ၊ ဟွံမိက်ဟီုလေဝ် ဂွံ၊ ဆဂး ပူဂဵုနွံကဵုဓဝ်သပ္ပရိုဟ် တီဂုန် မိမတအ်ဂှ် ညးတအ်ကွာ်မံၚ်ဂၠံၚ်တရဴဂွံစိုပ်ဍုၚ်သွဝ်ရောၚ် ယဝ်ရသရုပ်တုဲဟီုမဂး ရုမ်ဂပ်ရ။
သကအ်ရဲပိုဲ ပ္ဍဲအမေရိကာန်တအ် ကောန်ဗြဴဗြဴညးတအ် ဟီုပတိုန်ဒုဟ်ညးတအ် နဒဒှ်ပလီုအိန်ရဳ physical abuses (အိနြ္ဒေဖျက်ဆီးမှု)ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ဂၠိုၚ်တိုန်ကၠုၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ အရာဝွံ ဂပ်ဝ်ဖေက်ဂၟံက်လောန်ရ။ ကောန်ၚာ်ဗြဴဗြဴတအ်ဂှ် မူဟိုတ်ဍေံတအ် ဂွံပတိုန်ကၠုၚ်ဒုဟ် ကုအပါဍေံတအ်သာ်ဝွံရောဂှ် ဟိုတ်ဍေံဇေတ်တ် တီကေတ်ဟွံမာန်ကီုလေဝ် ညးမဒှ်အပါဍေံတအ် ဒှ် ဟိုတ်မေတ္တာဂွံပ္ဍုၚ်ကၠုၚ်ကုဍေံတအ်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ရ။ ကိစ္စတအ်ဏံ ဒှ်ကာပၞုက်ဂးတုဲ ညးတာလျိုၚ်အလဵုအသဳတအ် သၟာန် သၟုက်ကောန်ၚာ်တအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပတိုန်အမှုကုအပါဍေံတအ်အိုတ်ရ။ ကာလစိုပ်ရုၚ်ဂဗုတ်ဂှ်မှ ဂွံတီကေတ်ဗွဲတြး ဗီုကောန်ဝုတ်ဇကု ပတိုန်လဝ်အမှုဂှ်တုဲ ညးတအ်စိုတ်လီုအိုတ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲယေန်သၞာၚ်အခိုက်ကၞာပိုဲမန်ဂှ် ကောန်ဒဒေံဂှ် မိမဆာန်အိုတ်ဟီုမာန်ဂှ်တုဲ ကောန်ဒဒေံဂှ် ယဝ်ရဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဗြဴမဂး ညးမဒှ်အပါတအ် သ္ဍိုက်ဆာန်သၞေမ်သၞဴဂၠိုၚ်ရ။  ကောန်ဒဒေံဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဒုၚ်ဂိုၚ်ကေတ်အာဲတၟာဲ ဂှ်တုဲ ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မံၚ်အာမွဲအယုက်ဒဵုကဵုမိမမတ်ပၠိုတ်ရ။ အခိုက်ကၞာကောန်ဍုၚ်ပလိုတ်တအ် လုပ်ဓလီုဂွံဍေံတအ်ဟာ၊ ကောန်ဍုၚ် အမေရိကာန်တအ် အာမံၚ်ဗီုဏံဖအိုတ်ဟာ ၜိုန်ရဟွံတီကေတ်ကီုလေဝ် ဆဂး ကောန်ဇာတ်လဵုဟွံဟီု ယဝ်ကဵုအန္တရာဲ ကုမိမ ၜါမဂး ဘဝဂတတေံ ဂွံစိုပ်သွဝ်ဟွံလောဲသွာရောၚ်ဂှ် လညာတ်ပိဋကတ်တေံ စဳပျးမံၚ်ရ။ ပူဂဵုကဵုဒဒိုက်ကဵုမိမတအ်ဂှ် ဘဝ ဏံလေဝ် ဒးကတဴဂၠမ်စိုတ် ဘဝဂတတေံလေဝ် စုတိဗက် ဒးအာစိုပ်ဘုံအပဲါရောၚ်။ 
ကုပူဂဵုနွံကဵုစိုတ်သပ္ပရိုဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ထေက်ကဵုဒးထိုၚ်သးလောန်ရ။ အခိၚ်ကာလသၞာံအာတေံ အဃောကပ်ယဲက္ဍၚ်မံၚ်ဂှ် ညးမဒှ် သမ္ဘာအဲမိကဴထဝ် (မိပကဴထဝ်)ဂှ် ညးတေံဒးကၠောန်အာကမၠောန် အကြာမၞိဟ်ဒှ်ယဲကဝ်ဗေတ်တအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဇကုညးတေံ ကလိ ဂွံယဲဂှ်ကီုရ။ နူဂှ် ပိုဲအလုံသ္ၚိ သီုညးမသုန်တၠ ကလိဂွံယဲဂှ်ကီုရ။ ဆဂး ညးတေံဂှ် ၜိုန်ရစၟယဲနွံကီုလေဝ် ထတ်ယုက်မံၚ်ဖိုဟ်ဂှ်တုဲ သီုဒးကၠောန်ကမၠောန် သီုဒးဍုန်တိုပ် သီုဒးရံၚ်စံၚ်သ္ၚိကၟိန်ဖအိုတ်ရ။ ယဝ်ရညးတေံ ဟွံဆက်ကၠောန်ကမၠောန်မဂး ဂြောဝ်ဂ တာပိုဲ အာစိုပ်ဒဒိုက်ဇၞော်ဇၞော် ကဵုကေတ်ဟွံပြေပြံၚ်ရောၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ ညးတေံ ဒုၚ်ခဳတုဲ ကၠောန်အာမံၚ် အကြာမဒးပံၚ်ကဵုလမျီုရ။ အခိၚ်ဂှ်ဂှ် ဂဥုဲစဵုဒၞာလေဝ်ဟွံမံက်ကၠုၚ်ဏီရ။ ဂုန်ညးတေံ လတူအဲကီု အိန်ထံၚ်ကီုဂှ် ကာလလဵုဝိုတ်ကၠေံဟွံဂွံဂှ် အဲဒုၚ်ဂိုၚ်ကေတ် လဝ်သာ်ဝွံရ။ ယဝ်ရအဲတၠိၚ်ဂုန်ညးတေံမဂး အဲဏံဒှ်ဗာလသမၠီုပါပမွဲရောၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ယဵုဒုၚ်ဂိုၚ်ကေတ်လဝ်ကီုရ။ ပူဂဵုအကတညူ ကတဝါဒဳ ဟွံတီဂုန်တအ်ဂှ် သမၠီုရောၚ်ဂှ် ခမဳအရဳတအ် ဟီုတွံလဝ်အိုတ်ရ။ မၞိဟ်ဗြဴဗြဴနွံကဵု စိုတ်ဓါတ်သာ်ဝွံ သွက်သ္ဂောံက လိဂွံ ဍုၚ်သွဝ်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ၜတ်ကၞာတ်ကဵုလညာတ်ပိဋကတ်တေံမဂး ကၠးကေတ်မာန်ရ။ မၞိဟ်ခေတ် လၟုဟ်တအ် စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဒုၚ်ဂိုၚ် ကေတ်သာ်ဝွံဂှ် အောန်တဴဗွဲမလောန်ကီုရ။ 
ဟိုတ်နူဂုန်ညးတေံဇၞော်လောန်ကၠုၚ်သာ်ဝွံဂှ်တုဲ စိုပ်မွဲတ္ၚဲ အဲဒုၚ်ဂိကၠောန်ၜိုတ်ဥပကာသမ္ဘာအဲကီုရောၚ် စိုတ်သာ်ဝွံ မံက်ဂတဝ် ကၠုၚ်ကုအဲရ။ ဗီုစိုတ်သမ္ဘာအဲနွံကၠုၚ်သာ်ဏံဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကောန်ဇာတ်အဲဂမၠိုၚ် ညံၚ်ဂွံနွံမာန်ဂှ် ဒးစဳပျးထ္ၜးဂၠံၚ်တရဴကီုရ။ ယဝ်ရဍေံတအ် ဟွံတီဗီုဒုၚ်လဝ်ဒဒိုက်သွက်ဍေံတအ်မဂး စိုတ်ပြဲပြဲဂွံနွံကၠုၚ်ကုကောန်ဇာတ်တအ်ဂှ် ဝါတ်အာညိညရောၚ်။ လညာတ်ညးသပ္ပ ရိုဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ပၟိက်ဇၞော်လောန်ရ။ ကောန်ဂကူပိုဲတအ် ဟိုတ်နူဝါတ်ဒိုက်လောန်ဂှ်တုဲ ဒးအာကၠောန်စဍုၚ်ညးတၞဟ် ကောန် ဇာတ်ဂှ်တၞဟ် မိမဂှ်တၞဟ်၊ အပါဂှ်တၞဟ် ယာဲဂှ်တၞဟ် သာ်ဝွံ ပြးဆာဲညးသကအ်အိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ သွက်ဂွံဒၠောံဗတောန်ကောန်ဇာတ် ဂွံနွံကဵုစိုတ်သပ္ပရိုဟ်ဂှ် ဝါတ်လတူဝါတ်ရ။ ဒးဇၞော်ဂေါဝ်အကြာဗွိုၚ်သၟာကမၠောန် ဍေံမဟွံသေၚ်ကဵုလညာတ်တၠပညာ သပ္ပရိုဟ် တအ်ဂှ်ပၠန်မဂး ပရေံလတူပရေံပၠန်ရ။ ပိုဲမကတ်လ္ၚတ်မံၚ်လိက်အဝဵုဝဵုဂှ်လေဝ် အဟိန်မကွာ်အာဂှ် ဒးပတပ်မံၚ်ဂၠံၚ်ဍာန်လ ညာတ်ဏီမဂး ရဲဟွံဗှ်လိက်တၠပညာတအ်ဂှ် ဟွံပံၚ်ကဵုတၠပညာတအ်ဂှ် ဇြက်ဟီုဟွံမွဲရ။
ဟိုတ်နူဇကုတုဲ ဂြောဝ်ဂတာသ္ၚိကၟိန်ဇကုကီု၊ မသကောဒေံတအ်ကီု၊ သကအ်ရဲညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ်ကီု၊ ဒှ်မံၚ်တသိုက်ကီုဟာဂှ် လၟိုန်န်ကာလကလေၚ်သၟာန်ရံၚ်ဇကုတုဲ လးပတပ်ဂၠံၚ်ဍာန်လစွံစိုတ်ညိ။ ယဝ်ရဒှ်မံၚ်မဂး ဂၠံၚ်ဍာန်ညးသပ္ပရိုဟ်ဒးဂှ်တုဲ ယဝ်ဟွံဒှ် မဂး ဍာန်ဂှ် ဟွံဒးရ။ ကာလလ္ဆောဝ်ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်မံၚ်လညာတ် “သြန်နွံကၠောန်ဂွံဖအိုတ်” ဂှ်တုဲ သြန်ဂှ် ရာန်ကေတ်စိုတ်ညး သပ္ပရိုဟ်ဟွံဂွံရ။ စိုတ်ညးသပ္ပရိုဟ်ဂွံဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ဂှ် ဒးပံၚ်ကဵုညးသပ္ပရိုဟ်၊ ဒးကလၚ်ဓဝ် ညးသပ္ပရိုဟ် ဒးဖအာဓဝ်ညးသပ္ပရိုဟ် ရောၚ်။ သကအ်ရဲပိုဲတအ် ဒးစံၚ်တူပူမှ်မံၚ်ဂၠမ်စိုတ်တအ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူသြန်ဟွံမွဲဟွံသေၚ်၊ ဟိုတ်နူကောန်ဇာတ်ညးတအ် စိုတ် ဓါတ်သဝ်လောန်ရောၚ်။ ကောန်ဇာတ်ပိုဲတအ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူဂွံမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဇၞော်ဂှ်တုဲ ပညာလောကဳဍေံတအ် ခိုဟ်ကွေံကွေံရ။ ဆဂး လေပ်ပညာ အိက်စုတ်အရှာံဘာ ဒှ်မံၚ်သာ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပြဝဍေံတအ်ဂှ် ပလီုပလာ်မံၚ်ဂုန်သိက္ခာ ကေုာံ ဘဝအိန်ထံၚ်ဍေံတအ်ကီုရ။ တၠပညာဍုၚ်ပိုဲကၠာကၠာတေံ လိက်ဗွဟ်ဘာတန်တအ်ဂှ် ညးတအ်စုတ်မံၚ်သုတ်ဇာတ်မကၠုၚ်နူဇာတ်ဗောဓိသတ်အလံၚ်ကျာ် တအ်ဂှ်တုဲ နူဍောတ်တ် ကောန်ၚာ်တအ်ဂှ် စိုတ်ဗောဓိသတ်နွံကၠုၚ်အိုတ်ရ။ ပရေၚ်ပညာခေတ်ဏံ လိက်ဗွဟ်ပရောသာ်ဝွံ ဂပ်ဝ်ဒးစုတ်ကဵုထေက်ရောၚ်။
ပိုဲတအ် ဂွံစွံစိုတ်ဒးဂှ် ဒးလ္ၚတ်ဗှ်လိက်နာနာသာ်အိုတ်ရ။ လိက်ပရေၚ်ပညာလောကဳကီု လောကုတ္တဵုကီု ဗက်ဂၠာဲဗှ်လ္ၚတ်အိုတ်ရ။ ပိုဲဗှ်လိက်ဟီုဂှ် သွက်ဂွံဒှ်ဒတုဲဖဵုဘဝဇကုရ။ ဘဝဇကုဂှ် ဗဂပ်စုတ်ကဵုလညာတ်တၠပညာတအ်၊ ညးသပ္ပရိုဟ်တအ်မဂး ကျေဝ် ဂေါဝ်အိုတ်ရ။ အလံၚ်ကျာ်တအ်၊ အလံၚ်မှာထေရ်မဒယှ်တှ်တအ်ဂှ် ကလေၚ်ရံၚ်အာမဂး ကိုပ်ကၠာတေံ ညးတအ်ဂွံညာတ် ကေတ်ဗီုညးတၞဟ်တအ်ကၠောန်- ဗီုကျာ်၊ ဗီုကွးသာဝကကျာ်ကၠာတေံ ကၠောန်သ္ပဂှ်တုဲ ညးတအ် ဗတောံဗက်တုဲ၊ ရာဒ နာမိက်ကၠောန်ဗက်ဂှ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲဘဝဏံ ညးတအ် ဒှ်ဘဝအရဳကီု သီုဒယှ်တှ်ပြာထာကီုတုဲ ကလိဂွံဨတဒဂ်အိုတ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲလိက်တေံ ညး ဟီုလဝ် ထီုဗးပါရမဳ၊ ဗပေၚ်ပါရမဳ မဒှ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပိုဲတအ်လေဝ် ယဝ်ရဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက် ပတောံဗက်လညာတ်တၠပညာ ညးသပ္ပရိုဟ် တအ် ကီုမဂး ဍေံဒးဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်ကီုဟေၚ်ရ။
ကောန်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲကၠာကၠာတေံ ၜိုန်ရဟွံဂွံကတ်လ္ၚတ်လိက်ပတ် ပ္ဍဲဘာတန်အိုတ်ကီုလေဝ် ညးမလေပ်လိက်တအ်ဂှ် အခိၚ်သၠး ညးတအ်ဟီုဂးသဳကၠဳပရောဇာတ်ကျာ်တအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ညးမွဲကဵုမွဲ ဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက်လညာတ်တအ်ဂှ်အိုတ်ရ။ ဗီုလစွံစိုတ်ဂၞကျာ်မဒ္ဒဳတအ်၊ ဗီု လစွံစိုတ်ဂၞကျာ်ဝိသာခါတအ် ဒှ်တမ် သွက်မၞိဟ်ဗြဴဗြဴတအ်ဂှ် မိမပိုဲတအ် ညးတအ်ဟီုလဴဒးမံၚ်အိုတ်ရ။ ဇာတ်ဇၞော်စှ်၊ ဇာတ် (၅ ၅၀)တအ်ဂှ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် ညးတအ်ကေၚ်မိၚ်လဝ်အိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲညးတအ် စိုတ်သပ္ပရိုဟ်နွံမံၚ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ ပိုဲမၞိဟ်တြုံတအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဒးနွံကဵုဝဳရိယဇဲသတ္တိ ညံၚ်ရဴမဟာဇနက်ဏောၚ်၊ ဒးနွံကဵုပညာ ညံၚ်ရဴမဟောသဓဏောၚ်၊ ဒးနွံကဵုစိုတ်ဓါတ်ကၠောန်ၜိုတ်ဥပကာ မိမ ညံၚ်ရဴသုဝဏ္ဏသာမ်ဏောၚ်၊ ဒးနွံကဵုစိုတ်ညံၚ်ရဴတေမဳဏောၚ်၊ အယုက်ဇၞော်ကၠုၚ် ဒးအာကျာ်ဘာဏောၚ် မပ္တံသာ်ဏံ ညးတအ် ယိုက်ဒိုက်လဝ်အိုတ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲတွဳဗွိုၚ်မၞိဟ် မနွံကဵုဒ္ဂေတ်ပဋိပတ်မပြဲသာ်ဝွံတအ်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရညးတအ်ဟွံလေပ်လိက်ကီုလေဝ် ယဝ်ရဂွံမံၚ်ကရောံညးတအ်မဂး ကလိဂွံတသိုက်စိုတ်အိုတ်ရ။ လၟုဟ်ဝွံ လညာတ်ဍုၚ်ပလိုတ်မသ္ပအဓိကကဵုကလိဂွံအဝဵုတအ်၊ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်တအ်၊ အံၚ်ဇၞးဘဝတအ် ဂၠိုၚ်လောန်ဂှ်တုဲ အတ္တပိုဲမၞိဟ်တအ် ဇၞော်သၠုၚ်ကၠုၚ်အိုတ်ရ။ 
ဘာလကျာ်သေံ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်က္ၜၚ်ကံက်တအ်ဂှ် ကောန်ဍုၚ်ပိုဲတအ် ကဵုဒါန် ကလၚ်ဓဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ ညးတအ်မိပ်စိုတ်တုဲ ဒုၚ်တၠုၚ်အိုတ်ရ။ ကောန်ကမၠောန်နူဍုၚ်ပိုဲဂမၠိုၚ် ဟိုတ်နူစိုတ်စေတနာသဒ္ဓါညးတအ်ထတ်ဂှ်တုဲ ခမဳသၚ်ကောန်ဍုၚ်သေံတအ် ကေတ်စဂုန်စရာဲ အိုတ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူဒကာတအ်ဂှ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ ညးတအ် ဒးနိမန်သၚ်မန် ဓမ္မကထိကတအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ကဵုတွံဓဝ်ဗတ်မန်အိုတ်ကီုရ။ ၜိုန်ရ ဍုၚ်ပိုဲဝါတ်ကီုလေဝ် ၜိုန်ရညးတအ်ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဝါတ်ကီုလေဝ် ဆဂး သဒ္ဓါစေတနာညးတအ်ဟွံဝါတ်ဂှ်တုဲ အခိၚ်အာမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ညးတၞဟ် တအ်မွဲချိုန်ခဏဂှ် ကလိဂွံဓဝ်မေတ္တာ ကရုဏာ နူကောန်ညးဍုၚ်သေံတအ်ဂှ်အိုတ်ရ။ သဒ္ဓါစေတနာဂှ် ဒှ်ဓဝ်ပူဂဵုကလျာဏပု ထုဇန်တအ် မကၠောန်သ္ပမွဲရ။ ဟိုတ်နူစိုတ်တအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဒၞာဲလဵုအာအာမုက်မတ်ယးတၟးတုဲ တိတ်ဗၠးနူအန္တရာဲမာန်ရ။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၁၃:၅၃၊ ၁၀ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== ပိဋကတ် ပါဠိပါဲစိုတ် ဘာသာမန်  − (ခဏ်သံဃာဒိသေသ်) ==

ပိဋကတ် ပါဠိပါဲစိုတ် ဘာသာမန်  − (ခဏ်သံဃာဒိသေသ်)

၂၁၁။ ပဌမသံဃဒိသသျေသိက်ခာပိုဒျ

ယွံနာဲဗြဴတအ် အာပတ်သံဃဒိသေသ်ဂမၠိုၚ် စှ်ထပှ်ဝွံ အာစိုပ်ဒဒှ်ဂပ်ဝ်စၞောန်ထ္ၜးဗွဲသရုပ်အိုတ်ရ။

၆၇၈။ ပ္ဍဲမခိၚ်တဳလမၞုံပိုဉ်ကျာ်တြဲ မပတၠပိုဉ်တြဴပြကာ သ္ပဒတဴတန်ဒၟံၚ် ပ္ဍဲဘာဇေတဝန် မဒှ်အာရှာမ်အနာထပိဏ္ဍိကသေဌဳ ဇရေၚ်ဍုၚ်သာရဝှ်ဂှ် ဥပးမွဲတၠ ကဵုဒါန်တိုက်ဂြပ် ကုဘိက္ခုနဳသၚ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲကြဴ စုတိကလိလောန်စဴအာရ၊ ပၞောဝ်ကဵုကောန်ၜါတၠ မၞုံတဴကုဥပးဂှ် မွဲတၠဂှ် ဟွံမွဲကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါရ၊ ဟွံလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာရ၊ မွဲတၠဂှ်တုန် မၞုံကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါရ၊ လျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာရ၊ ကောန်ၜါတၠဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ပါ်ပရအ်တဴ ကြက်ဂြပ်မကၠုၚ်နူမအံက်အိုတ်ရ၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ဂှ် ညးဟွံမွဲကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ ဟွံလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ် “တိုက်ဂြပ် နွံကုပိုဲညးဂမၠိုၚ်ရ၊ ပါ်ပရအ်တိုက်ဂြပ်ဂှ်အိုတ်စိုအ်” ရဴဝွံ ဟီုသ္ဂးကၠုၚ် ကဵုညးမၞုံကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ မလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ်မ္ဂး ညးမၞုံကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ မလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ် “ယွံကောန်နာဲ လ္ပဟီုသ္ဂးရဴဝွံညိ၊ မအံက်ပိုဲညးဂမၠိုၚ် ကဵုလဝ်ဒါန်ကုဘိက္ခုနဳသၚ်တုဲရ” ရဴဝွံ သ္ဂးကဵုညးဟွံမွဲကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ မဟွံလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ်ရ။

မရနုက်ကဵုၜါဝါလေဝ် ညးဟွံမွဲကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ ဟွံလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ် “တိုက်ဂြပ် နွံကုပိုဲညးဂမၠိုၚ်ရ၊ ပါ်ပရအ်တိုက်ဂြပ်ဂှ်အိုတ်စိုအ်” ရဴဝွံ ဟီုသ္ဂးကဵုညးမၞုံကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ မလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ်ရ၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ဂှ် ညးမၞုံကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ မလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ် “ယွံကောန်နာဲ လ္ပဟီုသ္ဂးရဴဝွံညိ၊ မအံက်ပိုဲညးဂမၠိုၚ် ကဵုလဝ်ဒါန်ကုဘိက္ခုနဳသၚ်တုဲရ” ရဴဝွံ သ္ဂးကဵုညးဟွံမွဲကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ မဟွံလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ်ရ။

မရနုက်ကဵုပိဝါလေဝ် ညးဟွံမွဲကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ ဟွံလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ် “တိုက်ဂြပ် နွံကုပိုဲညးဂမၠိုၚ်ရ၊ ပါ်ပရအ်တိုက်ဂြပ်ဂှ်အိုတ်စိုအ်” ရဴဝွံ ဟီုသ္ဂးကဵုညးမၞုံကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ မလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ်ရ၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ဂှ် ညးမၞုံကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ မလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ် “ယဝ်ဒှ်အဲပိုၚ်မ္ဂး (ယဝ်အဲဂွံမ္ဂး) အဲလေဝ် ကြက်ကဵုဒါန်ကုဘိက္ခုနဳသၚ်ရ” ရဴဝွံ (ပၠုပ်စိုတ်တုဲ) “ပါ်ပရအ်အိုတ်စိုအ်” ရဴဝွံ ဟီုသ္ဂးကဵုညးဟွံမွဲကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ မဟွံလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲကြဴ အခိၚ်ပါ်ပရအ်ဂြပ်ဂှ် (တိုက်ဂြပ်ဂှ်) အာစိုပ်ဇရေၚ် ညးဟွံမွဲကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ မဟွံလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ်ရ။

ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ဂှ် ညးဟွံမွဲကဵုဓရ်သဒ္ဓါ မဟွံလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ရတ်ပိပြကာဂှ် ပြာပ်အာဇရေၚ်ဘိက္ခုနဳသၚ်တုဲ “ယွံနာဲဗြဴတအ် ဩဝ်တိတ်အိုတ်ညိ၊ တိုက်ဂြပ်အဲဏောဝ်” ရဴဝွံ သ္ဂးတိုန်ဂလာန်ဝွံမ္ဂး ခမဳဗြဴထုလ္လနန္ဒာဂှ် “ယွံကောန်နာဲ လ္ပဟီုသ္ဂးရဴဝွံညိ၊ မအံက်မၞးတအ်ညးဂမၠိုၚ် ကဵုလဝ်ဒါန်ကုဘိက္ခုနဳသၚ်တုဲဒှ်ရ” ရဴဝွံ သ္ဂးကဵုတြုံဂှ်ရ။ ကဵုဒါန်တုဲရ ဟဂွဴကဵုဒါန်ဏီရ ရဴဝွံ ကယျာန်ဓဝါတ်တုဲ သၟာန်တဴ အမာတ်ဇၞော် မဒှ်ညးသ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ဓရ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ်ရ “ယွံနာဲဗြဴတအ် ကဵုလဝ်ဒါန်ကုဘိက္ခုနဳသၚ်တုဲရ ရဴဝွံ ညးလဵုမွဲတီရော?” ရဴဝွံ အမာတ်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုၚ် သၟာန်အိုတ်ရ။

သၟာန်တဴရဴဝွံမ္ဂး ခမဳဗြဴထုလ္လနန္ဒာဂှ် “ယွံနာဲတအ် စွံသက်သဳတုဲ ဒါန် မကဵုဒါန်သၠးပွးဂှ် တၠအဲအမာတ်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုၚ် ညာတ်လေဝ်ကေၚ်ညာတ်ဟာ မိၚ်လေဝ်ကေၚ်မိၚ်ဟာ” ရဴဝွံ သ္ဂးကဵုအမာတ်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ဂှ် အမာတ်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုၚ် “ယွံနာဲဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ် ဟီုဂလာန်ဍာံစၟတ်အိုတ်ရ” ဂှ် တိုက်ဂြပ်ဂှ် သ္ပတဴဂြပ်ဘိက္ခုနဳသၚ်ပိုၚ်အိုတ်ရ။ တြုံဂှ် ဟိုတ်မကျအာဂှ်ရ ဗြဴက္ဍိုပ်တ္ၚာတ် ဂကူအယုတ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဝွံ ခမဳဗြဴဟွံသေၚ်အိုတ်ရ၊ “မုဟိုတ် ပၠံၚ်ၜါ်ကတ် တိုက်ဂြပ်ပိုဲညးဂမၠိုၚ်အိုတ်ဂှ်ရော?” ရဴဝွံ ဟီုဂရိုဟ်ရ၊ ပျုတ်ဗ္ဒေက်ရ၊ ဟီုထ္ၜးဒုဟ်ရ။

ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ဂှ် ခမဳဗြဴထုလ္လနန္ဒာ ဟီုလဴပတီ ဟိုတ်ပရူပရာဝွံ ကုအမာတ်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ်ရ အမာတ်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုၚ် ထပ်စွံဒဏ်ကုတြုံဂှ်အိုတ်ရ၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ဂှ် တြုံမဒးဒုၚ်တပ်စွံလဝ်ဒဏ်ဂှ် ကဵုသိုၚ်ခၞံဘာတဳ ပ္ဍဲဇရေၚ်ခမဳဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ်တုဲ “ဩဝ်တ္ၜေဟ်လက်ချဴဟီုတေၚ် ခမဳဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ်အိုတ်ညိ” ရဴဝွံ ဗတိုက်ဖအောဝ်တဳဂမၠိုၚ်ရ၊ ခမဳဗြဴထုလ္လနန္ဒာ ဟီုလဴပတီ ဟိုတ်ပရူပရာဝွံ ကုအမာတ်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုၚ်ပၠန်ဂှ်ရ အမာတ်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုၚ် ကဵုကၠေၚ်ဒက်တြုံဂှ်အိုတ်ရ။ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် “ခမဳဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ် ဗွဲကိုပ်ကၠာ ပၠံက်ကေတ်တိုက်ဂြပ်အိုတ်၇၊ မရနုက်ကဵုၜါအလန်ဂှ် ကဵုတပ်စွံဒဏ်အိုတ်ရ၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်လၟုဟ်တုန် ကြက်ကဵုဂစိုတ်အိုတ်ရ” ရဴဝွံ ဟီုဂရိုဟ်အိုတ်ရ၊ ပျုတ်ဗ္ဒေက်အိုတ်ရ၊ ဟီုထ္ၜးဒုဟ်အိုတ်ရ။ ခမဳဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ် သ္ဂောံမိၚ်ကေတ် ဂလာန်မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် မဟီုဂရိုဟ်ပျုတ်ဗ္ဒေက် ဟီုထ္ၜးဒုဟ်အိုတ်ဟေၚ်ရ။

ခမဳဗြဴပၟိက်အောန်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် “မုဟိုတ် နာဲဗြဴထုလ္လနန္ဒာ သ္ပဂဗုဓ်စုတ်ဂလနာ် နပၞောတ်,မာန်တုဲ သ္ဂောံပဒတဴရော?” ရဴဝွံ ဟီုဂရိုဟ်အိုတ်ရ၊ ပျုတ်ဗ္ဒေက်အိုတ်ရ၊ ဟီုထ္ၜးဒုဟ်အိုတ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ဂှ် ခမဳဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ဂရၚ်ပတီဟိုတ်ပရူပရာဝွံ ကုခမဳတြုံဂမၠိုၚ်အိုတ်ရ ။ ပ ။ “ယွံခမဳတအ် ခမဳဗြဴထုလ္လနန္ဒာ သ္ပဂဗုဓ်စုတ်ဂလာန် နပၞောတ်,မာန်တုဲ ပဒတဴရဟီုဂှ် ဍာံပြရဟာ” ရဴဝွံ စၟဳစၟတ်သၟာန်သၟုက်ရ။ ဍာံပြရ ယွံကျာ်မၞုံပိုဉ် ရဴဝွံ (ဂရၚ်ပတီအိုတ်ရ)။ တဳလမၞုံပိုဉ်ကျာ်တြဲ မပတၠပိုဉ်တြဴပြကာ ဟီုဂရိုဟ်ရ ။ ပ ။ “ယွံခမဳတအ် မုဟိုတ် ခမဳဗြဴထုလ္လနန္ဒာ သ္ပဂဗုဓ်စုတ်ဂလာန် နပၞောတ်,မာန်တုဲ ပဒတဴရော? ယွံခမဳတအ် (ကမၠောန်ပွမခမဳဗြဴထုလ္လနန္ဒာ သ္ပဒး) ဝွံ ကုညးဟွံလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဏီ တၞဟ်နပွမကဵုလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ကီု ။ ပ ။ 

ယွံခမဳတအ် ရဴဝွံဟေၚ် ဩဝ်ကဵုခမဳဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ်စၞောန်ထ္ၜးသိက္ခာပိုဒ်ဝွံအိုတ်ညိ။

၆၇၉။ “ယြဴခမဳဗြဴမွဲ ကေုာံသမ္ၚေဟ်ကီု ကေုာံကောန်သမ္ၚေဟ်ကီု ကေုာံဍိက်ကီု ကေုာံသၟာကမၠောန်ကီု ဗွဲတွဵုမယုတ် ကေုာံခမဳပြဘာဇ်မ္ၚးသာသနာလေဝ် သ္ပဂဗုဓ်စုတ်ဂလာန် နပၞောတ်,မာန် (သ္ပအမှု) တုဲ ပဒတဴမ္ဂး၊ ခမဳဗြဴဝွံ ဒးအာပတ် ပ္ဍဲချိုန်ခဏမကလိလောန်ကၠေံဗွဲကိုပ်ကၠာဒှ်တုဲ အာစိုပ်အာပတ်သံဃာဒိသေသ် မလေပ်ကဵုဗက်ပတိတ် (နူဂကောံသၚ်) ရ” ရဴဝွံ (ဩဝ်ကဵုစၞောန်ထ္ၜး အိုတ်ညိ ရဴဝွံ သ္ဂးရ)။
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၂.၁.၂။ ပွံက်ပဌမသံဃာဒိသေသ်သိက္ခာပိုဒ်

၆၈၀။ ယွူ မ်ဂးဂျှ ယွူဍေံမၞုံသဘူမဖျှသျာလဵု ။ ပ ။ ခမုဗွူ မ်ဂးဂျှ ။ ပ ။ ပ်ဍဲအရာဝှံ ဗွူမဒျှပယြါ်ျ နကဵုဉတ်တိစတုတ်ထကမျဝှံ ဂပျဝျနှံပၟိကျ ရူဝှံမ်ဂးခမုဗွူရ။

သ္ပဂဗုဓ်စုတ်ဂလာန် မ္ဂးဂှ် သ္ဂးတဴပွမသ္ပအမှုရ။

သမ္ၚေဟ် မ္ဂးဂှ် ညးမမိက်ကဵုမွဲမွဲ အုပ်ဓုပ်ပိုၚ်ပြဳတုဲ ပဒတဴပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိရောၚ်။

ကောန်သမ္ၚေဟ် မ္ဂးဂှ် ကောန်ကောဒေံညးမမိက်ကဵုမွဲမွဲဂမၠိုၚ်ရောၚ်။

ဍိက် မ္ဂးဂှ် ဍိက်ကတဵုဒှ်ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိ ဍိက်ရာန်နဂြပ် ဍိက်ဂၠုဲရောၚ်။

သၟာန်ကမၠောန် မ္ဂးဂှ် ညးမဒုၚ်ဝန် ရဴဝွံမ္ဂး ညးဒုၚ်လိၚ်ရောၚ်။

ခမဳပြဘာဇ် မ္ဂးဂှ် ပါဲကၠေံ ခမဳတြုံ ခမဳဗြဴ သိက္ခမာန် သာမဏဳတြုံ သာမဏဳဗြဴတုဲ ညးမတၞီလုပ်ပ္ဍဲပြဘာဇ်မမိက်ကဵုမွဲမွဲရောၚ်။

“ကြက်ဂဗုဓ်စုတ်အမှုရ” ရဴဝွံ သကအ်ပွံၚ်လေဝ် ဂၠာဲသ္ၚေဝ်မ္ဂး၊ အာလေဝ်အာမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ဒုက္ကဋ်ရ။ ဟီုလဴဗ္စ ကုညးမွဲမ္ဂး ဒးအာပတ်ဒုက္ကဋ်ရ။ ဟီုလဴဗ္စ ကုသကအ်ပွံၚ်မ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ထုလ္လစ္စယ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအလိက်သ္ပဂဗုဓ်အမှုတုဲဂှ် ဒးအာပတ်သံဃာဒိသေသ်ရ။

ဒးအာပတ် ပ္ဍဲချိုတ်ခဏမကလိလောန်ကၠေံဗွဲကိုပ်ကၠာဒှ်တုဲ မ္ဂးဂှ် မွဲဒမြိပ်ကေုာံပွမကလိလောန်ဒ္ဂေတ်သ္ပဝတ္ထုဂှ် ဒးအာပတ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်နူပွမဒၠောံဗတောန် နဉတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်ဂှ် ဒးအာပတ်ဟွံသေၚ်ရ။

မလေပ်ကဵုဗက်ပတိတ် မ္ဂးဂှ် မလေပ်ကဵုဗက်ပတိတ် နူဂကောံသၚ်ရ။

သံဃာဒိသေသ် မ္ဂးဂှ် သွက်အာပတ်ဂှ် သၚ်ဟေၚ် သ္ဒးကဵုမာနတ်ရ၊ သ္ဒးတံၚ်ဓဇက်တမ်ရ၊ သ္ဒးပၠုပ်အဗ္ဘာန်ရ၊ ခမဳဗြဴၜါဇကုပိဇကုကီု၊ မွဲဇကုကီု၊ ကဵုမာနတ်ဟွံဂွံရ၊ တံၚ်ဓဇက်တမ်ဟွံဂွံရ၊ ပၠုပ်အဗ္ဘာန်ဟွံဂွံရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ကော်ခဴဂး ရဴဝွံမ္ဂး “သံဃာဒိသေသ်” ရ၊ (ယၟုမတွံဂး သံဃာဒိသေသ်ဂှ်) ယၟုဂကောံအာပတ်ဂှ်ဟေၚ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ကော်ခဴဂး ရဴဝွံမ္ဂး “သံဃာဒိသေသ်” ရ။

၆၈၁။ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ဟိုတ်မတံၚ်ဓဇက် ဇရေၚ်ညးဇၞော်ဓရ်တုဲ အာမ္ဂး၊ အာတ်ပၟၚ်ပၟဲမ္ဂး၊ သီုဟွံရန်တၟအ် ဟီုလဴဗ္စမ္ဂး၊ ဟွံဒးအာပတ်ရ၊ ကုခမဳဗြဴမကြအ်ဥမ္မတ် ခမဳဗြဴကလိလောန်ကၠာတဲဂှ် ဟွံဒးအာပတ်ရ။

ပဌမသံဃာဒိသသျေ သိက်ခာပိုဒျ တဲုရ။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၀၇:၂၁၊ ၁၂ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== ပိဋကတ် ပါဠိပါဲစိုတ် ဘာသာမန်)  ပါဠိဘိက္ခုနဳဝိဘၚ်  ၁.၃.၁။ တတိယပါရာဇိကသိက္ခာပိုဒ် ==

(ပိဋကတ် ပါဠိပါဲစိုတ် ဘာသာမန်)

ပါဠိဘိက္ခုနဳဝိဘၚ်

၁.၃.၁။ တတိယပါရာဇိကသိက္ခာပိုဒ်

၆၆၈။ ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်တဳလမၞုံပိုဉ်ကျာ်တြဲ မပတၠပိုဉ်တြဴပြကာ သ္ပဒတဴတန်ဒၟံၚ် ပ္ဍဲဘာဇေတဝန် မဒှ်အာရှာမ်အနာထပိဏ္ဍိကသေဌဳ ဇရေၚ်ဍုၚ်သာရဝှ်ဂှ် ခမဳဗြဴထုလ္လနန္ဒာ ဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက်လက်ကရဴခမဳအရိဋ္ဌ မကေၚ်ဒှ်ပ္ဍဲဂကူဂစိုတ်ကၟာတ် သၚ်မညဳသာသၟဟ်သၟန် မဗက်ဗ္ဒဴလဝ်ရ။

ခမဳဗြဴပၟိက်အောန်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် “မုဟိုတ် နာဲဗြဴထုလ္လနန္ဒာ ဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက်လက်ကရဴ ခမဳအရိဋ္ဌ မကေၚ်ဒှ်ပ္ဍဲဂကူဂစိုတ်ကၟာတ် မိန်သၚ်မညဳသာသၟဟ်သၟန် မဗက်ဗ္ဒဴလဝ်ရော?” ရဴဝွံ ဟီုဂရိုဟ်အိုတ်ရ၊ ပျုတ်ဗ္ဒေက်အိုတ်ရ၊ ဟီုထ္ၜးဒုဟ်အိုတ်ရ။ “ယွံခမဳတအ် ခမဳဗြဴထုလ္လနန္ဒာ ဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက်လက်ကရဴ ခမဳအရိဋ္ဌ မကေၚ်ဒှ်ပ္ဍဲဂကူဂစိုတ်ကၟာတ် သၚ်မညဳသာသၟဟ်သၟန် မဗက်ဗ္ဒဴလဝ်ရ ဟီုဂှ် ဍာံပြရဟာ” ရဴဝွံ စၟဳစၟတ်သၟာန်သၟုက်ရ။ ဍာံပြရ ယွံကျာ်မၞုံပိုဉ် ရဴဝွံ (ဂရၚ်ပတီအိုတ်ရ)။ တဳလမၞုံပိုဉ်ကျာ်တြဲ မပတၠပိုဉ်တြဴပြကာ ဟီုဂရိုဟ်ရ ။ ပ ။ “ယွံခမဳတအ် ခမဳဗြဴထုလ္လနန္ဒာ မုဟိုတ် ဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက်လက်ကရဴ ခမဳအရိဋ္ဌ မကေၚ်ဒှ်ပ္ဍဲဂကူဂစိုတ်ကၟာတ် သၚ်မညဳသာသၟဟ်သၟန် မဗက်ပတိတ်လဝ်ရော? ယွံခမဳတအ် (ကမၠောန်ပွမခမဳဗြဴထုလ္လနန္ဒာသ္ပဒး) ဝွံ ကုညးဟွံလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဏီ တၞဟ်နပွမကဵုလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ကီု ။ ပ ။

ယွံခမဳတအ် ရဴဝွံဟေၚ် ဩဝ်ကဵုခမဳဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ်စၞောန်ထ္ၜးသိက္ခာပိုဒ်ဝွံအိုတ်ညိ။

၆၆၉။ “ယြဴခမဳဗြဴမွဲ ဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက်ခမဳ မိန်သၚ်မညဳသာသၟဟ်သၟန် မဗက်ပတိတ်လဝ် နသဘဴဓရ်မဍာံစၟတ် နဝိနယ် န ‘ဉတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်’ မဒှ်ဒၠောံဗတောန်ကျာ် မဟွံမွဲကဵုပွမရှ်ေသှ်ေရဴဂဴ မဟဂွံကော်ပၠုပ်ဏီ မဟဂွံသ္ပပွမပံၚ်ဖက်ဏီဂှ်မ္ဂး၊ ခမဳဗြဴသအာၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ‘ယွံနာဲဗြဴ ခမဳဂှ် မိန်သၚ်မညဳသာသၟဟ်သၟန် မဗက်ပတိတ်လဝ် နသဘဴဓရ်မဍာံစၟတ် နဝိနယ် န ‘ဉတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်’ မဒှ်ဒၠောံဗတောန်ကျာ်ရ၊ ခမဳဂှ် မဟွံမွဲကဵု ပွမရှ်ေသှ်ေရဴဂဴရ၊ မဟဂွံကော်ပၠောပ် ခမဳဂှ် (လဒေါဝ်သၚ်) ဏီရ၊ မဟဂွံသ္ပမပံၚ်ဖက်ဏီရ’ ရဴဝွံ သ္ဒးဟီုသ္ဂးကဵုခမဳဗြဴဂှ်ရ၊ ရဴဝွံဟေၚ် ခမဳဗြဴဂှ် သီုကဵုခမဳဗြဴသအာၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဟီုသ္ဂးတဴဂှ် တုပ်နဲကိုပ်ကၠာဟေၚ် ယိုက်ဒိုက်ဂိုၚ်ကေတ်မ္ဂး၊ တၞဟ်နကဵုသၠးကၠေံကွေတ်ဂှ် စဵုကဵုပေၚ်ပိဝါ ခမဳဗြဴသအာၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ဂပ်ဝ်ဒၠောံဗတောန် ခမဳဗြဴဂှ် ဗွဲမဒးရးရ၊ စဵုကဵုပေၚ်ပိဝါ ဂပ်ဝ်ဒၠောံဗတောန်ဗွဲမဒးရးနေဝ် ယဝ်သၠးကၠေံကွေတ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး၊ ပွမသၠးကၠေံ ရဴဝွံ ခိုဟ်သန်ရ၊ ယဝ်ဟွံသၠးကၠေံမ္ဂး၊ ခမဳဗြဴဝွံလေဝ် ဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက်ခမဳ မဗက်ပတိတ်လဝ်ဒှ်တုဲ ဒးအာပတ်ပါရာဇ် (မၞုံယၟုဉက္ခိတ္တာနုဝတ္ထိကာ) ရ၊  ဟွံမွဲကဵုပွမပံၚ်ဖက် ကေုာံခမဳဗြဴဆာဲဂမၠိုၚ်မွဲစွံရ” ရဴဝွံ (ဩဝ်ကဵုစၞောန်ထ္ၜးအိုတ်ညိ ရဴဝွံ သ္ဂးရ)။
 −−−
၁.၃.၂။ ပွံက်တတိယပါရာဇိကသိက္ခာပိုဒ်

၆၇၀။ ယွူ မ်ဂးဂျှ ယွူဍေံမၞုံသဘူမဖျှသျာလဵု ။ ပ ။ ခမုဗွူ မ်ဂးဂျှ ။ ပ ။ ပ်ဍဲအရာဝှံ ဗွူမဒျှပယြါ်ျ နကဵုဉတ်တိစတုတ်ထကမျဝှံ ဂပျဝျနှံပၟိကျရူဝှံမ်ဂး ခမုဗွူရ။

သၚ်မညဳသာသၟဟ်သၟန် မ္ဂးဂှ် (သၚ်) မၞုံကဵုပွမပံၚ်ဖက်တုပ်သၟဟ် မတန်တဴပ္ဍဲသိမ်တုပ်သၟဟ် (မွဲသိမ်ဓဝ်)။

ခမဳ မဗက်ပတိတ်လဝ် မ္ဂးဂှ် ခမဳမဗက်ပတိတ်လဝ် ဟိုတ်နူပွမဟွံမၠာဲသ္ၚေဝ် ပွမဟွဴဇအုဲဇဗ ဝဳဗလးအာပတ် ပွမဟွဴသၠးကၠေံကွေတ်မိစ္ဆာရောၚ်။

နအဘဴဓရ်မဍာံစၟတ် နဝိနယ် မ္ဂးဂှ် ယြဴနသဘဴဓရ်မဍာံစၟတ် ယြဴနစောဒနာသာရဏာဝိနယ်။

န ‘ဉတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်’ မဒှ်ဒၠောံဗတောန်ကျာ် မ္ဂးဂှ် န ‘ဉတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်’ မဒှ်ဒၠောံဗတောန်ကျာ် မအံၚ်ဇၞးမာရ်မသုန်ပြကာ ကေုာံန ‘ဉတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်’ မဒှ်ဒၠောံဗတောန်ကျာ် မဂြၚ်တီကေတ်သစ္စပန်။

ဟှံမှဲကဵုပှမရျှသျှေရေူဂူ မ်ဂးဂျှ ဟှံရျှသျှေရေူဂူ သါ်ျကို ဂိုဏျကီု ကမျကီုရ။

မဟဂွံကော်ပၠုပ်ဏီ မ္ဂးဂှ် ဗက်ပတိတ်လဝ် နဥက္ခေပနဳယကမ်တုဲ ခမဳ မဟဂပ်ဝ်ကော်ပၠုပ်လဒေါဝ်သၚ်ဏီရောၚ်။

မဟဂွံသ္ပပွမပံက်ဖက်ဏီ မ္ဂးဂှ် ခမဳမပဒတဴမံၚ်စံၚ်မွဲစွံဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ကော်ခဴဂးပံၚ်ဖက်အိုတ်ရ၊ ပွမပံၚ်ဖက်ဂှ် ဟွံမွဲကေုာံခမဳဂှ်မွဲစွံရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ကော်ခဴဂး မဟဂွံသ္ပပွမပံၚ်ဖက်ဏီရ။

ဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက် ခမဳဂှ် မ္ဂးဂှ် ခမဳမဒးဒုၚ်ဗက်ပတိတ်ဂှ် ယြဴမၞုံကွေတ်မွဲရ၊ ယြဴမၞုံပွမသ္ဍိုက်မၠိုက်မွဲရ၊ ယြဴမၞုံဂၞပ်ပၟိက်မွဲရ၊ ခမဳဗြဴဂှ်လေဝ် မၞုံကွေတ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ၊ မၞုံပွမသ္ဍိုက်မၠိုက်သာ်ဂှ်၇၊ မၞုံပၟိက်သာ်ဂှ်ရ။

ခမဳဗြဴဂှ် မ္ဂးဂှ် ယြဴခမဳဗြဴမဒ္ဂေတ် ခမဳမဒးဒုၚ်ဗက်ပတိတ်လဝ္ နဥက္ခေပနဳယကမ်မွဲ။

ခမဳဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ် မ္ဂးဂှ် ခမဳဗြဴသအာၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ်။

ခမဳဗြဴ မဆဵုညာတ်မမိၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ် “ယွံနာဲဗြဴ ခမဳဂှ် မိန်သၚ်မညဳသာသၟဟ်သၟန် မဗက်ပတိတ်လဝ် နသဘဴဓရ်မဍာံစၟတ် နဝိနယ် န ‘ဉတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်’ မဒှ်ဒၠောံဗတောန်ကျာ်ရ၊ ခမဳဂှ် မဟွံမွဲကဵုပွမရှ်ေသှ်ေ ရဴဂဴရ၊ မဟဂွံကော်ပၠုပ် ခမဳဂှ် (လဒေါဝ်သၚ်) ဏီရ၊ မဟဂွံသ္ပပွမပံၚ်ဖက်ဏီရ၊ မရနုက်ကဵုပိဝါလေဝ် သ္ဒးဟီုသ္ဂးရ။ ယဝ်သၠးကၠေံမ္ဂး၊ ပွမသၠးကၠေံဂှ် ခိုဟ်သန်ရ၊ ယဝ်ဟွံသၠးကၠေံမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ဒုက္ကဋ်ရ။ မိၚ်တုဲ ဟွံဟီုသ္ဂးမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ဒုက္ကဋ်ရ။ ခမဳဗြဴဂှ် တံၚ်ဓဇက်ဏာလဒေါဝ်သၚ်တုဲလေဝ် “ယွံနာဲဗြဴ ခမဳဂှ် မိန်သၚ်မညဳသာ သၟဟ်သၟန် မဗက်ပတိတ်လဝ္ နသဘဴဓရ်မဍာံစမတ် နဝိနယ် န ‘ဉတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်’ မဒှ်ဒၠောံဗတောန်ကျာ်ရ၊ ခမဳဂှ် မဟွံမွဲကဵုပွမရှ်ေသှ်ေရဴဂဴရ၊ မဟဂွံကော်ပၠုပ် ခမဳဂှ် (လဒေါဝ်သၚ်) ဏီရ၊ မဟဂွံသ္ပပွမပံၚ်ဖက်ဏီရ၊ ယွံနာဲဗြဴ လ္ပဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက် ခမဳတြုံဂှ်ညိ” ရဴဝွံ သ္ဒးဟီုသ္ဂးရ။ မရနုက်ကဵုၜါဝါလေဝ် သ္ဒးဟီုသ္ဂးရ၊ မရနုက်ကဵုပိဝါလေဝ် သ္ဒးဟီုသ္ဂးရ။ ယဝ်သၠးကၠေံမ္ဂး၊ ပွမသၠးကၠေံဂှ် ခိုဟ်သန်ရ၊ ယဝ်ဟွံသၠးကၠေံမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ဒုက္ကဋ်ရ။ ဒးဒၠောံဗတောန် မမဳဗြဴဂှ် ဗွဲဒးရးရ၊ ယွံခမဳတအ် ရဴဝွံဟေၚ် သ္ဒးဒၠောံဗတောန်ဗွဲမဒးရးရ၊ ခမဳဗြဴ စဳကၠးဆိုက်ဗ္ဒက်တုဲ မၞုံကဵုအစောံသတ္တိဂှ် သ္ဒးကဵုသၚ်တီရ။

၆၇၁။ ယွံနာဲဗြဴတအ် သၚ် ဩဝ်ကလၚ်ပၚ်မှိၚ် (ဂလာန်) အဲဍိက်ညိ၊ ခမဳဗြဴမၞုံယၟုဝွံ ဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက်ခမဳ မိန်သၚ်မညဳသာသၟဟ်သၟန် မဗက်ပတိတ်လဝ် နသဘဴဓရ်မဍာံစၟတ် နဝိနယ် န ‘ဉတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်’ မဒှ် ဒၠောံဗတောန်ကျာ် မဟွံမွဲကဵုပွမရှ်ေသှ်ေရဴဂဴ မဟဂွံကော်ပၠုပ်ဏီ မဟဂွံသ္ပပွမပံၚ်ဖက်ဏီဂှ်ရ၊ ခမဳဗြဴဂှ် ဟွံသၠးကၠေံဝတ္ထုဂှ်ရ၊ ကမ်မၞုံကဵုအခိၚ်မဗဗွဲ ကုသၚ် ယဝ်ဒှ်မ္ဂး၊ တၞဟ်နကဵုသၠးကၠေံဝတ္ထုဂှ် သၚ် သ္ဒးဒၠောံဗတောန် ခမဳဗြဴမၞုံယၟုဝွံ ဗွဲမဒးရးရ၊ ဣဝွံတုန် ပွမကဵုတီရောၚ်။

ယွံနာဲဗြဴတအ် သၚ် ဩဝ်ကလၚ်ပၚ်မှိၚ် (ဂလာန်) အဲဍိက်ညိ၊ ခမဳဗြဴမၞုံယၟုဝွံ ဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက်ခမဳ မိန်သၚ်မညဳသာသၟဟ်သၟန် မဗက်ပတိတ်လဝ် နသဘဴဓရ်မဍာံစၟတ် နဝိနယ် န ‘ဉတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်’ မဒှ်ဒၠောံဗတောန်ကျာ် မဟွံမွဲကဵုပွမရှ်ေသှ်ေရဴဂဴ မဟဂွံကော်ပၠုပ်ဏီ မဟဂွံသ္ပပွမပံၚ်ဖက်ဏီဂှ်ရ၊ ခမဳဗြဴဂှ် ဟွံသၠးကၠေံဝတ္ထုဂှ်ရ၊ တၞဟ်နကဵုသၠးကၠေံဝတ္ထုဂှ် သၚ် ဒၠောံဗတောန်ခမဳဗြဴမၞုံယၟုဝွံ (နဉတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်) ဗွဲမဒးရးရ၊ နာဲဗြဴဂှ် သ္ဒးဒၟံၚ်သ္ၚိတ်သ္ၚိတ်ရ၊ ယြဴကုနာဲဗြဴမွဲ ဟွံမွဲကဵုပွမသ္ဍိုက်မၠိုက်ရ၊ နာဲဗြဴဂှ် သ္ဒးဟီုတိုန်ရ။

မရနုက်ကဵုၜါဝါလေဝ် ဟီုသ္ဂးဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ။ ပ ။ မရနုက်ကဵုပိဝါလေဝ် ဟီုသ္ဂးဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ။ ပ ။

“တၞဟ်နကဵုသၠးကၠေံဝတ္ထုဂှ် သၚ်ဂပ်ဝ်ဒၠောံဗတောန် ခမဳဗြဴမၞုံယၟုဝွံ ဗွဲမဒးရးတုဲရ၊ ကုသၚ်ဂှ် မၞုံကဵုပွမသ္ဍိုက်မၠိုက်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဒၟံၚ်ကၞပ်သ္ၚောံသ္ၚိတ်ဇြရ၊ နမဒၟံၚ်ကၞပ်သ္ၚောံသ္ၚိတ်ဇြ ရဴဝွံ ဂွံတီကေတ် ဒဒှ်မသ္ဍိုက်မၠိုက်ဂှ်ရ” ရဴဝွံ (သ္ဒးကဵုတီရ)။

ပ္ဍဲလအိတ်ဉတ် ဒးအာပတ်ဒုက္ကဋ်ရ၊ ပ္ဍဲလအိတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ၜါဝါ ဒးအာပတ်ထုလ္လစ္စယ်ရ၊ ပ္ဍဲလအိတ်ကမ္မဝါစ် ဒးအာပတ်ပါရာဇ်ရ။

ခမဳဗြဴဝွံလေဝ် မ္ဂးဂှ် ထံက်ရံၚ်ကဵုခမဳဗြဴ မအာစိုပ်ပါရာဇိကမဒှ်ကိုပ်ကၠာဂှ် ဂပ်ဝ်သ္ဂးရ။

ဒးအာပတ်ပါရာဇ်ရ မ္ဂးဂှ် ဗွဲဥပမာတုန် တၟအ်လးဇၞော် မဒကးအာၜါလွးတုဲဂှ် သၟဟ်ညံၚ်ရဴကလေၚ်ဗ္ဂပ်ဖျပ်မွဲလှ်ေပၠန် ဟွံဂွံရကီု တုပ်သၟဟ်သာ်ဝွံရ ခမဳဗြဴဂှ် ဒၠောံဗတောန် ‘နဉတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်’ စဵုကဵုပေၚ်ပိဝါနေဝ် ဟွံသၠးကၠေံကွေတ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး၊ ခမဳဗြဴ ဟွံသေၚ်ရ၊ တၞောဝ်ကျာ်ကောန်သၟိၚ်ဗြဴသာကျဝၚ် ဟွံသေၚ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ကော်ခဴဂး အာစိုပ် ပွမကျနူသာသနာရ။

ပ္ဍဲအရာ ဟွံမွဲကဵုပွမပံၚ်ဖက် ကေုာံခမဳဗြဴခိုဟ်ဆာဲဂမၠိုၚ်မွဲစွံဂှ် ပွမပံၚ်ဖက်မ္ဂးဂှ် ပွမသ္ပဝိနယ်ကမ်မွဲစွံ ပွမစၞောန်ထ္ၜး (ဖ္ဍောတ်) ပါတိမုက်မွဲစွံ ပွမဒ္ဂေတ်လ္ၚတ်ပဒတဴမွဲစွံရောၚ်၊ သီုဖအိုတ်ဝွံ ပွမပံၚ်ဖက်မ္ဂးရ၊ ပွမပံၚ်ဖက်ဂှ် ဟွံမွဲမွဲစွံ ကေုာံခမဳဗြဴမစှ်ေပါရာဇိကဂှ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ကော်ခဴဂး “ဟွံမွဲကဵုပွမပံၚ်ဖက် ကေုာံခမဳဗြဴခိုဟ်ဆာဲဂမၠိုၚ်မွဲစွံ” ရ။

၆၇၂။ ပ္ဍဲဓမ္မကမ် (မဂပ်ဝ်သ္ပ နဗဗွဲဓရ်) မၞုံကဵုစၟတ်သမ္တီ ဓမ္မကမ်ဒှ်တုဲ ဟွံသၠးကၠေံမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ပါရာဇ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲဓမ္မကမ် မၞုံသၠေဟ်ပၟာဒှ်တုဲ ဟွံသၠးကၠေံမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ပါရာဇ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲဓမ္မကမ် မၞုံကဵုစၟတ်သမ္တီ အဓမ္မကမ်ဒှ်တုဲ ဟွံသၠးကၠေံမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ပါရာဇ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအဓမ္မကမ် မၞုံကဵုစၟတ်သမ္တီ ဓမ္မကမ်မ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ဒုက္ကဋ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအဓမ္မကမ် မၞုံကဵုသၠေဟ်ပၟာမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ဒုက္ကဋ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအဓမ္မကမ် မၞုံကဵုစၟတ်သမ္တီ အဓမ္မကမ်မ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ဒုက္ကဋ်ရ။

၆၇၃။ ကုခမဳဗြဴ မဟွံဒးဒၠောံဗတောန်ဗွဲမဒးရး (နဉတ်ကမ္မဝါစ်) ခမဳဗြဴသၠးကၠေံကွေတ် ခမဳဗြဴကြအ်ဥမ္မတ် ။ ပ ။ ခမဳဗြဴကလိလောန်ကၠာတဲဂှ် ဟွံဒအာပတ်ရ။

တတိယပါရာဇိက သိက္ခာပိုဒ် တုဲရ။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၀၇:၂၃၊ ၁၂ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== ပိဋကတ် ပါဠိပါဲစိုတ် ဘာသာမန်)  ပါဠိဘိက္ခုနဳဝိဘၚ်  ၁.၄.၁။ စတုတ်ထပါရာဇိကသိက်ခာပိုဒျ ==

(ပိဋကတ် ပါဠိပါဲစိုတ် ဘာသာမန်)

ပါဠိဘိက္ခုနဳဝိဘၚ်

၁.၄.၁။ စတုတ်ထပါရာဇိကသိက်ခာပိုဒျ

၆၇၄။ ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်တဳလမၞုံပိုဉ်ကျာ်တြဲ မပတၠပိုဉ်တြဴပြကာ သ္ပဒတဴတန်ဒၟံၚ် ပ္ဍဲဘာဇေတဝန် မဒှ်အာရှာမ်အနာထပိဏ္ဍိကသေဌဳ ဇရေၚ်ဍုၚ်သာရဝှ်ဂှ် ခမဳဗြဴဆဗ္ဗဂ္ဂဳဂမၠိုၚ် ဍုက်ဍေက်တဴ နကာယသံသဂ္ဂရာဂဒှ်တုဲ တၞဟ်နပွမသိပ်ဂၠိပ်ဒ္ဂေတ်မယုတ်မာဂှ် ဒဒက်တဴတြုံမဍုက်ဍေက်တဴ နကာယသံသဂ္ဂရာဂ ပွမရပ်တဲလေဝ် သာယျေန်အိုတ်ရ၊ ပွမရပ်တၞုဟ်မုဟ်သ္ၚာလေဝ် သာယျေန်အိုတ်ရ၊ မွဲစွံလေဝ် ဒတူဒၟံၚ်အိုတ်ရ၊ မွဲစွံလေဝ်ဟီုဂလာန်အိုတ်ရ၊ ဌာန်သ္ၚောဲကြန် (ဌာန်ချိၚ်ဖာပ်) လေဝ် အာအိုတ်ရ၊ ပွမတြုံကၠုၚ်တူရူလေဝ် သာယျေန်အိုတ်ရ၊ ဌာန်ဂြောပ်ဗ္ဒန်လေဝ် ဗက်လုပ်အိုတ်ရ၊ ဇကုလေဝ် လၟောဝ်ဏာဇရေၚ်အိုတ်ရ။

ခမဳဗြဴပၟိက်အောန်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် “မူဟိုတ် ခမဳဗြဴဆဗ္ဗဂ္ဂဳဂမၠိုၚ် ဍုက်ဍေက်တဴ နကာယသံသဂ္ဂရာဂဒှ်တုဲ တၞဟ်နပွမသိပ်ဂၠိပ်ဒ္ဂေတ်မယုတ်ဂှ် ဒဒက်တဴတြုံမဍုက်ဍေက်တဴ နကာယသံသဂ္ဂရာဂ ပွမရပ်တဲလေဝ် သာယျေန်အိုတ်ရော? ပွမရပ်တၞုၚ်မုဟ်သ္ၚာလေဝ် သာယျေန်အိုတ်ရော? မွဲစွံလေဝ်ဒတူဒၟံၚ်အိုတ်ရော? မွဲစွံလေဝ်ဟီုဂလာန်အိုတ်ရော? ဌာန်သၟောဲကြန် (ဌာန်ချိၚ်ဖာပ်) လေဝ် အာအိုတ်ရော? ပွမတြုံကၠုၚ်တူရူလေဝ် သာယျေန်အိုတ်ရော? ဌာန်ဂြောပ်ဗ္ဒန်လေဝ် ဗက်လုပ်အိုတ်ရော? ဇကုလေဝ် လၟောဝ်ဏာဇရေၚ်အိုတ်ရော?” ရဴဝွံ ဟီုဂရိုဟ်အိုတ်ရ၊ ပျုတ်ဗ္ဒေက်အိုတ်ရ၊ ဟီုထ္ၜးဒုဟ်အိုတ်ရ ။ ပ ။ 

“ယွံခမဳတအ် ခမဳဗြဴဆဗ္ဗဂ္ဂဳဂမၠိုၚ် ဍုက်ဍေက်တဴ နကာယသံသဂ္ဂရာဂဒှ်တုဲ တၞဟ်နပွမသိပိဂၠိပ်ဒ္ဂေတ်မယုတ်မာဂှ် ဒဒက်တဴတြုံမဍုက်ဍေက်တဴ နကာယသံသဂ္ဂရာဂ ပွမရပ်တဲလေဝ် သာယျေန်အိုတ်ရ၊ ပွမရပ်တၞုၚ်မုဟ်သ္ၚာလေဝ် သာယျေန်အိုတ်ရ၊ မွဲစွံလေဝ်ဒတူဒၟံၚ်အိုတ်ရ၊ မွဲစွံလေဝ်ဟီုဂလာန်အိုတ်ရ၊ ဌာန်သၟောဲကြန် (ဌာန်ချိၚ်ဖာပ် လေဝ် အာအိုတ်ရ၊ ပွမတြုံကၠုၚ်တူရူလေဝ် သာယျေန်အိုတ်ရ၊ ဌာန်ဂြောန်ဗ္ဒန်လေဝ် ဗက်လုပ်အိုတ်ရ၊ ဇကုလေဝ် လၟောဝ်ဏာဇရေၚ်အိုတ်ရ ဟီုဂှ် ဍာံပြဟာ” ရဴဝွံ စၟဳစၟတ်သၟာန်သၟုက်ရ။ ဍာံပြရ ယွံကျာ်မၞုံပိုဉ် ရဴဝွံ (ဂရၚ်ပတီအိုတ်ရ)။ တဳလမၞုံပိုဉ်ကျာ်တြဲ မပတၠပိုဉ်တြဴပြကာ ဟီုဂရိုဟ်ရ ။ ပ ။ 

“ယွံခမဳတအ် မုဟိုတ် ခမဳဗြဴ ဆဗ္ဗဂ္ဂဳဂမၠိုၚ် ဍုက်ဍေက်တဴ နကာယသံသဂ္ဂရာဂဒှ်တုဲ တၞဟ်နပွမသိပ်ဂၠိပ်ဒ္ဂေတ်မယုတ်ဂှ် ဒဒက်တဴတြုံမဍုက်ဍေက်တဴ နကာယသံသဂ္ဂရာဂ ပွမရပ်တဲလေဝ် သာယျေန်အိုတ်ရော? ပွမရပ်တၞုၚ်မုဟ်သ္ၚာလေဝ် သာယျေန်အိုတ်ရော? မွဲစွံလေဝ် ဒတူဒၟံၚ်အိုတ်ရော? မွဲစွံလေဝ် ဟီုဂလာန်အိုတ်ရော? ဌာန်သၟောဲကြန် (ဌာန်ချိၚ်ဖာပ်) လေဝ် အာအိုတ်ရော? ပွမတြုံကၠုၚ်တူရူလေဝ် သာယျေန်အိုတ်ရော? ဌာန်ဂြောပ်ဗ္ဒန်လေဝ် ဗက်လုပ်အိုတ်ရော? ဇကုလေဝ် လၟောဝ်ဏာဇရေၚ်အိုတ်ရော? ယွံခမဳတအ် (ကမၠောန်ပွမခမဳဗြဴဆဗ္ဗဂ္ဂဳဂမၠိုၚ်သ္ပဒး) ဝွံ ကုညးဟွံလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဏီ တၞဟ်နပွမကဵုလျုၚ်ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ကီု ။ ပ ။ 

ယွံခမဳတအ် ရဴဝွံဟေၚ် ဩဝ်ကဵုခမဳဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ်စၞောန်ထ္ၜးသိက္ခာပိုဒ်ဝွံအိုတ်ညိ။

၆၇၅။ “ယြဴခမဳဗြဴမွဲ ဍုက်ဍေက်တဴ နကာယသံသဂ္ဂရာဂဒှ်တုဲ တၞဟ်နပွမသိပ်ဂၠိပ်ဒ္ဂေတ်မယုတ်မာဂှ် ဒဒက်တဴတြုံမဍုက်ဍေက်တဴ နကာယသံသဂ္ဂရာဂ ပွမရပ်တဲလေဝ် သာယျေန်မ္ဂး၊ ပွမရပ်တၞုၚ်မုဟ်သ္ၚာလေဝ် သာယျေန်မ္ဂး၊ မွဲစွံလေဝ်ဒတူဒၟံၚ်မ္ဂး၊ မွဲစွံလေဝ် ဟီုဂလာန်မ္ဂး၊ ဌာန်သၟောဲကြန် (ဌာန်ချိၚ်ဖာပ်) လေဝ် အာမ္ဂး၊ ပွမတြုံကၠုၚ်တူရူလေဝ် သာယျေန်မ္ဂး၊ ဌာန်ဂြောန်ဗ္ဒန်လေဝ် ဗက်လုပ်မ္ဂး၊ ဇကုလေဝ် လၟောဝ်ဏာဇရေၚ်မ္ဂး၊ ခမဳဗြဴဝွံလေဝ် မၞုံကဵုဟိုတ်ဒ္စာံသာ်ဒှ်တုဲ ဒးအာပတ်ပါရာဇ် (မၞုံယၟုအဋ္ဌဝဝတ္ထုကာ) ရ၊ ဟွံမွဲကဵုပွမပံၚ်ဖက် ကေုာံခမဳဗြဴခိုဟ်ဆာဲဂမၠိုၚ်မွဲစွံရ” ရဴဝွံ (ဩဝ်ကဵုစၞောန်ထ္ၜးအိုတ်ညိ ရဴဝွံ သ္ဂးရ)။
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၁.၄.၂။ ပွံက်စတုတ္ထပါရာဇိကသိက္ခာပိုဒ်

၆၇၆။ ယွူ မ်ဂးဂျှ ယွူဍေံမၞုံသဘူမဖျှသျာလဵု ။ ပ ။ ခမုဗွူ မ်ဂးဂျှ ။ ပ ။ ပ်ဍဲအရာဝှံ ဗွူမဒျှပယြါ်ျ နကဵုဉတ်တိစတုတ်ထကမျဝှံ ဂပျဝျနှံပၟိကျ ရူဝှံမ်ဂးခမုဗွူရ။

ဍုက်ဍေက်ကာယသံသဂ္ဂရာဂဒှ်တုဲ မ္ဂးဂှ် မၞုံကဵုပွမထၞေန်စပ်သ္ဍိုက်မၠိုက်ဒှ်တုဲ မၞုံကဵုပွမသ္ၚေဝ်မဲဒှ်တုဲ မၞုံကဵုစိုတ်ဆာန် ရာဂဒက်ဂြေန်လဝ်ဒှ်တုဲ။

ဍေံမဍုက်ဍေက်နကာယသံသဂ္ဂရာဂ မ္ဂးဂှ် ဍေံမၞုံကဵုပွမထၞေန်စပ်သ္ဍိုက်မၠိုက် ဍေံမၞုံကဵုပွမသ္ၚေဝ်မဲ ဍေံမၞုံကဵုစိုတ်ဆာန် ရာဂဒက်ဂြေန်လဝ်။

ပူဂိုလ်တြုံမၞိဟ် မ္ဂးဂှ် တြုံလကိုဟ်ဟွံသေၚ် တြုံပြိုတ်ဟွံသေၚ် တြုံတိရစ္ဆာန်မပတောလဝ် မၞိဟ်ဟွံသေၚ် တြုံမၞိဟ်မတီကၠိုဟ်ခၠၚ် မသၟဟ်စောံတၞဟ်နပွမဒ္ဂေတ်သ္ပ ပွမနှဴရဴဇကုကာယဟေၚ်ရောၚ်။

ပ္ဍဲအရာ ပွမရပ်တဲလေဝ် သာယျေန် မ္ဂးဂှ် တဲ မ္ဂးဂှ်တုန် သ္ပတမ်နူတၚ်တဲတုဲ အဝယ်လစှ်ေဇကု ဍေံဒစဵုကဵုစိုပ်တၞုၚ်သၞေမ်တဲရောၚ်။ တၞဟ်နပွမသိပ်ဂၠိပ်ဒ္ဂေတ်မယုတ်မာဂှ် သာယျေန်တဴ ပွမရပ် ပ္ဍဲလတူဇုတ်ကၞၚ်ကအ်ၜါ ကေုာံသၟဝ်ဗၞဳအဝဏ်တၚ်က္ၜံၚ်ၜါမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ထုလ္လစ္စယ်ရ။

ပွမရပ်တၞုၚ်မုဟ်သ္ၚာလေဝ် သာယျေန် မ္ဂးဂှ် တၞဟ်နပွမသိပိဂၠိပ်ဒ္ဂေတ်မယုတ်မာဂှ် သာယျေန်တဴ ပွမရပ်ယာတ်ဗိုက်ကီု ယာတ်လတက်ကီုမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ထုလ္လစ္စယ်ရ။

မွဲစွံလေဝ် ဒတူ မ္ဂးဂှ် တၞဟ်နပွမသိပ်ဂၠိပ်ဒ္ဂေတ်မယုတ်မာဂှ် ဒတူတဴ ပ္ဍဲအပ္ဍဲၜါဟတ်မွဲဍတြုံမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ထုလ္လစ္စယ်ရ။

မွဲစွံလေဝ် ဟီုဂလာန် မ္ဂးဂှ် တၞဟ်နပွမသိပ်ဂၠိပ်ဒ္ဂေတ်မယုတ်မာဂှ် သီုမဒတူတဴဒၟံၚ်ပ္ဍဲအပ္ဍဲၜါဟတ်မွဲဍ တြုံ ဟီုဂလာန်မ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ထုလ္လစ္စယ်ရ။

ဌာန်သၟောဲကြန်လေဝ် အာ မ္ဂးဂှ် တၞဟ်နပွမသိပ်ဂၠိပ်ဒ္ဂေတ်မယုတ်မာဂှ် တြုံဂှ် “ဩဝ်ကၠုၚ်ဌာန်မဟိမုဝွံညိ” ရဴဝွံ ချိၚ်ဖာပ်တုဲ အာမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ဒုက္ကဋ်ရ၊ ဇၟာပ်ဂါမ်ဇိုၚ် ဇၟာပ်ဂါမ်ဇိုၚ် ဒးအာပတ်ဒုက္ကဋ်ရ၊ အာစိုပ်အပ္ဍဲၜါဟတ်မွဲဍ တြုံမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ထုလ္လစ္စယ်ရ။

ပွမတြုံကၠုၚ်တူရူလေဝ် သာယျေန် မ္ဂးဂှ် တၞဟ်နပွမသိပ်ဂၠိပ်ဒ္ဂေတ်မယုတ်မာဂှ် သာယျေန်တဴ ပွမတြုံကၠုၚ်တူရူမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ဒုက္ကဋ်ရ၊ လုပ်အာမပ္ဍဲၜါဟတ်မွဲဍ တြုံမ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ထုလ္လစ္စယ်ရ။

ဌာန်ဂြောန်ဗ္ဒန်လေဝ် ဗက်လုပ် မ္ဂးဂှ် တၞဟ်နပွမသိပ်ဂၠိပ် ဒ္ဂေတ်မယုတ်မာဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအယာံမာတ် မလုပ်အာဌာန်ဂြောပ်ဗ္ဒန်မမိက်ကဵုမွဲမွဲဂှ် ဒးအာပတ်ထုလ္လစ္စယ်ရ။
ဇကုလေဝ် ပြာပ်ဏာဇရေၚ် မ္ဂးဂှ် တၞဟ်နပွမသိပ်ဂၠိပ် ဒ္ဂေတ်မယုတ်မာဂှ် သီုမဒတူဒၟံၚ် ပ္ဍဲအပ္ဍဲၜါဟတ်မွဲဍ တြုံ လၟောဝ်ဏာဇကုဇရေၚ်မ္ဂး၊ ဒးအာပတ်ထုလ္လစ္စယ်ရ။

ခမဳဗြဴဝွံလေဝ် မ္ဂးဂှ် ထံက်ရံၚ်ကဵုခမဳဗြဴ မအာစိုပ်ပါရာဇိကမဒှ်ကိုပ်ကၠာတုဲ ဂပ်ဝ်သ္ဂးရ။

ဒးအာပတ်ပါရာဇ်ရ မ္ဂးဂှ် ဗွဲဥပမာတုန် တၞံတာကအ်ပိုတ်အာတုဲ သၟဟ်ညံၚ်ရဴတၞဟ်နပွမကလေၚ်ကၠုတ်ဍိုပ်ဍဴမွဲလှ်ေပၠန် ဟွံထေက်ကီု တုပ်သၟဟ်သာ်ဝွံရ ခမဳဗြဴဂှ် ကဵုပေၚ်တဴဝတ္ထုဟိုတ် မရနုက်ကဵုဒ္စာံမ္ဂး ခမဳဗြဴဟွံသေၚ်ရ၊ တၞောဝ်ကျာ်ကောန်သၟိၚ်ဗြဴသာကျဝၚ် ဟွံသေၚ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ကော်ခဴဂး အာစိုပ် ပွမကျနူသာသနာရ။

ပ္ဍဲအရာ ဟွံမွဲကဵုပွမပံၚ်ဖက် ကေုာံခမဳဗြဴခိုဟ်ဆာဲဂမၠိုၚ်မွဲစွံဂှ် ပွမပံၚ်ဖက်မ္ဂးဂှ် ပွမသ္ပဝိနယ်ကမ်မွဲစွံ ပွမစၞောန် (ဖ္ဍောတ်) ပါတိမုက်မွဲစွံ ပွမဒ္ဂေတ်လ္ၚတ်ပဒတဴမွဲစွံရောၚ်၊ သီုဖအိုတ်ဝွံ ပွမပံၚ်ဖက်မ္ဂးရ၊ ပွမပံၚ်ဖက်ဂှ် ဟွံမွဲမွဲစွံ ကေုာံခမဳဗြဴမစှ်ေပါရာဇိကဂှ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ကော်ခဴဂး “ဟွံမွဲကဵုပွမပံၚ်ဖက် ကေုာံခမဳဗြဴခိုဟ်ဆာဲဂမၠိုၚ်မွဲစွံ” ရ။

၆၇၇။ ကုခမဳဗြဴမဟွံမွဲကဵုစိုတ်စေတနာ ခမဳဗြဴမဝိုတ်အာသတိ ခမဳဗြဴမဟွံတီ ခမဳဗြဴမဟွံသာယျေန် ခမဳဗြဴမကြအ်ဥမ္မတ် ခမဳဗြဴစိုတ်ကလှ်လဖှ် ခမဳဗြဴယဲဝေဒနာပ္ဍဵုပ္ဍိုက် ခမဳဗြဴကလိလောန်ကၠာတဲဂှ် ဟွံဒးအာပတ်ရ။

စတုတ်ထပါရာဇိက သိက်ခာပိုဒျ တဲုရ။
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ယွံတၠနာဲဗြဴတအ် ဂပ်ဝ်စၞောန်ထ္ၜးကဵု ပါရာဇိကအာပတ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဒ္စာံပြကာ ဗွဲသရုပ်အိုတ်တုဲရ၊ ယြဴခမဳဗြဴမွဲ ပၞောဝ်အာပတ်ပါရာဇိကဂမၠိုၚ်ဒ္စာံဂှ် အာစိုပ်အာပတ်မွဲမွဲမ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ် (ဃောဒှ်ခရှ် သာမဏဳဗြဴ သိက္ခာမာန်) ကၠာတေံ သၟဟ်ညံၚ်ရဴဟွံကလိဂွံ ပွမပံၚ်ဖက်ဆက်ဆောံမွဲစွံ ကေုာံခမဳဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ်ကီု တုပ်သၟဟ်သာ်ဂဋ္ဌှ် ခမဳဗြဴဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ကြဴ (မအာစိုပ်ပါရာဇိကတုဲ) လေဝ် ဟွံကလိဂွံပွမပံၚ်ဖက် ဆက်ဆောံမွဲစွံ ကေုာံခမဳဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ်ရ၊ အာစိုပ် ပွမကျာနူသာသနာရ၊ ဟွံမွဲကဵုပွမပံၚ်ဖက်မွဲစွံ ကေုာံခမဳဗြဴခိုဟ်ဆာဲဂမၠိုၚ်ရ။

ပ္ဍဲအာပတ်ပါရာဇိကဂမၠိုၚ်ဒ္စာံဂှ် သၟာန်နာဲဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ်ရ၊ သအးဇ္ၚးနူအာပတ်အိုတ်ရဟာ၊ မရနုက်ကဵုၜါဝါလေဝ် သၟာန်ရ၊ သအးဇ္ၚးနူအာပတ်အိုတ်ရဟာ၊ မရနုက်ကဵုပိဝါလေဝ် သၟာန်ရ၊ သအးဇ္ၚးနူအာပတ်အိုတ်ရဟာ၊ နာဲဗြဴတအ်ညးဂမၠိုၚ် ပ္ဍဲအာပတ်ပါရာဇိကဂမၠိုၚ်ဝွံ သအးဇ္ၚးနူအာပတ်အိုတ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဒၟံၚ်သ္ၚိတ်သ္ၚိတ်ဇြဇြအိုတ်ရ၊ ရဴဝွံ နဒဒၟံၚ်သ္ၚိတ်သ္ၚိတ်ဇြဇြဂှ် ဂွံသမ္တီကေတ် ဒဒှ်မသအးဇ္ၚးနူအာပတ်ဝွံရ။

ဘိက္ခုနဳဘၚ် ခဏ်ပါရာဇ် တုဲရ။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၀၇:၂၃၊ ၁၂ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== ဂမ္တဴဂၠးတိဂှ် ထိၚ်မာန်၊ ပေဲါပၞာန်ဂှ် ထိၚ်ဟွံမာန်  ဒဵုဗျု ဂိတုနောဝေမ်ဗာ ၁၂၊ တ္ၚဲသိုက်၊ ၂၀၂၁ ==

ဂမ္တဴဂၠးတိဂှ် ထိၚ်မာန်၊ ပေဲါပၞာန်ဂှ် ထိၚ်ဟွံမာန်

ဒဵုဗျု
ဂိတုနောဝေမ်ဗာ ၁၂၊ တ္ၚဲသိုက်၊ ၂၀၂၁

ပ္ဍဲကဵုပရိုၚ်တ္ၚဲဏံ  ဂွံလ္ၚတ်ကေတ်ဂှ် မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် ဂပ်ဝ်ဒးမိပ်၊ မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် ဂပ်ဝ်ဒးဒှ်ဓဝိၚ်- ထေက်ကဵုဒးမိပ်ဂှ်တုန်၊ ဍုၚ်ကြုက်ကဵုအ မေရိကာန် ပံၚ်တဲက္ဍိုက်ပ်တုဲ ကလိဂွံတၚ်တုပ်စိုတ်တုဲ လလောၚ်တြးပတိတ်ဏာ စပ်ကဵုအခန်သွက်ဂွံလုပ်အာပေဲါဗတိုက်ကဵု ရာသဳ ဥတုဂၠးတိပိုဲ မပြံၚ်လှာဲအာမံၚ်လပါ်ဂမ္တဴ ပ္ဍဲကောံဓရီုဇၞော် ယူအေန် စပ်ကဵုရာသဳဥတုဂၠးတိဝွံဂှ်ရ။ ဂွံညာတ်ကေတ်မိၚ် ကေတ် ညးတအ်မဟီုမလလောၚ်တြးတအ်ဂှ်တုဲ အလုံဂၠးတိမွဲ ဒုၚ်တၠုၚ်အိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ လညာတ်ညးတအ်ၜါဍုၚ်မပါ်ခြာတုဲ မတုပ် သၟဟ်မံၚ် ဗီုသၞညးသကအ်တအ်ဂှ် ညးတအ် ၚိတ်လဝ်ဂှ်တုဲ စပ်ကဵုကိစ္စကေၚ်ကာအန္တရာဲအလုံဂၠးတိဏံ ညးတအ်ၜါဍုၚ် မဒှ် ဍုၚ်ဇြဟတ်ဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိဏံ ပံၚ်တဲဂစာန်လွဳပရာအာမာန်ဂှ် ဍေံဒှ်လက်သန်ခိုဟ် သွက်ဂၠးတိရောၚ် ညာတ်ကေတ်အိုတ်ဂှ် တုဲ နူဂကောံဍုၚ်အဳယူတံလေဝ် ဟီုဒုၚ်တၠုၚ်လဝ်ကီုရောၚ်ဂှ် ဂွံဗှ်ကေတ် ပ္ဍဲဌာနပရိုၚ်အေဝ်ဂျာဇြဳရာ ပ္ဍဲနောဝေမ်ဗာ (၁၀)ဂှ်ရ။ 
ပြသၞာအကြာညးတအ်ၜါဍုၚ်ကဵု ပြသၞာအလုံတၞောဝ်မၞိဟ်တအ် မဒးဆဵုဂဗမံၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဟွံတုပ်သၟဟ်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ညးတအ်တီကေတ် တုဲ ရံၚ်ကဵုဂုန်ဖဵုအလုံဂၠးတိမွဲ ဍေံမဟွံသေၚ်ကဵုဆဍုၚ်ဇကုမွဲဓဝ်တုဲ ညးတံလုပ်ကေတ်တာလျိုၚ်မွဲဣဝဵုမွဲဒလေၚ်ပေၚ်ၚ်ဂှ် ဍေံဒှ် ဟိုတ်ဂၠးတိပိုဲ ဂွံတဝ်အာလပါ်ခိုဟ် ပ္ဍဲအရာဖအောန်ဖျေံဓါတ်ဂီုဂမ္တဴဂၠးတိပိုဲဝွံရောၚ်။ သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်ကုလသမဂ္ဂ နာဲအေန်တိုဝ်နဳ ယော ဂူတရာတ်လေဝ် ဟီုဒုၚ်တၠုၚ်ဂလာန်မိပ်စိုတ်နဒဒှ် “လဂါံဇိုၚ်ကိစ္စဇၞော် important step” ပ္ဍဲအရာလုပ်ပေဲါဗတိုက်ကဵု အန္တရာဲရာသဳဥတုမပြံၚ်လှာဲမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိပိုဲဝွံရောၚ်။ 
ဍုၚ်ဇၞော်ၜါဝွံ ဒှ်ဍုၚ်မကဵုမံၚ်အန္တရာဲကဵုအလုံညးဂၠးတိမွဲ ပ္ဍဲအရာစပ်ကဵုပြောဟ်ပတိတ်မံၚ်ဓါတ်ဂျိ ဗၞတ်ၜိုတ်(၄၀) က္ဍိုပ်ကၠံကီု ရောၚ် ဂှ်လေဝ် ပိုဲတအ်လ္ၚတ်ကေတ်မာန်ကီုရ။ ယဝ်ရညးတအ် ဟွံကေတ်တာလျိုၚ် အဓိကမဂး ဟွံတိတ်ဗၠးနူဂမျိ ညးလိုက် ဂၠးတိ တအ်ကီုရောၚ်။ ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် ကိစ္စဏံ ပိုဲတအ် ဒးတၚ်ဂုန်ကဵုညးစၞးအမေရိကာန် နာဲဂျန်ကေဝ်ရဳကီု၊ ညးစၞးဍုၚ်ကြုက် နာဲဇြဳ ယှေန်ဟဲကီုရောၚ်။ ညးတအ်ၜါတၠဂှ် ဒှ်ညးစၞးမကေတ်မံၚ်တာလျိုၚ် သွက်ရာသဳဥတုဂၠးတိ ပ္ဍဲအရာသ္ပစၞးကဵုဍုၚ်ညးတအ် ဂှ် ရောၚ်။
 “ဍုၚ်ကြုက်ကဵုအမေရိကာန် လၟုဟ်ဏံ သွက်ဂွံပံၚ်တဲအာညးသကအ်ကြပ်ပ် ပ္ဍဲအရာဂွံကော်ဆဴအာ ကဵုပြသၞာပိုဲမၞိဟ်တအ် မဒး ဆဵုဂဗမံၚ်ဇၞော်အိုတ် မတွံဂး အခက်အခုဲရာသဳဥတုဂှ်တုဲ အရာဝွံ ဍေံကိတ်ညဳမံၚ်ကဵု ဟိုတ်ပိုဲဂွံဒးကၠုၚ်စိုပ်ဒၞာဲသဳအိုဝ်ပဳ COP – conference of the parties (သဘၚ်သဳကၠဳဇၞော် စပ်ကဵုရာသဳဥတုဂၠးတိ) ဝွံဂှ်တုဲ အဲဒုၚ်တၠုၚ်ဏာကဵု လိက်ပံၚ်တဲလလောၚ် တြးညးတအ် ဇၞော်ကဵုဇြဟတ်ရောၚ်။ ဣဏံဂှ် ဒှ်ပရိုၚ်ခိုဟ်မွဲ သွက်ပိုဲတအ်ရောၚ်” ဂလာန်မြဴသာ်ဝွံ နာဲဖရေန် တေမ်မာမာန် မစိုန်ဒှ်တဴဒုတိယဥက္ကဌ သၟိၚ်ဇၞော်ကမ္မယှေန်အဳယူ ပ္ဍဲအရာမဆေၚ်စပ်ကဵုကေၚ်ကာရာသဳဥတု(Frans Timmermans, the European Commission’s executive vice president for the European Green Deal) ဂှ် ဟီုလဴထ္ၜးလဝ်ကဵု ဌာန ပရိုၚ်ဂၠးတိဂှ်ရောၚ်။
ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဝွံ ဌာနပရိုၚ် The Guardian လေဝ် ဟီုဗၟံက်လဝ် ဗီုသမ္မတဍုၚ်ကြုက် နာဲဇြဳဂျေန်ပေန် မဟီုကဵုလဝ်သတိ စပ်ကဵုဓဝိၚ် သောက ဖေက်ပ္ဍဲဒေသအာယှဖသဳဖိတ် ကလေၚ်ကတဵုဒှ်ပၞာန် ညံၚ်ရဴခေတ်ကာလပၞာန်ဂံက်၊ ဖေက်ဍုၚ်မွဲကဵုမွဲ ကတဵုဒှ် ပဋိပ က္ခသေက်ဇဵုညးသကအ်ရောၚ်။ ပ္ဍဲကဵုက္ဍိုက်လိက်ပရိုၚ်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် Xi Jinping warns against return to Asia-Pacific tensions of cold war era မြဴသာ်ဝွံတုဲ ၊ ပ္ဍဲပိုဒ်လိက်မွဲဂှ် ချူလဝ် အတိုၚ်ဗွဲသၟဝ်တေံသာ်ဝွံပၠန်ရ။“The Asia-Pacific region cannot and should not relapse into the confrontation and division of the cold war era.”  ညံၚ်ဒေသဝွံ ဂွံက လေၚ်ကတဵုဒှ်ပၞာန်ပၠန်ဂှ် အမေရိကာန် က္ဍိုက်ပ်တုဲ ဖန်က်ပထုဲမံၚ်ဖေဝ်ရောၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ရံၚ်ကဵုဂလာန်ညးဂှ်မဂး ညးဂၠးတိတအ် တီကေတ်မာန်ရ။ ကြဴနူအမေရိကာန် က္ဍိုက်ပ်ဒက်ပတန်ဂကောံမဟာမိတ်ဂမၠိုၚ် မပါလုပ်လၟိဟ်သီုဍုၚ်ဂလာအိန္ဒိယကီု၊ အဝ်သတြေလျကီု၊ ဂျပါန်ကီုဂှ်တုဲ နကဵုဍုၚ်ကြုက် ကတဵုဒှ်ဂဝိၚ်သောကရောၚ်။ စပ်ကဵုပဋိပက္ခထာဲဝါန်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဍေံဒှ်ဟိုတ်ဒေ သဍုၚ်အာယှဂမၠိုၚ် ဂွံထုဲထံၚ်ပရေၚ်ပၞာန်ကီုရောၚ်။
နကဵုဍုၚ်ကြုက် ဍေံဒှ်ကၠုၚ်သၞကဵုဂကောံဍုၚ်မဟာမိတ်ကွိတ် (Quad) ခ္ဍၚ် ညးတအ်ဒးဂၠာဲဍုၚ်မဟာမိတ် သွက်ဂွံစၞေဟ်ပလန် ခ္ဍၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲဂှ် ဍုၚ်ပိုဲ သွက်ဂွံဒးဗက်လကြဴဍုၚ်ကြုက်မာန်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ဟီုမာန်ရ။ အလဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် ဗက်လကြဴလပါ်ဍုၚ်ကြုက်၊ အလဵုအသဳပြိုၚ်ပကာန်အေန်ယူဂျဳတအ်၊ ဂကောံရပ်လွဟ်မဒိုအ်လဝ်ပန်ပှော် မချုက်လိက်ကသုက်အေန်သဳအေတအ်ဂှ် ဗက် လကြဴမဟာမိတ်ကွိတ်တအ်ဂှ်မဂး ပဋိပက္ခဍုၚ်ပိုဲဂှ် ဍေံဒှ်ဟိုတ်သ္ဂောံဂၠိၚ်သ္ၚောဲမာန်ရောၚ်ဂှ် တော်ဆကေတ်မာန်ရ။ လစွံစိုတ် အကြာဂကောံဍုၚ်အာဇြဳယာန်တအ်လေဝ် ထကးပြးတိတ်အာမာန်ကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဍုၚ်တအ်ဝွံ ဍုၚ်လ္ၚဵုဂှ် ဒးဒုၚ်အုပ်ဂလီုလဝ် နကဵုအဝဵုဍုၚ်ကြုက်လေဝ်ကီု၊ အမေရိကာန်လေဝ်ကီုဂှ်တုဲ ၜိုန်ရပဝ်လဇြဳညးတအ်မသုန်တၚ်တအ်ဂှ် အလုံလိုက်မွဲဒုၚ်တဲ မာန်ကီုလေဝ် ဆဂး စပ်ကဵုလညာတ်သဳကၠဳပညဳပညပ်ဂၠာဲသွဟ်တအ်ဂှ် လပါ်ရဲအေန်ယူဂျဳတအ် ဒုၚ်ဂိုၚ်ကေတ်လဝ်ဟွံမွဲရောၚ်ဂှ် လိက်လညာတ်တၠဂုန်အစာရာဝိက ချူဗၟံက်လဝ်နွံရ။ ကုအလဵုအသဳပၞာန်ဂှ် ညးတအ်တက်ကျာဟွံမာန်၊ အဇာဂှ် စၞးဂှ် ဒးဗတိုက် သအးကၠေံရောၚ်ဂှ် ဒုၚ်ဂိုၚ်ကေတ်လဝ်လညာတ်သာ်ဝွံဂှ်တုဲ ကုခမဳသၚ် မနွံကဵုလညာတ်လပါ်ပၞာန်တအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ညးတအ် ကၠတ်ပန်ဂစိုတ်မံၚ်ကီုရောၚ် ပရိုၚ်ဘာသာဗၟာတအ် အကြာဏံ ချူဗၟံက်လဝ်နွံရ။ ကုခမဳသၚ် မနွံကဵုလညာတ် ဟွံတုပ်ကဵုဇကု တအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် သ္ဍာံပန်ဂစိုတ် ကၠတ်ဂစိုတ်တဴကီုဂှ် ပိုဲတအ် ဒှ်သတ်မၞိဟ်မဓဇန်လောန်အာနူဗၞတ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးကရေၚ်ဍာဲဂှ် ပူဂဵုဟွံ ကေၚ်ဒစဵုဒစး ပစူလပုဟ်တဲပိတၞုၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဂြိပ်ဒဴလုပ်မံၚ် ပ္ဍဲဗဒိုပ်ညးဒဴပၞာန်ညးတအ်ဟွံဂွံ၊ ထ္ၜးဟိုတ်ညးတၟုတ်ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် လုပ်ထုဲမံၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ တးပဲါကၠေံ ဟွံကဵုအခေါၚ်၊ ညးမဒဴပၞာန်တအ်ဂှ် ဒဒိုက်မွဲစိုပ်ဒဒိုက်ၜါရ။ ပရိုၚ်ဝွံ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ပ္ဍဲစၟတ်တ္ၚဲနောဝေမ်ဗာ ၁၂ဂှ်ရ။ လၟုဟ်ဝွံ ပေဲါဗတိုက်လ္ၚဵုဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်အလဵုအသဳတအ်ဟာ၊ အေန်ယူဂျဳတအ်ဟာဂှ် ပါ်ပဲါဟွံဒးအိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဒုၚ်တၠုၚ် ညးတအ်လေဝ် ဒးဒုဟ်၊ ပဲါတးညးတအ်လေဝ် ဒးဒုၚ်ဂစိုတ် ဒှ်မံၚ်အကာဲအရာသာ်ဂှ်တုဲ ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်မံၚ်အဓိပဲါ ပဲါလံက်ကွတ်ဒးလံက်ဂၞၚ်ရောၚ်။
တုပ်သာ်ဂှ်ကီု ပ္ဍဲစၟတ်တ္ၚဲဝွံပၠန် ဘာညးမရှေ်သှေ်ကျာ်ခရေတ်တအ် ပ္ဍဲတိဍာ်ဍုၚ်ချေၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဗၞတ်ၜိုတ်၂၂ဘာ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် ပလီုပလာ်ကၠေံပၠန်ရ။ လအာသာ်ဝွံ ကၠာကၠာတေံ သၞာံမဟွံလအ် ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးရခေၚ်ဂှ်  သၚ်ရခေၚ်တအ် ဒးဒုၚ်ပတိုန်ဒုဟ် ဆက် ဆောံကဵုပၠန်ဂရးရပ်လွဟ်အေအေတအ်တုဲ ဒးဒုၚ်ရပ်ဂှ်လေဝ် နွံဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ ခေတ်ဂှ်ဒှ်ခေတ်ကာလအေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ မအုပ်ဓုပ် လဝ်ရောၚ်။ ပြဝမဓဇန်ကြမ်လတူညးဟွံမွဲကဵုဒုဟ်တအ်ဂှ် အလဵုအသဳဗၟာလဵုတိုန်န် ကၠောန်သ္ပမံၚ်ဟဂှ်ရ။ ဗွဲတၟေၚ် ဘာလ ကျာ် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာကီု၊ ဘာလ္ၚောဝ်ကျာ်ညးဘာသာမပ္တံခရေတ်တအ်ကီု ယဝ်ရဆက်စပ်မံၚ်ကဵုကောန်ဂကူတအ်မဂး ဒးဒုၚ်ပ လီုပလာ် အိုတ်ရ။ ညးမဒှ်ဂလာရောဟေန်ဂျာတအ် ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုစှော်ကိုတ် အာစိုပ်ဒဒိုက် ဒးဒုၚ်ဂစိုတ်စံၚ်ကွာန်၊ ပလီုကောန်သမ္ဘာ သီုဒးဒုၚ် ထ္ဍေၚ်ပတိတ်နူဍုၚ်ကီုလေဝ် ဇကုအံၚ်ဆာန်စုကျဳ လုပ်စမံၚ်လပါ်ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာညးတုဲ ဂြောပ်ဗဒန်တဴဒုဟ်အိုတ်ဏီဂှ်ရံၚ် ကေတ်မ ဂး ကောန်ဍုၚ်ဗၟာတအ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂကူဗၟာတအ် ဓဇန်လောန်တဲရ။
ရံၚ်ကဵုဥပ္ပတ္တိမကတဵုဒှ်မံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ပိုဲဇေတ်တ်ဂှ်မဂး ကမၠောန်ဍေံမဒှ်လလေၚ်ကဵုညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ်ဂှ် အုပ်ဂလီုဂွံလဝ်ပေၚ်ၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ အလဵုအသဳပၞာန်လေဝ် ပလီုပလာ် ဓဇန်ဇြက်ဟီုဟၟဲ၊ ရဲအေန်ယူဂျဳတအ်လေဝ် ပလီုပလာ် ဓဇန်တဲလတူ။ ဂကောံကောန်ဍုၚ်အ ရၚ်တအ်လေဝ် လုပ်စလပါ်ပၞာန်ကီု၊ လပါ်အေန်ယူဂျဳကီု နွံတဴနာနာသာ်ဂှ်တုဲ လညာတ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊ လညာတ်ဂွံပညဳပ ညပ်သွက်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဂွံၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဆကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ညိညဟေၚ်နွံတဴဂှ်တုဲ ဍုၚ်ပိုဲ အဃောဂၠံၚ်ကၠေံမံၚ်ရောၚ် ဟီုမာန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော် ညံၚ်ရဴလဂုၚ်တအ်၊ အၚ်ဝတအ်၊ သေတ်ကါၚ်တအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် အကာဲအရာကြပ်တုပ်မံၚ်ကဵု သဳရဳယျာ ကၠာတေံရ။ လၟုဟ်ဝွံဍုၚ်သဳရိယျာသ္ၚိတ်ဇြမံၚ်ကီုလေဝ် ဆဂးဍုၚ်ပိုဲဂှ် ကြပ်ဂွံမံၚ်ချာမ် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဂှ်ရောၚ်။ ဝါဒပလီုပလာ် နူလ ပါ်အလဵုအသဳပၞာန်ကီု၊ အေန်ယူဂျဳကီု ကၠောန်မံၚ်ပေၚ်ၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဆလအ် ဂွံဒိုအ်ကၠေံမာန်ဂှ်ရော ယဝ်ရပိုဲသၟာန်ရံၚ်မဂး အခိၚ်ဝွံ ဒှ်အခိၚ်အဃောစိုပ်မံၚ်သဂါဗတံရောၚ် ယဝ်ရဟီုမဂး ဟွံဗၠေတ်ရ။ အနာဂတ်ဂတပြဟ်ဟ်ဝွံ ဂွံခိုဟ်တိုန်ဂှ် စၟဳဟွံညာတ်ရ။ လညာတ်မဓဇန်ကြမ်ကြဂှ် ဒှ်လညာတ်မပၠေၚ်ကၠေံတသိုက်ပိုဲမၞိဟ်တအ်မွဲရောၚ်ဂှ် ဗွဲယျေဘူယျဟီုမာန်ဂှ်တုဲ လညာတ်ဏံ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ပိုဲ ရဲဂကောံတအ်ဂှ် ဒုၚ်ဂိုၚ်ကေတ်လဝ်ပေၚ်ၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပရိုၚ်မဆက်စပ်ကဵုပွမဓဇန်ကြမ်ကြတအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဌာနပရိုၚ်ဗတ်ဘာသာဗၟာ ပ္ဍဲဗဳဗဳဇြဳတအ်၊ ဗဳအိုဝ်အေတအ်ဂှ် ဂတဏံ ဒဵုကဵုဗှ်ဗက်ဟွံမာန်ဒှ်မာန်ရောၚ်။ 
ကြုက်ကဵုအမေရိကာန် ဟွံပြေပြံၚ်ခ္ဍၚ် သွဟ်ဍေံမတဝ်အာကဵုၜိုဟ်လလမ်ဍုၚ်ပိုဲ သ္ၚောဲအာခ္ဍၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ ယူအေန်လေဝ် မူပကဵု ဟွံမာန်၊ အာဇြဳယာန်လေဝ် မူဖန်က်ကဵုဟွံတုဲရ။ အလဵုအသဳပၞာန်ကဵုအေန်ယူဂျဳလေဝ် ဝေၚ်ပြိုၚ်ဓဇန်ညးသကအ်သၟးဂှ်တုဲ လအ် အာခ္ဍၚ် ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ် ဒဒိုက်ဇၞော်ခ္ဍၚ်ရ။ အကြာဏံ ဂကူဝတအ်၊ ဂကူရခေၚ် မတန်တဴပ္ဍဲတိဍာ် ဒၞာဲအဝဵုအေအေတဴ တအ်ဂှ် ဒဒိုက်အောန်အိုတ် ဟီုကြပ်ဂွံမံၚ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဗွိုၚ်ဇကု ၜိုန်ရဍောတ်ကီုလေဝ် တိဍာ်ဇကုကဵုဇကု အဝဵုအုပ်ဓုပ်ဇကု ကဵုဇကုမဂး ခိုဟ်အိုတ်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ရံၚ်ကဵုဒဒှ်ရဲမတန်တဴပ္ဍဲတိဍာ်တအ်ဂှ်ကီု၊ ပ္ဍဲတိဍာ်အဝဵုဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိတဴတအ်ဂှ်ကီုမဂး တီကေတ် မာန်ရ။ သွက်ရဲမတန်တဴပ္ဍဲတိဍာ်တအ်ဂှ် ဂဥုဲစဵုဒၞာလေဝ် ကလိဂွံမံၚ်၊ ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ယဲမဂး ဂွံအာလွဳလွတ်ပ္ဍဲရုၚ်ဂဥုဲဂှ်လေဝ် ခက်ခုဲ အောန်ရ။ သ္ၚိဇကုဍောတ်သွတ် မသိုၚ်ခၞံလဝ်အဆံၚ်ဟွံစိုပ်လဝ်ကဵုဒှ်ကၠာရ ယဝ်ရတိတ်ဗၠးမံၚ်နူဘဲအန္တရာဲၜိုဟ်ဂံက်ဂမ္တဴ၊ ဂဂဳအ ယဴတအ်ဂှ်မဂး ဂွံတိက်မံၚ်ၜိုဟ်ဟ် ဗွဲတသိုက်မာန်ကီုရောၚ်။ ဂွံလဝ်သ္ၚိခိုဟ်ဟ်တုဲ ဒးဗက်အောပ်တိက်မံၚ်ကီု၊ ဒးဂွိၚ်ဖေက် မံၚ်ကဵုညးကၠုၚ်စံၚ်ပလီုပလာ်ကီုမဂး ဟွံကလိဂွံတသိုက်စိုတ်ရ။ ။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၀၇:၀၁၊ ၁၃ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ (+0630)

== ပရေၚ်ဂကူ ပရေၚ်တဲသွက်ရဲဆာန်ဂကူမန် ==

ဂလာန်ပရၚ်တဲ သွက်ရဲဆာန်ဂကူမန်

       အလန်ဒုတိယ

ဥက္ကဌဇၞော်ဂုဏ်တၟေၚ်➲နာဲဟံသာ(ကော်ခဴစ)
အ္စာကၞေဟ်➲ၜိုပ်ဍာဲ 

ယၟုလိက် - ဂလာန်ပရၚ်တဲ သွက်ရဲဆာန်ဂကူမန်
ကၞေဟ်   - ၜိုပ်ဍာဲ
            (ဥက္ကဌဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိ- အ္စာနာဲဟံသာ)
အစဳအဇန် - တရဴအအာ
ဂတိုပ်ဒဳဇြောၚ် - ဇဝ်ဝဳနန် (Jaw V Non) 
ကောန်ပျူတာ - ခေတ်လိုက်
သၞာံတက်ပ္တိတ် - 30.1.2022-၁၃၈၃ သၞာံ။
                     ဂိတုပုဟ်(၁၄)စွေက်
တက်ပ္တိတ်အလန် - ဒုတိယ
လၟိဟ်အုပ် - ၁၀၀၀၀အုပ်
ညးတၠဒါန် - မဒါန်ကောန်ဂကူမန်

       ဂလာန်ပရၚ်တဲ သွက်ရဲဆာန်ဂကူမန် 

       ဂလာန်ညးဇန်လိက် 
                      
လိက်အုပ်ဍောတ် “ ဂလာန်ပရၚ်တဲ သွက်ရဲဆာန်ဂကူမန် ” ဝွံ ရန်ကဵုသၟတ်မန် အဝဲမံၚ်ဘာအဝဲဇူဘာတၟိတၟိတအ် သွက်ဂွံတီအာ ပရေၚ်ဂကူ၊ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊ ပရေၚ်ပၞာန်၊ ပရေၚ်အာက္ဍိုပ်၊ ပရေၚ်ပညာ ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်မန် ပ္ဍဲအဝၚ်တိက်တအ် 
ၜိုတ်ဒးရးပြဟ်ဟ်မာန်တုဲ ဂလာန်တၚ်ဏှ်နွံကဵုရှ်သာတအ်ဂှ် ၜိုတ်ကပှ်ဂၠာဲ ချပ်ဗစာဂွံ ချူဇန်တက်ပ္တိတ်ဏာရ။  ဂလာန်တအ်ဏံဂှ် တိတ်ကၠုၚ်နူက္ဍဟ် ညးဇန်လိက်ဖအိုတ် ဟွံသေၚ်၊ ဂလာန်လ္ၚဵုတအ်ဂှ် နွံပ္ဍဲလိက်ဂွံကေၚ်ဗှ်တၚ် နၚ် ဇကုစှ်ေစိုတ် ဒုၚ်တဲ မာန် ဒှ်ဂုဏ်ဖဵုကုဂကူမန်ဟေၚ် ရုဲစှ် ချူပြေၚ်တက် ပ္တိတ်ဏာရောၚ်။ 
   သၟတ်မန်ညးဂွံဗှ် ဂွံတီကေတ်ဂလာန်တအ်ဏံ အနာဂတ်ဂတတေံ ကဵုဂွံဒှ်ညးဆာန်ဂကူမန် ညးကၠောန်ပရေၚ်ဂကူမန် ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်ကမၠောန်ပရေၚ်ဂကူမန်မာန်ညိ။
                      ✍ၜိုပ်ဍာဲ✍
                  (၁)
            ပရေၚ်ဂကူ 
၁။ ဂကူမွဲမွဲဟီုဂှ် ဂကောံမၞိဟ် မံၚ်စံၚ်တန်တဴကၠုၚ်လဝ်မွဲစွံလအ်လ ကဵုသၞာံအခါ (လ္ၚီသၞာံ -ဠက်သၞာံ) အရေဝ် -လိက် - ယေန်သၞာၚ်အခိုက် ကၞာတုပ်၊ ကံကုသဵုဆက်စပ် (အခေါၚ်အရာ သၠဲလး/ဍန်ဂြက်တုပ်) တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်မွဲဂကူရ။ 

၂။ ဇုဇဗဴလပိုဲနူကၠာကၠာတေံဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူညးတအ် ဟိုတ်နူမံၚ်စံၚ်တန်တဴကၠုၚ်မွဲစွံ လအ်လကဵုအခိၚ်တုဲ အရေဝ် - လိက် - ယေန်သၞာၚ် အခိုက်ကၞာပိုဲ ဂွံတုပ်မံၚ်ရောၚ်။
    
     - ဇုဇဗဴလပိုဲတအ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူမဗဳဇ (ဆီဇာတိ) ဆက်စပ်မံၚ်ညးသ္ကံတုဲ ရုပ်သာ်ပိုဲ မပ္တံ 
အရံၚ်စၞာံ၊ အရံၚ်သော်၊ အရံၚ်မတ်၊ ဗီုပြၚ်ဇကုဇကောဝ်ပိုဲ ဂွံတုပ် (ဝါ) ကြပ်တုပ်မံၚ်ရောၚ်။

  - ဒၟာနူဏံဟေၚ် ဂကူမသဆက်စပ်မံၚ်ရဂှ် ပိုဲတီ၊ ပိုက်တံဂၠာဲရိုဟ်မ္ဂး ဂကူမန်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်မသ ကောဒေံ ကြပ်ပ် (ဝါ) သ္ၚောဲသ္ၚောဲဖအိုတ်ရရောၚ်။ 

၃။ ကောဒေံဂှ် ဒှ်မသကြပ်ပ် ဂကူဂှ် ဒှ်မသသ္ၚောဲသ္ၚောဲ ဗီုဆာန်ကောဒေံဂှ် ဆာန်ဂကူကီုမ္ဂး မန်ပိုဲမုက်မတ် ယးတၟးဂကူပိုဲဗၠးၜးရောၚ်။
              (၂)
၄။ ဂကူမၞးဒှ်မံၚ်ဍိက်မ္ဂး မၞးကီု ကောဒေံမၞးကီု ဒှ်ဗက်ဍိက် ဒးဒုၚ်ဇိက်ဖအိုတ်ရ။ ဂကူမၞးဗၠးၜးမ္ဂး မၞးကီု ကောဒေံမၞးကီု ဗၠးၜးသၠဲလးဇၞော်မောဝ် ဖအိုတ်ရောၚ်။  

၅။ ဂကူဇကုဒှ်မံၚ်ဍိက် ဒှ်မံၚ်ဒဒိုက်ဂှ်ဟွံရံၚ်၊ ရံၚ် သွက်ဇကုတုဲ ပဲါဒဴအာဌာန်တၞဟ်ဟ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ညး ဒှ်ဂြိပ်ဒဴ မာန်ဗက်စရ။ 

၆။ ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဌာန်ဒေသဇကု ဇကုဟွံမံၚ် ရန်ကဵုသြန်တုဲ အာထောံဌာန်တၞဟ်မ္ဂး ဂကူညးတၞဟ် လုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဗပေၚ်ဒၞာဲရောၚ်။ ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်ဂၠိုၚ်မ္ဂး ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဌာန်ဇကု ဒှ်အာဌာန်ညးတၞဟ်ရောၚ်။ 

၇။ မန်တအ်အာဍုၚ်သ္အာၚ် ဂၠာဲသြန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဂုဏ်ဖဵုပူဂဵုရဂၠိုၚ် ဍုၚ်ကွာန်မန် ဒှ်အာဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဂကူညးတၞဟ်ဂှ် ဂွံကလေၚ် ပလေဝ်ဟွံလောဲ လေၚ်ဆောံသွက် ဂကူဇၞော်ဇၞော် ဒဵုကဵုဂကူကၠေံကၠက် ဒှ်မာန်ရောၚ်။

၈။ ဂကူတုပ်မ္ဂး ဒးရီုဗၚ်မၚ်မွဲ ညးသ္ကအ်ရောၚ်။ဂကူကြုက်၊ ဂကူဂလာ၊ (မူသလေမ်)တအ် ရီုဗၚ်မၚ်မွဲ ညးသ္ကအ်ခိုဟ်တုဲ  ဂကူဍေံတအ် ဇၞော်မောဝ်ပြာကတ်ရောၚ်။ 

၉။ မၞိဟ်ဂကူတုပ်တအ်ဂှ် ကံကုသဵုဆက်စပ်မံၚ် ညးသ္ကအ်ရောၚ်တုဲ ဒးညဳသာညးသ္ကအ် ဒးရီုဗၚ်ညးသ္ကအ်။ 
ဟွံညဳသာ ဟွံရံၚ်စံၚ်မၚ်မွဲ ညးသ္ကအ်မ္ဂး ညးလေဝ်ဒှ်ဒဒိုက် အဲလေဝ်ဒှ်ဒဒိုက် တၞီဗၠိုက်အာ အလုံဂကူရောၚ်။  
                  (၃)
၁၀။ ကၠဵုတအ်ဂှ် ဟွံဝိုတ်တၠ၊ မၞိဟ်ဝိုတ်မံၚ်မသ ဂကူတအ်ဂှ် ပရေံစိုပ်ကဆံၚ်လဵု ချပ်ဗ္စာညိ။

၁၁။ ပြံၚ်အာမံၚ် ဍုၚ်ညးတၞဟ် ဌာန်ညးတၞဟ်မ္ဂး ဒးဗက်မံၚ် အခိုက်ညးတၞဟ်ရောၚ်တုဲ လက်သဏ်ဂကူဇကု ဗၠိုက်တၞီအာရ၊ ကၞောတ်တဲ (စိုပ်အဆက်ကောန် အဆက်စဴ) ဒှ်အာ ဂကူညးတၞဟ်တွဵုရ။

၁၂။ ဘဝဍိက်ဂှ် ပါဲဒဴကေတ်ဟွံဗၠး၊ အာမံၚ်ဍုၚ်ညး ဒးမံၚ်သၟဝ်တဲဂကူညးရ၊ ကုသဵုခိုဟ်မ္ဂး ဘဝဍိက်ကဆံၚ်သၠုၚ်ညိဟေၚ် ဒှ်မာန်ရောၚ်။သ္ဂောံဗၠးတိတ် နူဘဝဍိက်မာန် ဌာန်ဒေသ ဂကူဇကုဂှ် သ္ပသ္ဇိုၚ်တုဲ ဒးလွဳဒြဟတ် ဒးဒက်ပတန်အာရောၚ်။

၁၃။ ဂကူဇကုဒှ်မံၚ်ဍိက် ဒှ်မံၚ်ဒဒိုက်ဂှ် ဟွံရံၚ်၊ ရံၚ်ကဵုဖဵုဂုဏ်ဇကုတုဲ ကၠောန်မံၚ်သွက် ညးဍဵုဍိက်ဂကူဇကုဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ကၠက်ဂကူ ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဂကူတဝ်မုဲဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ?။

၁၄။ ပိုဲဒးဒုၚ်ဒှ်မံၚ်ဍိက်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူကဵုကံကုသဵုဘဝအတိက်ဟွံသေၚ်၊ ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ပိုဲဒုၚ်သ္ပမံၚ်ဍိက်တုဲ ညးတၞဟ်ဂွံသ္ပဂွံအုပ်ဓလီုမံၚ်ရောၚ်။
                 (၄)
၁၅။ ဂကူဟွံမိက်ဒုၚ် သ္ပဍိက်ညးတၞဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ညးတၞဟ်လေဝ် ဟွံမိက်သ္ပဍိက်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဍေံဂှ် ဖဵု ဂုဏ်ညးဟွံမွဲ သီုဒှ်အန္တယ်ကုညးမာန်တုဲ ညးဟွံမိက်သ္ပရောၚ်။

၁၆။ ကံကုသဵုဂကူမွဲမွဲဂှ် နွံလ္တူပရေၚ်လွဳပရာ ကေုာံ ပရေၚ်ညဳသာပ္ဍဲဂကူဂှ်ရ။

၁၇။ ဂကူဟွံမွဲကုဍုၚ် စရာဲဂွံဇၞော်သၠုၚ်ပြာကတ် ဗီုညးတၞဟ်ဒှ်ဟွံမာန်။ 

    - ဂကူဟွံမွဲကုအခေါၚ်ပရေၚ်ဂကူဇကုဇကုဖန် သ္ဂောံ တန်ကြန်အာဍာ်ဇမၠိၚ် ဒှ်ဟွံမာန်။
 
    - ဂကူဟွံမွဲကုဒပ်ပၞာန် ညးသ္ပမာန်ဍဵုဍိုက် ဒးဗၠိုက်တၞီအာ ပြဟ်ဟ်ရောၚ်။

၁၈။ လ္ၚတ်ဝၚ်ဂကူ သွက်ဂွံကြီုကြဴမံၚ်ဟွံသေၚ်၊လ္ၚတ်ဝၚ်ဂကူ သွက်ဂွံတီ အာဲကၟာဲဟေၚ်၊ တီအာဲကၟာဲတုဲ ညံၚ်သ္ဂောံစိုပ်တဲဂကူဇကု ဒးပြုပြေၚ်။

၁၉။ အရေဝ်ဘာသာမွဲမွဲ လိက်ပတ်ဘာသာမွဲမွဲဂှ် ဟွံဒှ်အထက်အပၚ်ကု ပရေၚ်ဂယိုၚ်လမျီုမ္ဂး မၞိဟ်တအ်ဟွံစွံ ၚုဟ်မး ဟွံမိက်ကတ်ဗတောန် စကာအောန်ကၠုၚ်တုဲ အရေဝ်၊လိက်ပတ်၊ ဘာသာ ဗၠိုက်တၞီစှ်ေအာတွဵုရ။ 
                    (၅)
   ညးမဂွံလဝ်အဝဵုတအ် တီလဝ်ဒဒှ်ဏံတုဲ ကၟာတ် ဒၞာလဝ်၊ အရေဝ်၊ လိက်ပတ် ဂကူကောန်
ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ် ညံၚ်ဟွံဂွံစကာ အပ္ဍဲရုၚ် အပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်တအ်ဂှ် သွက်ဂွံၚိတ်ကလက်ဂကူ ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ရောၚ်။ 

၂၀။ လ္ၚဴမွဲမဟွံဒှ်ကၠေၚ်၊ ပလေၚ်မွဲမဟွံဒှ်ကွာၚ် ဟီု ကၠာလေဝ် ဂကူတၞဟ်မွဲ စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ကွာန်ဇကု ဍေံဟွံဟီုအရေဝ်ဇကု ဇကုမၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ဗက်ဟီု မံၚ်အရေဝ်ဍေံဂှ် စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆာန်ဂကူဇကု ဟွံသဝ်အာနူဍေံဟာ။

၂၁။ မၞိဟ်ကၠုၚ်ပၠံၚ်တိဍာ်ဂကူဇကု ၚိတ်ကလက်ဂကူ ဇကုဂှ်စွံစိုတ်သၠဲသၠဲဒုၚ်လဝ်တဲမ္ဂး မၞးဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဆာန်ဂကူဟွံသေၚ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဒုၚ်စကာသၞ ဗပေၚ်ပၟိက်သၞ ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ကလက်ဂကူ ဇကုကီုရ။

၂၂။ ဂကူမွဲမွဲ မိက်ဂွံဒက်ပ္တန်ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဗၠးၜး သွက်ဂကူ ဇကုမ္ဂး မ္ၚးနူဌာန်ဒတန် ဇုဇဗဴလဂကူဇကုတုဲ
ဒၞာဲဒေသတၞဟ် ဒက်ပ္တန်ဟွံလောဲရ။
 
၂၃။ ပ္ဍဲလိုက်ဏံ ဒြပ်ရတ်ၚုဟ်မးဇၞော်နူကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဗၠးၜးဂှ် ဟွံမွဲရ။ ဟိုတ်နူၚုဟ်မးဇၞော်ဂၠိုၚ်ဟေၚ် မၞိဟ်တအ် ဒုၚ်သၠာဲမံၚ်ကုဆီပဠက် လမျီု ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် ရောၚ်။

၂၄။ ဆာန်ဂကူမန်ဍာံမ္ဂး မဇဂကူမန်ညံၚ်ဟွံဂွံကၠေံကၠက်အာဂှ် ဒးထိၚ်ဒဝ်အာရောၚ်။မဇဂကူမန် ညံၚ်ဟွံဂွံကၠေံကၠက် ပရေၚ်ဘဝဂကူမန် မန်ဒးဖန်ဖက်ကေတ်တ်ရောၚ်။ မဇဂကူမန် ညံၚ်ဂွံတန်ကြန် ဍုၚ်မန်ဗၠးၜးပိုဲ ဒးပ္တန်ရောၚ်။

၂၅။ မိက်ဂွံတီအာဲ ဒးဂၠာဲရၚ်ဝၚ်အတိက်၊ ဝၚ်အတိက်ဟွံရံၚ် ဆီပြံၚ်ဒှ်ဍိက်။(ကျာ်ဇၞော်ဘာဒေါဝ် ကွာန်တံၚ်ပရၚ်)

၂၆။ မိက်ဂွံကဵုဂကူဗၠးၜးမ္ဂး အလုံဂကူမန်တအ် စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆာန်ဂကူ ညံၚ်သ္ဂောံသၠုၚ်၊ ညံၚ်သ္ဂောံမြဟ်မြဴကၠုၚ်ဂှ် ဒးကၠောန်ကၠာအိုတ်ရောၚ်။စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆာန်ဂကူသၠုၚ် မံၚ် ဟေၚ်ဒုၚ်ဒဒိုက်၊ ဒုၚ်ဂိ၊ ဒုၚ်ကဵုမာန် စိုတ်ဓါတ် ဆာန်ဂကူ မြဟ်မြဴဟေၚ် ဒုၚ်ထံၚ် ဒုၚ်ချိုတ် သွက်ဂကူမာန်ရောၚ်။

၂၇။ မၞိဟ်ကၠောန်မံၚ်ကမၠောန်ပရေၚ်ဂကူတအ်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ယောၚ်ယာနွံကၠာလေဝ် ဆဵုဂဗဂၠိုၚ်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး ကၠောန်ဒး အံၚ်ဇၞး မာန်မံၚ်ရောၚ်။မၞိဟ်ဟီုကေတ်သၟးသၟးတအ်ဂှ် အခိၚ်လဵုလေဝ် အံၚ်ဇၞးမာန်ဟွံသေၚ်၊ဟိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ မၞိဟ်ဗီုလဵု ဒးထိုၚ်သးထေက် သ္ၚဳဂၠိပ်ညိ။

၂၈။ မၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲ ပူဂဵုဆာန်ဂကူဟွံသေၚ်၊ ကလၚ်အရေဝ်ညးသၟး ဟွံတီ၊ ဒးရံၚ်လ္တူ ကမၠောန် ပွညးတအ်ရောၚ်။ 

၂၉။ ဒုၚ်ယၟုကၠောန်ပရေၚ်ဂကူ ဂးတုဲ ရေက်ကးပ္တိတ်မံၚ်ပရဲ လ္တူကမၠောန်ဂကူမ္ဂး ပရေံနူ ဟွံကၠောန်ပရေၚ်ဂကူဏီ။
   
၃၀။ ဘဝဂတမုဒှ်ဂှ် ညးလဵုလေဝ်တီချိုတ်ပၠိုတ် ဟွံသေၚ်၊ ကၠောန်ပရေၚ်ဂကူ ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်
ပရေၚ်ညးဂမၠိုၚ် ညံၚ်စိုပ်တရဴမ္ဂး မၞိဟ်ချိုတ်အာလေဝ် ဝၚ်ခိုဟ်မွဲ ဂွံဒုၚ်စချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်အာရောၚ်။ 

၃၁။ ဂၠာဲဒြပ်ရန်သွက်ကောန် ဗတောန်ကွတ် ရန်သွက်ဇကုဖဵု ညးဂမၠိုၚ်ဟွံဒှ်မ္ဂး ညးမွဲဟွံထိုၚ်သးဝၚ်ခိုဟ်ဟွံၜက်သှ်ေရ။

၃၂။ မၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲ စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆာန်ဂကူၜိုတ်လဵုနွံဂှ် မိက်ဂွံတီမ္ဂး ၜိုတ်လဵုညးဒုၚ်ဂိ ဒုၚ်အိုတ် ဒုၚ်ကၠောန်မံၚ် သွက်ဂကူဂှ် ရံၚ်ညိ၊ လ္တူအရေဝ်ညးသၟး သ္ပသ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ညိ။

၃၃။ ဆာန်ကၠအ်မ္ဂး ဒးပခိုၚ်ဒၞးဒပ်၊ ဆာန်ဒြပ်မ္ဂး ဒးပခိုၚ်ပရေၚ်ဂီုကၠီု ဆာန်ဂကူဆာန်ဍုၚ်မ္ဂး ဒးပခိုၚ်ဒပ်ပၞာန် ရောၚ်။

၃၄။ ဂကူမွဲမွဲ ဂွံဇၞော်မောဝ်တဴတက်ပြာကတ်မံၚ်ဂှ် ချိုတ်တုပ်ဂျိုၚ်တုပ် ဝါတ်တုပ်သိုက်တုပ် ညဳညဳသာသာ ရုန်ဂစာန်ထတ်ထပါ်ကၠုၚ် အခက်အခုဲနာနာ၊ တဝ်စၞေဟ်သၞနာနာမွဲစွံ လအ်ကဵုသၞာံအခါရောၚ်၊ အခိုက်ဏံ လီုလာ်ယောၚ်ယာအာမ္ဂး ဒှ်ဍိက်ညးတၞဟ်ရ။ 

၃၅။ မၞိဟ်ဟွံတီဂုဏ်မိမ ဂုဏ်အစာ ဂုဏ်ဂကူတအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဟွံတီဂုဏ်ညးတၞဟ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်သစ္စဟွံမွဲတုဲ ပရေံနူသတ်တိစ္ဆာန်ဏီရ။
                        (၈)

၃၆။ ကြက်ဂကူဂှ် အရေဝ်၊ ကြက်အရေဝ်ဂှ် လိက်ပတ် ဆာန်ဂကူဇကုမ္ဂး ထိၚ်ဒဝ်အရေဝ် လိက်ပတ်ဂကူဇကုအိုတ်ညိ။

၃၇။ သ္ဂောံထိၚ်ဒဝ်အာအရေဝ်ဂကူဇကုမာန်
မန်ကုမန် ဟီုအရေဝ်မန်အိုတ်ညိ၊ဟီုအရေဝ်မန်မ္ဂး အရေဝ်ညးတၞဟ် လ္ပကဵုပြံက်နှဴ၊ ပြံက်နှဴမံၚ်အရေဝ်ညးတၞဟ်မ္ဂး အရေဝ်ဂကူဇကုဂှ် ကၠာဲအာတုဲ လအ်မ္ဂး ကၠေံကၠက် အာရောၚ်။

၃၈။ ဂကူမန်ကောန်ဗုဒ္ဓသာသာတအ် ဗီုစိုတ်ဓါတ်ပ္ဍဲအရာကဵုဒါန်သ္ပကုသဵုဂှ် ယဝ်ထံက်ပၚ် ပ္ဍဲပရေၚ်ကမၠောန်ဂကူကီုမ္ဂး ဂကူပိုဲဇၞော်မောဝ် တဴတက်တိုန်ပြဟ်ဟ် ဗွဲစၟတ်ရောၚ်။

၃၉။ မၞိဟ်တအ် စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆာန်ဂကူ ၜိုတ်လဵုဇြိုဟ်နက်ရောဂှ် အခါဆဵုဂဗကြေပ်ဂြတ်ဟေၚ် တီကေတ်မာန်ရ။ အခါကြေပ်ဂြတ် ဝေၚ်ပဲါ၊ အခိၚ်သၠဲလးမ္ဂး လုပ်ဗဒဲါ၊ ကြပ်ကၠုၚ်ပေဲါအံၚ်ဇၞးမ္ဂး ပၠံၚ်ဒၞာဲ ပွသာ်ဏံဂှ် ပွရဲဗက်သာတအ်ရောၚ်။

၄၀။ ဂွံမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲတိဇကု သ္ၚိဇကုဂှ် ၜိုန်ဝါတ်ဒိုက်ကၠာလေဝ် သိက္ခာနွံဂၠိုၚ်နူ ဒးမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲတိညးတၞဟ် သ္ၚိညးတၞဟ်ဏီ၊ ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိဇကု ဒးစပုၚ်ၜိုတ်လေဝ် ခိုဟ်နူဒးအာတ်စ ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိညးတၞဟ်ဏီရ။

၄၁။ ဂကူမန်တအ် ၜိုတ်လဵုဝါတ်တ် စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဂွိၚ်ဖေက်ဂကူ ကၠက်နွံမံၚ်မ္ဂး ပရေၚ်ဗၠးၜးဂကူဂှ် ကၠောန်ဂွံမံၚ်ဏီ။ဂကူမန်တအ် ၜိုတ်လဵုလောဲလောဲ စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆာန်ဂကူ ဟွံမွဲရမ္ဂး ပရေၚ်ဗၠးၜးဂကူဂှ် ကၠောန်ဟွံလောဲရ။

၄၂။ ဟိုတ်နူစိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆာန်ဂကူထတ် ကၠောန်သွက်ဂကူတုဲ ဒးဒုၚ်ချိုတ်အာဂှ် လ္ပဂွိၚ်လ္ပဖေက်စိုတ်လ္ပလီု ချိုတ်ဂှ်ညးလဵုမွဲပါဲဟွံဗၠး၊ ဂကူဇကုဒှ်မံၚ်ဍိက်ဖိုဟ် ဇကုတိက်မံၚ်မိပ်မံၚ်တုဲ ဒးချိုတ်အာဂှ် ထေက်ကဵု ဒးဂွကဵုညးဂမၠိုၚ်။
 
၄၃။ မၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲ အယုက်ၜိုတ်လဵုဂၠိၚ်ၚ် ပိုန်ဒြပ်ၜိုတ်လဵုသၠဲသၠဲ နွံမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဘဝဍိက်မ္ဂး ဝၚ်လျးတၟးမာန်ဟွံသေၚ်၊ ၜိုန်ဒှ်သၟိၚ်မွဲမွဲဒၞာဲ ၜိုန်ဝၚ်နာဲဒယှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်ဍိက်ကဆံၚ်သၠုၚ်၊ ဍိက် ဒယှ်မွဲဟေၚ်တုဲ သိက္ခာဟွံမွဲရ။ 

၄၄။ ဝၚ်ဂှ်ညးဇၞးတအ်ဟေၚ် အခေါၚ်ချူခၞံဂၠိုၚ်တုဲ ညးဂမၠိုၚ်စိုတ်လုပ်စရ။

၄၅။ ဟီုကြီုမံၚ်ဝၚ်အတိက် ဇကုဒုၚ်သ္ပမံၚ်ဍိက်ဂှ် ဂွကဵုလေပ်ညိ။
        
၄၆။ ကူချပ်ရံၚ်အးအး မၞိဟ်ဟွံဂွံဒုၚ်စလဝ် အာဲကၟာဲဂကူ နွံမံၚ်ကီုရဟာ၊ ဒုၚ်စလဝ်အာဲကၟာဲဂကူတုဲ ဟွံတီဂုဏ်ဂကူ ဟွံကၠောန်ပရေၚ်ဂကူ  ဟွံရီုဗၚ်ဂကူမ္ဂး ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဟွံတီတာလျိုၚ် ဒှ်ပွမၞိဟ် အရိုၚ်တအ်ရောၚ်။
                   (၁၀)
 ၄၇။ မၞိဟ်ကၠာတေံကၠောန်ဗဒှ်ကၠုၚ်လဝ်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်တ္ၚဲဏံ ဒုၚ်စသိုၚ်၊ မၞိဟ်တ္ၚဲဏံကၠောန်ဗဒှ်လဝ်တအ်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်တ္ၚဲယးတေံဒုၚ်စသိုၚ်ရ။ လၟေၚ်ဓမ္မတာဏံဂှ် တီကၠိုဟ်တုဲ သွက်မဇဂကူပိုဲ တ္ၚဲယးတေံ သ္ဂောံဒုၚ်စသိုၚ်ခိုဟ်ဟ်မာန် ပိုဲဒးဂစာန်ကၠောန် ကဵုရောၚ်ဂှ် ဒှ်တာလျိုၚ်ပရေၚ်မၞိဟ်ရ။

၄၈။ မၞိဟ်တုပ်ပ် ပိုဲဒုၚ်သ္ပမံၚ်ဍိက်ဂကူတၞဟ်မ္ဂး ၚုဟ်မးဂကူပိုဲပၠိုတ် ဝၚ်ဂကူပိုဲ ကၠေံအိုတ်အာရောၚ်။ 

၄၉။ တၠအဝဵုတအ်ဂှ် ထ္ၜးဟိုတ်ကဵုစဵုဒၞာဖဵုဂုဏ်ဂကူတုဲ ရပ်လဝ်အဝဵုသၟးရ၊ ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် အခါသရုပ်ဇာတ်မ္ဂး ဒှ်ဂုဏ်ဖဵုကုဂကူဂှ် အောန်အာနူအန္တယ်ကုဂကူ သာ်ဂှ်သၟး ဂွံဆဵုကၠုၚ်ရ။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၀၄:၅၆၊ ၂၁ မေ ၂၀၂၂ (+0630)

== ပရေၚ်မန်ပ္ဍဲဝၚ်အတိက်   ပရေၚ်တဲသွက်ရဲဆာန်ဂကူမန် ==

ဂလာန်ပရၚ်တဲ သွက်ရဲဆာန်ဂကူမန်

       ပရေၚ်မန်ပ္ဍဲဝၚ်အတိက်

၁။ လ္ၚတ်ဝၚ်တမၠာ အာသ္ဂောံတီဂၠံၚ်
     ဆီဒၞာဲမန်ခံၚ်    လံၚ်ဗပေၚ်ကဵုဇြဟတ်
     လ္ၚတ်ဒၞာဲမန်သဝ်  ဗဝ်ဗပေၚ်ပလေဝ်ဒး။
     မိက်ဂွံဗၠးၜး        ဒးကၠးဝၚ်အတိက်
     ဟွံတီဝၚ်အတိက် ဆီပြံၚ်ဒှ်ဍိက်မာန်။

၂။ ဂကူမန်ပိုဲဂှ် ကၠုၚ်နူမဇမန်ဂေါလွာ် ဂကောံဂကူမန်ခမာရ။ ဒေသမူလမန်ခမာတအ်ဂှ် ကုန်ဒဵုမန်ဂေါလဳယျာ လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာ ကန္တာရဗတဳ (ဂၚ်ဗတဳ) ဂေါဗဳရ။

၃။ ဒၞာဲတေံဝွံ ဟိုတ်နူဥတုရာသဳဟွံခိုဟ်တုဲ ဆုဲပြံၚ်စှ်ေမံၚ် ပ္ဍဲဗလးပရၚ်ဝဳယာန်ဇြဳကျာန်န် (ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ကြုက်လပါ်ဗၟံက်) ဂှ် သၞာံ ဗွဲမလအ်လ ကၠောန်ကၠုၚ်ဝါဗ္ၚတဵုသြောံရ၊ မန်ခမာတအ် သြောံသ္ၚုဇွောံမသၠဲလးမံၚ်ဂှ် ဂကူတၞဟ်ကၠုၚ်ပၠံၚ်ၜးဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုဝါ ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုသၞာံတုဲ နူဂှ်ထပ်ဆုဲပြံၚ်ကၠုၚ် လပါ်ပလိုတ်သၠုၚ်ကျာ (နေရတိ) မွဲက္ဍိုပ်တုဲမွဲက္ဍိုပ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်နူဂှ် ပြးအာညးသကအ်တုဲ လအ်ညိဒှ်အာဂကူတၞဟ်ခြာရ။

၄။ ဂကူမွဲကရောံ လုပ်ဂကောံဂကူမန်ခမာတအ်ဂှ် ဗဳယေက်နာမ်၊ ခမာ (ခမေန်)၊ မန်၊ ပလံၚ်(တအၚ်)၊ ဝ(လဝ)၊ မုန္ဒ (ဍုၚ်အိန္ဒိယသၠုၚ်ကျာ)၊သာန်တာ၊ (ဍုၚ်အိန္ဒိယ/ ဗေန်ဂလာဒက်)၊ ခါဇြဳ (ဍုၚ်အိန္ဒိယ တွဵုရးဍုၚ်အာသာံ) တအ်ရ။

၅။ ဂကူမန်တအ်ဂှ် နူအခိၚ်ၜိုတ် (BC-၂၀၀၀) တေံ ဆုဲပြံၚ်တိတ်နူဒေသပြၚ်ၜဳယာန်ဇြဳကျာန်တုဲ စှ်ေအာလပါ်ဒိုဟ်နေရတိ (ပလိုတ်သၠုၚ်ကျာ) ဖျေံသဇိုၚ်ပ္ဍဲဒေသ (ခါလၟုဟ်ကော်) ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်သေံဒကုတ်သၠုၚ်ကျာ ကေုာံ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ် မန်ဗၟာ ဒကုတ်သၠုၚ်ကျာကျာတအ်ရ။ 

၆။ အခိၚ်ၜိုတ် (BC-၁၀၀၀) ဂှ် မန်တအ် ဒက်ပ္တန်ကၠုၚ် ဍုၚ်သုဓမ္မဝတဳ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲတမ်ဒဵုကေလာသ ခါလၟုဟ်နွံသၟဝ်ကျာ ဍုၚ်သဓီုၜိုတ်(၃၀)တိုၚ်၊ ပ္ဍဲပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ၜဳလၚ်၊ တွဵုရးဍုၚ်မန်ရ၊ ဍုၚ်ဝွံ သၟိၚ်မန် (၂၄) အဆက်သ္ပကၠုၚ်သၟိၚ် ပကၚ်ရၚ်ကၠုၚ်ရ၊ ကြဴဏံပြံၚ်သၠာဲယၟုဍုၚ် သုဘိန္နနာဂရတုဲ ဆက်အုပ်ဓုပ်ကၠုၚ်သၟိၚ် (၃) အဆက်ပၠန်ရ။

၇။ နူဍုၚ်သုဘိန္နနာဂရဂှ် ပြံၚ်ဆုဲအာပတန်ဍုၚ် ရာဇာဌာနဳ သုဝဏ္ဏဘုမ္မိ ဒၞာဲဍုၚ်သဓီုလၟုဟ်တုဲ အဆက်သၟိၚ် ဥမဵု (၅) အဆက် အဆက်သၟိၚ်သဳဟသုဓမ္မရာဇာ (၅၇)အဆက်အုပ်ဓုပ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။ ကြဴအိုတ် လက်ထက်သၟိၚ်မနဟဝ် သက္ကရာဇ်သာသနာ (၁၆၀၁) ခရေတ် (၁၀၅၇)ဍုၚ် (၄၁၉)ဂိတုဇှ်ေ(၁၁)မံက်ဂှ် သၟိၚ်ဗၟာအနဝ်ရထာ ကၠုၚ်ဗ္တိုက်ပလီုသီုရပ်ဏာသၟိၚ်မနုဟဝ် ကေတ်ဏာဂြပ်ရတ် သီုပိဋကတ်တအ်ရ။ ခေတ်တေံယၟုဍုၚ်ရာဇာဌာနဳဂှ် ဒှ်မံၚ် ယၟုကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ရ)

၈။ ပ္ဍဲရးလ္ဂုၚ် ပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ကျိုက်တာန် ဒၞာဲကွာန်ပါဒဇၞော်လၟုဟ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲမဟာသက္ကရာဇ်(၉၈)တေံ ကောန်ဨကရာဇ်ဍုၚ်သုဝဏ္ဏဘိမ္မိ မနွံယၟု တိဿဘောဂသေန အာပတန်လဝ်ဍုၚ်ပါဒတုဲ အုပ်ဓုပ်ကၠုၚ်သၟိၚ်(၃၄)အဆက် ပွိုၚ်ကာလၜိုတ်(၈၀၀)သၞာံရ။

၉။ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဍုၚ်လ္ဂုၚ်လေဝ် သၟိၚ်ဥက္ကလာပ ပ္တန်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ် တြိဂုမ္ဗတုဲ သၟိၚ်ပကၚ်ရၚ်ကၠုၚ် (၃၂) အဆက်ရ။

၁၀။ သက္ကရာဇ်သာသနာ (၁၁၁၆)၊ ခရေတ် (၅၇၃)ဂှ် အဆက်သၟိၚ်ဍုၚ်သုဝဏ္ဏမ္မိ သမလ၊ ဝိမလ ကောဒေံၜါသ္ပက္ဍိုပ်တုဲ အာပ္တန်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ် ဟံသာဝတဳရ။ သၟိၚ်အုပ်ဓုပ်ကၠုၚ် (၁၇) ဒတောဝ်၊ စိုပ်လက်ထက်သၟိၚ်တိဿသက္ကရာဇ်သာသနာ ('၁၄၈၇)၊ ခရေတ် (၁၀၄၃)ဂှ် သၟိၚ်ဗၟာနူဍုၚ် ဗကာံအာဗ္တိုက်ပလီုထောံရ။

၁၁။ ဂကူမန်ကု ဂကူခမာတအ် ပံၚ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲကာလသက္ကရာဇ်ခရေတ် AD- မွဲဗွဝ်ကၠံသၞာံ  ဒဵု (၆) ဗွဝ်ကၠံသၞာံဂှ် ပ္တန်ကၠုၚ်လဝ်ဍုၚ်ဇၞော်သၠဲ (အေမ်ပါရာ) မနွံယၟု ဖူနာံရ။ ပ္ဍဲ (၆) ဗွဝ်ကၠံသၞာံဂှ် မန်ကုခမာပြးအာတုဲ မန်တအ်ဒက်ပ္တန်ကၠုၚ် ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဒွါရဝတဳ ဒဵုစိုပ် (၁၁) ဗွဝ်ကၠံသၞာံ (သၞာံ-၁၀၂၂) သ္ပလဝ်သဇိုၚ်အပ္ဍဲဒေသကၟိန်ဍုၚ်သေံ ဒကုတ်သၠုၚ်ကျာလၟုဟ်ဏံရ။ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဒွါရဝတဳဂှ် သၟိၚ်ခမာသူရိယဝါရမာန် ပဌမကၠုၚ်ဗ္တိုက်တုဲ ဒးလီုအာရ။

၁၂။ သက္ကရာဇ်ခရေတ် (AD-၆၆၃) (၇-ဗွဝ်ကၠံသၞာံ) ဂှ် ဨကရာဇ်ဗြဴ စာဓမ္မဒေဝဳ စပ္တန်ကၠုၚ်ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်မန် ဟရိပုဥ္ဇ(ဒၞာဲဍုၚ်လာံဖုန် လၟုဟ်နွံသၠုၚ်ကျာ ဍုၚ်ဇျှၚ်မာဲၜိုတ် ၃၀ ဂဳလဵုမဳတာ)ဂှ်တုဲ သၟိၚ်မန်တအ် ပကၚ်ရၚ်ကၠုၚ် (၄၉) ဒတောဝ်ရ၊ စိုပ်အခိၚ်သၟိၚ်မန် ဗညာယိဗအုပ်ဓုပ်လဝ်ပ္ဍဲ (၁၃)ဗွဝ်ကၠံသၞာံ (AD-၁၂၉၃)ဂှ် သၟိၚ်သေံမၚ်ရာဲကၠုၚ်ဗ္တိုက်တုဲ ဒးလီုအာရ။

၁၃။ အခိၚ်ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဟံသာဝတဳ၊ သုဝဏ္ဏဘုမ္မိ၊ ဒွါရဝတဳ၊ ဟရိပုဥ္ဇ တအ်တန်မံၚ်တေံဂှ် ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်မွဲကုမွဲ ဆက်တဲကၠောံဍ ရီုဗၚ်ကၠုၚ်ညးသ္ကအ်နွံရ။

၁၄။ ဍုၚ်ဟံသာဝတဳ ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်ရာဇဌာနဳ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်မန်ပိုဲဂှ် နွံပိဝါရ။
     
      အလန်ပဌမ-သက္ကရာဇ်သာသနာ (၁၁၁၆) ခရေတ် (၅၇၃) သမလ၊ ဝိမလ တအ် စပ္တန်သၟိၚ် (၁၇)ဒတောဝ် အုပ်ဓုပ်ကၠုၚ်ရ၊ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံသာသနာ (၁၅၈၇) ခရေတ် (၁၀၄၃) လက်ထက်သၟိၚ်တိဿ သၟိၚ်ဗၟာနူဍုၚ်ဗကာံကၠုၚ်ဗ္တိုက်တုဲ လီုအာရ။
     
    အလန်ဒုတိယ-သၞာံခရေတ်(၁၃၆၉)ဂှ် သၟိၚ်ဗညာဥူ (အပါရာဇာဓိရာဇ်) ပြံၚ်အာနူမုတ္တမ၊ ဍုၚ်ဝါန်တအ်တုဲ စပ္တန်၊ သၟိၚ် (၁၁)ဒတောဝ် အုပ်ဓုပ်ကၠုၚ်သၞာံ ခရေတ်(၁၅၃၈) အခိၚ်သၟိၚ်မန် တၠညးဒကာရတ်ပိ ပ္ကၚ်ရၚ်ဂှ် သၟိၚ်ဗၟာနူတံၚ်ဥူတဗေန်ယှိုဲထဳကၠုၚ်ဗ္တိုက်တုဲသီဂွံဏာရ။

    အလန်တတိယ- သၞာံခရေတ် (၁၇၄၀)ဂှ် သၟိၚ်ဗုဒ္ဓကေသဳ ကလေၚ်ပ္တန် သၟိၚ်မန် (၂) ဒတောဝ် ပ္ဍဲခရေတ် (၁၇၅၇) သာသနာ (၂၃၀၁) လက်ထက်သၟိၚ်ဗညာဒလဂှ် သၟိၚ်ဗၟာအံၚ်ဇေယျကၠုၚ်ဗ္တိုက်တုဲလီုအာရ။

၁၅။ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်မန် ဍုၚ်မုတ္တမ ဒှ်ဍုၚ်ရာဇာဌာနဳဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ခရေတ် (၁၂၈၁) သၟိၚ်ဝါရေဝ်ရောဝ် (မဂဒူ) ပ္တန်ဗဒှ်ကၠုၚ်တုဲ သၟိၚ် (၈)ဒတောဝ် အုပ်ဓုပ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။ သၟိၚ်လၟိဟ် (၈) ဗညာဥူဂှ် တန်တဴဂွံပ္ဍဲမုတ္တမ(၁၅)သၞာံတုဲ ပြံၚ်အာပ္တန်ဍုၚ်ရာဇာနဳ ပ္ဍဲဟံသာဝတဳပ္ဍဲသၞာံခရေတ် (၁၃၆၉)ဂှ်ရ။

၁၆။ ဂကူမန်ပိုဲဂှ် အရီုဇၞော်ပ္ဍဲကမၠောန်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ဇြုၚ်သ္ဍိုက်ပ္ဍဲသာသနာ အကြာဂကူဂမၠိုၚ် ကၟိန်ဍုၚကဂမၠိုၚ် မိက်ဂွံမံၚ်ညဳညဳသာသာ စေတနာခိုဟ်ပြဲ လ္တူညးတၞဟ်ဂၠိုၚ် ပလေဝ်ပခိုၚ်လဝ် ဇြဟတ်ပၞာန်အောန်ရ၊ လ္တူဂှ်ညးတၞဟ်ပ္တိတ်ဏာပရဲ ဍုၚ်မန်တိမန်လပါ်ဗၟံက်တေံဂှ် သေံတအ်ပၠံၚ်ကေတ်ဏာလပါ်ပလိုတ်ဏံဗၟာတအ်ပၠံၚ်ကေတ်ဏာတုဲ ဍုၚ်မန် တိမန် ဒးလေၚ်ဆောံ အာရ။

၁၇။ လ္ၚတ်ရံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဝၚ်မ္ဂး ဂကူမန်ပိုဲ အာပၠံၚ်ဗ္တိုက်ဍုၚ်ညးတၞဟ်ဂွံဆဵုအောန်ကွေံကွေံရ။ မန်ပိုဲတိုန်ဗ္တိုက် ဍုၚ်ဗၟာ အၚ်ဝနွံၜါဝါဓဝ်ရ၊ အလန်ပဌမ-လက်ထက်ရာဇာဓိရာဇ် သၟိၚ်ဗၟာဖရၚ်မၚ်ဂံၚ် (မၚ်းခေါၚ်း) ကေုာံ ဒေံညးပၠံၚ်နန်ဒှ်ပြသၞာဒေံညး စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်အာတ်အရီုအဗၚ်တုဲ ရာဇာဓိရာဇ် ဇက်တိုန်အာ ဗိုၚ်လဝ်ဍုၚ်အၚ်ဝရ။

        ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် ခမဳဗၚ်ယသဂြော (စဂြိုဟ်သူမြတ်) တိတ်ဆဵုဂဗ သောၚ်ကလး စၞးသၟိၚ်ဗၟာတုဲ ဟွံဒှ်ဗတိုက် ရုပ်စဴကၠုၚ်ပၞာန်ရ။

        အလန်ဒုတိယ ပ္ဍဲလက်ထက်သၟိၚ်မန်ဗညာဒလ မန်တအ် ဗၠးၜးတိတ် နူသၟဝ်တဲဗၟာတၟိတၟိ အဃောဂစာန်ပလေဝ်ပခိုၚ်မံၚ်ကၟာၚ်ဍုၚ် ကၟာၚ်နန်တုဲဒှ်ဝွံ ပိဂအုံမွဲဂအုံဂှ် သၟိၚ်ဗၟာဒှ်ဂဝိၚ် ဖေက်မန်တအ်. ဇြဟတ်ဗိုန်ခိုၚ်အာတုဲ ကၠုၚ်ဗ္တိုက်ဍုၚ်မန်ရ၊ မန်တအ်လေဝ် ဃရေက်ပကောံဇြဟတ် ဒုၚ်ဗ္တိုက်ဗက်တိုန်အာ သီဂွံဍုၚ်အၚ်ဝ ရပ်ဂွံနၚ်သၟိၚ်ဗၟာရ။ ဗၟာတအ်ကၠုၚ်ဗ္တိုက်မံၚ်ဍုၚ်မန်ဂှ် ခေတ်ဆက်က် ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုဝါရ။

    တၚ်သမ္တီ။      ။ဗညာဒလတိုန်ဂွံနန်ပွိုၚ် (၄)သၞာံ ရန်လဝ်ဒက်ကၟာၚ်ဍုၚ်ပိထပ် တုဲဂွံမံၚ်ထပ်ဓဝ်ဂှ် ဗၟာတအ်စှ်ေကၠုၚ်ဗ္တိုက်ရ၊ ဗၟာတအ် ဒှ်မံၚ်ဂဝိၚ်ဂှ် မန်တအ်ဂွံလဝ်ဒၞာဲ ပါၚ်ၜဳဨရာဝတဳရောၚ်တုဲ ဇြဟတ်မန်ခိုၚ်ဗိုန်အာမ္ဂး တြၚ်တိတ်ဍုၚ်မ္ၚး ကၠက်အာမာန်ဂှ်မွဲသာ် ဇွောံမသြောံသ္ၚု နူဒေသမန် ဟွံဂွံမ္ဂး စသုၚ်ဟွံရုမ် ဒှ်ဝါတ်မာန်မွဲသာ်တုဲ ကၠုၚ်ဗ္တိုက်ရောၚ်။

၁၈။ ဍုၚ်မန်တိမန်ပိုဲဂှ် နွံပ္ဍဲဇိုၚ်ၜဳဇၞော်တုဲ အာကၠုၚ်ဆက်ဆောံကုဍုၚ်သအာၚ်လောဲသွာကီု တိဗလး တိဝါဒၞာဲတဵုစဂၠိုၚ်ဇြဟတ်ဝဲါခိုဟ်တုဲ ကၠောန်ပ္တိတ်ဇွောံမ သၠဲလးကီု တိဗလးၜဳကြုၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်တုဲ အာကၠုၚ်လောဲသွာကီု၊ ဥတုရာသဳညဳသာဒးရတုဲ ဘဲသဘာဝအောန်ကီုကၚုဲသတ်ဆုဂၠိုၚ်နွံကဵုရှ်သာခိုဟ်ကီုတုဲ ညးတၞဟ်မိက်ဂွံပၠံၚ်ကေတ်မံၚ်ရောၚ်။

၁၉။ သၟိၚ်ဗၟာအံၚ်ဇေယျ သီဂွံဍုၚ်မန်ဟံသာဝတဳတုဲဂှ် ညံၚ်ဂွံဒှ်အာတိဍာ်ဍေံတအ် လၟိုန်ထာဝရမာန် ဂစိုတ်ကလက်ကၠုၚ်ဂကူမန် ထဍေၚ်ပ္တိတ်ထောံဂကူမန် ၚိတ်ကလက်ကၠုၚ်ဂကူမန် ဗွဲမဓဇန်ကြာန်ရောၚ်။ ကြဴဏံလေဝ် သၟိၚ်ဗၟာ တအ်အဆက်က် ၚိတ်ကလက်ကၠုၚ်မံၚ်ဂကူမန် နဲနာနာဖိုဟ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်နူဒးဒုၚ်ၚိတ်ကၠုၚ်သာ်ဝွံတုဲ ပ္ဍဲရးဖါသီကုရးဟံသာဝတဳ ဂကူမန်တအ် ဂွံကၠေံအာရောၚ်။

၂၀။ သၟိၚ်ဗၟာအံၚ်ဇေယျ အခါသီဂွံဍုၚ်ဟံသာဝတဳ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ(၁၁၁၉)တေံ မၞိဟ်ချိုတ်အာပ္ဍဲပေဲါဗ္တိုက်ဂှ် ဟွံရိုဟ်မၞိဟ်ဂြိပ်ပဲါဒဴဟွံမာန် သှ်ေမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဟံသာဝတဳ ခမဳသၚ် (၃၀၀၀)၊ မၞိဟ်ဗြဴနွံကဵုယဲဒဒိုက် (၇၀၀၀) ၊သၟတ်မန်  (၅၀၀၀)၊ ကောန်ၚာ်အဝဲမဴတှ် (၆၀၀၀)၊ တအ် ဒးဒုၚ်ဂစိုတ်ကၠုၚ်ရ၊ မၞိဟ်ဂြိပ် ပါဲဒဴအာအောပ်မံၚ်အကြာဝါ အကြာကြုၚ် အကြာဂြိုပ် အကြာဒဵု ၜိုတ်ဆဵုညာတ်တအ်ဂှ် အာဂၠာဲ ဗက်ရပ်နၚ်တုဲ ကြိုၚ်စုတ်လဝ်ပ္ဍဲစာတ် (ခရိုၚ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်)၊ အပံၚ် (၉)စာတ် ပေၚ်တဴထာတ်မံၚ်တအ်ဂှ် စံၚ်ဂစိုတ်ထောံကဵုပၟတ်ယဇ်၊ ရပ်ပကောံဒက်စွံလဝ်ပ္ဍဲပရၚ်ၜဳ ဍာ်ဒဳတိုန်ဟဳဗၠိုက်အာဂှ်လေဝ် ရိုဟ်လၟိဟ်ဟွံမာန်ရ။ပဲါနူဂှ်ဒြပ်ရတ်ကပေါတ်မန် မပတံကဵုနန်၊ ဘာ၊ဒြပ်၊ ကၟာၚ်ဍုၚ်ဂှ် လက်သဏ်ဂကူတအ်ကီု သီုကဵုလိက်ပတ်ပိဋကတ်အၚ်ယန်ဂြန်ဂဥုဲဗေဒၚ်ဝၚ်တြေံတြဟ် ဒှ်အာဲကၟာဲမန်တအ်ဂှ် ဗက်ဂၠာဲစံၚ်ပလီုထောံဖအိုတ်ရ။

၂၁။ မန်တအ် ဟွံမိက်မံၚ်သၟဝ်တဲဗၟာ ပၠန်ဂတးဟွံမာန်တုဲ ဒဴလုပ်အာဍုၚ်သေံ နလၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်ဂၠိုၚ်ၚ်နွံ (၉ဝါရ၊ အလန် ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် လက်ထက်သၟိၚ်နန္ဒ (ကောန်ဗရေအ်နံၚ်)အုပ်ဓုပ်လဝ်ဍုၚ် ဟံသာဝတဳ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ်သာသနာ(၂၁၀၈) ပ္ဍဲ(၁၅၆၅)ဂှ် ဗညာကေန်ဒဴ၊ ဗညာရာံ ကေုာံ မဟာထေရ်ခါန်ဆံၚ်တအ် ပံၚ်ကဵုကောန်သၟိၚ်သေံ နရေဝ်သွောန် တဝ်စၞေဟ်ကဵုဗၟာတုဲ လုပ်အာဍုၚ်သေံဂှ် ကၠာအိုတ် အလန်ကြဴအိုတ်ဂှ် သက္ကရာဇကသာသနာ (၂၃၆၇) AD-(၁၈၂၄) ဒစဵုဒစးကုသၟိၚ်ဗၟာဗဂျဳဒဝ်ဟွံမာန်တုဲ ဒဴအာပၠန်ရ။ ပၠန်ဂတးဟွံမာန်မ္ဂး ဖေက်သၟိၚ်ဗၟာဗက်ဂစိုတ်တုဲ သီုကောန်သီုဗြဴ သီုကောဒေံမသဒဴလုပ်အာဍုၚ်သေံရ၊ သၟိၚ်ကောန်သီုဗြဴ သီုကောဒေံမသဒဴလုပ်အာဍုၚ်သေံရ၊ သၟိၚ်သေံတအ်လေဝ်ကဵုအရီုအဗၚ်ဖျေံကဵုဒၞာဲ ပကောံလဝ်တုဲ သ္ပလဝ်ဇြဟတ်သွက်ဂွံစဵုဒၞာအခါဗၟာတအ်ကၠုၚ် ဗ္တိုက်ရ။

၂၂။ ဍုၚ်ဟံသာဝတဳအဆက်ကြဴအိုတ် ဒးလီုအာပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ်ဍုၚ် (၁၁၁၉) AD-(၁၇၅၇)တုဲဂှ်ပ္ဍဲ AD-(၁၇၆၁) သ္ကိုပ်ပၞာန်တၠဗါန်သ္ပက္ဍိုပ်တုဲ ဗ္တိုက်ကၠုၚ်သၟိၚ်ဗၟာအံၚ်ဇေယျမွဲဝါ သ္ကိုပ်ပၞာန်ဗညာစိၚ်သ္ပက္ဍိုပ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲ AD-(၁၇၇၃)ဂှ် ဗ္တိုက်သၟိၚ်ဗၟာတၠညးစိၚ်ဗ္တာၚ်မွဲဝါ၊ ပ္ဍဲ AD-(၁၈၁၄) ဗ္တိုက်သၟိၚ်ဗၟာသေအ်ကူ (စဥ်ကူးမၚ်း) ဂှ်မွဲဝါ။ ညးစဍုၚ်သြေၚ် (သံလျၚ်) နာဲသာတ် ကေုာံ စက္ကာဲ မာံထဝ်လေဝ်တအ် သ္ပက္ဍိုပ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲ AD-(၁၈၂၄)ဂှ် ဗ္တိုက်သၟိၚ်ဗၟာဗဂျဳဒဝ် မွဲဝါဍုၚ်မန်ညံၚ်ဂွံကလေၚ်မံက် ညးတအ်ဂစာန်ကၠုၚ်နွံရ၊ ပဲါနူပေဲါပၞာန်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်တအ်ဏံ ပေဲါဍောတ်တ်လေဝ် နွံဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ဏီရ။

၂၃။ ကျာ်တြဲဂေါတမ ကလိဂွံသဗ္ဗုတညာဏ် (ကတဵုဒှ်ကျာ်) တုဲပေၚ် (၄၉)တ္ၚဲဂှ် သၟာဗၞိက်ဂကူမန် တပူတဗဝ်အာစိုပ်ကဵုလဝ်ဒါန် ကျာ်တြဲကဵုနၚ်ဓါတ်သော် (၈)တၞုၚ် စဴကၠုၚ်ဌာန်ဇကု အပ်ကဵုသၟိၚ်ဥက္ကလာပ ဒက်လဝ်ကျာ်လ္ဂုၚ်ဂှ် သာသနာကျာ် စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်မန်ရးမည အလန်ပဌမရ။

၂၄။ အပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ကျာ်ဝွံ (၆)ဝှ် သၟာဗၟိက်ကောန်သေဌဳမန် နူဍုၚ်ဇံၚ်တူ (မောၚ်းတူ) မဟာသလကဵုစူဠသာလတအ်ညးၜါ အာစိုပ်ဂွံကဵုလဝ်ဒါန်ကုကျာ်တြဲ ကျာ်တြဲကဵုနၚ်ဓါတ်သော် (၂)တၞုၚ်ပၠန် ဓါတ်သော်ဝွံဂိုၚ်စွံလဝ် ဇိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ဇံၚ်တူဗွဲမလအ်၊ အလန်ဏံ သာသနာကျာ်စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်တိဍာ်မန်အလန်ဒုတိယရ၊ ဓါတ်သော် ကြဴဏံ အခါသာမလ-ဝိမလတအ် ပ္တန်ဍုၚ်ဟံသာဝတဳတုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန်ကျာ်မံက်တဴဂှ် သၠိုၚ်လဝ်ဓါတ်ရ။

၂၅။ အခါကျာ် ဂွံ (၈)ဝှ် မဟမထေရ်ဂဝမ္မတိ ကညနိမန်တုဲ ကျာ်တြဲကေုာံသၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ကညကၠုၚ် ဍုၚ်မန်သုဝဏ္ဏဘုမ္မိ ဂွံလဝ်ဓဝ်ဂှ် ဒှ်သာသနာကျာ် စိုပ်တိဍာ်မန် အလန်တတိယရ။

၂၆။အခိၚ် ကျာ်တြဲဂေါတမ ကညကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်သုဝဏ္ဏဘုမ္မိ နကဵုၛာန်စိုပ်ဒၞာဲဍုၚ်ဗဂေါလၟုဟ် ဆဵုဒးၜိုပ်ၜါဍုန်မံၚ် ပ္ဍဲကုန်ပ္တဳဍောတ် မံက်မံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဍာ်ဂှ်တုဲ ကျာ်ကဵုလဝ်ပယျးဒိုဟ် &quot;ပ္ဍဲဌာန်ဏံ မွဲတ္ၚဲကတဵုဒှ် ဍုၚ်ဇၞော်မွဲ သာသနာအဲကျာ်ဂဵုမြဟ်ရာၚ်ဆာဲရောၚ်&quot; သာ်ဝွံ နွံကၠုၚ်ရ။ သ္ပသဇိုၚ်ကဵုနကျာ်တြဲ ဆဵုလဝ်ၜိုပ်ၜါ ကဵုလဝ်ပယျးဒိုဟ်ဂှ်တုဲ အခါတီတန်ဗဒှ်ဍုၚ် ကဵုကၠုၚ်ယၟုဍုၚ်ဟံသာဝတဳ (ဍုၚ်ၜိုပ်) ရောၚ်။ဂကူမန်တအ်လေဝ် စကာကၠုၚ်တဆိပ်သ္ပစၞးဂကူရ။

၂၇။ကျာ်တြဲစဴပရိနိဗ္ဗာန်တုဲ (၂၃၅)သၞာံ (သက္ကရာဇ်သာသနာ-၂၃၅) ပ္ဍဲရးအိန္ဒိယ ဍုၚ်ပါတလိပုတ် သၟိၚ်အာသောက(သဳရိဓမ္မသောက) ဒုၚ်သ္ပဒကာ မဟာထေရ်မောဂ္ဂလိပုတ္တတိဿ သ္ပက္ဍိုပ်တုဲ ပ္တိုန်သၚ်္ဂါယနာ ဗလးနၚ် မဟာထေရ်သောဏ မဟာထေရ်ဥတ္တရတအ် သ္ပက္ဍိုပ် ဖအိုတ်သၚ်(၅)ဇကု စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်သုဝဏ္ဏဘုမ္မိဂှ် ဒှ်သာသနာကျာ် စိုပ်ဍုၚ်မန် အလန်စတုတ္ထရ။

၂၈။ သက္ကရာဇ်သာသနာ (၉၃၀) AD-(၃၈၇) နူုၚ်သုဝဏ္ဏဘုမ္မိ လက်ထက်သၟိၚ်ဓမ္မပါလ မဟာထေရ်ဗုဒ္ဓဃောသာ ကညစိုပ်ဍုၚ်သိဃဵု (သဳရိလၚ်္ကာ)တုဲ ချူဆာဲစၠောံနၚ် ပိဋကတ်ပိဂှ် ဒှ်သာသနာကျာ် စိုပ်ဍုၚ်မန်အလန်ပဥ္ဇမရ။

၂၉။ အက္ခရ်လိက်မန်ပိုဲ စကာမံၚ်ဂှ် ဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ်ကုအက္ခရ်လိလ်ဂကူပလ္လဝတအ် စကာမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲ AD-(၄)ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ်တုဲ ဖန်ဗဒှ်လဝ်ရ၊ အက္ခရ်ပလ္လဝတအ်ဂှ် ဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ်ကု အက္ခရ်ဗြာဟ္မဳစကာမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲ AD(၃)ဗွဝ်ကၠံ ပ္ဍဲဒေသ အိန္ဒိယကၠာအိုတ်ရ။

၃၀။လိက်မန်ပိုဲၜိုတ်ဂွံဆဵုလဝ် အယုက်ဇၞော်အိုတ်ဂှ် ချူလဝ်ပ္ဍဲ AD-(၅)ဗွဝ်ကၠံသၞာံတေံ လိက်ဝွံ လိက်တၟအ် နွံပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုၚ်သေံ၊ ပလိုတ်ဍုၚ်ၜၚ်ကံက် ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်နခန်ပထုမ် စေတဳ ဖရပထုမ် လိက်တၟအ်ကမေက်ထကးမံၚ်နွံၜါကလောံ ကေုာံ လိက်ခေါ်ဍိုတ် (တိစံၚ်) ချူလဝ်ဂါထာ ယေဓမ္မာၜါမရ။ လိက်ခေါ်ဍိုတ်သာ်ဝွံကီု ပ္ဍဲလ္ဂုၚ် ကျာ်ဒဵုအပ် (ဗိုလ်ယထောၚ်)ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုလဝ်ကီုရ။

၃၁။ လိက်တၟအ်မန်တြေံ နွံပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်လဓီု (လပ်ပူရဳ) ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်သေံလၟုဟ် ဒၞာဲမန်တြေံတြဟ်ဂှ်ကီု ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဝၚ်ကျာံ (ဗဳယေန်ကျာန်) ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်လဴဟီုဂှ် ချူကှ်ေလဝ် ပ္ဍဲ AD-(၈)ဗွဝ်ကၠံသၞာံ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်သဓီု (သုဝဏ္ဏဘုမ္မိ) ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဗကာံ ချူကှ်ေလဝ် ပ္ဍဲ(၁၁)ဗွဝ်ကၠံသၞာံတအ်နွံတဴရ။

၃၂။ လိက်တၟအ်တိုၚ်ပန်ကၠၚ် ကောန်သၟိၚ်ကျာန်ယေတ်(ကျန်စစ်သား) ရာဇာကုမ္မာ ကၠောန်လဝ်လိက်တၟအ် (မြစေတဳကျောက်စာ) ဂှ် ချူလဝ် (၄)ဘာသာရ။ ပ္ဍဲဂှ် လိက်မန်၊လိက်ဗၟာ၊ လိက်ပါဠိတအ် စကာလဝ်အက္ခရ်မန်ဖအိုတ်တုဲ လိက်ပျူမွဲဘာသာဟေၚ် ချူလဝ်နကဵုအက္ခရ်ပျူရ၊ လိက်ဗၟာအယုက်ဇၞော်အိုတ်ဂှ် လိက်တၟအ်ဝွံ ဟေၚ်တုဲ ချူလဝ်ပ္ဍဲ AD-(၁၁)ဗွဝ်ကၠံသၞာံရ။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၀၄:၅၇၊ ၂၁ မေ ၂၀၂၂ (+0630)

== လိက်ပရေင်အဲ ပ္ဍဲဂျာနေဝ်အမာတ်ဒိန် (အဆက်အလန်မတုဲကၠုင်)။  လိက်ရာဇာဘိသိက် - တြဲ ကေုာံ ပဏ္ဍိတ် ==

လိက်ပရေင်အဲ ပ္ဍဲဂျာနေဝ်အမာတ်ဒိန် (အဆက်အလန်မတုဲကၠုင်)။

လိက်ရာဇာဘိသိက် - တြဲ ကေုာံ ပဏ္ဍိတ်

ပၞောဝ်ကဵု ကပေါတ်ပူရာန်ဂမၠိုင်ဂှ် ကပေါတ်သက်သဳ လိက်တၟအ်မူလဂှ် ဒှ်သက်သဳမခိုင်ကၠိုက်မွဲရ။  လိက်ဂှ် ဒှ်သင်္ကေတ မချူ အရေဝ်ရမ္သာင်မၞိဟ် မဆက်စပ် ကုပရူဒဒှ်ဝင် ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ဂှ် မုအရေဝ် ညးတအ် မဟီု၊ မုလိက် ညးတအ် မစကာဂှ် ပိုယ်ဂွံတီကေတ် နူကဵု လိက်တၟအ်တအ် မာန်ကီုရ။ ပၞောန်ကဵု လိက်တၟအ်မန် ၜိုတ်မဂွံဆဵုလဝ်ဂမၠိုင်ဂှ် လိက်တၟအ်ၜါ မကဵုလဝ်ယၟု လိက်တၟအ်တြာပ် ကဵု လိက်တၟအ်ပဏ္ဍိတ် မဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲအရှာံ ကျာ်သဓီုဂှ် သွက်ဝင်ဂကူမန်မ္ဂး ဒှ်သက်သဳ ကိစ္စဇၞော် ဗွဲမလောန်ရ။ ပရူလိက်တၟအ်တြာပ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲလိက်ပရေင်အဲ မတုဲကၠုင်ဂှ် ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးကဵုလဝ်တုဲ အလန်ဏအ် အဲဆက်ချူ ပရူလိက်တၟအ်ပဏ္ဍိတ်ရ။ လိက်တၟအ်ၜါဝွံ ဒှ်လိက်ကမာ မကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်မွဲစွံတုဲ ဗီုညးကဵုညး ၜိုန်ရ မနွံကဵု စရိုတ်ပူဂိုလ်တၞဟ်ခြာကီုလေဝ် ဒှ်ဒၟံင် မွဲဗီု မွဲပြကာဓဝ်ရ။ လိက်တၟအ်ပဏ္ဍိတ်ဝွံလေဝ် ဟိုတ်နူ မအက္ခရ်လလီု နွံဂၠိုင် ဗွဲမလောန်တုဲ အဓိပ္ပါယ် ပေင်ပေင်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးကဵု ဟွံမာန်ကီုလေဝ် ၜိုတ်မဗှ်ဂွံဂှ် လ္ၚတ်တုဲ ချူပ္တိုန်ထ္ၜး ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်ပရေင်ဝွံရ။ 

တၟအ်
လိက်တၟအ်ပဏ္ဍိတ်ဝွံ ဗွဲကိုပ်ကၠာ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲအရှာံကျာ်သဓီု ဗဒါဲစင်္ကြံ လပါ်ဗမံက် ကရောမ်မွဲစွံ ကုလိက်တၟအ်တြာပ်တုဲ လၟုဟ် ဂိုင်စွံလဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ရုင်လိက်တၟအ်တြေံ ကျာ်သဓီုရ။ လိက်တၟအ်ဝွံ နွံ သမၠုင် ၆ ပေ၊ လပါ်က္ဍိုပ်ဂှ် တၟအ်မေက်လီုဒၟံင် ညိညရ။ ပ္ဍဲလပါ်လတူဂှ် နွံရုပ်ကျာ်ဒတဴမွဲဇကု ကဵု တၠအရှန်မွဲဇကု။ လတူရုပ်တအ်ဂှ် ညာတ်ဒၟံင် မအက္ခရ်ညိည၊ ဆဂး ဗှ်ဟွံဂွံရ။ 

မဗှ်လိက်
လိက်တၟအ်ဝွံ ကိုပ်ကၠာတေအ် ဟိုတ်မနွံဒၟံင်မ္ၚး မဒးလဝ် ဘဲဒဏ်ဗြဲကျာတ္ၚဲ သၞာံဗွဲမလအ်တုဲ ဒၞာဲဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် ဗှ်ဟွံကၠးရ။ ဒၞာဲကြပ်သီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် ဂွံညာတ်ကေတ်ဒၟံင် မလိက်ညိညကီုလေဝ် ဆသကုတ်သၟဝ်ဂှ်ဟေင် ဗှ်ဂွံ ဂၠိုင်ညိရ။ အစာလိက်တၟအ်တြေံ ဗီုကဵု အစာဇၞော်နာဲချေတ်သိင် (ဦးချစ်သိန်း) တအ် ဗှ်တုဲ ဒၞာဲဟွံကၠး ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တအ်ဂှ် ညးဆိင်ဗပေင်စုတ်လဝ် နွံညိညကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်ပရေင်ဏအ် ဆဒၞာဲ မဗှ်ကၠး ကေုာံ ဒၞာဲမဖျေဟ်စိုတ်ဂွံတအ်ဂှ်ဟေင် ပတိုန်ထ္ၜးဏာရ။ 

လိက်ဝွံ ညးပါ်လဝ် သီုဖအိုတ် ပိသကုတ်။ သကုတ်လတူအိုတ်ဂှ် ညာတ်ကေတ် အက္ခရ်ပန်မသုန်မဂှ် ဒှ်ဂါထာ နူပိဋကတ်မွဲမွဲမာန်တုဲ မနွံကဵု ရုပ်ကျာ်တြဲ မွဲဇကု ကေုာံ တၠအရှန် (ဝါ) ကွးသာဝကကျာ် မွဲဇကုရ။ တုဲဂှ် ညးတန်လဝ် နကဵု ဇၟန်ဗၠဲ။

ပ္ဍဲကဵု သကုတ်ဒုတိယဂှ် ညးချူလဝ် နကဵုဘာသာပါဠိ မတုပ်ညံင် မဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်တၟအ်တြာပ်ကီုတုဲ ညးဆက်ချူ မဟိမုဇမၠိင် ဨကရာဇ် သဓီုရ။ တုဲဂှ် ညးဆက်ချူလဝ် ဂါထာ နကဵု ဘာသာပါဠိ မဇန်လဝ် နကဵုနဲကဗျ ယၟု ကေုာံ အသဝ်ဂုဏ် ကျာ်တြဲ ၂၈ မကၠုင်နူ အာဋာနာဋိယသုတ် ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု မူလိက်ဇၞော်ဂှ် လိက်ဏအ် ဟွံဂွံဆဵုကေတ်။ ညးတအ် နုက်ပ္တိတ်လဝ် ဒှ်မာန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်သၠပတ်ပရိုတ်မန် ဂါထာဂၞန် ၁၁၀ - ၁၁၆ ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဏအ် ၜိုန်ရ လိက်ဟွံကၠးကီုလေဝ် ပ္ကိတ် ကုအာဋာနာဋိယသုတ်တုဲ ဗပေင်စုတ် ဂွံခိုဟ်ဟ်ရ။ ဂတဂှ် ညးဆက်ချူလဝ် နကဵု ဘာသာမန် ရံင်ကဵု မလိက် ဆၜိုတ် မဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ဒၟံင်ညိညမ္ဂး ဒၞာဲဂှ် ညးချူလဝ် အသဝ်ဂုဏ်ဂမၠိုင် ပိုယ်ဟီုမာန်ရ။ ပိုဒ်ဂှ် အိုတ်ကဵု ယၟုဇမၠိင် သၟိင်ဨကရာဇ် သဓီုတုဲ သၟိင်ဨကရာဇ်သဓီု ညးခုတ်ကဵု ယၟု  “တြိအ်ရ်္လေယ် (တၠဳအဲ/တြဲ)” တုဲ မွဲသကုတ်တုဲ ညးတန်လဝ် နကဵု ဇၟန်ဗၠဲပၠန်ရ။

ပ္ဍဲကဵု သကုတ်တတိယဂှ် ညံင်ရဴ သကုတ်လတူဂှ်ကီု ညးစကဵု နကဵုဘာသာပါဠိ မတုပ်ကဵု သကုတ်တၞဟ်တအ်တုဲ ညးဆက်ချူ မဟိမုဇမၠိင် ဨကရာဇ် သဓီု။ တုဲ ညးဆက်ချူ နကဵု ဘာသာမန်တြေံပၠန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု သကုတ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်မဂွံညာတ်ကေတ်ဒၟံင် ယၟု  ဝိဓူရ၊ ဝေသန္တရ်တအ်တုဲ ညးဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုဇာတ်ဇၞော် ၁၀ တုဲ မချူလဝ် ဒှ်မာန်ရ။ တုဲဂှ် ညံင်ရဴ သကုတ်တၞဟ်တအ်ကီု အိုတ်ကဵု ယၟုဇမၠိင် သၟိင်ဨကရာဇ်သဓီုတုဲ သၟိင်ဨကရာဇ်သဓီုဂှ် ညးခုတ်ကဵု ယၟု  “ပဏ္ဍိတ်” မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် တၠပညာ ရ။ 

ရံင်ကဵု သကုတ်လိက် ဗွဲလတူဝွံတုဲ လိက်တၟအ်မကဵုလဝ်ယၟု လိက်တၟအ်ပိဏ္ဍိတ်ဝွံ ဒှ်လိက်ရာဇာဘိသိက် မကဵုယၟု ဨကရာဇ်သဓီု ၜါ၊ မွဲဂှ် မဟိမု “တြဲ/တၠဳအဲ” တုဲ၊ မွဲပၠန်ဂှ် မဟိမု “ပိဏ္ဍိတ်”။ 

လိက် သကုတ်ဒုတိယ
ပ္ဍဲသကုတ်ဒုတိယ ပၞောန် ၁ စဵုကဵု ပၞောန် ၅ လပါ်စ 

{၁} အာဒိကာလေရ - [နာ}မ ပုရေ သရ်္ဗ္ဗ သိကာလ တိ[ပ္ပေ] သရ်္ဗ္ဗ သိ[ပျကာ] {၂} - - လောက မက[တ] ရာဇာနာမ ရာဇာဓိရာဇ ဒေဝေါတိဒေ[ဝ ပ]{၃} [ရမေ] သွရ [ဣ]သွရ ရာဇ[နာမာ]ယ မဟာရာဇ ဗဟူညာန သာဂ[ရ]{၄}[ဂုန ဂမ္ဘိရ] သြိ[နိ]တျဓရ်္မၟ ဓရ ဓနေသွရ သကလ တမှာဝိသေယ် တြေ{၅}[ယ်] လောကဓရ်္မၟ။ 

နူပၞောန် ၅ စဵုကဵု ပၞောန် ၁၇ လပါ်စဂှ် ဒှ်ဂါထာ မကၠုင်နူ အာဋာနာဋိယသုတ်။ 

နမောသဗ္ဗ ဗုဒ္ဓါနံ တဏှကင်္ကရာ မဟာဝိ[ရော မေဓင်္က][ရော မဟာယ]သော သရနင်္ကရော လောကဟိတော ဒိပင်္ကရော ဇု[တိန္ဓ ရော] ကောဏ္ဍ[ညော] ဇိနပါမောက္ခော မင်္ဂလော ပုရိသာ သဘော သုမနော သုမန[ဓိရော ရေ]ဝတော ရတိစ[ဒ္ဓ]နော သောဘိတောဂူန သမ္ပ[န္နော အနော] မ[ဒ]ဿိ ဇနု[တ္တမော] ပဒုမော လောက ပ[ဇ္ဇော]တော [နာရဒေါ] ဝ[ရ]သာရ [ထိ ပဒုမုတ္တ]ရော သတ္တသာရော သုမေဓေါ အဂ္ဂပုဂ္ဂလော သု[ဇာတော] သဗ္ဗလောက[ဂ္ဂေါ ပိ]ယဒဿိ နရာသဘော အဋ္ဌဒဿီ ကာ[ရု]နိကော ဓမၟဒဿီ တမော [နုဒေါ သိဒ္ဓတ္ထော အ]မောလောကေ တိ[ဿော]စ ဝရဒဒံဝရော ဖုဿော[စ] ဝရ[ဒေါ ဗုဒ္ဓေါ ဝိပဿိ]စ အ[နု]ပမော သိခိ သဗ္ဗဟိတော သတှာ [ဝေဿဘူ သုခဒါယကော] ကကုသ[န္ဓော] သတ္ထဝါဟော ကောနာဂမနော [ရနည္ဇဟော က]ဿပေါ သိ[ရိသမ္ပ]နၞော [ဂေါ]တမော [သာကျ] ပုင်္ဂ ဝေါ ဨ[တေသ] ညေစ သံဗုဒ္ဓါ အနေကသတ္တ ကောဋိယော - - - မ - သေ - - - 

နူပၞောန် ၁၇ လိက်ဂှ်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပၞောန် ၂၉။ နူပၞောန် ၁၇ စဵုကဵု ပၞောန် ၂၂ ဂှ် ဗှ်ဂွံညိညတုဲ တီအဓိပ္ပါယ် ၜိုတ်ဒးရးရ။ နူပၞောန် ၂၃ စဵုကဵု ပၞောန် ၃၁ ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုဒၟံင် ညိညဓဝ်တုဲ တီကေတ် အဓိပ္ပါယ် ဟွံမာန်ရ။  ပၞောန် ၃၂ ကဵု ပၞောန် ၃၃ ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒၞာဲ မဟိမုဇမၠိင်တုဲ ထပ်ဗပေင်စုတ်လဝ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် နူပၞောန် ၃၅ စဵုကဵု ပၞောန် ၃၈ ဂှ် မလိက်မဗှ်ဒး ကြပ်ဟွံမဲရ။ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဏအ် သီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် အဲစှ်ေစိုတ် မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် “ပယၟု တြဲ/တၠဳအဲ၊ ဒုတိယမ္ပိ မရနုက်ကဵု ၜါအလန် ပယၟုတြဲ/တၠဳအဲ၊ တတိယမ္ပိ မရနုက်ကဵု ပိအလန် ပယၟုတြဲ/တၠဳအဲ” ဆပၞောန်လက်ကြဴအိုတ် ၃၉ ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ညိညပၠန်ရ။ 

{၁၇} - - - ပု[မ်]ရေယ် မအ်တြိအ်(လအ် မအ်)ပြေယ် [နောရ်] - - {၁၈} - - - မာနုသ် ဣ[သိ] ပြာက်ဗုအ်လးဟ် သ(တ်) [အုတ်စ]သ် လ္ငိမ်(စက္ကဝါ) – {၁၉} - - - - မာရ် မအ်နောမ် ကုအ်တြိဇသ် ကးသ်(ဒသ်) မရေမ် - - - - {၂၀} - - - သ် တ္လသ်ဗြအ်မြိအ် - - - ယ် - - - - တြိ[ရ်္လေယ်](စိ) - - {၂၁} - - တုအ်ဂေတ် ဓရ်္မၟစက် - - - - ယရ် - - - အ် - - - - {၂၂} - - (စာ)ရ် ယမကပြာတိဟာရ်သွာရ် - - - (လအ်) - - - မ - - - 
(…) {၃၂ -၃၄} [ရာဇာဓိရာဇ] (ပရမေ) [သွရ] (ဣ)သွရ ရာ(ဇ ရာဇာဓိရာဇ) [ဒေဝါတိ ဒေဝ] (ဗဟူ) ညာ(နသာဂရ ဂမ္ဘိရ) [သြိနိတျ] (ဓရ်္မၟ ဓရ ဓနေသွရ) [သကလ တမှာဝိ](သေယ်တြေယ်) လောက(ဓရ်္မၟ) 
(…)  {၃၉} အ် - (နောရ်) - - (လေးဟ်)ပအ် (ဣ)မောအ်[တြိအ်ရ်္လေယ်] - - -

ပ္ဍဲအကြာပၞောန် ၁၇ ကဵု ၁၈ ဂှ် ဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် “ပရဲ မတၠ မပြဲနူ - - - မၞိဟ်၊ ဣသိ၊ ပြာ်ဗလး သတ် အိုတ်စှ်လ္ၚီစက္ကဝါ။” ပၞောန် ၁၉ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် “- - - - မာရ်” ဒၞာဲမဗှ်ဟွံညာတ် အက္ခရ် ပန်မဂှ် “မအ်ဇိန်နး” ဗပေင်စုတ်မာန်ရောင် စှ်ေစိုတ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဂှ် ဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် “မဇၞးမာရ်”။ ဂတဂှ် “မအ်နောမ် ကုအ်တြိဇသ် ကးသ်(ဒသ်)မရေမ်” ဂှ် ဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် “မနွံ ကုကြဳဇှ် ဟွံမဲကုသၟဟ်”။ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲ “မရေမ်” ဂှ် ရံင်ကဵု တၠုင်ဝါကျတုဲ “သုမောဟ်” ဒှ်မာန်ရ။ ပၞောန် ၂၀ “တ္လသ်ဗြအ်မြိအ်” ဂှ် အဓိပ္ပါယ် ဟွံမံက်။ “တြိရ်္လေယ်စိ - - - - တုအ်ဂေတ် ဓရ်္မၟစက်” ဂှ် “တၠဳအဲစိ - - - - ဗဂေတ် ဓမ္မစက်”။ ပၞောန် ၂၂ ယမကပြာတိဟာရ်သွာရ် ဂှ် “(ထ္ၜး)ယမကပြာတိဟာရ်သွာရ်”။ 

ပၞောန် ၃၉ ဂှ် နကဵု အစာဇၞော်ချေတ်သိင် ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ် “အ် - (နောရ်) - - (လေးဟ်)ပအ် (ဣ)မောအ်[တြိအ်ရ်္လေယ်] - - -“ ရံင်ကဵု တၠုင်လအာလိက် ဒၞာဲတၞဟ်မ္ဂး ဒၞာဲညးမဗပေင်လဝ်ဂှ် အဲမိက်ဂွံ ဗပေင် “အ် - - - - (ရောဝ်) (ဂေါးဟ်)ပအ် (ဣ)မောအ်[တြိအ်ရ်္လေယ်] - - -“ မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် “ရဴဂှ် ပယၟု တြဲ/တၠဳအဲ” ရ။

လိက် သကုတ်တတိယ
ပ္ဍဲကဵု သကုတ်တတိယဏအ်လေဝ် အက္ခရ်မဂွံဆဵုကေတ်မာန်ဂှ် အောန်ကွေဟ်ဟ်ရ။ နူပၞောန် ၁ စဵုကဵုပၞောန်ပိ ဂှ် တုပ်ကဵု ပိုဒ်တၞဟ်တအ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် နူပၞောန် ၄ စဵုကဵု ပၞောန် ၁၁ ဂှ် မလိက် မဗှ်ဂွံ ကြပ်ဟွံမဲရ။ ပၞောန် ၁၂ ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် “လောက်မဟာဇန် (ဂုံလောင်)” တုဲ နူပၞောန် ၁၅ ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် မလိက်ဂၠိုင်ညိပၠန်ရ။ 

{၁} (။ၐြီ။) အာဒိကာ[လေ] - - - - [ပုရေ]၊ သရ်္ဗ္ဗ ကာလတိ[ပ္ပေ] သဗ္ဗသိ - - - {၂} - - - [ရာဇာနာမ] - - - [ပရမေ]သွရ ဣ[သွရ ရာ]ဇာ - - - -- - - - {၃} - - - - - - - - [ဂမ္ဘိရ သြိနိတျ] ဓရ်္မ္မ ဓရ ဓနေ [သွ]ရ [သကလ] - - - (…) 

သၟဝ်ပိုဒ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲပၞောန် ၄ ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် “ပညောတိ”။ တုဲပၠန် ပၞောန် ၆ ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် “ယသ ကရုနာ” တုဲ စဵုကဵု ပၞောန် ၆ ဂှ် ချူလဝ် နကဵု ဘာသာပါဠိ ဟီုမာန်ရ။

{၁၄} - - -  -  - လမှာယ် ဍေးဟ် ရပ် သုန်တိတ် ဝီ- - - - - - - - - - - {၁၅} - - - - - - - ကာလ် နာရ(ဒေါ)ဟ် မဟာဗြဟၟ - - - - - {၁၆} - - - - - - - တွေသ် - - တြိလအ်ဝိ[ဓူ](ရ) - - - - {၁၇} ထရ်  - - - - - - - - - ရ် တြိလအ်ဝေသန္တရ် (တု)န်လရ်ကျာက် - - - {၁၈} - - - - - - - - ပဏ္ဍိတ်ဂုမ်လူမ် သြရ် - - အ် ကုအ် - - 

ပၞောန် ၁၄ “လမှာယ် ဍေးဟ် ရပ်” ဂှ် မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် “အလမ္ဗာ ညးမဝေင်ပလှ်ေဇြုံ ရပ်”။ ပၞောန် ၁၅ ဂှ် “ကာလ်နာရဒေါဟ် မဟာဗြဟၟ” ဂှ် ဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် “ကာလ နာရဒ မဟာဗြဟ္မ”။ ပၞောန် ၁၆ “တွေသ် - - တြိလအ် ဝိဓူရ” ဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် “တွဟ် - - တၠဝိဓူရ”။ ပၞောန် ၁၇ “ထရ်” ဂှ် “ထဝ်”။ တုဲ ဂတဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် “ တြိလအ်ဝေသန္တရ် တုန်လရ် ကျာက်- - ” ဂှ် ဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် “တၠဝေသန္တရ် တုန် စွံ ကျာ်- -“ ပၞောန် ၁၈ “ပဏ္ဍိတ်ဂုမ်လူမ် သြရ်- “ ဂှ် ဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် “ပဏ္ဍိတ်(တၠပညာဂမၠိုင် သြဝ်”။ 

{၁၉} (အုတ်လောက် မဟာဇန်ဂုမ်)လောင် သြရ်ရုမ်ငေါအ် [သၟိင်]အ[ဘိ]ပြာယ် - ကျာက် - {၂၀} (မအ်ကုတ) ရာဇာဓိရာဇ (ပရမေသွရ်) ဣသွရ ရာဇ[အ]ဘေယ် မဟာရာဇ ဒေဝါတိ ဒေဝ (ဗဟူညာန သာဂရ ဂမ္ဘိရ်)သြိနိတ္ထျဓရ်္မၟဓရ သွရ သကလ [တာ]မှာ ဝိသေယ် တြေယ်လောကဓရ်္မၟ - - {၂၂} - - - - (ဍေး)ဟ် [နာမဓေယ် ပုအ်ရေယ် အာရ် ကုန္တအ် ပအ်ဣ]မောအ် (ပဏ္ဍိတ်) {၂၃} ဒုတိယံပိ ရိန်ဍုက် ကုအ်ၜါရ်လေးဟ် ပဣမောအ် ပဏ္ဍိတ် တတိယံပိ ရိန်ဍုက် ကုအ်ပိ {၂၄} [လေးဟ် ပဣမောအ် ပဏ္ဍိတ် - - - ဇ - မ် [တောက်]ဖံမ်က္လောအ် (ဝေါအ်) ကုအ် - - {၂၅} - - - - က် - - အ် [ရောဝ်]ဂေါးဟ် ပအ် ဣမောအ် ပဏ္ဍိတ် ။ ။ ။ 

နူပၞောန် ၁၉ စဵုကဵုအိုတ်ဂှ် “အိုတ်လိုက် မဟာဇန်ဂမၠိုင် သြဝ်ဗၞဟ် သၟိင်အဘိပြာယ် - ကျာ် မကုတ ရာဇာဓိရာဇ ပရမေသွရ် ဣသွရ ရာဇအဘေယ် မဟာရာဇ ဒေဝါတိ ဒေဝ ဗဟူညာန သာဂရ ဂမ္ဘိရ် သြဳနိတ္ထျဓမ္မဓရ သွရ သကလတာမှာ ဝိသေယ် တြေယ်လောကဓမ္မ - - - - ဍေဟ် နာမဓေယ် ပရဲ အာဂတ ပယၟုပဏ္ဍိတ်၊ ဒုတိယမ္ပိ မရနုက် ကုၜါအလန် ပယၟုပဏ္ဍိတ်၊ တတိယမ္ပိ မရနုက်ကဵု ပိအလန် ပယၟုပဏ္ဍိတ် - - - တက်ဖမ်ကၠဟ် ဝွံ ကု - - - - - - ရဴဂှ် ပယၟု  ပိဏ္ဍိတ်။ ။ ။” 

တြိအ်ရ်္လေယ်
တြိအ်ရ်္လေယ် ဂှ် လိက်မန် ခေတ်ကြဴနူဂှ်ညိ ပ္ဍဲဗုကာံ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် “တရ်္လေယ်” နကဵု အဓိပ္ပါယ်မန် ခေတ်လၟုဟ် “တဳလအဲ/တၠဳအဲ” ရ။ “တြိအ်ရ်္လေယ်” ဂှ် မအရေဝ် ၜါမ “တြိအ်လ (တၠ) + ဨယ် (အဲ)” ပ္ကောံတုဲ ခၞံဗဒှ်လဝ် ဝေါဟာရ မွဲမရ။ လိက်မန် ပ္ဍဲဗုကာံမ္ဂး မအရေဝ် “တရ်္လေယ်” ဂှ် စကာ ကုအရာ မလုပ်လၟိဟ် ရတ်ပိပြကာ ဗီုကဵု “ကျာ်၊ ဓရ်၊ ကေုာံ သင်” သၟးရ။ မအရေဝ်ဝွံ ပ္ဍဲခေတ်လၟုဟ် ၜိုန်ရ ပိုယ်တအ် စကာဒၟံင် “တၠဳအဲ” ကီုလေဝ်၊ မလိက်မန် မချူ “ကျာ်တြဲ” တြဲ ဂှ်လေဝ် မြိပတ်ကၠုင် နူဏအ်ကီုရ။ 

ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ညးမကဵုယၟု “တြဲ” ကုသၟိင်ဨကရာဇ် သဓီုဂှ် ညးဗှ်ဂါထာ ယၟုကျာ်တြဲ ၂၈။ ရံင်ကဵု ညးမကဵုယၟု “တြဲ” ကုဨကရာဇ်သဓီုဂှ်တုဲ ဒဒှ်ရ ဨကရာဇ်မန်သဓီုဂှ် ညးတအ် စွံလဝ် နဒဒှ် ကျာ်ဂမျိုင်မွဲဇကု ဟီုမာန်ရ။

ပဏ္ဍိတ်
မအရေဝ် ပဏ္ဍိတ် ဂှ် ကၠုင် နူအရေဝ်ပါဠိ ပဏ္ဍိတ မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် ညးမနွံကဵု ဂမြင်ညာဏ်ပညာ ရ။ မအရေဝ်ဏအ် သွက်ဂွံ ဒးပသောင်ကလး အဓိပ္ပါယ် လှဲလှဲလးလး ဟွံမဲပၟိက်ရ။ 

ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ညးမကဵုယၟု “ပဏ္ဍိတ်” ကုသၟိင်ဨကရာဇ် သဓီုဂှ် ညးဗှ်ထ္ၜး ပရူပါရမဳစှ်သာ် (ဝါ) ဘဝကျာ်တြဲ အလန်လက်ကြဴအိုတ် စှ်ဘဝဂှ်တုဲ ညးကဵုယၟု “ပဏ္ဍိတ်” ရ။ ရံင်ကဵု ညးမကဵုယၟုဏအ် ကုဨကရာဇ်သဓီုဝွံတုဲ ဒဒှ်ရ ညးတအ် မိက်ဂွံဟီု ဨကရာဇ်ဍုင်သဓီုဝွံ သ္ဒး (ဝါ) ဒှ်မၞိဟ် မနွံကဵု ဂမြင်ညာဏ်ပညာ သွက်ဂွံ ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် သၞောတ်သၞောဝ်ဗဗွဲဓဝ်ရ။ 

ကျာ်တြဲ ၂၈ 
ပ္ဍဲကဵု သကုတ်ဒုတိယဂှ် ညးဗှ် အာဋာနာဋိယသုတ်။ လညာတ်မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲမွဲကဝ် ကျာ်ကတဵုဒှ် ပိဇကု ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ပန်ဇကုတုဲ သီုဖအိုတ် ကျာ်တြဲမကလိလောန်အာတုဲ နွံ ၂၈ ဇကုဂှ် ဒှ်လညာတ် ထေရဝါဒဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာမွဲရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက်ရာဇာဘိသိက် သၟိင်ဨကရာဇ်သဓီုဏအ် ညးတအ် ဖ္ဍောတ်ဗှ် ဂါထာဏအ်ဂှ် လ္ၚတ်ရံင်မ္ဂး ဒဒှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် ကောန်ဍုင်သဓီုတအ် ရှ်ေသှ်ေဒၟံင် ထေရဝါဒဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာဂှ် ပိုယ်တအ် ဟီုမာန်ရ။ 

သရောပ်
လိက်တၟအ်တြာပ် ကဵု လိက်တၟအ်ပဏ္ဍိတ် မဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲအရှာံကျာ်သဓီုဂှ် ဒှ်လိက် ရာဇာဘိသိက် သွက်ဂွံဗှ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ ညးစဝ်ရာဇာဘိသိက်တုဲ ကဵုယၟု သၟိင်ဍုင်သဓီု ပိသာ်၊ မဟိမုတြာပ် မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် ညးဇမၞော်လပါ်ပၞာန်ကီု သီုကဵု ညးဍုင်ကွာန်၊ မဟိမုတြဲ မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် ညးမသၠုင်ပြဲ မတုပ်ညံင် ကျာ်ဂမျိုင်မွဲဇကု၊ မဟိမုပဏ္ဍိတ် မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် ညးမနွံကဵု လညာတ်ညာဏ်ပညာ မဂွံဒှ် ဇမၞော်လပါ်သာသနာရ။ 

နူဂှ်မွဲကဆံင် ပိုယ်ဂွံတီကေတ် ဒဒှ်ရ ဍုင်သဓီုဂှ် ဒှ်ဍုင်သၠးပွး မနွံကဵု ဨကရာဇ်ဇကုကဵုဇကုရ။ ဟိုတ်မစကာလဝ် နကဵုလိက်မန် အရေဝ်မန်တုဲ ဍုင်သဓီု ရးမညဒေသဝွံ ဒှ်ဍုင်ဂကူမန်တအ် မပဒတဴမွဲရ။ တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲကဵုအခိင် (၁၀ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ) မချူလဝ်လိက်တၟအ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သဓီု သာသနာ ထေရဝါဒဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ဇၞော်မောဝ်ပြာကတ်ဒၟံင်ဂှ် ပိုယ်တအ် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။ 

နိဿဲ

Luce, Gordon H., Ba Shin, Bo-Hmu (1969) Old Burma-Early Pagán, Volume one Text, Published for Artibus Asiae and the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, J.J. Augustin Publisher, Locust Valley, New York. 

Shorto, H. L. (1971) A Dictionary of the Mon Inscriptions from the Sixth to the Sixteenth Centuries, London, Oxford University Press, New York Toronto. 

သိန်း၊ ဦးချစ် (၁၉၆၅) ရှေးဟောင်မွန်ကျောက်စာပေါင်းချုပ်၊ ပြည်ထောင်စုယဉ်ကျေးမှုဌာန၊ ရှေးဟောင်းသုတေသနဌာနခွဲ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၀၄:၅၈၊ ၂၁ မေ ၂၀၂၂ (+0630)

== ဂလာန်ပရၚ်တဲ သွက်ရဲဆာန်ဂကူမန်         ပရေၚ်ပညာ ==

ဂလာန်ပရၚ်တဲ သွက်ရဲဆာန်ဂကူမန်

       ပရေၚ်ပညာ

၁။ ပရေၚ်ပညာဂှ် ဝဳၜံၚ်သၠုၚ်ကီု အစောံစရာဲမၞိဟ် ၚုဟ်မး၊မၞိဟ်ရ၊ မၞိဟ်ဟွံမွဲကဵုပညာတအ်ဂှ် ဟွံတၟေၚ်နူပြေၚ်ဂၠဴကၠီတအ်ကွေံကွေံရ။

၂။ ၚုဟ်မးမၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲဂှ် တန်တဴဒၟံၚ်ပ္ဍဲကဆံၚ်ပညာဍေံလေပ်ဍေံကၠိုဟ် ဍေံဒုၚ်ကေတ်ဟေၚ်ရ။

၃။ လိုက်မၞိဟ်ပိုဲတ္ၚဲဏံ ပညာဟေၚ်ပၠမံၚ်တရဴရောၚ်။

၄။ ဗတောန်ပညာကဵုသၟတ်တအ်ဂှ် ဝဳၜံၚ်သၠုၚ်တိုန်ဘဝ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ဇကု၊ ဂကူဇကု၊ ဍုၚ်ဇကုရ။

၅။ ဂကူပိုဲဂွံသၠုၚ် (လှုၚ်) ပိုဲဒးသၠုၚ် (သမၠုၚ်)' ကဵုကဆံၚ်ပညာကောန်ဂကူပိုဲရောၚ်။

၆။ ကောန်ၚာ်မွဲမွဲ  နူအခိၚ်ဍောတ်တ် အာစွံလဝ်ပ္ဍဲဂြိုပ်ဇၞော် (ညံၚ်ဍေံဟွံချိုတ်ဂှ်ဖန်ဇန်ကဵု) လ္ပဗတောနအရေဝ် လ္ပဟီုဂးတက်ကျာ လ္ပဗတောန်ကဵုပညာမ္ဂး ၜိုန်ဇၞော်တိုန်ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဗီုဓမ္မတာကၠာလေဝ် ကၠေၚ်နူသတ်ဂြိုပ် အရိုၚ်ကွေံကွေံဟွံသေၚ်။
                           (၄၁)
၇။ မိမတအ် ကဵုအာဲကၟာဲကုကောန်နနဲ ဗတောန်ကဵုကွတ်ပညာဂှ် ဒှ်ဖဵုသွက်ကောန်ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ် အိုတ်ရ။

၈။ ကမၠောန်ဖျေံတံရိုဟ်သွက်ဍုၚ် သ္ဂောံဒှ်ဂုဏ်ဖဵုပ္ဍဲအနာဂတ်နွံနာနာသာ်ဝွံ ပရေၚ်သၠုၚ်ကဵု ကဆံၚ်ကွတ်ပညာကုကောန်ဍုၚ်ဇကုဂှ် ဒှ်ပရဲဇၞော်သၠုၚ် သွက်ဍုၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ် ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်အိုတ်ရ၊ (ဍုၚ်သေၚ်ကပေါဝ်) ၊ ထာဲဝါန်၊ ဟံၚ်ကံၚ်တအ်ဂှ် နနဲဝွံဟေၚ် ဇၞော်သၠုၚ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။)

၉။ အာစာဘာတအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ညးသၠုၚ်စရာဲ ပၠုပ်ဗီုကုသၟတ်၊သၟတ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ညးပိုၚ်ပြဳအနာဂတ် ဟိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ အာစာဘာတအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ညးသၠုၚ်စရာဲဖျေံဗီုအနာဂတ်ရောၚ်။

၁၀။ ကောန်ၚာ်နူဍောတ်တ် ဒဵုဇၞော်ဒေံါဇူနူဘာ သၞာံအခါဗွဲမလအ် အာစာဘာတအ်ဂွံအခိၚ် ဖျေံဗီုဗတောန်ဖျောန်ရောၚ်တုဲ အာစာဘာတအ်စောန်မ္ဂး ကောန်ၚာ်တအ်ဂှ် ဗီုဒးစိုတ်ဖျေံဗီုမာန်ရောၚ်။

၁၁။ မိမတအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အာစာတမ် အာစာသဇိုၚ် ဒှ်ညးဖျေံဗီုကဵု ကောန်ၚာ်ကၠာအိုတ်ရောၚ်။
                        (၄၂)
၁၂။ လညာတ်သမ္တီဂှ် ကတဵုဗဒှ်ကဵု ဇဲ၊ ဝဳရိယ၊ သတ္တိ၊ ဇဲ-ဝဳရိယ သတ္တိဂှ် ပတဝ်ပဓဝ်အာနကဵုပညာ ဒးမ္ဂး၊ အာစိုပ်တိုၚ်ပ္ကဴ ရန်တၟအ်ရောၚ်။

၁၃။ ပံက်ကဵုဘာကောန်ဂကူဂှ် ဒှ်ကမၠောန်ပရေၚ်ဂကူ ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် နဲသဇိုၚ် နဲဍာ်ဇမၠိၚ်ရ။

၁၄။ ဗတောန်ပညာ ကုကောန်ၚာ်သၟတ်တအ်မ္ဂး ပညာမဗတောန်ဂှ် ၜိုတ်သ္ပမာန်ဒးပံၚ်ဗစပ်ကဵု ပညာအနုၜတ်(အနုပညာ)ရောၚ်၊ သာ်ဂှ်ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး ဒှ်မံၚ်ပွပျဲပျာံ ကောန်ၚာ် (ဝါ) ပလီုက္ဍဟ် ကောန်ၚာ်တအ်ရောၚ်။

၁၅။ ဗတောန်ကဵုလိက်မန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ပွထိၚ်ဒဝ်ဂကူမန် ညံၚ်ဟွံဂွံ ကၠေံကၠက်အာမွဲသာ် အခိၚ်ညးတၞဟ်ၚိတ် ကလက်မံၚ်ဂကူဇကု ပရေၚ်ထိၚ်ဒဝ်ဂကူဇကုသာ်ဝွံဂှ် ဒှ်ကမၠောန်နွံကဵုၚုဟ်မးဇၞော်ဇၞော်ရ။

၁၆။ ဗတောန်ကဵုဝၚ်မန် လဴထ္ၜးကဵုပရေၚ်မန် ဗီုဒးဒုၚ်ဍဵုဍိုက်ကၠုၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ပွသၠုၚ်စိုတ်ဓါတ် ဆာန်ဂကူရ၊ စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆာန်ဂကူသၠုၚ်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး ညးတၞဟ်ဍဵုဍိုက်ဂကူဇကုဟွံဒုၚ် ပေဲါဗ္တိုက်ပၠန်ဂတး ဗၠးၜးဂကူ စိုပ်တရဴသၠုၚ်ကၠုၚ်ရောၚ်။

၁၇။ ဘာဗတောန်လိက် ကၟာတ်ဒၞာလဝ်အခေါၚ်ဗတောန်လိက်ဂကူကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ရုၚ်စက်ၚိတ်ကလက်ဂကူဇၞော်အိုတ် အလဵုအသဳတအ်ဖန် ဗဒှ်လဝ်ရောၚ်။

၁၈။  ဘဝမၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲ အဝဲပဌမဂှ် ဒှ်သဇိုၚ်ပၟိက်ဇၞော်အိုတ်ရ၊ပ္ဍဲအဝဲပဌမဂှ် ကတ်လဝ်ပညာသၠုၚ်မ္ဂး စိုပ်အဝဲဒုတိယဂၠာဲပိုန်ဒြပ်ကလိဂွံလောဲ အဝဲဒုတိယ ဒြပ်နွံသိုက်သၠဲဟေၚ် စိုပ်အဝဲတတိယ ဂၠာဲဓဝ်ကဵုဒါန် ကၠောန်သ္ပမာန်ရောၚ်၊ပ္ဍဲအဝဲပဌမ သဇိုၚ်ပရေၚ်ပညာယဝ်ဍိုန်အာမ္ဂး အဝဲကြဴၜါဂှ် ခက်ခုဲဒှ်ရောၚ်။

၁၉။ ဆာန်ကောန်ဇာတ်မ္ဂး ကဵုအာဲပညာ၊ အာဲကၟာဲပညာ ညးပၠံၚ်ဏာဟွံဂွံ။

၂၀။ တၠပညာ ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်ကောန်ဂကူ ကေုာံညးအာက္ဍိုပ်ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်တအ် ပ္ဍဲအနာဂတ်ဂတ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ဇကု ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဌာန်ဇကု ဗီုလဵုမိက်ဂွံဒှ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးစတံဖျေံဗီုပၠုပ်လညာတ် ပ္ဍဲဘာဗတောန်လိက်တအ်ရ၊ လညာတ်မွဲမွဲ စောဲဗာန်လုပ်အာပ္ဍဲက္ဍဟကကွးဘာတအ်မ္ဂး ဗွဲစၟတ်ဨကန် ပြာကတ်ဇၞော်မောဝ်တိုန်ပ္ဍဲအနာဂတ်ရောၚ်။

၂၁။ပ္ဍဲခေတ်ကၠာတေံဂှ် ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ပိုၚ်ပြဳလဝ် သယံဇာတသၟဝ်တိလ္တူတိ နွံကဵုၚုဟ်မးဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠေၚ်တအ်ဟေၚ် ဒှ်မံၚ်ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်သိုက်သၠဲရ၊ခေတ်လၟုဟ်သာ်ဝွံဟွံသေၚ် ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဝဳၜံၚ်ပ္တိတ်တၠပညာကဆံၚ်သၠုၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်သိုက်သၠဲရ၊ တၠပညာတအ်ဂှ် ပံၚ်ကဵုက်ဂတာပ် ခေတ်ကံပျူတာတအ်တုဲ အာမံၚ်က္ဍိုပ်ပ္ဍဲကမၠောန်နာနာ ပ္တိတ်မံၚ်ကပေါတ်နွံကဵုၚုဟ်မး ပရးမံၚ်ဂၠးတိရ၊ တၠပညာစကာ ဟွံအိုတ်တအ်ဂှ် အာကၠောန်စဍုၚ်မ္ၚးမ္ဂး ဂွံၚုဟ်မးဂၠိုၚ်ၚ်ပၠန်ရ၊ သၠာကမၠောန်ဒးပတိတ်ဒြဟတ် ကာယတအ်ဂှ် ကော်စကာနူဍုၚ်မ္ၚး နကဵုၚုဟ်မးအောန်န်တုဲ ဂွံပရဲမွဲလပါ်ပၠန်ရ၊ နနဲသာ်ဏံ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ညးတအ် သိုက်သၠဲကၠုၚ် ဍုၚ်သေၚ်ကပေါဝ်၊ ဟံၚ်ကံၚ်၊ ထာဲဝါန်တအ်ဂှ် စကာနဲသာ်ဝွံရ။ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ပတှ်ေကပေါတ်သယံဇာတတအ်ဂှ် သဘာဝပွဳပွူလီု သီုဒးသွံစကောန်ကမၠောန်ကာယတုဲ လဇုဲဂလုဲ စိုပ်မံၚ်ကြဴညးဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ဂွံဆဵုညာတ်ရ။

၂၂။ ဂကောံမၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်မွဲမွဲ သ္ဂောံလောဲတောတက်တိုန်ဂှ် တၠပညာကေုာံ ညးအာက္ဍိုပ် ညးတအ်ဟေၚ် စဳရေၚ်ပြုပြေၚ်လဝ်၊ သ္ဂောံဒှ်တၠပညာ ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ခိုဟ်မာန်၊ ဒးတတ်အာဘာဗတောန်လိက်တအ်ဖအိုတ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ ကံကုသဵုဂကောံမၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်မွဲမွဲဂှ် နူဘာဗတောန်လိလ်တအ်ဟေၚ် စဳရေၚ်ပြုပြေၚ်မံၚ်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ပိုဲဒးညာတ် ဒးဒုၚ်တဲရောၚ်။

၂၃။ အရာပညာ ဝိဇ္ဇာ ကုသိပ္ပံ နွံၜါဂၠံၚ်ရောၚ်၊ ဆေၚ်ကဵုနာံ ဆေၚ်ကဵုစိုတ်၊ ပညာသိပ္ပံဂှ် ဆေၚ်ကဵုရုပ် ဆေၚ်ကဵုကွတ်စက်ကွတ်တဲ သီုၜါရဲမၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲ ဒးလေပ်ဒးကၠိုဟ်လဝ်ရောၚ်၊ ဝိဇ္ဇာသၟးဂှ် ဍိုန်ၜတ်ဂၠိုၚ်အာ အခါဒးပြိုၚ်ပကာန်ဟွံမာန်ညးတၞဟ် သိပ္ပံသၟးပၠန် ဓဇန်ရိုၚ်ဇိုၚ်မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ဒှ်ဒဒိုက်ၜါသာ်ဏံပံၚ် ညံၚ်ဂွံညဳသၟဟ်ဟေၚ် ဒှ်ပရေၚ်ဖဵုလိုက် မာန်။

၂၄။ ခေတ်လၟုဟ်ဏံ ကွတ်ပညာနာနာတအ်ဂှ် တောတက်ပြံၚ်သၠာဲ မြက်ဇက်မံၚ်တုဲ လေပ်လဝ် ကွတ်ပညာမွဲမွဲတုဲဂှ် ရုမ်ဂပ်ရ၊ မြက်ဇက်မံၚ်တုဲ လေပ်လဝ် ကွတ်ပညာမွဲမွဲတုဲဂှ် ရုမ်ဂပ်ရ စွံစိုတ်ဟွံဂွံ၊ ဟွံဆက်လ္ၚတ်လံၚ်ဗပေၚ်မံၚ်မ္ဂး ခြာဟွံလအ်ဗက်ညးတၞဟ်ဟွံမာန်လလုဲအာရောၚ်။

၂၅။ ခေတ်ကာလဏံ ပ္ဍဲအဝဲအဌမဟေၚ် ဒးဂၠာဲပညာဟွံသေၚ်၊ အပ္ဍဲဘာဟေၚ် ဒးဂၠာဲပညာဟွံသေၚ် ဇၟာပ်ပ်အဝဲဇၟာပ်ပ်ဒၞာဲ ဒးဂၠာဲဗပေၚ်မံၚ်ပညာ အဆက်ဟွံကဵုပိုတ်ရောၚ်။

၂၆။ ကောန်ၚာ်တအ် သ္ဂောံလေပ်လိက်မြဟ် သ္ဂောံကေက်သကာကၠုၚ်မာန်၊ နူဂကောံကုလသမဂ္ဂ သွာၚ်ပညာ၊ သိပ္ပံ ယေန်သၞာၚ်(UNESCO) ကတ်လ္ၚတ်ဆဵုဂဗ သ္ပလဝ်သမ္တီဂှ် အခိၚ်စဗတောန်လိက်ကုကောန်ၚာ်တအ်မ္ဂး ဒးဗတောန်နကဵုအရေဝ်ဘာသာ မိမကောနကၚာ်တအ်ရောၚ်။ ကောန်ၚာ်တအ်လ္တူအရေဝ်ဘာသာဂှ် ကၠိုဟ်မံၚ်ခိုဟ်ဟ်မ္ဂး ဒးစွံအရီုနဲချူ ကုနဲဂှ် ပ္တိတ်ရမျာၚ်ဟေၚ်တုဲ သာကဵုက္ဍဟ်ကောန်ၚာ် ၚာ် ဗတောန်ကဵုသာ်ဝွံ ၜိုတ် ၂/၃ သၞာံတုဲ ထပ်ဗတောန်ဘာသာ ဒးစကာဂၠိုၚ်ကေၚ်မိၚ်ဂၠိုၚ် ဘာသာစကာကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဇကုပၠန်၊ ဇၞော်တိုန်ညိပၠန်မ္ဂး း ထပ်ဗတောန်ဘာသာ ဂၠးတိစကာဖန်အာသာ်ဝွံ မွဲကဆံၚ်တုဲ မွဲကဆံၚ်မ္ဂး လေပ်လောဲတုဲ က္ဍဟ်ကောန်ၚာ်တအ် သာ်ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ကေက်သကာဂၠိုၚ်ရ၊ ဂလေၚ်သာမ္ဂး အာတရဴသ္ၚောဲ၊ က္ဍဟ်သာမ္ဂး ဗတောန်ပညာလောဲ နဲသာနဲခိုဟ်ဂှ် ဒးစကာထေက်ရောၚ်။

၂၇။ အရေဝ်ဘာသာမွဲမွဲ ကၠိုဟ်ကေတ်မ္ဂး ဒှ်ၚုဟ်မးဇၞော်ကွေံကွေံရောၚ်၊ လိက်တၟအ်တြေံတြဟ်တအ်ဂှ် သွက်ရဲလ္ၚတ်ဝၚ်တအ်  ၚုဟ်မးဇၞော်ကွေံကွေံရ၊ ဆ္ဂး ယဝ်ဟွံကၠိုဟ်မ္ဂး ဒှ်ၚုဟ်မးဟွံသေၚ်၊သာ်ဝွံကီု အၚ်ယန် ဂြန်ဂဥုဲ။ဝၚ်၊ ပုံအာဂီု၊ ဂလာန်တၠပညာချူလဝ် ကၠေံကၠက်အာမ္ဂး ညးတီဟွံမွဲတုဲ ဆောံလေၚ်အာကီုရောၚ်၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ အရေဝ်ဘာသာဂကူနာနာ ညံၚ်ဂွံတန်တဴမာန်ဂှ် ဒးကဵုဒြဟတ်၊ ပရေၚ်ၚိတ်ကလက်ဂကူဂှ် ဒးဒစဵုဒစးရောၚ်။

၂၈။ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ညိၚ်ဝတ် တောတက်မွဲ ညံၚ်ဂွံဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မာန် ကောန်ဂကူနာနာ သာသနာရှ်ေသှ်ေနာနာ နွံမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဇကုဂှ် ဒးသ္ပသမ္တီ ဒးကဵုဒၞာဲ ဒးကဵုဇြဟတ်ရောၚ်၊ နဲက [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၀၅:၀၀၊ ၂၁ မေ ၂၀၂၂ (+0630)

== ဂလာန်ပရၚ်တဲ သွက်ရဲဆာန်ဂကူမန်             ပရေၚ်ပၞာန် ==

ဂလာန်ပရၚ်တဲ သွက်ရဲဆာန်ဂကူမန်

           ပရေၚ်ပၞာန်

၁။ ပၞာန်ဟီုဂှ် ပရေၚ်ပြိုၚ်ပကာန်ပၠံၚ်ဇမၞးအကြာ ဂကောံမွဲကဵုမွဲ (ဝါ) ဂကူမွဲကဵုမွဲ ဗွဲဓဇန်ကြာန် ကဆံၚ် သၠုၚ်အိုတ်ရ။
            ပေဲါပၞာန်ဂှ် အခိၚ်မၞိဟ်တအ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဟန်ပိုၚ်ကၠုၚ်တိဍာ်တုဲ ပြိုၚ်ပကာန်ပၠံၚ်ၜးညးသကအ်ဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။
             ပရေၚ်ဝေၚ်ဒၟံၚ်ပၞာန် နူအတိက်ဗွဲမလအ် ဒဵုတ္ၚဲဏံဂှ် ဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ်လ္တူပၠံၚ်ၜးဖဵုဂုဏ် သွက်ဂကူးညးဂကူအဲ (ဝါ) ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ညးကဵုဂကောံမၞိဟ်အဲဟေၚ်ရ။ ပရေၚ်ဒဒှ်သာ်ဏံဂှ် ဆက်နွံအာဗွဲမလအ်လ ဏီရောၚ်။

၂။ ပၞာန်ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး ဆမၞိဟ်ဗ္တိုက်မံၚ်ပၞာန် ၜါလပါ်ဓဝ်ဟွံသေၚ် မၞိဟ်ဆက်စပ်ညးဗြဴကောန်ၚာ်လကျာ်တအ်လေဝ် ဒးဒုၚ်ဘဲဒဏ်ပၞာန်ဖအိုတ်ရ။

၃။ ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ပၞာန်မ္ဂး သွက်ဘဝညးဂွံသာ ညးဒးဗ္ဒဗ္ဒာဲကဵုဂကူညး(ဝါ) ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ညး သွက်ဘဝအဲဂွံဟာ အဲဒးဗ္ဒဗ္ဒာဲကဵုဂကူ အဲ (ဝါ) ဂကောံမၞိဟ်အဲရ။ ဂကောံညဳသာဇြဟတ်ဇၞော်တအ်ဂှ် ဂွံဇမၞးဂၠိုၚ်တုဲ ဂွံဒုၚ်စသိုၚ် အခေါၚ်နာနာရ။ ဂကောံကျ တအ်ဂှ် ဒးဆောံလေၚ် ဒးဒုၚ်ပျဲ ဒးဒုၚ်ဂစိုတ် ဒးဂြိပ် ပဲါဒဴရ။ ဒၞာဲလ္ၚဵု ဟွံမိက်ပဲါဒဴ ဒုၚ်ကမျမ္ဂး ဒးဒုၚ်သ္ပဍိက်ဒးကဵုအကံက်အခေါန် ဗီုညးဖန်ဒးဒုၚ်ရ။
                    (၂၆)

၄။ ရဲကျပၞာန်တအ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ဟွံတဝ်စၞေဟ်မ္ဂး ဒးဒုၚ်သ္ပဍိက်အဆက်ကောန်အဆက်စဴ သီုဂကူဗၠိုက်တၞီ အာရောၚ်ဂှ် ညာတ်တုဲ ဝဳစိုတ်ဓါတ်ဆာန်ဂကူ ကလေၚ်ပလန်လေပ်ရ။ရဲဇၞးလဝ်ပၞာန်တအ်ဂှ် အခေါၚ်တၟေၚ်ဂွံလဝ်တအ် ဖေက်ဗၠးတိတ်နူတဲတုဲ ဝဳစိုတ်ဓါတ်မဟာဂကူ ဇၞော်ဇြဟတ်ပၞာန်ဂစာန်ဍဵုဍိုက်ရ။ ပဋိပက္ခဏံဂှ်သောၚ်ကလးဟွံလောဲ ဂၠိၚ်သ္ၚောဲမံၚ်ဏီရောၚ်။

၅။ ပၞာန်ဂၠးကဝ်ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ၜါဝါ ဆောံလေၚ်ဂိချိုတ်ဇၞော်ကဵုဇြဟတ်ညာတ်တုဲ သွက်ဂွံဒၞာတာ ပံက်ကၠုၚ်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂရ  ဟိုတ်နူဂှ်တုဲ ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်မွဲကုမွဲ ဒှ်ပၞာန်အောန်ကၠုၚ်၊ ဆ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲဗွိုၚ်ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်မွဲမွဲ ဂကူဂွံလဝ်အဝဵုတအ် ဍဵုဍိုက်ၚိတ်ကလက်မံၚ်ဂကူသၟဝ်တဲတအ်တုဲ ပၞာန်အပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဆက်ဒှ်မံၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုကၟိန်ဍုၚ် ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုဒၞာဲဏီရောၚ်။

၆။ ပၞာန်ဂှ် သောၚ်ပြသၞာပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် နဲသၠုၚ်အိုတ်ရ၊ သောၚ်ၜိုဟ်ဟ်ၜတ်တ်ဟွံလောဲတုဲ သောၚ်နကဵုဒြဟတ်ရ။ဟိုယ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပၞာန်ဂှ်ဒှ် ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် ဆီပါ်ဍာ်ဇွောဝ်ရ။

၇။ ကၠောန်ပၠန်ဂတးမ္ဂး ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် ကုပရေၚ်ပၞာန်မ္ဂး ဒးပံၚ်ဗွဝ်လဝ်သီုၜါရောၚ်။ ပၞာန်ဟွံမွဲ ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်သၟးအာဟွံစိုပ် ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဟွံမွဲ ပၞာန်သၟးအာဟွံဂွံရ။
                 (၂၇)

၈။ ပရေၚ်ကွာန်ဂှ် တုပ်ညံၚ်က္ဍိုပ် ပၞာန်ဂှ် တုပ်ညံၚ်ဇိုၚ်တဲၜါဏံပံၚ်ဒးကၠောန်ဂွံနာနာရ။ဆ္ဂး က္ဍိုပ်ဂှ် ဒးစကာဇိုၚ်တဲရောၚ်။

၉။ ဇြဟတ်ပၞာန်ဟွံမွဲ အခေါၚ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ် ပရေၚ်ဂကူဟွံဂွံလောဲ၊ ဇြဟတ်ပၞာန်ဇၞော်မ္ဂး ဟွံအာတ်လေဝ်ညးကဵု ကေၚ်နွံကၠုၚ်ကီုရ။

၁၀။ ဘဝဍိက်ဂှ် ပါဲဒဴကေတ်ဟွံဗၠး ဒဴအာဍုၚ်ညးတၞဟ် ဒးဒုၚ်သ္ပဍိက်ကုညးတၞဟ်ရ၊ ဘဝဍိက်ဂှ် ဗတိုက်ကေတ်ဟေၚ်ဗၠးမာန်၊ တိဍာ်ဇုဇဗဴလပိုဲ ညံၚ်ပိုဲဂွံပိုၚ်ဗ္တိုက်မာန်မ္ဂး ဗၠးနူဘဝဍိက်ဍာံဍာံရောၚ်။

၁၁။ နွံပၟိက်ကဵုတသိုက်အခေါၚ်သွက်ဂကူတုဲ ပိုဲကၠောန်ပၠန်ဂတး၊ ကၠောန်ပၠန်ဂတးမ္ဂး ဒးဆဵုဒဒိုက်ရောၚ်။ ဖေက်မံၚ်ဒဒိုက်တအ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ဂွံအခေါၚ် ဂွံတသိုက် ဟွံမာန်၊ ဂကူပိုဲဟွံဗၠးၜးမ္ဂး ဒဒိုက်တအ်ဂှ် အိုတ်အာ ဟွံသေၚ် သီုဇၞော်တိုန်မံၚ်ဏီရောၚ်။

၁၂။ အခိၚ်ကာလပၞာန်ပၠန်ဂတး မၞိဟ်ချိုတ်အာဂှ်တိုပ်၊ ညံၚ်စိုပ်တိုၚ်ပ္ကဴ မၞိဟ်နွံတအ် ဒးဆက်ကၠောန်အာ လၟေၚ်ဏံဂှ် ဓမ္မတာရ။

၁၃။ ဍုၚ်ပိုဲဂှ်ညးတၞဟ်သၠာဲလဝ်ကဵု ဆီပလက်တုဲ ပၠံၚ်ၜးဂွံလဝ်ရောၚ်။ပိုဲအာတ်ကေတ်နနဲ၊ ဓမ္မတာဂွံမာန်မံၚ်ဟာ၊ ရဲအာတ်ဍုၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ညးတအ် မၚ်ရပ်ပၠုပ်ထံၚ် မၚ်ပန်ဂစိုတ်မံၚ်နကဵုလွဟ်မ္ဂး ပိုဲဟွံပန်ကေတ် ကလိဂွံမာန်ဟွံသေၚ်။ 
                 (၂၈)

၁၄။ အဝဵုပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဂှ် တိတ်နူပၠံၚ်လွဟ်ရောၚ်။
        (မဝ်ဇြဳတုၚ်)

၁၅။ ဂကူမွဲမွဲ ဒပ်စဵုဒၞာမၚ်မွဲဂကူဇကု ဟွံမွဲမ္ဂး အခေါၚ်အရာ သွက်ညးတံ မုလေဝ်ကလိဂွံဟွံမာန်ရ။ (မဝ်ဇြဳတုၚ်)

၁၆။ ကြက်ပၠန်ဂတးဂှ် ဇြဟတ်ပၞာန်/လွဟ်/ဇွောံမထဝ်သြန်ဟွံသေၚ်၊ ဂလာန်ပတှ်ေ ကေုာံ သဘဴဓဝ်ဟေၚ်ရောၚ်။

၁၇။ ဂိုတ်ဂစာန်ဗ္တိုက်သၞ နကဵုဇြဟတ်မၞိဟ် ဇြဟတ်လွဟ်တုဲ မာန်တှ်ေမာန် ဟွံမာန်မ္ဂး ဒုၚ်ကမျ ဖျေံလွဟ် ဗက်ကြဴသၞဂှ် လညာတ်ရဲပၠန်ဂတးဟွံသေၚ် လညာတ်ပၠန်သက်က်ဟေၚ်ရ။

၁၈။ ရဲပၠန်ဂတးတအ် ဖျေံလွဟ်ကုသၞဂှ် ဒှ်ဒုဟ်ဖံက်သစ္စလ္တူပၠန်ဂတးဇၞော်အိုတ်ရ။

၁၉။ ပၞာန်ဂှ်ဗတိုက်ကဵုဂြိုဟ် (ဂံၚ်သ္ကာ) သၟးဟွံဂွံ၊ ဒးစကာ ဥာဏ်ပညာဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ရောၚ်။ သရာဲပၞာန်ပတှ်ေ ဇြဟတ်ပတှ်ေကွတ်တဲတအ်ဂှ် ဒးကဵုစၞာဲပြယာဲသၞတုဲ ဒးကျကၠုၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ကွေံကွေံရ၊ ထ္ၜးသက်သဳမ္ဂး လ္ဂန်အိန်ဂွံဒးကျ ဗညာဓရာံဂွံဒးဒုၚ်ရပ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးကဵုစၞာဲပြယာဲရ။
                        (၂၉)

၂၀။ ဝေၚ်ပၞာန်ဂှ် ပြိုၚ်ပကာန်ဇြဟတ်မၞိဟ် ဇြဟတ်လွဟ် သၟးဟွံသေၚ် ပြိုၚ်ဂွန် (ဗျူဟာ) ပြိုၚ်ပညာ ပြိုၚ်စိုတ်ဓါတ် ပြိုၚ်ပိုနိဒြပ် ပြိုၚ်မံၚ်နာနာသာ်ရောၚ်။

၂၁။ နကဵုဒေါသလ္ပဝေၚ်ပၞာန် ဒေါဇၞော်မ္ဂး သတိဗၠးကျ ညးဒှ်ဂၠိုၚ်ရောၚ်။

၂၂။ ဆဒှ်ကဵုဒှ်လ္ပဇန်ပၞာန် အောန်အိုတ်အာသၞဍိုဟ်အာ၊ ယောၚ်အာမွဲဒၞာဲ ဒးဒုၚ်သၠာဲကဵုဆီ/လမျီုရောၚ်။

၂၃။ ပၞာန်ဂှ် အဆက်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်၊ ဒၟာနူပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် ပၞာန်ဂွံကတဵုဒှ်၊ မိက်ဂွံကဵုပၞာန်တုဲဒှ်မ္ဂး ဒးသှ်ကလး ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ရောၚ်။

၂၄။ ဝေၚ်ပၞာန်မ္ဂး ပရေၚ်သၞကီု သီုပရေၚ်ဇကု ဒးတီဒးကၠိုဟ်လဝ်ခိုဟ်ဟ်ရောၚ်။ ဒၞာဲသၞဍိုန်အိုတ်ဂှ်ဂၠာဲ အခိၚ်/ဂၠံၚ်ဍေံဟွံခယျဂှ် လုပ်ဗ္တိုက်မ္ဂး သွက်ဂွံဇမၞးဂှ် နွံဂၠိုၚ်ရောၚ်။

၂၅။ ပ္ဍဲလိုက်ဏံ သတ်တှ်ေတုဲ လွဟ်မွဲမွဲသာ် နွံမံၚ်သၟးရ။ ယဝ်ဟွံမွဲမ္ဂး ဗီုညးတၞဟ်ဖန်ဒးဒုၚ်တုဲ တန်တဴလအ်အ်ဟွံမာန် ကၠေံကၠက်အာပြဟ်ဟ်ရောၚ်။ ကၞုတအ် အရုတ်တအ် နွံကဵုခၞော်ကြံၚ်ၚ်ဂှ် ဒှ်လွဟ်ဍေံကီုရ။ လွဟ်ဟီုဂှ်  သွက်ဂွံစဵုဒၞာဇကု ကေုာံ သွက်ဂွံ သ္ပမာန် လ္တူညးတၞဟ်ရန်တၟအ်နွံၜါသာ်ရ။ လွဟ်စကာသွက်ဂွံစဵု ဒၞာဇကုနွံဂှ် ခိုဟ် ဒးရး၊ ပိုဲဒးထံက်ဂလာန်ရောၚ်။ သာ်ဂှ်ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး သတ်ဂြိုပ်အရိုၚ်တအ်ကီု မၞိဟ်စိုတ်ဓါတ်နွံ ဗီုသတ်ဂြိုပ်အရိုၚ်တအ်ကီု ကၠုၚ်ကဵုဘယ်ပၠံၚ်ၜးသ္ပမာန်မ္ဂး ပိုဲဒးဒုၚ်သက်က်ရောၚ်။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ လွဟ်ဇကုဂှ် အခါလဵုမွဲလ္ပအပ် ဒပ်ဇကုဂှ် အခါလဵုမွဲ လ္ပဒုၚ်ပလီု လွဟ်ဟွံမွဲ ဒပ်ဟွံမွဲမ္ဂး ဗီုညးဖန်ဒးဒုၚ် ညးကၠုၚ်သ္ပမာန် ဒးယာံဒးလ္ၚောဝ်ရောၚ်။
                         (၃၀)

၂၆။ ဂကူညးကဵုညး ဂကောံညးကဵုညး လွဟ်/ဒပ်စဵုဒၞာ ညးတအ်နွံဟေၚ် ရဲမိက်ဂွံ ကြံကြသ္ပမာန်တအ် ဖေက်ဓညချပ်ဗ္စာဒးကၠုၚ်တုဲ ထိၚ်ဒဝ်အာဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံမာန်ရောၚ်။

၂၇။ သွက်ဂွံဒက်ပ္တန်ဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံကီု သီုပရရေၚ်ဆာန်ကၟိန်ဂကူအိုဿီုမာန် ဂကူမွဲကဵုမွဲ ကဆံၚ်ဒးတုပ် ပရေၚ်ဂကူညးညးဖန် အခေါၚ်သာ်ဝွံ ဒးနွံရောၚ်ဂှ် ဂကူဒးဒုၚ်ဍဵုဍိုက်မံၚ်တအ်ဟေၚ် ဒုၚ်ကေတ်တုဲ ဟီုဂးမံၚ်၊ ဂကူဂွံလဝ်စေဝ်လ္တူတအ် ဒုၚ်တဲမာန် ဟီုဂးမံၚ်၊ ဂကူဂွံလဝ်စေဝ်လ္တူတအ် ဒုၚ်တဲမာန် စှ်ေမံၚ်စိုတ်ဟွံသေၚ် ညးတအ်ညံၚ်ဂွံဒုၚ်ကၠုၚ်တဲမာန် နပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်သၟး ဟီုဂးဂှ် ညးဟွံကၠိုဟ် ဒးဟီုသီုကဵု ပရေၚ်ပၞာန်ရောၚ်။
                    (၃၁)

၂၈။ ပ္ဍဲဝၚ်ပၠန်ဂတးဍုၚ်ပိုဲပွိုၚ် (၇၀)သၞာံပြၚ်ဏံ ဂကောံပၠန်ဂတးရပ်လွဟ်မွဲမွဲ ဒးဒုၚ်ပ္တိတ်နကဵုဇြဟတ်ပၞာန်တုဲ အိုတ်အာဟွံမွဲဏီ။ ဒးဒုၚ်လီနနဲပရေင်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်တုဲ အပ်ထောံလွဟ်ဟေၚ် အိုတ်အာဂှ် နွံဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုဂကောံရ။

၂၉။ ဂကောံအပ်ထောံလွဟ်တအ်ဂှ် အပ်တုဲ အဝဵုပိုတ်သြဇာပၠိုတ် ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်လေဝ်ချိုတ် ဒဵုလမျီုအိုတ်ယာက္ဍိုပ်ဟွံမာန် လုပ်ဝိုၚ်ဟွံဂွံရ။

၃၀။ နွံပၟိက်ကဵုဓဝ်ၜိုတ်လလံမ္ဂး ဗလးထောံလွဟ်မွဲလါ်ဓဝ်ဂှ် ဂွံမာန်ဟွံသေၚ်ရ၊ ပြသၞာရပ်လွဟ် ဂွံကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ဂှ် တာလျိုၚ်နွံမွဲလါ်ဓဝ်ဟွံသေၚ်၊ မိက်ဂွံပြေပြံၚ်မ္ဂး ဒးပညဳပညပ်အကြာၜါ ဒးသၠးဖဵုဒးကဵုကေတ်သီုၜါလ္ပါ်ရောၚ်၊ သာ်ဝွံဟွံ သေၚ် မွဲလ္ပါ်ဟေၚ် ဗလးထောံလွဟ်မ္ဂး သၠဒကေဝ်ဒးစေၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်အာတုဲ သ္ၚောဲခြာအာကဵုဓဝ်ဍာံ သ္ၚောဲခြာအာကဵုဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံရောၚ်။

၃၁။ ဖျေံလွဟ်၊ အပ်လွဟ်၊ သၠာဲထောံလွဟ်ကဵုဒဳမဝ်ကရေဇြဳသၠာဲထောံလွဟ်ကဵုဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်လလံ လုပ်အာဗွိုၚ်တၟးတအ်ဂှ် ဝေါဟာၜိုန်ဟွံတုပ် ကၠာလေဝ်အဓိပ္ပါယ်တုပ်ပ်ရ။ဒုၚ်ကမျ ဒုၚ်ယျံက် ဒုၚ်ထံက်ၜံၚ် ဒုၚ်သ္ပ ဍိက်ဖအိုတ်ရ။

၃၂။ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဂှ် ဒှ်သွက်စဵုဒၞာဂကူ စဵုဒၞာဍုၚ် စဵုဒၞာပိုန်ဒြပ် တိဍာရ၊ အရာအိုဿီုတအ်ဂှ် ပရေၚ်စဵုဒၞာနွံဟေၚ် တန်တဴအာမာန်ရောၚ်၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဆာန်ဂကူဍာံမ္ဂး ဒပ်ပၞာန်စဵုဒၞာဂကူဂှ် ဒးပခိုၚ်လဝ်ရောၚ်။
                            (၃၂)
၃၃။ ပေဲါပၞာန်ဂှ် အန္တရာယ်ဇၞော်၊ လမျီုဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠေၚ်၊ ဒြပ်ရတ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠေၚ်၊ဒးလေၚ်ဆောံမံၚ်တုဲ ၜိုန်ဟွံမွဲပၟိက်ကီုလေဝ် ဗလေတ်ပဲါထောံသောၚ်ၚ်ဂွံဟွံသေၚ်၊ ဟွံပြေၚ်ရေၚ်ပလေဝ်ပလေတ်လဝ်မ္ဂး ပရေၚ်ဒးလေဝ် ဆောံတအ်ဂှ် ဂၠိုၚ်အာနူကဵုဝေၚ်ပၞာန် ဏီရောၚ်။

၃၄။ ဒပ်ပၞာန်မွဲမွဲဂှ် လညာတ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဟွံမွဲ စေဝ်ပၞောန်ဟွံမွဲမ္ဂး ဒှ်အာဗီုဂကောံဒမၠမွဲကီုရောၚ်။

၃၅။ သတီုလဝ်ဂြိုဟ် မ္ၚိုဟ်လဝ်စိုတ် ချိုတ်အာတှ်ေတုဲ ဟွံမွဲ ကဵုဂွန် ဟွံမွဲကဵုအစဳအဇန်မ္ဂး ကေတ်ဇမၞးသၞ ဟွံမာန်။
                      (၃၃) [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၀၅:၀၁၊ ၂၁ မေ ၂၀၂၂ (+0630)

== ဂလာန်ပရၚ်တဲ သွက်ရဲဆာန်ဂကူမန်             ပရေၚ်အာက္ဍိုပ် ==

ဂလာန်ပရၚ်တဲ သွက်ရဲဆာန်ဂကူမန်

           ပရေၚ်အာက္ဍိုပ်

၁။ ရန်တၟအ်ပရေၚ်ကမၠောန် သွက်ဂကောံမၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲ ညံၚ်ဂွံအံၚ်ဇၞး ညံၚ်ဂွံတုဲဒှ်ပြဟ်ဟ်မာန် ပွမ္ဒးဖန်ဇန်ဖျေံဗီုလ္တူညးတၞဟ် ညံၚ်ဂွံရေၚ်တၠုၚ်ကၠောန်ၜိုတ်အာ ညဳညဳသာသာဂှ် ဒှ်ပရေၚ်အာက္ဍိုပ်ရ။ 

၂။ ပ္ဍဲဂကောံမွဲမွဲ ပြာပြာကတ်တ် (ဝါ) သ္ၚိတ်တ်ဇြဇြ မံက်မံက် (ဝါ) ပၞုက်ပၞုက် မၞိဟ်အာက္ဍိုပ် ဒးနွံဟေၚ်ရ။အကြာမၞိဟ်နွံၜါဂှ်လေဝ်ဝ်  မၞိဟ်မွဲဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်က္ဍိုပ်တုဲ မၞိဟ်မွဲဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဗက်ကြဴရ၊ ဗွဲဓမ္မတာမ္ဂး မၞိဟ်ကၠိုဟ် မၞိဟ်ကေက် မၞိဟ်ဂံၚ်သကာတအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်က္ဍိုပ်ရ။
     
၃။ ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်ဟီုဂှ် ညးဂမၠိုၚ်ညံၚ်ဂွံဗက်ကၠုၚ်ကြဴဇကု ညးတၞဟ်ညံၚ်ဂွံကၠောန်အတိုၚ်စၞောန်ဇကု ကၠောန်သ္ပလေပ် ကၠောန်သ္ပဒှ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်ရ။

၄။ ပ္ဍဲညးအာက္ဍိုပ်တအ်ဂှ် ဆန္ဒမိက်ဂွံအာက္ဍိုပ် ကေုာံ သတ္တိနွံဟေင် ဒှ်ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်ရ။ 

၅။ ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်မွဲမွဲဂှ် နကဵုကမၠောန်ကီုပွကီု နကဵုအရေဝ်ကီု ထ္ၜးပျးသောၚ််လးတံၚ်ဂြဲ ညးဗက်ကြဴတအ် ဓဝ်ပတှ်ေညံၚ်ဂွံနွံလ္တူကမၠောန်လ္တူဇကုမာန်မ္ဂး ပရေၚ်အာက္ဍိုပ်ညးဂှ်အံၚ်ဇၞးစိုပ်တရဴရောၚ်။
                   (၃၄)

၆။ ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်တအ်ဝွံ လ္တူကမၠောန် ဇကုကေတ်လဝ်လျိုၚ်ဂှ် ဒးကၠိုဟ်ဒးလေပ်လဝ် ခိုဟ်ဟ်ရောၚ်။ သ္ဂောံအာက္ဍိုပ်ဍာ်ဇမၠိၚ်မာ္န် ဒးဆက်ကတ်လ္ၚတ်မံၚ် လၟိုန်ရောၚ်။

၇။ ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်မွဲ (ဝါ) သ္ကိုပ်ဒပ်မွဲဂှ် ရန်တၟအ်ပရဝၚ်ကမၠောန်ညံၚ်ဂွံအံၚ်ဇၞး ညးဗက်ကြဴဇကု ညံၚ်ဂွံဗၠးဘယ် ဒးစွံအရီုဒးကေတ်တာလျိုၚ် ဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ်ရောၚ်။

၈။ ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန် (ဝါ) ကောန်ဂကောံ ဓမ္မတာတအ်ဂှ် လ္တူပရေၚ်မွဲမွဲ မိက်ဂွံဒှ်ရတီ နဲလဵုဂွံကၠောန် ဂွံဖန်ဗဒှ်ဂှ် ဟွံတီ ယဝ်တီလေဝ် တီဆလ္တူကျာညိညဟေၚ်ရ။
          ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်တအ်ဂှ် တီပၟိက်ဆန္ဒညးဍုၚ်ကွာန် (ဝါ) ကောန်ဂကောာံတအ်တုဲ နဲလဵုဂွံကၠောန် ဗီုလဵုဂွံဗၟံက်ရုပ်ရဴဂှ် ချပ်ဗစာ စဳဇန် ပၠကဵုတရဴမ္ဂး တၚ်ရန်တၟံတအ်ဂှ် အံၚ်ဇၞးစိုပ်တရဴမာန်ရောၚ်။

၉။ က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးစန္ဒက်တံၚ်ဂြဲညးဂမၠိုၚ်လေပ် ဍာန်ဗၠေတ်ဍာန်ဒး ပညုၚ်ထ္ၜးမာန်တုဲ နပွ နကမၠောန်လေဝ် ဒးကၠောန်ဒးမံၚ် ဒးသ္ပ ဒးပၠတရဴနာနာသာ်ရောၚ်။

၁၀။ သ္ဂောံဒှ် ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်ညးဂမၠိုၚ်မာန်ဂှ် ကွတ်၊ သတ္တိ၊ ပဋိပတ် ပိသာ်ဏံပၟိက်ဇၞော်အိုတ်ရ။ မၞးမိက်ဂွံဂှ် ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲဇကုမၞးညံၚ်ဂွံဍိုက်ပေၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ် လွဳပရာညိ။  
                      (၃၅)  

၁၁။ စိၚ်အာမ္ဂးဒှ်ဂၠံၚ်၊ မၞိဟ်အာက္ဍိုပ်တအ် ကၠောန်သ္ပမ္ဂး ဒှ်သၞောဝ်ရောၚ်တုဲ ပွခိုဟ်ကီု မၞိဟကအာက္ဍိုပ်တအ် သ္ၚဳဂၠိပ်ချိုတ်တ်ပၠိုတ်တ်တုဲ ကၠောန်ထေက်ရ။

၁၂။ မၞိဟ်ကၠိုဟ်မၞိဟ်ခိုဟ် မၞိဟ်ဍိုဟ်တအ်ဟေၚ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်အာက္ဍိုပ်ဍာ်ဇမၠိၚ်မာန်။

၁၃။ အာယုက်ပ္ဍဲကမၠောန် (ဝှ်) ဂှ်ဒှ်စရာဲပၟိက်ဇၞော် မွဲသာ်ကီုရ၊ ဗွဲတၟေၚ်ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ်ကာလပြံၚ်သၠာဲ အခိၚ်ကြေပ်ဂြတ်တအ် ဗီုလဵုဒတူလိုၚ်ဂှ် ဒးစွံၚုဟ်မးဂၠိုၚ်ရ။

၁၄။ မၞိဟ်ကၠိုဟ်ပရေၚ်ကမၠောန် စေတနာဍာံတအ်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ဆဵု ဂဗအာယုက်ကမၠောန်အောန်ကီုလေဝ် သ္ၚဳဂၠိပ်တုဲ ကဵုဒၞာဲ ကဵုက္ဍိုပ်ထေက်မံၚ်ကီုရောၚ်၊ တၟော်လ္တူဝှ်သၟးမ္ဂး ကမၠောန် လ္ဇုဲအာမာန်ရောၚ်။

၁၅။ ချေံဂြိပ်မြက်တ်ဂှ် ထိၚ်ဝါတ် ဆ္ဂး ထိၚ်မာန်မ္ဂး စိုပ်တရဴပြဟ်ရောၚ်။

၁၆။ မိက်ဂွံဒှ် က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်ပြာကတ်ဍာ်ဇမၠိၚ်မ္ဂး လ္ပဍဵုဍိုက်မဇအဆက်တၟိ(သၟတ်)တအ်ညိ၊ ပ္ဍဲအနာဂတ် သၟတ်တအ်ဟေၚ် ဂွံဒၞာဲရောၚ်တုဲ ဍေံတအ်ဒုၚ်တဲဟေၚ် ဝၚ်က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်ပြာကတ် အာမာန်ရောၚ်။
                   (၃၆)

၁၇။ ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးဂစာန်ချူလိက်ဂၠိုၚ်ၚ်ရောၚ်။လညာတ်ဇကုဂှ်ဟီုကေတ်သၟးမ္ဂး မၞိဟ်ကြပ်ကဵုဇကုဟေၚ်ဂွံမိၚ်၊ မိၚ်တုဲခြာဟွံလအ်ဝိုတ်အာ မာန်ရောၚ်။ ချူတြးနကဵုလိက်မ္ဂး အာစိုပ်တရဴသ္ၚောဲ သှ်ေၜက်အခိၚ်လအ်အ်မာန်တုဲ မၞိဟ်တီညာတ်ဂၠိုၚ် သီုဗိုန်ခိုၚ်ရောၚ်။

၁၈။ က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်တအ်ကီု တၠပညာတအ်ကီု ယဝ်လၞုဟ်ဟီုဂး ၚုဟ်မးမၞိဟ်အောန် ယဝ်လၞုဟ်ကၠုၚ်အာ လာဘ်သကာအောန်ရောၚ်။

၁၉။ ရုဲပ္တိုန်ညးအာက္ဍိုပ် ဗက်အခိုက်သၞောတ်တြေံ နနဲကောန်ဨကရာဇ် ဂွံဒှ်ဨကရာဇ် သၚ်ဝှ်ဇၞော် ဂွံဒှ်ကျာ်ဇၞော်ဂှ် ရုဲစှ်လောဲသွာ ပြသၞာအောန်ဒှ်ကၠာလေဝ် ဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ်လ္တူစရာဲဟွံသေၚ်တုဲ ပရေၚ်ကမၠောန်ဂွံဇၞော်မောဝ်ဝါတ်ရ။

၂၀။ သ္ဂောံဒှ်ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်လ္တူမၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်မာန်ဂှ် ကွတ်၊ သတ္တိ၊ ပဋိပတ် ပိသာ်ဏံဒှ်သဇိုၚ်ပၟိက်ဇၞော် တပ်တးသၠးဖဵု တံၚ်ဂြဲ၊ စိုတ်ပြဲ ပန်သာ်ဏံလေဝ် ဒးဍိုက်ပေၚ်ကီုရောၚ်။

၂၁။ သ္ဂောံဒှ်က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ကံကုသိုလ်အတိက်ဖန်လဝ်ဟွံသေၚ် လက်သဏ်က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ် ညံၚ်ဂွံပေၚ်ဖ္ဍိုက်ဗပေၚ်မၚ်မွဲမာန်မ္ဂး ညးညးအဲအဲဒှ်မာန်ဖအိုတ်ရ။
                   (၃၇)

၂၂။ ဂကောံ(ဝါ)မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ဒးထိၚ်ဒဝ်ကဵုသၞောဝ်၊ မၞိဟ်အာမံၚ်က္ဍိုပ်ဂကောံတအ်ဂှ် မၚ်မွဲသၞောဝ်ဟွံမာန်မ္ဂး  သၞောဝ်ဂှ်ဟွံတန်ကြပ်တုဲ ဂကောံရောအ်ရေၚ်ပြးဆာဲရောၚ်၊ဟိုတ်ဂှ် တုဲ မၞိဟ်မၚ်မွဲ သၞောဝ်ဟွံမာန် ပဋိပတ်ယောၚ်တအ်ဂှ် သ္ပက္ဍိုပ်ဟွံဂွံရ။

၂၃။  ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်တအ်ဂှ် သမ္တီ၊ သတ္တိ၊ သစ္စ၊သမာဓိ၊ သၠးဖဵု &quot;သ&quot; မသုန်မဏံ ညံၚ်ရဴသဳမသုန် ဒးထိၚ်ဒဝ်ဖ္ဍိုက်ဗပေၚ်လဝ်ရောၚ်။

၂၄။ နဲကဲအာက္ဍိုပ်နွံပိသာ် နဲကဵုအမိၚ်၊ နဲသောၚ်ကလး၊ နဲကြဴစးတအ်ရ၊ နဲကဵုအမိၚ်ဂှ် ဒှ်သၞောတ်တၠအဝဵုစကာဂၠိုၚ်၊ နဲသောၚ်ကလးဝွံ ချပ်သဳကၠဳပညဳ လုပ်အဝေါၚ် ဒဳမဝ်ကရေဇြဳ စကာအကြာ ဗွိုၚ်မၞိဟ်လညာတ်သမ္တီ သၠုၚ်ၚ်တအ်ရ၊ နဲကြဴစးဝွံ စကာမၞိဟ်သၟဝ်တဲတုဲ ဇကုမံၚ်ထောံသာသာ နဲဝွံ စကာပ္ဍဲဗွိုၚ်မၞိဟ်သၟဝ်တဲခိုၚ်ၚ် ဗွိုၚ်ဂွံဖျေံစိုတ် စကာဒေံကောန်ဇာတ်ဂၠိုၚ်ရ၊ နဲပိသာ်ဝွံ ရံၚ်ဒၞာဲတုဲ စကာလေပ်မ္ဂး ဒှ်ဂုဏ်ဖဵု စကာဒၞာဲဗၠေတ်မ္ဂး ဒှ်လလေၚ်ဖဵုရောၚ်။

၂၅။မၞိဟ်အာက္ဍိုပ် ရန်ကဵုဖဵုဂကောံတအ်ဂှ် ကဵုဒၞာဲကုမၞိဟ်ခိုဟ်မၞိဟ်ကၠိုဟ်၊ မၞိဟ်အာက္ဍိုပ်ရန်ကဵု ဖဵုဇကု တအ်ဂှ် ကဵုဒၞာဲဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဍုက်ကေဝ်ကဵုဇကုတအ်ရ။
                     (၃၈)

၂၆။ ဗျိဒေါန်ဂၠိုၚ်မ္ဂး မၞိဟ်ဗက်ကြဴအောန်၊ စန္ဒက်သမၠုၚ် စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဂၠိုၚ်မ္ဂး မၞိဟ်ဗက်ကြဴဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ဓမ္မတာရ။

၂၇။ လက်ကြဴက္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်စကာအဝဵုတအ်ဂှ် ရဲကလၚ်အမိၚ် မၞိဟ်သမ္တီသဝ်ဝ်ဟေၚ်နွံဂၠိုၚ်တုဲ လက်ကြဴ က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်စကာ ပရေၚ်စန္ဒက်တအ်ဂှ် ရဲလေပ်ပညာ မၞိဟ်သမ္တီသၠုၚ်ၚ် နွံဂၠိုၚ်ရ။

၂၈။ က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်ဒးစိုတ် သၞောတ်တၠအဝဵုတအ်ဂှ် ဖေက်ရဲတၠပညာ တုဲ စကာရဲကလၚ်အမိၚ်ဂၠိုၚ် ကေမ်ၛာပ်လဝ်အဝဵု ဂၠိုၚ်ရ၊ က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်ဒးစိုတ်သၞောတ်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေဇြဳတအ်ဂှ် ဒးစိုတ်ရဲတၠပညာ ပါ်ကဵုတာလျိုၚ် ဗွိုၚ်ညးကဵုညးဂၠိုၚ်ရ။

၂၉။ ဟိုတ်ဖဵုညးအာက္ဍိုပ်ဂွံဒတုံပြဟ် နွံစှ်သာ်ရ၊ ဟွံလေပ်ကွတ်၊ စိုတ်ဟွံထတ်၊ ပဋိပတ်လီု၊ ဗီုဟီုတွံကၠောန်၊ အောန်ဓဝ်ခန္တဳ၊ရဲဒၞာဲပဲါက္ဍိုပ်၊ က္ဍိုပ်က္ဍုတ်ဟွံသၟဟ်၊ ဂၠုဟ်ပၟိက်ညးညးဂမၠိုၚ်၊ ရိုၚ်ဇိုၚ် အရေဝ်ကြံၚ်၊ ညာတ်မံၚ်ဇကုပြဲ က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်တဲဏံ ဟွံလအ်ပြဟ်စှ်ေရောၚ်။

၃၀။ လက်သဏ်ညးအာက္ဍိုပ်ခိုဟ်(၅)သာ်ဝွံ လညာတ်ဒးသၠဲ၊စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဒးပြဲ၊ နဲကဲဒးဍိုဟ်၊ သတ္တိဒးခိုဟ်၊ လဂံါသၞဒးကၠိုဟ်ရောၚ်။
                  (၃၉)

၃၁။ ညးလ္ၚဵုဂှ် ဂွံဒှ်က္ဍိုပ်မှကၠောန် ပရေၚ်ဂကောံပရေၚ်ဂကူ ဒးဖက်ကြံမ္ဂး ဆုဲတိတ်သ္ၚောဲသ္ၚောဲတုဲ ဂၠာဲဒုဟ်ပါ်ပဲါခါဂွံဒၞာဲပၠန် ဒၞာဲယၟုပရေံဂှ် ဗဝ်စုတ်ဒုဟ်ညးတၞဟ် ယၟုမြဟ်ခိုဟ်တှ်ေ ဇကုဒုၚ်ကေတ် စကာမံၚ်ကွေတ် ကၠိက်တုက်ကတဵု ကၠဵုဒုဟ်ဒယှ်မ္ဂး ညးဂမၠိုၚ်ကဵုက္ဍိုပ် လအ်အ်မာန်ဟွံသေၚ်။

၃၂။ က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်စကာသၞောတ်တၠအဝဵုတအ်ဂှ်ဟွံကဵုဒၞာဲကုညးတၞဟ်၊ မၞိဟ်ကေက်သကာ မံက်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး ဖေက်ပၠံၚ်ဒၞာဲတုဲ မၚ်ဝးပကဝ်ထောံ အခါဗျုယဲကၠောန်ဟွံမာန်မ္ဂး ကဵုဒၞာဲဇကုကောန်ဇကု ဒေံဇကုသာ်ဝွံ ကၠောန်သ္ပလေပ်ရ။
      က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်စကာသၞောတ်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေဇြဳတအ်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်ကေက်သကာမံၚ်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး ပါ်ပရအ်ကဵုအဝဵု၊ မွဲလ္ပါ်ဂှ် ဒုၚ်ကေတ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်မာဲညးဂမၠိုၚ် စိုပ်အခိၚ်ပေဲါကဵုဒၞာဲဂှ်လေဝ် ဟွံဇြိုၚ်စိုတ်ရ။

၃၃။ သၟိၚ်ဂိတုဂှ် ပျးလျးအရံၚ် ၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်တုဲ သၞံၚ်တအ်ပူဗိုၚ်မိတ်သဟာဲဂၠိုၚ် သၟိၚ်တ္ၚဲဂှ် ပျးအရံၚ် က္တူကတာန်ဂၠိုၚ်တုဲ ပွဳဗွိုၚ်ဟွံမွဲ သ္ကအ်ရဲဟွံမွဲရ၊ သာ်ဝွံကီု က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်စကာသၞောတ်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေဇြဳ ပညဳလညာတ်ကုညးတၞဟ်ဂှ် ဗွဳဗွိုၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်၊ က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်စကာသၞောတ်တၠအဝဵုဂှ် ကေတ်လညာတ် ဇကုမွဲဓဝ်တုဲ ဗွဳဗွိုၚ်ဟွံမွဲရ။
                      (၄၀) [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၀၅:၀၂၊ ၂၁ မေ ၂၀၂၂ (+0630)

== အမေရိကာန်ကဵုနေတိုဝ် မွဲကရေက်၊  ကြုက်ကဵုရာတ်သာ မွဲလပါ် ပါ်မံၚ်ဂၠးတိပိုဲ ကောန်စဴထဝ် ==

အမေရိကာန်ကဵုနေတိုဝ် မွဲကရေက်၊  ကြုက်ကဵုရာတ်သာ မွဲလပါ် ပါ်မံၚ်ဂၠးတိပိုဲ
ကောန်စဴထဝ်
ဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၃၊ တ္ၚဲဗုဒ္ဓဝါ၊ ၂၀၂၂
ပဝ်လဇြဳဍုၚ်ကြုက်ညးတအ် ဟွံလုပ်ပလာပ်ပထုဲ ပ္ဍဲကေၚ်ကာဍုၚ်မွဲမွဲရောၚ် ၜိုန်ရဟီုကီုလေဝ် ဆဂး ရံၚ်ကဵုဂုန်ဖဵုဍုၚ်ညးတအ် ဗွဲတၟေၚ် ဗဒစးကဵု ဍုၚ်ရာတ်သာတုဲ စဵုဒၞာအန္တရာဲနူအမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ မဟာမိတ်အမေရိကာန် မပ္တံ ဂျပါန်၊ အိန္ဒိယ၊ ယူခေ၊ အဝ်သတြေလျ၊ နေတိုဝ်တအ်ရောၚ်ဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ။ ဍုၚ်ရာတ်သာဂှ် ဒှ်မဟာမိတ်အဓိက ပ္ဍဲအရာမစဵုဒၞာအာဂုန်ဖဵုဍုၚ်ညး တအ်ရောၚ် ဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ။ 
ဂကောံကွိတ် Quad ကဵုအဝ်ကာတ် AUKUS ၜါဝွံ ဒှ်ဂကောံသွက်ဂွံကရေပ်ဂရတ် ဍုၚ်ကြုက်ဂှ်တုဲ ဂွံဗၠးဘဲကီု ဂွံကလေၚ်ပ လန်တဲကဵုဂကောံဍုၚ်တအ်ဝွံကီုဂှ် နကဵုဍုၚ်ကြုက်ဂှ် ဒးသ္ပမဟာမိတ်ကဵုရာတ်သာဟေၚ်ရ။ ကေုာံဍုၚ်ဍောတ်တ်တအ်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရသ္ပမဟာမိတ်ကီုလေဝ် အစောံဇြဟတ်ဟွံဍိုက်ပေၚ် သွက်ဂွံတဝ်စၞေဟ်ရောၚ်။ ဂၠုၚ်ဍောတ်တ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒုန်ပ္ဍဲၜဳမှာ သၟိဒ်ဟွံဂွံရောၚ် ဒးဟီုပတောံဥပမာသာ်ဝွံရ။ ကာလဍုၚ်ကြုက် ဒးဒုၚ်ကရေပ်ဂရတ်ကဵုအ မေရိကာန်၊  မဟာမိတ်အမေရိကာန် မပတံအဳယူတအ် ပ္ဍဲကေၚ်ကာဟံၚ်ကံၚ်၊ ဇြေန်ကျေန်၊ တိဗိတ်၊ ထာဲဝါန်တအ်ဂှ် ညးတအ် အာစိုပ်ဒဒိုက်ဇၞော်ကဵုဇြဟတ်ရ။ မဟာမိတ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်ဟွံမွဲမဂး ဟွံလောဲရောၚ်ဂှ် ညာတ်ကေတ်မာန်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ လအိတ်သၞာံတုဲကၠုၚ်ဏံ ညးတအ်ပံၚ်တဲ ကဵုရာတ်သာတုဲ ပကတ်ပကေၚ်ကွတ်ပၞာန်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်ကီု၊ သၞာံဏံ သမ္မတၜါဍုၚ်ဂှ် ဆဵုဂဗညးသကအ် ကိုပ်ကၠာဟွံစိုပ်အိုဝ် လာမ်ပေတ်က္ဍၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ လလောၚ်တြးပတိတ်လဝ် လိက်လလောၚ်တြးဇမၠိၚ် မနွံမသုန်လ္ၚီမလိက် ပ္ဍဲဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ(၄)ဂှ်ကီုတုဲ ကော်ဆဴပြိုၚ်ပကာန်ဏာကဵုအမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ မဟာမိတ်အမေရိကာန်တအ် ပြာပြာကတ်တ်အိုတ်ရ။ ဣဝွံဂှ် ဍေံဒှ်ဟိုတ် ဍုၚ်ရာတ်သာ ကလိဂွံအဟံက်ခိုဟ် ပ္ဍဲအရာဂံၚ်ဖျေံသဂုတ်သွာတ် ဂွံနိမိတ်ဗဒှ်ပဋိပက္ခယူကရိၚ် ဒှ်မာန်ကီုရောၚ်။ ပေဲါပြိုၚ်ပ ကာန်အကြာဂကောံဇြဟတ်ဍုၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဂတဏံဇၞော်နူဏံဏီဒှ်မာန်ရ။
ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် မူဟိုတ်ကြုက်ဟွံထံက်ဂလာန်ရာတ်သာ လုပ်သီခရာၚ်မဳယျာကီု၊ ဟွံစၟတ်သမ္တီဍုၚ်တၟိၜါကီုဂှ်တုဲ ဂွံမံၚ်ကၠေံလဒေါဝ်၊ ကဵုကသပ်လညာတ် ညံၚ်ဂွံစကာနဲကဲၜိုဟ်ဟ်သြိုဟ်ဟ်တုဲ ဂၠာဲသွဟ် ပ္ဍဲကောံဓရီုကံၚ်သဳဂီုကၠီုယူအေန်ရော။ တၚ်တုပ် စိုတ်ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ညးတအ်ကဵုရာတ်သာဂှ် နွံမံၚ်117ဗဳလဳယာန်ပြၚ်ဂှ်တုဲရ။ စပ်ကဵုယူကရိၚ်ဝွံဂှ် ပရေၚ်ပို်န်ဒြပ်ကူသာန်ဗၞိက်ညး တအ်ကဵုယူကရိၚ် သၞာံ2020ဂှ် နွံမံၚ်စှ်သုန်အသၚ်ဃဲယံၚ်(ဗဳလဳယာန်)ပြၚ်ရောၚ်။   တုဲပၠန် ယဝ်ရညးတအ်ကေတ်စ လ ပါ်ရာတ်သာပေၚ်ၚ်မဂး ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ညးတအ်ကဵုအမေရိကာန်တအ်ကီု၊ အဳယူတအ်ကီုဂှ် လီုလာ်အာမာန်ရောၚ်။ မံၚ်လဒေါဝ် ညိညဂှ် သာမံၚ်သွက်ဍုၚ်ညးတအ်ရ။ ရာတ်သာလေဝ် ပေၚ်စိုတ်၊ ယူက ရိၚ်လေဝ် ဟွံဒက်စိုတ်၊ ဍုၚ်ပလိုတ်တအ်လေဝ် ဂၠာဲသၞဟွံဂွံကွေံကွေံရ။ ကွတ်ပညာမံၚ်လဒေါဝ်သာ်ဏံ ပ္ဍဲက္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ယူကရိၚ်တအ်နွံမံၚ်ကီုဟာ။ 
ပဋိပက္ခဍုၚ်ယူကရိၚ်ဝွံ အတိုၚ်တၠပညာကြုက်မွဲတၠမဟီုပါ်ပဲါလဝ်ဗၞတ်ညိညဂှ်မဂး က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ယူကရိၚ်တအ် ထေက်ကဵုဒး ဂိုၚ်ကေတ်၊ ယိုက်ဒိုက်ကေတ်လညာတ်မံၚ်လဒေါဝ် ဟွံလျောဝ်ဗက် နေတိုဝ်ကဵုအမေရိကာန်၊ ဟွံဗလးကၠေံရာတ်သာရောၚ်။ ဂလာန်ညးဝွံ ဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ်လဝ်ကဵုအကာဲအရာသာ်လဵုရောမဂး ဍုၚ်ယူကရိၚ်ဂှ် ပယျဵုစပ်မံၚ်ကဵုရာတ်သာရောၚ်၊ လုပ်နွံမံၚ် အဒေါဝ်ဂကောံဇြဟတ်ၜါလပါ်ဂှ်ရောၚ်။ ဍုၚ်ရာတ်သျှာဂှ် ဇြဟတ်ဇၞော်ကီုဒှ် ဍောတ်ကီုဒှ် ဒဒှ်ရကဵုအန္တရာဲကဵုညးတအ်မာန် ရောၚ်ဂှ် ဇကုဇမၞော်ဍုၚ်ယူကရိၚ်တအ် ဒးတီလဝ်ထေက်ရောၚ်။ ဗီုဍုၚ်ကြုက်ဝေၚ်ဏာ ဟီုဏာ ပ္ဍဲယူအေန်ဂှ် ညးတအ် ဟွံကေတ်စလပါ်တေံလပါ်ဏံတုဲ သွက်ကြုက်ဂှ် ယီုသာအာရ။ ညးတအ်ဟွံထံက်ဂလာန်ကဵုရာတ်သာကီု ဟွံကေတ်စ လပါ်ယူကရိၚ်ကီုရ။ ဝၚ်ဍုၚ်ကြုက် ကေၚ်ဒှ်လဝ်ပၞာန်ကဵုခေတ်ကာလသဵုဗဳယိတ်ယူနဳယာန်တေံဂှ်လေဝ် နွံတဴဏီရ။ ဍာံဍာံတေံ ယဝ်ရဒးကေတ်စမွဲလပါ်မဂး ညးတအ်ဒးကေတ်ရာတ်သာဟေၚ်ရ။ ဆဂး ပညာကလုတ်တမာန်ဟီုဂှ် ပၟိက်ဇၞော်တဴဂှ်တုဲ သမ္မတယူကရိၚ်လၟုဟ်ဝွံ ယဝ်ရရံၚ်ကဵုဝှ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်မဂး ၜတ်မံၚ်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ဗှ်ရံၚ်ဝၚ်ဘဝညးတေံ ပ္ဍဲဝဳကဳပဳယျာမဂး ကၠး ကေတ်မာန်ရ။ ဘဝညးတေံဂှ် ကၠုၚ်နူဗွိုၚ်ကောန်မှိၚ်ဇာတ်၊ မၞိဟ်ကတဵုဂရိုၚ် ဍေံမလျောဝ်ဗက် အာကဵုလညာတ်ဒ ယှ်တှ် ပဝ်ပျူဠာတအ်မွဲရ။ အကာဲအရာဝွံ တုပ်မံၚ်ကဵုသမ္မတအမေရိကာန် ဒေါနေဝ်ထရာမ်ညိညကီုရောၚ်။ အစောံစရာဲ ဂွံတတ်ကၠောံအခက်အခုဲဍုၚ် ယူကရိၚ် ပ္ဍဲညးတေံဟၟဲဒှ်မာန်ရောၚ်။ 
သမ္မတယူကရိၚ် မဒှ်ကောန်ဂကူရာတ်သာ ဒးဂြိပ်ဒဴတိတ်အာရာတ်သာဂှ် အခိၚ်တ္ၚဲဏံ ၜိုန်ရပရိုၚ်မဳဒဳယျာဍုၚ်ပလိုတ်တအ် ဟွံချူဗၟံက်ကီုလေဝ် ပၠန်ဂတးယူကရိၚ်ဂွံဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ဂှ် ဒုၚ်လဝ်သဇိုၚ်ကဵုအကာဲအရာဏံရောၚ်ဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ။ ပ္ဍဲယူကရိၚ် လညာတ်ဍုဟ်မၠေံကောန်ဂကူရာတ်သာတအ် ဂၠိုၚ်ကၠုၚ်ဂှ် ဍေံဒှ်ဟိုတ်မစံၚ်ဗဂဵုပၟတ်ပဋိပက္ခဝွံရောၚ်။ မွဲလပါ်တေံဂှ် သမ္မတ ဒဳမဝ်ကရိတ်အမေရိကာန်ဂှ်လေဝ် တိုန်ကၠုၚ်နကဵုရမျာၚ်ကရေဲ ဒစဵုဒစးကဵုရာတ်သာကီု ရောၚ်ဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ။ ဗီုသမ္မတ ဒေါနေဝ်ထရာမ် ဆက်ဆောံခိုဟ်ဆာဲကဵုရာတ်သာဂှ် ခေတ်သမ္မတဂျောဗာ်ဒေန်ဏံ ဍေံဟွံဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ။ အခိၚ်ညးဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ဒုတ တိယသမ္မတ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ၂၀၁၄တေံဂှ်လေဝ် ကေၚ်ဆဵုဂဗလဝ် စပ်ကဵုရာတ်သာ လုပ်သီလဝ်ဒေသခရာၚ်မဳယျာကီုရောၚ်။ ဇကုသမ္မတအမေရိကာန်ဂှ် ဟီုသောၚ်ကလးပရိုၚ် ဗီုကတဵုဒှ်ပြံၚ်လှာဲမံၚ်ပ္ဍဲယူကရိၚ်ကီုရောၚ်ဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ။ တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲစိုတ်သမ္မတပူတေန်ဂှ်လေဝ် သွက်ဂွံအုပ်ဓုပ်အာဍုၚ်ရာတ်သာလအ်အ်မာန်ဂှ် ညးဒးကၠောန်သ္ပသာ်ဝွံကီုရောၚ်။
 သမ္မတဖဳလေပ်ပါၚ်လၟုဟ် ကေၚ်ဟီုလဝ်ဂလာန်နွံရ။ ရံၚ်ကေတ်မဂး ညးဒးဒုၚ်ကဵုဇြဟတ်ဓရိုဟ်ကဵုအမေရိကာန် စပ်ကဵု ကေၚ်ကာဂွံထိၚ်ကၠေံဍုၚ်ကြုက်ဒှ်မာန်ရောၚ်။ ဍုၚ်ကြုၚ်တၟာဏံဂှ် ကဵုညးဒစဵုဒစးကီုဟာ၊ ယဝ်ရဒစဵုဒစးကဵုကြုက်ဂှ် ဍုၚ်ညး သာ်လဵုဒှ်အာမာန်ရောဂှ် ညးတီရ။ ကာလလဆောဝ်ညးဒစဵုဒစးကဵုကြုက် သီုအမေရိကာန်ရောၚ်။ တုပ်သာ်ဂှ်ကီု ကာလဍုၚ် တဳမဝ်ဗၟံက်ဗၠးၜးတိတ်တၟိတၟိဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ပၠန်ဂတးညးတအ် မဒှ်သမ္မတကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် ညးသ္ပအဓိကတုဲဆဵုဂဗကဵုက္ဍိုပ်သ ကိုပ်အေန်ဒေါနဳရှာရောၚ်။ ၜိုန်ရက္ဍုဟ်မၠေံအေန်ဒေါနိသာကီုလေဝ် ဆဂး ရံၚ်ကဵုဂီုကၠီု ကေုာံ ဂုန်ဖဵုဍုၚ်ညးတုဲ ညးဒးရုဲစှ်သာ် ဂှ်ရောၚ်။ လညာတ်နဲကဲဏံ ပ္ဍဲက္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ယူကရိၚ်တအ် နွံညိဟာဂှ် အဲဟွံကၠးကေတ်ရ။ 
ပ္ဍဲကဵုဂလာန်တၠပညာကြုက် မဗတိုက်ဖအောဝ်လဝ်ဂှ်တုန်၊ နကဵုယူကရိၚ် ထေက်ကဵုဒးဆဵုဂဗတက်ကျာကဵုရာတ်သာ ဗွဲတိုက် ရိုက် ဍေံမဟွံသေၚ်ကဵု နူ ကောံဇြဟတ်တၞဟ်တအ် မွဲအဆံၚ် ကော် face to face ရောၚ်။ ဂလာန်ဗတိုက်ဖအောဝ်ညးဝွံ စှေ်စိုတ်လောန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵုဌာနပရိုၚ်ဂၠးတိတအ် ဟီုတဴနွံပၠန်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲပ္ၚံက်ဏံ ရမျာၚ်ကောန်ဍုၚ်ယူကရိၚ်တအ်ဇေတ်တ် ဟွံမိၚ် ကေတ်တုဲ ရမ်သာၚ်မ္ၚးမ္ၚးတအ်သၟး ဂွံမိၚ်ကေတ်မံၚ်ရောၚ်။ အရာဝွံ ပိုဲကံက်ကေတ်အဓိပဲါသာ်လဵုမာန်ရောမဂး၊ ပဋိပက္ခ ယူကရိၚ်ဂှ် ဍေံကၠောအ်ထၞာန်အာ ညံၚ်ရဴပၟတ်ဂြိုပ်ဂှ်တုဲ ညးဂှ်ဒှ်ကမၠတ် ညးဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ထ္ဍေၚ်ကမၠတ်ဂှ် ပါ်ပဲါဝါတ်အာရ။ ပၠန်ဂတး ယူကရိၚ်တအ် သာ်လဵုမဟီုတုဲ အလဵုအသဳယူကရိၚ်တအ် သာ်လဵုမဟီုရောဂှ် ပိုဲတအ် ဟွံဂွံမိၚ်ကေတ်တုဲ ဂွံမိၚ်မံၚ်ရမ် သာၚ် သမ္မတရာတ်သာကဵု အမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ နေတိုဝ်တအ်သၟးရ။
ပရေၚ်ဇီုလပိုက် ဍေံမဒှ်လလေၚ်ဍုၚ်ဂကူဍောတ်ဇၞော်တအ်ဂှ် စွံလဝ်ကၠာ၊ တၠုၚ်လအာယူကရိၚ် ဒးဆဵုဂဗမံၚ်တ္ၚဲဏံဂှ် တုပ်မံၚ် ကဵုပိုဲတအ်တၟာဂလိုၚ်ရ။ ပၞာန်ဗၟာဂှ် ညးတအ်နွံလပါ်ကြုက်ကဵုရာတ်သာ၊ အေန်ယူဂျဳဂှ် နွံလပါ်အမေရိကာန် ကေုာံ မဟာ မိတ်အမေရိကာန်ဂှ်တုဲ ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တအ်ဂှ် လ္ၚဵုနွံလပါ်တေံ၊ လ္ၚဵုလပါ်ဏံရ။ ဆဂး ဂကောံလ္ၚဵုကဟဳထောံတုဲ ရုဲစှ်ကေတ် လညာတ်မံၚ်လဒေါဝ် ညံၚ်ရဴဂကောံလပါ်တိဍာ်သၟဝ်ကျာ ကေုာံ အေန်သဳအေတအ်လ္ၚဵုရ။ တိဍာ်မန်ဟွံဒှ်ပၞာန် တိဍာ်က ရေၚ်တအ် ဒှ်ပၞာန်၊ မဳဒဳယျာမန်တအ် မံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဂွံ၊ မဳဒဳယျာဗၟာတအ် ဒးဂြိပ်ဒဴရ။ ရဲကေတ်စလပါ်ကံၚ်သဳပၞာန်တအ် ညံၚ်ရဴပဲါဒုဟ် ဟွံလောဲသွာကီု၊ ဟွံဗၠးအစောကီု၊ ရဲဒစဵုဒစးတအ်လေဝ် အန္တရာဲဟွံဍောတ်ရ။ လညာတ်အကြာက္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် ကေုာံ ပၠန်ဂတးဂကူမန်တအ်လေဝ် ဒှ်မံၚ်ပိကဵုပန်ကီုရ။ 
ဂၠးတိပိုဲတ္ၚဲဏံ ပရေၚ်ပြိုၚ်ပကာန်အကြာကြုက်ကဵုရာတ်သာမွဲလပါ်ကဵု အမေရိကာန်၊ နေတိုဝ် ကေုာံ မဟာမိတ်ညးတအ်မွဲလ ပါ်ဂှ် ကၠးကၠး ပိုဲတအ်ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်မာန်ရ။ ဗီုပြၚ်ကြုက်၊ ရာတ်သာ၊ အမေရိကာန်၊ နေတိုဝ်တအ် ပလှေ်မံၚ်ဂၠးတိပိုဲဂှ် ပိုဲတအ် ဟွံတီလဝ်ကၠာမဂး ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဂၠးတိဂှ် ဂွံဗ္ၜမ်ဍေံဟွံလောဲသွာရ။ ပိုဲဒးဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ်ကဵုပဝ်လဇြဳဍုၚ်ဂကောံဇၞော်ပန်တအ်ဂှ်တုဲ လ္ၚတ်အာပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဂၠးတိပိုဲမဂး ကၠိုဟ်လောဲသွာမာန်ရောၚ်။ ဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ်ကဵုပဝ်လဇြဳပန်က္ဍိုပ်တအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဂၠးတိပိုဲ ပြံၚ်လှာဲ အာမာန်ရောၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဟီုမာန်ရ။ ဍုၚ်ကိုဝ်ရဳယျာသၠုၚ်ကျာ ကေုာံ ဂျပါန်တအ်ဂှ် ဒၞာဲလ္ၚဵုညးတအ် ရံၚ်ကဵုဂုန်ဖဵုပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ညးတအ်တုဲ ၜိုန်ရဟွံမိက်ပါ်ပဲါကြုက်ကီုလေဝ် ဆဂး ဒစဵုဒစးကဵုဇြဟတ်ဓရိုဟ်မဟာမိတ်အမေရိကာန်ဟွံမာန်ရ။ နေတိုဝ်လေဝ် ရံၚ်ကဵုဂုန်ဖဵုညးတအ်တုဲ ဟွံမိက်ဒးဓယံက်အမေရိကာန်တုဲ မိက်ဂွံက္ဍိုက်ပ်သဳကၠဳကေၚ်ကာအေန်ဒေါ-ဖသဳဖိက် ရဳဂျေန် ကော် Indo-Pacific Regionကီုရ။ 
ဂၠးတိဏံ ယြဴဍုၚ်လဵုမွဲဟွံဟီု ယဝ်ရဇၞော်ပြိုၚ်ပကာန်ကၠုၚ်မဂး နကဵုအမေရိကာန် ဒးပဒေါံကၟိုၚ်ဖျေံရောၚ်။ ဍုၚ်ရာတ်သာလေဝ် ကြဴနူသဵုဗဳယိတ်ယူနဳယာန် သရိုဟ်အာတုဲ သိက္ခာညးတအ် ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိဏံအောန်စှေ်အာ၊ မုက်ဍောတ် မတ်သဝ်၊ ညးတၞဟ်တအ် ဖျဝ်အဆံၚ်တုဲဆက်ဆောံ၊ ဂကောံနေတိုဝ်တအ် စိုပ်ဇိုၚ်ပယျဵုဇကုတုဲ ပၠေတ်မံၚ်ဍာ်ပါၚ်ပ္ဍဲကတောဝ်ဂှ် ဒုၚ်စသိုၚ်ပရေံလောန် မိက်ဂွံကလေၚ်ဂွံဘဝတြေံ ညံၚ်ရဴဂကူမန်ပိုဲ စိုတ်ဟဳသွဝ်မံၚ်ကဵုအေန်ပါယျာမန်ခေတ်ကၠာတေံကီုရ။ ပရေၚ်ဒုၚ်စသိုၚ်စိုတ် သာ်ဝွံတအ်ဂှ် ဍေံဖန်ဗဒှ်မံၚ်ရာသဳဥတုပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဂၠးတိပိုဲရောၚ်။
ကြုက်ကဵုရာတ်သာ ဒှ်မွဲဇြဟတ်တုဲ ဍုၚ်ဍောတ်တ်တအ် မံက်ဂတဝ်ဗၠးၜးကၠုၚ်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရဒှ်ဇြဟတ်စိုတ်ကဵုသွက်ပၠန်ဂတးဂွံဗၠးၜး ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ပိုဲကီုလေဝ် ဆဂး ဍုၚ်ၜါဝွံ ဒှ်ကၟာၚ်စက္ကဝါ သွက်အလဵုအသဳပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ်မွဲရောၚ်ဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ။ ညးတအ် နွံမံၚ် ထံက်မံၚ် ဂလာန်ဏီမဂး ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် ဂံၚ်သီမံၚ်အဝဵု ဒဵုတွဵုကဝ်ဂှ်တုဲ အပါအမေရိကာန်၊ အဳယူတအ်လေဝ် ညးတအ်ဟွံဒးဖေက်ရ။ ယဝ်ရဒးဟီုပတောံဥပမာမဂး သၟိၚ်နာဲဝၚ်ဇၞော်မသုန် မအုပ်ဓုပ်မံၚ်ဂၠးတိပိုဲဂှ် ညးတအ်ဂွံလဝ်ပေၚ်ၚ်ဂှ် ၜါတၠတုဲရောၚ်။ ဖျေံညး သကအ်ဟွံစှေ်ရ။ ဂလာန်သကိုပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ နာဲဇြဝ်မေန်ထောန် ကေၚ်ဟီုကၠုၚ်လဝ်ကြံၚ်ၚ်မ္ၚိုဟ်ဟ် နွံမွဲသာ်ဂှ်တုန်၊ ယဝ်ရဒး ဖေက်မံၚ်ဍုၚ်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်တအ်ဂှ်တှေ် ဍုၚ်ဗၟာညးလေဝ် မံက်ဂတဝ်ကၠုၚ်ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိဏံဟွံသေၚ်ရောၚ်။ 
ဍေံနွံမွဲသာ်ဂှ် ဂကောံအေန်ယူဂျဳတအ် ဗတိုဟ်ဗမ်မဂး မၞိဟ်တအ်ချိုတ်ရ၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် စကာက္ၜၚ်ကျာတုဲပန်သၠေက်မဂး မၞိဟ်တအ် ဒှ်လလေၚ်ရ။ ဆလအ် ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ကေတ်ဇၞးကုအေန်ယူဂျဳမာန်ရော၊ ဆလအ် အေန်ယူဂျဳကေတ်ဇၞး ကံၚ်သဳ ပၞာန်ဗၟာမာန်ရော၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာပရေံဂလိုၚ်တေံ၊ အေန်ယူဂျဳပရေံခိုဟ်ဂလိုၚ်ဏံ ဂလာန်သၟာန်မြဴသာ်ဝွံ စွံလဝ်ကၠာ၊ တ္ၚဲဏံ ကောန်ဍုၚ်ပိုဲ စုတိချိုတ်အာမွဲစိတၠ၊ ဍုၚ်ကွာန်သ္ၚိဌာန် လေၚ်ဒိုက်အာ ဂလိုၚ်လဵုဂှ်ဟေၚ် မိက်ဂွံသၟာန်တီကၠာရောၚ်။ အခိၚ်ကာ လပိုဲဍောတ်တ်တေံ ကေၚ်ဗှ်လ္ၚတ်ကၠုၚ်ပရိုၚ် စပ်ကဵုပေဲါပၞာန် ပ္ဍဲယူဂေါသဠာဗဳယျာဂှ်တုန်၊ “အနိဌာရီုပေဲါပၞာန်- ဇကုဟွံမွဲကဵုက္ဍိုပ်၊ က္ဍိုဟ်မသက္ကုဇကုတအ်” ဂှ် ပေဲါပၞာန်ညးတအ် လလမ်ကၠုၚ် ၜိုတ်၂၇သၞာံဂှ် အခိၚ်တ္ၚဲဏံ ကလေၚ်ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ညိညပၠန်ရ။ ပေဲါပၞာန် ဍုၚ်ပိုဲဂှ် ညံၚ်ရဴပၟတ်နရက် ဝေၚ်ပၠိုတ်ဟွံမွဲဂှ် ကောန်ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ် ဍေံဒှ်မံၚ်ညံၚ်ကောန်နရက်ဂျိုၚ်ၚ်ရောၚ်။ မဟာဝါဒဳဂ ကူဗၟာတအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အဓိကမၞိဟ်စုတ်မံၚ်သၞပရက်ပၟတ်နရက်ဂှ်ရောၚ်၊ တုပ်သာ်ဂှ်ကီု ပ္ဍဲပၞာန်ဍုၚ်ညးတအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် မဟာဝါဒဳ သာပ်တအ် ဒှ်ၝောံလတေၚ်ဍေံကီုရောၚ်။ ဓဝ်သၟိၚ်စှ်ဟွံမွဲမဂး ဍုၚ်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေဇြဳလေဝ်ကဵုဒှ် ဒဳမဝ်ကရေဇြဳဟွံသေၚ်လေဝ်ကဵုဒှ် ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ် ကလိဂွံတသိုက်ဟွံမာန်ရ။ ။ [[ညးလွပ်:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|Wunchay Rukchaytdee]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Wunchay Rukchaytdee|ဓရီု]])  ၀၅:၀၃၊ ၂၁ မေ ၂၀၂၂ (+0630)

==မအာတ်မိက်နကဵုညးလွပ်သီုဖ္အိုတ်သွက်ဂွံမၚ်မွဲလိက်ပတ်မန်==
ကာလချူလိက်မန်မ္ဂးလ္ပကွက် &quot;ရ&quot; နကဵုခ္ဍံက်လိက် &quot;္ရ&quot; ညိအဴ။ ယဝ်ရဆက်ချူအာအတိုၚ်တဏအ်တှ်ေသ္ကဵုအခိုက်ချူလိက်ဘာသာမန်ပိုဲမလီုလာ်အာမာန်ရောၚ်။ ဥပမာ ကာလချူ (မ္ၚဵု) ကွက်  &quot;ရ&quot; တှ်ေရမျာၚ် (မ ၚေ) ဟွံတိတ်ရ၊ တိတ်ဆၜိုတ်ရမျာၚ် (မ ရေ) ဟေၚ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်နူ ကွက်လဝ် &quot;္ၚ&quot; ဟွံသေၚ်တုဲမတိတ်အာရ (ရ) ဟေၚ်ရ။ ကာလချူ (လ္ၚတ်) ကွက်  &quot;ရ&quot; တှ်ေတိတ်ရမျာၚ် (လ ၚတ်) ဟွံတိတ်ရ၊ တိတ်ဆၜိုတ်ရမျာၚ် (လ ရတ်) ဟေၚ်ရ။ စွံသတိညိအဴ၊ ကၠောမန်ပိုဲ။ ယဝ်ရနွံပၟိက်တၚ်ဂလာန်သၟာန်မ္ဂး နကဵုအကံက် [[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:咽頭べさ|Dr.Intobesa]] ဂှ်သၟာန်ကေတ်မာန်ရအဴ၊ တၚ်ဂုန်ဗွဲမလောန်နကဵုမရှ်ေသှ်ေရဴဂဴရအဴ။
* စရၚ်မိက်လိက် ကွက် &quot;္ရ&quot; တုဲချူလဝ်: [[ကမ္မတဳ သိုင်ခၞံ ဘာကောန်ဂကူမန် (ကွာန်လှာ)]]၊ [[ကမ်နိရာဲ]]၊ [[ကလော်မန်ဂမၠိုၚ်]]၊ [[ကအ်ကျာ်၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ကွာန်ကအ်ကျာ်]]၊ [[ကျာ်ဗတာၚ်၊ ကၠအ်သတ်၊ ပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်မုဟ်ဍုၚ်]]၊ [[ကျာ်မနုဟဝ်၊ လိက်တၟအ်]]၊ [[ကျာ်၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ကွာန်မုဟ်နာင်]]၊ [[ခၞိင်ဖရင်နံင် ဍုင်ဗဂေါ]]၊ [[ဂကောံစဳပျးဖောအ်ဗြေဝ်မဟာဇန်]]၊ [[ဂလာန်အာစာပဏ္ဍိတ]]၊ [[ဂိုဏ်ပဝါရဏာ ကအ်ဗိန် ဘာဇၞော်]]၊ [[ဂျိဂှ်ၚိုတ်လဝ် ထဝ်ဂှ်ကလာတ်ပတိတ်]]၊ [[ဂွံအခိၚ်ကဵု ကေတ်အခိၚ်]]၊ [[ဂွံအခိၚ်ကဵုကေတ်အခိၚ်]]၊ [[စၟတ်သမ္တီဒဴပၞာန်ဗၟာဒက်လဝ်ကျာ်ပိကေုာံဝၚ်ဗၟာဂစိုတ်မန်]]၊ [[တက္ကသိုလ်အပါ]]၊ [[တံင်ပိုအ်၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်မုဟ်ဍုင်]]၊ [[တၠဂုဏ်အ္စာအာနန္ဒ]]၊ [[ထဝ်မန် (ဥက္ကဋ္ဌဇၞော် ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ)]]၊ [[ဒ္ဂေတ်ဝတ်]]၊ [[ဓါတ်ပံင်ကောံ၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်]]၊ [[ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်မန် သၞာံ ၂၀၂၀တအ်]]၊ [[ပရေံဂှ်ထေၚ်ခိုဟ် ညးသပ္ပရိုဟ်ဂှ်ထေၚ်ဗၠေတ်]]၊ [[ပရေၚ်ပညာကောန်ဂကူမန်]]၊ [[ပလိုတ်၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ကွာန်ကြေဝ်ဏာ]]၊ [[ပါန်သာ၊ နာဲ]]၊ [[ပိဋကတ်ဘာသာမန် (ပါဠိစူဠဝဝ် သကုတ်−၁)]]၊ [[ပိဋကတ်ဘာသာမန် (ပါဠိစူဠဝဝ် သကုတ်−၂)]]၊ [[ပိဋကတ်ဘာသာမန် (ပါဠိပါဲစိုတ် သကုတ်−၁)]]၊ [[ပိဋကတ်ဘာသာမန် (ပါဠိမဟာဝဂ် သကုတ်−၂)]]၊ [[ပြကိုဟ်စရာဲဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ကၞပ်(၁)]]၊ [[ပြကိုဟ်စရာဲဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ ကၞပ်(၂)]]၊ [[ဗညာအံင် (သကိုပ်ဂဳတ)]]၊ [[ဗော်ညဳသၟဟ်မန်]]၊ [[ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ]]၊ [[ဗော်သင်ပံက်ဗ္တောန် လိက်တၟအ်မန်]]၊ [[ဘဝဗၠာဲ]]၊ [[ဘာကောန်ဂကူမန် ကွာန်ခလံက်ခပြု]]၊ [[ဘာကောန်ဂကူမန် ကွာန်ဝါဂၠံင်]]၊ [[ဘာကောန်ဂကူမန် တန်ဒေါဝ် တံၚ်ပိုအ်]]၊ [[ဘာကောန်ဂကူမန် ပွိုင်တိုက်ဝင်ဒုန်]]၊ [[မဟောဟ်သဓ၊ဇာတ်]]၊ [[မာံဝိုတ်တိုန်ဘာ]]၊ [[မေန်နဲသိုဝ်]]၊ [[မ္လစ်သာ၊ လိက်တၟအ်]]၊ [[ယှိုဲသဳခုင်၊ လိက်တၟအ်]]၊ [[လိက်ခၞိင် ကျာ်ယှိုဲသဳခုင်]]၊ [[လောကသိဒ္ဓိ]]၊ [[လျးသာသနာ၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ကွာန်ဝါခရူ]]၊ [[လွဳအံင်၊ နာဲ]]၊ [[ဝင်ဓါတ်ကျာ်မုဟ်တဴ]]၊ [[ဝါဗ္ၚကၠံသွဝ် မုက်ဍောတ်မတ်သဝ်]]၊ [[ဝဳရ၊တၠဂုဏ်]]၊ [[သင်ကၠံ၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ကွာန်သင်ကၠံ]]၊ [[သဗ္ဗညု၊ ကျာ်စေတဳ]]၊ [[သိပ္ပံပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်]]၊ [[သိယဵု၊ ကျာ်စေတဳ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ကျာ်ထဝ်]]၊ [[သုတကဵု ဂျဵုကာ]]၊ [[သၞေဟ်ဗဒဝ် ကွာန်တြေံ၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်မုဟ်ဍုင်]]၊ [[ဟံသာကဵုနန်ထဝ်]]၊ [[အခိုက်ကၞာသၟာဒွက် ဗီုစိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဌာန်ဒူရာ]]၊ [[အာရှ]] 
:ဆေၚ်စပ်ကဵုမုက်လိက်တဏအ်သီုဖ္အိုတ်ပိုဲတံပလေဝ်ပလေတ်တုဲယျ၊ လက္ကရဴတှ်ေနကဵုညးလွပ်တံသီုဖ္အိုတ်လ္ပဆက်ချူ ကွက် &quot;ရ&quot; (္ရ) အိုတ်ညိအဴ။ သွက်ဂွံမၚ်မွဲထိၚ်ဒက်အာဲကၟာဲလိက်ပတ်မန်၊ ဒုၚ်ဂုန်အာတ်မိက်ဏာနကဵုညးလွပ်တံသီုဖ္အိုတ်ရအဴ။ (သတိ။ ။ပိုဲတံဒုၚ်ဂုန်အာတ်မိက်လဝ်ကီုလေဝ်ဟွံသ္ပဂရုဆက်ကၠောန်သ္ပဒၟံၚ်သာ်တဏအ်ရတှ်ေ၊ သွက်ဂွံစဵုဒၞာထိၚ်ဒက်လိက်ပတ်မန်နကဵုညးမသ္ပပွဗၠေတ်ဒးတၟာတ်အကံက်ရောၚ်။ ပရေၚ်အဲဂွိၚ်ဒၟံၚ်ကဵုလိက်ပတ်မန်ဂှ်လေဝ်သ္ပကရုဏာတုဲကၠိုဟ်စိုတ်ကဵုညိအဴ)။--[[ညးလွပ်:Intobesa.bot|Intobesa.bot]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:Intobesa.bot|ဓရီု]])  ၁၀:၂၂၊ ၂၀ ဂျူလာင် ၂၀၂၅ (+0630)

== ကလေင်စၟဳစၟတ်လဝ် သက္ကရာဇ် သၞာံ ဒတောဝ်ဨကရာဇ်မန် ဂဇအ်နန် ==
ကလေင်စၟဳစၟတ်လဝ် သက္ကရာဇ် သၞာံ ဒတောဝ်ဨကရာဇ်မန် ဂဇအ်နန်

&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;သၟိင်ဝါရောဝ် (မဂဒူ)

         တဳလမၞုံကုပိုန်ကျာ်တြဲ ဒှ် ၈ ဝှ် စိုပ်မုဟ်တၟံ ပ္ဍဲမုဟ်တၟံဝွံတုန် ပပဓါန်ကဵုကလော်သုမ ဍေံအာကေတ်နင်တၟအ်ကမုမွဲ ကဵုကျာ်ဂဇအ်၊ သၠအင်ဒိုင်ဒစာံတၞး သီုကၞာင် ကၠုင်ဗ္ဒန်လဝ်သဗ္ဗညုတုဲ ကျာ်ပျးဒိုဟ်လဝ်။

        စုတိအာနူဂှ် က္တဵုဒှ်ကောန်ညးကအ်ဝါန်၊ နူသွတ် မိသ္တိက်လဝ်ပ္ဍဲဂဒူ ကနှံက်ကျာဂွံပ္တိန်နာမွဲပတိဟာတုဲ လသာစိဟ်ကၠုင်ထာန်ဂှ်ပၠန်။ ပဟိုတ်ဂှ် မဂဒူ ညးမ္ဂး။ သမာလမိတ်သှ်လဝ် သၟတ်ဝွံ သ္ပိုင်အကာသ သ္ဒဟ်ဨကရာဇ်။ ဇၞော်ဒှ်အာဗၠာဲတုဲ ဒှ်ဇမၞော်ဒလေင် ၁၆၀ စိုပ်က္ဍိုပ်ဒဵုမွဲ ကောန်ဒလေင်မွဲယဲအာ ဇကုဒြဟတ်ဇၟူမွဲဒလေင်ဂှ်ပင်ယိုက် ပ္ၚောအ်အာဍုင်သုက္ခောဒါယ။ တမ်သၞာံ သက္ကရာတ်တိုန် ဂဂဵုဂတးပန်စုတ်ဒလေင်ဒကုတ်အာ ပ္ဍဲပၞး ဗအ်မွဲဒတုံစိဟ်ပါဲပလိုတ် ဗအ်မွဲဒတုံစိဟ်ပါဲဗၟံက်ဂှ်အာၜိုတ်ကေတ်ရ။ ပသာန်လျးလလဳမဒြေပ်ဂှ် ညံင်ပြာသာတ်ထဝ်ရ ပ္ဍဲမတ်မညာတ်။ အာသှ်ကဵုဗမၞးမွဲနွံကဵုပညာ၊ လာပ်သၠုင်ဒတဴပူဇဴအဲတုဲအဲသှ်ကဵုရ။ ခနှဂှ်ပညာဂွံအခေါင် ဒုန်မွဲသၠုင်ဒတဴၜတ်ကေတ်တုဲ ယာတ်ထမှိင်က္ဍိုပ်ဂှ်ဂြောပ်ဖျိဟ်သြန်ရုပ်စိင်မွဲ တိုန်စွံလဝ်ဝွံ အဲပူဇဴအစာရ။ ဗမၞးခါမမိင်ညာတ်ပတဴအသဝ်၊ ဟာဲကောန်မန် မပတၠကုသဵုမပြဲနူညးရောင်၊ ပသ္ကဵုယိုက်ဒလေင်ရော ဒေဝတဴလဝ်စိုတ်တုဲ ပပန်ဒကုတ်ကၠေံဒလေင်ရောင်။ လ္တူက္ဍိုပ်ညာတ်ရုပ်ပြာသာတ်ဂှ် လတူက္ဍိုပ်တၟံနန်ပြာသာတ်က္တဵုဒှ်ဟွံလအ်ရ။ ပပူဇဴသြန်ရုပ်စိင်ကဵုအဲဝွံ ဂမာစိင်မခစကၠာတုဲ ညိမခစသၟိင်ရ။ သာ်ဝွံသၟာနိမိတ်သှ်လဝ်။ 

        ဇကုမွဲဒိုအ်ဒၟံင်ဍုင်သုက္ခောဒါယ ကောန်ဒလေင် ၁၆၀ ကလေင်စဴအာရ။ ဇကုတဴပ္ဍဲရုင်စိင်၊ တၠညးသုက္ခောဒါယစိဟ်ဗဵုစိင်ပျတ်၊ သုင်ဍာ်ဒဂံင်တုဲ တ္ၜောဟ်ဖျိဟ်ဒးစုတ်ခတ်မွဲလမးတိုန်။ ဟာဲကောန်မန် ဝွံခတ်မွဲ၊ မင်ဗၠာဲဇအ်သဝ်လောပ်အာၜိုတ်ကေတ်ခတ်ဂှ်ရ။ မင်ဗၠာဲအာရာန်မခါကဵုယဗြဴသေံ၊ ခတ်မွဲမကီု လပုဟ်တဲမွဲမတုက်ကေတ်ရ။ မိင်ဂလာန်ယဗြဴတုဲ လပုဟ်တဲတလေတ်ဍာ်ပါင် စလံက်စုတ်ဒေါဝ်မခါ လးဒပှ်တုဲကွဟ်ကေတ်ရ။ ယဗြဴညာတ်ပွမင်ဗၠာဲဝွံတုဲ ပတဴအသဝ်။ ဟာဲကောန်မန် မတီဝဳပရာက္တဵုပြဟ် ၚုဟ်ဂၠု မသ္ဒဟ်ဨကရာဇ်ယိုက်စၞန်တဲမွဲရ။ 

ဒေဝတဴပၠောပ်စိုတ်ဒးသမိတ်လဝ် မင်ဗၠာဲဒြာတ်စုတ် ဇနော်တၞံခါမွဲတၞံ မွဲသ္ဂန် ဇလိင်ဍေံပန်ဟတ်။ သၟိင်သုက္ခောဒါယ ညာတ်တုဲသၟာန်ညးမတဵုဂှ်ရော၊ အဲဍိက်မတဵု ခတ်မွဲတၠတိဇနော်မထ္ၜးဂှ်ရ ရာန်ဂွံမခါမတဵုလဝ်ရအဴ။ မခိုဟ်စရ တၠညးဂး။ တ္ၚဲသဳဗပေင် ဂိတုအသာတ် မင်ဗၠာဲမွဲ စၚိန်တၞံခါ တိုန်တွာဲတၠညးသုက္ခောဒါယရ။ ကောန်မန်ဝွံ ဆခတ်မွဲကီုဒတုဲမြမဝ်အဲဂလိုင်ဝွံခနှံဒှ်။ ဟာဲကောန်မန် ဒၟံင်ပ္ဍဲမုက်ကၠတ်အဲရ။ ပတွဵုနူဂှ်တုဲ က္တဵုပြဟ် ၚုဟ်ဂၠု၊ ဟွံဟိုတ်မာဲ သၟိင်သုက္ခောဒါယ သညာတ်ပတိပတ်သာ်ဝွံတုဲ အလုံဝင်ဖအိုတ်ဇိုန်ကဵုပဝိုင်ရ။

သၟိင်သုက္ခောဒါယ အာဝေင်စိင်၊ ကောန်သၟိင်သုက္ခောဒါယ မေဏင်သောဲဍာ ဂှ်ဒဒှ်ေဒယှ်အာ၊ ဖေက်ညးတီညာတ် ဒကိုပ်ပၞာန် ၄၀ ဒက်ဖံင်၊ သ္အာဒုင်တၠညးဂးတုဲ စိုတ်ဒှ်မွဲတုဲ ကၠောံအာပါဲသင်ပလိုတ်ရ။ ညး ၄၀ ဒှ်စိုတ်မွဲတုဲ ဗက်ကၠုင်ကရောမ် မဂဒူကီုရ။ တြဳဇှ်ကုသဵု ညးဟွံဗက်ထက်ကၠုင်စိုပ်ထာန်ဒမံင်ဇကုရ။ 

        နစလဳစလးဇကု ညးမတဴထာန်ရးပးအိုတ်သီု၊ နဓနသံဝိဘာဂ၊ ဝါစာသံဝိဘာဂ၊ ပၠောပ်လဝ်သကေံတဲတုဲ စိဟ်ဗ္ဒဟ်မတ်လမၠီု၊ နဥပါဲဇကုမဆိုက်ဗ္ဒက် ကေတ်ဇၞးကဵုသၟိင်အလဳမာ တုဲ ကေုာံအစာပိ - အစာကါဝေါက် ဂးမွဲ၊ အစာဂေါသြ ဂးမွဲ၊ အစာဒဂဵုမှာသၟိတ် လေဂးမွဲ၊ အစာသေံ မန် ဗမာ အစာတအ်ဝွံမဆိုက်ဗ္ဒက်ပ္ဍဲဗိုတ် ၃၊ ဗေဒင် ၄ ညံင်မဂြင်လဝ်ကီု၊ တဴပ္ဍဲဒလောအ်ဗ္တောန်အစာတံဝွံတုဲ အတိုင်အစာတံဝွံဟီုလဝ် ဒိတ္ထဳနက္သတ် သၞာံဝွံခိုဟ် ခနှံဗ္ဒဟ်ဍုင်ကွာန် ညံင်ကမၠိုင် ကမာမၞုံကဵုဗလာဲရ။ 

ကဵုၚးပ္တန်ဂအာင်ဍုင် အဒိမၚးကၠာ ကၠန်မွဲဇၞော်ကၠးမဆဵု၊ ဍုင်ဝွံသ္ဒဟ်သၞိဟ် က္ၜင်ဂၠိုင်သန်ဂတ၊ ၚးအာဂတဂှ် ဆဵုကၠမွဲပၠန် သၟိင်ပသၟိင်သန်ထာန်ဝွံဂံင်သ္ကာတ် ဟွံဇမိုက်ကဵုသတြုရ။ ဇနးမပြဲသ္ဂောံရ၊ အစာတအ်သှ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာတ် ၆၄၉ ဂိတုမာ် ၉ မၟံက် တ္ၚဲဗြဴဗ္တိ လက်မကဝ် မယိုက်ဒယိုင်မြမေမဍာ်။ ကာလဂှ် ဗြဴမွဲသီုလယိုင်ဂဝ်ဂၞဴတလာဲသော် ကၠုင်ဇမဳက္တိုင်ဂှ် ဇကုဍေံဒတုံစိဟ် ဒွံ(ဇီုဒး) ဒယိုင်ဆီဍေံပရာတ်တိုန်ဒှ်ဇြုံ ၈၊ ဇြုံ ၇ ချိုတ်ပ္ဍဲဍုင် ဇြုံမွဲဇက်တိတ်တုဲဟွံညာတ်ရ။ ညာတ်လၟိတ်ဂှ်တုဲ အစာတအ်မသှ်လဝ် သၟိင် ၇ ဒတောဝ်ပသၟိင်ပ္ဍဲထာန်ဝွံ၊ မွဲဒတောဝ်ဂှ် သ္တိတ်အာနူဍုင်ဝွံတုဲ သ္ပသၟိင်ထာန်တၟေင်ဗွဲဒိုဟ်ပလိုတ် အစာတအ်သှ်လဝ်ရ။ ပလိုတ်တၞံဇြဲမွဲတၞံ နွံဒေဝတဴဇြဲ ၇ ညးဂး။ 

        သၟိင်မဂဒူတုန် ကၠာဍုင်မတ်တၟဟတုဲညိ စဳရေင်တမာဲဇမိန် သီုလိက်ရာဇာသာန် စကာကလုတ်ဥဒုတ် ကဵုတိုန်တွာဲတၠညးသုက္ခောဒါယ၊ အာတ်ကြိယာပသေက် သီုယၟု၊ သၟိင်ဗြတေဇ တၠဍုင်သုက္ခောဒါယ ကာလမမိင်လိက်ရာဇာသာန် သၟိင်မဂဒူ ဂမာန်ဇကုသ္ဂောံဒှ်သၟိင် အိုဟ်တၟိုဟ်စိုတ်ဗွဲမလောန် စင်ခြင်ကဵုအမာတ် ၄၀ တုဲ ကြိယာပသေက် ၅ သာ် စဳရေင်၊ ပူဂဵုမွဲတၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်ဨကရာဇ်ဟသေင် နအနုဘဴကုသဵုရောင် ညံင်ဒဇူစိဟ်နူလတူအကာသကီု ယၟုဂှ်တက်တဆိပ် ပ္တဴလဝ်လ္တူအကာသ ၇ ဟတ်တုဲကဵုပလံင်ဖျိဟ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ၆၄၉ ကီု သၟိင်ခနှံဍုင်လေဝ်တုဲ ကေုာံကောန်သၟိင်သုက္ခောဒါယ မေဏင်သောဲဍာ ဂှ်ဒုင်ရာဇာဘိသေခ ဒုင်ယၟုသၟိင်ဝါရောဝ်၊ သၟိင်ဒဇူစိဟ်နူလတူအကာသ မိဂ္ဂး။ သၟိင်ဂှ်ပသၟိင် ၃ သၞာံတုဲ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ၆၅၂ ကေုာံညးမၞုံပညာ ဂမှဳ ဗမၞး ဒကိုပ်ပၞာန်ဇမၞော်သၟတ် ခနှံလဝ်ဓမ္မသာတ်အပၠေတ် သ္ဂုတ်စဝါတ်သတ္တံဂမၠိုင်၊ သၟိင်ဂှ်ခနှံဓမ္မသာတ်တုဲ သၟိင်အဒိထာန်လဝ် - သ္ဂုတ်စွာတ်ဝွံ သတ္တံမိင်တုဲ လ္ပပဝါတ်ဂါတ်ကေုာံရင်သကအ် ဝါဒသ္ကဵုဟဲအာ တုဲဇဟာန်သမိန်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်က္တဵုဒှ်၊ သၟိင်စမိန်စမာန်ထာန်ဝွံ သ္ကဵုရပ်စပ်ဒလောံဗ္တောန်ညးဂမၠိုင်အဓါန်ဂၠိင်သ္ၚောဲ၊ သာ်ဝွံရဟွံကဵုဒှ်မ္ဂး ပြကိုဟ်အဲမကနှံလဝ်ဝွံ ကဵုဗ္ဒန်အာညိ သၟိင်အဒိထာန်လဝ်၊ စဳရေင်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲတာန်ဆံင် မနွံရုပ်ကသူမစိစောန်ထၜုတ်လဝ်ရ။

        နူဂှ်ပိသၞာံဂတ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ၆၅၅ စိင်ဗ္တာင်သၟိင်သုက္ခောဒါယမွဲ ဍာ်ဇၞော်ဍိုက်ကၠုင်သွး ညးဂွံတုဲတွာဲသၟိင်သုက္ခောဒါယ၊ ဇကုညံင်တောဝ်ချဵုဗၜန် ဒြင်ညံင်သဗသမ္ၚိတ်၊ သော်ကၞေင်ညံင်အံင်မုဲ၊ ကာပ်ပါင်ညံင်ညးမဖျောန်လဝ်ဍာ်ကြေက်၊ သၞေမ်ညံင်သြန်၊ မှ်သၞေမညံင်အခဝ်ဇာင်ၚုညးမစဳလဝ်ကီု၊ ဂတာဇိုင်တဲဗကေတ်ညံင်သာ်ဆုန်၊ ဂဍောင်မတ်ဗကေတ်ညံင်ကလောံမၞိက်၊ ဗတညံင်ပၞိက်ပၟဝ်။ 

        သၟိင်သုက္ခောဒါယ ဂွံပ္ကင်ရင်ဍုင် ၉ သၞာံ အယုက်စိင်ဂှ်ဒှ် ၁၉ သၞာံ၊ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ၆၅၅ စိင်ဗ္တာင်စိုပ်သုက္ခောဒါယ၊ ၁၉ သၞာံဂွံပတၠ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ၆၆၄ စိင်ဗ္တာင်ဟွံရပ်ကမတ်(ဟွံစချောဲ)၊ ကော်နင်အစာစိင် ၚေဝ်ရံင် လက္သန်ယဲဟမွဲ၊ စိင်ဝွံသၟိက်အာဒၟံင်ထာန်တၟေင်ရောင်။ သၟိင်သုက္ခောဒါယ ကဵုထောံကမတ်ဍုင်ယောနက၊ ကမတ်ဍုင်အယုဒ္ဓယပုရ၊ ကမတ်ဍုင်ပဘာလရး၊ ကမတ်မတိမ(မတ်တၟ)၊ ကမတ်သုက္ခောဒါယ။ ကမတ်မတိမ စိင်ဗ္တာင်ရပ်။ သၟိင်ဗြဍဳဇ ခါမညာတ်မိပ်စိုတ်ပူမှ်၊ ဒကိုပ်ပၞာန် ၄၊ ဗဵု ၄၀၀ ကဵုပလံင်ဖျိဟ်ကုသၟိင်ဝါရောဝ်။ 

ဂွံစိင်ဗ္တာင်တုဲ စဳရေင်ထာန်ဆံင်လေတုဲ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ်ဂှ်ကီု ပၞာန်သၟိင်ဟဝ်ဇက်စိဟ် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမာ် ဗဵုမွဲကိုတ်ကဵုတြဴလက် စိင်ချေံဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ကၠုင်တ္ၚီုမတ်တၟသ္ပဍုင်ဇကု သီုကောန်ဗြဴဇက်စိဟ်ကၠုင်ဖျိဟ်ဒၟံင်ဒပ်။ ပ္ဍဲခၞဂှ် သၟိင်ဝါရောဝ် ဍိုက်စိင်ဗ္တာင်ဇက်တိတ်အာ မသက္ကုဇမိုက်(ဟွံဖေက်) ဒေါဝ်ပၞာန်ဟဝ်ဂမၠိုင် ဗၠးလောပ်အာ၊ စိင်ချေံဗဵုလဗး အပေါတ်လွဟ် ဗၞုဟ်ခြပ်တ္ၚ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်။ ထဝ်သြန်ဟတီကဵုလမိဟ် ပစှ်စွံမွဲစွံ ဗဵုပၞာန်ဗၠးစိုပ်ဍုင်ဇကု၊ မိင်ပရိုင်ဒယှ်သၟိင်ဝါရောဝ်။ ဇၟာပ်ဍုင်ဒးပလံင်စမာဲဇမိန်အိုတ်။ 

        ပတွဵုနူဂှ် ဍုင်မတၟဂၠိုင်ကဵုစိင်ချေံ ဗဵုလဗးဂၠိုင်သန်ဟေင်၊ သၟိင်ဝါရောဝ် ညာတ်ဒဒိုက်သနာသၟိင်ဟဝ်သီုဗဵုဂမၠိုင် ဒဇပ်ဇတဝ် ထောံကြိယာပတ်သာဓနတုဲ ဒြေပ်ဒဴဟဒှ်ဖျိဟ်က္ဍိုပ်ပါန်လမျီု၊ ခါသၟိင်ဝါရောဝ်မညာတ်တုဲ ဂတကျာ်ဂတသင် ပလဝ်သစ္စရ။ “သ္ပတမ်နူတ္ၚဲဝွံသ္အာဂတ ကမိန်ဍုင် ပိုန်ဟာန် ယာန်ဗဍိုက်ညး ယဝ်အဲလွဵုအသဳညး လ္ပကဵုအဲဒးရာဒနာမိက်ညိ။ လ္ပကဵုဒးအာပဝါတ်ဂါတ်ကဵုညးညိ။ ပိုန်ဟာန်အဲ လွဵုအသဳကမိန်ဍုင်အဲလေဝ် ပကဵုညးဒသိုင်ဏာမာန်ညိ၊” သာ်ဝွံပလဝ်အဒိထာန်တုဲ ပ္တုဲကုသဵုဒက်ကျာ်မဟ်သၟိင်ကျာ် ၈ ထာန်၊ ကျာ် ၁၆ ထာန်၊ ကျာ်က္ဍိုပ်ဒဵုပန်၊ ကဵုသေဌဳ သမ္ၚေဟ် သ္ဂံင်သ္ဂဴတအ်သီုသၟိင်၊ ပတုဲကုသဵုယိုက်ဒိုက်သာသၞာ ဇဇၞော်ပၟဝ်အာဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ရ။ ဓါတ်သော် ၆ တၞုင် ပ္တိုန်က္ဍိုင်ရပ်ထဝ်၊ ညးရးနဳဂီုဂမၠိုင်က္တဵုဒှ်ကရုဏာ၊ ညးဒိုက်ကဵုဒြပ်ဟုံမှာစုတ်တံ ကဵုဗွိုက်လတက်ညံင်ကောန်ပ္ဍဲစြိုဟ်ကီု၊ သၟိင်ဝွံမင်မွဲတဴရ။ 

        ကၠာဟဒှ်သၟိင် အယုက် ၄၀ သၞာံ၊ ပသၟိင် ၁၉ သၞာံ၊ အယုက် ၅၉ သၞာံ အာစိုပ်အနိစ္စဓဝ် ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာဇ် ၆၆၈ သၟိင်ဝါရောဝ် အာစိုပ်အနိစ္စဓဝ်။ [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၂၀:၄၇၊ ၁၉ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== ကိစ္စယိုက်ဝန်ပၞာန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မန်ဂှ် သၠုင်ပတေင်ပတိုန်မွဲအဆံင်ပၠန် ==
ကိစ္စယိုက်ဝန်ပၞာန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မန်ဂှ် သၠုင်ပတေင်ပတိုန်မွဲအဆံင်ပၠန်

မယံင် (ဍုင်မန်)

ပရေင်ယိုက်ဝန်သ္ပပၞာန်ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မန်ဂှ် ကေတ်ဒၟံင်ဓဝ်ပလိုဟ် ကဵုကေတ်ဒၟံင်ဩန်၊ ကဵုဩန်တုဲ လိင်ကေတ်ဒၟံင်မၞိဟ်ဂှ် ဟွံလုပ်ကဵုသၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ သ္ဂးတုဲ နူကဵုအလဵုအသဳတၠအဝဵုပၞာန်တအ် ဟွံကဵုအခေါင်ရ။ 

စပ်ကဵုကိစ္စညးဍုင်ကွာန် ဒးယိုက်ဝန်သ္ပပၞာန် ပရေင်ကဵုကေတ်ဒၟံင်ဩန် သွက်ဂွံလိင်စုတ်မၞိဟ်စၞးဂှ် ဗၠေင်ဒၟံင်ကဵုသၞောဝ်ဥပဒေယိုက်ဝန်ပၞာန်ဂှ်တုဲ “နဲဂွံ နဲကေတ်” ပတိတ်လဝ်ပၟိင်ရ။

သ္ပဟိုတ်နူပတိတ်လဝ်ပၟိင် “နဲဂွံ နဲကေတ်” ဂှ်တုဲ လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မန် ပရေင်ရပ်တံင်မၞိဟ် သွက်ဂွံယိုက်ဝန်ပၞာန်ဂှ် တေင်ဂြတ်ကၠုင်ဒၟံင်နွံရ။ 

ပ္ဍဲဒေသဍုင်မန်ဂှ် အလဵုအသဳတၠအဝဵုတအ် သ္ဂောံကေတ်ဗီုပ္ဍဲဒေသရးဂကူဗၟာတုဲ မၞိဟ်ဒးအလန် ဒးယိုက်ဝန်သ္ပပၞာန်အတေင်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်ဂဝိင် ဖေက်ၜက်တိတ်အာ ပ္ဍဲဂကောံပၠန်ဂတးတအ်၊ ဖန်အလန်တုဲ ဂွံကဵုဂၠံက်မာဲဂှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်ဂဝိင်ကဵု ပရေင်ဒစဵုဒစး ထတ်သ္ကာတ်အာတုဲ ကေတ်လဝ်ဓဝ်ပလိုဟ် ကဵုကေတ်ဒၟံင်ဩန်၊ ဗက်ကေတ်ဒၟံင်ဩန်ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိတုဲ စၞးဂှ် လိင်စုတ်ဒၟံင်မၞိဟ်ဂကူဗၟာတအ်ရ။

ဗီုပြင်ဏံဂှ် ဒှ်ဒၟံင်ညံင်ရဴကူသာန်သွံရာန်မၞိဟ်ရောင် အမာတ်ကၠတ်ထဝ်လ္ၚဵု သဳကၠဳပတိုန်ထ္ၜးကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲကောံဓရီုကၠတ်ထဝ် နွံကၠုင်ဂှ်တုဲ ပရေင်ကဵုကေတ်ဩန် သွံရာန်မၞိဟ်ဂှ် နူကဵုအဆံင်လတူတေံ ဟွံကဵုအခေါင်ရ။

ကဵုကေတ်ဩန်တုဲ ရာန်လိင်စုတ်မၞိဟ်စၞးဂှ် ဟွံကဵုအခေါင်တုဲဂှ် လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်ဒးကေတ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ညံင်ဂွံပေင်မာန် ကဵုလဝ်စၞောန်ပၟိင်သာ်ဂှ်တုဲ မၞိဟ်မၞုံတာလျိုင် ဒးဂၠာဲဗပေင်သ္ပပၞာန်တအ် သၠုင်ပတေင်ပတိုန်မွဲအဆံင်တုဲ ဒးဗက်ရပ်ဒၟံင် မၞိဟ်အဝဲလုပ်အဝေါင်သ္ပပၞာန်တအ်ရ။

“ပရေင်ဗက်ဩန်ပ္ဍဲကွာန်တုဲ လိင်စုတ်ဒၟံင်မၞိဟ်ဂှ် နူကဵုကဆံင်လတူတေံ ဟွံကဵုအခေါင်ရ၊ ပရောဏံဂှ် နူကဵုအမာတ်လ္ၚဵုတအ် သဳကၠဳကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲကဵုကၠတ်ထဝ်လတူတေံတုဲတှ်ေ ပရေင်ကူသာန်သွံရာန်မၞိဟ်ဂှ် ဒှ်မံင်ညံင်ရဴ သွံစမၞိဟ်၊ ပရောဏံမံက်အာတုဲတှ်ေ ကဵုဩန်တုဲ လိင်စုတ်မၞိဟ်စၞးဏံဂှ် ဍေံတအ် ကၟာတ်ထောံ ဟွံကဵုအခေါင်ရပုဟ်၊ လၟိဟ်ၜိုတ်ဍေံဒးကေတ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ညံင်ဂွံဂွံ ဍေံစၞောန်လဝ်ဗီုဂှ် ဒှ်ဗီုဂှ်တှ်ေ ရဲညးတာလျိုင်သၟဝ်ဏံဂှ် ဗီုဂွံဂှ် ဒးဖန်ရ၊ ဒၞာဲဒးရပ်ဂှ် ရပ်ကေတ်ဏောင်၊ ဒၞာဲ ကော်ကေတ်ဂွံတှ်ေ ဍေံကော်ကေတ်ဏောင်၊ ဒၞာဲဒးဂၠံက်မာဲတှ်ေ ဍေံဖန်ဂၠံင်ဂၠံက်မာဲဏောင်၊ မွဲဒေသကဵုမွဲဒေသ ဟွံတုပ်ပုဟ်၊ ဗီုဍေံပြေပြံင် ဗီုဍေံဖန်ဂွံဂှ် ဍေံဒးဖန်ရ” သာ်ဝွံ ညးဆက်စပ်ကဵု အမာတ်ကၠတ်ထဝ်မန်မွဲတၠ ဟီုထ္ၜးရ။

ဟိုတ်နူစၞောန်ပၟိင်တိတ်ကၠုင်သာ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဍုင်မန်ဂှ် ပရေင်စၟဳစၟတ်တေင်ဂြတ်ကၠုင်တုဲ ပရေင်ရပ်တံင်ဓဇက်ဒၟံင်သၟတ်တအ်လေဝ် ကတဵုဒှ်ဂၠိုင်တိုန်ကၠုင်၊ ဒေသရပ်တံင်ဓဇက်သၟတ်တအ်လေဝ် သၠဲလးတိုန်ကၠုင်ရ။

ပရေင်ရပ်တံင်ဓဇက်မၞိဟ်အဝဲစိုပ်တအ် တေင်ကြံင်ကၠုင်ဂှ်တုဲ လ္ၚဵုဂှ် ဂွံပရိုင်လေဝ်နွံ၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ် ဟွံဂွံပရိုင်တုဲ ၜက်အာ ဒၞာဲပကောံပၞာန်တၟိနွံရ။ လ္ၚဵုဂှ် ဂွံမိင်ပရိုင်ဂတာပ်တဲတုဲ ပညဳသၠာဲကဵုဩန်ဂၠိုင်ဂၠိုင် ဗၠးကၠုင်လေဝ်နွံရ။ 

သ္ပဟိုတ်နူပတေင်ရပ်တိုန် သၟတ်ဒးယိုက်ဂၠေင်ပၞာန်တအ် တေင်တိုန်ကၠုင်ဂှ်တုဲ ပရိုင်ဒးဒုင်ရပ်ဂှ် အတေံ အဏံ မိင်မံက်ကၠုင် ရုသံင်ဒၟံင်အဆက်ဆက် က္တဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်ရ။

ကိစ္စညးဍုင်ကွာန်ဒးယိုက်ဝန်ပၞာန် (ဗၟာ) ဂှ် အတိုင်သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေမ္ဂး ဇၟာပ်မၞိဟ်အဝဲစိုပ် (၁၈) သၞာံ တြုံဗြဴဟွံသှ်ေ ဇၟာပ်မၞိဟ် ဒးယိုက်ဂၠေင်ဖအိုတ်ရ။ ဆဂးဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဒေသကောန်ဂကူ ကောန်ဍုင်အရင်တအ်မ္ဂး ကေတ်လဝ်ဓဝ်ကၠိုဟ်ခၠင်တုဲ ဗက်ဩန် လိင်စုတ်မၞိဟ်စၞးအိုတ်ရ။

ညးဍုင်ကွာန်ဍုင်မန်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးကဵုဩန်သောင်ဍေံ မၞိဟ်ဟွံဒးအာတှ်ေတုဲ သၞောတ်ဏံဂှ် ဒးစိုတ်ဂၠိုင်ရ။ ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်တုဲ ကဟဳ ကၠတ်ကဵုဒၟံင်ဩန် ဗီုညး ဗီုညးတုဲ လိင်စုတ်ဒၟံင်မၞိဟ်စၞးအိုတ်ရ။

“ဒးကဵုကေတ်လှုဲဂှ် ပိုဲမၞိဟ်ညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် ဒုင်တဲမာန်မံင်ရ၊ မွဲဂိတု (၁) လက် (၁) လက်ဘာ်၊ လ္ၚဵုဂှ် ဒဵုကဵု (၂) လက် ဒးလေဝ် နွံမံင်၊ ပိုဲညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးကဵုလှုဲ မၞိဟ်ဟွံဒးအာ မုဟွံဒှ်ပုဟ်၊ လှုဲဂှ်ကၠောန်ကေတ် မၞိဟ်ဟွံဒးအာတှ်ေတုဲ ဒုင်တဲမာန်မံင်၊ လ္ပကဵုဒးအာတှ်ေတုဲ” သာ်ဝွံ မိယာဲသၟတ် နူဒေသဇြပ်ဗုမွဲတၠ ဟီုရ။

သၟတ်အဝဲစိုပ်ဒးလုပ်ပၞာန်တအ်ဂှ် နူစပရိုင်တိတ် ဇၟာပ်မၞိဟ် ဒးလုပ်ကေတ်တာလျိုင်ယိုက်ဝန်ပၞာန်ရောင်ဗက်ဂှ် ဗီုညးကဵုညး ပါဲဓလေတ်တိတ်အာဍုင်မ္ၚး ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တုဲ သၟတ်ဗွဲမအောန်ဂှ်ဟေင် သှ်ေဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်/ကွာန်တအ်ရ။

နူကဵုအလဵုအသဳတၠအဝဵုတအ် ပတေင်ဂရတ်ပတိုန် ကိစ္စဒးယိုက်ဝန်ပၞာန် ပ္ဍဲဒေသဍုင်မန်တုဲဗက်ဂှ် သၟတ်သှ်ေဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်/ကွာန်လ္ၚဵုတအ်လေဝ် ထပ်ပါဲဓလေတ်ဒၟံင်ပၠန်တုဲ သၟတ်သှ်ေဒၟံင် ဂတာဍုင်/ဂတာကွာန်လ္ၚဵုတအ်ဂှ်ဟေင် ဒးဒုင်ဒၟံင်ဘဲ ပရေင်ကရေပ်ဂရတ် ကိစ္စဒးယိုက်ဝန်ပၞာန်ဂှ်ရ။

ပရေင်ကိစ္စညးဍုင်ကွာန် ဒးယိုက်ဝန်ပၞာန်ဏံဂှ် နကဵုညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် ၜိုန်ဟွံဒးဂၞပ်စိုတ်ကီုလေဝ် ဟိုတ်ဒးဒၟံင်သၟဝ်တဲ အလဵုအသဳတၠအဝဵုတအ်တုဲ “ပါဲဟွံဂွံ ဒိုအ်ဟွံဗၠး” ဒးဒုင်ဒၟံင်ဘဲအိုတ်ရ။

ဒဒိုက်သၞာညးဍုင်ကွာန် ဒးလုပ်ယိုက်ဝန်ပၞာန် (ဗၟာ) ဏံဂှ် ဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်တအ်လေဝ် တာဒၞာကဵုဟွံမာန်၊ ဂကောံပၠန်ဂတးတအ်လေဝ် စဵုဒၞာကဵုဟွံမာန်၊ အလဵုအသဳသွာင်မ္ၚး (အေန်ယူဂျဳ) လေဝ် ဟံင်ပြာ်ကဵုဟွံမာန်ရ။

ပေါဲပၞာန် အကြာဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ်ကဵု ဂကောံပၠန်ဂတးတအ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဂွံဒုင်ဒဝ်ဗတိုက်ပၞာန်မာန်ဂှ် တင်အဓိက ဗပေင်ကၠုင်ဒြဟတ်ပၞာန် နကဵုသၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ ညးဍုင်ကွာန်ဒးယိုက်ဂၠေင်ပၞာန်ဏံတုဲ သၞောတ်ဏံဂှ် သွက်တၠအဝဵုတအ် ဒှ် တင်ပၟိက်ကိစ္စဇၞော်မွဲတုဲ မွဲအဆံင်တုဲမွဲအဆံင် သၠုင်ပတိုန်ဒၟံင်အသိင်နွံရ။

လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး ပံက်ဂွံကွတ်ပၞာန်သဇိုင် လၟေင် (၂၇) ရတုဲ မွဲလၟေင်မ္ဂး လၟိဟ်ပၞာန်တၟိ (၅၀၀၀) တၠ ညံင်ဂွံဂွံဂှ် နကဵုနဲကဲသွာင်ဇဳ တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်တအ် ကော်ကေတ်၊ ရပ်ကေတ်၊ ရာန်ကေတ် ဗီုဂွံ ဗီုကေတ် သၠုင်ဒၟံင်အသိင်နွံရောင် ပတိုန်ထ္ၜးဏာရ။ [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၂၀:၅၀၊ ၁၉ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== အကြီုသပုန် ==
အကြီုသပုန်
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( နကဵုဍိုပ်လိက်Rebel yell: Arakan Army leader speaks to Asia Times
အ္စာပရိုၚ် BERTIL LINTNER သၟာန်သွဟ်တက်လဝ်ကျာကဵုသ္ကိုပ်ပၞာန်ဇၞော် ထောန်မျာတ်နာၚ် ညးမဒှ် ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ရခေၚ် (AA)တုဲ ပ္တိုန်ထ္ၜးလဝ် ပ္ဍဲလိက်ပရိုၚ် Asia Times နဘာသာအၚ်္ဂလိက် နွံစၟတ်တ္ၚဲ ဂျာန်နဝါရဳ ၁၈၊၂၀၂၂ ဂှ် သွက်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲ ညးမိက်ဂွံဗှ်ဗီုမန်တအ် ဂွံဗှ်မာန် ရန်တၟံတုဲ ကၠာဲပ္တိုန်ထ္ၜးကဵု နလၟေၚ်ဝေါဟာဟီုအရေဝ် ညံၚ်ဂွံကၠိုဟ်လောဲသွာရ။) 

ဇျေၚ်မာဲ- သ္ကိုပ်ပၞာန်ဇၞော်ထောန်မျာတ်နာၚ် နွံအယုက် ၄၃ ဝွံ ဒှ်ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်ပၠန်ဂတး ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဗၟာ အယုက်ဍောတ်အိုတ်၊ ဂွံပေဲါအံၚ်ဇၞးဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ်မွဲတၠရ။ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ညးအာဂတပၠတရဴမံၚ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ရခေၚ် (အေအေ) ဂှ် စဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၀၉ တေံတုဲ နူကဵုမၞိဟ်မွဲဇျောပ်ဍောတ်ဂှ် ဇၞော်ဂေါဝ်တိုန်တုဲ ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်နွံကဵုဇြဟတ်ထတ်စောမ်မွဲ ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်မလီုလာ်စာ်ထောၚ်မံၚ်နကဵုပၞာန်ရ။

ပေဲါပၞာန် အေအေ ဗ္တိုက်ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၂ ဒှ်ပ္ဍဲတိဍာ်ကချေၚ် ပံၚ်တောဲကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်ကချေၚ် KIA တအ်ရ။ လက်ကရဴဏအ် လုပ်ပေဲါဗ္တိုက် ရီုဗၚ်ဒပ်ကဝ်က MNDA နွံဒိုဟ်ဧသာန် ဍုၚ်သေံဇၞော်တေံရ။ နူဂှ်တုဲ ဗဒှ်သပုန်ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ရခေၚ်၊ မၞိဟ်ကဵုလ္ၚီတိတ်ကၠုၚ်ပံၚ်ကဵုညးတအ်အိုတ်ရ။ 

ဟိုတ်နူဒေါံပန်ပှော် မ္ၚးစေဝ်ပၞောန် သၞာံ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ်တုဲ ပရေၚ်ရုသံၚ်က္တံၚ်က္တဴ၊ ပကီုပရာပ်ဂှ် ဟွံဆဵုပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ရခေၚ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူပၞာန်သီအဝဵုနူဖေဖဝ်ဝါရီ ၁ ဂှ်တုဲ ပရေၚ်ရုသံၚ်က္တံၚ်က္တဴ၊ပကီုပရာပ်တအ်ဂှ် က္တဵုဒှ်အလုံဍုၚ်မွဲ ဒၞာဲတၞဟ်တၞဟ်တအ်ရ။ အကြာပွဳပွိုၚ်ကျာသောပ်ဒၟံၚ်ဂှ် အေအေကဵု ယူအေလ်အေ တအ် ဒက်ပ္တန်တိုန် ပြိုၚ်ပ္ကာန်အုပ်ဓုပ် သိုက်သိုက်တုဲ လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး ပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ရးဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ် ဗွဲတၟေၚ်သ္ကုတ်ဒေသသၟဝ်ကျာ တအ်ဂှ် ပရေၚ်အုပ်ဓုပ်ညးတအ် ဂေတ်မံၚ်ရ။

Asian Times သၟာန်- ပေဲါရုဲမာဲ ၂၀၂၀ တေံတုဲ ခြာဟွံလအ် နူကဵု က္လိဂွံတၚ်တုပ်စိုတ်ဒေါံပန်ပှော်မ္ၚးစေဝ်ပၞောန်ကဵုဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတုဲ ရးရခေၚ်ညိၚ်ဝတ်မံၚ်ကွေံရ။ ဆဂး ဒၞာဲဒေသတၞဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ရုသံၚ်မံၚ်တုဲ ဓရ်ၜိုဟ်လလမ်ဂွံလဝ်ဏအ် ဍေံတန်တဴ လလအ်လဵုမာန်ရော၊

ထောန်မျာတ်နာၚ် သွဟ်- ဒေါံပန်ပှော်မ္ၚးစေဝ်ပၞောန်ဂှ် ဍေံဟွံညိၚ်ဝတ်ကွေံပုဟ်။ ပိုဲဒးဗကေက်ကၠုၚ်လဝ် ၜုန် ရပ်လဝ်သၞာ်တုဲရ။ ဒေါံပန်ပှော်ဏအ် တန်တဴလလအ်လဵုရောဂှ် ကေတ်ဟွံဒးချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ပုဟ်၊ ရံၚ်ကဵုဂုန်ဖဵု ၜါလ္ပာ်တုဲ ဒေါံပန်ပှော်မၞုံကဵုအဓိပ္ပဲါဂှ် ပိုဲလေဝ် နွံပၟိက်မံၚ်ရ။

SAC ကံၚ်ဇြဳအုပ်ဓုပ်ဍုၚ်ဂှ် လုပ်မံၚ်ပေဲါဗ္တိုက်ပ္ဍဲမုက်ပၞာန်ဂးကီုလေဝ် ဍေံတအ်ဗ္တိုက်မံၚ်နကဵုဗျူဟာတြေံ ဗီုတမၠာတေံဟွံသေၚ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူပိုဲဂ္ဇအ်လဝ် ပရေၚ်အုပ်ဓုပ်ပိုဲ နကဵုသွာၚ်စဳရေၚ်ဂဗုတ်၊အကံက်အခေါန်၊ဌာနဂီုကၠီုညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်ကေုာံ ဗီုပြၚ်ဒက်ပ္တန်အလဵုအသဳနာနာတအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဍေံတအ်ဟွံပေၚ်စိုတ် ဒှ်မံၚ်ဒေါသဂှ် ပိုဲတီမံၚ်ကီုရ။

သၟာန်- ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံကဵု ဂကောံဒပ်ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တၞဟ် ဒပ်ဂကောံမဟာမိတ်သၟးဟွံသေၚ် သီုကဵုဒပ် ကရေၚ် ကေအေန်ယူ၊ ဒပ်ကရေၚ်ဍာဲ ကေအေန်ပဳပဳ၊ ဒပ်သေံဇၞော် RCSS နာဲတအ် ဟွံဒှ်လဝ်ကောန်ဂကောံတအ်ကီုဂှ် အကာဲအရာနွံဗီုလဵုရော

သွဟ်- ဒပ်ပၞာန်ရခေၚ်ပိုဲဂှ် ပံၚ်တောဲကၠောန်မံၚ်ကမၠောန်ကဵု ဂကောံမဟာမိတ်ကောဒေံ၊ ဂကောံမဟာမိတ်သၟဝ်ကျာတအ်တုဲ ဆက်ဒှ်မံၚ်ကောန်ဂကေံာ FPNCC ဖိုဟ်ရ။ ကဵုဂကောံကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တၞဟ်တၞဟ်တအ်လေဝ် ဆက်ထိၚ်လဝ်ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံ ခိုဟ်မံၚ်ဖိုဟ်ရ။

သၟာန်- နူကဵုသီအဝဵု ဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၁ သၞာံတုဲကၠုၚ်တေံတုဲ ခါတ်အကာဲကေတ် အစောန်စရာဲ SAC ကံၚ်ဇြဳအုပ်ဓုပ်တအ် ဇၟပ်ဒိုဟ်ဇဳတုဲ ဒးသ္ၚဳဂၠိပ်မ္ဂး မုအကာဲအရာနွံဗီုလဵုရော၊ ပေဲါတက်ကျာ ဒှ်မာန်မဏီဟာ၊ ဗီုဂှ်ဟွံသေၚ်တှ်ေ ပေဲါဗ္တိုက်ရပ်လွဟ်ဏအ် မွဲဂၠံၚ်ရ ဆက်အာဂတတေံဂွံ ဗီုဂှ်ဟာ။

သွဟ်- သၞောတ်ပရေၚ်ထတ်ယိုတ်လီုလာ်မံၚ်တုဲ ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဂြပ်လေဝ် သုတ်စှ်ေတသိုတ်စှ်ေမံၚ်ဣရ။ ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွါန်ပၠန်လေဝ် ဒးမံၚ်ယဲကျာဣရ၊ SAC တအ် ဖေက်ဂၟံက်လကိုတ်တ္ၚဵုမံၚ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲဝိုၚ်ကလုတ်တမာန်ဂှ် ဒးဒုၚ်ပဲါတးမံၚ်ဣရ၊ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဍေံတအ် တြးလဝ်ဒပ် ပ္ဍဲမုက်ပၞာန်တၟာဂလိုၚ်နွံ၊ အလဵုအသဳပၞာန်ဂှ် ဇကုဍေံတအ် ဍေံတအ်စိုပ်မံၚ်လဒေါဝ်ကျာမေလံၚ်ဂှ် ဍေံတီမံၚ်တုဲ ညေအ်ဍေံတအ် ဟွံဂံၚ်ဗၠေတ်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ ( ဗၠေတ်ကဵုအခိုက်ညိ စှ်ေဟဂှ်ရ) ။

ဇုက်ဟရှ်ေ ကဵုအမိၚ် ဍေံတအ်ကဵု ဍေံတအ် ကောံကလောံကၠေတ်မံၚ်ဂှ် ကရောန်တိတ်ကၠုၚ်နူပ္ဍဲတုဲ ထကးပြးပိုတ်အာဗက်ဟွံသက်ဂတာပ် ညံၚ်ရဴသၟိၚ်သၞံၚ်အယုက်အိုတ်တုဲ ဟတိုဟ်တိုန်ကီု (super nova ) ကဝေက်ကလှ်တိတ်ကၠုၚ်ပြးဇး ဒှ်မာန်ရ။ ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဇြဟတ်ပၞာန်ဍေံတအ်ကဵု ဍာ်ဒကေဝ်ဍေံတအ် ဒုၚ်ဒဝ်မာန်ဂှ် တော်ဖဍိုန်လဝ် (ယှအ်လဝ်) ဟွံဂွံပုဟ်။ သွက်အဝဵုဍေံတအ် ဂွံတန်တဴဂှ် ဍေံတအ်ကၠောန်မာန်ဖအိုတ်တုဲ ဍေံတအ် မုဟွံရုဲ ပါ်ပဲါမွဲသာ် ရိုၚ်ဇိုၚ်ကၠုၚ်လေပ်မံၚ်။

ဗီုအကာဲအရာလၟုဟ်ရတှ်ေ ဂွံသဳကၠဳပရေၚ်ၜိုဟ်လလမ်ဂှ် ဍေံဒှ်ဟွံမာန်ပုဟ် တော်ဆကေတ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူဓရ်ဍုဟ်မၠေံညးသ္ကအ် အုပ်ဓလီုလဝ်တုဲ ပေဲါသဳကၠဳဂှ် ဒှ်ပေဲါသဳကၠဳဇေတ်ဍာံပြဟွံသေၚ်တုဲ ဒှ်ဆအယာံမာတ် ဟီုတွံတြးဝါဒပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဟေၚ်ရ။

သၟာန်- ပ္ဍဲအခန်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ကောန်ဂကူဂှ် စပ်ကဵုဗော်အေန်အေလ်ဒဳတုဲ ဗီုလဵုညာတ်၊ တုဲပၠန်ပ္ဍဲအခန်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဒေသ စပ်ကဵုဗော် အေအေန်ပဳ ဗော်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်အဓိကရးရခေၚ်ရော ဗီုလဵုညာတ်ရော

သွဟ်- အေန်အေလ်ဒဳလေဝ် ဗီုပြၚ်ဍေံဟွံခိုဟ်ပုဟ်။ ၜိုန်ရဇၞးလဝ်မာဲဂၠိုၚ် ပ္ဍဲပေဲါရုဲမာဲ ၂၀၂၀ တေံကီုလေဝ် ဟိုတ်နူပရေၚ်အာဍိုပ်ဗျုထဴ သီုတေၚ်ဂြတ်တုဲ အနာဂတ်ဍေံတၠုၚ်လအာဟွံခိုဟ်၊ ဗီုညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ် စၟဳစလဝ်ဂှ် ဍေံဟွံဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။ အေန်အေလ်ဒဳဂှ် ဂပ်ဝ်ဒးကေတ် ညးအာဍိုပ်တၟိရ။ သာ်ဂှ်ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး သွက်ညးဍုၚ်ကွါန်တအ် ဂွံခိုဟ်စတှ်ေ ဇြဟတ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်မဍိုက်ပေၚ်ကဵုအစောန်စရာဲမွဲ ဒးလုပ်ကေတ်ဒၞာဲမသလးမံၚ်တ္ၚဲဏအ်ဂှ်ရ။

စပ်ကဵု အေအေန်ပဳတုဲ တန်တဴကဵုပေဲါရုဲမာဲ အတိုၚ်ကံၚ်ဇြဳပၞာန်ကဵုလဝ်ကတိပါၚ် ဒှ်ကၠောန် ဟွံဒှ်ကၠောန်ဂှ်ရ။ ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် အနာဂတ်ဂှ် ဍေံပရေအ်မံၚ်တုဲ တော်ဆဟွံဒးရ။ သွက်အေအေန်ပဳ အကာဲအရာဍေံဒှ်မာန်မွဲသာ်ပၠန်ဂှ် ယဝ်ရပေဲါရုဲမာဲ ဟွံမွဲတှ်ေ ဒှ်မွဲပံၚ်ကၠုၚ်ကဵု ULA ဂကောံသၠဍိုၚ်ရခေၚ် ကေုံာ ဗော်တၞဟ်၊ ပူဂဵုတၞဟ်လေဝ် ဒှ်မာန်ရ။

သၟာန်- တိုၚ်ကဴအန္တိမကၞောတ်တဲ ရခေၚ်နာဲတအ်ဂှ် အခေါၚ်သၠပွးဟာ၊ ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး အခေါၚ်အုပ်ဓုပ်အလဵုဇကုပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ဖေတ်ဒရေဝ်ဟာ၊ သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေဍုၚ်ဗၟာအနာဂတ်ဂှ် ဗီုလဵုစၟဳလဝ်ရော

သွဟ်- အခေါၚ်ကံကုသဵုပိုဲ ပိုဲဖန်ဖက်ကေတ်ကဵု အဝဵုကၞောတ်အထောဋ်ဂှ် ဒှ်တၚ်အဓိကပရေၚ်ချဳဒရာၚ်ကောန်ဂကူပိုဲရ။ ပ္ဍဲဖေတ်ဒရေဝ်ဍုၚ်ဗၟာဂှ် ကောန်ဖေတ်ဒရေဝ်ယှေန် ဗီုဂကူရခေၚ်ပိုဲနွံပၟိက် ဒၞာဲနွံ ဟၟဲ ဒးရံၚ်ကၠာရ။

ၜိုန်ရပိုဲ မိက်ဂွံမံၚ်မွဲစွံကရောံကောဒေံကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်ပိုဲတအ်ကီုလေဝ် အတိုၚ်ကဆံၚ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်မဍာံပြ ပိုဲနွံပၟိက်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဏအ် ဖျေံကဵုဒၞာဲဝဲါဟွံမာန်ပုဟ်ယဝ်ရဒှ်မ္ဂး နကဵုပိုဲ ဒးဆက်စပ်လုပ်အာဂကောံပွဳဗွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်နာနာ ဂၠံၚ်ပိုဲကဵုပိုဲရ။

သၟာန်- ဒပ်ပၞာန် နာဲတအ် ဇြဟတ်ဇၞော် ၜိုတ်လဵုရော၊ ထိၚ်ဒဝ်လဝ်တိဍာ်ရခေၚ်မာန် ဂလိုၚ်လဵုရော

သွဟ်- နူကဵုစဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် သၞာံ ၂၀၀၉ တေံတုဲ ပွိုၚ် ၁၃ သၞာံ ပိုဲ ပ္ကတ်ပ္ကေၚ်လဝ် ကောန်သဂံၚ်လၟိဟ် ပိဠက်ဍောတ်ပြၚ် (၃၀၀၀၀) တုဲရ။ ပရေၚ်ကောပ်ကဲာ၊ ထိၚ်ဒဝ်၊နဲကဲပညာ မြက်စောန်တအ်ဂှ် ပ္ကတ်ပ္ကေၚ်မံၚ်ဖိုဟ်လေဝ်နွံ၊ လုပ်မံၚ်ပေဲါဗ္တိုက်လေဝ်နွံရ။ ကောန်သဂံၚ်ပိုဲ ဗၞတ် (၇၀) ဍိုပ်ကၠံဂှ် ပရေၚ်ဆဵုဂဗ ကေၚ်လုပ်လဝ်ပေဲါဗ္တိုက် သ္ကာတ်သ္ကာတ်မြဟ်ြမဟ်နွံရ။ လၟိဟ်ကောန်သဂံၚ်ၜိုတ် မသုန်လ္ၚီ ကဵု တြဴလ္ၚီဂှ် ပိုဲဖျေံလဝ်ဒပ် ပ္ဍဲတိဍာ် မဟာမိတ်ပိုဲနွံရ။ သှ်ေနူဂှ် ပိုဲ ဖျေံလဝ်ပ္ဍဲရခေၚ်တေံရ။

ရးရခေၚ်သ္ကုတ်သၟဝ်ကျာဂှ် ဗၞတ် (၆၀) ဍိုပ်ကၠံ ပိုဲထိၚ်လဝ်နွံကီုလေဝ် လ္ပာ်သၠုၚ်ကျာဂှ် ဍေံအောန်မံၚ်ညိဏီ။ ဒၞာဲလ္ၚဵုဂှ် အကြာပိုဲကဵု ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ ဂွံသက်ပၞောန်တၞဟ်ခြာဂှ် ဍေံဝါတ်မံၚ်ညိ။ ဍေံတအ် ထိၚ်ဒဝ်လဝ်လ္တူဍုၚ်မာန်မံၚ်ဖိုဟ်တုဲ ထ္ၜးဟိုတ် ဒၞာဲဗျူဟာခိုဟ်တုဲ ဂပ်ဝ်ဒးထိၚ်ဒဝ်လဝ် ဂးကီုလေဝ် ပ္ဍဲဒေသတအ်ဂှ်ပၠန် အဝဵုအာဏာပိုဲဂှ် ပိုဲပြုပြေၚ်စဳရေၚ်မံၚ်လေဝ်နွံတုဲ ပရေၚ်ပြိုၚ်ပ္ကာန်နွံမံၚ်ဏီရ။

သၟာန်- ကဵုဒပ် ပဳဒဳအေဖ်တအ် ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံနွံမံၚ်ဟာ၊ ကဵုဒပ်ဒစဵုဒစး ဗ္ဒာဲတအ်ဂှ် တွဵုရးချေၚ်ရော ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံနွံမံၚ်ကီုဟာ

သွဟ်- ၜိုတ်တုဲကၠုၚ်ဂှ်တှ်ေ ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံမံက်မံက်ဂတဝ်ဂတဝ် မုဟၟဲဏီရ။

သၟာန်- ပ္ဍဲအခန်သၟာန်သွဟ်လဝ်ကဵု လိက်ပရိုၚ် Prothom Alo ဘၚ်္ဂလာဒေသ် မပ္တိတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲဂျာန်နာဝါရဳ ၂ ဂှ် နာဲဟီု ပိုဲသ္ပစၟတ်သမ္တီကဵု အခေါၚ်အရာမၞိဟ်ကေုာံ အခေါၚ်ဒှ်ကောန်ဍုၚ် ရောဟေန်ဂျာတအ်ရောၚ်ဂးလဝ်ရ။ နာဲ မိက်ဂွံဟီုဂှ် နာဲထံက်ဂလာန် ကဵု ညးဒှ်ဒဒိုက် ရောဟေန်ဂျာတအ် ဂွံစဴကၠုၚ်ကဵု အခေါၚ်ဒှ်ကောန်ဍုၚ်ဂှ်ဟာ

သွဟ်- အခေါၚ်အရာမၞိဟ်၊အခေါၚ်အရာဒှ်ကောန်ဍုၚ် သွက်ညးမတန်တဴမံၚ်ရးရခေၚ်အိုတ်သီုဂှ် ပိုဲပစၟတ်သမ္တီကီုလေဝ်  အတိုၚ်အကာဲအရာလၟုဟ် ညးဒှ်ဒဒိုက်တအ် စဴကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး ဒှ်လပှ်တက်ကၠုၚ် သွက်ပရေၚ် ဟွံညိၚ်ဝတ်(က္တဴက္တာန်) မွဲမာန်ရ။ ပရေၚ်ပလံၚ်ဖျဴဗီုလဵုမွဲဟွံဟီု ဒးဒှ်အတိုၚ်ဆန္ဒ ညးတၠခန္ဓတုဲ ဒးကၠောန်အတိုၚ်ဂၠံၚ်လုပ်သၞောဝ် နကဵုဍုၚ်နာနာ ရံၚ်စံၚ်မွဲက္ဆံၚ်ထေက်ရ။

ပြသၞာအဓိက သွက်ဂကူရခေၚ်တအ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ညးဒှ်ဒဒိုက်တအ် စကာယၟု ရောန်ဟေန်ဂျာ ဂှ် ညးတအ် ဒုၚ်တဲဟွံမာန်ရ။ ဝၚ်ညးတအ် ဒးဒုၚ်ပလီုရောၚ် ညးတအ် ဒးဒုၚ်စသိုၚ်တုဲ ဒှ်မံၚ်ညံၚ်ကဵုပပရေံ ရုန်မဵုကဵုညးတအ်ရ။ ညးတအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်တၠဍုၚ် တန်တဴကၠုၚ် တမ်မူလရ။

လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် မောတ်သလောန်တအ်ဂှ် လုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဗီုပြၚ်လပှ်နာနာသာ်ရ။ အဓိကဂှ်တှ်ေ အခိၚ်အၚ်္ဂလိက်တအ် အုပ်ဓုပ်လဝ်တေံရ။ ယဝ်ရညးတအ် မံၚ်တန်တဴကၠုၚ်ပ္ဍဲတိဍာ်ရခေၚ် ဂၠိုၚ်ကဵုတၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်မ္ဂး ညးတအ် က္လိဂွံအခေါၚ်ဒှ်ကောန်ဍုၚ်မာန်ရ။ ဆဂး ပုစ္ဆာ ထမံက်ထ္ၜးယၟု (ဇကုညးတအ် ညးတအ် ကဵုယၟု ) ဂှ် နွံမံၚ်ပၠန်။

သၟာန်- မောတ်သလေန်၊ ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ၊ ဟေန်ဒူ၊ ခရေတ်ယာန် ဂွံမံၚ်ညးကအ်မွဲစွံ ဗွဲမၜိုဟ်ဩဟ်မာန် ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်ရခေၚ်ဂှ် အခေါၚ်အရာဍေံနွံၜိုတ်လဵုရော

သွဟ်- ယဝ်ရမၞိဟ်နူမ္ၚး လ္ပကၠုၚ်ရပ်ဇုက် လ္ပကၠုၚ်အလှ်ေ ဗဇဵုမံၚ်အကြာ မွဲဂကောံကဵုမွဲဂကေံာမ္ဂး ဂွံမံၚ်မွဲစွံဂှ် ဍေံအံၚ်ဇၞးမာန်ရ။ ဍုၚ်ရခေၚ်ပိုဲဂှ် နူကဵု သၞာံ ၁၉၄၁၊ ၄၂ စဵုကဵုစိုပ်သၞာံ ၂၀၁၉ က္ဆံၚ်ညိၚ်ဝတ်၊ ပရေၚ်မၞိဟ်ဒှ်သဟဇာတ ဗီုအခိၚ်တ္ၚဲဏအ်ဂှ် မွဲလှ်ေလေဝ် ဟွံကေၚ်က္လိဂွံဂှ် ပြာကတ်မံၚ်ရ။ အခိၚ်လၟုဟ် ပရေၚ်မၞိဟ်ညိၚ်ဝတ်ကၠုၚ်၊ ပရေၚ်တေၚ်ဂြတ်အကြာမွဲဂကူကဵုမွဲဂကူ ဍိုန်လျအောန်စှ်ေတုဲ ကမၠောန်ပရေၚ်မၞိဟ်လ္ပာ်ခိုဟ်မံက်ကၠုၚ်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။ အဵုဣညအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ပရေၚ်ပြံၚ်လှာဲမံက်မံက်ဂတဝ်ဂတဝ်မွဲတုဲ ပရေၚ်ပြံၚ်လှာဲဂှ် ဍေံဒးစဒှ်ကၠုၚ်နူပ္ဍဲရောၚ်။ 

သၟာန်- လ္တူဂကောံမောတ်သလေန်ညံၚ်ရဴ RSO ကဵုဂကောံ ARSA တအ်ဂှ် ဗီုလဵုနာဲညာတ်ရော

သွဟ်- သီုၜါဂကောံဂှ် ပိုဲ အဆက်အဆောံဟၟဲပုဟ်။ RSO ဂှ် နကဵုပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန် ညံၚ်ကဵုကြံၚ်ဍုဟ်နူ ARSA ညိ။ ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် ARSA ဂှ် ဇုက်ဇာဍေံ ဂၠိၚ်တုဲ က္တိုၚ်ကၟဟ်ဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ ဗီုဂကောံ ARSA ကၠောန်သ္ပမံၚ် အကြာဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ်ကွာန် နွံရးရခေၚ်ကေုာံ ပ္ဍဲဗ္ဒိုပ်ညးဒှ်ဒဒိုက် နွံဍုၚ်ဘၚ်္ဂလာဒေသ်တအ်ဂှ် ရံၚ်ကေတ်မ္ဂး တီကေတ်မာန်ရ။ ညးမလေပ်ပညာ ရဲမောတ်သလေန်တအ်လ္ၚဵုဂှ် ရပ်ဇုက်ဗဂေတ်မံၚ် ARSA ကရဵုကရာတုဲ ပမံၚ်ဒၞန်ကဵု ပွဳပွူပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွါန်မအာစိုပ်မံၚ်ဒဒိုက်ရ။ 

သၟာန်- ဍုၚ်သ္ၚိရေၚ်ကၟေၚ်ဆက် နာဲတအ်ဂှ် နွံဍုၚ်ဘၚ်္ဂလာဒေသ်မွဲရ။ ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံကဵုညးနွံအဝဵုတအ်ကီု သီုကဵုညးမတန်တဴမံၚ်တိဍာ်ပယျဵု ဥပမာ- ညံၚ်ရဴ ဂကူ မရမာတအ်ဂှ်ကီု နွံဗီုလဵုရော၊ သ္ၚောဲနူဂှ်ညိတှ်ေ ဍုၚ်အိန္ဒိယျရော ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံနွံဗီုလဵုရော

ဂကူမရမာ Marma ကဵုဂကူမံက် Mog တအ်ဂှ် ဆဳဇာတ်တုပ်မံၚ်ကဵုပိုဲ၊တုပ်မံၚ်ကဵု ဂကူမတန်တဴမံၚ်မွဲဒမြိပ်ပယျဵုဒၞက်တအ်ဂှ်ရ။ စပ်ကဵုပရေၚ်ချဳဒရာၚ်ပိုဲတုဲ ညးတအ် ကၠိုဟ်လဝ် ဗွဲမဇြိုဟ်နက်တုဲ ညးတအ် စွံမံၚ်ကရုဏာလ္တူပိုဲကီုရ။

စပ်ကဵုအလဵုအသဳဘၚ်္ဂလာဒေသ်တုဲ ဟွံပရေံစကွေံကွေံဏီ။ အလဵုအသဳဘၚ်္ဂလာဒေသ်ဂှ် မူဝါဒ၊ ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး ဗျူဟာ ကၠးကၠးမးမး ဖျေံလဝ် ဂွံဆက်ဆောံကဵုပိုဲဂှ် နကဵုလုပ်အဝေါၚ်ပ္ဍဲစေဝ်ပၞောန်ကီု မ္ၚးစေဝ်ပၞောန်ကီု နွံဗီုလဵုရောဂှ် ဟွံဂွံဆဵုဏီရ။ ညးတအ် ထေက်ကဵု ဒးသၠုၚ်ပ္တိုန်ရ။ ဂါံတိုန်မွဲဂါံတုဲ ဒးကၠောန် ဗွဲမက္တိုၚ်ကၟဟ်ထေက်ရ။ ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံခိုဟ်မွဲဂှ် ဒှ်ဂုန်ဖဵုသီုၜါလ္ပာ်ရ။ ကိစ္စဇၞော်ညိဂှ်တုန် ဂွံရပ်စပ်ပြသၞာ ညးဒှ်ဒဒိုက်၊ ဂွံရီုဗၚ်ညးတအ်၊ပရေၚ်ယဲကပ်၊ ပရေၚ်ဂီုကၠီုအိုတ်သီု ဂွံသောၚ်ကလးရပ်စပ်အာမာန်ရ။ တၞဟ်နဂွံရေၚ်တၠုၚ်ဒတုဲဖဵု ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်သီုၜါလ္ပာ် ပရေၚ်ရံၚ်စံၚ်ထတ်ယိုတ်၊ပရေၚ်ပညာ၊ပရေၚ်ကူသာန်သွံရာန်၊ ကေုာံပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံကဏ္ဍတၞဟ်တၞဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးသၠဲပ္တိတ်ထေက်ရ။ 

သၟာန်- ပ္ဍဲအရာရုန်ဂ္စာန် ဂွံသောၚ်က္လးကိစ္စရခေၚ်ကေုာံ ကိစ္စဍုၚ်ဗၟာမသၟေဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ဗွဲမၜိုဟ်ဩိုဟ်ဂှ် ဍုၚ်မ္ၚးမပ္တံ ကြုက်၊ ဂျပါန်တအ် လုပ်ပါမာန်ဟာ၊ပေဲါပြိုၚ်ပ္ကာန်မဟာဗျူဟာ အကြာ ကြုက်ကဵု အမေရိကာန်ရော ဗီုလဵုညာတ်ရော

သွဟ်- နကဵုတဳအဝ်ရဳ ညးတအ် လုပ်ပါပ္ဍဲအခန်အဓိကဇၞော်မာန်ကီုလေဝ် ဍာံဍာံတေံဂှ် ဍေံထုဲတၞာန်ဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ ပြံၚ်လှာဲဂှ် ဍေံဒးကၠုၚ်နူပ္ဍဲတုဲ ဒှ်ဗီုဂှ်မှ ရုပ်ရဴဍေံမံက်ဒှ်မာန်ဂၠိုၚ်ညိဏောၚ်နကဵုအဲ ထေၚ်ကေတ်ရ။ ဆဂးဂှ် ဍေံတၟေၚ်မံၚ်ဂှ် ဟွံသောၚ်ခဍောၚ်ဏီရ။ ပရေၚ်ပြိုၚ်ပ္ကာန် အမေရိကာန်ကဵုကြုက်ဂှ် ဍေံဟွံဇီုကပိုက်ကဵုပိုဲမွဲသာ်ရ။ ပိုဲသွက်ဂွံဒးဂွိၚ်ဂွာဲလေဝ် ဟၟဲရ။ 

သၟာန်- လက်ကရဴအိုတ် မိက်ဂွံသၟာန်ဂှ် ဍေံဒှ်မံၚ်ပရေၚ်ပူဂဵုညိ၊ နကဵုမၞး မုဟိုတ်၊ အခိၚ်လဵု ဖျေံစိုတ် ရပ်လွဟ်တဝ်စၞေဟ်ကဵုပၞာန်ဗၟာ၊ အလဵုအသဳဂြိုဟ်ဍုၚ်ဂှ်ရော

သွဟ်- ဍုၚ်ဗၟာဂှ် သွက်ဂွံသောၚ်က္လး အခေါၚ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဟွံတုပ်သၟဟ်၊ အခေါၚ်ထေက်ကဵုက္လိဂွံဂှ် ဒၞာဲပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်မွဲ ဟၟဲပုဟ်။ ကညာၚ်လရိုအ် အာတ်မံၚ်ဂိတုဂှ် ဍေံဟွံဒှ်ရ။ သၞပိုဲ ဍေံပၠံၚ်ကေတ်ဏာဂြပ်ပိုဲ နကဵုဇြဟတ်အနိၚ်အထက်ဂှ် ပိုဲကလေၚ်အာတ်မိက်မံၚ်၊ အာတ်မံၚ် နူဍေံ ဟွံဂွံရပုဟ်ဂှ် နကဵုအဲ ဗွဲမၞုံကဵုဟိုတ်ဖဵု တော်တုဲ ရပ်လွဟ်ဗ္တိုက်မံၚ်ရ။

မုဍေံတအ်ဟီုဟီု ကမ်ကုသဵုပိုဲဂှ် ပိုဲဒးဖန်ဗဒှ်ကေတ်ကေတ်ရ။ ပိုဲဒးသိုၚ်ခၞံနကဵုတဲပိုဲတုဲ ပိုဲဒးဂွံ အရာထေက်ကဵုက္လိဂွံရ။ တာလျိုၚ်အဲဂှ် သွက်ဂွံကလေၚ်ဒက်ပ္တန် အဝဵုကၞောတ်အထောဋ်ကေုာံ သွက်ဂွံကလေၚ်က္လိဂွံ ကဆံၚ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်မဍာံပြ ဂကူရခေၚ်ပိုဲဟေၚ်ရောၚ်။

ဗညာထဝ်ဝၚ် 

ဒိတ္ထဳ ဂျာန်နာဝါရဳ ၂၁၊ ၂၀၂၂ [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၂၀:၅၆၊ ၁၉ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== အလေံဗှ်လိက် ==
&quot;#အလေံဗှ်လိက်&quot;

နူဍောတ်တ်တေံ
လိက်အုပ် ဒတုံတိတှ်ေ ကပှ်ကေတ်တုဲ ပၚ်တဲလ္ၚောဝ်ဏီ ဂွိၚ်ဖေက်ဒးဘဝဂး.....

ယဝ်ပိုယ်တိုန်လိုန်ဒး လတူလိက်ဗက်ဂှ် ဃရေက်လ္ၚောဝ်ထောံဟဂှ်ရ 
လိုန်ဒးလိက်တှ်ေ ဟွံလေပ်ပညာဂး....

စနူတိက်မှဂှ် လိက်ဂှ် သ္ပဂၞဳတုဲ ဟွံဂံၚ်တိက်ပုဟ် 
ဂွိၚ်ဖေက် ဟွံလေပ်လိက်ဂး...

ဒးအောန်စိုတ်မွဲဂှ် အဵုမၞိဟ် ရှေ်သှ်ေမံၚ်လိက်အုပ်တအ်ဂှ် စဵုကဵုလၟုဟ် ဟွံတ္ၚအ်ကဵု ဗှ်လိက်အိုတ်ရ။

ပညာ ဗဟုသုတ ဒးပကောံဗီုလဵု ဟွံတီ

နနယ်လဵု ဂွံသၠုၚ်ပတိုန်ဍာ်ဒကေဝ် ဟွံကၠိုဟ်

တိုန်ဘာအိုတ်တှ်ေ ဒှ်တၠပညာရစၟတ်လေပ်...

အေန်တာနေတ်ဟီုဂှ် Facebook ရတီ...

လိက်နူ အေန်တာနေတ် ပရောနူအေန်တာနေတ်တှ်ေ ဒးမံၚ်ဖအိုတ်ရထေၚ်... (အဲချူလေဝ် ဟွံဒးဖအိုတ်ပုဟ်ဂှ် ဒုၚ်လဝ်ဝန်ရ)

လှုဲနွံတှ်ေ မုကၠောန်န် ဂွံဖအိုတ်ရစၟတ်လဝ်...

အဓိက ကဵု သာမည ဟိုတ်ဂွံ ပါ်ပဲါ တၞဟ်ခြာဟွံလေပ်ဂှ် 

ဟိုတ်နူ အလေံ အခိုက်ရှ်ေသှ်ေလိက်အုပ် လ္ၚောဝ်လိက်အုပ်သၟး (ဗဟိဒ္ဓသၟး) တုဲ 

ဟိုတ်နူဟွံရှ်ေသှ်ေ ဟွံဗှ်လ္ၚတ် ၜိုန်ဗှ်လေဝ် ဗှ်ၜိုတ်ဆဝတ်ပြေ ဟွံပၠောပ်စိုတ် ဟွံဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက် အတိုၚ် စၞောန်ပ္ညုၚ် ဒၠောံဗ္တောန် အတိုၚ် အပ္ဍဲဖျုန်လိက် (အဇ္ဇျတ္တ) တေံဂှ်ရ....

လညာတ် ဍာ်ဒကေဝ် 
ပါ်ပဲါ ခိုဟ်/ပရေံ. 
ဒး/ဗၠေတ် ဂှ် ဍိုန်လျတဴဗွဲမလောန်အိုတ်တုဲ 

မၞိဟ်ကေၚ်တိုန်လဝ်ဘာ လေပ်လဝ်လိက်တအ် မုဟီုဟီု ဒးဖအိုတ် တ္ၚအ်စၟတ်ကၠုၚ်တုဲ နအလဵုဇကု နကဵုက္ဍဟ်ဇကု သီုဟွံချပ်ဗ္စာမွဲသာ် (သွက်ဂွံချပ်ဂှ်လေဝ် လညာတ်ဟွံမွဲဒှ်မာန်၊ က္ဍဟွံစိုပ်လေဝ်ဒှ်မာန်) ဗၜေက်မတ် ပတှ်ေစသၟးရ ဂၠိုၚ်...

မၞိဟ်တိုန်ဘာ ကဆံၚ်သၠုၚ်ၚ် 
မၞိဟ် ညးဂမၠိုၚ်ရှ်ေသှ်ေ မၞိဟ် ညးဂမၠိုၚ်တ္ၚအ် ဗက်လက္ကရဴမွဲတၠ ဟီုပတိတ်ဏာ နူပါၚ်ယျတှ်ေ ဒးမံၚ်တွဵု ဗၠေတ် ဟွံမွဲ မွဲလှ်ေ...သာ်ဏံ ဂွံလေပ်ချပ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူ ပညာဗစာရဏာ ဍိုန်လျဟေၚ်ရ...

အကာဲအရာဏံဂှ် ကၠုၚ်နူ အခိုက်ကၞာကီုရောၚ်...

(မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်ဟီုတှ်ေ ဒးဖအိုတ် လ္ပကလေၚ်ဟီု... လ္ၚဵုကလေၚ်သောၚ်ကလးကဵုဂှ်လေဝ် ဟွံကေတ် ၝ..လ္ပကလေၚ်စးမံၚ် ဂလာန်အဲစမ်... ဂး။ 

အဵုအခိုက်ကၞာဏံဂှ် ဒှ်လက်သဏ် ဍေက်ပကဝ်ထောံ ပရေၚ်ချပ်ဗစာ သၟတ်တအ်တုဲ ပရေၚ်လညာတ်ဂွံသၠုၚ်တိုန်ဂှ် ဍေံဗဒှ်ကဵု တၚ်ခက်ခုဲမာန်ရ.... 

သွက်သၟတ် ဟွံဒုၚ်တဲဂလာန် မၞိဟ်ဇၞော် လညာတ်မၞိဟ်ဇၞော် ဗၠေၚ်ၚ်တအ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး အဵုသၟတ်ဂှ် ကလှ်တိတ်အာ မ္ၚးဝိုၚ်လေပ်တုဲ မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်တအ် ဟွံကော်ဘိက် သုၚ်စောဲအိုတ်ရ...ဟိုတ်ဍေံတုန် ဟိုတ်နူ ဟွံကလၚ်စ အသမ်မၞိဟ်ဇၞော် ဟိုတ်နူ သ္ပအ္စာ ဟိုတ်နူ ကောန်ဇၞော်နူ ယာဲ... ဟိုတ်နူ လၟဳ ကတူနူ ထၟာဲကၠာရောၚ်ဂး...)

အလဵုကျာ်တြဲ တွံလဝ် ပ္ဍဲကာလာမသုတ်တေံ 
အရေဝ်ညးလေဝ် ညးကဵုချပ်တုဲမှ ညးကဵုပတှ်ေဏောၚ်
&quot;ဟိုတ်နူဒှ် အရာအဲကျာ် ဟီုတွံလဝ်တုဲ ဒးကေတ် ဒးပတှ်ေရောၚ်ဂှ် လ္ပကဵုဒှ်ညိ&quot; ဂး

တုဲပၠန် ကျာ်တြဲပိုယ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ညး ဝိဘဇ္ဇဝါဒဳဏောၚ်...
ဂလာန် ညးမွဲမွဲ ဟီုကၠုၚ် ပါ်ပဲါကၠုၚ်ဂှ် ဟီုကလၚ်မာန်မံၚ်ဏောၚ်
ညးရှ်ေသှ်ေမံၚ် လညာတ်ညးမွဲလပါ်ဏောၚ်...

ခေတ်လၟုဟ်ဟီုဂးမံၚ်
&quot; Freedom of Expression, Freedom of Thought, Freedom of Speech&quot; ဂှ် ပွမပံက်တြးဟီုပတိတ်. ပွမချပ်..ပွမဟီုဂး ဗွဲမဗၠးၜးဂှ် နူလက်ထက်ကျာ်တေံရ ညးရှ်ေသှ်ေ မံၚ်တုဲတုဲရဏောၚ်...

( ဥပမာ - ပ္ဍဲဗွိုၚ်သီ ယဝ်မၞိဟ်ဗြဴလုပ်တှ်ေ ဒးဘဝ (ဒးနရက်)
သီတျှေ မၞိဟျဗွူလုပျဟှံဂှံဂး။.  ဒဂိုနျသုတျှေ မၞိဟျဗွူ ဒးမါံ်ျ လက်ကရူ

        
              လေံကျာ်မံၚ်ထပ်သၟတ် လတူတေံမၞိဟ်ဗြဴမံၚ်တှ်ေ လေံကျာ်ဂှ် ဂၞမာန် မၞိဟ်ဗြဴဂှ် ဒးဘဝမာန်(ဒးနရက်မာန်)

သၟတ်တေၚ်ဂၞိန် ဂၠက်ဒးတှ်ေ ဂၞ (ဂၞဟီုဂှ် အကုသိုလ်ဟာ? ယဝ်ရ ဂၞအာတှ်ေ ဒးနရက်မာန်ဟာ? ဟီုဟဂှ်တှ်ေ က္ၜၚ်ကျာတတ်ပဝ်မံၚ် လတူကၟဳသ္ၚိ ကၟဳဘာ ရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲ ပ္ဍဲဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဗြဴပါမံၚ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်တှေ် မၞိဟ်တြုံသၟဝ်ဏံ လေံကျာ်သၟဝ်ဏံ ကျာ်စေတဳသၟဝ်ဏံ ဂၞအာဖအိုတ်မာန်ဟာ?  

ပုစ္ဆာ မပ္တံသာ်ဏံ သၟတ်ခေတ်လၟုဟ် ချပ်တိတ်တုဲ ၜိုန်မိက်ဂွံ သၟာန်ကီုလေဝ် ယဝ်ရ သၟာန်ဒးယျတှ်ေ ဒှ်မၞိဟ် ခပိုက်ရာပ် တီကၠးရ၊

အရေဝ်ညးဟီုတုဲကီုလေဝ် (ပိုယ်ကော်စဓရ်ကျာ်) ညးဟွံကဵုဗၜေက်မတ်တုဲ ပတှ်ေပုဟ်...

ပ္ဍဲ &quot;ဨဟိ ပဿိကော&quot; ဂှ် ယဝ် ထပ်လ္ၚတ် ထပ်ပံက်အဓိပ္ပါယ် ထပ်ဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲလၟာဲထောံမ္ဂး ဍေံပြာကတ်ကၠုၚ်မာန်ရောၚ်ထေၚ်။

တၚ်ဇဝ်တၟိ သဳကၠဳဟီုသ္ဂးလဝ် လတူတေံဂှ် ယဝ်ရ ဒှ်ညးဗှ်လ္ၚတ်လိက်မ္ဂး လုပ်သဳကၠဳမာန်ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ရောၚ်တုဲ

ယဝ်ရ ညးဟွံဗှ်လ္ၚတ်လိက် ဟွံတ္ၚအ်ပါ်ပဲါမ္ဂး 
လုပ်လက် လုပ်ပတိုန်ဒုဟ် တီကၠးရ။
ၝဂှ် မိစ္ဆာဒိဌိဟာ? ၝဂွံကၠုၚ်ပါ်ပဲါမံၚ်ဂှ် မုၝလေပ်ရော ၝဂွံကၠုၚ်ပါ်ပဲါမံၚ် ဂှ်? မပ္တံသာ်ဏံ လုပ်ကၠုၚ်မာန်ရ...

ဆဂး ညးနွံပၟိက်ကဵု ပရေၚ် သဳကၠဳလညာတ် ဟွံတုပ် ညးရှ်ေသှ်ေ လညာတ်ဝိဘဇ္ဇဝါဒ &quot; Freedom of Expression, Freedom of Thought, Freedom of Speech&quot; ဂှ် တအ်ဂှ် 

ညးတအ် သီုဒုၚ်တၠုၚ်တုဲ ထပ်သဳကၠဳ ဒၞဲါတၚ်နၚ် ခက်ခုဲ ဗၠေၚ်အာနူဒၠောံဗ္တောန်ကျာ် ညးတအ် လုပ်ပတပ်ကဵု ဂၠံၚ်ဍာန်ဇကု လေပ်အိုတ်ရ။

ယွံ

ညးမွဲညးပတိုန်ဏာလိက်

ညးမွဲဟီုပတိုန်ဏာ လတူလိုၚ်ဂှ် ဒးကီု ဗၠေတ်ကီု ဂွံတီဂှ် မုပိုယ် ဒးသ္ပ...?

နွံမွဲနယ်ဟေၚ်ရ...
#ဗှ်____လိက်____ညိ

နာဲဟွံဗှ်လိက်တှ်ေ ဓရ်ဗ္စာရဏာနာဲ အောန်ကၠုၚ်ဏောၚ်

ကာလဂှ်တှ်ေ ညးမွဲမွဲဟီုဂးဏာယျတှ်ေ ဟိုတ်နူနာဲဟွံတီပရောဂှ်ရ ဗၠေတ်ကီု ဒ:ကီုဂှ် နာဲဟွံဂံၚ် ပါ်ပဲါရပုဟ် သေၚ်ဟာ....

ကြဴနူဂှ် နာဲပတှ်ေ ဒုၚ်တဲ လောဲလောဲမာန်ကၠုၚ်ဏောၚ်...

&quot;ဍေံသောၚ်ဏာ ဇိပ်ဂၠိပ်မံၚ်ဟဂှ်ရဂး....&quot; 

ဗီုလဵုညးမွဲတေံ ဝေၚ်ဏာကၠေမ် ဗီုလဵုညးမွဲတေံ ထောံဏာပရန်ဂှ် ဇကုလေဝ် က္ဍဟွံစိုပ် ချပ်ဟွံစိုပ်တုဲ မအရေဝ်မ္ဂး 

&quot;ဍေံသောၚ်ဏာ ဇိပ်ဂၠိပ်မံၚ်ဟဂှ်ရဂး....&quot; ဂှ် 
သုၚ်စောဲတုဲ ပတှ်ေလောဲလောဲမာန်ရ....

အဵုမၞိဟ်ဂကူဂှ် အခေတ်လၟုဟ်
ဟီုအရေဝ်ကဵုညးတအ် ကြေပ်စုတ် မအရေဝ် အေန်ကလိက်ဂၠိုၚ်ၚ်ဗက်ဂှ် 
ညးတအ် ထေၚ်ဇၞော်ဟဂှ်ရဏောၚ်...

မုဒှ်တီဟာ....?
ညးတအ်လေဝ် ဟွံကၠိုဟ်ပုဟ်တှ်ေ....
ညးတအ်ထေၚ်ဇၞော်ကွေံရဒှ်...

ယဝ်ရ ဒးထံက်ကဵု ပါဠိမ္ဂး &quot;ဣတိ သန္ဓိကပ္ပေ ပဉ္စမော ကဏ္ဍော&quot; တုဲ ဂလာန် ဇဝ်တၟိ ဟီုလဝ်လတူတေံဂှ် ဒးမံၚ်ရသေၚ်ဟာ....?  ရဲဗှ်လိက်တအ်။ 😁😁😁

ယွံ...
ဗမာတအ် ဍေံတီ 
ဂကူမွဲမွဲ ဟွံဗှ်လိက်မ္ဂး လှေံလှန် လီစၞာဲ သုၚ်စောဲပြယာဲ ပၠာဲပဠးလောဲဂှ်ရ
ညံၚ်ကောန်ဂကူ နွံသၟဝ်ဍေံတအ်အုပ်ဓုပ်တအ်ဂှ် ညံၚ်ဟွံလုက်စုက်ကဵုလိက်ဂၠိုၚ်ၚ် ညံၚ်စိုတ်ဟွံလုပ်စကဵု ပရေၚ်လိက်ပတ် ပရေၚ်ပညာဂှ် နနယ်နာနာသာ် (လၟုဟ်တှ်ေ ဂဥုဲချေံလေဝ် ပါမွဲနယ်ကီု) သုၚ်စောဲတုဲ ညံၚ်အဝဵုဍေံဂွံတန်ကြန် အဓာန် ဍာ်ဇမၠိၚ်မာန်ဂှ် ဖန်ဇန်လဝ် တုဲတုဲမံၚ်ရ...

တီဆ မိပ်ကဵုကၠောန်ပေဲါသဘၚ်

လှုဲကၠောန်ပေဲါသဘၚ်မွဲမွဲကွာန်ဂှ် 

ထံက်ပၚ် သၟတ်ကောန်ၚာ်ဗက်ဂှ် 

သၟတ်ကဵုကၠံ ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်တၠပညာကဆံၚ်သၠုၚ်ၚ် သွက်ကွာန်ညးတအ်မာန်ဂှ်

ၜိုန်ရတီကၠာလေဝ် ကၠောန်ဟွံမာန်ဂှ် ဓမ္မတာ

မိပ်ဂှ်ဏောၚ် ဒှ်အဓိက သေၚ်ဟာ (သီုမိပ်ဘဝဍိက်)

တီဆ အာဍုၚ်သ္အာၚ် ဂၠာဲလှုဲ (စိုတ်ဓာတ်ဆာန်ဂကူကမၠက်ဂှ် နွံမံၚ်ဇၟာပ်ညးအဲရတှ်ေ)

ရဲညးဝေၚ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်တအ် စိုပ်ကၠုၚ် 

ထဴကဵုဆာန်ဂကူ ဗီုထ္ၜး ဗဂိကဵုဝၚ်မန်

ဗီုလဵုဗမာဓဇန်ဂှ်တှေ် ထေဲကဵုဗမာ

တုဲ...ဗက်ကရောံဍေံ

တုဲ ဍေံစန်ဒက် ဂွံစုတ် သြန်ထံက်ပၚ် သြန်ဂအုံဂးတုဲ

တုဲ...

တုဲ...
တုဲ...

ဍေံတအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အာသေဌဳ ဇကုဂှ် ဇိက်လ္တူ ဇိက်မံၚ်အတေံ ဍိက်တုဲဍိက်ပၠန်...

မန် ကဵု မန် ဍေက်စမံၚ် လတူသော်ကၞေၚ်မတ်ညးသ္ကအ် ဟိုတ်ဟွံတီဂှ်လေဝ် ဂုဏ်နူ ဇြဟတ်ဗှ်လိက်ဍိုန်ဟေၚ်ရဏောၚ်...

ယွံ သၟတ်မန်ပိုယ်လၟုဟ် &quot;ဗှ်လိက်အောန်မံၚ်&quot; ဏောၚ်ဂှ် ရံၚ်ကဵုအကာဲအရာ ကဆံၚ်မန်စိုပ်တုဲ တီကၠးမံၚ်ရ...

ၜိုန်ရ ကညာၚ် လဟိၚ်မံၚ် ဍုၚ်မန် နန်မန် မွဲအခိၚ်တေံ ဝၚ်အတိက်တေံသၟးကီုလေဝ် ပ္ဍဲပစ္စုပ္ပန်လၟုဟ်ဏံ

ဟွံဂံၚ်လုပ် ဟွံဂံၚ်တဝ်စၞေဟ်ကဵု သၞတအ်ပုဟ်ဂှ် အကာဲအရာထေၚ်လဵုမံၚ်ဟဂှ်ရ...

ဆဂး ဇကုကဵု ဇကုဏောၚ်ဏောၚ် ဓနက်ဇိုၚ် ဂရိုဟ်ဗဒေါမ် သီုစိုတ် သီုစရိုတ်ဟဂှ်ရဏောၚ်...

ဟိုတ်တအ်ဏံဂှ်လေဝ် ဟိုတ်နူ လညာတ် ဍာ လညာတ် ဍိုန်ဟေၚ်ရ..
မုဒှ် လညာတ် ဂွံဍာ ဂွံဍိုန် 

OK&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; ဟိုတ်နူ #ဟွံဗှ်လိက် ပၠန်

မၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲ ပ္ဍဲ Facebook ဂှ် Followers ဂၠိုၚ်ယျတှ်ေ အဵုမၞိဟ်ဂှ်ဟီု ဒးမံၚ်ဖအိုတ်ဏောၚ် ဂလာန်ဍေံဂှ်  မၞိဟ်တအ်လေဝ် ဒုၚ်တဲမာန်မံၚ်ဏောၚ် 

အဵုဗီုဏံ ဇကုချပ်ကၠုၚ်လေပ်ယျတှေ် ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ရ...

ဇကုလေဝ် ထေက်ကဵု 

ဒး ဗှ် လ္ၚတ် လိက် ဂၠိုၚ်ၚ်ထေက်ယျရောၚ်ဂှ်....

မၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲဟီု ၜိုန်ရ ဒးကီုလေဝ်ဂှ်
ဒးမံၚ် သွက်မၞိဟ် မွဲတော်ဓဝ်ရဟာ ဒးသွက်မၞိဟ်ဂလိုၚ်ရဟာဂှ် ဒးချပ်ဗစာထေက်ရ။

ဓရ်ဍာံလ္ၚဵုဂှ် ကာလ ဒေသ ကေုာံ အကာဲအရာ ဟွံကဵုမ္ဂး ဍေံဗဒှ်ကဵု ဒဒိုက်မာန်မံၚ်ကီုရောၚ်ဂှ် ညံၚ်ဂွံချပ်ဒး

#ဒးဗှ်လိက်ထေက်ရ...

သွက်အဲ ၜိုန်ရ ဒးမံၚ်ကီုလေဝ် 
သွက်ဍေံ ဗၠေတ်မာန်မံၚ်ကီုဏောၚ်သွံ...

အဵုလညာတ် ဏံ ဂွံ ဒေပ် ဂွံဇာပ်လုပ်မံၚ် အပ္ဍဲကောန်တၟံဇကု အပ္ဍဲစိုတ်ဇကုတေံဂှ်ကီု ပရေၚ် ဂွံလုပ်စၞးကဵုညးမွဲလ္ပာ်တုဲ ဂွံချပ်လေပ်ကီုဂှ်...

#ဒး_ဗှ်လိက် ကီု....ဏောၚ်

(အသိၚ်ချူကဵု အသိၚ်ချပ်အဲ ဂွံတိုန်ညိညတုဲ
ၜိုန်ရအဲဂစာန်ချူမံၚ် ဂစာန်တက်မံၚ်ကီုလေဝ် 
လ္ပာ်မၞိဟ်ဗှ်တေံ လအ်မံၚ်ယျ ဒးသရောပ်ထေက်ယျရောၚ်ဂှ်
လညာတ်ဗီုဏံလေဝ် အဲဒးချပ်လဝ်ကီု)

ယွံ ဇၟာပ်ပ် ညးလောကတအ် စၟတ်လဝ် ဓရ်ဍာံကီုလေဝ် ဓရ်ဍာံလ္ၚဵုဂှ်
ဗွဲအစောံ ကာလဆုဲပြံၚ်ကီု ဗွဲအစောံ ဇၟောဝ်ဍာ်ခေတ်ကီုတုဲ
ဗၠေတ်အာ ဒှ်မာန်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ဒးဂွံသတိရ... မပ္တံ
သ္ပမၞိဟ်တြုံတှေ်

ဒးဇိက်ဗ္ၚလေပ် 
ဒးလာ်ချာလေပ်
ဒးတာန်ရေဲလေပ်

မၞိဟ်တြုံ ကၠောန်ၜိုတ်ဏံလေဝ် ဟွံလေပ်တှ်ေ ခါမ်သဳလဵု ဟွံမိက်သ္ပဂမာန်ပုဟ်ဂး ( အဵုအရေဝ်ဂှ် အခိုက်ဂှ် အခေတ်ဏံ ဂွံမံၚ်ဏီရဟာ ? )

သ်ပမၞိဟျဗွူတျှေ ဒးကပျှဂိုါ်ျသ်ါ်ိ

ဒးကဆါံ်ျါ်းတး သ်ါ်ိဌာနျ
ဒးမၚ်မွဲကောန်ဇာတ်ခိုဟ်ဟ် (ၜိုန်ရ ဂးကီုလေဝ် ဂွံလဝ်တြုံမွဲဂှ် မုလေဝ် ဟွံကၠောန်စတှ်ေ ကၠောန်ဂတာပ်မံၚ်ဏီရဟာ? 

တုဲပၠန် အဵုမၞိဟ်ဗြဴဂှ် ကၠောန်ဂွံလှုဲမွဲတ္ၚဲ မသုန်လက်တှ်ေ ကမၠောန်သ္ၚိဂှ် လိၚ်မၞိဟ် တုဲ မွဲဂိတု ကဵု ဍေံမွဲကိုဋ်တှေ် ဇကုလေဝ်သာ ကၠောန်လှုဲလေဝ် ဂွံဂၠိုၚ် ဒှ်ဟွံမာန်ဟာ...? 

ဇၟာပ်ပ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဗြဴဂှ် ဟွံဒးတိတ်ကၠောန် ကလောန်ရဟာ... ဒးမၚ်ၜံၚ်မံၚ်ကောန် ဒးမၚ်ဍုန်တိုပ်မံၚ် ပုၚ်သွသၟးရဟာ.. ဒးမၚ်ကဆံၚ်မံၚ် ယာတ်အိက်ကောန်ၚာ်တအ်သၟးရဟာ?)

ယွံ ယဝ်ရ နာဲဂှ်  ဒှ်ညးဗှ်လိက်ဏောၚ်တှေ် 
ပရောဟီုဂးလဝ် လတူတေံဂှ် ချပ်ဗစာလေပ်မာန်ယျဏောၚ်...

ဂလာန်မ္ဂး

&quot;#ဗှ်လိက်&quot;.... ဟီုဂှ် 

ပ္ဍဲမန်ပိုယ်တှေ်

ၜိုတ်ဆ ဂွံဝေတ်ဗတောန်
ကောန် ကောန်ကွး ဒဒှ်ရ ဇကုဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဇၞော် အ္စာ ဍေံတအ်ဂွံအထေၚ်ဇၞော်ကီု

ၜိုတ်ဆ ဂွံဟီုဂး &quot;ဂလာန်သြဝါဒ ဂွံကလၚ်ခိုဟ်&quot; ညံၚ်ပုရိသာတ်တအ် ဂွံအထေၚ်ဇၞော်ကၠုၚ်ကဵုဇကုကီု

ဟီုဏာ &quot;လိက်&quot; &quot;ဗှ်လိက်&quot; ဗက်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်တအ် တကိုတ် (လကိုတ်) လေပ်မံၚ်ဏောၚ်ဂှ် ညးတအ် တီမံၚ်လေဝ်

မုဒှ်ရောတှ်ေ 

#ရဲဟွံဗှ်လိက်တအ်ဂှ် ဂၠိုၚ်မံၚ်ဏောၚ်

တုဲတှ်ေ ဍေံတအ် လကိုတ်မံၚ် လိက်အိုတ်ဏောၚ်...

ဂွံဗှ်လေဝ် လကိုတ် 
ဂွံချပ်လေဝ် လကိုတ်
ဂွံပါ်ပဲါလေဝ် လကိုတ်

လကိုတ်မံၚ် ဖအိုတ်ရတှ်ေ သွက်ဂွံ တီကောန်ဍေၚ်ဏံ သွက်ဂွံကၠောန်စတအ်တှ်ေ မၞိဟ်ဟွံဗှ်လိက်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်တိဗ္ၚ ဝဲါခိုဟ်ဟ် သွက်ဍေံတအ်ရဏောၚ်...

ယွံ ... #ဗှ်လိက်ညိ&quot; ဂှ် ဇဝ်တၟိ ဟီုမံၚ် မွဲဏှေံဏှေံကီုရဏောၚ်..

နူကဵုနာဲ ဗှ်ကၠုၚ် လိက်အဲချူ စိုပ်အဏံဂှ် နာဲဂှ် ဒှ်ရဲဗှ်လိက်သၟးဟွံက

ဒှ်ရဲ &quot;ဇြောတ်ကေတ်မံၚ် ရှ်သာလိက် ရှ်သာလညာတ် ကေုာံ လညာတ်ဇဝ်တၟိ ဟွံတုပ်ကဵု နာဲဂှ် နာဲဗှ်အာ လ္ၚတ်အာမံၚ်ဏောၚ် တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု မလိက် ဇဝ်တၟိ ချူကၠုၚ်လဝ် လတူတေံဂှ်

သွက်ဒးထံက်ဟီု
သွက်ဂွံလုပ်သဳကၠဳ နွံကၠုၚ် ရေၚ်လုပ်ကၠုၚ်မံၚ် ပ္ဍဲက္ဍဟ်နာဲယျဂှ်လေဝ် အဲတီမံၚ်ရ...

တုဲပၠန် 
ဂွံလုပ်ဟီု နူလဵုရောဂှ်လေဝ် နာဲဒးချပ်မံၚ်ယျဏောၚ် (ညံၚ်ဂွံထုဲဂှ် သက်က်ရ အဲပထုဲလဝ်)😄😄😄

တုဲပၠန် 
အရာလဵုခိုဟ်
အရာလဵုပရေံ

အရာလဵု ဒှ်အဓိက
တၚ်နၚ်လဵု ဒှ်မံၚ် သာမည

မအရေဝ် လဵု ဇဝ်တၟိဏံဝေၚ်မံၚ် ပဲါလဝ် ညံၚ်ဂွံဗၠးဒုဟ်
မအရေဝ်လဵု ဇဝ်တၟိ ကဆော်လဝ် မၞိဟ် ဒုၚ်ဟွံမာန် ဂွံလုပ်သဳကၠဳကၠုၚ်

မပ္တံသာ်ဏံ ယဝ်ရနာဲ ဗှ်ကၠုၚ်စိုပ်အဏံယျတှေ် 
ချပ်တိုန်မံၚ် သိုက်က်ယျဏောၚ်...

မုဟိုတ်ရောတှ်ေ

ရဲဟွံဗှ်လိက်မွဲတၠဂှ်

ဒုၚ်ဖအိုတ် အခိၚ်ဍေံဝေၚ် Facebook ဍေံတုဲ ဂွံကၠုၚ်ဖအိုတ်ဝေၚ်မံၚ် အခိၚ်ကဵု လိက်ဏံဂှ် ဒှ်ဟွံမာန် လးလး...

ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ...

ညးဗှ်လိက်ဏံလေဝ် &quot;သွက်သၟတ်မန်ပိုယ် (လိက်မန်. လိက်ဗမာ. လိက်အေန်ကလိက် လိက်လဵုဟွံရုဲ) ညံၚ်ဂွံဒှ်ဗှ်လိက်ဂၠိုၚ်ၚ်မာန်ဂှ်&quot;

ပိုယ်ဆဝ်ဗ္ၚဟ် ဗတိုက်ဖအောဝ်အာအိုတ်စိုအ်

တုဲ

ဂိတု ဂတဏံ သွက်ဂွံကၠောန် ဝိုၚ်ဗှ်လိက် မွဲဂိတု ၂ ဝါ (ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်မတ်မလီု...ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိဇဝ်တၟိမာန်ဂှ် ချပ်လဝ်ကီုရ) တုဲ 

&quot;ပဲါနူဗှ်လိက် သဳကၠဳလိက်တုဲ ဍာ်ကၟုဟ်မွဲခေါ်ရ ဖျုၚ်မာန်ရောၚ်ဂှ် လဴလဝ် ဒတုဲရ&quot;

နနယ်လဵု ကၠောန်ထေက် ဗှ်ထေက် ပကတ်ပကေၚ် အာ အသိၚ်ဗှ်လိက် ကရောံသၟတ်မန်ပိုယ်ထေက်ရောဂှ် ဘိုၚ်ကဵုကသပ်ကီုညိအဴ....

ယွံတၚ်ဂုဏ်ရ...

ဇဝ်တၟိ (အနေၚ်) [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၂၁:၀၀၊ ၁၉ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== အန္တရာဲပရေင်လီဠာန်ဩန်အန်လာင်ဂှ် စွံသတိတုဲ ဝေင်ပဲါညိ ==
အန္တရာဲပရေင်လီဠာန်ဩန်အန်လာင်ဂှ် စွံသတိတုဲ ဝေင်ပဲါညိ

မယံင် (ဍုင်မန်)

ကြဴနူကဵု မၞိဟ်တာလျိုင်ဍုင်တအ် ရပ်စပ်ကေတ်အရေဝ် ကုကမၠောန်လီဠာန်ဩန် ကော် ကျာဖျ (ကျားဖျန့်) (Online Scam) တုဲဂှ် ပရေင်ကမၠောန်ကျာဖျတအ် ဒၞာဲဝါဲလီုလာ် ကတဵုဒှ်တုဲ လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး သၟာကမၠောန်လီဠာန်ဩန်အန်လာင် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တအ် ပြးဇးအာအိုတ်ရ။

သၟာကမၠောန်ကျာဖျတအ် ပြးဇးပေင်အာအလုံဍုင်၊ ပြးဇးအာပေင်ပယျဵု၊ ပေင်ဍုင်ဇိုင်ဝုတ်ဒိုဟ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပရေင်လီဠာန်ဩန်အန်လာင်ဂှ် ပဵုတုဲသၠဲလးကၠုင်ဒၟံင်နွံရ။

ပရေင်ကမၠောန်ကျာဖျဏံ ဟိုတ်သာ်လဵု သၠဲလးပြးတိတ်ကၠုင်ရောမ္ဂး အကြာဏံ ဖုင်ပ္ဍဲတဲညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် ရပ်စပ်စကာဒၟံင်လၟေင်တ္ၚဲဂှ် နကဵု viber-messenger စတမ် ထိုင်လိက်လုပ်ဒၟံင်အရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲဂှ် မၞိဟ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။

ပ္ဍဲကဵုလိက် viber-messenger တအ်ဂှ် နကဵုဘာသာဗၟာ (ပြောချင်တာတစ်ခုရှိလို႔) ၊ (မင်းလဲစာရင်းထဲ ပါနေတယ်နော် ခနကမြင်လိုက်တယ်) ၊ (အကိုက သိပ်ချစ်ဖို.ကောင်းလိုက်တာ) တအ် စတမ် ပ္ဍဲဖုင်မၞိဟ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် လိက်လုပ်ဒၟံင် အရိုဟ် ရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲ ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ဒၟံင်ရ။

လိက်လုပ်ဒၟံင်ဗီုသာ်ဏံဂှ် မုမုရောမ္ဂး လိက်နူကဵု ကမၠောန်လီဠာန်ဩန်အန်လာင် ကျာဖျရရောင် နူကဵုအ္စာတၠပညာကွတ်အာင်တဳ (IT) ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တအ် စှ်ေစိုတ်ရ။

အ္စာတၠကွတ်အာင်တဳ (IT) တအ်ဟီုဂှ် နူကဵုကမၠောန်လီဠာန်ဩန်အန်လာင်တအ် ချူဆက်စၠောံကၠုင် နကဵုအရေဝ်ဝေါဟာတၟေင် သွက်ဂွံဒှ်ဓဝ်သၠေဟ်ပၟာ မွဲမွဲသာ် ဟွံသေင်သာ်ဂှ် ကဵုကၠုင်ဒမြိပ်အရေဝ် ပရေင်ဆာန်မွဲမွဲ၊ ဟွံသေင်သာ်ဂှ် ညံင် ရဴဘပဠကၠုင်မွဲမွဲသာ်တုဲ စဆက်ဆောံကၠုင်ရ။

လတူစဆက်စၠောံကၠုင်ဏံဂှ် နူကဵုဇကုဏံ မုကလေင်ဟီုဏာကဵု ရဲလီဠာန်ဩန်အန်လာင် ကျာဖျတအ်ဂှ် ဍေံမင်ရံင်တုဲ ကလေင်လီဍန် ညံင်ဇကု ဂွံကလေင်ဆက်ဆောံတုဲ နူဂှ်မွဲကဆံင် ဍန်တံင်ဂြဲပၠုပ် ပရေင်လီဠာန်ဩန် နနဲပညာလီဠာန်ဂှ်ရ။

လိက်စိုပ်ပ္ဍဲဇကုမ္ဂး မုဒးသ္ပရော ... 

ဒၟာနူရဲလီဠာန်ဩန်အန်လာင်တအ် ဒၞာဲဝါဲလီုလာ်အိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး အကြာပယျဵု ဒေသဗြဝတဳကီု၊ အကြာဒေသကျာ်ပိကီု လုပ်ဖျေံလဝ် သဇိုင်ကမၠောန်တၟိနွံကၠုင်ရ။
 
ဗီုကဵုဒေသပယျဵုကျာ်ပိမ္ဂး ဂကောံရပ်လွဟ်ဒပ်မင်ပယျဵုလ္ၚဵုတအ် ဖျေံကဵုလဝ်ဒၞာဲတုဲ သိုင်လဝ်စမြိုင်တိုက်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်နွံတုဲ ပါင်လုပ်စမြိုင်ဂှ် ဒပ်ရပ်လွဟ်နူဒပ်မင်ပယျဵုတအ် ကဵုလဝ်ဂီုကၠီုပေင်ပေင်နွံဒၟံင်ရ။

ပရေင်ကမၠောန်လီဠာန်ဩန်အန်လာင်ဂှ် စက်ယန်ဍေံဂေတ်ကၠောန်မံင် အတိုင်ပကတိရရောင် တၠကမၠောန်ပယျဵုကျာ်ပိလ္ၚဵုတအ် ဟီုထ္ၜးဂွံမိင်ကေတ်ရ။

မွဲသာ်ပၠန်ဂှ် အသိင်ရပ်ပလီုထောံ ဒၞာဲရုင်ကမၠောန်စမြိုင် လီဠာန်ဩန်အန်လာင် ကျာဖျတအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ကုပူဂဵု ရဲလီဠာန်ဩန်အန်လာင်တအ် လုပ်စိုပ်ကၠုင်ဗွိုင်အပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇၞော်သၠဲ ဗီုကဵုရးမာန္တလေဝ်၊ ရးလ္ဂုင်၊ ရးတၞဟ်တၞဟ်တအ်ကီု အကြာဟိုဝ်တေဝ် လတူဍုင်လ္ၚဵုတအ်ကီု ကၠောန်ဒၟံင်ဗီုညး ဗီုညးလေဝ် နွံဒၟံင်ပြးဇး သၠဲလးကၠုင်ရ။

ဟွံဆက်စပ်ကဵုဇကုမွဲသာ် ဟွံဆက်စပ်ကဵု ပရေင်ကမၠောန်ဇကုမွဲသာ် သၟးသက်သက် လိက်လုပ်ကၠုင်ပ္ဍဲဖုင်ဇကု နူကဵု viber-messenger မ္ဂး လ္ပကလေင်ချူဏာမွဲသာ် ဗလးထောံလဝ်အတိုင်ဂှ်ညိ၊ ဟွံသေင်သာ်ဂှ် ပလှ် ဗလံက် (Block) ပတိတ်ထောံညိ၊ လ္ပဒုင်ဆက်ဆောံညိ၊ ထပိုတ်ထောံအဆက်ညိ။

ခေတ်သွံဖျာအန်လာင်၊ ခေတ်ဆက်စၠောံပရေင်ကမၠောန် လတူအန်လာင်လၟုဟ်ဏံဂှ် တောတက်ကၠုင်ကွေံကွေံတုဲ လတူဏံဂှ် ရဲလီဠာန်ဩန် နကဵုအန်လာင်တအ် ဂွံကၠုင်အခေါင်အရာရ။ လတူအခေါင်အရာဏံဂှ် ရဲလီဠာန်ဩန် လတူအန်လာင်တအ် စကာတုဲ ဗက်လီဠာန်ဒၟံင်ဩန် ဇၞော်သၠဲကၠုင် အလုံလိုက်ဂၠးတိမွဲရ။

တင်သ္ဒးစွံသတိဂမၠိုင် …

ပ္ဍဲကဵုမုက်လိက်မှာဇန် သဵုယှေဝ်မဳဒဳယာ (Social media) ဂှ် မပ္တံကဵု Facebook, Telegram, Viber စတမ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒက်ကၠုင်မိတ်မ္ဂး ရံင်ကဵုချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်အးအးတုဲမှ ဒုင်တဲသ္ပမိတ်ထေက်ရ။ 

ယဝ်ခါရ ဒှ်ကၠုင်မိတ်မ္ဂး ညံင်ဂွံဍုက်ကေဝ်ရေင်သ္ကအ် ဒက်ဓဝ်ပတှ်ေ လတူညးမွဲ ကေုာံ ညးမွဲတုဲ လှေံလှန်ကၠုင် ပရေင်ဓလိုက်တမ်ရိုဟ်ဩန်၊ လှေံလှန်ကၠုင် ပရေင်သွံရာန်ကပေါတ် နဲကဲလီဠာန် ညံင်မၞိဟ်မွဲလ္ပာ်ဓဝ်ပတှ်ေဂွံလုပ်ဂှ် တံင်ဂြဲကၠုင် မာန်ရ။

နူညးမွဲလ္ပာ်တေံ ပလံင်နင် လေန် Link မွဲမွဲမ္ဂး လ္ပဍဵုလုပ်ကဆော်ဒးညိ၊ မုက်လိက်ဟွံဆေင်စပ်ကဵု မိတ်ဇကု နူကဵုမၞိဟ်မွဲကဆံင် ပတိုန်လဝ် သွက်ဂွံလုပ်ဗဵုသၟဝ် Comment တအ်ဂှ် စွံသတိလုပ်ညိ။ 

တ္ၚဲဏံဂှ် ပရေင်သွံရာန်လတူအန်လာင် Online သၠဲလးကၠုင်ဂှ်တုဲ သွံရာန်ကပေါတ်အရပ်စပ်နာနာတအ်ဂှ် သွံရာန်ကၠုင် လတူအန်လာင်ဂၠိုင်ကၠုင်ဂှ် ရဲမင်ကေတ်အခေါင်အရာ လီဠာန်ဩန်အန်လာင်တအ်လေဝ် ဂွံကၠုင်အခေါင်အရာတုဲ လတူဂှ် ပတောံကၠုင် ရဲသွံရာန်ကပေါတ်အရပ်စပ်နာနာတုဲ ကၠောန်လီဠာန်သြန်လတူအန်လာင် ဂၠိုင်ကၠုင်ဂှ်လေဝ် တင်သ္ဒးစွံသတိဇၞော်ဇၞော်မွဲရ။

ပ္ဍဲကဵုခေတ်သွံဖျာလတူအန်လာင် သၠဲလးတောတက်ကၠုင်လၟုဟ်ဏံဂှ် ညးမသွံရာန်ကပေါတ်ဖျာ လတူအန်လာင်ဍာံဍာံတအ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် သွံရာန်ကၠုင်ကပေါတ် နကဵုသၞောတ် ကပေါတ်စိုပ်ပ္ဍဲတဲမှ သောင်ဩန် (ဒးကဵုဩန်) နွံဂၠိုင်ကၠုင်ရ။ သၞောတ်ဏံဂှ် သွက်ညးမသွံရာန်ကပေါတ်တအ် သာတုဲဒက်ဓဝ်ပတှ်ေညးသ္ကအ် နဲခိုဟ်မွဲရ။ 

ယဝ်ခါရ နူညးမွဲလ္ပာ်တေံ ဟီုဂးကၠုင် ဒးပြင်ဩန်ကၠာတဲရောင် ဒှ်မ္ဂး ကမၠောန်သွံရာန်ကပေါတ် ဒးပြင်ပလံင်ဩန်ကၠာတဲဏံ ဍာံမံင်ရဟာ၊ ဓဝ်ဒးဒှ်သၠေဟ်ပၟာ နွံမံင်ဟာဂှ် ဒးလ္ၚတ်၊ ဒးချပ်ဗစာ ဗွဲမဇြိုဟ်နက်ကၠာရ။

အတိုင်ဟီုကၠုင်လဝ်ဗွဲလတူတေံဂှ်ရ ရဲလီဠာန်ဩန်နကဵုအန်လာင်တအ်ဂှ် ဒၞာဲဝါဲလီုလာ်အာဂၠိုင်တုဲ ဒၞာဲဍေံတအ် တန်တဴပြေပြံင်ဂှ် ပြးဇးဗီုညးကဵုညး ဗက်ကၠောန်ဒၟံင် ကမၠောန်လီဠာန်ဩန်လတူအန်လာင် နွံကၠုင်တုဲ ညံင်ဟွံဂွံဒးဒုင်ဘဲအန္တရာဲ ပရေင်လီဠာန်ဩန် ပ္ဍဲအန်လာင်ဂှ် ဒးစွံသတိထေက်ရောင် ပတိုန်ထ္ၜးဏာရ။ [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၂၁:၀၃၊ ၁၉ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== ဗၠာဲသၟိၚ်သေံတအ် လုပ်စၟဳစၟတ် ဒၞဲါခဒမ်ကျာဖျကြုက်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုလဝ် ဒၞဲါအခန်ပါ်ကရေက် ဇကုအၚ်္ဂမၞိဟ်တအ်ကီုရောၚ် ==
ဗၠာဲသၟိၚ်သေံတအ် လုပ်စၟဳစၟတ် ဒၞဲါခဒမ်ကျာဖျကြုက်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုလဝ် ဒၞဲါအခန်ပါ်ကရေက် ဇကုအၚ်္ဂမၞိဟ်တအ်ကီုရောၚ်

ဌာန်ပရိုၚ်ဗၠးၜးမန်၊ ဂိတုခ္ဍဲသဳ (၁၂) စွေက်၊ (၁၃၈၈) သၞာံ။

ဂိတုသေတ်တေမ်ဗာ၊ စၟတ်တ္ၚဲ (၇) တုဲကၠုၚ်ဏအ်ဝွံ ပ္ဍဲပယျဵုသေံ-ခမေန် ပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်သူရေန် လ္ပါ်ဒေသအူသမာန်ဂှ် ဗၠာဲသၟိၚ်သေံတအ် စၟဳစၟတ်ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်လဝ် ခဒမ်ရုၚ်ကျာဖျ ဂကူကြုက်က္ဍိုက်က္ဍိုပ် ပံက်လဝ်ရုၚ်ကမၠောန်ဟွံလုပ်သၞောဝ်နွံရောၚ်ဂှ် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။

ဗၠာဲသၟိၚ်ပၞာန်သေံကဵု ညးတာလျိုၚ်သေံနာနာတအ် လုပ်စၟဳစၟတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲခဒမ်ကြုက်ကျာဖျ လ္ပါ်ဒေသပယျဵုသေံ-ခမေန်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်လဝ် ကပေါတ်ပါ်ကရေက် သွံစမံၚ် ဇကုအၚ်္ဂမၞိဟ်ကဵု
ကပေါတ်လီဠာန်အန်လာၚ်ကျာဖျတၞဟ်ဟ်တအ်ကီုရ။

တုဲကၠုၚ်သၞာံ (၂၀၂၅) တေံဝွံ ပၞာန်သေံတအ် လုပ်ဗတိုက်သီဂွံလဝ် ဒၞါဲကဵုတိဍာ်ပယျဵု ဗၞတ် (၅၀၀) ဧကဂှ်မ္ဂး ရန်လဝ် သွက်မၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်တအ် ဂွံဇူဒီုကီု မပ္တမ်ကဵု ရုၚ်ကာဇြဳနိုဝ်၊ ဆေၚ်စသုၚ်၊ ရုၚ်လဟိၚ်စိုတ် စတမ် ပံက်လဝ်ခဒမ် ၜိုတ် (၁၅၇) မနွံတုဲ အပ္ဍဲဂှ်မ္ဂး သၟာကမၠောန်ကျာဖျတအ် စကာပိုၚ်ပြဳလဝ် (၂၉) ဒၞါဲနွံရ။

ပ္ဍဲကဵုမလုပ်စၟဳစၟတ် အပ္ဍဲခဒမ်တအ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ကပေါတ်စက် ခမ်ပျူတာကီု ကပေါတ်ပါ်ကရေက် နာနာကီုတုဲ ညံၚ်ညးဂမၠိုၚ်ဂွံပတှေ်မာန်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ပတောံလဝ် နကဵုဗီုပြၚ်ရုၚ်ဗၠာဲသၟိၚ်ကြုက်၊ အေန်ဒိုဝ်နဳယှာ၊ ဗာရာဇြဳ၊ ဩဇြဳ၊ သၚ်ကာပူကဵု ဗဳယာပ်နာန်တအ်တုဲ လီဠာန်ကၠတ်ကၠောန်မံၚ် ကမၠောန်လီဠာန်သြန်အိုတ်တုဲ သီုကဵုကၠတ်ကၠောန်မံၚ်ကမၠောန် ပါ်ကရေက်သွံစမံၚ် ဇကုအၚ်္ဂမၞိဟ်တအ်နွံရ။

သၟာကမၠောန်ကျာဖျ ညးဒးဒုၚ်စကာမံၚ်ကမၠောန်တအ်ဂှ်ဝွံ ညးတာလျိုၚ်ဟွံပြေ ကၠောန်ကမၠောန်ဟွံမာန်မ္ဂး ညးက္ဍိုက်က္ဍိုပ်ကမၠောန်သေဌဳဂကူကြုက်တအ် ပျဲပျာံသ္ပမာန်ဍဵုဍိုက်တုဲ ကိုပ်ကၠာနူဟွံဂွံဂစိုတ်ဏီဂှ် မပ္တမ်ကဵု မတ်၊ ကောန်တၟံ၊ ဂြိုဟ် အၚ်္ဂမၞိဟ်မနွံပၟိက်နာနာသာ်တအ် သွက်သ္ဂောံသွံဂှ် ဂၠံက်ကရေက်ပတိတ်တုဲ ဂစိုတ်မံၚ်အိုတ်ရောၚ် ဗၠာဲသၟိၚ်သေံတအ် ဆိၚ်ဆသ္ၚဳဂၠိပ်လဝ်ရ။

ပြဟ်ဟ်ဏအ်ဝွံ ဗၠာဲသၟိၚ်သေံတအ် စၟဳစၟတ်သ္ၚဳဂၠိပ်မံၚ် အကာဲအရာကပေါတ် အပ္ဍဲကဵုခဒမ်တအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပရူဒဒှ်ဍာံ ညံၚ်သ္ဂောံမံက်မာန်ဂှ် ဆက်ဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲစၟဳစၟတ်မံၚ်ဖိုဟ်ရောၚ် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။

ဗီုရုပ် - Thai News [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၂၁:၁၂၊ ၁၉ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== သၞောဝ်သေံတၟိ ဗက်ပတိတ်နူဍုင်ဂှ် ဇီုကဵုသၟာကမၠောန်မန်ဗၟာ စိုပ်ဍုင်သေံတအ် သာ်လဵုမာန်ရော ==
သၞောဝ်သေံတၟိ ဗက်ပတိတ်နူဍုင်ဂှ် ဇီုကဵုသၟာကမၠောန်မန်ဗၟာ စိုပ်ဍုင်သေံတအ် သာ်လဵုမာန်ရော

ယက္ခဂုမ္ဘဏ် (လိက်ပရေင်)

ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ ကောန်ဍုင်သ္အာင် ဖံက်ပ္ကဝ်သၞောဝ်ဍုင်ညးတအ်မ္ဂး ထဍေင်ပတိတ်ကၠေံ နူဍုင်ဗွဲမပြဟ်ရောင် သာ်ဝွံ နူကဵုလိက်လလောင်ဝင်နန် (Royal Gazette) တိတ်ကၠုင် နဒဒှ်သၞောဝ်တၟိရ။ အတိုင်သၞောဝ်တၟိဂှ်မ္ဂး မၞိဟ်မကလိလောန်ဒုဟ် ၆ သာ် ပါလုပ်တုဲ ကလိလောန်အာ ဒုဟ်မွဲမွဲသာ်မ္ဂး သ္ဒးဒုင်ထဍေင်ပ္တိတ်ထောအ် နူဍုင်သေံ ဗွဲမပြဟ်ရောင်ဂးရ။

သၞောဝ်တၟိဏအ် အဓိက ၜိုန်ရပတဝ်လဝ်က္ဍိုပ် ကုသၟာကမၠောန်ဆုဲပြံင် ကောန်ဍုင်မန်ဗၟာတအ် ဟွံသေင်ကၠာလေဝ် သၟာကမၠောန်ဆုဲပြံင် ဟွံဍိုက်ပေင်ကဵုအတိုင်လၟေင်သၞောဝ် ကၠတ်မံင် ကၠတ်ကၠောန်ဒၟံင်ကမၠောန်တအ် ဇီုကပိုက် ကုသၞောဝ်ဏအ်မာန်ရ။ သၞောဝ်တၟိဏအ် ရံင်ကဵုသၞောဝ် အခေါင်အရာမၞိဟ်ဂၠးကဝ်မ္ဂး ဟွံကိတ်ညဳရောင် သာ်ဝွံ ညးရှ်ေသှ်ေ အခေါင်အရာမၞိဟ်တအ် ဟီုပါ်ပါဲတဴနွံရ။

သၞောဝ်တၟိဗက်ပတိတ်နူဍုင် ၆ တင်ဂှ် မုပါကီုရော

သၞောဝ်စေဝ်ပၞောန် ဆေင်စပ်ကဵုဗက်ဗ္ဒဴပတိတ်နူဍုင် သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်သေံ အနုဓေန် မထပက်လဝ် စၟတ်တဲဂှ် ဆက်စပ်ကဵုကောန်ဍုင်သ္အာင် ကလိလောန်လဝ်ဒုဟ်တအ် ညံင်သ္ဂောံကေတ်အာဒုဟ် ဗွဲမစိုပ်တရဴပြဟ်ဟ်မာန် နူညးမဆေင်စပ်ကဵု ဌာနအလဵုအသဳတအ် သွက်ဂွံပံင်တောဲရေင်တၠုင်အာရောင် နူအလဵုအသဳသေံတအ် သ္ဂးရ။ သွက်သ္ဂောံဗက်ဗ္ဒဴပတိတ် ကောန်ဍုင်သ္အာင် မကလိလောန်လဝ်ဒုဟ် ဗွဲမပြဟ် ၜိုတ်ပြဟ်မာန်ဂှ် ချူဓဇက်ပတိတ်သၞောဝ်မွဲ ပြဟ်ဟ်ညိဂှ်လေဝ် သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်သေံ ကဵုလဝ်စၞောန်ပၟိင် ကုဒုတိယသကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်တုဲ သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေအပြောံဂှ် ဒုတိယသကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော် ပတိုန်ထ္ၜးကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲကၠတ်ထဝ် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဇူလာဲ သတ္တာဟလဒေါဝ်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံထံက်ဂလာန်ဂှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂုက် ၂၇ ဂှ် သ္ပဒတန် ပတိတ်ကၠုင်လလောင်တြးရ။

သၞောဝ် ၆ တင်ဂှ် -

၁။ ညးမလုပ် ဍုင်သေံ နကဵုဟွံလုပ်သၞောဝ်ကီု သီုညးမတန်တဴဒၟံင် ဟွံလုပ်သၞောဝ်ကီု။

၂။ ညးကၠောန်ဒၟံင် ကမၠောန်ဟွံလုပ်သၞောဝ်ကီု။

၃။ ညးကၠောန်ဒၟံင် ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ဟွံလုပ်သၞောဝ်တအ်ကီု။

၄။ ညးမကၠောန်ပတိတ် လိက်ပတောံအလဵုအသဳ ကေုာံ ညးမရပ်စပ်လဝ် လိက်ပတောအ်ကီု။

၅။ ညးမကလိလောန်လဝ်ဒုဟ် ဒးဒုင်ထံင် ၅ သၞာံ လ္ပာ်လတူတအ်ကီု။

၆။ ညးမကၠောန် ဗ္တောန်၊ ဖန်ဇန်၊ ဆဝ်ဗ္ၚုဟ်၊ ပံင်ကောံ၊ ရီုဗင်လဝ် လတူညးမကလိလောန်လဝ်ဒုဟ်   တင်ဗွဲလတူ ၅ တင်တအ်ကီု။

ပါလုပ်တုဲ ဒၟါနူသၞောဝ်ဏအ် သၟာကမၠောန်ဆုဲပြံင် ကောန်ဍုင်မန်ဗၟာ ဟွံလုပ်ဗဗွဲသၞောဝ်တအ် ဒှ်ဒဒိုက် ဒးဒုင်ရပ်စပ် ဗက်ဗ္ဒဴပတိတ်နူဍုင်မာန်ဒၟံင်ရောင်ဂှ် ညးမချဳဓရာင် ရေင်တၠုင်ဒၟံင် ပရေင်သၟာကမၠောန်ဆုဲပြံင် ကောန်ဍုင်မန်ဗၟာတအ် ဟီုဂးထံက်ထ္ၜးရ။

အတိုင်သၞောဝ်တၟိဂှ်မ္ဂး ညးမကလိလောန်ဒုဟ် ဒးဒုင်ဖျေံပၟိင် ဗက်ဗ္ဒဴပတိတ်နူဍုင် ပၟိင်တိတ်တုဲ အပ္ဍဲ ၁၅ တ္ၚဲ အခေါင်မံင်တန်တဴ ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံနွံတုဲ ညးဒးဒုင်ဒုဟ် ဟွံပေင်တြပ်ကဵုစိုတ်မ္ဂး ကလေင်ပတိုန်ဂလာန် သွက်သ္ဂောံကလေင်စၟဳစၟတ် မွဲအဆံင်ပၠန် ကုသကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်နွံတုဲ နကဵုအလဵုဇကု သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်ဟေင် ကလေင်ရုပ်သီကၠေံ ဒုဟ်ဒဏ်တအ်ဂှ်မာန်ရောင်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်ဂှ် ချူဓမံက်လဝ်ရ။

ပရေင်ဒှ်ဓဝိင် စပ်ကဵုဗက်ဗ္ဒဴပတိတ်နူဍုင်

ဟိုတ်ဒၟါနူအလဵုအသဳသေံ ပတိတ်သၞောဝ်လၟုဟ်ဝွံတုဲ သၟာကမၠောန်ဆုဲပြံင် ကောန်ဍုင်မန်ဗၟာ ကၠောန်ဒၟံင်ကမၠောန် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံကီု နွံဒၟံင်အကြာပယျဵုသေံ ကဵု ဗၟာ ပါဲဒဴဒၟံင်ဘဲပၞာန် နဒဒှ်ကောန်တၠဒဒိုက်တအ်ကီု ဒှ်ဓဝိင်သၠုင်တိုန်ရ။ အတိုင်တင်ဂၞင် ဂကောံမှာဇန် ကေုာံ ဂကောံဆုဲပြံင်ဂၠးကဝ် (IOM) တအ်မ္ဂး သၟာကမၠောန်ဆုဲပြံင် ကောန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ နွံဒၟံင်ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံ ၄၀ ကိုဋ်ပြင်တုဲ အပ္ဍဲလၟိဟ်ဂှ် ပါလုပ်ဒၟံင် သီုသၟာကမၠောန် ဟၟဲကဵုအထံက်အထာ (ဟွံလုပ်သၞောဝ်) တအ်ရ။

အတိုင်တင်ဂၞင် IOM မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲကဵုသၞာံ ၂၀၂၅ ဂိတုဂျာန်ဏဝါရဳ ၁ ဂှ် သၟာကမၠောန်ဆုဲပြံင် ကောန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ လုပ်သၞောဝ် နွံဒၟံင် ၂၂ ကိုဋ် ၇ ဠက်ပြင်နွံတုဲ ဟွံလုပ်သၞောဝ်ဂှ် နွံဒၟံင်အကြာ ၁၇ ကိုဋ်ပြင်ရောင် နူ IOM ခယျကေတ်လဝ်ရ။ ကြဴနူဒပ်ပၞာန်သီကၠေံအဝဵု သၞာံ ၂၀၂၁ တုဲဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူကဵုပရေင်ကြေပ်ဂြတ် ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ကေုာံ ပရေင်ဒဒိုက်သၞာနာနာကီု ပရေင်ပဋိပက္ခရပ်လွဟ်ကီုတုဲ ညးဍုင်ကွာန် ကောန်ဍုင်ဗၟာတအ် ဆုဲပြံင်လုပ် လ္ပာ်ဍုင်သေံဂၠိုင်ကၠုင်ရ။ အတိုင်တင်ဂၞင် IOM မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲကဵုသၞာံ ၂၀၂၃ ပ္ဍဲပွိုင်မွဲသၞာံဓဝ်ဂှ် ကောန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ ပြံင်လုပ်အာ လ္ပာ်ဍုင်သေံ လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်အကြာ ၁၃ ကိုဋ်နွံရ။

ကြဴဏအ် ညးမပြံင်လုပ်သေံ ဟၟဲကဵုလိက်အထံက်အထာလုပ်သၞာဝ်တအ်ဂှ် အလဵုအသဳသေံတအ် ကၠောန်ပတိတ်လဝ်ကဵုတၞးလိက်အခေါင်ကၠောန်ကမၠောန် ကေုာံ တၞးလိက်အရံင်သာ်ပ္ကဴ သွက်သ္ဂောံဂွံကၠောန်ကမၠောန်ရ။ ညးမကလိဂွံလဝ် တၞးလိက်တအ်ဂှ် နွံကဵုတၠကမၠောန် ထံက်လဝ်ဂလာန်နူတမ်တေံမ္ဂး ၜိုန်ဟွံဒးဒှ်ဓဝိင်ကီုလေဝ် ညးမပြံင်အာတၠကမၠောန်တၟိ လိက်ထံက်ဂလာန် နူတၠကမၠောန်နူတမ်ဟွံသေင်တအ်ဂှ် ထေက်ကဵုသ္ဒးဒှ်ဓဝိင်ရောင်ဂှ် နူညးမကဵုဒၟံင်အရီုအဗင် ကုသၟာကမၠောန်ဆုဲပြံင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မာဲဆံက်မွဲတၠဟီုရ။

“ဂွံလဝ်တၞးလိက် အရံင်သာ်ပ္ကဴသၟးဂှ် ဟွံတုဲပုဟ်။ ယၟုတၠကမၠောန် ဇကုမကၠောန်ဒၟံင်လၟုဟ်ဂှ် သ္ဒးကိတ်ညဳကီုဏောင်။ လၟုဟ်ဂှ် တၞးလိက်ပြံင်တၠကမၠောန်လေဝ် ဍေံဟွံပတိတ်ကဵုနွံဒၟံင် သွက်မၞိဟ်တအ်ဏအ်ဂှ် စပ်ကဵုသၞောဝ်တိတ်တၟိဏအ် ဒှ်ကၠုင်ပြသၞာမာန်ဒၟံင်ဏောင်” သာ်ဝွံ ညးတေံ ထံက်ထ္ၜးရ။

သ္အာင်နူဂှ် ဒၟါနူပေါဲပၞာန်တုဲ ဂြိပ်ပါဲလုပ် လ္ပာ်ဍုင်သေံ ကောန်တၠဒဒိုက်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ပလံင်ဖျဴဏာမာန်ရ။ လတူအကာဲအရာဏအ် ထေက်ကဵုသ္ဒးဒှ်ဓဝိင်ကွေံကွေံရ။ မွဲဒမြိပ် အကြာပယျဵုသေံ ကဵု ဗၟာဂှ် ဗဒိုပ်ညးဒးဒဒိုက်နွံဒၟံင် ၉ ဗဒိုပ်တုဲ လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်နွံဒၟံင် ၁ ကိုဋ်ကဵု ၁ ဠက်ပြင်ရ။ အပ္ဍဲဂှ် အလဵုအသဳသေံတအ် ပတိတ်ကဵုလဝ် တၞးလိက် ဂၞန် ၁၃ မ ဗၞတ် ၇ ဠက်တုဲ သှ်ေဒၟံင် ၄ ဠက်ဂှ် မုအထံက်အထာဟၟဲရ။ တၞးလိက် ဂၞန် ၁၃ မဂှ် အလဵုအသဳသေံတအ် ပတိတ်ကဵုလဝ် သွက်သ္ဂောံတိတ်ကၠောန်ကမၠောန်မ္ၚးဗဒိုပ်ရ။

သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေတၟိဏအ် သွက်သၟာကမၠောန်ဆုဲပြံင် ကောန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ မလုပ်ကၠောန်စဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံတအ်ကီု သီုသၟာဒဒိုက် မၞုံဒၟံင်အကြာပယျဵုသေံ ကဵု ဗၟာတအ်ကီု ဂွိင်ဖေက် ဇီုဓဗတ်ဒးဂှ် ထေက်ကဵုသ္ဒးဒှ်ဓဝိင်ရ။ သ္အာင်နူဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုတင် ၆ လက္ကရဴအိုတ်ဂှ် “ညးမကၠောန် ဗ္တောန်၊ ဖန်ဇန်၊ ဆဝ်ဗ္ၚုဟ်၊ ပံင်ကောံ၊ ရီုဗင်လဝ် လတူညးမကလိလောန်လဝ်ဒုဟ်   တင်ဗွဲလတူ ၅ တင်တအ်ကီု။” ဟီုဂှ် ဂကောံမှာဇန် ကေုာံ ဂကောံ IOM တအ် ကဵုဒၟံင်အရီုအဗင် ကုညးဒှ်ဒဒိုက် ပါဲဒဴဘဲပၞာန်တအ် ထေက်ကဵုသ္ဒးဒှ်ဓဝိင်ပၠန်ရ။

သရုပ်ကၠေံမ္ဂး သၞောဝ်တၟိဏအ် ယဝ်အလဵုအသဳသေံတအ် ရပ်စပ်ဗိုန်န်ဗတ်တ်မ္ဂး သွက်ရဲသၟာကမၠောန်ဆုဲပြံင် ဂကူမန်ဗၟာ မကၠောန်ဒၟံင်ကမၠောန်ဟွံလုပ်သၞောဝ်တအ်ဂှ် နွံကဵုအန္တရာဲတုဲ တဲဍိုန်အိုတ် ဂွံဆက်မံင်တန်တဴအာဂွံဂှ် ဒးကဵုလာဘ်ဗ္ဇဴကုဗၠာဲသၟိင်တအ် ဟွံသာလးလးရောင်။ [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၂၁:၁၅၊ ၁၉ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== ဗွဲကြဴနူပရေင်ပြုပြေင်ပၞာန်ဗလးၜဳတုဲဂှ် ဂကောံက္ၜင်ဖ္ဍိုက်က္ၜင်ကျာပၞာန်အမေရိကာန် USS Abraham Lincoln လုပ်ဒေံါပ္ဍဲသေံ ==
ဗွဲကြဴနူပရေင်ပြုပြေင်ပၞာန်ဗလးၜဳတုဲဂှ် ဂကောံက္ၜင်ဖ္ဍိုက်က္ၜင်ကျာပၞာန်အမေရိကာန် USS Abraham Lincoln လုပ်ဒေံါပ္ဍဲသေံ

ဌာန်ပရိုင်ဗၠးၜးမန်၊ ဂိတုခ္ဍဲသဳ (၅) စွေက်၊ (၁၃၈၈) သၞာံ။

ဂကောံက္ၜင် ဖ္ဍိုက်က္ၜင်ကျာပၞာန်အမေရိကာန် USS Abraham Lincoln တံဝွံ ဗွဲကြဴနူယိုက်ဂၠေင်တာလျိုင် ပ္ဍဲဒေသ္ကုတ်လဒေါဝ်ဗၟံက် ပွိုင်ကြပ် (၇) ဂိတုတုဲ သွက်ဂွံဇူဒီုပြေလၟောင် ကေုာံ သ္ဂောံဗပေင်ဇွောံမဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုသေပ်တေမ်ဗာ (၂) ၊ တ္ၚဲဏံ လုပ်ဒေံါဇူကၠုင်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်သေံရောင် ပ္ဍဲပရိုင်သေံဂမၠိုင် ဓမံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ်ဂှ် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။

ဝတ်တာလျိုင် စပ္တံလဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ (၂၀၂၅) ၊ ဂိတုနဝ်ဝေမ်ဗာတေံ တုဲဒှ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး နကဵုအလန်ကၠာအိုတ် လုပ်ဇူဒီုကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲသၞေဟ်ပါတ္ထယာကၟိန်ဍုင်သေံ မွဲချိုန်ခဏတုဲ ကောန်သ္ဂံင်အမေရိကာန် (၅၀၀၀) ပြင် ပါလုပ်မံင်ရောင် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။

သ္ကိုပ်ဒပ် Carrier Strike Group 3 - Rear Adm. Robert E. Loughran ဂှ် လၟေင်တရဴဏံဝွံ သၟာင်နူကဵုအခေါင်ဇူဒီုပြေလၟောင် ကောန်သ္ဂံင် “မရိန်” ကေုာံ သ္ဂံင်ဒပ်ဍာ်တံတုဲ ပရေင်ဆက်ဆောံမဟာမိတ် အမေရိကာန်ကဵု ကၟိန်ဍုင်သေံတံလေဝ် သကဵုခိုင်ဗိုန်ကၠုင်ရောင် ဂးရ။

က္ဍိုပ်သ္ကိုပ် USS Abraham Lincoln - Dan Keeler ဝွံ အပ္ဍဲကာလ ညးယိုက်ဂၠေင်မံင်တာလျိုင်ဏံဂှ် ဒှ်သၞေဟ်ကၠုင်စိုပ် ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်သေံဏံ အလန်ကၠာအိုတ်တုဲ ဓဝ်ကၠိုဟ်ခၠင်အကြာၜါဍုင် သကဵုတောတက်အာရောင် ဟီုဂးလဝ်ရ။

ကၟိန်ဍုင်သေံဝွံ စပ္တံနူချုက်လိက် ပရေင်ကူသာန်ဗၞိက်ကဵု ပရေင်ဆာန်ကၟိန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ (၁၈၃၃) တေံဂှ်ရ ဒှ်လဝ်မဟာမိတ်လုပ်ဝင် အမေရိကာန်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲသ္ကုတ်ဒေသမသ္ၚောဲကဵုသြင်ၜဳ အာယှဒိုဟ်အဂၞဲဂှ် ဒှ်ကၟိန်ဍုင်မဟာမိတ်လုပ်ဝင် အမေရိကာန်မွဲဍုင်ဓဝ်ဟေင်ရ။ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ၜါဏံဝွံ ဇၟာပ်သၞာံ ပံင်တောဲပကတ်ပကေတ်ဒၟံင် ပရေင်ပၞာန် Cobra Gold နွံရ။

ပ္ဍဲကဵုအခိင်လၟုဟ်ဏံလေဝ် ဂကောံက္ၜင်တံဝွံ အပ္ဍဲဧရိယာ ဂကောံဒပ်ဍာ် စၟတ် (၇) အမေရိကာန် အုပ်ဓလီုလဝ် ဒေသအေန်ဒိုဝ် - ပသိဖိတ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် ဆက်ကၠောန်သ္ပဒၟံင် ပရေင်ပြုပြေင်ပၞာန်လၟေင်ဍာံနွံရ။

ဂကောံက္ၜင်ဏံဝွံ ဟိုတ်နူလုပ်ဒေံါဇူလဝ် ပ္ဍဲဇိုင်ၜဳပါတ္ထယာ မဒယှ်တှ်ဒၟံင်ကဵု ပေဲါသဘင်အခိင်ဗ္တံ ကေုာံ ကမၠောန်အာတရဴမိပ်လဟိင်လိင်ဂှ်ရ သၞာဲဒဴပၞာန်တြုံ/ဗြဴ မပါကၠုင်ကရောံက္ၜင်ဖ္ဍိုက်က္ၜင်ကျာတံ ညံင်ဟွံဂွံအာစိုပ်ဒၞာဲလ္ၚဵုတံဂှ်လေဝ် ညးတာလျိုင်သေံတံ ကၟာတ်ဒၞာလဝ်နွံရောင် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။ [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၂၁:၁၇၊ ၁၉ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== ဟိုတ်နူဖ္ဍိုက်ကပေါတ်ဇြိုင်ဂၠိုင်အာ ကေုာံ သာသ္ပအ်တုဲ ညးအာတရဴဍိုက်ဂၠုင်စက်တံ ဒးဆဵုဂဗဘဲအန္တရာဲ  ==
ဟိုတ်နူဖ္ဍိုက်ကပေါတ်ဇြိုင်ဂၠိုင်အာ ကေုာံ သာသ္ပအ်တုဲ ညးအာတရဴဍိုက်ဂၠုင်စက်တံ ဒးဆဵုဂဗဘဲအန္တရာဲ 

ဌာန်ပရိုင်ဗၠးၜးမန်၊ ဂိတုခ္ဍဲသဳ (၄) စွေက်၊ (၁၃၈၈) သၞာံ။

ပ္ဍဲပွိုင်ဍုင် တွဵုရးဍုင်မန် ကေုာံ ကရေင်လ္ၚဵု ကတဵုဒှ်မံင် ပရေင်ဍာ်ဇၞော်ဍာ်ကလိုပ်ဂှ်ဝွံ ဒးစကာအာကၠုင်ဒၟံင် နကဵုဂၠုင်စက်တုဲ ဟိုတ်နူဖ္ဍိုက်ကပေါတ်ဇြိုင်ဂၠိုင်အာကဵု သာသ္ပအ်ဂှ်ရ ညးအာတရဴ ဍိုက်ဂၠုင်စက်တံ ဒးဆဵုဂဗဒၟံင် ဘဲအန္တရာဲနွံရောင် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။

ပွမအာကၠုင်ဆက်စၠောံ မွဲကွာန်ကဵုမွဲကွာန်ကီု၊ အာဒုင်ပလံင်ကွးဘာဇၟာပ်တ္ၚဲ ကေုာံ ဖ္ဍိုက်ကပေါတ်ဗၞိက်ကီုဂှ် စနူလဒေါဝ်ဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ်တုဲကၠုင်ဏံတုဲ ဒးစကာဂၠုင်စက် ဂၠိုင်ကၠုင်ရ။

ပ္ဍဲဒေသဍာ်ဇၞော်ဍာ်ကလိုပ်မံင်ဂှ်ဝွံ သၟာင်နူဂၠုင်စက်ဟွံရုံဂပ်တုဲ ဟိုတ်နူဍာ်ဇွောတ်ထတ်ကာတ်ဂၠိုင်ကၠုင်ကီု၊ ဟွံဂွံဆဵုကေတ် အရာဒၞာတာသၟဝ်ဍာ်ကီု၊ ပ္ဍဲဂၠုင်စက်ဂှ် ဖ္ဍိုက်ညးအာတရဴ ကေုာံ ဖ္ဍိုက်ကပေါတ်ဗၞိက်လျိုင်ဇြိုင်ဂၠိုင်ကီု၊ သၟာဒဳဂၠုင်တံ သာသ္ပအ်ကီုဂှ်ရ ဂၠုင်စက်ဗ္ကပ်ဒၟံင် မွဲနှေံမွဲနှေံရ။

အကြာကွာန်လိုင်ကၞုဲ - ဒဵုထောင် ဍာ်ဇၞော်ဍာ်ကလိုပ်ဒၟံင် မၞုံပ္ဍဲသ္ကုတ်ဂၠံင်မုဟ်ဍုင် - ကျာ်ပိ ညးအာတရဴလၟိဟ်ကဵုကၠံ တတ်ကၠောံအာကၠုင်ဒၟံင် ဇၟာပ်တ္ၚဲဂှ်ဝွံ အပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ်တုဲကၠုင်ဏံ ဂၠုင်စက်ဗ္ကပ်အာ ဟွံအောန်နူ (၃) ဝါနွံရောင် ဂွံတီကေတ် နူညးဒေသတံရ။

“ဂၠုင်ဂှ်လေဝ် အောန်၊ ညးအာတရဴ လ္ပာ်ကျာ်ပိဂှ်လေဝ် ဂၠိုင်မံင်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ သၞောတ်ဗ္ၜတ် (ပမာဏ) ဂွံဖ္ဍိုက်မၞိဟ်ကဵု ကပေါတ်ဂှ် စၟတ်ကေတ်ဝါတ်ရ။ ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ ဂၠုင်မွဲဖ္ဍိုက် ဍိုက်မၞိဟ်မူစိတၠရောဟီုဂှ် စၟတ်လဝ်ဟွံမွဲပုဟ်။ ကပေါတ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ၜိုတ်ဖ္ဍိုက်ဂွံ ဖ္ဍိုက်မံင်ရ” သာ်ဝွံ ညးတြုံ နူဒေသကွာန်လိုင်ကၞုဲမွဲတၠ ဟီုရ။

သၟာင်နူဂှ်ပၠန် ဟိုတ်နူဒဳဟွံမွဲကဵုသၞောတ်သၞောဝ် ကေုာံ သုင်အရက်သုရာဂှ်လေဝ် ဂၠုင်ဗၠိုက်မံင်နွံရဂှ်လေဝ် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။

ဟိုတ်နူဍာ်သၠုင်တိုန်ကၠုင်တုဲ အာကၠုင်ကဵုကွဳစက် ဟွံဂွံဏီဂှ်ရ ဒးဆက်စကာဂၠုင်ဂမၠိုင်တုဲ ဟွံဂွံစၟတ်လဝ်မွဲသာ် ပွမဖ္ဍိုက်မံင် ညးအာတရဴကဵု ကပေါတ်ဗၞိက်ဂမၠိုင်ကီု၊ ပွမသုင်အရက်သုရာ အပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကမၠောန်ကီုဂှ် ဒးစွံသတိရောင် ညးဒေသဂမၠိုင်တံ ဟီုဂးဖ္တိုက်ဖၟောဝ်လဝ်ရ။

ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် စၟတ်တ္ၚဲ (၂၄) တုဲကၠုင်ဏံဝွံ ဂၠုင်စက်ဖ္ဍိုက်လဝ် မၞိဟ် (၈) တၠ၊ ကွဳလိုန်ဓာတ် (၂) ဖ္ဍိုက် ကေုာံ ကပေါတ်ဗၞိက်ဂမၠိုင်ဂှ် ဗၠိုက်အာဍာ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ကအ်ခိုဟ် - (နွားခြံကုန်း) ၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ကအ်ကြိက်တုဲ အ္စာၝောံဗ္တောန်လိက်မွဲတၠ ဒးချိုတ်အာကီုရ။

ညးဒေသကအ်ကြိက်မွဲတၠဂှ် “အခိင်ဍာ်ဇွောဝ်ထတ်မံင်ဏံဂှ် ညးၜိင်ဍာ်ဟွံလေပ်တံ ဂၠုင်ဗၠိုက်ဏောင်တှ်ေ အကာဲအရာချိုတ်ဂှ် ဂၠိုင်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ သၟာဂၠုင်တံလေဝ် မၞိဟ်တဏံ ညံင်ဟွံဂွံဒှ်ဘဲအန္တရာဲလမျီုဂှ် ဒးသ္ပဂရုထေက်” သာ်ဝွံ ညးဟီုရ။

ဟိုတ်နူဗြဲဇၞော်ဂူကဵု ဍာ်ဒဵုဂမၠိုင်ဂှ်ရ ၜဳကြုင် မဇွောဝ်တတ်ကၠောံဒၟံင် အပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးကရေင်ဝွံ စၟတ်ဍာ်လောန်ၜက်နူဒးဒှ်ဓဝိင်ဂှ်တုဲ အပ္ဍဲပွိုင်ဍုင်ကအ်ကြိက်၊ ကြုင်ဒဵု၊ “လှိုင်းဘွဲ့” ကဵု ပွိုင်ဍုင်လှာဒကှ်ဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်ဒၟံင် ပရေင်ဍာ်ဇၞော်ဍာ်ကလိုပ်ဖိုဟ်ရ။

အပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ ဍာ်ဇၞော်ဍာ်ကလိုပ်မံင်ဏံဝွံ နကဵုညးဒဳဂၠုင်စက်ဂမၠိုင်တံ ကၠာဟွံဂွံတိတ်တရဴမ္ဂး ဒးဒစးဒုင်စၟဳစၟတ် ဂၠုင်စက်၊ စက်အေန်ဂျေန်၊ တိုင်ကဳကၠေင်၊ ဗုင်ဂၠုင်ကဵု ဍာ်လုပ်စိုပ် ပ္ဍဲဂၠုင်စက် နွံ / ဟွံမွဲဂှ်တုဲ နကဵုညးဍုင်ကွာန်အာတရဴဂမၠိုင်တံလေဝ် အကာဲအရာဗြဲဂူထတ်သ္ကာတ်မံင်မ္ဂး ဒးပဆုဲထောံ လၟေင်တရဴထေက်ရဂှ်လေဝ် ညးစိုန်သကီု အကာဲအရာဍာ်တိုန်စှ်ေတံ ဟီုဂးဖ္တိုက်ဖၟောဝ်လဝ်နွံရ။ [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၂၁:၁၉၊ ၁၉ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== ဒပ်ပံၚ်ကောံခိုၚ်ဗိုန်မွဲ သ္ဂောံမံက်ဂှ် ဂိုတ်ဂ္စာန်ဒၟံၚ်လၟိုန်ရောၚ် NMSP-AD / RMA ဟီုကဵုသမ္တီ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲပၠန်ဂတးမန် ==
ဒပ်ပံၚ်ကောံခိုၚ်ဗိုန်မွဲ သ္ဂောံမံက်ဂှ် ဂိုတ်ဂ္စာန်ဒၟံၚ်လၟိုန်ရောၚ် NMSP-AD / RMA ဟီုကဵုသမ္တီ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲပၠန်ဂတးမန်

ဌာန်ပရိုၚ်ဗၠးၜးမန်၊ ဂိတုခ္ဍဲသဳပေၚ်၊ (၁၃၈၈) သၞာံ။

နကဵုဇြဟတ်ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်ကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်တံ ဗ္တိုက်သရိုဟ်သၞောတ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်မာန်ဂှ်ရ ဒပ်ပံၚ်ကောံခိုၚ်ဗိုန်မွဲ သ္ဂောံမံက်ကၠုၚ်ဂှ် ဂိုန်ဂ္စာန်ဒၟံၚ်လၟိုန်ရောၚ် ဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိ (ဗ္တိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်) / ဒပ်မန်ရာမည ဟီုကဵုသမ္တီ လလောၚ်ပ္တိတ်ဏာ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲပၠန်ဂတးမန် မရနုက်ကဵု (၇၉) ဝါဏံရ။

ပၠန်ဂတးရပ်လွဟ်ဝွံ က္လေၚ်ကလိဂွံ အခေါၚ်အရာကောန်ဂကူမန်ရောၚ် ပတှေ်ကေတ်ဂှ်ရ နူဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိ (ဗ္တိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်) NMSP-AD / RMA ပံၚ်တောဲလုပ်အာပေဲါဗ္တိုက် မွဲကရောံကုဒပ်ပၠန်ဂတးမန်ဂမၠိုၚ်၊ ဂကောံဇြဟတ်ပၠန်ဂတးတမ်က္ညၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ် ကေုာံ ဂကောံဇြဟတ်ပၠန်ဂတးကောန်ဍုၚ်အရၚ်ဂမၠိုၚ်တံရောၚ်။

ဒပ်ပံၚ်ကောံခိုၚ်ဗိုန်မွဲ သ္ဂောံမံက်ကၠုၚ်ဂှ် ဂိုတ်ဂ္စာန်ဒၟံၚ်ကီုလေဝ် ဟိုတ်နူဂုန်ဖဵုပိုန်ဒြပ် ကေုာံ ဝၚ်အတိက် ဂကောံမွဲမွဲကဵု ဂကောံဇဳ ဟွံတုပ်သၟဟ်ဂှ်ရ ဒးကေတ်အခိၚ် ပရေၚ်သဳကၠဳ ပ္ညဳပ္ညပ်ရောၚ် ချူဓမံက်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲလိက်လလောၚ်ရ။

အခိၚ်လၟုဟ်ဏံလေဝ် မွဲကရောံကဵု ဒပ်ပံၚ်ကောံမဟာမိတ်ဂမၠိုၚ်ဂှ် နူဒပ်မန်ရာမည ရေၚ်တၠုၚ်ဓမံက်ဒၟံၚ်ရုပ်ရဴ အစဳဇန်ချူဓဇက် ချာတာပၠန်ဂတးဍုၚ်မန်ရောၚ် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။ 

အပ္ဍဲကဵုချာတာဂှ်ဝွံ အရာမနွံပၟိက် သွက်ဂွံဒက်ပ္တန် ဗီုပြၚ်ကၟိန်ဍုၚ်ဖေဝ်ဒရေဝ် မဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ် အလုံတွဵုရးဍုၚ်မန်မွဲ ပါလုပ်မာန်ရဂှ်လေဝ် နူဗွိုၚ်ပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်မန်တံ ဟီုဂးသ္ၚဳဂၠိပ်ဒၟံၚ်နွံရ။

နကဵုဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိ (ဗ္တိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်) / ဒပ်မန်ရာမညဝွံ လညာတ်ဟွံတုပ်သၟဟ် အကြာကောန်ဂကူမွဲစွံတံဂှ် ပဲါထောံလဝ်တုဲ နကဵုဓဝ်ကၠိုဟ်စိုတ်နွံနွံ ဆက်လုပ်အာပေဲါဗ္တိုက် ဗွဲမညဳသၟဟ်ကောံကလောံ သဝ်အလာံကောန်ဂကူမန်ရောၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဟီုဂးလလောၚ်ပ္တိတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲပၠန်ဂတးမန် မရနုက်ကဵု (၇၉) ဝါ၊ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် စၟတ်တ္ၚဲ (၂၈) ၊ တ္ၚဲဏံရ။ [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၂၁:၂၁၊ ၁၉ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== တၚ်နွံပၟိက်နွံလေဝ် ပြေပြံၚ်ဒၟံၚ် ==
တၚ်နွံပၟိက်နွံလေဝ် ပြေပြံၚ်ဒၟံၚ်
🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺

🌺ဇၟာပ်တ္ၚဲတၟးကၠုၚ် ဂၠံစိုတ်ပိုယ် သွက်ဂွံၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်မာန်ဝွံ စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဒုၚ်တဲ တၚ်ဍိုန်လျဇကု မနေတ်သရတအ်ဂှ် သ္ဒးလွဳလဝ်ဟေၚ်ရောၚ်။ 

🌺ပ္ဍဲဘဝဇကု အရာဍိုက်ပေၚ်ဂှ် ဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲဒၟံၚ်မ္ဂး ဇကုရ စိုတ်သ္ဒးဍောၚ်တုဲ ဆေၚ်စပ်ကဵုမၞိဟ်ဂမၠိုၚ်မ္ဂးလေဝ် ဗက်ကျောဝ်ဒၟံၚ် တၚ်မနေတ်သရတအ်မ္ဂး ဇကုဟေၚ်ရ သ္ဒးဍောၚ်စိုတ်ပၠန်ရောၚ်။ 

🌺 မုဟိုတ်ရောမ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲလောကဏံ ပွမဍိုက်ပေၚ်ဟီုဂှ် ဟွံမွဲတဴရ။ အရာဟွံတုပ်ရေၚ်သ္ကအ်တအ်၊ တၚ်ဆောတ်ယောအ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒုၚ်တဲမာန်မှ ဘဝဟီုဂှ် မံၚ်စံၚ်ပြေပြံၚ်ၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်မာန်ရောၚ်။ 

🌺ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ လ္တူအလဵုဇကုကီုဒှ်၊ လ္တူညးသ္အာၚ်ကီုဒှ်၊ တၚ်နွံပၟိက်နွံတဴလေဝ် ပြေပြံၚ်ဒၟံၚ်ရဏောၚ် နကဵုစိုတ်ဏံ သ္ဒးစွံထေက်ရ။ 

🌺လၟုဟ် ပိုယ်တအ်တန်တဴဒၟံၚ်ဂှ် ဍုၚ်မၞိဟ်ဏောၚ်၊ ဍုၚ်ဇၞော်နိဗ္ဗာန်ဟွံသေၚ်ရ။ 
ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ တၚ်ဆောတ်ယောအ်တအ် နွံဒၟံၚ်လၟိုန်ရ။ ၜိုန်ရုပ်သာ်ကျေဝ်ကီုလေဝ် ဇကုဇကောဝ်ဟွံကျေဝ်၊ ၜိုန်သိုက်လောဲကီုလေဝ် ပရေၚ်ထတ်ယုက်ဟွံခိုဟ်၊ ၜိုန်ဂၠာဲဒၟံၚ် မေတ္တာၜိုဟ်ဂံက်တအ်ကီုလေဝ် ကလိဂွံဂှ် မေတ္တာပတောံတအ် မပ္တံသာ်ဏံ အရာနွံပၟိက်တအ် နွံတဴဖအိုတ်ရ။ 

🌺လ္တူအရာတအ်ဏံတအ် လ္ပစွံစိုတ်ဇြိုၚ်ဇြိုၚ်တုဲ ညံၚ်ဂွံပြေစိုတ်လေပ် သ္ဒးမံၚ်အာရောၚ်။ ဇကုသၠးကၠုၚ်ဂဝ်ဂၞဴဂှ် သွက်ဍာံစၟတ်ဏောၚ်၊ သွက်ဂွံဍိုက်ပေၚ် ဟွံသေၚ်ရ။ 

🌺ဇၟာပ်ဇၟာပ်အရာ ညးမိက်ဂွံဒှ် Perfect ဍိုက်ပေၚ်ဒၟံၚ်လၟိုန်တအ်ဝွံ တၚ်နွံပၟိက် ကေုာံ တၚ်ဍိုန်တအ် ဒုၚ်တဲဟွံမာန်အိုတ်ရ။
ၜိုတ်ထေၚ်ခယျလဝ် ဟွံဒှ်ကၠုၚ် သတ်ပ္ကဴဟွံမံက်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး စိုတ်ဓါတ်စှ်ေတုဲ လချပ်ဗပေၚ်ချပ်တအ်လေဝ် အောန်လောန်တဴရ။ 
ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲဘဝမ္ဂး ဆဵုဂဗကဵု ပြဿနာတအ်လၟိုန်တုဲ စိုတ်ဟွံၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်တဴရ။

🌺စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဒုၚ်တဲ တၚ်ဆောတ်ယောၚ် တၚ်ဍိုန်လျဟွံမာန်တအ်ဂှ် နဲကဲလွဳၜံၚ် ဝေတ်ဗ္တောန်နူကဵုမိမလေဝ် ဒှ်မာန်ကီုရ။ 
ရုပ်ဒမျိုၚ်မြဟ်မွဲ မၞုံယၟု “Gone Girl” ဂှ် ယၟုကော်ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိ Amy ဂှ်မ္ဂး နူကဵုအဝဲဍောတ်ဍောတ်တေံ မိမညးတအ် ချူပ္တိတ်လဝ်လိက် “Amazing Amy” မွဲအုပ် သၟတ်ဗြဴ အေမဳဂှ်မ္ဂး သ္ကေက်သ္ကာ စဳကၠးလောန်၊ ဒးဒုၚ်ဇၞော်ဂေါဝ်ကၠုၚ် အတိုၚ်ချူလဝ် ပ္ဍဲလိက်ဂှ်ရ။ 

🌺မိမတၞဟ်တအ်လေဝ် သ္ပအစာံကဵု အေမဳတုဲ ဝေတ်ဗ္တောန်တဴ ကောန်ဝုတ်ဇကုအိုတ်ရ။ ဘဝအေမဳဂှ် ဒးဒုၚ်သ္ပအစာံကဵု ညးဂမၠိုၚ်တုဲ ဇၞော်ဂေါဝ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။ 
အေမဳဂှ် ၜိုန်သ္ကေက်သ္ကာကီုလေဝ် ပ္ဍဲပရေၚ်အိန်ထံၚ် ဟွံသာယျာကၠုၚ်ရ။ 
ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် အလုံမွဲဘဝညးတေံ ကေၚ်မံၚ်ကၠုၚ်လဝ်ကဵု ဘဝဍိုက်ပေၚ် Perfect တုဲ ပ္ဍဲဘဝအိန်ထံၚ်ညး ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်အခက်အခုဲသာ်ဏံဂှ် ဒုၚ်တဲဟွံမာန်တုဲ အရာကၠောန်ဟွံထေက်တအ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ကၠုၚ်၊ ပလီုဒးဇကုဇကုရ။ 
စိုတ်ဍိုက်ပေၚ်ညးဂှ် ပ္တဝ်ဏာက္ဍိုပ်ကဵု ဘဝညံၚ်ဂွံလီုလာ်ရ။ 
ဣဏံဝွံ ဟိုတ်နူနဲကဲဝေတ်ဗ္တောန်နူမိမ ဗၠေတ်ကၠုၚ်တအ်ရ။ 
ဒးဒုၚ်လွဳဝတ်ကၠုၚ်ကဵု ဘဝဍိုက်ပေၚ်လၟိုန်တုဲ လ္တူအရာနွံပၟိက်တအ် စွံစိုတ်ဟွံလေပ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။ 

🌺မွဲပၠန်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူဇြဟတ်ဓရိုဟ်ပရေၚ်ပညာလေဝ် ဒှ်လေပ်ကီုရ။ 
ဒါန်လိက်လ္ပရံၚ်မာန်မှ ဒှ်ကွးဘာ သ္ကေက်သ္ကာဏောၚ်၊ ပ္ဍဲပေါဲသွဟ်လိက် ဗၠေတ်ဟွံမွဲ မွဲသာ် ချူမာန်မှ ဂွံကဆံၚ်သၠုၚ်အိုတ်ဏောၚ်၊ ဟွံသေၚ်မ္ဂး ဒးဒုၚ်အထေၚ်သောဲကဵုညးဂမၠိုၚ်ဏောၚ်၊ ဒးဒုၚ်ဗျိဒေါန်ကဵုမိမတအ်ဏောၚ် ဟိုတ်နူတအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ကောန်ၚာ်တအ် ညိညဓဝ် ညံၚ်ဟွံဂွံဗၠေတ် ဒးဂစာန်ကၠုၚ်အိုတ်ရ။ 
ၜိုတ်ဂိုတ်ဂစာန်ကီုလေဝ် ဟွံစိုပ်ကၠုၚ်တရဴမ္ဂး စိုတ်ဓါတ်တေံ စှ်ေကၠုၚ်ပၠန်။ စိုတ်ဓါတ်တအ်ဏံ နူအဝဲဍောတ်သွတ်တေံ ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ရိုဟ် ဗိုန်ကၟောန်ကၠုၚ်တုဲ ကာလစိုပ်အဝဲမၞိဟ်ဇၞော်ဏံ ဒှ်ဒဒိုက်ဇၞော်ကဵုဇြဟတ်ရ။ 

🌺မၞိဟ်မိက်ဂွံဒှ် Perfect ဍိုက်ပေၚ်တအ်ဝွံ ကြပ်ဒၟံၚ်ကဵု ကျဟောမ်ဗြမ်ကွေံကွေံရောၚ်။ 
ညးတအ်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ဂိုတ်ဂစာန် မနေတ်သရတအ် ညံၚ်ဟွံဂွံဒှ်ကီုလေဝ် အတိုၚ်စၟတ်လဝ် ဟွံဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ဗက် ဖေက်မၞိဟ်တအ် အထေၚ်ဍောတ်တုဲ ဗက်ဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲ ဟိုတ်တအ်အိုတ်ရ။ 
ဥပမာ- သွဟ်လိက်ဟွံမာန်မ္ဂး ဟိုတ်နူဟိုတ်တေံဏောၚ် ဟိုတ်နူဟိုတ်ဏံဏောၚ် ဗက်ဟီုတဴဟိုတ်တအ်ရ။ ယဝ်သွဟ်လိက်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ဖေက်ဟွံအံၚ်တုဲ ဗက်ဂၠာဲဟိုတ်တုဲ ပါဲလေဝ် ဒှ်မာန်ရ။ 

🌺ဟိုတ်နူစိုတ်ဒုၚ်တဲ ကျဟောမ်ဗြမ်တအ် ဟွံမာန်ဂှ်ရ ဟွံဂံၚ်တဝ်စၞေဟ်ကဵု အရာတၞဟ်တၞဟ်တအ်ရ။ 
စၞးဂှ် ဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲတဴဟိုတ်ရ။ ပွမကၠောန်သ္ပအရာတအ်ဂှ် စိုပ်ဘဝ ကျဟောမ်ဗြမ်တအ်မာန်ရ။ ယဝ်စွံစိုတ်လေပ် ဒုၚ်တဲဓဝ်ကျဟောမ်ဗြမ်လေပ်မ္ဂး ကလိဂွံပရေၚ်ဆဵုဂဗကီု၊ သတ္တိတအ်လေဝ် ကလိဂွံမာန်ကီုရ။ 

🌺စိုတ်ဓါတ်မိက်ဂွံဒှ် Perfect တအ်ဂှ် တၚ်ဗၠေတ်တအ်လေဝ် ဒှ်စလေပ်ရ။ 
ဆေၚ်စပ်ကဵု Perfect ဏံတုဲ မိက်ဂွံလဴထ္ၜး ပရောဒဒှ် ဒးဂြိုၚ် သ္ကအ်ရဲညးချူလိက်ဏံ မွဲတၠရ။ 
အခိၚ်ဂှ် ညးတေံ ကလိဂွံ အံၚ်ဇၞးအလန်ကၠာအိုတ်တေံ။ ကယျိုၚ်ကယျဝ် သွက်ဂွံဗွိုက်လတက်တအ် မပ္တံ ဒၞပ်တအ် ကၠာဟွံစိုပ်အခိၚ်ပေါဲဂှ် ပြဟ်ဒုၚ်ရာန်လဝ် ဗၞတ်မွဲ ၁ ဂိတုတေံရ။ စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်အခိၚ် တိုန်စၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ပဠေဝ်ပဠေတ် ညံၚ်ဂွံဒှ်ကျေဝ်အိုတ်တုဲ ဟွံပြေတဴစိုတ်လောဲလောဲရဟေ။ 

🌺အခိၚ်ပေါဲစဂှ် စိုပ်ယျ--ညးတေံ ပဠေဝ်ဒၟံၚ် ဟွံတုဲဖိုဟ်။ 
ညးတေံ ဟွံပေၚ်စိုတ်လောဲလောဲတုဲ ဇၟာပ်ညးတေံဆဵုမၞိဟ် “မုအဲ နွံပၟိက်ဒၟံၚ်ကီုဟာ” သၟာန်တဴသာ်ဏံရ။ ကာလစိုပ်ကၠုၚ်လ္တူစၚ်သၠုၚ်ဂှ် ကျိုၚ်ကျဝ်လဝ် ကျေဝ်လောန် ၜိုန်ဒှ်ကီုလေဝ် ဒၞပ်ရာန်လဝ်ဂှ် ဝိုတ်အာတုဲ လိုန်ဒးအာ ဒၞပ်လိုန်ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိဍာ် နူ Hotel တေံရ။ 
ညးဂွံတိုန်သတိ ဒဒှ်ရ ဒၞပ်ညး ဗၠေတ်အာယျတုဲ မုက်မတ်လီုဒၟံၚ် လ္တူစၚ်သၠုၚ်ဂှ် ညးချူလိက်ဏံ ညာတ်တုဲ သီုမိက်ဂွံဂြိုၚ် သီုဆာန်ဍူတဴရ။ ဟိုတ်နူ စိုတ်ဓရေက် မိက်ဂွံဒှ် ခိုဟ်အိုတ် လောန်အာတုဲ ဒှ်ကၠုၚ် တၚ်ဗၠေတ်တအ်အိုတ်ရ။ 

🌺ပ္ဍဲတန်ဗ္တောန် ညးချူလိက်ဏံလေဝ် သ္ဒးပ္တိုန်ထ္ၜးနွံတုဲ ဖေက်ဟွံချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်တုဲ ပဠေဝ်ပဠေတ်လဝ်အိုတ်အစောန်ရဂှ် ဗၠေတ်တဴလေပ်ဒၟံၚ်ဏီ။ 
ဖေက်ဗၠေတ်ပါအာတအ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်ကဵုစိုတ်ပိုယ် ခ္ဍောပ်ကဝေန်တုဲ အခိၚ်ဟီုပ္တိုန်ထ္ၜးဂှ် ဟွံဗၠးၜးတဴရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ တၚ်ဗၠေတ်တအ် ဒှ်ကၠုၚ် ဗွဲမလောဲသွာရ။ 

🌺မၞိဟ်ဖေက် Imperfection (အရာဟွံဍိုက်ပေၚ်) တအ်ဝွံ အလဵုဇကုဍေံတအ် ကဵုတဴဇြဟတ်ဓရိုဟ် ဗွဲမလောန်။ ဟွံဇူပုဟ်၊ ဇူထောံမ္ဂး ဖေက်ဗက်ညးဂမၠိုၚ် ဟွံဂတာပ်၊ အခိၚ် Relax လေဝ် ဟိုတ်နူစိုတ်ဂွိၚ်တအ်တုဲ လချပ်လောန်တုဲ အရာသ္ဒးမိပ်တအ် ဇီုကပိုက်ကၠုၚ်အိုတ်ရ။ 
ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ ပိုယ်တအ် သ္ဒးဇူထေက်၊ ဇူထောံ မွဲချိုန်ခဏလေဝ် ပြေပြံၚ်ဒၟံၚ်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ဒုၚ်တဲတုဲ နစိုတ်ၜိုဟ်ၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်သြိုဟ် သ္ဂောံမံၚ်လေပ်ဂှ် နွံပၟိက်တဴရောၚ်။ 

🌺မၞိဟ်မိက်ဂွံဒှ် Perfect လောန်တအ်ဂှ် ဓဝ်ကျဟောမ်ဗြမ်တအ် ဒုၚ်တဲဟွံမာန်တဴရ။ 
အရာဇကု ပါရမဳဟွံမွဲတအ်လေဝ် မိက်ကလိဂွံ အံၚ်ဇၞး။ 
မိက်ဂွံစိုပ်ဒၟံၚ် ကဆံၚ်လ္တူအိုတ်တေံလၟိုန်တုဲ အတိုၚ်ဇကုချပ်လဝ် ဟွံက္တဵုဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး စိုတ်ဓါတ်စှ်ေ ဇၞော်ကဵုဇြဟတ်လေပ်ရ။ 
ဍာံဍာံဇေတ်ဇေတ်တေံဂှ် စွံတၚ်ရန်တၟံ သၠုၚ်သၠုၚ်တုဲ ဂစာန်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ဒှ်လက်သဏ်ခိုဟ်ကီုလေဝ် ယဝ်ခါရ ဆဵုဂဗကၠုၚ်ကဵု ကျဟောမ်ဗြမ်မ္ဂး ပြေပြံၚ်ဒၟံၚ်ရောၚ်ဂှ် နကဵုစိုတ်ဏံ သ္ဒးပရေစိုတ်ဇကု လေပ်ရောၚ်။ 
တၚ်ဍိုန်လျ တၚ်နွံပၟိက်တအ် ဒုၚ်တဲဟွံမာန်တအ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူစိုတ် insecurities (စိုတ်ဟွံဂီုကၠီု) တအ်လေဝ် ဒှ်မာန်ရ။ 
ဒးဒုၚ်ဆဵုဂဗလဝ်ကဵု မၞိဟ်အထေၚ်သောဲဇကုတအ်၊ မၞိဟ်ပျုတ်ဗဒေက်ဇကုတအ်၊ တၚ်ဍိုန်လျဇကုဂှ် ဗက်ဂြိုၚ်စလဝ်တအ် မပ္တံသာ်ဏံတုဲ မိက်ဂွံ ခိုဟ်အိုတ် (Perfect) ဟေၚ်တုဲ တၚ်ဍိုန်လျတအ် ဒုၚ်တဲဟွံမာန် ဒှ်တဴရ။ 

🌺မၞိဟ်မိက်ဂွံဒှ် Perfect တအ်ဝွံ လ္တူဇကုညးတအ်သၟးဟွံက လ္တူညးဂမၠိုၚ်လေဝ် စွံတဴစိုတ်တုပ်တုပ်လေပ်ရ။ လ္တူတၚ်ဍိုန်လျ ညးသ္အာၚ်တအ်၊ တၚ်နွံပၟိက် ညးသ္အာၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ကၠိုဟ်ကဵုဟွံမာန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲအရာပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံလေဝ် စွံတဴတၚ်ရန်တၟအ် သၠုၚ်တဴဗွဲမလောန်ရ။ 
အတိုၚ်ညးတအ် နွံပၟိက် ဟွံကလိဂွံမ္ဂး ဒှ်တဴ Sensitive အိုတ်ရ။ ဍာံဍာံဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအရာ ဒက်ပ္တန် ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံမ္ဂး ဗၞတ်အရာဇကုသၠးကဵုမာန်ဂှ် ကဵုကၠေံနစေတနာသ္ဒးအးတုဲ အရာဇကု ကဵုဟွံမာန်တအ်ဂှ် ဟွံဒးကဵု ညးသ္အာၚ်တအ်ရ။ 
ညးသ္အာၚ်တအ် သ္ဂောံကၠောန်သ္ပကဵု အရာဇကုဒးဂၞပ်စိုတ်လၟိုန်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲညးတအ် တာလျိုၚ်ဟွံမွဲတဴရောၚ်။ 

🌺ဇၟာပ်မၞိဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ခိုဟ် ကဵု ပရေံ တောဲဒၟံၚ်လၟိုန်ရ။ အရာပရေံတအ်ဂှ် ပါဲကၠေံတုဲ အရာခိုဟ်တအ်ဟေၚ် သ္ဒးညာတ်လေပ်ရောၚ်။ 
ညးလဵုမွဲလေဝ် ဟွံဒှ်ဒၟံၚ် သတ်ဆုဟွံမွဲကဵု မနေတ်တအ်ရ။ ဒၞာဲဍာတ်ဂှ်ရ ပိုယ်တအ် သ္ဒးရုဲစှ်စရ။ 

🌺ဆန္ဒမၞိဟ် Perfection တအ်ဝွံ ဆလအ်လဵုလေဝ် အိုတ်အာဟွံမာန်။ 
“လောဘမၞိဟ်၊ ဒေဝတဴဗပေၚ်ဟွံမာန်” ဂှ် တုပ်တဴကဵု မၞိဟ် Perfection တအ်ဏောၚ် ထေၚ်ကေတ်ရ။ ပစ္စပ္ပုန်လၟုဟ် မံၚ်တန်တဴဒၟံၚ်ဏံ ဟိုတ်ဒှ်ဍုၚ်သွဝ်မွဲဟွံသေၚ်ဂှ်ရ ဍိုက်ပေၚ်တဴဒၟံၚ်ကဵုတၚ်ခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်တအ်ဟေၚ်ဂှ် ဟွံဒှ်ရ။ 
ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ လ္တူတၚ်ဍိုန်လျဇကု၊ တၚ်နွံပၟိက်ဇကုဂှ် ဒုၚ်တဲညိ။ တၚ်နွံပၟိက် နွံတဴလေဝ် ပြေဒၟံၚ်စိုတ်ဏောၚ် နစိုတ်ဗီုဏံ စွံတဴညိ။ လ္ပဖေက် ကၠောန်ဒးတၚ်ဗၠေတ်တအ်ညိ။ တုဲပၠန် တၚ်စၟဳလ္တူညးသ္အာၚ်တအ်လေဝ် ယှအ်ကၠေံညိ။ 

🌺ပ္ဍဲလောကဏံဝွံ ဟိုတ်ဟွံမွဲကဵု တၚ်ဍိုက်ပေၚ်တအ်ဂှ်ရ လ္ပဆက်ဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲညိ။ 
ၜိုတ်ဇကုကၠောန်မာန် ညံၚ်ဂွံဒှ်ခိုဟ်အိုတ် ပတိတ်ဇြဟတ်တုဲ လ္တူဖိုလ်ကလိဂွံဂှ် ယဝ်ခါရ တၚ်နွံပၟိက်တအ် ပါကၠုၚ်လေဝ် ဣဏံဝွံ ဘဝရဏောၚ်ဂှ် ကၠိုဟ်ကေတ်တုဲ ပြေတဴစိုတ်ညိ။

🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀

# လိက်ပရေၚ်ဏံဝွံ ကၠာဲနူကဵု Good Vibes only get happy ရအဴ။ 

#ဗွဲမေတ္တာဟေၚ်
#ဇမ္ပာထဝ်
[[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၀၉:၀၇၊ ၂၁ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== ဟ်ချပ်ဂၠိုၚ်စိုတ်ဂၠိဗီုအဲဂွံတန်တဴအာၜိုဟ်ဟ်သြိုဟ်ဟ်မာန်ဏီဟာ။ ==
#မၞိဟ်ချပ်ဂၠိုၚ်စိုတ်ဂၠိဗီုအဲဂွံတန်တဴအာၜိုဟ်ဟ်သြိုဟ်ဟ်မာန်ဏီဟာ။
နယ်ကဲအဲမစကာလဝ် ညံၚ်စိုတ်ဂွံတန်
၁။ ဇၟာပ်အဲမချပ်ဏာဂှ်ဒးဖအိုတ်ဟွံသေၚ် ညံၚ်ဂွံဒုၚ်တဲမာန်
မၞိဟ်ချပ်ဂၠိုၚ်စိုတ်ဂၠိဗီုအဲ အဓိကပြဿနာဇၞော်အိုတ်မွဲဂှ် 
ပရူဒဒှ်မွဲ ➡️ လညာတ်မွဲဗီု ➡️ ပံက်အဓိပ္ပါယ် ➡️ လညာတ်မွဲပၠန် ➡️ ဂွိၚ်စံၚ်တူ 
အာမံၚ်ဗီုဂှ်တုဲဗီုဂှ်ပၠန်····
သာဓက --
&quot; အဲဆက်တိုန်ဘာပၠန်ဏောၚ်။ ယဝ်ဆက်တိုန်ပၠန်မ္ဂး အခိၚ်လဵုမှ အဲဂွံကေတ်တာလျိုၚ်လွဳဝတ်မိမရော။ ယဝ်အဲကၠောန်ကမၠောန်တှ်ေ မူမၠောန်အဲဂွံကၠောန်ရော။ မံၚ်ဗ္ဒါဲညးတံတုဲကၠောန်ခိုဟ်ဟာ ဆဂး ကမၠောန်ဂှ် စရုံဂပ်ဟာ။ ယဝ်ရအာကၠောန်စဍုၚ်မ္ရးရော။ သြန်ဂလိုၚ်ဂှ်နွံမံၚ်ရတှ်ေ အဲကၠောန်စ ဍဲကွာန်လေဝ်တုဲရ။ ဂွံဗ္တောန်လိက်ဍဲကွာန်ပၠန်ဂှ် ဍာ်ဒကေဝ်အဲစိုပ်ယျဟာ။ ဟွံစိုပ်ဏီပုဟ်။ အဲဒးဆက်တိုန်ဘာပၠန်ဏောၚ်။
 လညာတ်ဂှ်ဂေတ်မံၚ်ဗီုဏံလၟိုန်ရ။ 
ဟီုဍာံဍာံမ္ဂး ကၠောန်ဂှ်ဒးကၠောန်ကမၠောန်ဖအိုတ်ရ။ ဆဂး ဗီုအဲချပ်မံၚ်ဏံဂှ်ဒးမံၚ်ဖအိုတ်ဟွံသေၚ်ပုဟ်။ အဲကၠောန်ဗီုဏံဂှ် ဒးမံၚ်ရဟာ ဇကုဇကုမှာန်လေပ်ကၠုၚ်ရ။ 
၂။ အခိၚ်စိုတ်ဂၠိညံၚ်ဂွိုအ်ကလေၚ်ဟီုဒး
တၚ်ဏံဂှ်သွက်အဲကိစ္စဇၞော်မံၚ်။ အဃောစိုတ်ဂၠိဟီုပတိတ်တုဲဖျေံသဂုတ်သွာတ်ဂှ် ဒးဝေၚ်ပါဲမာန်။ 
အာတဴနနယ် STOP Rule 
S - Stop: ဒေါံထောံ၊ မုလ္ပကၠောန်ဏီ။ 
T - Take a breath: ယီုထပၠုပ်ယီုပတိတ်ထောံသိုက်သိုက်ညိ။ 
O - Observe: မူဟိုတ်အဲစိုတ်ဂၠိမံၚ်ရောဂှ် ကလေၚ်သ္ၚဳဂၠိပ်ရံၚ်ညိ။ 
P - Proceed: စွံစိုတ်ၜိုဟ်ဟ်တုဲမှ က္လေၚ်ဟီုတဴညိ။ အခိၚ်စိုတ်ဂၠိမံၚ်ဂှ်လ္ပဂစာန်ကေတ်ဇၞးညိ။ ညံၚ်သိက္ခာဂွိုအ်ယုတ်ဒုက်အာဂှ် ဂစာန်ညိ။ 
၃။ ဇၟာပ်မၞိဟ်ဂှ် ဗီုဇကုမိက်ဂွံကဵုဒှ် ကၠောန်ကေတ်ဂွိုအ်ပုဟ်ဂှ်ညံၚ်ဂွံဒုၚ်တဲမာန်။ 
မူဟိုတ်စိုတ်ပိုယ်ဟွံၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်ဂှ်ရောတှ်ေ- 
&quot; ဍေံသ္ပဗီုဏံဟွံထေက်ပုဟ်။ ဍေံသ္ပကဵုအဲဗီုဏံဟွံထေက်ပုဟ်။ ဍေံဒးကၠိုဟ်ကဵုအဲထေက်ဏောၚ်&quot; ဂးတုဲမၚ်စၟဳ မံၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ်ပါမံၚ်။ ဆဂးဇၟာပ်မၞိဟ်ဂှ်ဗီုပိုယ်ချပ်ညးတံဟွံချပ်ပုဟ်။လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ကၠိုဟ်လ္တူပိုယ်ဟွံမာန်ပုဟ်။ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ဟွံဒးစိုတ်ပိုယ်ပုဟ်။ လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ဗီုပိုယ်မိက်ဂွံကဵုဲဒှ်ဂှ်ညးတံဆက်ဆောံကုပိုယ်ဟွံမာန်ပုဟ်။ 
ယဝ်ရပိုယ်ဒုၚ်တဲ အရာဏံမာန်မ္ဂး စိုတ်ပိုဲသၠးပွးကၠုၚ်ရ။ 
၄။ ဇကုဇကုညံၚ်ဂွိုအ်တၚ်မံၚ်ဒုဟ်လၟိုန်
လဆောဝ်မ္ဂး ပရူပရာက္တဵုဒှ်မွဲမွဲသာ်မ္ဂး ညာတ်ဒုဟ်ဇကုဇကုကၠာတုဲ တၚ်ဒုဟ်ဇကုဇကုရ။ 
&quot;ဒၞါဲလဵုအဲဗၠေတ်အာရော။ အဲဟီုဗီုဏံဟွံထေက်ပုဟ်။အဲဂှ်မၞိဟ်ဟွံကေတ်ဂၠံၚ်မွဲဟာ&quot; ဗီုဏံသၟာန်စဇကုဇကုလေပ်ရ။ 
ပ္ဍဲကိစ္စဏံ အဲဗၠေတ်မံၚ် ၁၀၀% ဟာ။ ဗၠေတ်မံၚ်လၟိုန်ဟွံသေၚ်၊ ဒးမံၚ်လၟိုန်လေဝ်ဟွံသေၚ်။ ယဝ်ကၠောန်လဝ်ဗၠေတ်မ္ဂး ဒုၚ်ဝန်တုဲကေတ်တာလျိုၚ်ညိ။ ဆဂး အရာဇကုကၠောန်လဝ်ဗၠေတ်ဟွံသေၚ်ဂှ်လ္ပတၚ်ဒုဟ်ဇကုဇကုညိ။ 
၅။ အရာသောၚ်ဟွံမာန်ဏီဂှ်ကေတ်အခိၚ်ညိ။
ပရူပရာက္တဵုဒှ်မံၚ်ပ္ဍဲဘဝပိုဲ အလုံအိုတ်သီုဂှ် ပွိုၚ်မွဲတ္ၚဲဓဝ်ဂၠါဲသွဟ်ဍေံဟွံဂွံရ။ ဒၞါဲလ္ၚဵုဂှ်မ္ဂး ကေတ်အခိၚ်တုဲမှ သွဟ်ဍေံမံက်ရ။ 
အကာဲအရာဂှ်ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး 
&quot;အခိၚ်လၟုဟ်ဏံၜိုတ်အဲကၠောန်မာန်ဂှ်ရအဲကၠောန်၊ အရာအဲကၠောန်ဟွံမာန်ဏီဂှ် စွံလဝ်မွဲလစုတ်ကၠာညိ။ 
ယဝ်ရဂစာန်ပသောၚ်သီုဖအိုတ်မွဲအလန်ဓဝ်မ္ဂး စိုတ်သၟးရဍောၚ်။
၆။လညာတ်ညးတၞဟ်ဂှ်လ္ပၜိုတ်ကၞာတ်ကုၚ္ၚုဟ်ဇကုညိ။
မၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲဂှ် ပါ်ပါဲကၠုၚ်လတူအဲယျ၊ ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် အဲဏံဂှ်ပရေံမံၚ်ဏောၚ် လ္ပဖျေံသ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ညိ။ 
မၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲဟွံဒးစိုတ်အဲပုဟ်၊ ဆဂး ဇၟာပ်မၞိဟ်ဂှ်ဟွံဒးစိုတ်အဲဖအိုတ်ဟွံသေၚ်။ 
ညအ်ဂှ်လညာတ်မၞိဟ်တံရ။ မုဟွံဆေၚ်ကဵု Identity ဇကုပုဟ်။ 
၇။ စိုတ်ဇကုဂှ်ကဵုအခိၚ်ဇူအရိုဟ်ဟ်တ္ၚဲညိ။
စိုတ်ဂွံၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်ဂှ် ဂစာန်ကၟောန်မံၚ်ပ္ဍဲစိုတ်သၟးဂွိုအ်ရ။
ဗလးထောံဖုၚ်နူတဲ မွဲလစုတ်ညိ။ ဇူတဴညးမွဲဓဝ်ၜိုဟ်ဟ်သြိုဟ်ဟ်ညိ။ ကွာ်ဝေၚ်ညိ။ ကလၚ်ဒွက်ညိ။ ချူဝေၚ်ဂျေဝ်နာညိ။ ပရေၚ်ဒုၚ်စသိုၚ်ဇကုဂှ်ချူဝေၚ်ဒိုၚ်ယာရဳညိ။ တိက်ဖဲဖဲညိ။ စိုတ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ကဵုအခိၚ်ဇူဗီုခန္ဓကာယညိ။
ကိစ္စဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု Mindset (၅) တၚ်၊ ကဵုဂွံကူချပ်ဂွံမံၚ်လၟိုန်ညိ။ 
&quot;အရာအိုတ်သီုဂှ်ဒးဗက်သောၚ်ကလးဖအိုတ်ဟွံသေၚ်&quot;။ 
&quot;ဇၟာပ်ကသပ်မချပ်ဂှ် ဒးဖအိုတ်ဟွံသေၚ်&quot;။
&quot;ဇၟာပ်မၞိဟ်ဂွံကၠိုဟ်လ္တူအဲမာန်ဂှ်အဲဒးကေတ်တာလျိုၚ်ဖအိုတ်ဟွံသေၚ်&quot;။ 
&quot;အရာအဲမတံၚ်တာစိုတ်ဟွံမာန်ဂှ်အဲဒးဗလးမာန်ဏောၚ်&quot;။
&quot;စိုတ်အဲ အဲပိုၚ်တုဲခၠေဝ်သှ်အာဏောၚ်&quot;။
ဒြဟတ်စိုတ်သွက်မၞး
မၞးဂှ်ချပ်ဂၠိုၚ်တုဲစိုတ်ဂၠိ၊လဆောဝ်မ္ဂးအရေဝ်မွဲပါၚ်ဓဝ်ဂှ်ဒးချပ်ထောံမာဂလိုၚ်။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရမူဟိုတ်အဲဒးဒှ်ဗီုဏံရောဂှ်လ္ပမှာန်ညိ။ 
စၞးဂှ် မှာန်ဗီုဏံညိ။ 
ဗီုလဵုအဲသ္ပမှခိုဟ်ဂၠိုၚ်ရော။ 
မိက်ဂွံသ္ဂးဂှ် ဆလအ်မှစိုတ်ဟွံဂၠိရဟွံသေၚ်။ အခိၚ်ရစိုတ်ဂၠိမံၚ်ဂှ်ညံၚ်ဂွံမၚ်မွဲစိုတ်မာန်။ အခိၚ်ရကသပ်ပိုဲမံက်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး စိုတ်ပိုဲညံၚ်ဂွိုအ်ပါဗက်လက္ကရဴဂှ်ဖအိုတ်။ အခိၚ်ရညးမွဲမွဲ ကၠောန်ဒးကဵုပိုဲ ဂိအာကီုဒှ်ညံၚ်ဂွိုအ်ကလေၚ်ဗဂိဒးညးတံလဝါဲဂှ်ညိ၊ လဆောဝ်မ္ဂးသ္ၚိတ်ဇြမံၚ်ဂှ် ဒှ်တၚ်ယုတ်ဒုက်ဟွံသေၚ်။ စိုတ်ဇကု ဇကုမၚ်မွဲမာန်အာဂှ်ဒှ်ဒြဟတ်သွက်ဇကုမွဲကီုရ။ ဇကုဟွံက္လေၚ်ဟီုဂှ် ကျအာရဟွံသေၚ်။ ဒက်ပ္တိုန်စိုတ်ၜိုဟ်လလံသွက်ဇကုရ။ လဆောဝ်မ္ဂးဗလးထောံဂှ်ဒိုအ်တဲရဟွံသေၚ်၊ဟံၚ်ပြာ်စိုတ်ဇကုရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ အနာဂတ်ဂတနူဏံ စိုတ်ဂၠိကၠုၚ်မ္ဂးညံၚ်ဂွံပဒေါံမာန်၊ ချပ်ဂၠိုၚ်အာမ္ဂးကသပ်ဇကုညံၚ်ဂွံက္လေၚ်သ္ၚဳဂၠိပ်မာန်၊ မၞိဟ်တံဂလိုၚ်လဵုဟီုဟီုၚ္ၚုဟ်မးဇကုညံၚ်ဂွိုအ်ဝိုတ်၊ အရာတံၚ်တာစိုတ်ဟွံမာန်ဂှ်ဗလးညံၚ်ဂွံမာန်၊ တုဲပၠန် ကဵုဂွံဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဂံၚ်လဗိုန်ဇကုၜိုဟ်ဟ်သြိုဟ်ဟ်မာန်ညိ။🌿
မၞးဂှ်လွဳၜံၚ်လဝ်အရၚ်ဂွံဒှ်မၞိဟ်စိုတ်ဂၠိဂၠိမွဲတၠဟွံသေၚ်။ မၞးဂှ်ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မာန်စိုတ်မွဲရ။ 
ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဏံမၚ်မွဲစိုတ်ဟွံမာန်ဏီလေဝ်ကိစ္စဟွံမွဲပုဟ်၊ ဆဂး တ္ၚဲဏံဂှ် စိုတ်တန်နူကဵုတ္ၚဲကဏေံတေံဏီမ္ဂး ညအ်ဂှ်ပရေၚ်တဴတက်မွဲရ။  
စိုပ်မွဲတ္ၚဲ ကာလဒးကလေၚ်ဂတးရံၚ်ဇကုဇကုမ္ဂး သြဝ်...အဲဏံဂှ်ဗီုအခိၚ်ကၠာတေံဟွံသေၚ်ရပုဟ်၊အရာအိုတ်သီုဂှ်အဲဟွံစွံလဝ်ပ္ဍဲက္ဍဟ်အဲရပုဟ်။ အခိၚ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ဇကုဇကု ထိုၚ်သးကၠုၚ်ကေတ်တ်ရ။ 
#အဲတီအိုတ်တုဲဟီုမံၚ်ဟွံသေၚ်ရ #self-reflection #KonEain
[[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၀၉:၀၉၊ ၂၁ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== ဒုၚ်စရၚ်မာန်ကဵု ပရေၚ်ပြံၚ်သၠာဲ ==
ဒုၚ်စရၚ်မာန်ကဵု ပရေၚ်ပြံၚ်သၠာဲ
🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀

🍀 တ္ၚဲဏံ အရာပိုယ်ဆဵုဂဗဒၟံၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်သွက်တ္ၚဲဏံမွဲတ္ၚဲတုဲ သွက်အလုံမွဲဘဝ ဟွံသေၚ်ရ။ ဂလာန်ဏံဝွံ ပ္ဍဲဘဝပိုယ် အခိၚ်ဒးဇီုကပိုက်ကၠုၚ်ကဵု ပြဿနာ နာနာသာ်တအ် ဒှ်ဂလာန် ဇြဟတ်စိုတ်ပိုယ်ကီုဂှ် ကာလဆဵုဂဗကဵု တ္ၚဲခိုဟ်တ္ၚဲပြဲတအ်လေဝ် ဇိုၚ်ညံၚ်ဟွံဂွံဗၠးနူတိဂှ် သ္ဒးစွံသတိရ။ မုဟိုတ်ရောမ္ဂး ဘဝဟီုဂှ် ဟိုတ်နွံဒၟံၚ်ကဵု ကိုန်ဂစိုတ်မွဲ ဟွံသေၚ်ရသေၚ်ဟာ။ 

🍀 ပြဟ်ပြဟ်ဏံ ပရေၚ်ကမၠောန်ဇကု ပြေပြံၚ်ကလိတ်ကလောတ်ဒၟံၚ်ကီုလေဝ် မွဲတ္ၚဲ ဒးဒုၚ်ဆဵုဂဗကဵု တၚ်ဆောံဗတအ်လေဝ် ဒှ်မာန်တုဲ အဃောအခေါၚ်အရာနွံ သွာၚ်စုၚ်စုၚ် သ္ဒးဂစာန်လဝ် ဒးကၟောန်လဝ်ဏောၚ်ဂှ် လ္ပဝိုတ်ညိ။ အဃောလှုဲသြန်တအ်နွံ သုၚ်စောဲၜိုတ်ဒးစိုတ် လၟိဟ်သြန်တိတ်တအ် ဟွံဂွံသ္ပသတိတှ်ေ တ္ၚဲလှုဲသြန်တအ်ဟွံမွဲမ္ဂး ဒှ်ပြဿနာလေပ်ရ။ ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ လှုဲသြန်တအ်ဂှ် ကောပ်ကာဲဗွဲမချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်တုဲ သုၚ်စောဲထေက်ရ။ 

🍀 ဆလအ်မှ အဲဟွံဒးဝါတ်ရပုဟ် လဝ်စိုတ်သာ်ဏံတုဲ ကၠောန်သ္ပဒၟံၚ်မ္ဂး ကံပရေံတအ် စိုပ်ဗက်ဟွံဂတာပ် ဒှ်ဒဒိုက်မာန်ဖအိုတ်ရ။ အဃောပရေၚ်လှုဲသြန်တအ် ပြေပြံၚ်ဒၟံၚ်၊ ပရေၚ်ဂလိုက်တမ်ရိုဟ် ကၠောန်လဝ် ချိုတ်ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ပၠိုတ်မှ အခိၚ်ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်စှ်ေမ္ဂး သ္ဂောံဒုၚ်စရၚ်မာန်။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဂၠာဲလှုဲနူကဵုဒၞာဲ Comfort Zone မွဲဒၞာဲဓဝ်ဂှ် လ္ပသ္ပတုဲ နူကဵုဗွိုၚ်တၞဟ်လေဝ် သၠဲပ္တိတ်ပရေၚ်ဘဏ္ဍာဇကုညိ။

🍀 အခေါၚ်အရာဟီုဂှ် ၜါဝါ ဟွံကၠုၚ်ရ။ နူကဵုအဝဲဍောတ်သွတ်ဒၟံၚ်ဏံ ပရေၚ်ပညာကီု ပရေၚ်ဗုၚ်ဂၞဴကီု လ္ပတံၚ်အခိၚ်မွဲသာ် ဂၠာဲလဝ်ညိ။ အခိၚ်လောန်ၜက်အာတုဲမ္ဂး မုသ္ပဟွံဂွံရ။ ပ္ဍဲဘဝမၞိဟ်တအ် သ္ဂောံစိုပ်ဒဒိုက်ဂှ် အဃောအခိၚ်ခိုဟ်တေံ ဟိုတ်နူဟွံဂစာန်ကၠုၚ်လဝ်၊ အခေါၚ်အရာတအ် ဟိုတ်နူဟွံကေမ်ဇျှာပ်လဝ်တအ်ရ။ 

🍀 ပ္ဍဲတရဴဂျိုၚ်တဴဒၟံၚ်ဏံ လၟေၚ်တ္ၚဲဂှ် တိုန်စှ်ေ ဟိုတ်နွံဒၟံၚ်ဂၠိုၚ် ပြံၚ်သၠာဲမြက်ဒၟံၚ်တုဲ ညံၚ်သ္ဂောံဒုၚ်စရၚ်ကဵု အပြံၚ်သၠာဲတအ်မာန်ဂှ် ပရေၚ်စိုတ်ဓါတ်လေဝ် သ္ဒးကြံၚ်မ္ၚိုဟ်ရ။ မၞိဟ်ဟွံမွဲကဵု စိုတ်ဓါတ်ကြံၚ်မ္ၚိုဟ်တအ်ဝွံ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲလ္တူတေံ တန်တဴလအ်လအ် ဟွံမာန်ရ။ ဇီုကၠုၚ်ကဵုလောကဓဝ် ပရေံပရေံမ္ဂး ဒုၚ်စရၚ်ဟွံမာန်တုဲ ဇီုကၠုၚ်ကဵုအံၚ်ဇၞးတအ်မ္ဂး လီုလာ်အာလေပ်ရ။ 

🍀 အခိၚ်ဇကုစိုပ်ကဆံၚ်လ္တူတေံမ္ဂး ပရေၚ်လဟီုလဂးကီု ပရေၚ်မံၚ်စံၚ် သ္ဒးဍိုဟ်ကေက်ရ။ အလဵုဇကု ဟီုပ္တိုန်စပရောဇကုဂှ် ဒှ်ဟွံထေက်တုဲ သ္ဒးဖျဝ်လဝ်မာနရောၚ်။ ဖျဝ်မာနဟီုဂှ် ဒှ်မ္ၚဵုမွဲဂကူရ။ မၞိဟ်ဖျဝ်မာနဟွံလေပ်တအ်ဂှ် အခိၚ်ဇီုကပိုက်ကဵု ကံပရေံတအ်မ္ဂး ဒးဒုၚ်ဂိဂၠိုၚ်ရ။ 

🍀 ပွအံၚ်ဇၞးဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဇရေၚ်မၞိဟ်စိုတ်ဓါတ်ကြံၚ်က္ဍုဟ်ဟွံမွဲဂှ် တန်တဴလအ်လဟွံမာန်၊ ပရေၚ်ကြံၚ်က္ဍုဟ်တအ် ဟွံမွဲမ္ဂး ဇိုၚ်ဗၠးလေပ်ရ။ အံၚ်ဇၞးဒၟံၚ်လၟိုန်ဏောၚ် ထေၚ်တုဲ ဟွံဆက်ဆောံကဵုညးဂမၠိုၚ်ခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်တအ်၊ ဟွံသ္ပဂရုတအ် ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး အရာတအ်ဏံဝွံ ဒှ်အရာပလီုပလာ် စိုတ်ဓါတ်အံၚ်ဇၞးပိုယ်ရ။ စိုတ်ဂှ် သ္ဒးစွံလဝ် မွဲဗလးဓဝ်တုဲ ဇၟာပ်မၞိဟ် ပိုယ်သ္ဒးရှ်ေသှ်ေရ။ ရံၚ်အာ မၞိဟ်အံၚ်ဇၞး ညးဂမၠိုၚ်ဗက်ဟွံမာန်တအ်မ္ဂး တၚ်မၞုက်ဓလုက်ညးတအ်ဂှ် ဆေၚ်စပ်ကဵု ညးဂမၠိုၚ်မ္ဂး ဓဝ်ရှ်ေသှ်ေနွံပေၚ်ပေၚ်တအ်ရ။ 

🍀 ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၂၁ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဏံ ဆေၚ်စပ်ကဵု Music Industry မ္ဂး မၞုံယၟု Taylor Swift မ္ဂး လ္တူညးဂမၠိုၚ် ဓဝ်ရှ်ေသှ်ေ ဍိုက်ပေၚ်တဴဂှ် သ္ဂောံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။ ဣဏံဝွံ ဒှ်အရာသ္ဒးသ္ဍိုက်မၠိုက်မွဲရ။ အခိၚ်တိုန်အခန်ကၞာမွဲမွဲမ္ဂး ပ္တိုန်ဂုဏ်ကုညးဂမၠိုၚ် ချိုတ်ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ရ။ ညးလဵုမွဲ ဒယှ်ေဒယှ်ေဒၟံၚ်လ္တူစၚ် ကဵုဇြဟတ်ဗဵု ကဵုအာရီုပေၚ်ပေၚ်ရ။ လ္တူပရေၚ်အံၚ်ဇၞးညးသ္အာၚ်လေဝ် မိပ်မြဟ်ကဵုလေပ်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရလေဝ် ညးဂမၠိုၚ်တအ် ရှ်ေသှ်ေတဴ Taylor Swift ဗွဲမလောန်။ 

🍀 Taylor Swift ဂွံအံၚ်ဇၞးဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူစိုတ်ဓါတ်လေဝ် ပါလုပ်တၟာဂလိုၚ်ရ။ နူစဍေံစိုပ်ကၠုၚ် ပ္ဍဲလောက အနုသုခုမဏံ မၞိဟ်ပြိုၚ်ပကာန် မၞိဟ်ထပက်ဇိုၚ်တအ် နွံဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠၚ်ကီုလေဝ် စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဟွံစှ်ေမွဲသာ် ထမံက်ထ္ၜးရုပ်ရဴ အတိုၚ်တၚ်ရန်တၟံဇကုရ။ ကာလစိုပ်ကၠုၚ် ကဆံၚ်သၠုၚ်အိုတ်ဏံပၠန်လေဝ် နကဵုစိုတ်ဗစာရဏာ တံၚ်တဲထ္ၜးလဘာ် New Artists တအ်လၟိုန်။ သွက်မၞိဟ်ပြိုၚ်ပကာန် မၞိဟ်ထပက်ဇိုၚ် Taylor Swift မွဲအခိၚ်တေံဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူစိုတ်ညးတအ် ယုတ်သဝ်တုဲ Taylor Swift အံၚ်ဇၞးတိုန်ခဍၚ် ဘဝညးတအ် သဝ်ယုတ်စှ်ေခဍၚ်ရ။ ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ ပရေၚ်အံၚ်ဇၞး သ္ဂောံတန်တဴဍာ်ဇမၠိၚ်ဂှ် စိုတ်ဓါတ်ကြံၚ်မ္ၚိုဟ်တအ် နွံပၟိက်ရ။ 

🍀 ဇၟာပ်ဇကုစိုပ်ကဆံၚ်လ္တူ မာနလ္ပသၠုၚ်ညိ။ ဂစေံတအ်ဂှ် အဃောဂျိုၚ်ဒၟံၚ်ဏံ စတဴ ခၟောတ်တအ်တုဲ အခိၚ်ဂစေံချိုတ်ဂှ် ခၟောတ်တအ် ကလေၚ်စ ဖျုန်ဂစေံတအ်ပၠန်ရ။ ဘဝမၞိဟ်တအ်လေဝ် မၞိဟ်ဇြဟတ်အောန်နူဇကုဂှ် လ္ပကေတ်မာန်တုဲ သ္ဒးရှ်ေသှ်ေတဴရောၚ်။ ဝိပက်ဟီုဂှ် ဍေံဟွံမၚ် ဘဝဂတ အရာဇကုကၠောန် ဇကုကလေၚ်ဒးဂှ်ရ အဃောဇကုတဴတက်ဂှ် အထေၚ်ကဵုညးဂမၠိုၚ် ဟွံထေက်ရ။ မုဟိုတ်ရောမ္ဂး ပရေၚ်အံၚ်ဇၞးဇကု တန်တဴဒၟံၚ်ဟွံသေၚ်တုဲ ညးဂမၠိုၚ်တအ်လေဝ် သဝ်ဒၟံၚ်လၟိုန်ဟွံသေၚ်ရ။ 

🍀 စိုတ်ဇိုၚ်ဗၠးနူတိဂှ် ပလီုပလာ်တဴ မၞိဟ်ပိုယ်တအ်ရ။ ကျာ်ဇၞော် ပါချုပ် မြော်လဝ်ဂှ် “ဒေဝဒတ် မုဟိုတ်သ္ဂောံလီုလာ်အာရောမ္ဂး ဟိုတ်နူအထေၚ်ဇၞော်ဒးဇကုဇကုတုဲ ဇိုၚ်ဗၠးအာနူတိရောၚ်” တွံလဝ် သာ်ဝွံရ။ အဇာတသတြု သ္ပသြဝ်ပရဲကဵု ညးတေံတုဲ “အဲဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် ဨကရာဇ် ရှ်ေသှ်ေဏောၚ်” သာ်ဏံ စိုတ်အထေၚ်ဇၞော်ဇကုဇကု လုပ်အာရ။ အဆက်ဖိုလ်ဍေံဂှ် အရာကၠောန်ဟွံထေက်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဆက်ကၠောန်အာ လၟေၚ်လၟေၚ်တုဲ ပွလီုလာ်စိုက်ထောၚ်တအ် ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ စိုတ်ဓါတ်ပိုယ် ညံၚ်ဟွံဂွံ ဗၠးနူတိဂှ် နွံပၟိက်တဴရ။ 

🍀 ကာလဆဵုဂဗကဵု လောကဓဝ်ပရေံတအ်လေဝ် သွက်ဂွံဒုၚ်စရၚ်မာန် သ္ဒးပ္ကတ်ပ္ကေၚ်လဝ်စိုတ်ရ။ အတိုၚ်သဳကၠဳလဝ် ဗွဲလ္တူတေံဂှ်ရ အခိၚ်အခေါၚ်အရာခိုဟ် သ္ဒးဂစာန်လဝ်တုဲ ကာလ ဇီုကပိုက်ကၠုၚ်ကဵု ကျဟောမ်ဗြမ်မ္ဂးလေဝ် ညံၚ်ဂွံကလေၚ်စနူ ကဆံၚ်မွဲမာန်ပၠန်ဂှ် ဒးကြံၚ်မ္ၚိုဟ်လဝ် စိုတ်ဓါတ်ရ။ စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်အခိၚ်ဇကုဇြဟတ်စှ်ေမ္ဂး မၞိဟ်ဗဒါဲဇကု ပြံၚ်သၠာဲအာမာန်ရ။ မွဲအခိၚ်တေံ ၜိုန်ထိုၚ်သးကီုလေဝ် စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်အခိၚ်သဝ်စှ်ေဏံ သာဲထောံဇကုမာန်ရ။ ကာလဂှ်မ္ဂး အလဵုဇကုစိုတ်ဓါတ်လ္ပစှ်ေတုဲ သဘဴမၞိဟ် ပြံၚ်သၠာဲမာန်ဒၟံၚ်ရောၚ်ဂှ် ပၠုပ်တဴဂၠံစိုတ်တုဲ လ္တူမၞိဟ်အရေဝ်ဍာတ် လ္တူကျာတအ်လေဝ် လ္ပဗက်သာယျာပြဟ်ညိ။

🍀 မွဲအခိၚ်တေံ ရှ်ေသှ်ေတဴကွေံရ၊ ယဵုလ္ဂူတုဲ ကဵုလဝ်ဖျုန်တအ်ဂှ် အခိၚ်ဇကု ပြေပြံၚ်ရောၚ် နွံဒၟံၚ်ဗဒါဲဇကုရ။ အခိၚ်ဇကု မုဟွံမွဲမ္ဂး ဟွံကလေၚ်ဂတးရံၚ်ဇကုရ။ အလဵုဇကုလေဝ် အဃောအံၚ်ဇၞးဒၟံၚ်ဏံ မၞိဟ်ဒုၚ်ကၠုၚ်ဒဒိုက်မွဲစွံ ဒုၚ်ဂိသွက်ဇကုတအ်ဂှ် လ္ပဆက်ဆောံဒး ပရေံပရေံညိ။ မၞိဟ်တအ်ဏံရ အခိၚ်ဇကုသဝ်စှ်ေတအ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဘိုၚ်လဘာ်တအ်ရ။ 

🍀 ဘဝဇကု အကာဲအရာလဵုနွံနွံ စိုတ်မွဲဂှ် စွံလဝ်သၠုၚ်သၠုၚ်ညိ။ ကာလစိုပ်အခိၚ်အံၚ်ဇၞး ဗီုမိပ်မြဟ်ဂှ် စိုပ်အခိၚ်ကျဟောမ်ဗြမ်လေဝ် သ္ဒးစွံစိုတ်လေပ်ရ။ ပရေၚ်ပြံၚ်သၠာဲ ဟိုတ်နွံဒၟံၚ်လၟိုန်ဂှ်ရ စိုတ်ဓါတ်ကြံၚ်မ္ၚိုဟ်ဂှ် ပ္ကတ်ပ္ကေၚ်တုဲ နကဵုသတိနွံနွံ သွက်ဒုၚ်စရၚ်မာန် ဂစာန်အာညိ။

🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀

# လိက်ပရေၚ်ဏံဝွံ ကၠာဲနူကဵု Good Vibes only get happy ရအဴ။ 

#ဗွဲမေတ္တာဟေၚ်
#ဇမ္ပာထဝ်
[[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၀၉:၃၆၊ ၂၁ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဂှ် ဇကုဟွံမိပ်မြဟ်မ္ဂး ==
ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဂှ် ဇကုဟွံမိပ်မြဟ်မ္ဂး 
🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺

🌺 ပ္ဍဲဘဝဝွံ ပွပမိပ်မြဟ်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ကိစ္စဇၞော်ကီုလေဝ် အရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲ ဂွံမိပ်မြဟ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဟွံမာန်ရ။ ဣဏံဝွံ ဒှ်ဓမ္မတာရ ၜိုန်ဟီုကၠာလေဝ် တ္ၚဲဟွံမိပ်မြဟ်တအ် ဂၠိုၚ်တိုန်ဒၟံၚ်၊ တ္ၚဲဂြိုၚ်ဟွံမာန်တအ် ဂၠိုၚ်တိုန်ဒၟံၚ်၊ မုအရာမွဲရံၚ်ရံၚ် စိုတ်ဟွံမြဟ်ကၠုၚ်ယျမ္ဂး ဒးကၠောန်သ္ပမွဲမွဲသာ် ထေက်ရ။ 

ဗီုဂှ်ဟွံကၠောန်မ္ဂး Negative Energy တအ် ဂၠိုၚ်ကၠုၚ်တုဲ စိုတ်ဓါတ်စှ်ေကၠုၚ် ဒှ်လေပ်ရ။ လဆောဝ်လဆောဝ် အဃောမံၚ်ဒၟံၚ်ဖိုဟ်ဂှ် လ္ၚုလ္ၚန်ကၠုၚ် ဒှ်လေပ်ရ။ ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်သာ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ကၠောန်ဗက် နဲကဲတအ်တုဲ အလဵုဇကု သ္ပတဴ Refresh, Restart ညိ။ 

၁- ပြံၚ်သၠာဲညိ
🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺

ပြံၚ်သၠာဲစမ်ရံၚ် စိုတ် ကေုာံ ဗီုပြၚ် မံၚ်တအ်ညိ။ ဗီုပြၚ်ဗွိုက်လတက်ဒၟံၚ်လၟိုန်တအ်၊ အရံၚ်ပဠောံတအ် သၠာဲလတက်စမ်ရံၚ်ညိ။ ညးချူလိက်ဏံမ္ဂး ပဠောံညးမ္ဂး လတက်တဴ အရံၚ်ဗုဗုကဵုဗ္စံက်ဗ္စံက်ရဂၠိုၚ် ဆ္ဂး စိုတ်ဟွံမိပ်မြဟ် ဒှ်တိုန်မ္ဂး ရုဲစှ်လတက်ပဠောံ ကဵုအရံၚ်တအ်ရ။ 

🌺  မံၚ်ဓမ္မတာမ္ဂး နာဍဳစုတ်ပ္ဍဲတဲတအ် ဟွံဒးစိုတ်စုတ်ဂှ် စုတ်စမ်ကၠုၚ်တုဲ ဒးကၠုၚ်ဂၞပ်စိုတ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ပြံၚ်သၠာဲဗွိုက်လတက်ညိ။ ဗီုပြၚ်သော်က္ဍိုပ်တအ်လေဝ် ပြံၚ်သၠာဲမာန်ရ။ သော်ဟီုဂှ် ဒှ်မုက်ဒုတိယရသေၚ်ဟာ---ပြံၚ်သၠာဲဗီုပြၚ်သော်က္ဍိုပ်တုဲ ဇကုဝွံ ညံၚ်ကဵုဒှ်အာ မၞိဟ်တၟိမွဲကီုရ။ 

🌺 ဗီုပြၚ်စသုၚ်လေဝ် ပြံၚ်သၠာဲစမ်ရံၚ်ညိ။ စၞစ ကၠောန်လဝ်ဒတုဲတအ်၊ စၞစခၞာလဝ်ကဵုကၠေၚ်တအ် ပါဲကၠေံတုဲ စစမ်ရံၚ် စၞစသဘာဝတအ်ညိ။ ဥပမာ- သၞေဝ်ကေဝ်တအ်။ ပါဲကၠေံ စစၞ မပ္တံကဵု ခၞာအာလူတအ်တုဲ စတဴကဵုသတ်ဆုတအ်ညိ။ Energy drinks ကေုာံ ဓါတ် Caffeine တအ်ယှအ်တုဲ သုၚ်ကဵုဍာ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠိုၚ်ညိ။ ဇကုဇကောဝ်ပိုယ် သာဍာကၠုၚ်ရောၚ်။ 

🌺 လချပ်ပိုယ် ပြံၚ်သၠာဲညိ။ တၚ်ပရေံဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ပ္ဍဲဘဝပိုယ်တအ် ချပ်ဒၟံၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ကော်ဂး လချပ်ရ။ တၚ်ခိုဟ်ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ပ္ဍဲဘဝပိုယ် ချပ်ဒၟံၚ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ကော်ဂး လချပ်ရ။ ယဝ်က္ဍဟ်ပိုယ် ချပ်ကၠုၚ် လပါ်ပရေံဏောၚ် ဂွံကၠုၚ်သတိယျမ္ဂး ပြံၚ်သၠာဲထောံကဵု လချပ်ခိုဟ်တအ်ညိ။ ဥပမာ- ဇကုပလံၚ်ဏာလိက် ပ္ဍဲ messenger တုဲ ဍေံဟွံကလေၚ်လိက်မ္ဂး စိုတ်ဒေါသတအ်၊ စိုတ်သံသယတအ် လချပ်လောန်ၜက်အာတအ် လ္ပကဵုဒှ်ဏီတုဲ ဟိုတ်ဍေံဟွံသၠးတုဲ၊ ဟိုတ်နူကိစ္စဇၞော်မွဲမွဲ ပရေၚ် personal မွဲမွဲ က္တဵုဒှ်ကၠုၚ်တုဲ ကလေၚ်လိက် ဟွံဂတာပ်ဏောၚ် သာ်ဝွံ ဗပေၚ်ချပ်ကဵုညိ။ 

🌺 စိုတ်ညးမွဲလပါ်တေံဂှ် ပိုယ်တအ်ထိၚ်ဟွံဂွံရ။ ယဝ်လချပ်ပိုယ်သၠာဲမ္ဂး ဘဝပိုယ်လေဝ် သၠာဲကၠုၚ်ရ။ လဆောဝ် လချပ်ပိုယ်တအ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်ဒှ်ပြဿနာလေပ်ဒၟံၚ်တုဲ ဇၟာပ်တ္ၚဲ ဟွံမိပ်မြဟ်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး လချပ်ပိုယ် ပြံၚ်သၠာဲကဵုဂှ် လ္ပဝိုတ်ညိ။ 

၂- ဆဵုဂဗကဵု မိဿဟာဲတၟိတၟိညိ
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ပ္ဍဲဗွိုၚ်ဘဝပိုယ် တၟေၚ်တၟေၚ်တအ် ဟွံမွဲ၊ လ္ၚုကၠုၚ်ယျမ္ဂး သၠဲပ္တိတ်ဗွိုၚ်ဇကုညိ။ လ္တူ online ကီုဒှ်၊ မ္ၚးဏံကီုဒှ် ဒုၚ်တဲဆဵုကဵုမိဿဟာဲတအ်ညိ။ 

🌺 ညးချူလိက်ဏံမ္ဂး သ္ကအ်ရဲ လ္တူ online ဒုၚ်တဲညိညိဓဝ်ရ။ မၞိဟ်တအ်ဝွံလေဝ် မၞိဟ်တီဒၟံၚ်မ္ၚးရဂၠိုၚ်။ လအ်ကၠုၚ်တုဲ လဆောဝ် post  တၟေၚ်တအ် ဟွံဂွံဗဵုလအ်တုဲ လ္ၚုကၠုၚ်၊ page မ္ဂးတှ်ေလေဝ် like လဝ် ပရောလိက်ပတ်ရဂၠိုၚ်တုဲ post ဆေၚ်စပ်ကဵုလိက်တအ်ရ  တိုန်ဒၟံၚ်။ 

🌺 ယဝ်စိုတ်လ္ၚုတအ် ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး ဒှ်တဲရဲတၟိညိညတုဲ သၠဲပ္တိတ်ဗွိုၚ်ဇကုရ။ ကိစ္စဇၞော်မွဲဂှ် ရဲခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်တအ်ရ ဒုၚ်တဲတုဲ ရဲပရေံပရေံတအ် ညံၚ်ဂွံဝေၚ်ပါဲလေပ်ဂှ် နွံပၟိက်ရ။ Social media ဂှ် သုၚ်စောဲဆဗၞတ် သွက်ဂွံမိပ်မြဟ်တုဲ အရာဒးဒှ်အကုသိုလ်ဂှ် ဝေၚ်ပါဲညိ။

🌺 ပ္ဍဲလောကမ္ၚးဏံလေဝ် ဒက်ပ္တန်မိဿဟာဲညိ။ မိဿဟာဲဂၠိုၚ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာမိပ်မြဟ်မွဲသာ်ရ။ ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် မိဿဟာဲခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်ဂှ် ရုဲစှ် ထဍိုဟ်ချိုတ်ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ပၠိုတ်တုဲ သွက်ညးလ္ၚဵုဂှ်မ္ဂး ဒးပံၚ်ဖက်သာဲသာဲလေဝ် နွံရ။ 

🌺 ဒေံဗၠာဲဍောတ်အိုတ် ညးချူလိက်ဏံမ္ဂး သ္ကအ်ရဲဂၠိုၚ်တုဲ ဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံခိုဟ်မွဲတၠရ။ ညးချူလိက်ဏံမ္ဂး ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မံၚ်ကၟောန်မွဲတၠတုဲ သ္ကအ်ရဲအောန်တဴရ။ ဒေံညးဂှ်မ္ဂး ဆဵုမွဲချိုန်ခဏဍောတ်လေဝ် ဒဒှ်ေအာရ။ ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ သ္ကအ်ရဲဂၠိုၚ်။ တၟေၚ်မွဲသာ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူသ္ကအ်ရဲဂၠိုၚ်တုဲ မိပ်မြဟ်ဒၟံၚ်လၟိုန်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ရ။ 

🌺 မွဲတ္ၚဲဂှ် ဒေံညးဂှ် အဃောကၠုၚ်ဝေၚ် သ္ၚိနွံပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်လ္ဂုၚ်ဂှ်တုဲ လုပ်အာဝေၚ် Gym ညးချူလိက်အာဒၟံၚ်လၟိုန်ဂှ်ရ။ 

ညးချူလိက်ဂှ် အာဂွံ Gym ပွိုၚ် ၆ ဂိတု ဒှ်ယျ မၞိဟ်ဒယှ်ေဒယှ် မွဲတၠလေဝ် ဟွံမွဲဏီ။ ညးချူလိက်ဏံ စၟတ်လဝ်ဂှ် မွဲတ္ၚဲမှ ဂွံအခေါၚ်ဝေၚ် ပွိုၚ် ၂ နာဍဳညိကီု ယဝ်ထပ်တက်ကျာ ညးသ္အာၚ်တအ်ပၠန်မ္ဂး အခိၚ်ဝေၚ်ဇကု အောန်အာရ။ 

🌺 ဆ္ဂး ဒေံညးဂှ် လုပ်ဝေၚ်ဂွံ မွဲသတ္တဟာညိကီု ဍုက်ကေဝ်ဒယှ်ေဒယှ်အာခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်ကဵု မၞိဟ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်ယျ။ ဒှ်အာသ္ကအ်ရဲကဵု မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်နူဍေံကီု၊ မၞိဟ်ဍောတ်နူဍေံကီုတအ်ရ။ ညးချူလိက် ညာတ်ဒးတုဲ အမ်သဝ်အာရ။ ဟိုတ်နူဒေံညးတုဲ ညးလေဝ် ဂွံအခေါၚ် ဒယှ်ေဒယှ်အာ မၞိဟ်ဝေၚ် Gym ဂှ် ညိညိကီုရ။ ဟိုတ်နူဂွံကၠုၚ်မိဿဟာဲ ပ္ဍဲ Gym ဂှ်တုဲ ဂွံအာဝေၚ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ဇြဟတ်ယျ၊ မၞိဟ်ရီုဗၚ်ဇကုလေဝ် နွံကၠုၚ်တုဲ သာတုဲ မိပ်မြဟ်ကၠုၚ်ယျ။ ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ မိက်ဂွံမိပ်မြဟ်မ္ဂး အရာဒးဒက်မိတ်ဂှ် နွံပၟိက်တဴရ။ 

🌺 ဍေံကော်မှ အဲကော် စွံလဝ်စိုတ် main character လၟိုန်မ္ဂး ဘဝပိုယ် လ္ၚုလ္ၚန်ကၠုၚ်မာန်ရ။ ယဝ်ဟွံမိပ်မြဟ်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး ဒက်မိတ်ညိ။ နူကဵုသ္ကအ်ရဲတအ် ဂွံမိၚ်ပရောနာနာ ပရေၚ်တတ်ထပါ်နာနာ နူသ္ကအ်ရဲတအ်ဂှ် စိုတ်လုပ်စ ခိုဟ်ကွေံကွေံရောၚ်။ ဒှ်ဖိုလ် သွက်ဘဝပိုယ်ကီုရ။ နွံမွဲဓဝ်ရ သ္ဒးစွံသတိ--ညံၚ်သ္ကအ်ရဲဟွံဂွံဗၠေတ်မွဲဟေၚ်ရ။ အရာဏံဂှ် အရာသ္ဒးစွံသတိ ဇၞော်ကဵုဇြဟတ်ရ။ 

၃- ဝေၚ်ပါဲကၠေံ စိုတ်ဓါတ်ဂွညိ
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🌺 သွက်ဂွံမိပ်မြဟ်မ္ဂး စိုတ်ဂွဂှ် ဒးဝေၚ်ပါဲရ။ မွဲမွဲသာ်မ္ဂး ဖေက်မၞိဟ်တအ် အထေၚ်ဍောတ်၊ ဟိုတ်နူတၚ်ဍိုန်လျ ဘဝဇကုတုဲ ဂွကဵုညးဂမၠိုၚ်တအ်၊ ဍာံဍာံဂှ် ပိုယ်တအ် သ္ဒးမံၚ်ကဵု ဘဝပိုယ်ဇေတ်ဇေတ်တုဲ စိုတ်ဂွဂှ် ဒးပါဲလဝ်ဟေၚ်ရ။ 

🌺 ဒုၚ်သဇိုၚ်ကဵုဘဝပိုယ် ဍာံဇေတ်ဂှ်ရ ဂၠာဲမိပ်မြဟ်မာန်ကၠုၚ်ရ။ ကာလဂှ်မှ မၞိဟ်စိုတ်ဓါတ်တုပ်ကဵုပိုယ် ဒ္ဂေတ်တုပ်ကဵုပိုယ် ပိုယ်ဂၠာဲဆဵုတုဲ ပါ်ပရအ် ပွမမိပ်မြဟ်တအ်မာန်။ မၞိဟ်တအ်ဂှ် အရာဇကုမိပ်မြဟ်ဂှ်ကီု၊ အရာစိုတ်ၜိုဟ်သြိုဟ်ဏောၚ် ထေၚ်တုဲ ကၠောန်သ္ပဒၟံၚ်အိုတ်ရ။ ဇကုဂှ် သွက်ဂွံကၠောန်ပ္တုဲသာ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ဂွဒၟံၚ်မ္ဂး မၞိဟ်ဒးဒုၚ်ဂိဂှ် ဒှ်အလဵုဇကုဟေၚ်ရ။ 

၄- မိပ်မြဟ် ဍာ်ဇမၠေံဂှ် စွံသတိ
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🌺 မၞိဟ်တအ် ဟွံမိပ်မြဟ်တိုန်မ္ဂး အာ Bar တအ်၊ Club တအ် သုၚ်ဗၜူတုဲ ဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲတဴ ပွမမိပ်မြဟ်လေပ်ရ။ ဇေတ်ဇေတ်ဂှ် အရာတအ်ဏံဝွံ ဒှ်အရာမိပ်မြဟ် ဍာ်ဇမၠေံတအ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူမိပ်လ္တူကျာဂှ်ရ ပွမိပ်မြဟ်သာ်တအ်ဏံ ကလိဂွံ မွဲချိုန်ခဏတုဲ ဟွံဒုၚ်လအ်လအ်ရ။ 

🌺 ဗ္တံဂှ် သုၚ်ဗၜူတုဲ တ္ၚဲယးတၟးဂှ် က္ဍိုပ်ဂိရမ္ဂး မုတၟေၚ်ရော။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ မိပ်မြဟ်ဍာ်ဇမၠေံဂှ် စွံသတိ။ အရာတအ်ဏံဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူစောဲလာံလေပ်ဂှ်ရ လအ်အာမ္ဂး ဟွံပြေပြံၚ်ရ။ စၞးနူဂှ်ဂှ် စိုတ်ပိုယ်ညံၚ်ဂွံကေဝ်ဇြုၚ် ကလိဂွံမိပ်မြဟ်မာန်ဂှ် ဂၠိုက်ဂၠာဲနဲကဲတၞဟ်တၞဟ်ညိ။ 

၅- ယဝ်ဟွံမိပ်မြဟ်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး 
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🌺 မၞိဟ်မိပ်မြဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံမိပ်မြဟ် အဆက်ဆက်မာန်ရ။ မုဟိုတ်မ္ဂး အလဵုဇကု ဟိုတ်နူတီဒၟံၚ် နဲကဲမိပ်မြဟ်တအ်ရ။ သွက်ဂွံမိပ်မြဟ်ဂှ် တၚ်ပ္တဝ်က္ဍိုပ်ဍေံတအ် ဟိုတ်နူဒှ်ဒၟံၚ် Positive တုဲ ပွမမိပ်မြဟ်ဂှ် တြးအာကီုရ။ 

🌺 သွက်ဂွံမိပ်မြဟ် သ္ဒးမၚ်ဒၟံၚ်တအ် ဟွံမွဲရ။ စိုပ်ကဆံၚ်အံၚ်ဇၞးၜိုတ်လဵုမှ၊ ပိုန်ဒြပ်ၜိုတ်လဵု ပိုၚ်ပြဳမှ ဟွံချပ်မွဲသာ် နူကဵုကမၠောန် ဍောတ်ဍောတ်သောဲသောဲတအ်လေဝ် ဂၠံက်ကေတ် ပွမိပ်မြဟ်ဂွံရ။ 

🌺 ဆက်ဆောံကဵုမၞိဟ် ဟွံပါ်ပါဲကဆံၚ်တုဲ မာနဂှ် စွံကၠေံလက္ကရဴတေံရ။ မၞိဟ်နွံဗဒါဲဇကုဂှ် မံၚ်တဴကဵု ဗွဲမဆာန်ကၟိန်ရ။ သွက်ဂွံမိပ်မြဟ်မ္ဂး ဒုၚ်ဖအိုတ်လှုဲသြန်ဂှ် ဟွံဂိုဟ်ကဟောံရ။ သွက်ဂွံမိပ်မြဟ်မ္ဂး ဟွံမၚ်အခိၚ်ရ။ 

🌺 မာနတအ်၊ ကဆံၚ်အလံၚ်တအ် စွံလဝ်မ္ဂး ပွမိပ်မြဟ်သွက်ဇကုဂှ် ဗွိုၚ်ဍောတ်အာရ ဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ။ ဟိုတ်နူစွံမာနတုဲ ပရေၚ်ဆက်ဆောံ ဟွံဓရီုတက်ကျာတအ် နွံဂၠိုၚ်ကၠုၚ်မ္ဂး ဗွိုၚ်ပိုယ် သ္ဂောံပၠးဇိုၚ်တအ် က္ဍန်ကၠုၚ်ရ။ ဒၟာနူဍေံနွံတုဲ အဲဟွံအာပုဟ်၊ မၞိဟ်ဍေံတအ် ပံၚ်နှဴဒၟံၚ်ဂှ် အဲပံၚ်ဟွံစှ်ေပုဟ် ဟိုတ်နူမာနတအ်ဂှ်တအ်ဂှ်တုဲ အလဵုဇကုဟေၚ် ဗတိုက်ထရိုဟ်ထောံ ပွမိပ်မြဟ်ဇကုရ။ 

🌺 သွက်ဂွံမိပ်မြဟ် ဂအေတ်လှုဲ သုၚ်စောဲလှုဲဟွံတိတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာဗၠေတ်မွဲသာ်ဏောၚ် ထေၚ်ကေတ်ရ။ သွက်ဂွံ ထမံက်ထ္ၜးကဵုညးဂမၠိုၚ်တအ် ကေၚ်သုၚ်စောဲလဝ် လှုဲရ၊ အရာဟွံမွဲပၟိက်တအ် ကေၚ်ရာန်လဝ်ရ၊ ဒၞာဲကိစ္စဟွံဇၞော်ဗီုတအ်ဏံ သုၚ်စောဲလဝ်လှုဲ တုဲရမ္ဂး သွက်မၞိဟ်ဆာန်ပိုယ်တအ် သ္ဂောံမိပ်မြဟ်ဂှ် မုဟိုတ်သုၚ်စောဲလှုဲ တဲဂၠေံဒၟံၚ်ဏီရော။ 

🌺 ဂၠာဲဒၟံၚ်လှုဲ သွက်ဂွံသုၚ်စောဲ ဒၞာဲမၞုံကဵုၚုဟ်မး ဗီုတအ်ဏံရ ဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ။ လှုဲသ္ဒးအိုတ်တအ်ဂှ် လ္ပဂအေတ်တုဲ အခိၚ်မိပ်မြဟ်တအ်ဂှ် စွံၚုဟ်မးညိ။ သွက်ဂွံမိပ်မြဟ် သုၚ်စောဲလှုဲဂှ် တဲလ္ပဂၠေံညိ။ သွက်ဂွံမိပ်မြဟ် ထပ်ဂၠာဲလှုဲညိ။ ဣဏံဝွံ ဒှ်လှုဲမိပ်မိပ်တအ်ရ။ ထေက်တန်ဒၟံၚ်ကဵု သုၚ်စောဲရ။ 

🌺 တၚ်မၞုက်ဓလုက် မိပ်မြဟ်မွဲသာ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ဇကုဟွံမိပ်မြဟ်မ္ဂး ကၠောန်သ္ပကဵုညးမွဲမွဲ ဂွံမိပ်မြဟ်ညိဂး။ စိုတ်ဒုၚ်စသိုၚ်တအ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်ကၠောံထဍာန်လေပ်တုဲ နူမိပ်မြဟ်ညးမွဲလပါ်ဂှ် ကၠောံစိုပ်ပိုယ်မာန်ဒၟံၚ်ရ။ ကောန်ကၟိန် ညးမနွံပၟိက်ဒၟံၚ် ဒၞပ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ပိုယ်ရာန်ကဵု ဒၞပ်မ္ဂး ကလိဂွံဆာန်နူဍေံတုဲ၊ သာတုဲ သ္ပဂရုကၠုၚ်ပိုယ်ရ။ 

🌺 သ္ဂောံမိၚ်တဴ ဂလာန်တၚ်ဂုဏ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်ပွမိပ်မြဟ်ရ ဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ။ ပွမကၠောန်သ္ပကဵု ညးမွဲလပါ်တေံမိပ်မြဟ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဓလိုက်တမ်ရိုဟ် မွဲဂကူရ။ ဟိုတ်ကၠောန်သ္ပကဵု ညးဂမၠိုၚ်တေံမိပ်မြဟ်တုဲ အရာမိပ်မြဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ကလေၚ်စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ပိုယ်ပၠန်ရောၚ်။ 

အတိုၚ်စၞောန်လဝ် တၚ်နၚ်ဗွဲလ္တူတေံ ပဠေဝ်ပဠေတ်တုဲ ရုန်တိတ်နူကဵု တ္ၚဲပိုယ်ဟွံမိပ်မြဟ်တအ်ညိ။ ကဵုဒှ်တ္ၚဲပိုၚ်ပြဳ တ္ၚဲခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်တအ်ညိအဴ။

🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺

# လိက်ပရေၚ်ဏံဝွံ ကၠာဲနူကဵု Good Vibes only get happy ရအဴ။ 

#ဗွဲမေတ္တာဟေၚ်
#ဇမ္ပာထဝ်
[[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၀၉:၃၉၊ ၂၁ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== ဟွံကလေၚ်ဆဵုညးသ္ကအ်ပၠန်မ္ဂး ဗီုလဵုဂွံသ္ပရော ==
ဟွံကလေၚ်ဆဵုညးသ္ကအ်ပၠန်မ္ဂး ဗီုလဵုဂွံသ္ပရော

❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤

❤ သ္ကအ်ရဲညးချူလိက်ဏံ အရေဝ်ညးဟီုဒၟံၚ်လၟိုန် နွံမွဲရ။ လက္ကရဴဆဵုပၠန်ဏောၚ် ဟီုတုဲ ပိုယ်တအ် ဟွံဂွံအခေါၚ်ဆဵုရမ္ဂး ဗီုလဵုသ္ပရော ဂး။ 

❤ ညးဂှ် သ္ပလဝ်သ္ကအ်တဲကဵု အရေဝ်ဂှ်ဏောၚ် ထေၚ်ရ။ မုအရာမွဲကၠောန်ကၠောန် ကၠောန်သ္ပလွာဲဂှ်လေပ်ရ။ မိက်ဂွံဆဵုရဲဏောၚ် ဟီုတုဲဗက် စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဟဂှ်ရ။ မၞိဟ်စုၚ်ဟွံစုၚ် ဟွံမၚ်တုဲ ရဲတအ်ညံၚ်ဂွံစိုပ်ကောံမာန် သီုပကောံတဴဏီရ။ သဳကၠဳစဳဇန် သွက်အာတရဴမ္ဂးလေဝ် ထမံက်ရုပ်ရဴ လွာဲဂှ်ရ။ ဗွဲကြဴဟီုဂှ် ဟွံချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ပုဟ်လေဝ် ညးသ္ဂးရ။ 

❤ လဆောဝ်မ္ဂး ညးချူလိက်ဏံကဵု ရဲညးဂှ် ဒှ်ကယျာန်ဓဝါတ်ညးသ္ကအ်တုဲ ဗၞတ်မွဲသတ္တာဟ
ဟွံဒှ်တက်ကျာညးသ္ကအ်ရ။ လအ်ဂွံညိ ရဲညးဂှ် ကၠုၚ်ဂၠာဲညးချူလိက်ဏံတုဲ 

“အခိၚ်ပိုယ်တအ်ညးၜါ ထေဲဒၟံၚ်ညးသ္ကအ်ဂှ် ညးမွဲမွဲ ချိုတ်အာမ္ဂး ဗီုလဵုဂွံသ္ပရော။ ယဝ်ဗှ်ေချိုတ်အာတှ်ေ အဲဒှ်ဂၠိုက်ကဟောံစိုတ်ရ၊ ဗှ်ေရော ယဝ်အဲချိုတ်အာမ္ဂး ဒုၚ်စသိုၚ်တုပ်တုပ်ရ ဟွံသေၚ်ဟာ။ ယဝ်ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ကလေၚ်ဟီုအရေဝ်ညးသ္ကအ်စိုအ်” သ္ဂးကဵုညးသ္ကအ်ရ။ 

❤ ဗီုရဲညးဟီုဂှ် ယဝ်ဒှ်ဍာံမ္ဂး အတိုၚ်မွဲဘဝညးချူလိက်ဏံ ဒှ်ဂၠိုက်ကဟောံစိုတ်ဏောၚ်ဂှ် ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ရ။ ရဲညးဟီုတုဲ ပ္ဍဲစိုတ်တေံ ၜိုန်မိက်ဂွံဂြိုၚ်ကီုလေဝ် ထေဲပြေအာဂှ် ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ရ။ 

“နိမိတ်ဟွံမွဲ မွဲသာ်၊ မုဂၠာဲဟီုဒၟံၚ်ရော ယျ” ညးချူလိက်ဏံ ကညာၚ်ဟီုဏာတုဲ

“ဇရေၚ်အဲ လက္ကရဴမှ ဆဵုပၠန်ဏး ဟီုတုဲ ဆလအ်မှ ဟွံထပ်ကလေၚ်ဆဵုဂှ် နွံဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်။ အဲဂွိၚ်ဖေက် ဗှ်ေပါအာ ပ္ဍဲဂှ်ကီု” ဂး။ 

❤ ညးချူလိက်ဏံလေဝ် ဟွံဆက်ထေဲရတုဲ ဂြိပ်မိန်ရဲညးလွာဲဂှ်ရ။ ရဲညးဆက်ဟီုဏာ “ဒှ်အလန်လက္ကရဴအိုတ်မာန်တုဲ အဃောဂွံအခေါၚ်မိန်အဲ မိန်လဝ်လအ်လအ်ဏး သ္ဂးရ။ ညးချူလိက်ဏံ ချပ်ဒၟံၚ် ရဲအဲဏံ အရေဝ်ဍေံ ၜိုန်ဒှ်ဒၟံၚ်ဗီုပရအ်ကီုလေဝ် ဒှ်မံၚ်ဒဒှ်ဍာံဖအိုတ်သွံ အရေဝ်ဗၠေတ်ဗၠေတ်တအ် မွဲမဟွံပါပုဟ်သွံ။ 

❤ ပ္ဍဲဘဝပိုယ် ဂျိုၚ်တဴဒၟံၚ် အရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲတအ်လေဝ် သာ်ဂှ်ရသေၚ်ဟာ--လက္ကရဴ ဆဵုပၠန်ဏောၚ် ဟီုတုဲ ဟွံထပ်ကလေၚ်ပၠန်ဂှ် ၜိုန်လဵုဂၠိုၚ်ဒၟံၚ်ယျရော။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ မၞိဟ်မိက်ဂွံဆဵုဂှ် လ္ပတံၚ်အခိၚ်မွဲသာ် ဆဵုညးသ္ကအ် ဗွဲမပြဟ်ညိ။ စိုတ်မိက်ဂွံကၠုၚ်နွံမ္ဂး တရဴကြပ်ကြပ်ရသေၚ်ဟာ။ 

မွဲတ္ၚဲမ္ဂး ကဵုသတိပါၚ်တုဲ ကာလစိုပ်ကၠုၚ်တ္ၚဲဏံ ရဲဂှ် ဟွံမွဲရမ္ဂး ဗီုလဵုသ္ပရော။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ လ္ပကဵုသတိပါၚ်တုဲ အဃောနွံကြပ်ဒၟံၚ်ညးသ္ကအ် ၜိုတ်သ္ပမာန် ကၠောန်သ္ပကဵုပရေၚ်ခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်ဂှ် လ္ပဝိုတ်စညိ။ ယဝ်ဟွံဂွံကၠောန်လဝ်မ္ဂး မွဲတ္ၚဲ ဒးဒှ်ဂၠိုက်ကဟောံရောၚ်။ 

❤ အဃောထေဲဒၟံၚ်ညးသ္ကအ် ညးမွဲမွဲ ဒှ်အာဘဲအန္တရာယ်မွဲမွဲသာ်မ္ဂး ပွစိုတ်ဟွံမိပ်တအ် အိုတ်မံၚ်ဏီဟာ။ ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်ရ လ္တူမၞိဟ်ဆာန်တအ်ဂှ် လ္ပစွံမာနတုဲ ဆာန်ကၟိန်အာညးသ္ကအ်ညိ။ 

❤ ဟိုတ်နူမာနတုဲ မၞိဟ်မွဲလပါ်တေံ ကေတ်နၚ်အဆက်မှ တက်ကျာမ္ဂး ဆလအ်ဂွံ ကြပ်ဒၟံၚ်ညးသ္ကအ်ဏီရော။ စၞးနူဒးမၚ်ဗီုဂှ်ဂှ် လပါ်ဇကုယှအ်တုဲ ကေတ်ဏာဆက်ကၠာမ္ဂး ဒှ်ကမၠောန်ပြဲပြဲမွဲရ။ ဟိုတ်နူကိစ္စဍောတ်ဍောတ်သောဲသောဲတုဲ ဒးသ္ၚောဲအာညးသ္ကအ်ဂှ် ဟွံထေက်တန်ရ။ 

❤ ညးမွဲကေုာံညးမွဲ ဗှ်ဒၟံၚ်သၞာညးသ္ကအ်ဏီမ္ဂး မာနဂှ် ပါဲကၠေံတုဲ ဆက်ဆောံတဴညိ။ အရာဒးဒှ် ဂိသ္ကေဝ်ညးသ္ကအ်လေဝ် လ္ပကဵုဒုၚ်စသိုၚ်အိုတ်ညိ။ 

❤ တ္ၚဲယးတေံ မုဒှ်မာန် ဟိုတ်တီကေတ်ဟွံမာန်ဂှ်ရ အဃောအခေါၚ်နွံ ညံၚ်ဂွံမံၚ်တဴကြပ်ကြပ်မာန်ဂှ် ဂစာန်ညိ။ ဒၟာနူလပါ်တေံ ဟွံကေတ်အဆက်တုဲ အဲလေဝ် ကေတ်အဆက်ဟွံစှ်ေ မံၚ်ထ္ၜးကဵုဏောၚ် နကဵုစိုတ်တအ်ဂှ် တုပ်ညံၚ်ကဵု ဂြိုဟ်ဇကု ဇကုဂြဲဖျေံဒၟံၚ်ရ။ 

“အဲဗှ်ဒၟံၚ်သၞာကွေံကွေံ၊ သၠးအခေါၚ်ကဵုဂွံဟာ” သာ်ဝွံ နကဵုအရေဝ်ဗီုဏံ ညံၚ်ညးမွဲလပါ်တေံဂွံမိၚ် ဟီုစမ်ရံၚ်ညိ။ 

“အဲလေဝ် ဗှ်မံၚ်သၞာဏောၚ်” ဂှ် ပိုယ်ဂွံကလေၚ်မိၚ်ကေတ်မာန်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူစွံမာနတုဲ ဟွံကော်ဟီုအရေဝ်ညးသ္ကအ်တအ်၊ ဍေံဟွံတီမွဲသာ် သ္ဒးကၠတ်ကျောဝ်ရံၚ်ဒၟံၚ် နူသ္ၚောဲသ္ၚောဲတအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဘဝဂၠေံဂၠေံဏံ ဒးသ္ပဒၟံၚ်သာ်ဏံဂှ် ဒှ်ဟွံထေက်ရလေဝ်။ ယဝ်ကၠောန်သ္ပဒးဗၠေတ်မ္ဂး သၠးအခေါၚ်ညးသ္ကအ်၊ ဒးဒုၚ်ဇီုကပိုက်ကၠုၚ်ကဵု ပြဿနာ နာနာတအ်လေဝ် ညးမွဲကေုာံညးမွဲ ရပ်လဝ်တဲ ကၟောန်ကၟောန်တုဲ တတ်ထပါ်အာညိ။

❤ ယဝ်ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ဇကု ဟွံညဳသာညးသ္ကအ်မ္ဂး ကလေၚ်ကော်ဟီုအရေဝ်ကုညးတအ်ညိ။ ကဵုမိဿဟာဲဇကု ထေဲလဝ်နွံမ္ဂးလေဝ် ကလေၚ်ကော်ညးသ္ကအ်ညိ။ လပါ်ဇကု သွက်ဂွံဟီုအရေဝ် ဒုၚ်ဂုဏ်ဂှ်လေဝ် လ္ပဝိုတ်ကၠေံညိ။ 

❤ ညးဗှ်ဒၟံၚ်လိက်လၟုဟ်လေဝ် ဟိုတ်နူဟိုတ်မွဲမွဲတုဲ ဒးသာဲခြာဒၟံၚ်ဌာန်သ္ၚောဲတအ်နွံမ္ဂး ကေတ်တဴအဆက်လၟုဟ်ညိ။ ကၠာအခိၚ်ဟွံလောန်ၜက်ဏီ သွက်ဂွံကြပ်ဂှ် အာဆဵုထောံညးသ္ကအ်ညိ။ 

❤ တီဒၟံၚ်သေၚ်ဟာ--နမွဲဓရေပ်မတ်ဟေၚ် ပြံၚ်သၠာဲမံၚ်ဒၟံၚ်ဏောၚ်ဂှ်။ 

လက္ကရဴမှဆဵုပၠန်ဏောၚ် ဟီုတုဲ အခေါၚ်ကလေၚ်ဆဵုဟွံမွဲရမ္ဂး ဗီုလဵုဂွံသ္ပရော။

🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺

# လိက်ပရေၚ်ဏံဝွံ ကၠာဲနူကဵု Good Vibes only get happy ရအဴ။ 

#ဗွဲမေတ္တာဟေၚ်
#ဇမ္ပာထဝ်
[[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၀၉:၄၂၊ ၂၁ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== ပ္ဍဲဘာကျာ်ဒဵုတၟံဗြာတ် ကျာ်ဇၞော်အ္စာဘဒ္ဒန္တပုဖ္ပရမ္မ “ထပိုဲဍောတ်” ကၠောန်သ္ပ သဘင်ပူဇဴ ဗဝ်သၟုတ်လ္ၚီ ==
ပ္ဍဲဘာကျာ်ဒဵုတၟံဗြာတ် ကျာ်ဇၞော်အ္စာဘဒ္ဒန္တပုဖ္ပရမ္မ “ထပိုဲဍောတ်” ကၠောန်သ္ပ သဘင်ပူဇဴ ဗဝ်သၟုတ်လ္ၚီ

ဌာန်ပရိုင်ဗၠးၜးမန်၊ ဂိတုဘတ် (၁၀) မံက်၊ (၁၃၈၈) သၞာံ။

ပ္ဍဲဌာန်ပ္တန်သာသနာဘာကျာ်ဒဵုတၟံဗြာတ်၊ ကွာန်ပုဖ္ပဝတဳ၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ရေဝ်၊ တွဵုရးဍုင်မန်ဝွံ တ္ၚဲဏံ ဂိတုဘတ် (၁၀) မံက်၊ အခိင်နူဂယးဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်ဏာ သဘင်ပူဇဴဗဝ်သၟုတ်လ္ၚီ အတိုင်အခိုက်ကၞာ နလၟေင်ဇၟာပ်ဇၟာပ်သၞာံရ။

ပ္ဍဲဗလးကျာ်ဂှ်ဝွံ ညးဒေသလၟိဟ်ကဵုလ္ၚီ နူဒေသနာနာတံ သ္ပပူဇဴဗဝ်သၟုတ်တုဲ အခိင်နူဂယး ၜိုတ် (၇) နာဍဳဂှ် ကလင်ပှင်မှိင် ဓဝ်ကုသဵု၊ ဓဝ်သဳလ နူဇရေင်ကျာ်ဇၞော်အ္စာ “ထပိုဲဍောတ်” ရ။

ပ္ဍဲကဵုသဘင်ပူဇဴဗဝ်သၟုတ်ဂှ် ညးဒေသမန်လၟိဟ်ကဵုလ္ၚီ နူကွာန်ခေါဇာ၊ ဟံဂံါ၊ အင်ဒင်၊ အၜဝ်၊ တံင်မောံ၊ တံင်ပရင်၊ တၟံကၞေင် ကေုာံ ဍုင်လၟိုင် မၞုံအပ္ဍဲပွိုင်ဍုင်ရေဝ်တံ ပါလုပ်သ္ပကုသဵုဇၟာပ်သၞာံရ။

သဘင်ပူဇဴဗဝ်သၟုတ်ဏံဝွံ သ္ပအစာံကဵု တ္ၚဲဌာပနာဖျေံရိုဟ်ကၞက် ပ္တန်ကျာ်ဓာတ်သော်ဝေဇယန္တဝ်၊ အပ္ဍဲအရှာံဘာကျာ်ဒဵုတၟံဗြာတ် အကြာသက္ကရာဇ်ကောဇာ (၁၃၅၆ - ၅၇) သၞာံ၊ ဂိတုဘတ် (၁၀) မံက်၊ (သၞာံခရေတ် ၁၉၉၅၊ ဂိတုသေပ်တေမ်ဗာ ၃) ဂှ်တုဲ သၞာံဏံမ္ဂး ကၠောန်သ္ပပူဇဴကၠုင် မရနုက်ကဵု (၃၂) ဝါရ။

သဘင်ပူဇဴဗဝ်သၟုတ်ဏံဂှ် ကျာ်ဇၞော်အ္စာဘဒ္ဒန္တပုဖ္ပရမ္မ “ထပိုဲဍောတ်” ကဵု ကွး/ဒါယကာဂမၠိုင်တံ က္ဍိုက်က္ဍိုပ်တုဲ ကၠောန်သ္ပကၠုင်ဇၟာပ်သၞာံရ။

ၜိုန်ရဒှ်အခိင်ကသီုကီုလေဝ် ကၠောန်သ္ပပူဇဴဗဝ်သၟုတ်အခိင်နူဂယးဏံဂှ်ဝွံ ဟွံဒးဗြဲမွဲသာ် ညးဍုင်ကွာန်/ညးဒေသဂမၠိုင် ဂွံကၠုင်စိုပ်သ္ပကုသဵု ပေင်ဗလးကျာ်/သၠာတ်ကျာ်မာန်ဂှ် ဒှ်တင်တၟေင် သဘင်ပူဇဴဗဝ်သၟုတ် မွဲတင်ရဂှ်လေဝ် ညးဒေသဂမၠိုင်တံ ဟီုဂးမံင်နွံရ။

ပၞောဝ်ကဵုသဘင် (၁၂) ရာသဳ ကောန်ဂကူမန်တံဝွံ သဘင်ပူဇဴဗဝ်သၟုတ်ဏံဂှ် ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲသဳဂိတုဘတ်ပေင် ကေုာံ ကၠာဟွံစိုပ်တ္ၚဲသဳဂိတုပေင်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲကဵုလၟေင်ဘာလကျာ် ဒေသကွာန်ဂမၠိုင်ဂှ် သိုင်ခၞံဗီုပြင်က္ၜင် သ္ပပူဇဴကဵုဒါန်ဗဝ်သၟုတ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲဘာဗ္တောန်လိက်ဂမၠိုင်ဂှ်လေဝ် ကွးဘာဂမၠိုင်တံ ကၠောန်သ္ပကၠုင် နဒဒှ်ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင်ဘာမွဲကီုရ။

အပ္ဍဲကဵုသ္ပပူဇဴပိဏ္ဍပါတ်ဗဝ်သၟုတ်ဏံဝွံ နကဵုကပေါတ်ဝတ္ထု စၞအာဟာရဘောဇိုန် ကဵုဒါန်နာနာ မၞုံယၟုကြပ်ကဵုလ္ၚီ မပ္တံပုင်သၟုတ်၊ က္ဍိုင်၊ ဇၞောဝ်၊ ပ္ကဴသဴမြမောဝ်၊ ပၟတ်ပၞာင်သ္ဍဴ၊ ဇဗၠုသွတ်တံဂမၠိုင် သ္ပပူဇဴကဵုဒါန်ဂှ်ရ ကောန်ဂကူမန်တံ ကော်ဂး သဘင်ပူဇဴဗဝ်သၟုတ်လ္ၚီ (ဝါ) သဘင်ပူဇဴဗဝ်သၟုတ်က္ၜင်နွံဂှ် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။ [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၁၃:၅၄၊ ၂၁ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== သၟတ်ကဵုဂဥုဲဝိဝိၚ် ==
သၟတ်ကဵုဂဥုဲဝိဝိၚ်
−
ပ္ဍဲကဵုအခိင်ကာလပစ္စုပ္ပန်ဏံဂှ်၊ သၟတ်တအ်ဝိဝိင်ဒၟံင်မိပ်ဒၟံင်ကဵုဂဥုဲၜူမာဲဏံဂၠိုင်ကွေံရ၊ ဘဝသၟတ်တအ်ဟဳသ္ပဝ်မံင်ဘဲၜူမာဲဏံဟွံသာပုဟ်၊ ဝိဝိင်ဏံဗက်ပလီုမံင်သၟတ်
တအ်ဟာ၊ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး သၟတ်တအ်ဟာဗက်ဒၟံင်အလိုက်ကဵုဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဏံ၊ ဇၟာပ်ကွာန်ဌာန်ဒေသဟီုစဂွံမံင်ဇၟာပ်ပ်ဌာန်ဒေသရ။
ဆေင်စပ်ကဵုဝိဝိင်ၜူမာဲဏံဂှ်၊မုသ္ဘင်ကၠောန်ကၠောန်၊
သ္ပထပိုဲခမဳလေဝ်ဗ္စဖျုင်ကဵုသ္ကအ်ရဲဝိဝိဏံရ၊ သ္ကအ်ရဲဂွံဂၠိုင်ဗ္စသ္ကအ်ရဲကဵုဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ပၠန်ရ၊ ပေဲါမ္ၚဵုထပ်တဲလေဝ်ဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ပၠန်ရ၊ အရာအိုတ်ဿီုဂှ်ဗက်ကဵုလဝ်ဒၞာဲကဵုၜူမာဲဝိဝိင်ဖအိုတ်တှ်ေ၊ သၟတ်တအ်ဂှ်လှာဲမံင်လမျီုကဵုဂဥုဲဂျိဏံရဏောၚ်ဂှ်ညာတ်ကေတ်ရ၊ သၟတ်ဍောတ်တ်တအ်စနူအာယုက် ၁၄ သၞာံ ၁၅ သၞာံလပါ်လ္တူမ္ဂး လီုလာ်မံင်ဘဲဟွံသာပုဟ်ဂှ်၊ သၟတ်တအ်ဇၟာပ်ညးဇၟာပ်အဲယဝ်ဝေင်ပါဲကဵုမာန်ဖအိုတ်မ္ဂး သွက်ဂကူလေဝ်ဇၞော်မောဝ်တဴတက်ကၠုင်မာန်၊
သွက်ဘဝဇကုဇကုလေဝ်ဇၞော်မောဝ်တဴတက်ကၠုင်မာန်၊ ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်လေဝ်ဇၞော်မောဝ်တဴတက်ကၠုင်မာန်၊
ပရေင်ပညာလေဝ်တတ်ထပါ်အကြာဂကူညးတၞဟ်မာန်၊ ပစ္စုပ္ပန်လၟုဟ်ဏံဂှ် ကောန်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲ မၞိဟ်လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ကြအ်က္ဍဟ်ဟွံပေင်ယာဲၜံင်လဝ်က္ဍဟ်ခိုဟ်ဟ်ဂှ် က္ဍဟ်လီုလာ်အိုတ်ဟိုတ်နူဗက်မိပ်မွဲလ္ပာ်ဓဝ်၊ မၞိဟ်လ္ၚဵုဂှ်သုင်လဝ်ဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်တုဲ ကြာန်အာကြာန်ကၠုင်အကြာဂှ်ပၠန်ဍိုက်ကွဳလိုန်ဓါတ်၊ အသိင်ဝိဝိင်ဂှ်မုလေဝ်ဟွံတီမွဲသာ် ကွဳလိုန်ဓါတ်ဇီုကပိုက်ဇိုင်ကဝ်တဲကဝ်လမျီုအိုတ်ဂှ်လေဝ်နွံ၊ ဟိုတ်နူဝိဝိင်ဏံဂှ် ဇကုသုင်သြန်ဇကုရ
ဆဂးအခေါင်အရာဇကုဟွံမွဲပုဟ်၊ ဍေံရပ်ဂွံတှ်ေဍေံစုတ်
ထံင်စိုပ်ထံင်ပၠန်သြန်မိမဇကုပၠန်အိုတ်။
ဇၟာပ်ကွာန်မန်ဇၟာပ်ဌာန်ဒေသမန် ဂဥုဲၜူမာဲဂွံလဝ်ဒၞာဲဖန်လဝ်ဂၠံင်တရဴကၠေင်က္ဍဟ်သၟတ်အနာဂတ်တ္ၚဲဏံဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုညာတ်မံင်ဂတဂတမတ်ရ၊ ဂဥုဲၜူမာဲဏံဂွံအိုတ်အာဂှ် ဖေက်ဒှ်ဟွံမာန်ရဘဝဏံ
မုဟိုတ်ဂွံဟီုအရေဝ်သာ်ဏံရော−နူတမ်တေံမၞိဟ်
သွံဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ၜူမာဲဏံဂှ်ကၠုင်နူသၟိင်အယုတ်တအ်ရ၊
နူသၟိင်အယုတ်မွဲအဆက် ဍေံသွံကဵုကောန်သၟတ်တအ်မွဲအဆက်ပၠန်၊ ဍေံဖန်ဗီုကောန်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲဂွံကၠက်ဂှ်
ဍေံကမၠက်ကဵုဝိဝိင်ဏံရ၊ ဠဂှ်မှသၟတ်တအ်စောဲရပ်စပ်အာဝိဝိင်ဂဥုဲၜူမာဲဏံတုဲ လ္ပာ်ပရေင်ဂကူလေဝ်မုဟွံတီ လ္ပာ်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်လေဝ်မုဟွံကၠိုဟ်ရ၊ တီဆဝိဝိင်ဂၠုဓီုမွဲဟေင်ရ၊ ဍေံဗလးကဵုသွံဂဥုဲဏံတုဲ ဒှ်သြန်ညိညဇြိုင်သာဂှ်ဍေံဗက်ရပ်ပၠန်၊ မွဲအဆက်ပၠန်ဂှ် မၞိဟ်က္ဍိုပ်ဂှ်ထပ်ထပက်ဏာကောန်ရဲမွဲအဆက်ပၠန်၊ ကောန်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲလေဝ်အိုတ်စှ်ေမံင်သိုက်က်၊ မၞိဟ်သုင်ဟွံ
ဒှ်မၞိဟ်ဟွံကေင်သုင်စောဲတအ်ဂှ် နူစတေံရဲထဴကဵုသုင်၊
သုင်ကီုဟာဍေံသၟာန်ဇကုဂွံတီရှ်ဘှ်စေပ်စမ်ရံင်ဍေံကဵုသုင်သၟးသၟး၊ ဇကုကေင်ဂွံတုဲသွက်ဂွံဆက်သုၚ်အာသၟးသၟးဍေံဟွံကဵုသုင်ရသၟးသၟး၊
ဟွံဂွံသုင်စောဲဍေံမွဲတ္ၚဲမံင်ဟွံမာန်၊ ကၠောန်ဂွံညိသုင်စောဲထောံဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဖအိုတ်၊ သြန်သွက်ဂွံရာန်ဂှ်ဟွံမွဲတုဲ ဗက်ကၠတ်ဒြပ်ညးတၞဟ်၊ အာတ်သြန်မိမဟွံဂွံသ္ပသၞကဵုမိမပၠန်၊ ဟိုတ်နူဂၠုဓီုဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဏံတုဲ မုပရေင်လညာတ်ဟွံချပ်ပါ်ပဲါရ၊ စွံလဝ်အာရီုစိုတ်ဝိဝိင်ဟိုတ်မာဲဏံမွဲဓဝ်ရ၊ ကၠေင်က္ဍဟ်လေဝ်ထုဲထံင်လီုလာ်၊ မၞိဟ်လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ကြအ်ကြာန်၊ မၞိဟ်လ္ၚဵုဂှ်ဟိုတ်နူအသိင်ဝိဝိင်ဂှ်ဓလီုဂွံကၠေင်က္ဍဟ်တုဲ ထိင်စိုတ်ဟွံမာန်လေဝ်ဒှ်ကၠုင်၊ မၞိဟ်လ္ၚဵုဂှ်စိုပ်မံင်ဍုင်သ္အာင်လီုလာ်စာ်ထောင်မံင်လေဝ်နွံတဴမံင်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠင်ရ၊ မၞိဟ်လ္ၚဵုဂှ် ဝိဝိင်ၜူမာဲဂှ်ပေင်ဂွံအာက္ဍဟ်တုဲ ဟိုတ်နူထိင်စိုတ်ဟွံမာန်ဂှ်ရ−ကအ်ဇကုဇကုရေက်ကေတ်ကေတ်လေဝ်နွံ၊ လ္ၚဵုဆင်စှ်ေနူသ္ၚိတိုက်သၠုင်သၠုင်လေဝ်နွံဟွံအောန်ဂွံဆဵုမံၚ်ဟဂှ်၊ ဟိုတ်နူမုရောဂွံလီုလာ်ကၠုင်မံင်ဇၟာပ်သၟတ်တအ်ညိဟွံချပ်ကူ၊ စှ်ေဒၞာဲဝဲါအိန်ထံင်ယျတုဲဂှ် တီဆဝိဝိင်သၟးပၠန်ဂှ်လေဝ်နွံတဴဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠင်ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်မံင်ကောန်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲ၊ ဟိုတ်နူဂၠုဓီုလီုလာ်ဂဥုဲၜူမာဲဏံပၠန်ရ−လ္ပာ်ကောန်ဇာတ်ဗြဴလေဝ်ဂွံစဂွံသုင်ဂွံမံင်စံင်သဗ္ဗနာနာသာ်ဟွံချပ်လဝ်ပ္ဍဲက္ဍဟ်ရ၊ ဂဥုဲၜူမာဲဏံစံင်ပလီုမံင်က္ဍဟ်ပိုဲတအ်ဏောင်ဂှ်သၟတ်တအ်ဟွံကၠးစိုတ်ဏီဖိုဟ်၊ မုဟိုတ်ရောဂွံဟီုသာ်ဏံတှ်ေ ပစ္စုပ္ပန်လၟုဟ်ဏံသုင်စောဲမံင်ဂဥုဲၜူမာဲသၟတ်
တြုံတအ်သၟးလေဝ်ဟွံသေင်ပုဟ်တုဲ သီုမပါလုပ်မံင်သီုကဵု
သၟတ်ဗြဴတအ်လေဝ်နွံတဴမံင်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠင်ဂွံဆဵုမံင်ယျ၊ ဟီုကဵုသၟတ်တအ်သၟးလေဝ်ဟွံဂွံပုဟ်၊ ပါလုပ်မံင်သီုမၞိဟ်စှ်ေဒၞာဲဝဲါအိန်ထံင်တုဲတုဲတအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် သုင်စောဲနွံတဴမံင်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠင်ကီုရ၊ မၞိဟ်ဟွံကေင်သုင်စောဲလဝ်တအ်ဂှ် လ္ပစမ်ညိ, လ္ပသုင်စောဲညိ, လ္ပဝိဝိင်အိုတ်ညိ, လ္ပဟိုတ်မာဲအိုတ်ညိ၊ ဆဂး ချူပတိုန်ဏာဂလာန်ပရူပရာဏံဂှ် ဗျိသၟတ်တအ်ဟွံသေင်၊ မိက်ဂွံကဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ်ခိုဟ်ခိုဟ် မိက်ဂွံကဵုဒှ်ပူဂဵုက္ဍဟ်ခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်လညာတ်ခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်ဏောၚ်၊ သွက်သၟတ်တအ်ဂွံဝေင်ပဲါမာန်ဂှ် ဆေဝ်မ္ၚုဟ်မံင်စိုတ်ဓါတ်သၟတ်တအ်ရဏောၚ်။
သွက်အနာဂတ်ဂတတေံ သွက်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲဂွံဇၞော်မောဝ်တဴတက်တိုန်အာနွံကဵုအနာဂတ်တုပ်ကဆံၚ်ညးဂၠးတေံဂှ် ဝေင်ပဲါဂဥုဲၜူမာဲဏံအိုတ်ညိ၊ ယဝ်သၟတ်တအ်ဟွံဝေင်ပဲါအာမ္ဂး သၟတ်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲသွက်ဂွံပါလုပ်အာပ္ဍဲထံင်ဗၟာတအ်သၟးရ၊ က္ဍဟ်ပိုဲခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်ဂှ်လ္ပတက်ပလီုထောံနကဵုဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ၜူမာဲဏံအိုတ်ညိ၊ ဍာ်တှ်မိယာဲပိုဲမဴကၠုင်လဝ်ဒစိတ်ဂိတုတံဂှ်လေဝ် ပိုဲထပိုတ်ကၠုင်မာန်မံၚ်ဏီ၊ ကဝေင်ဇြဟာန်ပိုဲလေဝ်ပိုဲထပိုတ်ကၠုင်မာန်၊ ဒၞာဲပိုဲထပိုတ်ကၠုင်မာန်ဂှ်နွံမံင်ကၠးကၠးကီုရပ္ဍဲဘဝပိုဲဏံ၊
ၜိုတ်ဆဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ၜူမာဲဏံရထပိုတ်မာန်လောဲလောဲရဏောၚ်ကောန်ဂကူပိုဲ၊ ထပိုတ်
ထောံညိ, ဝေင်ပဲါထောံညိ, လ္ပသုၚ်စောဲအိုတ်ညိ၊ စၞးပိုဲဒးကေတ်မံင်ကဵုဇြဟတ်ဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်စိဏံဂှ် ပိုဲကေတ်ဇြ
ဟတ်ကဵုစၞစနွံကဵုရှ်သာအမာဲနွံကဵုဓါတ်တံဂှ်ညိ၊ ပိုဲကေတ်ဇြဟတ်ကဵုလ္ပာ်
ပရေင်ကုသဵုနာနာသာ်တံဂှ်ညိ၊ ပိုဲကေတ်ဇြဟတ်ကဵုထံက်ပင်ပရေင်ဂကူညိ၊ ဠဂှ်မှဂကူမန်လေဝ်ဂွံဇၞော်မောဝ်တဴတက်တိုန်အာအကြာဂကူညးတၞဟ်မာန်၊ အခိင်လၟုဟ်ယၟုမြဟ်မံင်ဆေင်စပ်ကဵုဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဟီုဂှ် ယၟုဍေံဟီုဗီုသေံဂှ် (ယာၜ−ยาบ้า ) ဟီုဗတ်မန်မ္ဂးဂဥုဲတမြအ်ညးကော်ခဴစဂဥုဲချေံဂှ်ဂှ်ရ၊ ယဝ်ရပ်စပ်သုင်စောဲဒးဍေံတုဲတုဲတှ်ေ ဒေံါဟွံလောဲသွာပေင်ပြးမံင်ဇၟာပ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဌာန်ရးဒေသနာနာတအ်ဗဝ်သအဝ်၊ ပြာကတ်မံင်သၟိင်တၠအဝဵုတအ်ဍေံတက်မံင်ပြယာဲကဵုဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဏံရ၊ သၟတ်မန်လ္ၚဵုဂွံဆဵုကေတ်မံင်ပရူပရာဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဏံဂှ် လမျီုလေဝ်ဒးအိုတ်ချိုတ်အာလေဝ်ဟွံဆဵု ဇွလေဝ်ဟွံဆဵုဂှ် ဍေံဂစိုတ်ထောံသ္ၚိတ်တ်ဇြဇြ၊ ဆဂွံမိင်ပရိုင်ဍေံစံင်ထောံဂျိုင်ဂျိုင်ဂး၊ ဟိုတ်နူပရေင်ပရူဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဏံရ−ဇကုကူသာန်သွံရာန်ဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဏံတုဲ သြန်ဇကုဟွံဂွံကဵုဍေံဏီ မၞိဟ်တၞဟ်ကၠုင်ရာန်ပ္ဍဲဇကုဂှ်ဍေံလေဝ်ကဝုတ်လဝ်ဇကုဂၠိုင်ဂၠင်၊ ဇကုလေဝ်ကဝုတ်လဝ်လ္ပာ်ဗၟာတေံလေဝ်ဂၠိုင်ဂၠင်၊ ဟိုတ်ဇကုလေဲဟွံ
မာန်တုဲ ဍေံဂစိုတ်ထောံဇကု လပါ်မိမတေံလေဝ်ဟွံဂွံဆဵု၊ ပရိုင်ဂှ်
လေဝ်ကၠေံအတိုၚ်ဂှ်၊ ဒးကဵုဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဏံတုဲ လေင်ဒိုက်စာ်ထောင်
လီုလာ်ကၠေံကၠက်အိုတ်ရကောန်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲ။
အခိင်လဵုအခါလဵုဂှ်ဂွံအိုတ်အးအာသ္ဘင်ဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ၜူမာဲဏံဂှ်တီကေတ်ဟွံမာန်ဏီရ၊ ဂိုဟ်အခိင် ဂိုဟ်ကၠေင်က္ဍဟ် ဂိုဟ်ကောန်သၟတ်တအ်ကွေံကွေံ၊ မိမၜံင်က္ဍဟ်ခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်ဂှ် ကြအ်ယှောတ်အိုတ်လီုလာ်အာအိုတ်တး၊ ဟိုတ်နူဝိဝိင်ဓလီုဂွံကၠေင်က္ဍဟ်ပိုဲတအ်တုဲ ဒၞာဲဒးအေင်ဒုင်ညးသ္ကအ်ဂှ်အေင်ဒုင်ဟွံမာန်ဗာ်ဂစိုတ်ညးသ္ကအ်လေဝ်နွံ၊ ဂကူဇကုကဵုဇကုရထပက်ဂစိုတ်ညးသ္ကအ်၊ ရပ်ၜုန်ရပ်ဇြင်ကေတ်မာန်ညးသ္ကအ်၊ မုဟိုတ်ရော−ဟိုတ်နူၜူမာဲဝိဝိင်ပၠန်ရ၊ လဆောဝ်လဆောဝ် ဒၞာဲဒးသၠးအခေါင်ဂှ်သၠးအခေါင်ဟွံမာန်ညးသ္ကအ်ရ၊ ပစ္စုပ္ပန်လၟုဟ်ဏံဂှ် ကောန်သၟတ်ဍောတ်ဍောတ်စိဂှ် အဃောမံင်ဘာလေဝ်လီုလာ်စာ်ထောင်ကၠုင်မံင်ကီုရ၊ မိမလေဝ်ဝေတ်ဟွံမာန်၊ အာစာလေဝ်ဝေတ်ဟွံမာန်၊ ဟိုတ်နူကြအ်ကြာန်ကဵုစၞဝိဝိင်တုဲ ဘဝသၟတ်တအ်သၠာဲကၠုင်ကဵုဂဥုဲၜူမာဲနွံတဴဗွဲမဂၠိုင်၊ အဃောပ္ကဴရာင်ဆာဲမံင်ဂှ် ဂဥုဲၜူမာဲဓလီုဂွံကၠေင်က္ဍဟ်သၟတ်တအ်အိုတ်ရ၊ နဲလဵုဂွံထိင်ဒဝ်သၟတ်တအ်မာန်နွံရော၊ မၞိဟ်လဵုဂွံစဵုဒၞါသၟတ်တအ်မာန်ရော၊ ဟိုတ်နူသၟတ်
တအ်ဟွံတီမွဲသာ်တုဲ ဘဝလီုကၠုင်ဟာ၊ ဟိုတ်နူသၟတ်တအ်ဟွံပကာကဵုဘဝဇကုတုဲပလီုကၠုင်ဘဝဇကုဟာ၊
ဘဝသၟတ်တအ်တတ်ထပါ်မံင်အကြာစၞဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်စိဏံ
ဂၠိုင်ဂၠင်တုဲ ဘဝသၟတ်တအ်ဒးစိုပ်ဘဲဒန်ခြိုင်ပသဲအိုတ်ဏောၚ်လအ်ကဵုပြဟ်၊ ဘဝသၟတ်တအ်လမျီုဒးအိုတ်အာအကြာကြာ
ဂဥုဲၜူမာဲဏံဖအိုတ်ရ၊ ဆာန်ဘဝဇကုညိ လ္ပသၠာဲၜန်ကဵုဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ညိ၊ ဝိဝိင်ဏံလုပ်ပလီုမံင်က္ဍဟ်ပိုဲဏောင်ဂှ် သၟတ်တအ်ချပ်ပါ်ပဲါအိုတ်ညိ၊ နူကဵုအကြာဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဏံဂၠိုင်ကၠုင်သၟးဟွံကဏီ တၞးဘိင်တအ်လေဝ်သၟတ်တအ်သ္ပဗဒှ်ဒၟံင်သဘင်ယျ၊ သုင်ဂွံတၞးဂှ်တုဲလေဝ်ဒေါံဟွံလောဲသွာပုဟ်၊ ယဝ်ရံင်ကဵုအခေတ်လၟုဟ်ပစ္စုပ္ပန်လၟုဟ်ဝွံမ္ဂး ဒုဟ်သဗ္ဗအိုတ်သီုသၟတ်တအ်လုပ်ကေတ်လဝ်ဒၞါဲယျ၊ ဘဝသၟတ်တအ်စိုပ်အာခြိုင်ပသဲအလဵုသဳတုဲ သွက်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ရတ်မိမသၟတ်တအ်ပၠန်ရဆောံလေင်၊
သၟတ်တအ်ထိင်ဘဝဇကုဇကုညိ၊ ဆာန်ဘဝဇကုဇကုညိ၊ မင်မွဲဘဝဇကုဇကုညိ၊ ဗတိုက်ထရိုဟ်ပလီုကၠေံဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဏံညိ၊ သၟတ်တအ်ဗၠိုက်လၞီမံင်အကြာကြာဂဥုဲၜူမာဲဏံဂှ် မုရှ်သာဟွံမွဲပုဟ်၊ အခိင်သၟးရအိုတ်ကၠုင်၊
ဒးကဵုဂဥုဲၜူမာဲဏံတုဲ မိမလေဝ်ဝေတ်ကောန်ဟွံမာန်၊
ဟိုတ်နူကဵုဘဲဝိဝိင်ဏံတုဲ အလဵုအသဳတအ်သီကေတ်မံင်
ကောန်သၟတ်ပိုဲတအ်ရိုဟ်လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်ဟွံဒးရ၊ ယွံသၟတ်တအ် ဘဝဇကုဂှ်လ္ပသၠာဲကဵုဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဏီညိ၊ ဝေင်ပဲါအိုတ်ညိ၊ ညံင်ဘဝသၟတ်တအ်ဂွံလျးတၟးအာမာန် ဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဂှ်လ္ပဆာန်ဍေံညိ။
ဘဝဇကုညံင်ဂွံခိုဟ်နွံကဵုအနာဂတ်မာန်ဂှ် ဆာန်ဘဝဇကု ဒးစဵုဒၞာဂီုကၠီုဘဝဇကုဇကုညိ၊ ပွမမိပ်လဟိင်ကဵုဝိဝိင်တအ်ဂှ် မုလေဝ်ရှ်သာအဓိပ္ပါဲဂွံဇၞော်မောဝ်တဴတက်တိုန်ဂှ်ဟွံမွဲပုဟ်၊ သွက်ဘဝသၟတ်တအ်ဂွံဗၠိုက်စှ်ေအာသၟးရနွံ၊ ကူသာန်သွံရာန်သုင်စောဲဂဥုဲဝိဝိင်ဏံတုဲ ဂွံဒှ်မဟာဒေဌဳဇၞော်မွဲဂှ် ဟွံကေင်ဆဵုလဝ်ဏီပုဟ်၊ ဒြပ်ဍာ်မ္ဂးအာကဵုဍာ်ပၠန်ရ−ကေင်ဆဵုညာတ်လဝ်မၞိဟ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ရ၊ ၜိုန်ရဂွံနင်သြန်ကၠံကိုဋ်လ္ၚီကိုဋ်ကီုလေဝ် စိုပ်အခါမွဲတ္ၚဲဍေံသီဂွံဏာဖအိုတ်ပၠန်ရဏောၚ်၊ သွက်ဘဝဇကုဂွံဒှ်တသိုက်ဂွံဗၠးဒဒိုက်မာန်ဂှ် နကဵုဍာ်ဓတ်ကာယဇကု နကဵုက္သပ်ညာဏ်ပညာဇကုဂှ်ကၠောန်ညိ၊ ဠဂှ်မှအနာဂတ်ဂတတေံပိုဲဂွံညာတ်ကေတ်ဘဝပိုဲခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်မာန်၊ အိုတ်ကၞောဝ်လက္ကရဴအိုတ်ဏံဂှ် မိက်ဂွံဗ္တိုက်ဖအောဝ်ဆဝ်မ္ၚုဟ်ကတဵုစိုတ်ဓါတ်သၟတ်တအ်ဟီုဂှ်တှ်ေ &quot;ဝိဝိင်ဘိင်ဗု ၜူမာဲဝေင်ပဲါအိုတ်စိုအ် သၟတ်မန်တအ်&quot; အုပ်နိဂီု။
✍️
(ဆီမန်ဇေတ်-ဒူရာ ခေတ္တဍုင်မလေဝ်ယှာ) [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၀၅:၃၁၊ ၂၂ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== ပ္ဍဲပေဲါဆဵုဂဗ တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်မန် ကၟိန်ဍုင်သေံဂှ် ရုဲစှ်သ္ပဒ္တန် ညးစၞး (၅) တၠ ==
ပ္ဍဲပေဲါဆဵုဂဗ တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်မန် ကၟိန်ဍုင်သေံဂှ် ရုဲစှ်သ္ပဒ္တန် ညးစၞး (၅) တၠ
'''အထူ'''
ဌာန်ပရိုင်ဗၠးၜးမန်၊ ဂိတုဘတ် (၁၀) မံက်၊ (၁၃၈၈) သၞာံ။

ပ္ဍဲကဵုပေဲါဆဵုဂဗ တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်ကောန်ဂကူကောန်ဍုင်အရင်မန်သေံ မကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲဘာလကျာ် “ဝါတ်ယာဲဏဃောန်” ၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ၜါန်ပေါင်၊ ခရိုင်ရာတ်ချၝုရဳ၊ ကၟိန်ဍုင်သေံဂှ် ရုဲစှ်သ္ပဒ္တန်ဏာ ညးစၞးကောန်ဂကူကောန်ဍုင်အရင်မန် (၅) တၠရောင် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။

သွက်သ္ဂောံချူဓဇက်သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်ကောန်ဂကူကောန်ဍုင်အရင် ကေုာံ သွက်ဂွံပံင်တောဲရေင်တၠုင် ကိစ္စအခိုက်ကၞာယေန်သၞာင်၊ ဘာသာ၊ ဂကူ အကြာတၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ် ကောန်ဂကူကောန်ဍုင်အရင်တၞဟ် မၞုံအပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်သေံဂမၠိုင်ဂှ်မ္ဂး အရင်တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်ဂကူမန် မၞုံအပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်သေံတံ မနွံပၟိက်ကၠုင် ညးစၞးရ။

ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ညးစၞးသွက်ကောန်ဂကူကောန်ဍုင်အရင်မန်သေံ နူခရိုင်နန်ထၝုရဳ၊ ဍုင်ၜင်ကံက်၊ ရာတ်ချၝုရဳ၊ ဖေတ်ၝုရဳ ကေုာံ ခရိုင်ကာန်ချဏၝုရဳ (၅) တၠဂှ် ညးတိုန်စိုပ် ပ္ဍဲပေဲါဆဵုဂဗ ဂိတုသေပ်တေမ်ဗာ စၟတ်တ္ၚဲ (၂၀) ဏံ တုပ်စိုတ်ရုဲစှ်ပ္တိုန်လဝ်ရ။

ကိစ္စပရေင်ယိုက်ဂၠေင်တာလျိုင် ညးစၞးရုဲစှ်လဝ်ဂမၠိုင်ကီု၊ လညာတ်တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်မန် မၞုံပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်သံကီုဂှ် သၟာန်သၟုက်သ္ပလဝ်ဒ္တန်ရဂှ်လေဝ် ဥက္ကဌဂကောံသၟတ်မန်ဍုင်ၜင်ကံက် နာဲတိုင်ပ္ကဴ ဟီုကဵုဌာန်ပရိုင်ဗၠးၜးမန်ရ။

“ပ္ဍဲကဵုပေဲါကောံဓရီု ကၠောန်လဝ်ဂိတုတုဲဏံဂှ် ညးစၞး (၅) တၠ၊ ညးစၞးအရန် (၅) တၠ ရန်လဝ်ရ။ တုဲတှ်ေ နကဵုညးစၞးကောန်ဂကူကောန်ဍုင်အရင်တံဂှ် ရုဲလဝ်ဗွဲအပြောံတုဲဣရ။ တာလျိုင်ကဵုလဝ်ဂှ် ယိုက်ဂၠေင်မာန် / ဟွံမာန်၊ မၞိဟ်တဏံ ဒှ်မၞိဟ်စၞးထေက်ဟာ၊ မန်နွံပ္ဍဲဍုင်သေံဖအိုတ်ဂှ် အာစိုပ်ရီုဗင်မာန်ဟာ၊ စတမ်နူမန်ဍုင်သေံတံ တုပ်စိုတ်/ ဟွံတုပ်စိုတ်ဟာဂှ် ဗီုကဵုသၟာန်လဝ်လေဝ်ဏး” သာ်ဝွံ ညးဟီုရ။

ပေဲါဆဵုဂဗလၟုဟ်ဏံဝွံ ကောန်ဂကူမန် နူပွိုင်ဍုင် (၃၂) ပွိုင်ဍုင် သွက်ဂွံကၠုင်စိုပ်ဂှ် စၟဳကေတ်လဝ်ကီုလေဝ် ဟိုတ်နူအာကၠုင်ခက်ခုဲတုဲ ညးစၞး နူ (၂၀) ပွိုင်ဍုင်ဟေင် ကၠုင်စိုပ်ရဂှ် နာဲတိုင်ပ္ကဴ ဟီုရ။

ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်သေံဝွံ တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်ကောန်ဂကူကောန်ဍုင်အရင် ၜိုတ် (၇၀) သ္ပလန်ဒ္တန်နွံတုဲ ဟိုတ်နူဟီုဂးစကာ အရေဝ်ဘာသာမိ ဟွံမွဲဂှ်ရ နလၟေင်ဒေသ သုန်ဂြာံကၠေံကၠက်အာနွံရ။

အတိုင်သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ (၂၀၂၅) ဂှ်မ္ဂး အလဵုအသဳသေံ သ္ပစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ဇာနှိက် (ကွန်ယက်) တၞောဝ်ဒတောဝ်ကောန်ဂကူကောန်ဍုင်အရင် (၆၀) နွံတုဲ သွက်ဂွံစၟတ်သမ္တီသၠုင်ပ္တိုန် ပရေင်မင်မွဲရံင်စံင်ဘဝမၞိဟ်မာန်ဂှ် နကဵုကောန်ဂကူကောန်ဍုင်အရင်မန် မၞုံပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်သေံတံ သွက်ဂွံပလေဝ်ပလေတ် ပကောံပကေဝ် တင်နင်မနွံပၟိက်ဂမၠိုင်ကဵု ပရေင်ရုဲစှ်ညးစၞးဂမၠိုင်ကီု၊ သွက်ဂွံသဳကၠဳ လၟေင်ကမၠောန် သ္ဂောံဆက်ရေင်တၠုင်ဂမၠိုင်ဂှ်ကီု ဒးကၠောန်သ္ပပေဲါဆဵုဂဗရ။

ပ္ဍဲကဵုပေဲါဆဵုဂဗ အခိင်သဝ်တ္ၚဲဂှ်ဝွံ ပရူပရာသွက်ဂွံကၠောန်ဗဒှ်အာ တ္ၚဲကောန်ဂကူမန် မရနုက်ကဵု (၈၀) ဝါ၊ ဒၞာဲလဘာကျာ် “ဝါတ်ယာဲဏဃောန်္ၚောန်၊ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမာတ်ဂှ်လေဝ် သဳကၠဳလဝ်ကီုရောင် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။ [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၁၂:၁၉၊ ၂၂ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== သၟတ်အနာဂတ်ဍုင်ပိုဲ ကဵု ပေါဲဝေင်ပၞာန် ၄၉၂၆ ==
သၟတ်အနာဂတ်ဍုင်ပိုဲ ကဵု ပေါဲဝေင်ပၞာန် ၄၉၂၆

ယက္ခဂုမ္ဘဏ် (လိက်ပရေင်)

လောန်ကၠုင် ဂိတုသေတ်ဒေန်ပါ ၄၊ သၞာံ ၂၀၂၆ ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် စထ္ပက်ပၞာန် (ကလေင်ဝေင်ပၞာန်) ကုဒပ်ပၞာန်ရခေင် (အေအေ) တအ်ရ။ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် ဒးအာစိုတ် ပရေင်ဝေင်ပၞာန် ၁၀၂၇ ဒပ်ပၞာန်မဟာမိတ်သၟဝ်ကျာ (၃) ဂကောံ မကေင်ကၠောန်လဝ်တေံဟာဂှ် ကေတ်ဟွံဒးရ။ လၟုဟ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် တင်ခုတ်လဝ်ယၟု တၠုင်လအာ ညံင်ရဴသာ်ဂှ်ကီု ဒုင်သဇိုင်ကဵုစၟတ်တ္ၚဲဂှ်တုဲ နကဵုယၟု ပရေင်ဝေင်ပၞာန် ၄၉၂၆ ကီုရ။

တီကၠးမွဲဂှ် ပ္ဍဲပေါဲပၞာန်ဏအ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် စကာလဝ် ၝောံဒပ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တုဲ သၟတ်အနာဂတ် ကောန်သ္ဂံင်တအ် ဒးဒုင်သၠးလမျီု ဟွံအောန်ပၠန်ရောင်ဂှ် ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ရ။ ဒပ်ပၞာန်မေန်အံင်လှာင်တအ် ဒးကဵုပရေင်ဝေင်ပၞာန် ၁၀၂၇ တုဲဂှ်ရ ရပ်စပ်စကာ ပၠောပ်ကၠုင်လမျီု သၞောဝ်ယိုက်ဂၠေင်ပၞာန်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူစကာသၞောဝ်ဏအ်တုဲ ဒပ်ပၞာန်သီအဝဵုတအ် လမျီုယီုဆက်ကၠုင်ရ။ သွက်အာယုက်တၠအဝဵုတအ် ဂွံဂၠိင်ကၠုင်မာန်ဂှ် သၟတ်မလုပ်ယိုက်ဂၠေင် ပၞာန်တအ် သၠးကၠုင်လမျီု ဟွံအောန်လးလးရ။

 ◼အနာဂတ်သၟတ်တအ်

အခိင်စဓမံက်ရုပ်ရဴ သၞောဝ်ယိုက်ဂၠေင်ဒၠေင်ပၞာန်တၟိတၟိတေံ အာနကဵုလၟေင်ဂၠံက်မာဲရောင် ညးမၞုံအခေါင်ဟီုဂး သကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော် ဇြဝ်မေန်ထောန် ဟီုဂးပတိတ်ကၠုင်လဝ်ပရိုင်ရ။ ၜိုန်ဟီုလဝ်သာ်ဂှ်ကီုလေဝ် ပ္ဍဲဗလးတိ ကတဵုဒှ်ဒၟံင်ဍာံဍာံဂှ် နူညးတာလျိုင်လ္ပာ်ပၞာန်တအ်ကီု၊ ညးမၞုံတာလျိုင် လ္ပာ်အုပ်ဓုပ်တအ်ကီုဂှ် ထ္ၜးဟိုတ်ကဵု သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ ယိုက်ဂၠေင်ဒၠေင်ပၞာန်တုဲ ပွမစၟဳစၟတ်စရင်ကၟုဲကီု၊ ပွမစၟဳစၟတ်အကြာသၞေဟ်ကင် ဂၠံင်ကွဳစက်ကီု အာတ်မိက်ကၠုင်သြန်ရ။ ကဵုသြန်ဟွံမာန်မ္ဂး ဒးယိုက်ဂၠေင်ပၞာန်ရောင် ဘပဠတုဲ ဂၠာဲစသြန် သြန်ဟၟဲမ္ဂး သၟတ်တအ် စိုပ်အာဒပ်ပၞာန် နနဲအဓမ္မအိုတ်ရ။

ဗွဲကြဴဏအ် ဇၞော်ဍောတ်ဟွံရုဲ ဆဵုမၞိဟ်တြုံအကြာဂၠံင်မ္ဂး ရံင်အကာဲအရာတုဲ ဒပ်ပၞာန်တအ် ရပ်ကော်ဏာအိုတ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ သၟတ်တအ် နကဵုနဲကဲဇဳ တိတ်အာဍုင်မ္ၚးအိုတ်ရ။ ညးသြန်နွံတအ်မ္ဂး သုင်စောဲ VIP Pass ထ္ပက်သြန်ကဵုဗၠာဲသၟိင် (လဝက) ပၞာန်တအ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်တုဲ တိတ်အာဂၠံင်လုပ်သၞောဝ်အိုတ်ရ။ ညးသြန်အောန်တအ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ကၠတ်တိတ်အာဂၠံင်ပယျဵု ဟွံလုပ်သၞောဝ် ဍုင်ဇိုင်ဝုတ်ဒိုဟ် အကြာအန္တရာဲနာနာရ။ စိုပ်အာဍုင်သအာင်တုဲ ကမၠောန်ၝဂွံဂှ် ခိုဟ်ဟ်ပရေအ်ပရေအ် ဒးကၠောန်အာဟဂှ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူကဵုက္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ပၞာန် ကြအ်အဝဵုတုဲ သၟတ်ကောန်ဍုင်တအ် အနာဂတ်ကၠေံအာ အကြာရုင်ကမၠောန်၊ အကြာကမၠောန်သိုင်ခၞံတိုက်၊ အကြာကမၠောန်တမ္ၚာဂၠုင်ဇာ ဍုင်သအာင်တအ်အိုတ်ရ။

 ◼ဘဝညးသ္ၚိကၟိန်ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဍောတ်တ်ဂမၠိုင်

ၜိုန်ရတင်လဝ်ယၟု ပကောံဒြဟတ် ပရေင်ယိုက်ဂၠေင်ပၞာန်ကီုလေဝ် ဟိုတ်ဒၟါနူကၠောန်သ္ပဒၟံင် နနဲအဓမ္မ ရပ်ဏာ ကော်ဏာအနိင်အထတ်တုဲ ညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် စကာတဴဝေါဟာ ရပ်ပဝ်တာရ။ ပရေင်ဒးဒုင်ရပ်ပဝ်တာဏအ် ကောန်ညးဍုင်ကွာန် ဓမ္မတာတအ် သၟးဟွံသေင် ဒးဒုင်ရပ် ကောန်ဇာတ်သ္ၚိကၟိန် ပ္ဍဲဒပ်ပၞာန်တအ်လေဝ် ဒးဒုင်ရပ်ဒၟံင်နွံရ။ လောန်ကၠုင်ခြာဟွံလအ်ဏအ် ပရိုင်ပြးဒၟံင် လတူလပှ်ကျာမွဲပရိုင်ဂှ် ဒဝ်ဌေဂှ် ဒှ်မိကောန်တြုံ(၃)တၠတုဲ ကောန်ဇၞော်ၜါဂှ် ယိုက်ဂၠေင်ဒၟံင်တာလျိုင်ပၞာန်ရ။ ဒှ်ပေါဲဗတိုက်တုဲ ကောန်နွံပ္ဍဲပၞာန်ဂှ် ချိုတ်အာမွဲရ။ ခြာဟွံလအ်ဂှ် ကောန်ဍောတ်သှ်ေဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲဒဝ်ဌေဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ရပ်ဏာပဝ်တာပၠန်တုဲ ဒဝ်ဌေမဒှ်မိကောန်ပၞာန်ၜါဂှ် ဒးဒုင်စသိုင်ဟွံသာရ။

ဒဝ်ဌေဂှ် ဒှ်ဗြဴကၟာဲတုဲ ကောန်သှ်ေမွဲဂှ်ရ ကၠောန်ဗ္စဒၟံင်ဒဝ်ဌေရ။ ကောန်ဂှ်လေဝ် နွံကဵုသမ္ဘာတုဲ သမ္ဘာဂှ်လေဝ် ယိုက်လဝ်ဂဝ်ဂၞဴ နွံကဵုယဲဒိုက်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဒဝ်ဌေဂှ် ချူပရေင်ဒဒှ်ဇကု ဒးဒုင်စသိုင်ဒၟံင်တအ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပတိုန်ဏာလတူပှ်ကျာ အာတ်မိက်ကဵုဗလးကောန်ဇကုရ။ ဟိုတ်ဒၟါနူပတိုန်ုဒး လတူလပှ်ကျာတုဲ တ္ၚဲယးဂတဂှ် ညးမဒှ်သကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ပၞာန်ကျာ အံင်မေန် နူကဵုဒပ်(၂၀၃၀) နကဵုအလဵုဇကုညးတေံ ကၠုင်ရပ်ဏာ ဒဝ်ဌေ ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိရ။ ပရေင်ပရူဏအ် နူကဵုသ္ၚိကၟိန်ဒပ်ပၞာန်တၞဟ်ဟ်တအ်လေဝ် အာတ်မိက်ဒၟံင်အိုတ်ရ။ ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဒဝ်ဌေဂှ် ဟွံဗၠးတိတ်ကၠုင်ဏီရ။

ဒပ်ပၞာန်တၠအဝဵုတအ်မ္ဂးဂှ် ကေမ်ၛာပ်လဝ်အဝဵု လတူညးဍုင်ကွာန် ဓမ္မတာတအ် သၟးဟွံသေင် ညံင်ရဴဂလာန်ညးဟီုစ ကဇၞော်စကဍောတ် ကဍောတ်စကောန်ၚုဲ ကောန်ၚုဲစထၜိုဟ်ဍာ်တုဲ ဒးကဵုဂုဏ်သိက္ခာ အဝဵုဍေံမ္ဂး မၞိဟ်ပ္ဍဲဍေံ ညံင်ရဴဒဝ်ဌေဂှ် ဒက်ဝဲတုဲ ကၠုင်ရပ်ဏာ ဒဵုစိုပ်တၞိန်သ္ၚိရ။ ပရေင်ဏအ် မြဟ်တမ္ညဝ်ဒၟံင်တုဲ ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဂှ် ရံင်ကဵုပရေင်စန်ဒက်လီုတုဲ ကာလဗလးပတိတ်ဒဝ်ဌေ ကာလဒှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်မာန်ရ။ ဆ္ဂး ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတအ် ကြေပ်ဒၟံင်ကောန်ပၞာန်တုဲ တဟင်ဒၟံင်ဒြဟတ်ကောန်ပၞာန်ဂှ်ရ ဒဝ်ဌေဂှ် ၜိုန်ရဒှ်မိယာဲကောန်ပၞာန်ကီုလေဝ် အကြာမိဌေပၟိက်ဆန္ဒဟွံပါဂှ် ကောန်ဇကုဒးဒုင်ရပ်ဏာ နကဵုအနိင်အထတ်ရ။ ပါဲနူဒဝ်ဌေတုဲ မိယာဲကောန်ပၞာန်တၞဟ်ဟ်လေဝ် ပရိုင်ဟွံပြာကတ် ဒးဒုပ်ရပ်ဏာလဝ် နကဵုအနိင်အထတ်နွံချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ရ။ ဂတနူဏအ်လေဝ် အကာဲအရာဗီုဗီုတအ်ဏအ် ကြက်နွံအာချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ရ။

ပရေင်ရပ်ပဝ်တာဏအ် လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး အကာဲအရာသာတုဲ ဂၠိုင်ကၠုင်ရ။ လ္ပာ်ဒေသဗၟာအညာတေံ သၟတ်မၞိဟ်တြုံတအ် အောန်အာဗွဲမလောန်ရ။ ဒေသတအ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး လဒေါဝ်တ္ၚဲလေဝ်ရပ်၊ တိုန်အာလတူသ္ၚိတုဲရပ်၊ အကြာဖျာဍာ်လက်ဖက်လေဝ်ရပ်ဒၟံင်တုဲ မိမသၟတ်တအ် ဒးဒုင်ဖအိုတ်ဒၟံင်သြန် ကိုဋ်ကဵုစှော် ကိုဋ်ကဵုကၠံ သွက်သ္ဂောံနုက်ပတိတ် ကောန်ဇာတ်ဇကုအိုတ်ရ။ နုက်ဟွံမာန်မ္ဂး သၟတ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ပလံင်ဏာ ဘာဗ္တောန်ကွတ်ပၞာန်တအ်အိုတ်ရ။

ဆဂှ်သၟးဟွံက ပၞာန်တအ်ဂှ် ပတောံလကျာ်တုဲ နကဵုကယျိုင်လကျာ်လေဝ် ဗက်ရပ်ဒၟံင်နွံရ။ သၟတ်ကောန်ပၞာန်တအ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူဒးဒုင်ရပ် နကဵုအနိင်အထတ်ကီု၊ ဟိုတ်နူပရေင်ဆဵုဂဗ အောန်ကီုတုဲ စီုပ်အာဗလးမုက်ပၞာန်တေံ ချိုတ်ဂၠိုင်ဂျိုင်အောန်ရ။  လၟုဟ်မ္ဂး ဟိုတ်နူသကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ပၞာန်တအ် ကြအ်ဗေဒင်တုဲ ဝေင်ပၞာန်နကဵုလၟိဟ်ဂၞန် ၄၉၂၆ ပံင် ၂၁ ဂှ် သၟတ်ဒးဒုင်ယိုက်ဂၠေင်ပၞာန်တအ် လမျီုဒးအိုတ်အာပၠန်ရ။

သရုပ်ကၠေံမ္ဂး ဍုင်ဗၟာဂှ် သ္ပပတံနူပၠောပ်လမျီု သၞောဝ်ယိုက်ဂၠေင်ပၞာန်တုဲ သၟတ် ကေုာံ ညးဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် စိုတ်ဖေက်လကိုတ် သၠုင်တိုန်ကၠုင်ရ။ သၟတ်တအ် သီုဟၟဲကဵုပၟိက်ဆန္ဒ ဒးဒုင်ဓရတ်ဗ္တောန်ကွတ်ပၞာန်၊ ကွတ်ပၞာန်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဗ္တောန်အာ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂၠေံဂၠေံ သီုကဵုဟွံချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ပလံင်ဏာဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲမုက်ပၞာန်တေံအိုတ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ သၟတ်တအ် သွက်သ္ဂောံတိတ်ဗၠးနူဘဝ ဒးလုပ်ယိုက်ဂၠေင်ပၞာန်တၠအဝဵုဂှ် ပံင်လမျီုတုဲ မ္ဒးဂြိပ်ပါဲဓလေတ် ဒဴတိတ်ဍုင်မ္ၚးအိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဘဝအနာဂတ်သၟတ်တအ်ကျေဝ်ဝ်ဂှ် ကၠေံကၠက်အာ ပ္ဍဲခေတ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်တအ်အိုတ်ရောင်။ [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၁၂:၂၁၊ ၂၂ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== က္ၜင်ဒပ်ပၞာန် ၜိုတ် (၂၀) ဖ္ဍိုက် KIA ပလီုပလာ်၊ ပရေင်ပၞာန်ၜါလ္ပာ်ကြံင်မ္ၚိုဟ် ==
က္ၜင်ဒပ်ပၞာန် ၜိုတ် (၂၀) ဖ္ဍိုက် KIA ပလီုပလာ်၊ ပရေင်ပၞာန်ၜါလ္ပာ်ကြံင်မ္ၚိုဟ်

ဌာန်ပရိုင်ဗၠးၜးမန်၊ ဂိတုဘတ် (၁၁) မံက်၊ (၁၃၈၈) သၞာံ။

က္ၜင်ပၞာန်ဂကောံဒပ်ပၞာန် ၜိုတ် (၂၀) ဖ္ဍိုက်၊ ဒဳဒစးကၠုင် အတိုင်ဂၠံင်ဍာ်ၜဳဨရာဝတဳ၊ ဇရေင်ဍုင်ဗာန်မဝ်ဂှ် ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၠးၜးကချေင် (KIA) ကဵု ဒပ်မဟာမိတ်ဂမၠိုင်တံ ပန်ဗ္တိုက်ပလီုပလာ်မာန်လဝ်ရောင် ညးလျိုင်လလောင်ပရိုင် (KIA) သ္ကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော်နဝ်ဘူ ဟီုရ။

က္ၜင်ပၞာန် ၜိုတ် (၁၅) ဖ္ဍိုက် ဒဳဒစးကၠုင် နူသၞေဟ်ဂဝ်ဝိန်၊ ဍုင်အဝ ဇရေင်ဍုင်ဗာန်မဝ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုသေပ်တေမ်ဗာ စၟတ်တ္ၚဲ (၂) တုဲကၠုင်ဏံ ဒပ်မဟာမိတ်ဂမၠိုင်ကဵု (KIA) တံ ပံင်ကောံဗ္တိုက်ဏာလဝ် ကြပ်ပွိုင်ဍုင်ယှိုဲကူ၊ တွဵုရးကချေင်ရ။

“ၜင်မူစိဖ္ဍိုက်ရောဟီုဂှ်တှ်ေ ပိုဲဂွံဟီု နကဵုလၟိဟ်ဂၞန်ချိုတ်ချိုတ်ပၠိုတ်ပၠိုတ်မာန်ဂှ် ဂစာန်မံင်ရ။ ဆဂး ကြပ်အိုတ်ဂှ်တှ်ေ အကြာ (၂၀) ဖ္ဍိုက်ရ။ ၜိုတ် (၂၀) ဖ္ဍိုက်ဂှ်တှ်ေ ပိုဲတံပန်တုဲမှ အကာဲအရာပလီုပလာ်မာန်နွံရ” သာ်ဝွံ သ္ကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော်နဝ်ဘူ ဟီုရ။

ပ္ဍဲကဵုက္ၜင်ပၞာန်ဂှ်ဝွံ ကောန်သဂံင်ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဂမၠိုင်ကဵု ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ဒပ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ပါဗက်ကၠုင်တုဲ ဇြဟတ် (၁၀၀) ပြင် ဒုင်ကမျဖျေံလွဟ် ကု (KIA) နွံရောင် ဂးရ။

ကုကောန်သဂံင် ကေုာံ ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ဒပ် မရပ်ဂွံလဝ်ဂမၠိုင်ဂှ်ဝွံ အခိင်လၟုဟ်ဏံ စၟဳစၟတ်သၟာန်သၟုက်ဒၟံင်ဖိုဟ်ရောင် (KIA) ဂးရ။

လ္ပာ်ဂကောံဒပ်ပၞာန်တံ ဆက်ဗ္တိုက်ပြုပြေင်ဒၟံင်ပၞာန်ဂှ်ရ အပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးကချေင်ဝွံ ပေဲါဗ္တိုက်ဂမၠိုင် ဆက်ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်မာန်ရောင် သၟာပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ကချေင်မွဲတၠ ဟီုရ။

“ထ္ပက်/ပြုပြေင်မံင်ပၞာန်ကွေံကွေံရ၊ လ္ပာ်ဏံလေဝ် (KIA) တံ ဒုင်ပၞာန်တုဲမှ ဗ္တိုက်ရ၊ ဗီုဏံဟီုတှ်ေ ပေဲါပၞာန်ဂှ် ဇၞော်ကၠုင်ဏောင်။ ဣညအ်ဂှ်တှ်ေ ဗီုကဵုဟီုမံင် ပရေင်ၜိုဟ်လလမ်ဂှ်တှ်ေ ဗီုဍေံကဵုဍေံ သ္ၚောဲအာရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ နွံပၟိက်ကဵု ပရေင်ၜိုဟ်လလမ်ဟီုတှ်ေ ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒေံါပန်ပှော်အလုံဍုင်တုဲမှ ဟီုအရေဝ်ညးသ္ကံတှ်ေ ဒှ်ကၠုင်ဏောင်” သာ်ဝွံ ညးဟီုရ။

က္ၜင်ပၞာန် ၜိုတ် (၁၅) ဖ္ဍိုက် ဒဳဒစးကၠုင် အတိုင်ဂၠံင်ဍာ်ၜဳဨရာဝတဳ၊ ဂိတုသေပ်တေမ်ဗာ စၟတ်တ္ၚဲ (၂) ဂှ် (KIA) ဗ္တိုက်ဏာလဝ် ကြပ်ပွိုင်ဍုင်ယှိုဲကူတုဲ ဗၠိုက်အာဍာ် (၁) ဖ္ဍိုက်၊ တူပၟတ်လီုလာ်အာ (၄) ဖ္ဍိုက်နွံဂှ် ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။

တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုသေပ်တေမ်ဗာ စၟတ်တ္ၚဲ (၁၆) တုဲကၠုင်ဏံ ပၞောဝ်ကဵုက္ၜင်ပၞာန် (၃) ဖ္ဍိုက် ဒဳဒစးကၠုင်ဂှ်ဝွံ မွဲဖ္ဍိုက်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူ (KIA) ပန်ဗ္တိုက်ဏာဂှ်ရ ဗ္ကပ်ဗၠိုက်အာဍာ်တုဲ ၜါဖ္ဍိုက်ဂှ် ဒးက္လေင်ဂတးစဴအာ ဇရေင်ယှိုဲကူတေံကီု ဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။

“လၟုဟ်ပြဟ်ဟ်ဏံ အကာဲအရာပရေင်ပၞာန်ဂှ်တှ်ေ ကြံင်မ္ၚိုဟ်မံင် ပ္ဍဲဗာန်မဝ်၊ ယှိုဲကူ၊ သေန်ခါန်ဂှ်ရ။ အခိင်ဟွံရုဲ အကာဲအရာပေဲါဗ္တိုက်ဒှ်မာန်နွံရ။ တုဲတှ်ေ လ္ပာ် (ခေါင်လန်ဖူး) ဂှ်လေဝ် အခိင်ဟွံရုဲ ဒှ်ပေဲါဗ္တိုက်မာန်ရ” သာ်ဝွံ သ္ကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော်နဝ်ဘူ ဟီုရ။

လ္ပာ်ဂကောံဒပ်ပၞာန်တံ ယဝ်ဆက်ဗပေင်ဇြဟတ်ပၞာန် ကေုာံ ဆက်ထ္ပက်/ပြုပြေင်ပၞာန်မ္ဂး ပေဲါဗ္တိုက်သ္ကာတ်မြဟ်ကၠုင်မာန်ရဂှ်လေဝ် သ္ကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော်နဝ်ဘူ ဟီုဂးလဝ်ရ။ [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၁၆:၃၀၊ ၂၂ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)

== ဂိတုဘတ်ပေၚ် (ဗဝ်သၟုတ်လ္ၚီဟီုဂှ် ရန်ကဵု မှာထေရ်ဗုဒ္ဓဃောသ ဟွံသေၚ်သာ်ဂှ် ရန်ကဵု က္ၜၚ်စိတြဒူတ မူရဴဟာ?) ==
ဂိတုဘတ်ပေၚ် (ဗဝ်သၟုတ်လ္ၚီဟီုဂှ် ရန်ကဵု မှာထေရ်ဗုဒ္ဓဃောသ ဟွံသေၚ်သာ်ဂှ် ရန်ကဵု က္ၜၚ်စိတြဒူတ မူရဴဟာ?)
ဒတန်သွဟ်
ဂိတုဘတ်ပေၚ် (ဗဝ်သၟုတ်လ္ၚီ) ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဝင်သာသနာဗုဒ္ဓ ကေုာံ ယေန်သၞာၚ်မန် ကေၚ်ဒုၚ်စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် ရန်ကဵု မှာထေရ်ဗုဒ္ဓဃောသ မကလေၚ်စဴကၠုၚ် နူဍုၚ်သီဟိုဠ် တုဲ ပ္တိုန်စိုပ်ကၠုၚ် ဍုၚ်မန်ပၟိက်သၟဝ် (သုဝဏ္ဏဘူမိ) ရ။
&gt; [!NOTE]
&gt; တ္ၚဲဂိတုဘတ်ပေၚ်ဝွံ ပ္ဍဲယေန်သၞာၚ်မန် ကေုာံ ရာဇာဝၚ်မန် ပတှ်ေကေတ်လဝ် ဒှ်တ္ၚဲမဟာထေရ်ဗုဒ္ဓဃောသ (မဟာဂိုသ်) စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်သုဝဏ္ဏဘူမိ တုဲ ပတိတ်ပ္တိုန် ကျာ်ပဋိမာရုပ် (ကျာ်ဓါတ်ကျာ်ဇၞော်) သာသနာဇၞော်မောဝ်တိုန် တဲလတူရ။
&gt; 
တၚ်အဓိပ္ပါယ် သွက်ဂွံတီကၠး
 * မှာထေရ်ဗုဒ္ဓဃောသ: မဒှ်အစာပညာရှင် သဇိုၚ်ပရိယတ် ပိဋကတ်ပရိယတ် မသၠုၚ်စိုပ်လဝ် ဂကူမန် ကေုာံ ဂကူဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာဂမၠိုၚ်။
 * က္ၜၚ်စိတြဒူတ: ဟွံဆေၚ်စပ် ကုဝင်ဝွံရ။
သင်္ကေတ ဂိတုဘတ်ပေၚ် ကဵု ဗဝ်သၟုတ်လ္ၚီ ဏအ်ဂှ် ယေန်သၞာၚ်မန်ပိုဲ ယိုက်ဂၠေၚ်လဝ် ဒဒှ်ရ ဒှ်တ္ၚဲမဟာထေရ်ဗုဒ္ဓဃောသ စိုပ်ကၠုၚ်ဍုၚ်သုဝဏ္ဏဘူမိ ဂှ်ရ။ [[တၟေင်:တင်မခၞံဗဒှ်ဂမၠိုင်/~2026-50595-94|~2026-50595-94]] ([[ညးလွပ် ဓရီုကျာ:~2026-50595-94|talk]])  ၁၆:၃၅၊ ၂၃ သေပ်တေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၆ (+0630)</text>
      <sha1>fwbywdm7xymvyushfkic2vxm4bug3q2</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု</title>
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      <text bytes="362056" sha1="jnhfns8c7819rc2fmaizdfhqm7t64hk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''အမေရိကန်ပြည်‌ထောင်‌စု'''ကို ပုံမှန်အားဖြင့် '''United States''', the '''U.S.''', the '''U.S.A.''', the '''States''', the '''America''' စသည်ဖြင့် ရည်ညွှန်းခေါ်ဆိုလေ့ရှိကြကာ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအရ ဖက်ဒရယ်ဒီမိုကရက်တစ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံဖြစ်ပြီး ပြည်နယ်အခု ၅၀ နှင့် ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတစ်ခု ပါဝင်သည်။ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် မြောက်အမေရိကအလယ်ပိုင်းတွင် အဓိကတည်ရှိပြီး ထိုနေရာတွင် တဆက်တည်းဖြစ်နေသော ပြည်နယ် (၄၈)ခုနှင့် အုပ်ချုပ်ရေးဆိုင်ရာမြို့တော် [[ဝါရှင်တန်ဒီစီ]] တို့သည် ပစိဖိတ် နှင့် အတ္တလန္တိတ် သမုဒ္ဒရာတို့ကြားတွင် မြောက်ဘက်တွင် [[ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံ]]နှင့် တောင်ဘက်တွင် [[မက္ကဆီကိုနိုင်ငံ]]တို့ဖြင့် ဝိုင်းရံ၍ တည်ရှိသည်။ [[အလက်စကာပြည်နယ်]]သည် တိုက်ကြီး၏ အနောက်မြောက်ဘက်ပိုင်းတွင် တည်ရှိပြီး အရှေ့ဘက်တွင် ကနေဒါနှင့် အနောက်ဘက် ဘဲရင်းရေလက်ကြား (Bering Strait)ကို ဖြတ်၍ [[ရုရှားနိုင်ငံ]]တို့ ရှိကြသည်။ [[ဟာဝိုင်ယီပြည်နယ်|ဟာဝိုင်အီပြည်နယ်]]သည် ပစိဖိတ်သမုဒ္ဒရာအလယ်တွင် ရှိသော ကျွန်းစုဖြစ်သည်။ အမေရိကန်သည် ကာရစ်ဘီယန် နှင့် ပစိဖိတ်ဒေသအနှံ့အပြားတို့တွင် နယ်မြေများနှင့် ကျွန်းများကိုလည်း ပိုင်ဆိုင်သည်။

အကျယ်အဝန်း စတုရန်းမိုင်ပေါင်း ၃.၇၉ သန်း (စတုရန်း ကီလိုမီတာ ၉.၈၃ သန်း) နှင့် လူဦးရေ သန်း ၃၀၀ ကျော်ရှိသည့်အတွက် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် စုစုပေါင်း အကျယ်အဝန်းအားဖြင့် စတုတ္တမြောက် အကြီးဆုံးနှင့် ကုန်းမြေအကျယ်အဝန်းနှင့် လူဦးရေအားဖြင့် တတိယမြောက် အကြီးမား အများပြားဆုံး ဖြစ်သည်။ နိုင်ငံအများအပြားမှ လူအများအပြား ရွှေ့ပြောင်းနေထိုင်ကြသဖြင့် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် လူမျိုးစု အများဆုံး ရောထွေးနေထိုင်ပြီး ယဉ်ကျေးမှုအစုံလင်ဆုံး နိုင်ငံများတွင် တစ်နိုင်ငံ အပါအဝင်ဖြစ်သည်။ အမေရိကန်၏ စီးပွားရေးသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် အကြီးဆုံး စီးပွားရေးဖြစ်ပြီး စုစုပေါင်း ပြည်တွင်းထုတ်ကုန် (GDP) အမေရိကန် ဒေါ်လာ ၁၄.၃ ထရီလီယံ မျှရှိသည်။ (nominal GDP အားဖြင့် တစ်ကမ္ဘာလုံး၏ ၂၃ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းဖြစ်ပြီး တစ်ကမ္ဘာလုံး ဝယ်ယူသည့်တန်ဖိုး၏ ၂၁ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းဖြစ်သည်။)

အမေရိကန်သည် အတ္တလန္တိတ်ကမ်းရိုးတန်းတလျှောက်တွင်ရှိသော ဗြိတိန်နိုင်ငံ၏ [[ကိုလိုနီ]]နယ်မြေ (၁၃)ခု ပူးပေါင်း၍ စတင်တည်ထောင်ခဲ့သည်။ ၁၇၇၆-ခုနှစ် ဇူလိုင်လ (၄)ရက်တွင် [[လွတ်လပ်ရေး]] ကြေညာစာတမ်းကို ထုတ်ပြန်ခဲ့ပြီး ထိုစာတမ်းမှ အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံ၏ လွတ်လပ်ရေးကို ကြေညာခဲ့ပြီး ကွန်ဖယ်ဒရေးရှင်းဟုခေါ်သည့် ပြည်နယ်များကိုပူးပေါင်းထားသော ပြည်ထောင်စုကို ဖွဲ့စည်းကြောင်း ကြေညာခဲ့သည်။ ကိုလိုနီလက်အောက်မှ လွတ်မြောက်ရေးအတွက် ပထမဆုံးစစ်ပွဲဖြစ်သော အမေရိကန်တော်လှန်ရေးစစ်အတွင်း ၌ ပုန်ကန်ထကြွသော ပြည်နယ်တို့သည် ဗြိတိန်တို့ကို ခြေမှုန်းအောင်နိုင်ခဲ့သည်။ ဖက်ဒရယ်ညီလာခံမှ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ယခုလက်ရှိ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံဥပဒေကို ၁၇၈၇ ခုနှစ် စက်တင်ဘာလ ၁၇ ရက်တွင် စတင် ကျင့်သုံးခဲ့သည်။ နောက်နှစ်များတွင် ထပ်မံအတည်ပြုချက်အရ ပြည်နယ်များကို ဗဟိုအစိုးရမှ ချုပ်ကိုင်မှု အားကောင်းသော နိုင်ငံ၏အစိတ်အပိုင်းအဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်သည်။ ပြည်သူတို့၏ အခြေခံအခွင့်အရေး အများအပြား နှင့် လွတ်လပ်မှုကို အာမခံချက်ပေးသော ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ ပြင်ဆင်ချက် ၁၀ ချက်ပါဝင်သည်။ အခွင့်အရေးဆိုင်ရာဥပဒေ (The Bill of Rights) ကို ၁၇၉၁ တွင် အတည်ပြုခဲ့သည်။

၁၉ရာစုတွင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် [[ပြင်သစ်နိုင်ငံ|ပြင်သစ်]]၊ [[စပိန်နိုင်ငံ|စပိန်]]၊ [[အင်္ဂလန်နိုင်ငံ|အင်္ဂလန်]]၊ [[မက္ကဆီကိုနိုင်ငံ|မက္ကဆီကို]]နှင့် [[ရုရှားနိုင်ငံ]]တို့မှ နယ်မြေများကို ရယူခဲ့ပြီး [[တက္ကဆပ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ|တက္ကဆက်နိုင်ငံ]] နှင့် ဟာဝိုင်အီနိုင်ငံတို့ကို ပြည်ထောင်စု အတွင်းသို့ ထည့်သွင်းခဲ့သည်။ ပြည်နယ်အခွင့်အရေးနှင့် ပတ်သက်၍ အမေရိကန် တောင်ပိုင်းနှင့် စက်မှုထွန်းကားသော အမေရိကန် မြောက်ပိုင်းတို့ အငြင်းပွားကြခြင်းနှင့် ကျွန်စနစ်ကို ချဲ့ထွင်ခြင်းတို့ကြောင့် ၁၈၆၀ နှစ်များတွင် အမေရိကန် ပြည်တွင်းစစ် ဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့သည်။ မြောက်ပိုင်းမှ အနိုင်ရရှိခဲ့ခြင်းကြောင့် နိုင်ငံပြိုကွဲမည့်အရေးကို တားဆီးနိုင်ခဲ့ပြီး အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် တရားဝင် ကျွန်စနစ်ကို ချုပ်ငြိမ်းစေခဲ့သည်။ စပိန်-အမေရိကန် စစ်ပွဲ နှင့် ပထမကမ္ဘာစစ်တို့မှ အမေရိကန်အား စစ်အင်အားကြီး နိုင်ငံတစ်နိုင်ငံအဖြစ် စေခဲ့သည်။ ၁၉၄၅ ခုနှစ် ဒုတိယကမ္ဘာစစ်အပြီးတွင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် နျူးကလီးယား လက်နက်ပိုင်ဆိုင်သော နိုင်ငံတစ်နိုင်ငံအဖြစ် ကုလသမ္မဂ္ဂ လုံခြုံရေးကောင်စီ၏ အမြဲတမ်း အဖွဲ့ဝင်နိုင်ငံ နှင့် နေတိုးကို စတင်တည်ထောင်သည့် နိုင်ငံဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။ ၂၀ရာစုနှောင်းပိုင်းတွင် စစ်အေးတိုက်ပွဲ ပြီးဆုံးသွားခြင်းက အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုအား တစ်ခုတည်းသော မဟာအင်အားကြီး နိုင်ငံတစ်ခု အဖြစ် ကျန်ရစ်ခဲ့စေသည်။ အမေရိကန်၏ စစ်သုံးစရိတ်သည် တကမ္ဘာလုံးစစ်သုံးစရိတ်၏ ၅၀ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမျှရှိပြီး ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် စီးပွားရေး၊ နိုင်ငံရေး နှင့် ယဉ်ကျေးမှုအရ ဦးဆောင်နိုင်ငံတစ်နိုင်ငံ ဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။

== အမည်ရင်းမြစ် ==

အနောက်ကမ္ဘာခြမ်းမှမြေကို ခေါ်ဆိုသော အမေရိကား (America) ဆိုသည့်စကားလုံးမှာ အီတလီလူမျိုး စူးစမ်းရှာဖွေသူ နှင့် မြေပုံဆွဲသူ အမေရိဂို ဗက်စပူချီ ကို အစွဲပြု၍ ၁၅၀၇ ခုနှစ်ကပင် တီထွင် အသုံးပြုခံသည် ဟု ယုံကြည်ယူဆရသည်။ နိုင်ငံ၏အမည်အပြည့်အစုံကို ၁၇၇၆ ခုနှစ် ဇူလိုင်လ ၄ ရက်နေ့က &quot;အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုမှ ကိုယ်စားလှယ်များ&quot; က ထုတ်ပြန်ခဲ့သော လွတ်လပ်ရေးကြေညာစာတမ်းတွင် ပထမဆုံးအကြိမ် အသုံးပြုခဲ့ပြီး &quot;အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စု ၁၃ ခုမှ တညီတညွတ်တည်း ထုတ်ပြန်ကြေညာချက်&quot; ဟု ဖော်ပြခဲ့သည်။

== ပထဝီဝင်၊ ရာသီဥတု နှင့် ပတ်ဝန်းကျင် ==
အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ တဆက်တည်းဖြစ်နေသော ကုန်းမြေဧရိယာသည် ၁.၉ ဘီလီယံ ဧက (ဟက်တာ သန်းပေါင်း ၇၇၀) ခန့်မျှ ရှိသည်။ [[တဆက်တည်းဖြစ်သော အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု|တဆက်တည်း တည်ရှိနေသော အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု]]မှ [[ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံ]] ခြားနားနေသော [[အလက်စကာပြည်နယ်]] မှာ ဧကပေါင်း ၃၆၅ သန်း (ဟက်တာ သန်းပေါင်း ၁၅၀) ရှိပြီး အကြီးဆုံးပြည်နယ် ဖြစ်သည်။ ပစိဖိတ် အလယ်ပိုင်းရှိ ကျွန်းစုများတွင် တည်ရှိသော [[ဟာဝိုင်ယီပြည်နယ်]] မှာ ဧကပေါင်း ၄သန်း (ဟက်တာ ၁.၆သန်း) မျှသာရှိသည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Lubowski, Ruben, Marlow Vesterby, and Shawn Bucholtz|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/eib16/chapter1/1.1/|title=AREI Chapter 1.1: Land Use|publisher=Economic Research Service|date=2006-07-21|accessdate=2009-03-09|archivedate=8 August 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808222823/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/eib16/chapter1/1.1/}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် စုစုပေါင်း ဧရိယာ (မြေနှင့်ရေ နှစ်ခုပေါင်း) တတိယမြောက် သို့ စတုတ္ထမြောက် အကြီးဆုံးဖြစ်ပြီး [[ရုရှားနိုင်ငံ]] နှင့် ကနေဒါ နိုင်ငံတို့၏ နောက်မှ လိုက်ပြီး တရုတ်ပြည်သူ့သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ နှင့် မတိမ်းမယိမ်း ရှိသည်။ ထိုသို့ အဆင့် အတိအကျ သတ်မှတ်နိုင်ခြင်း မရှိရခြင်းမှာ တရုတ်နိုင်ငံနှင့် [[အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ]] တို့၏ အငြင်းပွားနေဆဲဖြစ်သော နယ်မြေများကို ထည့်သွင်း ရေတွက်ခြင်း ရှိမရှိ နှင့် သက်ဆိုင်ပြီး အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ အရွယ်အစားကို မည်သို့ တွက်ချက်သည်နှင့်လည်း သက်ဆိုင်သည်။ စီအိုင်အေ ကမ္ဘာ့အချက်အလက်စာအုပ် (''World Factbook'') အရ စုစုပေါင်း အရွယ်အစားကို ၃,၇၉၄,၁၀၁ စတုရန်းမိုင် (၉,၈၂၆,၆၇၅ စတုရန်းကီလိုမီတာ)ဟု ဖော်ပြထားပြီး &lt;ref name=&quot;WF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|work=The World Factbook|date=2009-09-30|accessdate=2010-01-05 (area given in square kilometers)|archivedate=6 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706193812/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကုလသမဂ္ဂ စာရင်းအင်းမှ ၃,၇၁၇,၈၁၃ စတုရန်းမိုင် ( ၉,၆၂၉,၀၉၁ စတုရန်းကီလိုမီတာ) ဟု ဖော်ပြကာ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2005/Table03.pdf|title=Population by Sex, Rate of Population Increase, Surface Area and Density|publisher=UN Statistics Division|work=Demographic Yearbook 2005|accessdate=2008-03-25 (area given in square kilometers)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဘရစ်တန်နီကာ စွယ်စုံကျမ်းမှ ၃,၆၇၆,၄၈၆ စတုရန်းမိုင် ( ၉,၅၂၂,၀၅၅ စတုရန်းကီလိုမီတာ) ဟု ဖော်ပြထားသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616563/United-States|title=United States|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2008-03-25 (area given in square miles)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကုန်းမြေ ဧရိယာကိုသာလျှင် တွက်မည် ဆိုပါက အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ရုရှား နှင့် တရုတ်တို့၏ နောက် တတိယနေရာတွင် ရှိပြီး ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံ ထက် အနည်းငယ်မျှ သာလွန်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080208233209rn_1/education.yahoo.com/reference/factbook/countrycompare/area/3d.html|title=World Factbook: Area Country Comparison Table|publisher=Yahoo Education|accessdate=2007-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:USATopographicalMap.jpg|left|thumb|300px|[[တဆက်တည်းဖြစ်သော အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု|အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ တဆက်တည်း ကုန်းမြေ]]ကို ဂြိုဟ်တုမှ ရိုက်ကူးထားသောပုံ]]

အတ္တလန္တိတ်ကမ်းရိုးတန်းမှ စတင်လာသော ကမ်းရိုးတန်းလွင်ပြင်သည် ကုန်းတွင်းပိုင်းရှိ ရွက်ကြွေတောများနှင့် ပိုင်မောင့် (Piedmont )ရှိ တောင်ကုန်းများ ဆီသို့ ဖြန့်ကျက် ဝင်ရောက်သွားသည်။ အပါလေချန် တောင်တန်းများသည် အရှေ့ဘက်ကမ်းရိုးတန်းဒေသ နှင့် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု အနောက်ဘက် အလယ်ပိုင်း ရှိ မြက်ခင်းပြင်များ၊ ရေကန်ကြီးများတို့အား ပိုင်းခြားပေးထားသည်။ ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် စတုတ္ထမြောက် အရှည်လျားဆုံး ဖြစ်သည့် မစ္စစ္စပီ-မစ်ဆိုရီမြစ်သည် မြောက်မှတောင်သို့ စီးဆင်း၍ နိုင်ငံ၏ ဗဟိုချက်မသို့ ဦးတည်သွားသည်။ ပြန့်ပြူးပြီး မြေဩဇာကောင်းမွန်သည့် ဂရိတ်ပလိန်း (Great Plains) ဒေသရှိ ပရေရီမြက်ခင်းများသည် အနောက်ဘက်သို့ ဖြန့်ကျက်သွားသည်မှာ အရှေ့တောင်ဘက်ရှိ ကုန်းမြေမြင့်ဒေသ အထိ ပင်ဖြစ်သည်။ ဂရိတ်ပလိန်း၏ အနောက်ဘက် အစွန်ရှိ [[ရော့ကီး တောင်တန်း]] သည် နိုင်ငံအတွင်း မြောက်မှတောင်သို့ ကန့်လန့်ဖြတ်တည်ရှိသည်။ ထိုတောင်တန်းများသည် [[ကော်လိုရာဒိုပြည်နယ်]]တွင် ပေ ၁၄,၀၀၀ (၄,၃၀၀ မီတာ) အထိ မြင့်သည်။ အနောက်ဘက်သို့ ဆက်သွားလျှင် ကျောက်တောင်ထူထပ်သော ဂရိတ်ဘေစင် (Great Basin) ဒေသ နှင့် မိုဟားဗီး (Mojave) သဲကန္တာရ ကဲ့သို့သော ကန္တာရများ ရှိသည်။ ဆီးရီးယား နီဗားဒါး (Sierra Nevada) နှင့် ကက်စကိတ် တောင်တန်းတို့သည် ပစိဖိတ်ကမ်းရိုးတန်းနှင့် နီးကပ်စွာ သွယ်တန်းနေကြသည်။ အလက်စကာပြည်နယ်တွင် ရှိသော မောင့်မက်ကင်လေ မှာ ၂၀၃၂၀ ပေ (၆၁၉၄ မီတာ) မြင့်ပြီး နိုင်ငံအတွင်း နှင့် မြောက်အမေရိကတွင် အမြင့်ဆုံးတောင်ဖြစ်သည်။ ရှင်သန်နေဆဲ မီးတောင်များမှာ အလက်စကာရှိ အလက်ဇန္ဒားကျွန်းများ နှင့် အာလူးရှန်(Aleutian) ကျွန်းများ တို့တွင် အများအပြား တွေ့ရပြီး ဟာဝိုင်ယီကျွန်းများတွင် မီးတောင်ကျွန်းများ ပါဝင်သည်။ ရော့ကီးတောင်တန်းများတွင် ပါဝင်ပြီး ရဲလိုးစတုန်း အမျိုးသားဥယျာဉ်၏ အောက်တွင်ရှိနေသော စူပါမီးတောင်သည် မြောက်အမေရိကတိုက်တွင် အကြီးဆုံးမီးတောင် ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html|title=Supervolcano: What's Under Yellowstone??author=O'Hanlon, Larry|publisher=Discovery Channel|accessdate=2007-06-13|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120525210051/http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html|archivedate=2012-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Grand canyon of Yellowstone and Yellowstone fall nn edit1.jpg|thumb|ရဲလိုးစတုန်း အမျိုးသားဥယျာဉ်]]

အရွယ်အစားအားဖြင့် ကြီးမားပြီး ပထဝီ အနေအထားမျိုးစုံရှိသော အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် ရာသီဥတု အမျိုးအစား အများစုကို တွေ့ရသည်။ မယ်ရီဒီယမ် ၁၀၀ ဒီဂရီ လောင်ဂျီကျုမျဉ်း၏ အရှေ့ဘက်တွင် မြောက်ဘက်ပိုင်းရှိ စိုထိုင်းသော ကွန်တီနန်တယ် ရာသီဥတုမှစ၍ တောင်ဘက်ပိုင်းရှိ စိုထိုင်းသော မုတ်သုံတစ်ပိုင်း ရာသီဥတု အထိ တွေ့ရသည်။ ဖလော်ရီဒါပြည်နယ်၏ တောင်ဘက် အစွန်အဖျား နှင့် ဟာဝိုင်ယီတို့မှာ မုတ်သုံရာသီဥတု ဖြစ်သည်။ မယ်ရီဒီယမ် ၁၀၀ ဒီဂရီမျဉ်း၏ အနောက်ဘက်ရှိ ဂရိတ်ပလိန်း လွင်ပြင်ကျယ်များမှာ တစိတ်တပိုင်း မိုးခေါင်ခြောက်သွေ့သော ရာသီဥတုမျိုး ရှိသည်။ အနောက်ဘက်ရှိ တောင်ကုန်းများမှာ ကုန်းမြင့် ရာသီဥတု ရှိသည်။ ဂရိတ်ဘေဆင် ဒေသနှင့် အနောက်တောင်ဘက်ရှိ ကန္တာရဒေသများမှာ မိုးခေါင်ခြောက်သွေ့သည်။ ကယ်လီဖိုးနီးယား ကမ်းရိုးတန်းဒေသတွင် မြေထဲပင်လယ် ရာသီဥတုရှိပြီး အော်ရီဂွန် ကမ်းရိုးတန်း ဒေသ၊ ဝါရှင်တန်ပြည်နယ် နှင့် အလက်စကာတောင်ဘက်ပိုင်းတို့တွင် သမုဒ္ဒရာ ရာသီဥတု ရှိသည်။ အလက်စကာ၏ ဒေသ အတော်များများမှာ အန္တာတိကဆန်သော ရာသီဥတု နှင့် ဝင်ရိုးစွန်း ရာသီဥတုများ ရှိကြသည်။ ပြင်းထန်သော ရာသီဥတုမှာ အထူးအဆန်း မဟုတ်ပေ။ မက္ကဆီကို ပင်လယ်ကွေ့နှင့် ထိစပ်နေသော ပြည်နည်များတွင် ဟာရီကိန်းမုန်တိုင်း မကြာခဏ တိုက်ခတ်လေ့ ရှိပြီး ကမ္ဘာပေါ်ရှိ [[လေဆင်နှာမောင်း]] အတော်များများမှာ ဤနိုင်ငံတွင် ဖြစ်ပွားလေ့ ရှိသည်။ အထူးသဖြင့် အနောက်ဘက် အလယ်ပိုင်းရှိ လေဆင်နှာမောင်း တောင်ကြား (Tornado Alley) ဟုခေါ်သော ဒေသတွင် ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Perkins, Sid|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archivedate=1 July 2007|title=Tornado Alley, USA|accessdate=2006-09-20|date=2002-05-11|work=Science News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ဂေဟစနစ်သည် အလွန်အမင်းကျယ်ပြော (megadiverse) သည်။ တဆက်တည်းဖြစ်နေသော အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု နှင့် အလက်စကာပြည်နယ်တို့တွင် ရေသောက်မြစ်ရှိသော အပင် (vascular plants) မျိုးကွဲပေါင်း ၁၇,၀၀၀ ခန့် ရှိသည်။ ဟာဝိုင်အီ ကျွန်းများတွင် ပန်းပွင့်သော အပင် (flowering plant) မျိုးကွဲပေါင်း ၁၈၀၀ ကျော် ရှိပြီး ၎င်းတို့ထဲမှ အနည်းငယ်ကိုသာ ကုန်းမကြီးပေါ်တွင် တွေ့ရသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Morin, Nancy|url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf|title=Vascular Plants of the United States|publisher=National Biological Service|work=Plants|accessdate=2008-10-27|archivedate=24 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် အလွန်ကျယ်ပြန့်သဖြင့် တိရစ္ဆာန်များသည် အရေအတွက် များပြား၍ အမျိုး လည်း ကွဲပြားကြ၏။ သမင်၊ ဒရယ်၊ မုစကောင်၊ ဝက်ဝံ၊ ပြောင်၊ တောင်ခြင်္သေ့၊ တောကြောင်မြီးတို၊ အမေရိကန် ကျားသစ်၊ ဝံပုလွေ၊ မြေခွေး၊ တောင်ဆိတ်၊ သိုး၊ ပရေရီခွေး၊ အမေရိကန်ဖျံ၊ ရှဉ့်၊ ယုန်၊ ပင်လယ်ဖျံ၊ ပင်လယ်လိပ်နှင့် အခြားတိရစ္ဆာန် အမျိုးပေါင်းများစွာ ရှိလေသည်။ ငှက်မျိုး ထဲမှလည်း ရစ်ပုမျိုး၊ ရိုးရိုးရစ်၊ စွန်၊ သိမ်းငှက်၊ သစ်တောက် ငှက်၊ ငှက်ပြာ၊ သပိတ်လွယ်ရင်အုပ်နီ၊ သပိတ်လွယ်၊ ကြိုးကြာ နီ၊ မြေလူးငှက်၊ မြေလူးငှက်ဝါ၊ ဝံပိုငှက် စသည်ဖြင့် အမျိုးမျိုး ရှိသည်။ &lt;ref&gt;မြန်မာ့စွယ်စုံကျမ်း၊ အတွဲ(၁၄)&lt;/ref&gt; နို့တိုက်သတ္တဝါ မျိုးကွဲပေါင်း ၄၀၀ ကျော်၊ ငှက်မျိုးကွဲပေါင်း ၇၅၀ ကျော်၊ တွားသွားသတ္တဝါ နှင့် ကုန်းနေရေနေ သတ္တဝါ မျိုးကွဲပေါင်း ၅၀၀ ကျော် တို့ နေထိုင်ရာ ဒေသဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sdi.gov/curtis/TxTab4x1.html|title=Global Significance of Selected U.S. Native Plant and Animal Species|publisher=SDI Group|date=2001-02-09|accessdate=2009-01-20|archivedate=18 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118023008/http://www.sdi.gov/curtis/TxTab4x1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; အင်းဆက် မျိုးကွဲပေါင်း ၉၁,၀၀၀ ကျော်ကို အမျိုးအစားခွဲခြား တွေ့ရှိပြီး ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm|title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals)|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=2009-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၁၉၇၃ ခုနှစ် မျိုးသုဉ်းပျောက်ကွယ်နိုင်သည့် သတ္တဝါများ ဥပဒေဖြင့် မျိုးသုဉ်းပျောက်ကွယ်မည်ကို စိုးရိမ်ရသည့် သတ္တဝါတို့နှင့် ၎င်းတို့နေထိုင်ကျက်စားရာ နေရာများကို ထိန်းသိမ်းစောင့်ရှောက်ထားပြီး အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု ငါး နှင့် တောရိုင်းတိရစ္ဆာန်ဌာန က စောင့်ကြပ်ကြည့်ရှုလျက် ရှိသည်။ အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် အမျိုးသားဥယျာဉ် ၅၈ ခုနှင့် ဖက်ဒရယ် အစိုးရမှ စီမံခန့်ခွဲသော အခြားဥယျာဉ်များ၊ သစ်တောများ၊ လူအရောက်ပေါက်နည်းသော နေရာများ ရာပေါင်းများစွာ ရှိသည်။
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://home.nps.gov/applications/release/Detail.cfm?ID=639|title=National Park Service Announces Addition of Two New Units|publisher=National Park Service|date=2006-02-28|accessdate=2006-06-13|archivedate=2006-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001195645/http://home.nps.gov/applications/release/Detail.cfm?ID=639}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

အားလုံးပေါင်းမည်ဆိုလျှင် အစိုးရသည် နိုင်ငံ မြေဧရိယာ၏ ၂၈.၈ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းကို ပိုင်ဆိုင်သည်။&lt;ref name=FL&gt;{{cite web|url=http://johnshadegg.house.gov/rsc/Federal%20Land%20Ownership--May%202005.pdf|title=Federal Land and Buildings Ownership|publisher=Republican Study Committee|date=2005-05-19|accessdate=2009-03-09|archivedate=9 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309172818/http://johnshadegg.house.gov/rsc/Federal%20Land%20Ownership--May%202005.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; ထိုနေရာ အများစုမှာ ကာကွယ် ထိန်းသိမ်းထားပြီး အချို့ကိုမူ ရေနံနှင့် သဘာဝဓာတ်ငွေ့ တူးဖော်ရန်၊ သတ္တုတူးဖော်ရန်၊ သစ်ထုတ်လုပ်ရန် နှင့် ကျွဲနွားတိရစ္ဆာန်များ မွေးမြူရန် အငှားချထားသည်။ ၂.၄ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမှာ စစ်ရေးအတွက် အသုံးပြုသည်။&lt;ref name=FL/&gt;

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် မြောက်သမပိုင်းဇုန်တွင် ကျရောက်နေ၍ မြောက်လတ္တီတွဒ် ၂၄ ဒီဂရီ ၂ဝ မိနစ် မှ ၄၉ ဒီဂရီ နှင့် အနောက်လောင်ဂျီတွဒ် ၆၆ ဒီဂရီ ၅၅ မိနစ် မှ ၁၂၄ ဒီဂရီ ၄၅ မိနစ် အကြားတွင် တည်ရှိသည်။ 

အရှေ့ဘက်သမုဒ္ဒရာမှ အနောက်ဘက်သမုဒ္ဒရာအထိ မိုင်ပေါင်း ၃၁ဝဝ ရှည်လျား၍ မြောက်မှတောင်သို့ အဝေးဆုံးနေရာမှာ မိုင်ပေါင်း ၁၇၈ဝ ရှည်လေသည်။
အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု အရှေ့ဘက်ကမ်းရိုးတန်းသည် အကွေ့အကောက် ပေါများသောကြောင့် သင်္ဘောဆိပ်ကောင်း များ ရှိလေသည်။ ကမ်းရိုးတန်းသည် တောင်ဘက် ဗော့စတန် မြို့အထိ ကျောက်ဆောင်ထူထပ်၍ ဗော့စတန်မှ လွန်သွာသော် နိမ့်၍ သဲမြေများရှိရာဒေသသို့ ရောက်၏။ ဗော့စတန်မြို့မြောက် ဘက် မိန်းပြည်နယ်၌ ပင်လယ်အော်များနှင့် ရေလက်ကြား အမြောက်အမြား ရှိလေသည်။ နယူးယောက် သင်္ဘောဆိပ်သည် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုအဖို့ အထူးအရေးကြီး အသုံးဝင်သော 
ဌာနတစ်ခုဖြစ်၏။ အနောက်ဘက်ကမ်းရိုးတန်းမှာလည်း အရှေ့ ဘက်နည်းတူ မညီညွတ်သဖြင့် သင်္ဘောဆိပ်ကောင်းများ ရှိလေ သည်။ ဆန်ဖရန်စစ္စကိုနှင့် ဆန်ဒီယေးဂိုးတို့သည် နာမည်ကျော် ဆိပ်ကမ်းကောင်းများ ဖြစ်ကြ၏။ အရှေ့အတ္တလန္တိတ်ကမ်းရိုး၌ ကျွန်းစုကလေး မြောက်မြားစွာရှိသည့်အနက် ထင်ရှားသော 
ကျွန်းများမှာ မောင့်ဒဲဆတ်၊ နန့်တပ်ကက်၊ ဗလော့ကျွန်း၊ စတက်တင်ကျွန်းတို့ ဖြစ်လေသည်။ တောင်ဘက် ဖလော်ရီဒါ ကမ်းရိုး၌ကား ဘဟားမားနှင့် ကျူးဗားကျွန်းစုများရှိ၍ အနောက် ဘက်၌ ဆန်တာ ကက်တလီးနားနှင့် ဆန်တာ ဘာဘရာကျွန်းစု များ ရှိသည်။

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ မြေမျက်နှာပြင်မှာ သဘာဝအတိုင်း အရှေ့အတ္တလန္တိတ် ကမ်းရိုးတန်းဒေသ၊ အက်ပလက် ချီယန်တောင်တန်းဒေသ၊ ကျယ်ပြန့်သော အလယ်ပိုင်းလွင်ပြင်၊ အတွင်းကျသော ကုန်းမြင့်ပိုင်းနှင့် အနောက်ဘက် ကော်ဒီလား ရားတောင်တန်းဒေသဟူ၍ ပိုင်းခြားလျက်သား ဖြစ်နေသည်ကို 
တွေ့ရ၏။ အရေးအကြီးဆုံးမှာ အတ္တလန္တိတ် ကမ်းရိုးဒေသ ဖြစ်သည်။ ဤကမ်းရိုးဒေသ၏ အနောက်ဘက်၌ မြောက်ပိုင်း အယ်လဗားမားပြည်နယ်မှ ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ အရှေ့မြောက်ဘက် ထောင့်စွန်းအထိ ကျယ်ပြန့်သော အက်ပလက်ချီယန်တောင် တန်းဒေသ ရှိ၏။ ထိုဒေသ၌ ပင်လယ်နှင့် အလွန်နီးသောနေရာ 
များမှာ လွန်စွာအေး၏။ မြောက်ကယ်ရိုလိုင်းနားပြည်နယ်၌ ကား မာကျောသော ကျောက်တောင်ကြီးများသည် မြင့်မားစွာ တည်ရှိနေကြသည်။ မစ်ချဲ့တောင်သည် အမြင့် ပေ ၆၆၈၄ ရှိ ၏။ မြောက်ပိုင်းတွင် သလင်းကျောက်တောင် ခါးပန်းကြီးများ ဖြင့် ပိုင်းခြားထား၏။ ယင်းတို့မှာ နယူးဟမ်ရှိုင်းယာ၌ ဝှိုင် တောင်၊ မက်ဆာချူးဆက်၌ ဗတ်ရှိုင်ယာနှင့် ဗားမောင့်ရှိ ဂရင်းတောင်များ ဖြစ်ကြ၏။

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု အရှေ့ဘက် အက်ပလက်ချီယန် တောင်တန်းများနှင့် အနောက်ဘက် ကော်ဒီလားရားတောင် တန်းဒေသနှစ်ခုစပ်ကြား၌ ကျယ်ပြန့်ညီညာသော လွင်ပြင်ကြီး များ ရှိ၏။ မစ္စစ္စပီ၊ အိုဟိုင်းအိုး နှင့် မစ်ဇူးရီမြစ်တို့သည် လွင်ပြင်ကြီးများကို ဖြတ်၍ စီးဆင်းကြသောကြောင့် မြေဩဇာ ထက်သန် ကောင်းမွန်သဖြင့် ထိုဒေတွင် နေထိုင်ကြသော လူ များသည် လယ်ယာစိုက်ပျိုးခြင်းလုပ်ငန်းကို အဓိကထား၍ လုပ်ကိုင်ကြလေသည်။ အရှေ့ဘက်၌ ရေကောင်းစွာရ၍ မြေဩဇာကောင်းသောမြေများ၊ မြက်ခင်းပြင်ကြီးများရှိ၍ မြောက်ပိုင်း၌ ရှေးအခါက ရေခဲပြင်ကြီး တိုက်စားသွားခဲ့သော မြေဟောင်းများ ရှိလေသည်။ စစ္စကွန်းဆင်၊ မစ်ရှီဂန်နှင့်မင်နီ ဆိုးတား ပြည်နယ်များ၌ အဖိုးတန် ကြေးနီနှင့် သံတွင်းများ ရှိ၏။ တောင်ဘက်ရှိ ပရေရီ မြက်ခင်းပြင်သည် မက္ကဆီကို ပင်လယ်ကွေ့မှ အရှေ့တောင်ဘက် အတ္တလန္တိတ် ကမ်းရိုးတန်းအထိ ကျယ်ပြန့် ရှည်လျားလေသည်။

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ အနောက်ဘက် သုံးပုံတစ်ပုံမှာ ကား ယေဘုယျအားဖြင့် တောတောင် ထူထပ်၏။ ထိုဒေသမှ ရော့ကီးတောင်တန်းကြီးသည် အရှေ့ဘက် ကျယ်ပြန့်သော လွင်ပြင်ပိုင်းမှစ၍ တက်သွားရာ တောင်တန်းများ အသွယ်သွယ် ဖြာထွက်ပြီးနောက် ကော်လိုရားဒိုး ပြည်နယ်၌ အမြင့်ဆုံး ဖြစ်သွား၏။ သို့ရာတွင် ဝိုင်အိုးမင်း အလယ်ပိုင်း၌ နိမ့်ကျ သွားပြီးလျှင် တစ်ဖန် မွန်တာနာနှင့် အိုက်ဒဟိုး ပြည်နယ် များတွင် မြင့်တက်သွားပြန်လေသည်။ ထိုတောင်တန်း၏ အနောက်ဘက်၌ကား မြင့်မားသော ကုန်းပြင်မြင့်ကြီးများ ရှိ၏။ တောင်ဘက်၌ ကော်လိုရာဒို ကုန်းပြင်မြင့်ရှိ၍ ကော်လိုရာဒိုမြစ်က ဖြတ်စီးလျက်ရှိ၏။ ထိုနောက် ယူးတားပြည်နယ်ရှိ 
ဝေါဆက်တောင်နှင့် ကာလီဖိုးနီးယားရှိ ဆီယယ်ရာ နီဗားဒါး တောင်တို့ကြား၌လည်း ဂရိတ်ဗေဆင်အမည်ရှိ ကုန်းပြင်မြင့်ကြီး တစ်ခု ရှိ၏။ ထိုကုန်းပြင်မြင့်ကြီး၏ မြောက်ဘက်တွင် ကိုလံဘီယာ ကုန်းပြင်မြင့်ရှိ၍ ကိုလံဘီယာမြစ်လည်း ရှိ၏။ ကယ်လီဖိုးနီးယားပြည်နယ်တွင် မြင့်မားသော ဝှစ်တနီတောင် ရှိပြီး ဝှစ်တနီ တောင်၏ အရှေ့ဘက်၌ ဒက်ဗဲလီခေါ် သေမင်း ချိုင့်ဝှမ်းရှိ၏။ ထိုတောင်ကြား တစ်စိတ်တစ်ဒေသသည် သဲကန္တာရဖြစ်ပြီးလျှင် ကယ်လီဖိုးနီးယားအထိ ရှည်လျားလေသည်။

ဆီယယ်ရာ နီဗားတောင်တန်းသည် အနောက်မြောက်ဘက်ရှိ အော်ရီဂန်နှင့် ဝါရှင်တန် ပြည်နယ်များသို့ပင် ရောက်၍ ထိုဒေသ များ၌ ကက်စကိတ်တောင်တန်းဟု အမည်တွင်၏။ အနောက် ဘက် ကမ်းရိုးတစ်လျှောက်သို့ ကပ်လျက်တည်ရှိသော တောင် တန်းများမှာကား ကို့စရိန့်ဟု တွင်၏။ ထိုကမ်းနားတောင်တန်းများသည် ကက်စကိတ်နှင့် ဆီယယ်ရာတောင်တန်းများလောက် မမြင့်ပဲ အချို့နေရာများတွင် တောင်တန်းများသည် ပင်လယ်သို့ အရောက် နိမ့်ဆင်းသွားလေသည်။ ကက်စကိတ်တောင်နှင့် မြောက်ပိုင်း ဆီယယ်ရာတွင် မီးတောင်များရှိ၍ အချို့နေရာများတွင် မီးတောင်သေများနှင့် ချော်များဖုံးလွှမ်းထားသော နေရာအများကို တွေ့ရသည်။ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၌ ယခုတိုင် ရှိနေသေးသော မီးတောင်ရှင်တစ်ခုမှာ မြောက်ပိုင်း ကယ်လီဖိုးနီးယားရှိ လက်ဆင်မီးတောင် ဖြစ်လေသည်။

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ကြီးမား ကျယ်ဝန်းသလောက် အင်း၊ အိုင်၊ စိမ့်စမ်း၊ ရေတံခွန်များ ပေါများသော နိုင်ငံဖြစ်ပေသည်။ မြောက်ပိုင်း ဝစ္စကွန်ဆင်နှင့် မင်နီဆိုးတား ပြည်နယ် များ၌ အထူးသဖြင့် အင်းအိုင်ငယ်ကလေးများ ပေါများ၏။ ပရေရီမြက်ခင်းပြင်၏ မြောက်ဘက်အစွန်၌ ထင်ရှားကျော်စောသော ''ဂရိတ်လိတ်''ခေါ် ရေအိုင်ကြီးများရှိ၏။ ထိုရေအိုင်ကြီး များသည် အလွန်ကျယ်ဝန်း၍ ကုန်းတွင်း၌ တည်ရှိသောကြောင့် ကုန်းတွင်းပင်လယ်များဟုပင် ခေါ်နိုင်လေသည်။ ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံရှိ စိန်လော့ရင့်မြစ်သည် ထိုရေအိုင်များမှနေ၍ အတ္တလန္တိတ် သမုဒ္ဒရာသို့ စီးဆင်းလေသည်။ ဆူပီးရီးယားအိုင်ကြီးနှင့် ဟူရွန်အိုင်ကို ဆန်မာရေးတူးမြောင်းဖြင့် ဆက်သွယ်ထား၍ ဟူရွန်အိုင်မှ အီရီအိုင်၊ တစ်ဖန် အီရီအိုင်မှ အွန်တေးရီအိုအိုင်တို့ကို လှေ သင်္ဘောများ အသွားအလာ လွယ်ကူစေရန် တူးမြောင်းများဖြင့် ဆက်သွယ်ထားလေသည်။ နိုင်ဂါရာ ရေတံခွန်ကြီးသည် ဤအိုင်ကြီးများအနီး၌တည်ရှိ၍ ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ကျက်သရေကိုဆောင်နေလေသည်။

အီရီအိုင်အရှေ့ဘက်စွန်းမျှ ဟဒ်ဆန်မြစ်အထိ လှေသင်္ဘောများသွားလာနိုင်ရန်အတွက် ဂီရီတူးမြောင်းကို ဖောက်လုပ်ထားသည်။ ထိုရေအိုင်ကြီးများအပြင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု မြောက်ပိုင်းတွင် ရေအိုင်ကလေး အများအပြား ရှိပေသေးသည်။ အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုအတွင်း၌ ရေရှိသောဒေသများ အားလုံး၏ အကျယ်အဝန်းမှာ ၅၃ဝဝ၃ စတုရန်းမိုင် ဖြစ်လေသည်။ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် မြောက်သမပိုင်းဇုန်အတွင်း၌ တည်ရှိသော်လည်း ရာသီဥတုမှာ အပူအအေး မညီမျှချေ။ ယေဘုယျအားဖြင့် ရာသီဥတုသည် တိုင်းပြည်မြေမျက်နှာပြင်ကို လိုက်၍ ပြောင်းလဲတတ်သောကြောင့် တောတောင်ထူထပ်သော ပင်လယ်ကမ်းရိုး တောင်တန်းဒေသနှင့် ကက်စကိတ်တောင် အနောက်ဘက်တို့တွင် စိုစွတ်ထိုင်းမှိုင်းခြင်း ဖြစ်စေလေသည်။ အနောက်ဘက် ကမ်းရိုးတန်းသည် ပစိဖိတ်ပင်လယ်လေကြောင့် အရှေ့ဘက်လောက် ရာသီဥတု မပြင်းထန်ချေ။ ဆောင်းရာသီ တွင် အလွန်အမင်း မအေးပဲ နွေရာသီ၌လည်း အလွန်အမင်း မပူချေ။ အနောက်ဘက်ဒေသ၌ ဆောင်းတွင်းမှာသာ မိုးရွာသွန်း ၍ တစ်နှစ်လုံးအတွက် ပျမ်းမျှ မိုးရေချိန်ကို ကြည့်သော် မိုး များသည်ဟု ဆိုနိုင်ပေသည်။ ရော့ကီးတောင်နှင့် ဆီယယ်ရာ နီဗား၊ စပ်ကြားရှိဒေသ၌ကား မိုးအလွန်နည်းသောကြောင့် အရှေ့တောင် ကာလီဖိုးနီးယားဘက်သို့ ရောက်သော် သဲကန္တာရ ကိုပင် တွေ့ရ၏။ အတ္တလန္တိတ်ဘက်ရှိ နယ်ပယ်များတွင်မူ နွေအခါ၌ လွန်စွာပူ၍ ဆောင်းအခါ၌ လွန်စွာအေးလေသည်။

တောင်ဘက် မက္ကဆီကို ပင်လယ်ကွေ့တစ်ဝိုက်ရှိ နယ် များ၌ နွေရာသီတွင် အလွန်ပူ၍ ဆောင်းရာသီ၌ အသင့်အတင့် အေးချမ်းကာ ရံဖန်ရံခါ ဆီးနှင်းများ သည်းထန်စွာကျ၏။ မိုး လည်း အတော်များ၏။ အလယ်ပိုင်းလွင်ပြင်များ၌ ဆောင်း ရာသီမှာ အလွန်အေး၍ တစ်ခါတစ်ရံ ဆီးနှင်းများ မုန်တိုင်းများကျ၏။ ထိုဒေသများ၌ တစ်နှစ်လုံး ရွာသောမိုး၏ ၃/၄ သည် ဧပြီနှင့် စက်တင်ဘာလ စပ်ကြား၌ ရွာသွန်းလေသည်။ &lt;ref&gt;မြန်မာ့စွယ်စုံကျမ်း၊ အတွဲ(၁၄)&lt;/ref&gt;

== နိုင်ငံတွင်း ပါဝင်သော ဒေသများ ==

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ပြည်နယ် ၅၀ တို့ စုစည်းထားသော ဖက်ဒရယ် ပြည်ထောင်စု ဖြစ်သည်။ မူလပထမ ပြည်နယ် ၁၃ ခုမှာ ဗြိတိသျှတို့၏ အုပ်ချုပ်မှုကို တွန်းလှန်ခဲ့သော ကိုလိုနီနယ်ပယ် ၁၃ ခုမှ ပေါ်ပေါက်လာခဲ့ခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ နိုင်ငံ၏ အစောပိုင်း သမိုင်းကြောင်းတွင် ပြည်နယ် ၃ ခုကို လက်ရှိပြည်နယ်များ၏ ခွဲထုတ်၍ နယ်မြေအသစ် သတ်မှတ် ပေးခဲ့သည်။ ၎င်းတို့မှာ ကင်တပ်ကီ ပြည်နယ်ကို ဗာဂျီးနီးယား ပြည်နယ်မှ ၎င်း၊ တင်နက်ဆီပြည်နယ်ကို မြောက်ကယ်ရိုလိုင်းနား ပြည်နယ်မှ ၎င်း၊ မိန်းပြည်နယ်ကို မက်ဆာချူးဆက် ပြည်နယ်မှ ၎င်း ခွဲခြားခဲ့ခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ အခြားသော ပြည်နယ်များမှာမူ အမေရိကန်တို့ စစ်တိုက်ခြင်း ဖြင့်၎င်း၊ ဝယ်ယူခြင်းဖြင့် ၎င်း ရရှိလာသော နယ်မြေများ ဖြစ်သည်။ ဗားမောင့် ပြည်နယ်၊ တက္ကဆပ်ပြည်နယ် နှင့် ဟာဝိုင်အီ ပြည်နယ်တို့မှာ ယခင်က သီးခြား လွတ်လပ်သော သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ များ အဖြစ် တည်ရှိခဲ့ကြပြီး အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စု အတွင်းသို့ လာရောက် ပူးပေါင်းကြခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ အမေရိကန်ပြည်တွင်းစစ် အတွင်းတွင် အနောက်ဗာဂျီးနီးယား ပြည်နယ်သည် ဗာဂျီးနီးယားမှ ပြည်နယ်တစ်ခု အဖြစ် သီးသန့် ခွဲထွက် ခဲ့သည်။ နောက်အကျဆုံး ပြည်နယ် အဖြစ် အသိအမှတ် ပြုခံရသည့် ပြည်နယ်မှာ ဟာဝိုင်အီ ပြည်နယ် ဖြစ်ပြီး ၁၉၅၉ခုနှစ် ဩဂုတ်လ ၂၁ ရက်တွင်မှ ပြည်နယ်အဖြစ် ရောက်ရှိလာခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/10/18/special/story4.html |title='The Goal Was Democracy for All |work= Honolulu Star-Bulletin |author=Borreca, Richard |date=October 18, 1999 |accessdate=February 11, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပြည်နယ်များတွင် ပြည်ထောင်စုမှ ခွဲထွက်ခွင့် မရှိပေ။

ပြည်နယ်များသည် အမေရိကန် ကုန်းမကြီးပေါ်တွင် နေရာ အပြည့်ယူထားသည်။ ပြည်နယ်များ အပြင် အခြားအရေးပါသော ဒေသနှစ်ခုမှာ ဝါရှင်တန် မြို့တော် တည်ရှိရာ ဖက်ဒရယ် ဒိစတြိတ် ဖြစ်သော ကိုလမ်ဘီယာ ဒိစတြိတ် နှင့် ပစိဖိတ်သမုဒ္ဒရာ အတွင်းရှိ လူမနေသော်လည်း အမေရိကန် ပိုင်နက်ဖြစ်သော ပါမေရာ သန္တာကျွန်း တို့ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။ အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် အဓိက ရေခြားမြေခြား ပိုင်နက် ၅ ခုလည်း ရှိသေးသည်။ ကာရစ်ဘီယံ ပင်လယ်အတွင်းရှိ ပြူရီတို ရီကို နှင့် အမေရိကန် ဗာဂျင်အိုင်းလန်း ဒေသ၊ ပစိဖိတ် သမုဒ္ဒရာအတွင်းရှိ အမေရိကန် ဆာမိုအာ၊ ဂူအမ်ကျွန်း နှင့် မြောက်မာရီယာနာ ကျွန်းများ တို့ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။ &lt;ref&gt;See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(36) and 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act. {{USC|8|1101a}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန် ဆာမိုအာမှ လွဲ၍ အခြား အဓိက ပိုင်နက် ၄ ခုတွင် မွေးဖွားသူတို့သည် အမေရိကန် နိုင်ငံသား အဖြစ် အလိုအလျောက် ရရှိကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RL30527.pdf| title = Presidential Elections in the United States: A Primer (Page 7)| accessdate = January 18, 2010| date = April 17, 2000| publisher = United States Congressional Research Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; ထိုဒေသများတွင် နေထိုင်သူတို့သည် ပြည်နယ်များတွင် နေထိုင်သူများကဲ့သို့ပင် အခွင့်အရေးများ တာဝန်များ ရှိကြသော်လည်း ဖက်ဒရယ်အစိုးရ၏ ဝင်ငွေခွန်မှ ကင်းလွတ်ခွင့် ပြုထားသည်။ သို့သော်လည်း သမ္မတ ရွေးချယ်ရာတွင် မဲပေးပိုင်ခွင့် မရှိဘဲ အောက်လွှတ်တော်တွင်လည်း မဲပေးခွင့်မရှိသည့် ကိုယ်စားလှယ်သာ တက်ရောက်ခွင့် ရသည်။&lt;ref&gt;Raskin, James B. (2003). ''Overruling Democracy: The Supreme Court Vs. the American People''. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 36–38. ISBN 0-415-93439-7.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Map of USA with state names 2.svg||650px||center]]

အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံ အတွင်း၌ မှီတင်းနေထိုင်သော လူမျိုးများ မှာလည်း သမိုင်းကြောင်းအရ ကမ္ဘာအရပ်ရပ်မှ ပြောင်းရွေ့လာသော လူမျိုးများဖြစ်သည်။ ပျူရီတန်ဂိုဏ်း 
ဝင်တို့သည် ကိုးကွယ်မှု နှိပ်ကွက်ခြင်းများကို မခံရပ်နိုင်ကြ သဖြင့် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသို့ လာရောက် နေထိုင်ကြ၏။ ဒတ်ခ်ျလူမျိုးနှင့်ဆွစ်လူမျိုးတို့သည်လည်း ကုန်ရောင်းဝယ်ရေး လုပ်ငန်းကို လုပ်ကိုင်ရန်အတွက် နယူးယောက်၊ နယူးဂျာစီ အရပ်တို့၌ လာရောက်နေထိုင်ကြ၏။ စပိန်လူမျိုးတို့လည်း ရွှေငွေရှာဖွေရန် ဖလော်ရီဒါ၊ တက်ကဆပ်နှင့်ကယ်လီဖိုးနီးယား ပြည်နယ်များသို့ လာရောက်၍ အခြေစိုက် နေထိုင်ကြ၏။ ဂျာမန်၊ ဩစတြီးယန်း၊ ပိုးလူမျိုးနှင့် အိုင်ရစ်လူမျိုးတို့သည် လည်း စီးပွားရေးနှင့် နိုင်ငံရေးအကြောင်းများကြောင့် မစ္စစ္စပီမြစ်ဝှမ်းတစ်လျှောက်တွင် လာရောက်နေထိုင်ကြ၏။ ကွိတ်ကာ ဂိုဏ်းဝင်များနှင့် အယူဝါဒဆိုင်ရာ ဂျာမန် ဒုက္ခသည်များသည် ပင်ဆယ်လဗေးနီးယားပြည်နယ်ကို တည်ထောင်နေထိုင်ကြ၏။ ပစိဖိတ်ကမ်းခြေနှင့် အနီးအနားရှိ ကျွန်းစုများတွင်ကား မလေး၊ ဂျပန်နှင့် တရုတ်များရှိ၏။ ရုရှလူမျိုးတို့မှာ အလာစကာနယ် တွင် နေထိုင်ကြ၍ အီတာလျံ၊ ဂျူး၊ ဆလဗ်၊ အာမေးနီးယမ်း နှင့် ဆီးရီးယန်းတို့ကိုကား နေရာတကာ၌ တွေ့မြင်ရ၏။ 
အမေရိကန်၏တိုင်းရင်းသားလူမျိုးများဖြစ်သော အင်ဒီးယန်း လူမျိုးများကား ကမ္ဘာအရပ်ရပ်မှ လာရောက် နေထိုင်သော လူမျိုးများကြောင့် လူမျိုးပင် ပျောက်ကွယ်လုမတတ်ဖြစ် နေတော့၏။ သို့ဖြစ်လေရာ ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုကဲ့သို့ လူမျိုးစုံသောနိုင်ငံကား မရှိတော့ပြီ။
ယင်းသို့အားဖြင့် ကမ္ဘာအရပ်ရပ်မှ လူအမျိုးမျိုး လာရောက် နေထိုင်ကြရာမှ နောင်အခါအမေရိကတိုက်တွင် အင်္ဂလိပ် လက်အောက်ခံ ကိုလိုနီနယ် တစ်ဆယ့်သုံးနယ်ဟူ၍ ဖြစ်လာ၏။ ယခုအခါ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် ပါဝင်သော ပြည်နယ်ပေါင်း ၅ဝ ရှိလေသည်။ ထိုပြည်နယ် များမှာ အယ်လဗားမား၊ အလာစကာ၊ အယ်ရီ ဇိုးနား၊ အာကင်ဆော၊ ကာလီဖိုးနီးယား၊ ကော်လိုရာဒိုး၊ ကွန်နက်တိကတ်၊ ဒဲလဝဲယား၊ ဖလော်ရီဒါ၊ ဂျော်ဂျီယာ၊အိုက်ဒဟိုး၊ အီလီနွိုင်၊ အင်ဒီးယားနား၊ အိုင်ယိုးဝါး၊ ကန်းဆက်၊ ကင်တပ်ကီး၊ လူဝီဇီ ယန္နား၊ မိန်း၊ မေရီလန်၊ မင်ဆချူးဆက်၊ မစ်ရှီဂန်၊ မက်နီဆိုး တား၊ မစ်စစ်စပီ၊ မိဇူးရီ၊ မွန်တာနာ၊ နီဗရက်စက၊ နီဗားဒ၊ နယူဟမ္ပရှိုင်ယာ၊ နယူးဂျာစီ၊ နယူးမက္ကဆီကို၊ နယူးယော့၊ မြောက်ကယ်ရိုလီးနား၊မြောက်ဒကိုးတား၊ အိုဟိုင်းအိုး၊ အိုကလာ ဟိုးမား၊ အော်ရီဂန်၊ ပင်ဆီလဗေးနီးယား၊ ရုတ်ကျွန်း၊ တောင် ကယ်ရိုလီးနား၊ တောင်ဒကိုး တား၊ တင်နက်ဆီ၊ တက်ဆက်၊ ယူးတား၊ ဗားမောင့်၊ ဗားဂျင်နီးယား၊ ဝါရှင်တန်၊ အနောက် ဗာဂျင်နီးယား၊ ဝစ္စကွန်းဆင်း၊ ဝိုင်အိုးမင်းနှင့် ဟာဝိုင်အီတို့ဖြစ်လေသည်။ &lt;ref&gt;မြန်မာ့စွယ်စုံကျမ်း၊ အတွဲ(၁၄)&lt;/ref&gt;

== သမိုင်း ==
=== မူလ အမေရိကန်များနှင့် ဥရောပအခြေချ နေထိုင်သူများ ===
အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု ကုန်းမကြီး ပေါ်နှင့် အလက်စကာတွင် ရှေးဦးအစက နေထိုင်ကြသူများမှာ အာရှမှ လွန်ခဲ့သော နှစ်ပေါင်း ၁၂,၀၀၀ နှင့် ၄၀,၀၀၀ ကြားတွင် ပြောင်းရွှေ့လာသူများဟု ယုံကြည်ကြသည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm|archivedate=28 November 2007|title=Peopling of Americas|publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History|month=June|year=2004|accessdate=2007-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကိုလံဘီယံခေတ် မတိုင်မီ မစ္စစ္စပီယန် ယဉ်ကျေးမှု ထွန်းကားချိန်တွင် အဆင့်မြင့် စိုက်ပျိုးမွေးမြူရေး၊ ခမ်းနားသော ဗိသုကာပညာများ နှင့် နိုင်ငံ အဆင့်ရှိသော လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းများ ပေါ်ပေါက်ခဲ့သည်။ ဥရောပသားတို့ အမေရိကန်တွင် စတင်ပြောင်းရွှေ့နေထိုင်ကြချိန်တွင် နဂိုမူလနေထိုင်ကြသော အမေရိကန် သန်းပေါင်းများစွာတို့မှာ ဥရောပသားတို့နှင့် ပါလာသော [[ကျောက်ကြီးရောဂါ]] စသည့် ရောဂါများကြောင့် သေဆုံးခဲ့ရသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Meltzer, D.J.|year=1992|title=How Columbus Sickened the New World: Why Were Native Americans So Vulnerable to the Diseases European Settlers Brought With Them??journal=New Scientist|page=38|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13618424.700-how-columbus-sickened-the-new-world-why-were-nativeamericans-so-vulnerable-to-the-diseases-european-settlers-brought-with-them.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:MayflowerHarbor.jpg|thumb|right| မေဖလားဝါး သင်္ဘောသည် ဘုရားဖူးတို့အား နယူးဝေါလ်သို့ ၁၆၂၀ခုနှစ်တွင် ပို့ဆောင်ပေးခဲ့သည်ကို ဝီလီယမ် ဟာဆယ်လ်က ၁၈၈၂ ခုနှစ်တွင် &quot;ပလိုင်းမောက် ဆိပ်ကမ်းရှိ မေဖလားဝါး ဟူသော အမည်ဖြင့် ရေးဆွဲထားသော ပန်းချီကား]]
၁၄၉၂ တွင် စပိန် ဘုရင်၏ လက်အောက်ခံ ဂျီနိုအာမြို့သား စူးစမ်းရှာဖွေသူ ခရစ်စတိုဖာ ကိုလံဘတ် သည် ကာရစ်ဘီယံ ကျွန်းအချို့သို့ ရောက်ရှိခဲ့ပြီး နဂိုမူလ နေထိုင်သူတို့နှင့် ပထမဆုံး အဆက်အဆံ ပြုခဲ့သည်။ ၁၅၁၃ ဧပြီလ ၂ ရက်တွင် အောင်နိုင်သူ ဂျွန် ပေါင့်စ် ဒီ လီယွန် (Juan Ponce de León) လာဖလော်ရီဒါ ဟု သူ အမည်ပေးခဲ့သော နေရာသို့ ရောက်ရှိခဲ့ခြင်းသည် အမေရိကန် ကုန်းမကြီးပေါ်သို့ ဥရောပသားတို့ ပထမဆုံး ရောက်ရှိခြင်း အဖြစ် မှတ်တမ်းတင်ထားသည်။ ထို့နောက် စပိန်လူမျိုးတို့ သည် အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံ အနောက်တောင်ပိုင်းဒေသတွင် အခြေချ နေထိုင်ခဲ့ကြပြီး ထောင်ပေါင်များစွာတို့မှာ မက္ကဆီကိုမှ တဆင့် ပြောင်းရွှေ့ ဝင်ရောက်လာခဲ့ခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ ပြင်သစ် သားမွေးကုန်သည်တို့သည် ကန်ကြီးများ၏ အနီးတွင် နယူးဖရန့် နယ်မြေ အဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်ကြသည်။ နောက်ပိုင်းတွင် ပြင်သစ်တို့သည် မက္ကဆီကို ပင်လယ်ကွေ့ အထိတိုင်အောင် အမေရိကန်မြောက်ပိုင်း၏ အတွင်းပိုင်း ဒေသ အတော်များများကို သူတို့ပိုင် နယ်မြေအဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ အင်္ဂလိပ်တို့၏ ပထမဦးဆုံး အောင်မြင်စွာ အခြေချ နေထိုင်ချင်းမှာ ၁၆၀၇ ခုနှစ် ဂျိမ်းစ်တောင်းတွင် ဗာဂျီးနီးယား ကိုလိုနီ ထူထောင်ခြင်းနှင့် ၁၆၂၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် ဘုရားဖူးတို့၏ ပလိုင်းမောက် ကိုလိုနီ (Pilgrims' Plymouth Colony) ကို ထူထောင်ခြင်းတို့ပင် ဖြစ်သည်။ ၁၆၂၈ ခုနှစ်တွင် မက်ဆာချူးဆက် ပင်လယ်အော် ကိုလိုနီကို အငှားချခဲ့ခြင်းကြောင့် ရွှေ့ပြောင်းနေထိုင်သူ အများအပြား ရောက်ရှိခဲ့သည်။ ၁၆၃၄ ခုနှစ်တွင် နယူးအင်္ဂလန်တွင် ပြူရီတန် ၁၀,၀၀၀ ကျော်တို့ အခြေချ နေထိုင်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ ၁၆၁၀ခုနှစ်များ နှောင်းပိုင်းနှင့် အမေရိကန်တော်လှန်ရေးတို့ အကြားတွင် ရာဇဝတ်သား ၅၀,၀၀၀ ခန့်ကို ဗြိတိသျှတို့၏ အမေရိကန် ကိုလိုနီနယ်မြေများသို့ သင်္ဘောဖြင့် တင်ပို့ခဲ့ကြသည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Butler, James Davie|url=http://www.dinsdoc.com/butler-1.htm|title=British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies|publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History|work=American Historical Review 2|month=October|year=1896|accessdate=2007-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၁၆၁၄ခုနှစ် အစတွင် ဒတ်ခ်ျတို့သည် ဟတ်ဒ်ဆန်မြစ်၏ အောက်ပိုင်းတလျှောက်တွင် အခြေချနေထိုင်ခဲ့ကြပြီး နယူးအမ်စတာဒမ် နှင့် မက်ဟက်တန်ကျွန်းတို့လည်း အပါအဝင်ဖြစ်သည်။

၁၆၇၄ ခုနှစ်တွင် ဒတ်ခ်ျတို့သည် သူတို့၏ အမေရိကန်နယ်မြေများကို အင်္ဂလန်သို့ လွှဲပြောင်းပေးခဲ့ကြပြီးနောက် နယူးနယ်သာလန် ဒေသကို နယူးယောက်ဟု ပြောင်းလဲအမည်ပေးခဲ့ကြသည်။ အသစ်ရွှေ့ပြောင်းလာကြသူ အထူးသဖြင့် အမေရိကန် တောင်ပိုင်းသို့ ပြောင်းရွှေ့လာသူ အတော်များများမှာ အတွေ့အကြုံမရှိသေးသော ငယ်ရွယ်သည့် အလုပ်သမားများဖြစ်ကြပြီး သူတို့သည် ၁၆၃၀ မှ ၁၆၈၀ အတွင်း ဗာဂျီးနီးယားပြည်နယ်သို့ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းလာသူများ၏ ၃ ပုံ ၂ ပုံမျှ ဖြစ်သည်။ &lt;ref&gt;Russell, David Lee (2005). ''The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies''. Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland, p. 12. ISBN 0-7864-0783-2.&lt;/ref&gt; ၁၈ ရာစု အတွင်းသို့ ရောက်သောအခါတွင် အာဖရိကမှ ရောက်ရှိလာသော ကျွန်များမှာ အလုပ်ကြမ်းများအတွက် အဓိက အရင်းအမြစ် ဖြစ်လာကြသည်။ ၁၇၂၉ ခုနှစ် ကာရိုလိုင်းနား နှစ်ပိုင်းကွဲခြင်းနှင့် ၁၇၃၂ ခုနှစ် ဂျော်ဂျီယာ ပြည်နယ်ကို ကိုလိုနီအဖြစ် ပြုလုပ်ခြင်းတို့ကြောင့် အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စု ဖြစ်လာမည့် ဗြိတိသျှ၏ ကိုလိုနီ ၁၃ ခုကို ထူထောင်ခဲ့ပြီး ဖြစ်သည်။ ပြည်နယ်တိုင်းတွင် ဒေသဆိုင်ရာ အစိုးရ ရှိပြီး ရွေးကောက်ပွဲတွင် မည်သူမဆို ပါဝင်ယှဉ်ပြိုင် မဲပေးနိုင်ကြသည်။ ရှေးခေတ်က အင်္ဂလိပ်လူမျိုးတို့၏ ရပိုင်ခွင့် အခွင့်အရေး စသည့် လမ်းစဉ်တို့ကို လိုက်နာမှု တိုးပွား လာကြခြင်း နှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ရေး နှင့် ပတ်သက်သည့် စိတ်ဓာတ်များကြောင့် ရီပတ်ဘလစ်ကင် သဘောတရားကို ထောက်ခံလာကြခြင်းတို့ပင် ဖြစ်သည်။ ပြည်နယ်တိုင်းတွင် အာဖရိက ကျွန်များ ရောင်းဝယ်ဖောက်ကားမှု ကို တရားဝင်ဖြစ်အောင် ပြုခဲ့ကြသည်။ မွေးဖွားနှုန်း များပြားလာခြင်း၊ သေဆုံးမှုနှုန်း နည်းပါးလာခြင်းနှင့် ပြောင်းရွှေ့ဝင်ရောက်သူတို့ ပုံမှန် ရှိနေခြင်းတို့ကြောင့် ကိုလိုနီများရှိ လူဦးရေမှာ အလျင်အမြန်ပင် တိုးပွားလာခဲ့သည်။ ခရစ်ယာန် ရီဗိုက်တယ်လစ်ဇ် တို့၏ ၁၇၃၀ ခုနှစ်များ နှင့် ၁၇၄၀ ခုနှစ်များ အကြား လှုပ်ရှားမှု တို့နှင့် ပထမဆုံး မဟာ နိုးကြားမှု (Great Awakening) အပြီးတွင် ဘာသာရေးနှင့် ဘာသာရေး လွတ်လပ်မှု တို့ကို စိတ်ဝင်စားမှု တိုးပွားလာခဲ့ကြသည်။ ပြင်သစ် နှင့် အင်ဒီးယန်း တို့၏ စစ်ပွဲအပြီးတွင် ဗြိတိသျှတပ်တို့သည် ကနေဒါကို ပြင်သစ်တို့ထံမှ သိမ်းယူခဲ့သော်လည်း ဖရန်ကိုဖုန်း လူမျိုးတို့သည် တောင်ဘက် ကိုလိုနီများနှင့် မတူပဲ နိုင်ငံရေးအရ တသီးတခြား ဖြစ်နေခဲ့ကြသည်။ ပြောင်းရွှေ့ခံရသော နဂိုမူလ အမေရိကန်များ (အများသိကြသည်မှာ &quot;အမေရိကန် အင်ဒီးယန်းများ&quot;) မပါဘဲ ကိုလိုနီ ၁၃ ခုတို့၏ လူဦးရေမှာ ၁၇၇၀တွင် ၂.၆ သန်းအထိ ရှိလာခဲ့သည်။ ထိုလူဦးရေထဲမှာ ၃ ပုံ ၁ပုံမှာ ဗြိတိန်မှ ဖြစ်ပြီး အမေရိကန် ငါးယောက်လျှင် တစ်ယောက်မှာ လူမည်းကျွန်များ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;Blackburn, Robin (1998). ''The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492–1800''. London and New York: Verso, p. 460. ISBN 1-85984-195-3.&lt;/ref&gt; ဗြိတိသျှ တို့၏ အခွန်ကောက်ခံမှုမှ ကင်းလွတ်ခွင့် ရသော်လည်း အမေရိကန် ကိုလိုနီတို့သည် ဂရိတ်ဗြိတိန်၏ ပါလီမန်တွင် ကိုယ်စားပြုခွင့် မရပေ။

=== လွတ်လပ်ရေး နှင့် နယ်မြေချဲ့ထွင်ခြင်း ===
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|left|ဂျွန် ထရမ်ဘူးလ် ၏ လွတ်လပ်ရေး ကြေညာခြင်း ပန်ချီကား ၁၈၁၇-၁၈၁၈]]
၁၇၆၀ ခုနှစ်များ မှ ၁၇၇၀ခုနှစ်များ အစောပိုင်းအတွင်း အမေရိကန် ကိုလိုနီများနှင့် ဗြိတိသျှတို့အကြား တင်းမာမှုမှ တဆင့် ၁၇၇၅ မှ ၁၇၈၁ ခုနှစ် အထိကြာသော အမေရိကန် လွတ်လပ်ရေး စစ်ပွဲကို ပေါ်ပေါက်လာစေခဲ့သည်။ ၁၇၇၅ ခုနှစ် ဇွန်လ ၁၄ ရက်တွင် ဖီလာဒဲလ်ဖီးယားတွင် ကျင်းပသော ကွန်တီနန်တယ် ကွန်ဂရက်မှ [[ဂျော့ချ် ဝါရှင်တန်]]၏ အုပ်ချုပ်မှု အောက်တွင် ကွန်တီနန်တယ် စစ်တပ်ကို ဖွဲ့စည်းခဲ့သည်။ &quot;လူအားလုံးကို အညီအမျှ ဖန်ဆင်းခဲ့သည်။&quot; ဟု ကြွေးကြော်ခဲ့ကြပြီး မည်သူ့မဆို ရသင့်ရထိုက်သော အခွင့်အရေးများ ရှိသည်ဟု ဆိုကာ ကွန်ဂရက်သည် လွတ်လပ်ရေး ကြေညာစာတမ်းကို ၁၇၇၆ ခုနှစ် ဇူလိုင်လ ၄ ရက်တွင် အတည်ပြုခဲ့သည်။ ထိုမူကြမ်း၏ အများစုကို ရေးသားသူမှာ [[သောမတ်စ် ဂျက်ဖာဆင်]] ဖြစ်သည်။ ထိုနေ့ကို နှစ်စဉ်နှစ်တိုင်းတွင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ လွတ်လပ်ရေးနေ့ အဖြစ် ကျင်းပလျက် ရှိသည်။ ၁၇၇၇ တွင် ကွန်ဖက်ဒရေးရှင်း အတွက် မူများကို ချမှတ်ခဲ့ပြီး အားနည်းသော ကွန်ဖက်ဒရယ် အစိုးရဖြင့် ၁၇၈၉ ခုနှစ် အထိ အုပ်ချုပ်ခဲ့ကြသည်။

ဗြိတိသျှတို့သည့် ပြင်သစ်နှင့် စပိန်တို့၏ အကူအညီ ရယူထားသော အမေရိကန်တပ်များကို ရှုံးနိမ့်ပြီးသည့် အခါတွင် ဂရိတ်ဗြိတိန်သည် အမေရိကန်တို့၏ လွတ်လပ်ရေး နှင့် မစ္စစ္စပီမြစ်၏ အနောက်ဘက်ခြမ်းရှိ နယ်မြေများ အပေါ်တွင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏၏ အချုပ်အခြာ အာဏာ ပိုင်ဆိုင်မှု ကို အသိအမှတ် ပြုခဲ့ရသည်။ အခွန်ကောက်ခံနိုင်သည့် အာဏာပါဝင်သည့် ခိုင်မာသော အမျိုးသား အစိုးရ ဖွဲ့စည်းရန် အလိုရှိသည့် သူတို့က ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံဥပဒေဆိုင်ရာ ညီလာခံကို ၁၇၈၇ တွင် ကျင်းပခဲ့သည်။ ၁၇၈၈ တွင် အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံဥပဒေကို အတည်ပြု နိုင်ခဲ့သည်။ သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ အသစ်၏ ဆီးနိတ်လွှတ်တော်၊ အောက်လွှတ်တော်တို့ကို ဖွဲ့စည်းခဲ့ပြီး ၁၇၈၉ ခုနှစ်တွင် ဂျော့ချ် ဝါရှင်တန်က သမ္မတရာထူးကို ရယူခဲ့သည်။ ဖက်ဒရယ် အစိုးရမှ လူတစ်ဦးတစ်ယောက်ချင်းစီ၏ အခွင့်အရေးအား ကန့်သတ်ချုပ်ချယ်မှု ကို တားမြစ်ထားပြီး နှင့် ဥပဒေအရ နည်းလမ်းအမျိုးမျိုးဖြင့် အကာအကွယ် ပေးရန် အာမခံချက်ပေးထားသည့် အခွင့်အရေးများ ဆိုင်ရာ ဥပဒေ (The Bill of Rights) ကို ၁၇၉၁ ခုနှစ်တွင် ပြဋ္ဌာန်းခဲ့သည်။

ကျွန်စနစ်နှင့် ပတ်သက်သော အတွေးအခေါ်များမှာ ပြောင်းလဲလာကြသည်။ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံ ဥပဒေတွင်ပါသော စာပိုဒ်တစ်ပိုဒ် အရ အာဖရိက ကျွန် ရောင်းဝယ်ရေးကို ၁၈၀၈ ခုနှစ် အထိသာ အကာအကွယ် ပေးထားသည်။ မြောက်ဘက်ပိုင်းရှိ ပြည်နယ်များက ကျွန်စနစ်ကို ၁၇၈၀ မှ ၁၈၀၄ ခုနှစ်အတွင်း ပယ်ဖျက်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ ထို့အတွက် တောင်ပိုင်းရှိ ကျွန်စနစ် ကျင့်သုံးနေသေးသော ပြည်နယ်များကို &quot;ထူးခြားသော အဖွဲ့အစည်းများ&quot; အဖြစ် ကြွင်းကျန်ရစ်ခဲ့စေသည်။ ၁၈၀၀ ခုနှစ်လောက်တွင် စတင်သော ဒုတိယ မဟာနိုးကြားမှု (Second Great Awakening) အရ အီဗန်ဂျယ်လစ်ကယ်လစ်ဇင် (evangelicalism) သည် ကိုယ်ဝန်ဖျက်ချမှု အပါအဝင် အမျိုးမျိုးသော လူမှုရေးဆိုင်ရာ ပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲရေး လှုပ်ရှားမှု တို့၏ နောက်ကွယ်မှ အားတစ်ခု ဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။

[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|right|thumb|နယ်မြေတို့ကို ရယူခြင်းကို နေ့စွဲဖြင့် ပြထားပုံ]]

အမေရိကန်တို့ အနေနှင့် အနောက်ဘက်သို့ နယ်မြေချဲ့ထွင်ရန် စိတ်အားထက်သန်ခြင်းကြောင့် အင်ဒီးယန်းစစ်ပွဲများ အချိန်ကာလ ရှည်လျားစွာ ဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့သည်။ ၁၈၀၃ခုနှစ် သမ္မတ သောမတ်စ် ဂျက်ဖာဆန်၏ လက်ထက်တွင် လူဝီစီးယားနားမှ ပြင်သစ်တို့ ပိုင်ဆိုင်သည့် နယ်မြေကို ဝယ်ယူခဲ့ခြင်းကြောင့် နိုင်ငံ၏ အရွယ်အစားမှာ နှစ်ဆ ဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Louisiana Purchase|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/jeff/lewisclark2/circa1804/heritage/louisianapurchase/louisianapurchase.htm|work=National Parks Services|accessdate=1 March 2011|archivedate=29 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129154059/http://www.nps.gov/archive/jeff/lewisclark2/circa1804/heritage/louisianapurchase/louisianapurchase.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမျိုးမျိုးသော မကျေနပ်မှုကြောင့် ဗြိတိန်တို့ အပေါ် ကြေညာတိုက်ခိုက်ခဲ့သော ၁၈၁၂ စစ်ပွဲတွင် မည်သူမျှ အနိုင်မရရှိခဲ့သော်လည်း အမေရိကန်တို့၏ အမျိုးသားစိတ်ဓာတ်ကို ခိုင်မာလာစေခဲ့သည်။ အမေရိကန် စစ်တပ်တို့က ဖလော်ရီဒါသို့ အကြိမ်ကြိမ် ကျူးကျော်ဝင်ရောက်ခြင်းကြောင့် စပိန်တို့အနေနှင့် ဖလော်ရီဒါနှင့် အခြား ပင်လယ်ကွေ့ ကမ်းရိုးတန်း နယ်မြေများကို ၁၈၁၉ ခုနှစ်တွင် လက်လွှတ်ခဲ့သည်။ နဂို နေထိုင်သော အင်ဒီးယန်းတို့ကို ဖယ်ရှားသည့် &quot;မျက်ရည်များ၏ ခြေရာ&quot; (Trail of Tears) ဟု ညွှန်းဆို ခေါ်ဝေါ်ကြသည့် အဖြစ်အပျက်တွင် ၁၈၃၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် အင်ဒီးယန်း ဖယ်ရှားရေး ပေါ်လစီကို အကောင်အထည်ဖော်ခဲ့ကြပြီး မူလ နေထိုင်သူတို့၏ မြေများကို သိမ်းယူခဲ့ခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ၁၈၄၅ ခုနှစ်တွင် တက်ကဆပ် သမ္မတနိုင်ငံကို ထည့်သွင်းခဲ့သည်။ အမေရိကန်တို့သည် မြောက်အမေရိကတိုက်ပေါ်တွင် နယ်မြေချဲ့ထွင်ရန် အတွက် ဖြစ်သည်ဟု ယုံကြည်သည့် အယူအဆ (Manifest Destiny) မှာ ထိုအချိန်တွင် လူကြိုက်များ ထင်ရှားခဲ့သည်။ &lt;ref&gt;Morrison, Michael A. (1999). ''Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, pp. 13–21. ISBN 0-8078-4796-8.&lt;/ref&gt; ၁၈၄၆ခုနှစ် ဗြိတိသျှ တို့နှင့် ချုပ်ဆိုသော အော်ရီဂွန် စာချုပ်အရ အမေရိကန်တို့သည် ယနေ့ခေတ် အမေရိကန် အနောက်မြောက်ပိုင်း ဒေသကို ထိန်းချုပ်ခွင့် ရခဲ့သည်။ မက္ကဆီကန်-အမေရိကန် စစ်ပွဲတွင် အမေရိကန်တို့ အနိုင်ရခဲ့ခြင်းကြောင့် ၁၈၄၈ ခုနှစ်တွင် မက္ကဆီကန်တို့ [[ကယ်လီဖိုးနီးယားပြည်နယ်]] နှင့် ယနေ့ခေတ် အနောက်တောင်ပိုင်း အမေရိကန်ဒေသတို့ကို လက်လွတ် ဆုံးရှုံးခဲ့ရသည်။ ၁၈၄၈-၄၉ ခုနှစ် ကယ်လီဖိုးနီးယားတွင် ရွှေ အလုအယက် တူးဖော်ကြခြင်း (California Gold Rush) ကြောင့် အနောက်ဘက်သို့ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းမှုများ ပိုမို ဖြစ်ပေါ်လာခဲ့သည်။ ရထားလမ်း အသစ်များ ဖောက်လုပ်ခြင်းကြောင့် ပြောင်းရွှေ့လိုသူတို့ အတွက် ရွှေ့ပြောင်းမှု ကို လွယ်ကူသွားစေပြီး နဂိုမူလ အမေရိကန် နေထိုင်သူတို့နှင့် ပဋိပက္ခများ ပိုမို ဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့သည်။ ရာစုနှစ် တဝက်အတွင်းတွင် အမေရိကန် ဘိုင်ဆန် သို့ ကျွဲ အကောင်ရေ သန်း၄၀ ကျော်ကို အရေခွံရရန်၊ အစားစားရန်နှင့် ရထားလမ်းဖောက်လုပ်ရာတွင် လွယ်ကူရန် သတ်ဖြတ်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ ထိုကျွဲများသည် နဂိုမူလ နေထိုင်သူ အင်ဒီးယန်းတို့၏ အဓိက ရင်းမြစ်ဖြစ်သောကြောင့် ကျွဲများ ဆုံးရှုံးခြင်းသည် မူလနေထိုင်သူတို့၏ ယဉ်ကျေးမှု ကို အကြီးအကျယ် ထိခိုက်စေခဲ့သည်။

=== ပြည်တွင်းစစ်နှင့် စက်မှုထွန်းကားလာခြင်း ===
[[File:Battle of Gettysburg, by Currier and Ives.png|thumb|left|ကာရီယာ နှင့် အိုက်ဗ်တို့၏ လက်ရာပုံတူ &quot;ဂက်တီဘတ်ခ်တိုက်ပွဲ&quot; ၁၈၆၃]]
ကျွန်စနစ် ကျင့်သုံးသော ပြည်နယ်များ နှင့် ကျွန်စနစ် မရှိသော ပြည်နယ်များ အကြား တင်းမာမှုသည် ပြည်နယ် နှင့် ဖက်ဒရယ် အစိုးရ အကြား ဆက်ဆံရေး နှင့် ပတ်သက်သည့် ငြင်းခုံမှုဖြင့် ကြီးထွားလာခဲ့သည်။ ထို့အပြင် ပြည်နယ် အသစ်များ အကြားတွင် ကျွန်စနစ် ပျံ့နှံ့မှုနှင့် ပတ်သက်၍ သွေးထွက်သံယို ပြင်းထန်သော ပဋိပက္ခများ ဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့သည်။ ၁၈၆၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် ကျွန်စနစ်ကို ဆန့်ကျင်သူ အများအပြား ပါဝင်သော ရီပတ်ဘလစ်ကင် ပါတီမှ [[အေဘရာဟမ် လင်ကွန်း]] သမ္မတ အဖြစ် အရွေးချယ် ခံခဲ့ရသည်။ သူသည် သမ္မတ အဖြစ် တာဝန် မထမ်းဆောင်မီတွင် ကျွန်စနစ် ကျင့်သုံးသော ပြည်နယ် ၇ ခုက ခွဲထွက်ရန် ကြေညာခဲ့ပြီး အမေရိကား ၏ ကွန်ဖက်ဒရိတ် ပြည်နယ်များ အဖြစ် ထူထောင်ခဲ့သည်။ ဖက်ဒရယ် အစိုးရက ထိုကြေညာချက်ကို တရားမဝင်ကြောင်း သတ်မှတ်ခဲ့သည်။ ကွန်ဖက်ဒရိတ် ပြည်နယ်များက ဆမ်တာခံတပ်ကို တိုက်ခိုက်ရာမှ [[အမေရိကန် ပြည်တွင်းစစ်]] စတင်ဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့ပြီး အခြား ကျွန်စနစ် ကျင့်သုံးသော ပြည်နယ် ၄ခုက ကွန်ဖက်ဒရိတ် ပြည်နယ်များနှင့် ပူးပေါင်းခဲ့သည်။ လင်ကွန်း၏ ၁၈၆၃ ခုနှစ် ကြေညာချက်မှ ကွန်ဖက်ဒရိတ် ပြည်နယ်များ အတွင်း ရှိနေသော ကျွန်များကို လွတ်မြောက်ကြောင်း ကြေညာခဲ့သည်။ ယူနီယံ တပ်တို့မှ ၁၈၆၅ ခုနှစ် အောင်ပွဲရအပြီးတွင် အမေရိကန် ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံဥပဒေတွင် ပြင်ဆင်ချက် ၃ ခုကို ထည့်သွင်းခဲ့ပြီး ထို့ပြင်ဆင်ချက်မှ ကျွန်ဖြစ်နေသော ၄ သန်းနီးပါးမျှ ရှိသည့် အာဖရိက-အမေရိကန်တို့ကို လွတ်လပ်သူများ အဖြစ် ကြေညာခဲ့ပြီး&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf|title=1860 Census|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2007-06-10}} Page 7 lists a total slave population of 3,953,760.&lt;/ref&gt; သူတို့အား နိုင်ငံသားများ အဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်ခဲ့ကာ မဲပေးနိုင်သော အခွင့်အရေးကို ပေးအပ်ခဲ့သည်။ စစ်ပွဲနှင့် စစ်ပွဲ၏ ဆုံးဖြတ်ချက်မှ ဖက်ဒရယ် အစိုးရ၏ အာဏာကို သိသိသာသာ မြှင့်တင်ပေးခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;De Rosa, Marshall L. (1997). ''The Politics of Dissolution: The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War''. Edison, NJ: Transaction, p. 266. ISBN 1-56000-349-9.&lt;/ref&gt; ထိုစစ်ပွဲသည် အမေရိကန် သမိုင်းတွင် အသေအပျောက် အများဆုံး ပဋိပက္ခ တစ်ခုဖြစ်ပြီး စစ်သား ၆၂၀,၀၀၀ ခန့် သေဆုံးခဲ့ရသည်။&lt;ref&gt;Maris Vinovskis (1990). &quot;''[http://books.google.com/books?id=gySktxKYPGoC&amp;pg=PA6&amp;dq&amp;hl=en#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false Toward a social history of the American Civil War: exploratory essays]''&quot;. Cambridge University Press. p.6. ISBN 0-521-39559-3&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Ellis island 1902.jpg|thumb|နယူးယောက် ဆိပ်ကမ်း၊ အဲလစ်ကျွန်းတွင် အမေရိကားသို့ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းလာကြသူများ၊ ၁၉၀၂]]
စစ်ပွဲအပြီးတွင် လင်ကွန်း လုပ်ကြံခံခဲ့ရပြီးသည့်နောက် တောင်ဘက် ပြည်နယ်များကို ပြန်လည် ထည့်သွင်းဖွဲ့စည်းရေး နှင့် ပြန်လည်တည်ဆောက်ရေး အတွက် ရည်ရွယ်ချက်ထားပြီး လတ်တလော လွတ်မြောက်လာကြသော ကျွန်တို့၏ အခွင့်အရေးကို အဓိကထားသည့် ရီပတ်ဘလစ်ကင်တို့၏ ပြန်လည်တည်ဆောက်ရေး ပေါ်လစီတွင် အစွန်းရောက် သမားများ ကြီးစိုးလာခဲ့သည်။ ၁၈၇၆ ခုနှစ် သမ္မတ ရွေးကောက်ပွဲ အပေါ် အငြင်းပွားမှု နှင့် ၁၈၇၇ ခုနှင့် ပြန်လည် ညှိနှိုင်းမှုတို့မှ ပြန်လည်တည်ဆောက်ရေးကို အဆုံးသတ်ခဲ့သည်။ မကြာမီတွင် ဂျင်မ်ခရိုး ဥပဒေဖြင့် အာဖရိက-အမေရိကန်တို့၏ မဲပေးပိုင်ခွင့်ကို အကာအကွယ် ပေးခဲ့သည်။ မြောက်ဘက် ဒေသတွင်မူ မြို့ပြများ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးလာခြင်းနှင့် ယခင်က မကြုံဖူးအောင် များပြားလှသော ဥရောပတောင်ပိုင်း နှင့် အရှေ့ပိုင်းမှ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းလာသူများကြောင့် နိုင်ငံ၏ စက်မှု ထွန်းကားရေးကို မြန်ဆန်စေခဲ့သည်။ ၁၉၂၉ အထိတိုင်အောင်ပင် အများအပြား ရွှေ့ပြောင်းလာကြသူများကြောင့် အလုပ်သမား ဦးရေများပြားလာပြီး အမေရိကန် ယဉ်ကျေးမှု ကို ပြောင်းလဲစေခဲ့သည်။ နိုင်ငံ၏ အခြေခံ အဆောက်အအုံများ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးတိုးတက်လာမှုကလည်း စီးပွားရေး ဖွံ့ဖြိုးတိုးတက်မှု ကို အထောက်အကူ ပေးခဲ့သည်။ ၁၈၆၇ ခုနှစ်တွင် ရုရှားတို့ထံမှ အလက်စကာ ဒေသကို ဝယ်ယူခြင်းဖြင့် ကုန်းမကြီးအား ချဲ့ထွင်မှု ကို အဆုံးသတ်ခဲ့သည်။ ၁၈၉၀ ခုနှစ် ဝေါင်းဒက်နီး စမ်းချောင်းတွင် ဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့သော အစုလိုက် အပြုံလိုက်သတ်ဖြတ်မှု (Wounded Knee Massacre) သည် အင်ဒီးယန်းတို့နှင့် စစ်ပွဲတွင် နောက်ဆုံး ပဋိပက္ခ ဖြစ်သည်။ ၁၈၉၃ ခုနှစ်တွင် ပစိဖိတ် သမုဒ္ဒရာထဲရှိ ဘုရင်နိုင်ငံ တစ်နိုင်ငံဖြစ်သော ဟာဝိုင်အီနိုင်ငံ၏ လက်ရှိဘုရင်စနစ်ကို ထိုဒေသတွင် နေထိုင်သူ အမေရိကန် လူမျိုးများ ဦးဆောင်သည့် အာဏာသိမ်းမှုက ဖယ်ရှားဖြစ်ခဲ့သည်။ အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ဟာဝိုင်အီကျွန်းစုကို ၁၈၉၈ တွင် အမေရိကန် နိုင်ငံ အတွင်း ထည့်သွင်းခဲ့သည်။ ထိုနှစ်တွင် ဖြစ်ပွားသော စပိန်-အမေရိကန် စစ်ပွဲတွင် အောင်နိုင်မှုက အမေရိကန် ကို ကမ္ဘာ့အင်အားကြီး နိုင်ငံတစ်နိုင်ငံ ဖြစ်ကြောင်း ပြသခဲ့ပြီး ထိုမှ တဆင့် ပျူရီတို ရီကို၊ ဂူအမ်ကျွန်း နှင့် [[ဖိလစ်ပိုင်နိုင်ငံ]]တို့ကို အမေရိကန် နိုင်ငံတွင်းသို့ ထည့်သွင်းခဲ့သည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Gates, John M.|url=http://www3.wooster.edu/History/jgates/book-ch3.html|title=War-Related Deaths in the Philippines|work=Pacific Historical Review|publisher=College of Wooster|date=August 1984|accessdate=2007-09-27|archivedate=5 August 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805061319/http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဖိလစ်ပိုင်သည် ရာစုနှစ် တစ်ဝက်အကြာတွင် လွတ်လပ်ရေး ရခဲ့ပြီး ပျူရီတို ရီကို နှင့် ဂူအမ်ကျွန်းမှာ အမေရိကန်၏ နယ်နိမိတ်အတွင်း ဆက်လက် တည်ရှိနေဆဲ ဖြစ်သည်။

=== ပထမကမ္ဘာစစ်၊ ကမ္ဘာ့စီးပွားပျက်ကပ် နှင့် ဒုတိယကမ္ဘာစစ် ===
[[File:Dust Bowl&amp;nbsp;- Dallas, South Dakota 1936.jpg|thumb|left|၁၉၃၆ခု သဲမုန်တိုင်း ကာလအတွင်း တောင်ဒါကိုတာမှ စွန့်ပစ်ထားသော ယာခင်းတစ်ခု]]

၁၉၁၄ ခုနှစ် [[ပထမကမ္ဘာစစ်]] ဖြစ်ပွားချိန်တွင် အမေရိကန်သည် မည်သူ့ဘက်မှ မလိုက်ခဲ့ပေ။ အမေရိကန် အများစုသည် ဗြိတိသျှနှင့် ပြင်သစ်တို့အား စာနာကြသော်လည်း အများစုမှာ ဝင်ရောက်စွက်ဖက်မှု ကို ကန့်ကွက်ခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;Foner, Eric, and John A. Garraty (1991). ''The Reader's Companion to American History.'' New York: Houghton Mifflin, p. 576. ISBN 0-395-51372-3.&lt;/ref&gt; ၁၉၁၇ တွင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် မဟာမိတ် အဖွဲ့သို ဝင်ရောက်ခဲ့ပြီးနောက် ဂျာမနီပါဝင်သော ဗဟိုအင်အားကြီးနိုင်ငံများ အတွက် အရေးနိမ့်စေခဲ့သည်။ စစ်ပွဲအပြီးတွင် ဆီးနိတ်လွှတ်တော်မှ [[နိုင်ငံပေါင်းချုပ် အသင်းကြီး]] ဖွဲ့စည်းမှု ပါဝင်သော ဗာဆိုင်းစာချုပ်ကို အတည်မပြုခဲ့ပေ။ အမေရိကန်သည် တဖက်သတ်ဝါဒ (unilateralism) ကို ကျင့်သုံးခဲ့ရာမှ အထီးကျန်ဝါဒ (isolationism) ဖြစ်လုနီးပါးပင် ဖြစ်ခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;McDuffie, Jerome, Gary Wayne Piggrem, and Steven E. Woodworth (2005). ''U.S. History Super Review''. Piscataway, NJ: Research &amp; Education Association, p. 418. ISBN 0-7386-0070-9.&lt;/ref&gt; ၁၉၂၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် အမျိုးသမီး အခွင့်အရေးဆိုင်ရာ လှုပ်ရှားမှု အောင်မြင်၍ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံဥပဒေတွင် အမျိုးသမီးတို့ မဲပေးပိုင်ခွင့် အတွက် ပြင်ဆင်နိုင်ခဲ့သည်။ ၁၉၂၀ ခုနှစ်များအတွင်း အကြီးအကျယ် ကြွယ်ဝချမ်းသာလာခြင်းသည် ၁၉၂၉ ဝေါလ်စထရိ ဈေးကွက် ပြိုလဲခြင်းနှင့် အတူ ပြီးဆုံးခဲ့ပြီး [[ကမ္ဘာ့စီးပွားပျက်ကပ်ကြီး]] ဖြစ်ပေါ်ခဲ့ရသည်။ ၁၉၃၂ ခုနှစ်တွင် ဖရန်ကလင်ဒီ ရုစဗဲ့ သည် သမ္မတအဖြစ် အရွေးခံရပြီးနောက် စီးပွားရေးအပေါ်တွင် အစိုးရမှ ဝင်ရောက်စွက်ဖက်မှုကို တိုးမြှင့်သည့် ပေါ်လစီ အများအပြားကို ချမှတ်ခဲ့သည်။ ၁၉၃၀ ခုနှစ်များ အတွင်း သဲမုန်တိုင်းများတိုက်ခိုက်ခြင်းသည် လယ်ယာ လုပ်ကိုင်သည့် လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းများကို ချွတ်ခြုံကျသွား စေပြီး အနောက်ဘက်သို့ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းမှု အများအပြား အသစ်တဖန် ပေါ်ပေါက်ခဲ့ပြန်သည်။

[[File:1944 NormandyLST.jpg|thumb|အမေရိကန် စစ်တပ် ခြေလျင် တပ်မ (၁) မှ စစ်သားများ နော်မန်ဒီ ဆိပ်ကမ်းသို့ ဒီဒေးတွင် ကမ်းတက် တိုက်ခိုက်စဉ် ဇွန်လ ၆ ရက်၊ ၁၉၄၄]]

ဒုတိယကမ္ဘာစစ်၏ အစောပိုင်းကာလတွင် မည်သည့်ဘက်မှ ပါဝင်ခြင်း မရှိခဲ့သော အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် နာဇီ ဂျာမနီတို့ ပိုလန်ကို ၁၉၃၉ စက်တင်ဘာလတွင် ကျူးကျော်ဝင်ရောက်ပြီးနောက်တွင် မဟာမိတ် တို့ကို ၁၉၄၁ မတ်လမှစ၍ ငှားရမ်းခြင်း အစီအစဉ်ဖြင့် ပစ္စည်းများ စတင် ထောက်ပံ့ပေးခဲ့သည်။ ၁၉၄၁ ခုနှစ် ဒီဇင်ဘာလ ၇ ရက်တွင် ဂျပန်အင်ပိုင်ယာသည် ပုလဲဆိပ်ကမ်း သို့ အမှတ်မထင် ဝင်ရောက် ဗုံးကြဲတိုက်ခိုက်ရာမှ အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် မဟာမိတ်များ နှင့် ပူးပေါင်းခဲ့ကာ ဝင်ရိုးတန်း အင်အားကြီးနိုင်ငံများကို ဆန့်ကျင်တိုက်ခိုက်ခဲ့သည့် အပြင် အမေရိကန်ရှိ ဂျပန် ထောင်ပေါင်းများစွာကို စစ်စခန်းများသို့ ပြောင်းရွှေ့ နေရာချထားခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Burton, Jeffrey F., et al.|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce3.htm|title=A Brief History of Japanese American Relocation During World War II|work=Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites|month=October|date=July 2000|accessdate=2010-04-02|publisher=National Park Service|archivedate=2007-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816201302/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce3.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; စစ်ပွဲတွင် ပါဝင်လာခြင်းကြောင့် ရင်းနှီးမြှုပ်နှံမှုများ နှင့် ကုန်ထုတ်လုပ်မှုများ တိုးပွားလာခဲ့သည်။ စစ်အတွင်း အဓိက တိုက်ခိုက်သူများတွင် အမေရိကန် နိုင်ငံ တစ်ခုသာလျှင် ပိုမိုချမ်းသာ လာခဲ့သည်။ စစ်ကြောင့် မွဲတေမသွားဘဲ ပို၍ ချမ်းသာ လာခဲ့သည်။ &lt;ref&gt;Kennedy, Paul (1989). ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers''. New York: Vintage, p. 358. ISBN 0-679-72019-7.&lt;/ref&gt; ဘရက်တန် ဝုဒ် နှင့် ယော်လ်တာ တို့တွင် ပြုလုပ်သော မဟာမိတ် ညီလာခံမှ နိုင်ငံတကာ အဖွဲ့အစည်း အတွက် စနစ်အသစ်ကို အကြမ်းမျဉ်း ဆွေးနွေးခဲ့ပြီး ထိုစနစ်တွင် အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စု နှင့် [[ဆိုဗီယက် ပြည်ထောင်စု]] တို့ကို ကမ္ဘာ့ အရေးအခင်းများ၏ ဗဟိုချက်မ အဖြစ်ထားရှိခဲ့သည်။ ဥရောပတွင် အောင်ပွဲများ ရရှိပြီးသည့်နောက်တွင် ၁၉၄၅ ခုနှစ်တွင် [[ဆန်ဖရန်စစ္စကိုမြို့]] တွင် နိုင်ငံတကာ ညီလာခံ တစ်ခုကို ကျင်းပခဲ့ပြီး ထိုညီလာခံမှ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ပဋိဉာဏ် စာတမ်းကို ရေးဆွဲခဲ့ကာ ၎င်းမှာ စစ်အပြီးတွင် အသက်ဝင်လာခဲ့သည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612221444/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm|archivedate=12 June 2007|title=The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941&amp;nbsp;– October 1945|month=October|year=2005|accessdate=2007-06-11|publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် နျူးကလီးယား လက်နက်ကို ပထမဆုံးထုတ်လုပ်ခဲ့ပြီး ထိုဗုံးများကို [[ဂျပန်နိုင်ငံ]] [[ဟီရိုရှီးမားမြို့|ဟီရိုရှီးမား]] နှင့် [[နာဂါဆာကီမြို့]]တို့ ပေါ်တွင် ဩဂုတ်လတွင် ကျဲချခဲ့သည်။ ဂျပန်တို့သည် စက်တင်ဘာ ၂ ရက်နေ့တွင် လက်နက်ချခဲ့ပြီး စစ်ကြီး ပြီးဆုံးခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== စစ်အေးတိုက်ပွဲ နှင့် ဆန့်ကျင်မှု နိုင်ငံရေး ===
[[File:Martin Luther King&amp;nbsp;- March on Washington.jpg|thumb|upright|[[မာတင်လူသာကင်း ဂျူနီယာ]] &quot;ကျွန်တော့်မှာ အိပ်မက်ရှိတယ်&quot; ဆိုသော မိန့်ခွန်းကို ပြောကြားနေစဉ် ၁၉၆၃]]
အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု နှင့် ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စုတို့သည် ဒုတိယကမ္ဘာစစ် အပြီးတွင် စစ်အေးတိုက်ပွဲ ကာလအတွင်း တန်ခိုးအရှိန်အဝါ အာဏာချင်း အားပြိုင်ကြသည်။ ဥရောပရှိ စစ်ရေးကိစ္စများကို [[နေတိုးအဖွဲ့]] နှင့် [[ဝါဆောစာချုပ်]]အဖွဲ့ တို့မှ တဆင့် လွှမ်းမိုးကြပြီး ဒေသအတော်များများတွင် ကြားခံနိုင်ငံများမှတဆင့် လက်သီးပုန်းစစ်ပွဲများ ဆင်နွှဲကြသည်။ လက်ဝဲဝါဒီတို့၏ ဒေသများနှင့် ဝင်ငွေကို ပြန်လည်ခွဲရေရေး ပရော့ဂျက်များကို ဆန့်ကျင်သည့် အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံသည် မကြာခဏဆိုသလိုပင် အာဏာရှင် အစိုးရများကို ကူညီပံ့ပိုးလေ့ ရှိသည်။ အမေရိကန် စစ်တပ်တို့သည် တရုတ်ကွန်မြူနစ်တပ်တို့ကို ၁၉၅၀-၅၃ ခုနှစ် [[ကိုရီးယားစစ်ပွဲ]] အတွင်း တိုက်ခိုက်ခဲ့သည်။ လွှတ်တော်၏ &quot;အမေရိကန် မဆန်မှုများကို စုံစမ်းသည့်ကော်မတီ&quot; သည် လက်ဝဲဝါဒီတို့၏ အဖျက်အမှောင့် လုပ်ငန်းများကို စုံစမ်းစစ်ဆေးလေ့ ရှိပြီး ဆီးနိတ်လွှတ်တော်အမတ် ဂျိုးဆက် မက်ကာသီ သည် ကွန်မြူနစ် ဆန့်ကျင်ရေး လှုပ်ရှားမှုတွင် အခရာကျသူ ဖြစ်သည်။

၁၉၆၁ ခုနှစ် ဆိုဗီယက်တို့၏ ပထမဆုံး လူသားပါဝင်သည့် အာကာသယာဉ်ကို လွှတ်တင်ပြီးနောက် အမေရိကန် သမ္မတ [[ဂျွန်အက်ဖ်ကနေဒီ]] က အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုကို လပေါ်တွင် ပထမဆုံး ရောက်ရှိသူဖြစ်ရမည်ဟု ကြွေးကြော်ခဲ့ပြီးနောက် ၁၉၆၉ ခုနှစ်တွင် အမေရိကန်တို့ လပေါ်သို့ ဆင်းသက်နိုင်ခဲ့သည်။ ကနေဒီသည် ဆိုဗီယက်တို့ နှင့် ကျူးဘားတွင် နျူးကလီးယား လက်နက်ဆိုင်ရာ တင်းမာမှု တစ်ခုလည်း ဖြစ်ခဲ့သေးသည်။ ထိုအချိန်ကာလ အတောအတွင်းတွင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် အရှိန်အဟုန်မပျက်သော စီးပွားရေး တိုးတက်မှု ရှိနေခဲ့သည်။ ရိုဆာပတ်ခ်၊ မာတင်လူသာကင်း ဂျူနီယာ၊ ဂျိမ်းစ်ဘီဗဲလ် စသည့် အာဖရိက- အမေရိကန်တို့သည် ပြည်သူ့ အခွင့်အရေးဆိုင်ရာ လှုပ်ရှားမှုများကို ဦးဆောင်ဦးရွက် ပြုခဲ့ပြီး အသားအရောင် ခွဲခြားခြင်း နှင့် ခွဲခြားဆက်ဆံခြင်း ပြဿနာများကို ထိပ်တိုက်ရင်ဆိုင်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ ကနေဒီ လုပ်ကြံခံရပြီးသည့်နောက် ၁၉၆၃ တွင် နောက်တက်လာသည့် သမ္မတ လင်ဒန် ဘီ ဂျွန်ဆင် လက်ထက်တွင် ၁၉၆၄ခုနှစ် ပြည်သူ့အခွင့်အရေးဆိုင်ရာ ဥပဒေ၊ ၁၉၆၅ခု မဲပေးပိုင်ခွင့် ဥပဒေတို့ အတည်ဖြစ်ခဲ့သည်။ ဂျွန်ဆင် နှင့် သူ့နောက်တွင် တက်လာသူ ရစ်ချက် နစ်ကဆင် တို့သည့် အရှေ့တောင်အာရှတွင် တဆင့်ခံတိုက်ခိုက်ပြီး မအောင်မြင်ခဲ့သော စစ်ပွဲဖြစ်သည့် ဗီယက်နမ် စစ်ပွဲကို ဆင်နွှဲခဲ့သည်။ ထိုအချိန်တွင် တန်ပြန်ယဉ်ကျေးမှု လှုပ်ရှားမှုများ ထွန်းကားလာပြီးနောက် စစ်ဆန့်ကျင်ရေး၊ လူမည်းမျိုးချစ်စိတ် ဆန့်ကျင်ရေး၊ လိင်မှုဆိုင်ရာ တော်လှန်မှု များကို ဆန့်ကျင်ရေး တို့ကို လုပ်ဆောင်လာခဲ့ကြသည်။ ထို့ပြင် ဘက်တီ ဖရိုင်းဒန်၊ ဂလော်ရီယာ စတိုင်းနန်း နှင့် အခြားအမျိုးသမီးများ ဦးဆောင်သည့် အမျိုးသမီး အခွင့်အရေးဆိုင်ရာ လှုပ်ရှားမှုများ ပေါ်ထွက်လာပြီးနောက် အမျိုးသမီးများ အတွက် နိုင်ငံရေး၊ လူမှုရေး နှင့် စီးပွားရေး ဆိုင်ရာ ညီမျှမှု တို့ကို တောင်းဆိုခဲ့သည်။

၁၉၇၄ ခုနှစ်တွင် [[ဝါးတားဂိတ် အရှုပ်တော်ပုံ]] ကြောင့် နစ်ကဆင်သည် ပထမဆုံးအကြိမ် နုတ်ထွက်ရသည့် သမ္မတဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။ တရားစီရင်မှု ကို အဟန့်အတားပြုခြင်း၊ အခွင့်အာဏာကို အလွဲသုံးစား လုပ်ခြင်းစသည့် စွပ်စွဲမှုများဖြင့် ရာထူးမှ ဖယ်ရှားခံရမည်ကို ရှောင်ရှားနိုင်ရန် အတွက် ဖြစ်သည်။ သူ့နောက်တွင် ဂဲရက်ဖို့ဒ် သမ္မတဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။ ၁၉၇၀ ခုနှစ်များ နောက်ပိုင်းတွင် သမ္မတဖြစ်ခဲ့သော [[ဂျင်မီ ကာတာ]]၏ အုပ်ချုပ်မှုအောက်တွင် အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံမှာ ငွေကြေးဖောင်းပွပြီး စီးပွားရေးကျဆင်းခြင်း နှင့် အီရန် ဓားစာခံ အဖြစ်အပျက် တို့ သည် ထင်ရှားသည်။ ၁၉၈၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် [[ရော်နယ် ရေဂင်]] အရွေးချယ်ခံရခြင်းသည် အမေရိကန် နိုင်ငံရေးအား လက်ဝဲသို့ ယိမ်းသွားစေသည့် လက္ခဏာပင် ဖြစ်သည်။ သူ၏ လက်ထက်တွင် အခွန် နှင့် နိုင်ငံ သုံးစွဲမှုဆိုင်ရာ ပြုပြင်ရေးများကို အကြီးအကျယ် ပြုလုပ်ခဲ့သည်။ သူ ဒုတိယအကြိမ် အရွေးခံရပြီးသည့် နောက်တွင် အီရန်-ကွန်ထရာ အဖြစ်အပျက် ဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့ပြီး ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စုနှင့် သံတမန် ဆက်ဆံရေး သိသိသာသာ တိုးတက်မှု ရခဲ့သည်။ ထို့နောက် ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စု ပြိုကွဲသွားခြင်းကြောင့် စစ်အေးတိုက်ပွဲ ပြီးဆုံးခဲ့ရသည်။

=== လက်ရှိခေတ် ===
[[File:UA Flight 175 hits WTC south tower 9-11 edit.jpeg|thumb|right|ဝေါလ်ထရိတ်စင်တာကို [[စက်တင်ဘာ ၁၁ တိုက်ခိုက်မှု]] ဖြစ်ပွားသည့် မနက်တွင် မြင်တွေ့ရပုံ]]
သမ္မတ ဂျော့ခ် အိတ်ချ် ဒဗလျူ ဘုရှ် လက်ထက်တွင် အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ကုလသမဂ္ဂမှ တရားဝင် ခွင့်ပြုချက် ပေးထားသော [[ပင်လယ်ကွေ့ စစ်ပွဲ]] ကို ဦးဆောင်ခဲ့သည်။ ခေတ်သစ် အမေရိကန် သမိုင်းကြောင်းတွင် ကာလ အရှည်ကြာဆုံး စီးပွားရေး ဖွံ့ဖြိုးမှု အဖြစ် ၁၉၉၁ မတ်လမှ ၂၀၀၁ ခုနှစ် မတ်လ အထိ ဖြစ်ပေါ်ခဲ့ပြီး သမ္မတ [[ဘီလ် ကလင်တန်]] အုပ်ချုပ်သော ကာလအားလုံး ပါဝင်ပြီး [[ဒေါ့ကွန်း ဘပ်ဘယ်လ်]] ကဲ့သို့သော စီးပွားရေး တိုးတက်မှုများကြောင့်လည်း ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Voyce, Bill|url=http://iwin.iwd.state.ia.us/iowa/ArticleReader?itemid=00003700&amp;print=1|title=Why the Expansion of the 1990s Lasted So Long|publisher=Iowa Workforce Information Network|date=2006-08-21|accessdate=2007-08-16|archivedate=6 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006020321/http://iwin.iwd.state.ia.us/iowa/ArticleReader?itemid=00003700&amp;print=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; လိင်ကိစ္စနှင့် ပတ်သက်သော အရှုပ်အထွေးကြောင့် ၁၉၉၈ တွင် သမ္မတ [[ဘီလ် ကလင်တန်]] တရားရင်ဆိုင် ခဲ့ရသော်လည်း သမ္မတရာထူးမှ ထုတ်ပယ်ခြင်း မရှိခဲ့ပေ။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Voyce, Bill|url=http://iwin.iwd.state.ia.us/iowa/ArticleReader?itemid=00003700&amp;print=1|title=Why the Expansion of the 1990s Lasted So Long|publisher=Iowa Workforce Information Network|date=2006-08-21|accessdate=2007-08-16|archivedate=6 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006020321/http://iwin.iwd.state.ia.us/iowa/ArticleReader?itemid=00003700&amp;print=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန် သမိုင်းတွင် အကြိတ်အနယ် နီးနီးကပ်ကပ် ယှဉ်ပြိုင်ခဲ့သော ၂၀၀၀ ခုနှစ် သမ္မတရွေးကောက်ပွဲ၏ ရလဒ်ကို အမေရိကန် တရားရုံးချုပ် မှ အဆုံးအဖြတ် ပေးခဲ့ရပြီး ဂျော့ချ် အိတ်ချ် ဒဗလျူ ဘုရှ် ၏ သား [[ဂျော့ချ် ဒဗလျူ ဘုရှ်]] သမ္မတ ဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။ 

[[စက်တင်ဘာ ၁၁ တိုက်ခိုက်မှု|၂၀၀၁ ခုနှစ် စက်တင်ဘာ ၁၁]] တွင် [[အယ်လ်ကေးဒါး]] အကြမ်းဖက် သမား အဖွဲ့မှ [[နယူးယောက်မြို့]]တော် ရှိ ကမ္ဘာ့ကုန်သွယ်ရေး အဆောက်အအုံ နှင့် ဝါရှင်တန်ဒီစီ အနီးရှိ ပင်တဂွန် စစ်ဌာနချုပ် တို့အား အကြမ်းဖက် တိုက်ခိုက် ခဲ့သဖြင့် ပြည်သူ ၃၀၀၀ ခန့် သေဆုံးခဲ့ရသည်။ လက်စားချေ တုံ့ပြန်မှု အနေနှင့် ဘုရှ် ဦးဆောင်သော အစိုးရအဖွဲ့သည် ကမ္ဘာတဝှမ်းလုံးတွင် အကြမ်းဖက်သမားတို့အား စစ်ကြေညာ တိုက်ခိုက်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ ၂၀၀၁ ခုနှစ် အောက်တိုဘာလတွင် အမေရိကန် စစ်တပ်တို့သည် [[အာဖဂန်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ]] ကို ဝင်ရောက်စီးနင်းပြီး တာလီဘန် အစိုးရ နှင့် အယ်လ်ကေးဒါးတို့၏ လေ့ကျင့်ရေး စခန်းများကို ဖယ်ရှားပစ်ခဲ့သည်။ တာလီဘန် သူပုန် တို့က ပြောက်ကျားစနစ်ဖြင့် ဆက်လက် တိုက်ခိုက်နေကြဆဲပင် ဖြစ်သည်။ ၂၀၀၂ ခုနှစ်တွင် ဘုရှ် အစိုးရသည် အငြင်းပွားစရာ ရှိသည့် အကြောင်းပြချက်များဖြင့် [[အီရတ်နိုင်ငံ]] အစိုးရကို ဖယ်ရှားနိုင်ရန် စတင်လှုံ့ဆော်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Many Europeans Oppose War in Iraq|work=USA Today|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-02-14-eu-survey.htm|date=2003-02-14|accessdate=2008-09-01}}{{cite web|author=Springford, John|title='Old’ and ‘New’ Europeans United: Public Attitudes Towards the Iraq War and US Foreign Policy|publisher=Centre for European Reform|url=http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/back_brief_springford_dec03.pdf|month=December|year=2003|accessdate=2008-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040328182510/http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/back_brief_springford_dec03.pdf|archivedate=28 March 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; စစ်ရေးဆိုင်ရာ ကျူးကျော်မှုအတွက် [[နေတိုးအဖွဲ့]] ၏ထောက်ခံမှု နှင့် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ မှ တရားဝင်သဘောတူညီချက် မရသဖြင့် ဘုရှ်သည် စိတ်အားထက်သန်သော မဟာမိတ်များကို စုစည်းကာ ၂၀၀၃ ခုနှစ်တွင် မဟာမိတ်တပ် တို့သည် အီရတ်ကို ၂၀၀၃ တွင် လက်ဦးမှု ရယူ တိုက်ခိုက်ခဲ့ကြကာ အာဏာရှင် [[ဆဒမ် ဟူစိန်]] ကို ဖယ်ရှားခဲ့ကြသည်။ ၂၀၀၅ ခုနှစ်တွင် ကက်ထရီနာ ဟာရီကိန်း မုန်တိုင်းသည် ပင်လယ်ကွေ့ ကမ်းရိုးတန်း (Gulf Coast) တလျှောက်ကို ပြင်းပြင်းထန်ထန် တိုက်ခတ် ဖျက်စီးခဲ့ပြီး နယူးအော်လင်းပြည်နယ် ကို အကြီးအကျယ် ပျက်စီးစေခဲ့သည်။ ၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ် နိုဝင်ဘာ ၄ရက်တွင် ကမ္ဘာ့ စီးပွားရေး ကျဆင်းမှုများ ကြားတွင် [[ဘာရတ်အိုဘားမား]] သည် ပထမဆုံး အာဖရိကန် အမေရိကန် သမ္မတ အဖြစ် ရွေးချယ်ခံခဲ့ရသည်။ ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် ကျန်းမာရေး စောင့်ရှောက်မှု စနစ်နှင့် ငွေကြေးစနစ်ကို အကြီးအကျယ် ပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲမှုများ ပြုလုပ်ခဲ့သည်။ ထိုနှစ်အတွင်း မက္ကဆီကို ပင်လယ်ကွေ့တွင် ဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့သော ဒိ(ပ်) ဝါးတား ဟော်ရီဇုန် ရေနံဖိတ်စဉ်မှုသည် စစ်ပွဲမရှိသော ကာလတွင် အကြီးအကျယ်ဆုံးသော ကပ်ဘေးဆိုက်မှုပင် ဖြစ်ပေသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=|title=BP Oil Spill Is Now The Largest Ever In Gulf|publisher=CBS/Associated Press|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/01/national/main6636406.shtml|date=2010-07-01|accessdate=2010-07-01|archivedate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120525210100/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/01/national/main6636406.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== အစိုးရ နှင့် ရွေးကောက်ပွဲ ==
[[ဝှာင်:Capitol Building Full View.jpg|thumb|right|အမေရိကန် ကွန်ဂရက် လွှတ်တော် ကျင်းပရာ နေရာဖြစ်သော ကက်ပီတိုလ် အဆောက်အအုံကို အနောက်ဘက် အခြမ်းမှ တွေ့ရစဉ်]]
အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် ကျန်ရှိနေသေးသော ဖက်ဒရယ်နိုင်ငံများတွင် သက်တမ်းအရှည်ဆုံးသော နိုင်ငံဖြစ်သည်။ အင်္ဂလိပ်လက်အောက်မှ လွတ်မြောက် သည့်အချိန်ကစ၍ ဖက်ဒရယ်နိုင်ငံ အဖြစ် တည်ထောင်ထားခဲ့သည်။ နိုင်ငံရေး စနစ်မှာ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံဥပဒေ အခြေခံသော သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ နှင့် ကိုယ်စားပြု ဒီမိုကရေစီ စနစ်ဖြစ်ပြီး ထိုစနစ်၏ သဘောသဘာဝမှာ &quot;အများစု၏ ဆုံးဖြတ်ချက်ကို ဥပဒေဖြင့် အကာကွယ် ပေးထားသည့် လူနည်းစု အခွင့်အရေးဖြင့် ပြန်လည် ထိန်းချုပ်ထားသည့်စနစ်&quot; ဟု ဖွင့်ဆိုထားသည်။ &lt;ref&gt;Scheb, John M., and John M. Scheb II (2002). ''An Introduction to the American Legal System''. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6. ISBN 0-7668-2759-3.&lt;/ref&gt; အစိုးရကို နိုင်ငံ၏ အထွဋ်အထိပ် တရားဥပဒေ ဆိုင်ရာ စာရွက်စာတမ်းဖြစ်သော အမေရိကန် ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံ ဥပဒေတွင် ပြဋ္ဌာန်းထားသည့် ပြန်လည်စောင့်ကြပ် ကြည့်ရှုစစ်ဆေးခြင်း ဖြင့် ကန့်သတ်ထိန်းချုပ်ထားသည်။ အမေရိကန် ဖက်ဒရယ် စနစ်တွင် နိုင်ငံသားတို့ကို ဖက်ဒရယ်၊ ပြည်နယ် နှင့် ဒေသဆိုင်ရာ ဆိုသော အစိုးရ အဆင့် (၃) ရပ်ဖြင့် အုပ်ချုပ်သည်။ ဒေသဆိုင်ရာ အစိုးရ၏ တာဝန်ကို ကောင်တီ ဆိုင်ရာ နှင့် စည်ပင်သာယာရေး ဆိုင်ရာ ဟူ၍ ပြန်လည် ခွဲဝေလေ့ ရှိသည်။ သို့သော် နေရာတိုင်းလိုလို တွင် အမှုဆောင် နှင့် ဥပဒေပြု အရာရှိများကို နယ်မြေဒေသ အတွင်းရှိ နိုင်ငံသားတို့၏ မဲဆန္ဒဖြင့် တာဝန်ခွဲဝေချထားလေ့ ရှိသည်။ ဖက်ဒရယ် အစိုးရ တွင် မည်သည့် အစုအဖွဲ့မှ ကိုယ်စားလှယ် မည်မျှ ပါဝင်ရမည် စသော ကန့်သတ်ချက်မျိုး မရှိဘဲ အောက်ခြေ အဆင့်တွင်လည်း ထိုသို့ ခွဲဝေနေရာချထားမှုမျိုး အလွန်ပင် ရှားပါးသည်။

[[ဝှာင်:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG|thumb|left| အမေရိကန် သမ္မတ၏ နေထိုင်ရာ နှင့် ရုံးဖြစ်သော အိမ်ဖြုတော်၏ တောင်ဘက် မျက်နှာစာ]]
၁၇၈၇ ခုနှစ် စက်တင်ဘာလ ၁၇ ရက်နေ့က အတည်ပြုခဲ့သော ဖွဲ့စည်း အုပ်ချုပ်ပုံ အခြေခံဥပဒေအရ ဖက်ဒရယ် အစိုးရ တွင် အစိတ်အပိုင်း သုံးခုရှိသည်။
* ဥပဒေပြုရေး။ ။ ဆီးနိတ်လွှတ်တော် (အထက်လွှတ်တော်) နှင့် အောက်လွှတ်တော် ဟု နှစ်ပိုင်းခွဲခြားထားသော အမေရိကန် ကွက်ဂရက်သည် ဖက်ဒရယ် ဥပဒေ ပြဋ္ဌာန်းခြင်း၊ စစ်ကြေညာခြင်း၊ စာချုပ်စာတမ်းများကို အတည်ပြုခြင်း စသည့် အခွင့်အာဏာများရှိသည်။ ထို့အပြင် ဘတ်ဂျက် အသုံးစရိတ် နှင့် အခွန်အတုပ်ဆိုင်ရာ အခွင့်အာဏာလည်း ရှိပြီး အစိုးရ အဖွဲ့အတွင်းရှိ တာဝန်ထမ်းဆောင်နေသူများအား အရေးပေါ်လာပါက စစ်ဆေးပြီး ရာထူးမှ ဖယ်ရှားနိုင်သော အခွင့်အာဏာလည်း ရှိသည်။

* အုပ်ချုပ်ရေး ။ ။ အုပ်ချုပ်ရေးဌာနတွင် သမ္မတသည် အချုပ်အခြာ အာဏာပိုင် ဖြစ်၏။ သမ္မတကို လေးနှစ်တစ်ကြိမ် ရွေးကောက်တင်မြှောက် ရ၏။ နိုင်ငံ၏အခြေခံဥပဒေအရ သမ္မတအား အပ်နှင်းထား သော အာဏာများမှာ လွန်စွာပင် များပြားကျယ်ဝန်းလှပေ သည်။ သမ္မတသည် နိုင်ငံခြား တိုင်းပြည်များနှင့် စာချုပ်ချုပ် နိုင်၏။ သံအမတ်များ၊ အစိုးရ ကက်ဘိနက် အဖွဲ့ဝင် ဝန်ကြီးများ၊ ဖက်ဒရယ် ဥပဒေ နှင့် ပေါ်လစီဆိုင်ရာ စီမံခန့်ခွဲသူများကို ခန့် ထားနိုင်၏။ သို့ရာတွင်အစိုးရ ကက်ဘိနက် အဖွဲ့ဝင် ဝန်ကြီးများကို ခန့်ထားရာတွင် အထက်လွှတ် တော်၏ သဘောတူညီချက်ကို ခံယူရသည်။ အမေရိကန် သမ္မတသည် အမေရိကန် စစ်တပ်၏ စစ်ဦးစီးချုပ် ဖြစ်ပြီး အဆိုပြုလာသော ဥပဒေများကို အတည်မပြုမီတွင် ဗီတိုအာဏာသုံး၍ ပယ်ချနိုင်ခွင့် ရှိသည်။ 

* တရားစီရင်ရေး။ ။ ပြည်ထောင်စု တရား လွှတ်တော်ချုပ်နှင့် ထိုထက်နိမ့်သော ဖက်ဒရယ် တရားရုံးများ ပါဝင်ပြီး ၎င်းတို့၏ တရားသူကြီးများကို သမ္မတက အထက်လွှတ်တော်၏ ခွင့်ပြုချက်ဖြင့် ခန့်အပ်ရသည်။ ၎င်းတို့မှ ဥပဒေများကို ဖွင့်ဆိုရှင်းလင်းရပြီး ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံဥပဒေ နှင့် မကိုက်ညီသော တရားစီရင်မှုများကို ပယ်ဖျက်ခွင့် ရှိသည်။

[[ဝှာင်:USSupremeCourtWestFacade.JPG|thumb|right|အမေရိကန် တရားရုံးချုပ် အဆောက်အဦး၏ အနောက်ဘက် မျက်နှာစာ]]
အောက်လွှတ်တော်တွင် မဲပေးနိုင်သော အမတ် ၄၃၅ ဦးရှိပြီး သူတို့သည် ကွန်ဂရယ် မဲဆန္ဒနယ်ကို ၂ နှစ်သက်တမ်းဖြင့် ကိုယ်စားပြုကြသည်။ အောက်လွှတ်တော် အမတ်နေရာ အရေအတွက် ကို ပြည်နယ်အတွင်းရှိ လူဦးရေ ပေါ်တွင် မူတည်၍ ၁၀ နှစ်တစ်ကြိမ် ပြန်လည်ခွဲဝေ နေရာချထားလေ့ ရှိသည်။ ၂၀၀၀ ခုနှစ် လူဦးရေ စာရင်းအရ ပြည်နယ် ၇ ခုတွင် အနည်းဆုံး အမတ် ၁ နေရာစီသာ ရှိပြီး လူဦးရေ အများဆုံးဖြစ်သော ကယ်လီဖိုးနီးယားပြည်နယ်တွင် အောက်လွှတ်တော် အမတ် ၅၃ ဦး ရှိသည်။ ဆီးနိတ်လွှတ်တော်တွင် အမတ် ၁၀၀ ဦး ရှိပြီး ပြည်နယ်တစ်ခုစီ အတွက် ကိုယ်စားပြုသူ အမတ် ၂ ဦးစီ ဖြစ်ကာ ရွေးကောက်တက်မြှောက်မှု သက်တမ်းမှာ ၆ နှစ်တစ်ကြိမ်ဖြစ်သည်။ သမ္မတ ၏ ရွေးကောက်တင်မြှောက်မှု သက်တမ်းမှာ ၄ နှစ်တစ်ကြိမ်မျှ ဖြစ်ပြီး သမ္မတသည် သက်တမ်း ၂ ခုထက် ပို၍ အရွေးခံခွင့် မရှိပေ။ သမ္မတကို စုစုပေါင်း မဲအရေအတွက်ဖြင့် တိုက်ရိုက် တင်မြှောက်ခြင်း မဟုတ်ပဲ ပြည်နယ်အလိုက် အချိုးကျ ခွဲဝေထားသော အီလက်ထရိုရယ် ကောလိပ် စနစ်ဖြင့် တင်မြှောက်ခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ တရားရုံးချုပ်ကို အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စု ၏ တရားသူကြီးချုပ်က ဦးဆောင်ကာ အဖွဲ့ဝင် ၉ ဦးရှိပြီး သက်တမ်း သတ်မှတ်ထားခြင်း မရှိပေ။

ပြည်နယ်အစိုးရများ၏ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံမှာ အကြမ်းမျဉ်းအားဖြင့် အတူတူပင် ဖြစ်သည်။ နီဘရားစကားပြည်နယ် တစ်ခုတွင်သာ အထက်လွှတ်တော် အောက်လွှတ်တော် မခွဲပဲ လွှတ်တော် တစ်ခုတည်း ရှိသည်။ ပြည်နယ်တစ်ခုစီ၏ ပြည်နယ် အုပ်ချုပ်ရေးမှူးကို ပြည်နယ်အတွင်း မဲဆန္ဒဖြင့် တိုက်ရိုက် ရွေးကောက်တင်မြှောက်ကြသည်။ အချို့သော ပြည်နယ် တရားသူကြီးများနှင့် ကက်ဘိနက် အရာရှိများကို ပြည်နယ် အုပ်ချုပ်ရေးမှူးမှ တိုက်ရိုက် တာဝန်ပေး ခန့်အပ်ပြီး အချို့ကိုမူ မဲဆန္ဒစနစ်ဖြင့် ရွေးကောက်တင်မြှောက်ကြသည်။

ဥပဒေနှင့် အစိုးရ လုပ်ထုံးလုပ်နည်းများ အားလုံးကို တရားစီရင်ရေး ဌာန မှ ပြန်လည် သုံးသပ်ရန် လိုအပ်ပြီး ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံဥပဒေအား ဖောက်ဖျက်ခြင်းကို တွေ့ရှိပါက ပယ်ဖျက်လေ့ ရှိသည်။ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံဥပဒေ၏ မူရင်း ရေးသားချက်များတွင် ဖက်ဒရယ် အစိုးရ၏ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံနှင့် ပြည်နယ်တစ်ခုချင်းစီ နှင့် ဆက်စပ်မှုကို ရှင်းလင်းစွာ ဖွင့်ဆိုထားသည်။ အခန်း(၁) တွင် ဟာဘေး ကော်ပတ်စ် (habeas corpus) အရ လူတစ်ဦးတစ်ယောက်ချင်းအား တရားဥပဒေမဲ့ ဖမ်းဆီးချုပ်နှောင်ခြင်းကို အကာအကွယ် ပေးထားပြီး အခန်း (၃) တွင် ရာဇဝတ်မှုအားလုံး အတွက် တရားရုံးတွင် ရင်ဆိုင်ဖြေရှင်းနိုင်ခွင့် အတွက် အာမခံချက်ပေးထားသည်။ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံ ဥပဒေကို ပြင်ဆင်ရန် အတွက် ပြည်နယ်အားလုံး၏ ၄ ပုံ ၃ ပုံမှ သဘောတူညီရန် လိုအပ်သည်။ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံဥပဒေကို ၂၇ ကြိမ်တိုင် ပြင်ဆင်ခဲ့ပြီး ပထမ ၁၀ ကြိမ်မှာ အခွင့်အရေး ဆိုင်ရာ ဥပဒေများ (Bill of Rights) ကို ပြင်ဆင်ခဲ့ခြင်း ဖြစ်ပြီး ၁၄ကြိမ်မြောက် ပြင်ဆင်မှုသည် အမေရိကန် နိုင်ငံသား တစ်ဦးချင်းစီ၏ အခွင့်အရေးများ ၏ အခြေခံ အချက်အလက်များကို ပြင်ဆင်ခဲ့ခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။

ဖက်ဒရယ် အစိုးရ၏ အစိတ်အပိုင်း တစ်ခုစီ တစ်ခုစီ၌ ကိုယ်ပိုင်တန်ခိုးအာဏာများရှိရာ ထိုတန်ခိုး အာဏာများကို ကျန်ဌာနနှစ်ခုက ဖြည့်စွက်ခြင်း၊ ရုပ်သိမ်းခြင်း မပြုလုပ်နိုင်ချေ။&lt;ref&gt;မြန်မာ့စွယ်စုံကျမ်း၊ အတွဲ(၁၄)&lt;/ref&gt;
=== ပါတီများ၊ ခံယူချက်များ နှင့် နိုင်ငံရေး ===
[[ဝှာင်:Barack Obama&amp;nbsp;- ITN.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ဘာရတ်အိုဘားမား]] အမေရိကန် သမ္မတအဖြစ် အမေရိကန် တရားသူကြီးချုပ် ဂျွန်ရောဘတ်၏ ရှေ့မှောက်တွင် ကျမ်းသစ္စာကျိန်ဆိုနေစဉ် (၂၀၀၉ ဇန်နဝါရီ ၂၀)]]
အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် သမိုင်းကြောင်းတလျှောက် အချိန်ကာလ အတော်များများတွင် ပါတီနှစ်ခု ကြီးစိုးသော စနစ်ဖြင့် ရပ်တည်ခဲ့သည်။ အဆင့်အမျိုးမျိုးအတွက် ရာထူးများကို ပြည်နယ်အဆင့်မှ စီမံခန့်ခွဲသော ပဏာမ ရွေးကောက်ပွဲများကို ကျင်းပ၍ နောက်ထပ်မံ ပြုလုပ်မည့် အထွေထွေရွေးကောက်ပွဲ အတွက် ပါတီ အသီးသီးမှ အမတ်လောင်းများကို ရွေးချယ်ကြသည်။ ၁၈၅၆ အထွေထွေရွေးကောက်ပွဲမှ စ၍ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် ဩဇာရှိသော အဓိက ပါတီ ၂ ခုမှာ ၁၈၂၄ ခုနှစ်တွင် တည်ထောင်ခဲ့သော ဒီမိုကရက်တစ်ပါတီ နှင့် ၁၈၅၄ ခုနှစ်တွင် တည်ထောင်ခဲ့သော ရီပတ်ဘလစ်ကင် ပါတီ တို့ဖြစ်သည်။ ပြည်တွင်းစစ် ပြီးသည့် အချိန်မှစ၍ အခြားပါတီမှ သမ္မတလောင်း တစ်ဦးသာလျှင် ထွက်ပေါ်ခဲ့ပြီး ထိုသူမှာ ယခင် သမ္မတဟောင်း သီအိုဒိုး ရုစဗဲ့ ဖြစ်သည်။ သူသည် ၁၉၁၂ ခုနှစ်တွင် ပရိုဂရက်ဆစ် ပါတီ အတွက် ယှဉ်ပြိုင်ခဲ့ပြီး မဲရာခိုင်နှုန်း ၂၀ ကျော်မျှ ရရှိခဲ့သည်။

အမေရိကန် နိုင်ငံရေးရပ်ဝန်းတွင် ရီပတ်ဘလစ်ကင် ပါတီသည် ကွန်ဆာဗေးတစ်ဖြစ်သည် သို့ လက်ယာဘက် ယိမ်းသည်ဟု ယူဆနိုင်ပြီး ဒီမိုကရက်တစ် ပါတီမှာမူ လစ်ဘရယ်ဖြစ်သည် သို့မဟုတ် လက်ဝဲဘက်ယိမ်းသည် ဟု ယူဆနိုင်သည်။ အရှေ့မြောက်ပိုင်း ရှိပြည်နယ်များ၊ အနောက်ဘက် ကမ်းရိုးတန်း ပြည်နယ်များ နှင့် ရေကန်ကြီးများ ရှိရာ ပြည်နယ်များမှာ အပြာရောင်ပြည်နယ်များဟု ခေါ်ပြီး လစ်ဘရယ် ဖြစ်ကြသည်။ တောင်ဘက်ရှိပြည်နယ်များ၊ ဂရိတ်ပလိန်း၏ တစိတ်တပိုင်း နှင့် ရော့ကီးတောင်တန်းပြည်နယ်များမှာမူ အနီရောင်ပြည်နယ်များဟု ခေါ်ပြီး ကွန်ဆာဗေးတစ် ဖြစ်ကြသည်။

၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ် သမ္မတရွေးကောက်ပွဲတွင် အနိုင်ရခဲ့သော ဒီမိုကရက်တစ်ပါတီ မှ ဘာရတ်အိုဘားမား သည် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ၄၄ ယောက်မြောက် သမ္မတဖြစ်သည်။ ယခင် သမ္မတများ အားလုံးမှာ ဥရောပသားမှ ဆင်းသက်လာသူများသာ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။ ၂၀၁၀ နှစ်လယ် ရွေးကောက်ပွဲ ရလဒ်အရ ရီပတ်ဘလစ်ကင် ပါတီသည် အောက်လွှတ်တော်ကို ထိန်းချုပ်ထားပြီး ဆီးနိတ်လွှတ်တော်တွင် နေရာရလာသော်လည်း အထက်လွှတ်တော်တွင် ဒီမိုကရက်တစ်ပါတီမှ အများစုဖြစ်နေသေးသည်။ ၁၁၂ ကြိမ်မြောက် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု ကွန်ဂရက်တွင် ဆီးနိတ် လွှတ်တော်တွင် ဒီမိုကရက် ၅၁ ဦး၊ ဒီမိုကရက်များကို ထောက်ခံသော တစ်သီးပုဂ္ဂလ ၂ ဦး နှင့် ရီပတ်ဘလစ်ကင် ပါတီမှ ၄၇ ဦး ရှိပြီး အောက်လွှတ်တော်တွင် ရီပတ်ဘလစ်ကင် ၂၄၂ ဦး နှင့် ဒီမိုကရက် ၁၉၃ ဦး ရှိသည်။ ပြည်နယ်အုပ်ချုပ်ရေးမှူးများတွင် ရီပတ်ဘလစ်ကင် ၂၉ ဦး၊ ဒီမိုကရက် ၂၀ ဦးနှင့် တစ်သီးပုဂ္ဂလ တစ်ဦး ပါဝင်သည်။

== နိုင်ငံခြားဆက်ဆံရေးနှင့် စစ်ရေးကိစ္စများ ==
[[ဝှာင်:Hague Clinton May 14 2010 Crop.jpeg|thumb|right|ဗြိတိသျှ နိုင်ငံခြားရေး ဝန်ကြီး ဝီလီယမ် ဟိတ်ဂ် နှင့် အမေရိကန် နိုင်ငံခြားရေးဝန်ကြီး [[ဟီလာရီ ကလင်တန်]] ၂၀၁၀ မေလ]]
အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ကမ္ဘာတဝှမ်းလုံးတွင် စီးပွားရေး၊နိုင်ငံရေးနှင့် စစ်ရေးဆိုင်ရာ လွှမ်းမိုးမှုရရန် ကြိုးပမ်းလေ့ ရှိသည်။ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ လုံခြုံရေးကောင်စီ၏ အမြဲတမ်း အဖွဲ့ဝင်နိုင်ငံ ဖြစ်ပြီး ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဌာနချုပ်သည် [[နယူးယောက်မြို့]]တော် တွင် ရှိသည်။ ဂျီအိတ် (G8)၊ ဂျီ တွမ်တီး (G20)၊ အိုအီးစီဒီ အဖွဲ့တို့၏ အဖွဲ့ဝင်နိုင်ငံ ဖြစ်သည်။ နိုင်ငံတိုင်းလိုလိုသည် ဝါရှင်တန်ဒီစီတွင် သံရုံးများ ထားရှိကြပြီး နိုင်ငံအများအပြားမှာ နိုင်ငံအနှံ့တွင် အတွင်းဝန်ရုံးများ ထားရှိကြသည်။ အလားတူပင် နိုင်ငံတိုင်းလိုလိုတွင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ သံရုံးများ ရှိကြသည်။ သို့သော်လည်း [[ကျူးဘားနိုင်ငံ]]၊ [[အီရန်နိုင်ငံ]]၊ [[မြောက်ကိုရီးယားနိုင်ငံ]]၊ [[ဘူတန်နိုင်ငံ]] နှင့် [[ထိုင်ဝမ်]]နိုင်ငံတို့သည် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုနှင့် တရားဝင် သံတမန် ဆက်ဆံရေး မရှိပေ။

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ယူနိုက်တက်ကင်းဒမ်း နှင့် အထူးသီးသန့်ဆက်ဆံရေး ရှိပြီး ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံ၊ ဩစတေးလျနိုင်ငံ၊ နယူးဇီလန်နိုင်ငံ၊ ဖိလစ်ပိုင်နိုင်ငံ၊ ဂျပန်နိုင်ငံ၊ တောင်ကိုရီးယားနိုင်ငံ၊ အစ္စရေးနိုင်ငံနှင့် အချို့သော ဥရောပနိုင်ငံများနှင့် မဟာမိတ်ကဲ့သို့သော ဆက်ဆံရေးမျိုး ရှိသည်။ စစ်ရေးနှင့် လုံခြုံရေး ကိစ္စများအတွင် နေတိုးအဖွဲ့ဝင်များနှင့် အတူတကွ ပူးပေါင်းဆောင်ရွက်လေ့ ရှိသည်။ အိမ်နီးချင်းနိုင်ငံများနှင့် အမေရိကားနိုင်ငံများ အဖွဲ့ကဲ့သို့သော အဖွဲ့များဖြင့် အတူတကွ ပူးပေါင်းဆောင်ရွက်လေ့ ရှိပြီး ကနေဒါ၊ မက္ကဆီကိုတို့ဖြင့် ချုပ်ဆိုထားသော မြောက်အမေရိကနိုင်ငံများ၏ လွတ်လပ်စွာ ကုန်သွယ်ခွင့် သဘောတူညီချက်ဖြင့် စီးပွားရေးအားဖြင့် ပူးပေါင်းဆောင်ရွက်လေ့ ရှိသည်။ ၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ်တွင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် နိုင်ငံတကာ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးတိုးတက်ရေး အစီအစဉ်တွင် စုစုပေါင်း အမေရိကန်ဒေါ်လာ ၂၅.၄ ဘီလီယံများ သုံးစွဲခဲ့ပြီး တကမ္ဘာလုံးတွင် အများဆုံး သုံးစွဲခဲ့ခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ နိုင်ငံအလိုက် စုစုပေါင်း ဝင်ငွေ အနေနှင့် ကြည့်လျှင်မူ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ထောက်ပံ့မှုမှာ ၀.၁၈ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းသာ ရှိသဖြင့် လှူဒါန်းသည့် နိုင်ငံများတွင် နံပါတ် ၂၂ နေရာတွင်သာ ရှိသည်။ အခြားတစ်ဖက်မှ ကြည့်လျှင်မူ အမေရိကန်လူမျိုးတို့၏ နိုင်ငံခြားတိုင်းပြည်များတွင် လှူဒါန်းမှုများမှာ အလွန်ရက်ရောသည်ကို တွေ့နိုင်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Shah, Anup|title=US and Foreign Aid Assistance|date=2009-04-13|publisher=GlobalIssues.org|url=http://www.globalissues.org/article/35/us-and-foreign-aid-assistance|accessdate=2009-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ဝှာင်:USS Abraham Lincoln(CVN 72).jpg|thumb|left|အမေရိကန် လေယာဉ်တင်သင်္ဘော ယူအက်စ်အက်စ် အေဘရာဟမ် လင်ကွန်း]]

အမေရိကန်သမ္မတသည် နိုင်ငံ၏ စစ်တပ်တွင် စစ်သေနာပတိချုပ်ရာထူးကို ရယူထားပြီး ကာကွယ်ရေးဝန်ကြီးနှင့် စစ်ဦးစီးချုပ်အဖွဲ့ကို ခန့်အပ်ပိုင်ခွင့် ရှိသည်။ အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ကာကွယ်ရေး ဦးစီးဌာနမှာ လက်နက်ကိုင်တပ်ဖွဲ့များကို အုပ်ချုပ်ပြီး ၎င်းတို့တွင် ကြည်းတပ်၊ ရေတပ်၊ မရိန်းတပ်၊ လေတပ် တို့ ပါဝင်သည်။ ကမ်းခြေစောင့်တပ်ကို စစ်မက် ဖြစ်ပွားမနေသော အချိန်တွင် ပြည်ထဲရေး ဌာနမှ အုပ်ချုပ်ပြီး စစ်မက်ဖြစ်ပွားနေချိန်တွင် ရေတပ်မှ အုပ်ချုပ်သည်။ ၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ်တွင် လက်နက်ကိုင် တပ်ဖွဲ့များတွင် တာဝန်ထမ်းဆောင်နေသူ ၁.၄ သန်းမျှ ရှိပြီး အရန်အင်အား နှင့် အမျိုးသားအစောင့်တပ်ဖွဲ့များကို ထည့်သွင်း ရေတွက်ပါက အားလုံးပေါင်း ၂.၃ သန်းမျှ ရှိသည်။ ကာကွယ်ရေး ဦးစီးဌာနတွင် တာဝန်ထမ်းဆောင်နေသူများတွင် ကန်ထရိုက်တာများ မပါဝင်ဘဲ အရပ်သား ၇ သိန်းကျော် ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/2009/May%202009/0509facts_fig.pdf|title=The Air Force in Facts and Figures (Armed Forces Manpower Trends, End Strength in Thousands)|work=Air Force Magazine|date=May 2009|accessdate=2009-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

စစ်မှုထမ်းရန် အတွက်မှာ မိမိဆန္ဒအလျောက်သာ ဖြစ်ပြီး စစ်ပွဲကာလ အတွင်းတွင် စစ်မှုမထမ်း မနေရ စနစ်ကို ကြိုတင်ရွေးချယ်ထားသူ များအပေါ်တွင် ပြဋ္ဌာန်းလေ့ ရှိသည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.sss.gov/what.htm | title=WHAT DOES SELECTIVE SERVICE PROVIDE FOR AMERICA? | publisher=Selective Service System | work=www.sss.gov | accessdate=February 11, 2012 | archivedate=15 September 2012 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915102215/http://www.sss.gov/what.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန် စစ်တပ်များကို လေတပ် အတွင်းရှိ များပြားလှစွာသော သယ်ယူပို့ဆောင်ရေး လေယာဉ်များကို အသုံးပြု၍ ဖြစ်စေ၊ ရေတပ်မှ လက်ရှိသုံးစွဲနေသော လေယာဉ်တင် သင်္ဘော ၁၁ စင်း ဖြင့် ဖြစ်စေ၊ ရေတပ်၏ အတ္တလန္တိတ်နှင့် ပစိဖိတ် ဒေသရှိ သင်္ဘောများ ဖြင့် ဖြစ်စေ အလျှင်အမြန် နေရာ ချထားနိုင်သည်။ အမေရိကန် စစ်တပ်တွင် အခြေစိုက်စခန်း နှင့် နိုင်ငံခြား အခြေခံစခန်း ပေါင်း ၈၆၅ ခု ရှိပြီး&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/pubs/BSR_2008_Baseline.pdf|title=Base Structure Report, Fiscal Year 2008 Baseline|publisher=Department of Defense|accessdate=2009-10-09|archivedate=2010-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228030019/http://www.defense.gov/pubs/BSR_2008_Baseline.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; နိုင်ငံပေါင်း ၂၅ နိုင်ငံတွင် တာဝန်ချထားသူပေါင်း ၁၀၀ ကျော် မျှ ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf|title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A)|publisher=Department of Defense|date=2010-03-31|accessdate=2010-10-07|archivedate=24 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် အမေရိကန် စစ်တပ်၏ စုစုပေါင်း သုံးစွဲငွေမှာ ဘီလီယံ ၇၀၀ ခန့်မျှ ဖြစ်ပြီး တကမ္ဘာလုံးရှိ စစ်တပ်များ သုံးစွဲငွေ၏ ၄၃ ရာခိုင်နှုန်း မျှ ဖြစ်ပြီး အခြားနိုင်ငံကြီး ၁၄ နိုင်ငံ၏ စစ်ရေး သုံးစွဲစရိတ် ပေါင်းထားခြင်း ထက်ပင် များသည်။ ဂျီဒီပီ၏ ၄.၈ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမျှ ရှိသဖြင့် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် စစ်ရေး စရိတ် အသုံးအများဆုံးသော နိုင်ငံ ၁၅ နိုင်ငံတွင် ဆော်ဒီအာရေဗျ ပြီးလျှင် ဒုတိယ နေရာမှ လိုက်သည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/resultoutput/15majorspenders|title=The 15 Countries with the Highest Military Expenditure in 2010|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|accessdate=2012-02-05|archivedate=28 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328104327/http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/resultoutput/15majorspenders}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကာကွယ်ရေး ဦးစီးဌာန၏ ၂၀၁၂ ခုနှစ် အတွက် လျာထားသော ဘတ်ဂျက်မှာ ၅၅၃ ဘီလီယံ ဒေါ်လာမျှ ဖြစ်ပြီး ၂၀၁၁ ခုနှစ် လျာထားသော ဘတ်ဂျက်ထက် ၄.၂ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမျှ ပိုမြင့်သည်။ အီရတ်နိုင်ငံနှင့် အာဖဂန်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ အတွင်း စစ်ရေးအရ သုံးစွဲရန် ၁၁၈ ဘီလီယံ ထပ်မံ လျာထားသည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/defbudget/fy2012/FY2012_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf|title=Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Request Overview|publisher=Department of Defense|date=February 2011|accessdate=2011-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304062616/http://comptroller.defense.gov/defbudget/fy2012/FY2012_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ နောက်ဆုံး တပ်ဖွဲ့မှာ အီရတ်နိုင်ငံမှ ၂၀၁၁ ခုနှစ် ဒီဇင်ဘာလတွင် ထွက်ခွာခဲ့သည်။ အီရတ်စစ်ပွဲတွင် အမေရိကန် တပ်သားပေါင်း ၄,၄၈၄ ဦး သေဆုံးခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx|title=Operation Iraqi Freedom|publisher=Iraq Coalition Casualty Count|date=2012-02-05|accessdate=2012-02-05|archivedate=21 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321080348/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၁၂ ခုနှစ် ဧပြီလ စာရင်းအရ အာဖဂန်နစ္စတန် နိုင်ငံတွင် အမေရိကန် တပ်သားပေါင်း ၉ သောင်းခန့်မျှ တာဝန် ထမ်းဆောင်လျက် ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/stories/20120420290705200.htm|author=Cherian, John|title=Turning Point|publisher=Frontline|date=2012-04-20|accessdate=2012-04-04|archivedate=7 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407115236/http://www.frontline.in/stories/20120420290705200.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၁၂ ခုနှစ် ဧပြီ လအထိ အာဖဂန်နစ္စတန် စစ်ပွဲ အတွင်းတွင် အမေရိကန် စစ်သားပေါင်း ၁၉၂၄ ဦးမျှ သေဆုံးခဲ့ပြီး ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://icasualties.org/OEF/index.aspx|title=Operation Enduring Freedom|publisher=Iraq Coalition Casualty Count|date=2012-04-04|accessdate=2012-04-04|archivedate=29 December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229103806/http://www.icasualties.org/OEF/index.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== စီးပွားရေး ==
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width: 270px;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Economic indicators
|-
| အလုပ်လက်မဲ့ ရာခိုင်နှုန်း || ၈.၂% &lt;small&gt;(မတ်လ ၂၀၁၂)&lt;/small&gt; || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm|title=Employment Situation Summary|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Labor|date=2012-04-06|accessdate=2012-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| GDP တိုးတက်မှု || ၂.၈% &lt;small&gt;(4Q 2011)&lt;/small&gt;၊ ၁.၇% &lt;small&gt;(၂၀၁၁)&lt;/small&gt;|| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm|title=Gross Domestic Product, 4th Quarter 2011 and Annual 2011 (Advance Estimate)|publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis|date=2012-01-27|accessdate=2012-02-03}} Change is based on [[chained dollars|chained 2005 dollars]]. Quarterly growth is expressed as an annualized rate.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| စားသုံးသူတို့၏ ကုန်ဈေးနှုန်း ညွှန်းကိန်း ငွေကြေးဖောင်းပွမှု || ၂.၇% &lt;small&gt;(မတ်လ ၂၀၁၁&amp;nbsp;– မတ်လ ၂၀၁၂)&lt;/small&gt; || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm|title=Consumer Price Index: March 2012|publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=2012-04-13|accessdate=2012-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ဆင်းရဲမွဲတေမှု || ၁၅.၁% &lt;small&gt;(၂၀၁၀)&lt;/small&gt; || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | &lt;ref name=CBPR10&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf|title=Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=2010-09-14|accessdate=2011-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| အများပြည်သူဆိုင်ရာ အကြွေး || $၁၅.၆၂ ထရီလီယံ &lt;small&gt;(ဧပြီလ ၁၃၊ ၂၀၁၂)&lt;/small&gt; || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.treasurydirect.gov/NP/BPDLogin?application=np|title=Debt Statistics|publisher=U.S. Dept. of the Treasury|accessdate=2012-04-17|archivedate=18 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418203433/http://www.treasurydirect.gov/NP/BPDLogin?application=np}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| အိမ်ထောင်စုများ၏ ပိုင်ဆိုင်မှု || $၅၈.၅ ထရီလီယံ &lt;small&gt;(4Q ၂၀၁၁)&lt;/small&gt; || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/Z1/Current/z1r-1.pdf|title=Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States: Flows and Outstandings Fourth Quarter 2011|publisher=U.S. Federal Reserve|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2012-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် များပြားလှစွာသော သဘာဝအရင်းအမြစ်များ၊ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးတိုးတက်ပြီးသော အခြေခံအဆောက်အအုံများ၊ မြင့်မားသော ကုန်ပစ္စည်းထုတ်လုပ်ရေးစွမ်းအား များဖြင့် မောင်းနှင်ထားသော အရင်းရှင်စီးပွားရေးစနစ် ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, &quot;Resource-Based Growth Past and Present&quot;, in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), p. 185. ISBN 0-8213-6545-2.&lt;/ref&gt; နိုင်ငံတကာ ငွေကြေးအဖွဲ့၏ အဆိုအရ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ဂျီဒီပီ ၁၅.၁ ထရီလီယံ ဒေါ်လာမှာ ဈေးကွက် ငွေလဲလှယ်နှုန်းထားဖြင့် ကြည့်မည် ဆိုလျှင် တကမ္ဘာလုံး ထုတ်ကုန် စုစုပေါင်း၏ ၂၂ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမျှ ရှိပြီး [[ဝယ်ယူနိုင်စွမ်းအား ကွာခြားမှုနှုန်း]] (PPP) ကိုထည့်တွက်မည် ဆိုပါက တကမ္ဘာလုံး ထုတ်ကုန်၏ ၁၉ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမျှ ရှိသည်။.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF GDP&quot;&gt; {{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=56&amp;pr.y=10&amp;sy=2009&amp;ey=2012&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=111&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=|title=United States|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=April 22, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; အခြားနိုင်ငံများနှင့် ယှဉ်လျှင် တစ်နိုင်ငံချင်းစီထက် ဂျီဒီပီ ပိုမြင့်သော်လည်း ၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ် စာရင်းအရ PPP ကို ထည့်တွက်မည် ဆိုလျှင် ဥရောပသမဂ္ဂ၏ ဂျီဒီပီထက် ၅ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမျှ လျော့နည်းသည်။ တကမ္ဘာလုံးတွင် လူတစ်ဦးချင်း ဂျီဒီပီ အားဖြင့် နံပါတ် ၉ နေရာတွင် လည်းကောင်း၊ PPP ကို ထည့်တွက်ထားသော ဂျီဒီပီ အနေနှင့် နံပါတ် ၆ နေရာတွင် လည်းကောင်း ရှိသည်။.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF GDP&quot;/&gt; အမေရိကန် ဒေါ်လာသည် တကမ္ဘာလုံးသုံးသော အဓိက အရံငွေ အမျိုးအစား ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/cofer/eng/cofer.pdf |title=Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် ကုန်စည်တင်သွင်းမှု အများဆုံးသော နိုင်ငံဖြစ်ပြီး တတိယမြောက် ကုန်စည် တင်ပို့မှု အများဆုံး နိုင်ငံဖြစ်သည်။ သို့သော် လူတစ်ဦးချင်း ပို့ကုန်တင်ပို့မှုမှာမူ မများလှပေ။ ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ စုစုပေါင်း ကုန်သွယ်ရေး အရှုံးပြမှုမှာ အမေရိကန်ဒေါ်လာ ၆၃၅ ဘီလီယံမျှ ရှိသည်။&lt;ref name=Trade&gt;{{cite web|title=Trade Statistics|url=http://greyhill.com/trade-statistics|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|accessdate=2011-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံ၊ တရုတ်နိုင်ငံ၊ မက္ကဆီကိုနိုင်ငံ၊ ဂျပန်နိုင်ငံ နှင့် ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံတို့မှာ ထိပ်ဆုံး ကုန်သွယ်ဖက်များပင် ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/current/balance.html|title=Top Ten Countries with which the U.S. Trades|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=August 2009|accessdate=2009-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ်အတွင်း ရေနံမှာ တင်သွင်းမှု အများဆုံး ကုန်စည်ဖြစ်ပြီး သယ်ယူပို့ဆောင်ရေး စက်ကိရိယာများမှ အများဆုံးသော ပို့ကုန် ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=Trade/&gt; တရုတ်နိုင်ငံသည် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ အများပြည်သူဆိုင်ရာ အကြွေးအများဆုံး ရှိသော ကြွေးရှင်နိုင်ငံ ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/DC-Decoder/2011/0204/National-debt-Whom-does-the-US-owe|title=National debt: Whom does the US owe??publisher=CSMonitor.com|date=2011-02-04|accessdate=2011-07-14|archivedate=11 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411202257/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/DC-Decoder/2011/0204/National-debt-Whom-does-the-US-owe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Wall-Street Nueva York6397.JPG|thumb|left|ဝေါလ်စထရိ နှင့် နယူးယောက် စတော့အိတ်ချိန်း သည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် ဒေါ်လာ ပမာဏအားဖြင့် ကြည့်ပါက အကြီးဆုံးသော ငွေကြေးဈေးကွက်များ ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ir.nyse.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=129145&amp;p=irol-newsArticle&amp;ID=1036503&amp;highlight=|title=New Release/Ultra Petroleum Corp.,|publisher=NYSE Euronext|date=2007-07-03|accessdate=2007-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
၂၀၀၉ ခုနှစ်တွင် ပုဂ္ဂလိကလုပ်ငန်းများမှ နိုင်ငံစီးပွားရေး၏ ၈၆.၄ % အထိ ပါဝင်ခဲ့ပြီး ဖက်ဒရယ်အစိုးရ၏ လုပ်ငန်းများမှ ၄.၃ % မျှ ပါဝင်ခဲ့ကာ ပြည်နယ်နှင့် ဒေသဆိုင်ရာ အစိုးရများက ကျန်ရှိသော ၉.၃ % ကို ပါဝင်ခဲ့သည်။.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-industry/ |title=GDP by Industry|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|accessdate=2011-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; နိုင်ငံ၏ စီးပွားရေးမှာ စက်မှုခေတ်လွန် အဆင့်သို့ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးတိုးတက်ခဲ့ပြီး ဖြစ်၍ ဝန်ဆောင်မှု လုပ်ငန်းများမှာ ဂျီဒီပီ၏ ၆၇.၈ % ကို ပံ့ပိုးပေးထားသော်လည်း အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် စက်မှုဆိုင်ရာ အင်အားကြီးနိုင်ငံ တစ်နိုင်ငံ အဖြစ် ရှိနေသေးသည်။&lt;ref name=Econ&gt;{{cite web|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html|archivedate=12 March 2008|accessdate=2008-03-12|title=USA Economy in Brief|publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}&lt;/ref&gt; စီးပွားရေး လုပ်ငန်းများတွင် ငွေလည်ပတ်မှု အများဆုံး လုပ်ငန်းမှာ လက်လီ လက်ကား ရောင်းဝယ်ရေး လုပ်ငန်း ဖြစ်ပြီး ဝင်ငွေအများဆုံး လုပ်ငန်းမှာ ကုန်ထုတ်လုပ်ငန်း ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2009/tables/09s0724.xls|title=Table 724—Number of Tax Returns, Receipts, and Net Income by Type of Business and Industry: 2005|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2009-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ထုတ်ကုန်များတွင် ဦးဆောင်ဦးရွက် ပြုနေသည်မှာ ဓာတုဆိုင်ရာ ထုတ်ကုန်များ ဖြစ်သည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2009/tables/09s0964.xls|title=Table 964—Gross Domestic Product in Current and Real (2000) Dollars by Industry: 2006|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=May 2008|accessdate=2009-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် တတိယမြောက် အများဆုံး ရေနံထုတ်လုပ်သည့် နိုင်ငံဖြစ်ပြီး ရေနံ တင်သွင်းမှု အများဆုံး နိုင်ငံလည်း ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2173rank.html|title=Rank Order—Oil (Production)|publisher=CIA|work=The World Factbook|accessdate=2009-10-12|archivedate=12 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512233445/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2173rank.html}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2174rank.html|title=Rank Order—Oil (Consumption)|publisher=CIA|work=The World Factbook|accessdate=2009-10-12|archivedate=26 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073521/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2174rank.html%20}}{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/company_level_imports/current/import.html|title=Crude Oil and Total Petroleum Imports Top 15 Countries|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|date=2009-09-29|accessdate=2009-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် လျှပ်စစ်စွမ်းအင် နှင့် နျူးကလီယား စွမ်းအင် ထုတ်လုပ်ရာတွင် ပထမ နေရာမှ ရှိနေပြီး သဘာဝဓာတ်ငွေ့ရည်၊ ကန့်၊ ဖော့စဖိတ် နှင့် ဆား ထုတ်လုပ်ရာတွင်လည်း ပထမနေရာမှ ရှိသည်။ စိုက်ပျိုးရေး လုပ်ငန်းသည် အမေရိကန် ဂျီဒီပီ၏ ၁ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမျှ သာ ရှိသည်။&lt;ref name=Econ/&gt; သို့သော်လည်း အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် ပြောင်းဖူး&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.grains.org/page.ww?section=Barley,+Corn+%26+Sorghum&amp;name=Corn|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112182404/http://www.grains.org/page.ww?section=Barley,+Corn+%26+Sorghum&amp;name=Corn|archivedate=12 January 2008|title=Corn|publisher=U.S. Grains Council|accessdate=2008-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; နှင့် ပဲပုတ် (soybean) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5442|title=Soybean Demand Continues to Drive Production|publisher=Worldwatch Institute|date=2007-11-06|accessdate=2008-03-13|archivedate=16 March 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316060234/http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5442}}&lt;/ref&gt;ထုတ်လုပ်ရာတွင် ပထမနေရာတွင် ရှိသည်။ အမေရိကန် ကုမ္ပဏီများ ဖြစ်သည့် ကိုကာကိုလာ နှင့် မက်ဒေါ်နယ်တို့သည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် လူသိအများဆုံး အမှတ် တံဆိပ် ၂ ခု ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cheskin.com/view_news.php?id=2|title=Sony, LG, Wal-Mart among Most Extendible Brands|publisher=Cheskin|date=2005-06-06|accessdate=2007-06-19|archivedate=12 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312001935/http://www.cheskin.com/view_news.php?id=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ် ဩဂုတ်လ စာရင်းအရ အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံတွင် အလုပ်လုပ်ကိုင်သူ ၁၅၄.၁ သန်း ရှိသည်။ အစိုးရဝန်ထမ်းပေါင်း ၂၁.၂ သန်းမျှ ရှိသဖြင့် အစိုးရသည် အကြီးဆုံးသော အလုပ်ရှင် ဖြစ်သည်။ ပုဂ္ဂလိက လုပ်ငန်းခွင်များတွင် အလုပ်သမား အများဆုံးရှိသော ကဏ္ဍများမှာ ကျန်းမာရေး နှင့် လူမှုဖူလုံရေး ကဏ္ဍတို့ ဖြစ်ပြီး အလုပ်သမား ၁၆.၄ သန်းမျှ ရှိသည်။ အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုရှိ အလုပ်သမားများ၏ ၁၂ % မှာ သမဂ္ဂဝင်များ ဖြစ်ကြပြီး အနောက် ဥရောပတွင် ၃၀ % မျှ ရှိသဖြင့် အနောက်ဥရောပနိုင်ငံများလောက် သမဂ္ဂဝင်သူ မများပေ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Fuller, Thomas|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/06/14/news/europe.php|title=In the East, Many EU Work Rules Don't Apply|date=2005-06-15|work=International Herald Tribune|accessdate=2007-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050616015106/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/06/14/news/europe.php|archivedate=16 June 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကမ္ဘာ့ဘဏ်၏ အဆိုအရ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် အလုပ်သမားများကို အလုပ်ခန့်ရန် နှင့် အလုပ်ဖြုတ်ရန် အတွက် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် အလွယ်ကူဆုံးသော တိုင်းပြည်ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;EDBI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/ExploreEconomies/?economyid=197|accessdate=2007-06-28|title=Doing Business in the United States (2006)|publisher=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၀၉ ခုနှစ် စာရင်း အရ ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် တတိယမြောက် အလုပ်ပေါ်မှ ပြန်ရသည့် အကျိုးအမြတ် (Productivity) အမြင့်မားဆုံး နိုင်ငံ ဖြစ်ပြီး လူဇင်ဘတ်နိုင်ငံ နှင့် နော်ဝေနိုင်ငံတို့၏ နောက်မှ လိုက်သည်။ တစ်နာရီချင်း အလုပ်ပေါ်မှ ပြန်ရသည့် အကျိုးအမြတ် အနေဖြင့် ကြည့်ပါက စတုတ္ထနေရာတွင် ရှိပြီး ထိုနှစ်နိုင်ငံနှင့် နယ်သာလန်နိုင်ငံတို့၏ နောက်မှ လိုက်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/|title=Total Economy Database, Summary Statistics, 1995–2010|publisher=The Conference Board|work=The Conference Board Total Economy Database|date=September 2010|accessdate=2009-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဥရောပနှင့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်ပါက အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ အိမ်ခွန် မြေခွန် နှင့် စီးပွားရေးလုပ်ငန်းခွန်များမှာ မြင့်မားပြီး အလုပ်သမားအခွန် နှင့် စားသုံးမှု အခွန်များမှာ နည်းပါးသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Gumbel, Peter|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,662737-2,00.html|title=Escape from Tax Hell|date=2004-07-11|work=Time|accessdate=2007-06-28|archivedate=7 January 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107005616/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,662737-2,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ဝင်ငွေနှင့် လူသားဖွံ့ဖြိုးမှု ===
အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု သန်းခေါင်စာရင်း ဌာန၏ စာရင်းအရ အခွန်မကောက်ခံရမီ အိမ်ထောင်စု တစ်ခုချင်း၏ အလယ်အလတ် ဝင်ငွေမှာ အမေရိကန် ဒေါ်လာ ၄၉,၄၄၅ မျှ ဖြစ်သည်။ အာရှ-အမေရိကန် အိမ်ထောင်စုများ၏ အလယ်အလတ်ဝင်ငွေမှာ အမေရိကန် ဒေါ်လာ ၆၄,၃၀၈ အထိ ရှိပြီး အာဖရိကန်-အမေရိကန် အိမ်ထောင်စုများ၏ အလယ်အလတ်ဝင်ငွေမှာ အမေရိကန်ဒေါ်လာ ၃၂,၆၀၈ မျှသာ ရှိသည်။&lt;ref name=CBPR10/&gt; ဝယ်ယူနိုင်စွမ်းအား ကွာခြားမှုနှုန်းကို ထည့်သွင်းတွက်ချက်ပါက အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုရှိ အိမ်ထောင်စုတို့၏ အလယ်အလတ် ဝင်ငွေမှာ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးဆဲနိုင်ငံများမှ ချမ်းသာသော လူတန်းစားတို့၏ ဝင်ငွေနှင့် ညီမျှသည်။ ၂၀ ရာစု အလယ်ပိုင်းတွင် ဆင်းရဲမွဲတေမှုနှုန်းမှာ အလျှင်အမြန် လျော့ကျသွားခဲ့သော်လည်း ၁၉၇၀ ပြည့်နှစ်များတွင် ဆင်းရဲမွဲတေမှုနှုန်းမှာ ပြန်လည်မြင့်တက်လာခဲ့သည်။ နှစ်စဉ်နှစ်တိုင်းတွင် အမေရိကန် နိုင်ငံသား၏ ၁၁% မှ ၁၅% အထိမှာ ဆင်းရဲမွဲတေမှုမျဉ်း၏ အောက်တွင် ရှိနေပြီး ၅၈.၅% သော နိုင်ငံသားတို့မှာ အသက် ၂၅ နှစ်မှ အသက် ၇၅ နှစ်အတွင်း အနည်းဆုံး ၁ နှစ်မျှ ဆင်းရဲချို့တဲ့စွာ သုံးစွဲရမှု ရှိသည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;USCB IP&amp;HIC 2007&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica Smith|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/p60-235.pdf|format=PDF|title=Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2007|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|month=August|year=2008|accessdate=2008-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hacker|first=Jacob S.|year=2006|title=The Great Risk Shift: The New Economic Insecurity and the Decline of the American Dream|url=https://archive.org/details/greatriskshiftas00hack|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-533534-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် ဆင်းရဲသား အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံသား ၄၆.၂ သန်းမျှရှိပြီး ၄ နှစ်ဆက်တိုက် မြင့်တက်လာသော အရေအတွက်ပင် ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=CBPR10/&gt;

[[File:South San Jose (crop).jpg|thumb|ကယ်လီဖိုးနီးယားပြည်နယ်၊ ဆန်ဂျို့စ်မြို့ရှိ လူလတ်တန်းစားတို့၏ ဆင်ခြေဖုံး]]
ဖွံ့ဖြိုးပြီး နိုင်ငံများထဲတွင် အစိုးရက နိုင်ငံသားတို့၏ လူမှုဖူလုံရေးကို ကြည့်ရှုစောင့်ရှောက်မှုတွင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် အနည်းဆုံး နိုင်ငံများတွင် ပါသည်။ ဆင်းရဲချမ်းသာ ကွာဟမှုနှင့် ဆင်းရဲမွဲတေမှုနှုန်းကို လျော့ချရာတွင် ချမ်းသာသောနိုင်ငံများထဲ၌ အလယ်ခေါင် အဆင့် ထက်ပင် နိမ့်ကျသေးသည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;Sme&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Smeeding | first1 = T. M. | year = 2005 | title = Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-quarterly_2005-12_86_4/page/n200| journal = Social Science Quarterly | volume = 86 | issue = | pages = 955–983 | doi = 10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Kenworthy | first1 = L. | year = 1999 | title = Do Social-Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty? A Cross-National Assessment&quot; ''Social Forces'' 77(3), 1119–1139. Bradley, D., E. Huber, S. Moller, F. Nielsen, and J. D. Stephens (2003). &quot;Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies | url = | journal = American Sociological Review | volume = 68 | issue = 1| pages = 22–51 }}&lt;/ref&gt;သို့သော်လည်း လူမှုရေး လုပ်ငန်းများတွင် အသုံးပြုသည့် အစိုးရနှင့် ပုဂ္ဂလိကတို့၏ အသုံးစရိတ်များမှာ လူတစ်ဦးချင်းစီ အတွက် ကြည့်လျှင် မြင့်မားသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fishback|first=Price V.|date=May 2010|title=Social Welfare Expenditures in the United States and the Nordic Countries: 1900–2003|journal=NBER Working Paper series|volume=15982|url=http://papers.nber.org/papers/w15982}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန်၏ လူမှုဖူလုံရေး စောင့်ရှောက်မှုမှာ အသက်ကြီးသူများအတွက် ဆင်းရဲမှုကို သိသိသာသာ လျှော့ချပေးနိုင်သော်လည်း&lt;ref&gt;Orr, D. (November–December, 2004). &quot;Social Security Isn't Broken: So Why the Rush to 'Fix' It?&quot; In C. Sturr and R. Vasudevan, eds. (2007). ''Current Economic Issues''. Boston: Economic Affairs Bureau.&lt;/ref&gt; ငယ်ရွယ်သူများအတွက်မူ ထောက်ပံ့မှုမှာ အတော်ပင် နည်းသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=a_new_deal_of_their_own|author=Starr, Paul|date=2008-02-25|title=A New Deal of Their Own|work=American Prospect|accessdate=2008-07-24|archivedate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505021735/http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=a_new_deal_of_their_own}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၀၇ ခုနှစ်တွင် စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်း တိုးတက်သော နိုင်ငံ ၂၁ နိုင်ငံရှိ ကလေးသူငယ်များ၏ ပျော်ရွှင်ကျန်းမာမှုကို ယူနီဆက်ဖ် အဖွဲ့မှ လေ့လာရာတွင် အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် နောက်ဆုံးမှ စ၍ ရေတွက်လျှင် ဒုတိယနေရာတွင် ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/13_02_07_nn_unicef.pdf|title=Child Poverty in Perspective: An Overview of Child Well-Being in Rich Countries|author=UNICEF|work=BBC|year=2007|accessdate=2007-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

၁၉၄၇ ခုနှစ် နှင့် ၁၉၇၉ ခုနှစ်ကြားတွင် အမေရိကန်ရှိ လူတန်းစား အားလုံး၏ ဝင်ငွေအစစ်အမှန်မှာ ၈၀ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမျှ မြင့်တက်ခဲ့ပြီး ဆင်းရဲသော အမေရိကန်များ၏ ဝင်ငွေမှာ ချမ်းသာသော အမေရိကန်များ၏ ဝင်ငွေထက် ပို၍ လျင်မြန်စွာ မြင့်တက်ခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref name=Hartman&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.demos.org/inequality/numbers.cfm#1|author=Hartman, Chris|year=2008|title=By the Numbers: Income|publisher=Demos|accessdate=2008-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725230318/http://www.demos.org/inequality/numbers.cfm#1|archivedate=25 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; ထိုနောက်ပိုင်းတွင် ဝင်ငွေတိုးတက်မှုမှာ နှေးကွေးလာခဲ့ပြီး ပို၍ မညီမမျှ ဖြစ်လာခဲ့ကာ စီးပွားရေးအတွက် လုံခြုံစိတ်ချရမှုမှာ လျော့နည်းလာခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref name=Hartman/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bartels, L. M. (2008). ''Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; ၁၉၈၀ ခုနှစ်မှ စ၍ လူတန်းစားအားလုံး၏ မိသားစုအလိုက် ဝင်ငွေမှာ မြင့်တက်လာခဲ့သည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Henderson, David R.|url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3522596.html|title=The Rich—and Poor—Are Getting Richer|work=Hoover Digest|year=1998|accessdate=2007-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; လင်မယား နှစ်ယောက်စလုံး အလုပ်လုပ်ကြသည့် အတွက်ကြောင့် လည်းကောင်း၊ ယောက်ျား မိန်းမ လစာ ကွာဟမှု လျော့နည်းလာသည့် အတွက်ကြောင့်လည်းကောင်း၊ အလုပ်ချိန် များပြားလာသည့် အတွက်ကြောင့် လည်းကောင်း ထိုသို့ မြင့်တက်လာခြင်း ဖြစ်ပြီး ထိပ်ဆုံးမှ အချမ်းသာဆုံးသော သူများအတွက် တိုးတက်မှု ပိုများလာခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;Sme&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hartman/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.frbsf.org/news/speeches/2006/1106.html|author=Yellen, J.|year=2006|title=Speech to the Center for the Study of Democracy 2006–2007 Economics of Governance Lecture University of California, Irvine|publisher=Federal Reserve Board|location=San Francisco|accessdate=2008-07-24|archivedate=5 December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205221853/http://www.frbsf.org/news/speeches/2006/1106.html}}{{cite web|author=Shapiro, Isaac|url=http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&amp;id=746|title=New IRS Data Show Income Inequality Is Again on the Rise|date=2005-10-17|publisher=Center on Budget and Policy Priorities|accessdate=2007-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၀၅ ခုနှစ်တွင် ဝင်ငွေ အကောင်းဆုံး ထိပ်ဆုံး ၁% မှ ၂၁.၈% အထိသော သူများ၏ ဝင်ငွေမှာ ၁၉၈၀ ခုနှစ်နှင့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်ပါက ၂ ဆမျှ မြင့်တက်လာခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/29/business/29tax.html?ex=1332820800&amp;en=fb472e72466c34c8&amp;ei=5088&amp;partner=rssnyt&amp;emc=rss|title=Income Gap Is Widening, Data Shows|author=Johnston, David Cay|work=New York Times|date=2007-03-29|accessdate=2007-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ထို့အတွက်ကြောင့် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးပြီး နိုင်ငံများတွင် ဆင်းရဲချမ်းသာ ကွာဟမှု အများဆုံး နိုင်ငံ ဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sme&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/TabFig2005prel.xls|author=Saez, E.|title=Table A1: Top Fractiles Income Shares (Excluding Capital Gains) in the U.S., 1913–2005|publisher=UC Berkeley|month=October|year=2007|accessdate=2008-07-24}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Field Listing—Distribution of Family Income—Gini Index|publisher=CIA|work=The World Factbook|date=2007-06-14|accessdate=2007-06-17|archivedate=13 June 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် ဝင်ငွေအလိုက် ကောက်ခံသော အမြတ်ခွန်စနစ် ရှိ၍ ဝင်ငွေများသူများမှ အမြတ်ခွန် ရာခိုင်နှုန်း များများ ပိုပေးရသော စနစ် ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.taxfoundation.org/blog/show/27134.html | title=No Country Leans on Upper-Income Households as Much as U.S | publisher=The Tax Foundation | date=March 21, 2011 | accessdate=March 15, 2012 | author=Hodge, Scott | archivedate=12 May 2012 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512050914/http://www.taxfoundation.org/blog/show/27134.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; ထိပ်ဆုံး ၁ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမှာ ဖက်ဒရယ်အစိုးရ အတွက် အမြတ်ခွန် ၂၇.၆% ကို ပေးခဲ့ခြင်းဖြစ်ပြီး ထိပ်ဆုံး ၁၀ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမှ အမြတ်ခွန် ၅၄.၇ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းကို ပေးခဲ့ခြင်းပင် ဖြစ်သည်။.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/88xx/doc8885/EffectiveTaxRates.shtml|title=Shares of Federal Tax Liabilities, 2004 and 2005|publisher=Congressional Budget Office|accessdate=2008-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဝင်ငွေ အမြတ်ခွန် စသည်တို့နှင့် အလားတူပင် ချမ်းသာကြွယ်ဝမှုမှာလည်း ထိပ်ဆုံးရှိ လူတန်းစားတွင် အများဆုံးဖြစ်သည်။ အချမ်းသာဆုံးသော လူဦးရေ ၁၀ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမှာ တစ်နိုင်ငံလုံး ချမ်းသာကြွယ်ဝမှု၏ ၆၉.၈ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းကို ပိုင်ဆိုင်ကြပြီး ဖွံ့ဖြိုးပြီးနိုင်ငံများတွင် ဒုတိယမြောက် အများဆုံးသော ဝေစုပင် ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Domhoff, G. William|url=http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/wealth.html|title=Table 4: Percentage of Wealth Held by the Top 10% of the Adult Population in Various Western Countries|publisher=University of California at Santa Cruz, Sociology Dept.|work=Power in America|month=December|year=2006|accessdate=2006-08-21|archivedate=2011-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020134522/http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/wealth.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; အချမ်းသာဆုံးသော ၁% မှာ စုစုပေါင်း ချမ်းသာကြွယ်ဝမှု၏ ၃၃.၄% ကို ပိုင်ဆိုင်ကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Kennickell, Arthur B.|url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/papers/concentration.2004.5.pdf|title=Table11a: Amounts (Billions of 2004 Dollars) and Shares of Net Worth and Components Distributed by Net Worth Groups, 2004|publisher=Federal Reserve Board|work=Currents and Undercurrents: Changes in the Distribution of Wealth, 1989–2004|date=2006-08-02|accessdate=2007-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး အစီအစဉ်မှ ဆင်းရဲချမ်းသာ ကွာဟမှုနှုန်းကို ထည့်တွက်ထားသော လူသားဖွံ့ဖြိုးမှု ညွှန်းကိန်း (inequality-adjusted human development index သို့ IHDI) တွင် အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုကို တကမ္ဘာလုံးရှိ နိုင်ငံပေါင်း ၁၃၉ နိုင်ငံ အတွင်း နံပါတ် ၁၂ နေရာတွင် အဆင့်သတ်မှတ်ခဲ့သည်။ ဆင်းရဲချမ်းသာ ကွာဟမှုနှုန်းကို ထည့်မတွက်ထားသော လူသား ဖွံ့ဖြိုးမှု ညွှန်းကိန်း(Human Development Index သို့ HDI) ထက် ၈ နေရာမျှ အောက်ရောက်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ihdi/ |title=Statistics &amp;#124; Inequality-adjusted HDI &amp;#124; Human Development Reports (HDR) &amp;#124; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |publisher=Hdr.undp.org |date= |accessdate=2010-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== အခြေခံ အဆောက်အအုံ ==
=== သိပ္ပံနှင့် နည်းပညာ ===
[[File:Aldrin Apollo 11.jpg|thumb|left|upright|အပိုလို ၁၁ အာကာသယာဉ်မှ ရိုက်ကူးထားသော ဓာတ်ပုံ တစ်ပုံဖြစ်ပြီး ဘပ်ဇ်အယ်လ်ဒရင် အား လ၏ မျက်နှာပြင် ပေါ်တွင် တွေ့ရစဉ်]]
အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် သိပ္ပံဆိုင်ရာ သုတေသနနှင့် နည်းပညာဆိုင်ရာ ကြံဆတီထွင်မှုတို့တွင် ၁၉ ရာစု နှောင်းပိုင်းကတည်းက ခေါင်းဆောင်အဖြစ် ရှိနေသည်။ ၁၈၇၆ ခုနှစ်တွင် [[အလက်ဇန္ဒား ဂရေဟမ် ဘဲလ်]]အား အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ တယ်လီဖုန်းနှင့် ပတ်သတ်သော ပထမဆုံး မူပိုင်ခွင့်ကို ချထားပေးခဲ့သည်။ [[သောမတ် အက်ဒီဆင်]]၏ ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းမှ ပထမဦးဆုံးသော ဓာတ်ပြားဖွင့်စက်၊ ပထမဦးဆုံး ကြာရှည်ခံ မီးလုံး၊ ပထမဆုံး အသုံးပြုနိုင်သည့် ရုပ်ရှင်ကင်မရာတို့ကို တီထွင် ထုတ်လုပ်နိုင်ခဲ့သည်။ နီကိုလာ တက်စလာမှ အေစီ လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း၊ အေစီ မော်တာနှင့် ရေဒီယိုတို့ကို ပထမဦးဆုံး တီထွင်ကြံဆခဲ့သည်။ ၂၀ ရာစု အစောပိုင်းတွင် ရမ်ဆန် အီး အိုးလ် နှင့် [[ဟင်နရီ ဖို့ဒ်]] တို့၏ မော်တော်ကား ကုမ္ပဏီမှစ၍ အလိုအလျောက် ကုန်ထုတ်လုပ်ရေး လိုင်းများ စတင်ခေတ်စားလာခဲ့သည်။ ၁၉၀၃ ခုနှစ်တွင် ရိုက်ညီနောင်မှ ပထမဆုံး ထိန်းချုပ်မောင်းနှင်နိုင်သော လေယာဉ်ကို စတင် တီထွင် ခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| author =Benedetti, François| url =http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070912065254/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp| archivedate =12 September 2007| title =100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality| publisher =Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)| date =2003-12-17| accessdate =2007-08-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

၁၉၃၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် နာဇီဝါဒ ထွန်းကားလာမှုကြောင့် အဲလ်ဘတ် အိုင်းစတိုင်း၊ အန်ရစ်ကို ဖာမီ နှင့် ဂျွန် ဗွန် နျူမန် အပါအဝင် ဥရောပ သိပ္ပံပညာရှင် အတော်များများသည် အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသို့ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းနေထိုင် လာခဲ့ကြသည်။ ဒုတိယကမ္ဘာစစ်အတွင်း မန်ဟတ်တန် ပရော့ဂျက်မှ အဏုမြူဗုံးကို စတင်တီထွင်ခဲ့ပြီး အဏုမြူခေတ်သို့ လမ်းပြ ဝင်ရောက်လာခဲ့သည်။ အာကာသအတွင်း အပြိုင်အဆိုင် ဝင်ရောက်ရန် ကြိုးပမ်းမှုများမှ ဒုံးပျံများ၊ မက်တီးရီးယဲလ် နည်းပညာများ၊ ကွန်ပျူတာ ပညာရပ်များ အလျှင်အမြန် တိုးတက်လာခဲ့သည်။ အိုင်ဘီအမ်၊ အက်ပဲလ် ကွန်ပျူတာ နှင့် [[မိုက်ခရိုဆော့ဖ်]]တို့မှ ကွန်ပျူတာ နည်းပညာကို မွမ်းမံပြီး လူတစ်ဦးချင်းသုံး ကွန်ပျူတာများကို ထုတ်လုပ်ရောင်းချရာမှ ကွန်ပျူတာများ ခေတ်စားလာခဲ့သည်။ အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုမှ အင်တာနက် နည်းပညာကို အစပျိုးသော အေပရာနက် (APRANET) နှင့် [[အင်တာနက်]] ကို တီထွင်ရာတွင် အဓိကနေရာမှ ပါဝင်ခဲ့သည်။ ယနေ့ခေတ်တွင် သုတေသန လုပ်ငန်းအတွက် အသုံးပြုငွေ၏ ၆၄% မှာ ပုဂ္ဂလိက လုပ်ငန်းများမှ ပံ့ပိုးခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tables/08s0775.xls | title = Research and Development (R&amp;D) Expenditures by Source and Objective: 1970 to 2004 | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | accessdate = 2007-06-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် သိပ္ပံဆိုင်ရာ သုတေသန စာတမ်းများ ထုတ်ဝေရာတွင် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် ထိပ်ဆုံးနိုင်ငံ ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2006/mar/21/highereducation.uk4 |author=MacLeod, Donald| title = Britain Second in World Research Rankings | date=2006-03-21 | work = Guardian | accessdate = 2006-05-14 | location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ် ဧပြီလတွင် အမေရိကန် အိမ်ထောင်စုများ၏၆၈% သည် မြန်နှုန်းမြင့် အင်တာနက်ကို တပ်ဆင်အသုံးပြုလျက် ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url =http://www.esa.doc.gov/Reports/exploring-digital-nation-computer-and-internet-use-home| title =Exploring the Digital Nation—Computer and Internet Use at Home| publisher =U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration| date =2011-11-08| accessdate =2012-04-11| archivedate =16 May 2012| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20120516052644/http://www.esa.doc.gov/Reports/exploring-digital-nation-computer-and-internet-use-home}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန်သည် ဗီဇအား ပြုပြင်ထားသော အစားအစာများကို အဓိက တီထွင်စိုက်ပျိုးသော နိုင်ငံဖြစ်ပြီး တကမ္ဘာလုံးရှိ ဇီဝနည်းပညာ အသုံးပြု စိုက်ပျိုးထားသော သီးနှံများ၏ တစ်ဝက်ခန့်ကို စိုက်ပျိုးထုတ်လုပ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/39/download/isaaa-brief-39-2008.pdf | title = ISAAA Brief 39-2008: Executive Summary—Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2008 | publisher = International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications |page=15| accessdate = 2010-07-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== သယ်ယူပို့ဆောင်ရေး ===
[[File:Map of current Interstates.svg|thumb|ပြည်နယ်အချင်းချင်း ဆက်သွယ်ထားသော အဝေးပြေးလမ်းစနစ်မှာ ၄၆,၈၇၆မိုင် (၇၅,၄၄၀ ကီလိုမီတာ)မျှ ရှည်လျားသည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interstate FAQ (Question #3) |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |year=2006 |url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/faq.htm#question3 |accessdate=2009-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
လူတစ်ဦးချင်း အတွက် သယ်ယူပို့ဆောင်ရေးတွင် မော်တော်ကားမှာ အဓိကဖြစ်သည်။ ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် အရှည်ဆုံးသော အဝေးပြေးလမ်းမ စနစ်များ တွင် တစ်ခု အပါအဝင်ဖြစ်သော လမ်းမများ အပါအဝင် ၁၃ သန်းမျှ ရှိသော လမ်းများ ဆက်သွယ်နေသော ကွန်ယက် ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Newgeography.com |url=http://www.newgeography.com/content/002003-china-expressway-system-exceed-us-interstates |title=China Expressway System to Exceed US Interstates |publisher=Newgeography.com |date=2011-01-22 |accessdate=2011-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် ဒုတိယမြောက် အကြီးဆုံးသော မော်တော်ကား ဈေးကွက် ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Agencies |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jan/08/china-us-car-sales-overtakes |title=China overtakes US in car sales &amp;#124; Business &amp;#124; guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian |date= 2010-01-08|accessdate=2011-07-10 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် လူတစ်ဦးချင်း အလိုက် မော်တော်ကား အစင်းရေ အများဆုံးရှိပြီး လူ ၁ ထောင်လျှင် မော်တော်ကား ၇၆၅ စီး မျှ အချိုးအစား ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/tra_mot_veh-transportation-motor-vehicles |title=Motor vehicles statistics&amp;nbsp;– countries compared worldwide |publisher=NationMaster |date= |accessdate=2011-07-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; အိမ်သုံးကားများ၏ ၄၀% ခန့်မှာ ဗင်န်ကားများ၊ SUV များနှင့် လိုက်ထရပ်များ ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/html/section_01.html|title =Household, Individual, and Vehicle Characteristics|publisher =U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics|work =2001 National Household Travel Survey|accessdate =2007-08-15|archivedate =29 September 2007|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125403/http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/html/section_01.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပျမ်းမျှ အနေနှင့် ကြည့်ပါက အမေရိကန် တစ်ယောက်လျှင် (ယာဉ်မောင်းသူ နှင့် မမောင်းသူပါ ထည့်တွက်ထားသည်။) ကားမောင်းချိန် တစ်နေ့လျှင် ၅၅ မိနစ်မျှ ရှိပြီး ၂၉မိုင် (၄၇ ကီလိုမီတာ) မျှ သွားလာနေ ကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/html/section_02.html|title =Daily Passenger Travel|publisher =U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics|work =2001 National Household Travel Survey|accessdate =2007-08-15|archivedate =29 September 2007|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125646/http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/html/section_02.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

အများသုံးယာဉ်များဖြင့် အလုပ်သွားကြသူများမှာ ၉ ရာခိုင်နှုန်း ရှိပြီး&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.policy.rutgers.edu/vtc/documents/TOD.Euro-Style_Planning-Renne-Wells.pdf | format = PDF | author = Renne, John L., and Jan S. Wells | title = Emerging European-Style Planning in the United States: Transit-Oriented Development (p. 2) | year = 2003 | publisher = Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey | accessdate = 2007-06-11 | archivedate = 12 September 2014 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140912143021/http://www.policy.rutgers.edu/vtc/documents/TOD.Euro-Style_Planning-Renne-Wells.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; နိုင်ငံပေါင်း ၁၇ နိုင်ငံကို စာရင်းကောက်ရာတွင် နောက်ဆုံးနေရာမှ ဖြစ်သည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/kbenfield/natgeo_surveys_countries_trans.html |title=NatGeo surveys countries' transit use: guess who comes in last &amp;#124; Kaid Benfield's Blog &amp;#124; Switchboard, from NRDC |publisher=Switchboard.nrdc.org |date=2009-05-18 |accessdate=2011-07-10 |archivedate=20 January 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120234533/http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/kbenfield/natgeo_surveys_countries_trans.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; ရထားဖြင့် ကုန်စည်ပို့ဆောင်ခြင်းမှာ အများအပြားပင် ဖြစ်သော်လည်း ရထားဖြင့် ခရီးသွားသူ အလွန်နည်းသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-15 | title = Intercity Passenger Rail: National Policy and Strategies Needed to Maximize Public Benefits from Federal Expenditures| date=2006-11-13| publisher = U.S. Government Accountability Office| accessdate = 2007-06-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; အမ်ထရက် (Amtrak) ဟုခေါ်သည့် တစ်နိုင်ငံလုံးရှိ မြို့များအချင်းချင်း သွားလာသည့် ခရီးသည်တင် ရထားလုပ်ငန်းမှ ၂၀၀၀ ခုနှစ်မှ ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ် အတွင်း ၃၇ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမျှ မြင့်တက်လာခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Amtrak Ridership Records|url=http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/BlobServer?blobcol=urldata&amp;blobtable=MungoBlobs&amp;blobkey=id&amp;blobwhere=1249227805921&amp;blobheader=application%2Fpdf&amp;blobhead|publisher=Amtrak|date=2011-06-08|accessdate=2012-02-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; ရထားအသေးစား (Light rail) များမှာ ယခုနှစ်များအတွင်း တိုးတက်လာခဲ့သော်လည်း အမြန်ရထားများမှာ ဥရောပထက် အဆင့်နိမ့်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metaefficient.com/trains/master-2.html |title=3 Reasons Light Rail Is an Efficient Transportation Option for U.S. Cities|author=McGill, Tracy|publisher=MetaEfficient|date=2011-01-01 |accessdate=2011-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; စက်ဘီးဖြင့် အလုပ်သွားသူ အနည်းငယ်မျှသာ ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://trafficsafety.org/safety/sharing/bike/bike-facts/bicycling-to-work |title=Bicycling to Work |publisher=Trafficsafety.org |date= |accessdate=2011-07-10 |archivedate=31 August 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831100622/http://trafficsafety.org/safety/sharing/bike/bike-facts/bicycling-to-work }}&lt;/ref&gt;

လေကြောင်းလိုင်းများ အားလုံးမှာ ပုဂ္ဂလိကပိုင်ဖြစ်ပြီး ၁၉၇၈ ခုနှစ်မှ စတင်၍ ပုဂ္ဂလိကပိုင် ပြုလုပ်ခဲ့သည်။ သို့သော်လည်း လေဆိပ် အများစုမှာ အစိုးရပိုင် ဖြစ်သည်။ ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် ခရီးသည်ပို့ဆောင်မှု အများဆုံး သော လေကြောင်းလိုင်း ၃ ခုစလုံးမှာ အမေရိကန်တွင် အခြေစိုက်ပြီး ပထမနေရာတွင် ရှိသည်မှာ [[ဒယ်လ်တာ လေကြောင်းလိုင်း]] ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iata.org/ps/publications/Pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx|title=Scheduled Passengers Carried|publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)|year=2011|accessdate=2012-02-17|archivedate=12 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612080336/http://www.iata.org/ps/publications/Pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် အလုပ်အများဆုံးသော လေဆိပ် အခု ၃၀ တွင် အမေရိကန်မှ ၁၆ ခုပါဝင်ပြီး ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် အလုပ်အများဆုံး ဖြစ်သည့် ဟတ်ဖီးဂျက်ဆန် အတ္တလန္တာ အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ လေဆိပ် အပါအဝင်ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.airports.org/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&amp;cp=1-5-54-55_666_2__|title=Passenger Traffic 2006 Final|publisher=Airports Council International|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2007-08-15|archivedate=29 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429000000/http://www.airports.org/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&amp;cp=1-5-54-55_666_2__}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== စွမ်းအင် ===
အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ စွမ်းအင်ဈေးကွက်မှာ တစ်နှစ်လျှင် ၂၉,၀၀၀ တယ်ရာ ဝပ် နာရီ (terawatt hour) မျှ ရှိသည်။ လူတစ်ဦးချင်း စွမ်းအင်သုံးစွဲမှုနှုန်းမှာ တစ်နှစ်လျှင် ရေနံ ၇.၈တန် နှင့် ညီမျှပြီး ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် ဒသမမြောက် အများဆုံး ဖြစ်သည်။ ၂၀၀၅ ခုနှစ် စာရင်းအရ စွမ်းအင် သုံးစွဲမှုမှာ ဓာတ်ဆီ ၄၀ %၊ ကျောက်မီးသွေး ၂၃ %၊ သဘာဝဓာတ်ငွေ့ ၂၂ % ဖြစ်သည်။ ကျန်ရှိနေသေးသော စွမ်းအင်များကို အဏုမြူစွမ်းအင်နှင့် တဖန်ပြန်လည်သုံးစွဲနိုင်သော စွမ်းအင် (renewable energy) အရင်းအမြစ် များမှ ရရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec1_3.pdf |title= Diagram 1: Energy Flow, 2007 |work=EIA Annual Energy Review 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Energy, Energy Information Administration |accessdate=June 25, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် ဓာတ်ဆီ သုံးစွဲမှု အများဆုံး နိုင်ငံ ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2174rank.html |title=Rank Order—Oil (Consumption) |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 6, 2007 |accessdate=September 14, 2007 |archivedate=26 December 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073521/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2174rank.html%20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ဆယ်စုနှစ်များစွာ တိုင်အောင်ပင် အခြားသော ဖွံ့ဖြိုးပြီးနိုင်ငံများနှင့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်ပါက အဏုမြူစွမ်းအင် သုံးစွဲမှုမှာ အလွန်နည်းပါးသည်။ အကြောင်းရင်းမှာ ၁၉၇၉ ခုနှစ်က ဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့သော ၃ မိုင်ကျွန်း နျူးကလီးယား မတော်တဆမှု အပြီးတွင် အများပြည်သူမှ အဏုမြူ စွမ်းအင် သုံးစွဲရန် မလိုလား၍ ဖြစ်သည်။ ၂၀၀၇ ခုနှစ်အတွင်း အဏုမြူ စွမ်းအင် စက်ရုံ ဆောက်လုပ်ရန် လျှောက်ထားမှုများ ရှိခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9762843 |title= Atomic Renaissance |work=The Economist |location =London |accessdate=September 6, 2007 |date=September 6, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် တကမ္ဘာလုံး အတိုင်းအတာနှင့် ကျောက်မီးသွေး ၂၇ % ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမျှ ရှိသည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;BPReview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2007/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/spreadsheets/statistical_review_full_report_workbook_2007.xls |title= BP Statistical Review of World Energy |publisher= British Petroleum |format= XLS |month= June |year= 2007 |accessdate= February 22, 2010 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090206104056/http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2007/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/spreadsheets/statistical_review_full_report_workbook_2007.xls |archivedate= 6 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ပညာရေး ===
[[File:University-of-Virginia-Rotunda.jpg|thumb| ၈၀ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းသော အမေရိကန် ကျောင်းသားများသည် [[သောမတ် ဂျက်ဖာဆင်]] တည်ထောင်ခဲ့သော ဗာဂျီးနီးယား တက္ကသိုလ် ကဲ့သို့သော အများပြည်သူဆိုင်ရာ တက္ကသိုလ်များတွင် ပညာသင်ကြား ကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Public Education for the Common Good |author=Rosenstone, Steven J. |publisher=University of Minnesota |url=http://cla.umn.edu/news/clatoday/summer2002/dean.php |date=2009-12-17 |accessdate=2009-03-06 |archivedate=1 August 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801114734/http://cla.umn.edu/news/clatoday/summer2002/dean.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

အမေရိကန်ရှိ အများပြည်သူဆိုင်ရာ ကျောင်းများကို ပြည်နယ်နှင့် ဒေသဆိုင်ရာ အစိုးရ အဖွဲ့များမှ ဖွင့်လှစ်ဆောင်ရွက်ကြပြီး ထောက်ပံ့ကြေးများကို ကန့်သတ်ခွဲဝေပေးခြင်းဖြင့် စည်းမျဉ်းစည်းကမ်းများကို ချမှတ်ကြသည်။ ပြည်နယ်အများစုတွင် ကလေးများသည် ၆ နှစ် သို့ ၇ နှစ်မှစ၍ (သူငယ်တန်း နှင့် ပထမတန်း) ကျောင်းတက်ရန် လိုအပ်ပြီး ၁၈ နှစ်အထိ ကျောင်းတက်ရလေ့ ရှိသည်။ ထိုအချိန်တွင် ယေဘုယျအားဖြင့် ၁၂ တန်းသို့ ရောက်ရှိနေပြီ ဖြစ်ပြီး အထက်တန်း ပညာရေး ပြီးဆုံးပြီ ဖြစ်သည်။ အချို့သော ပြည်နယ်များတွင် ကျောင်းသားများအား ၁၆ နှစ် သို့မဟုတ် ၁၇ နှစ်တွင် ကျောင်းမှ ထွက်ခွင့် ပြုသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp |title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance... |accessdate = 2007-06-10 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၁၂% မျှသော ကလေးငယ်တို့သည် ဘာသာရေးဆိုင်ရာ ကျောင်းများနှင့် လူမျိုးဘာသာ ခွဲခြားမှု မရှိသော ပုဂ္ဂလိကကျောင်းများတွင် ပညာသင်ကြားကြသည်။ ၂ % မျှသော ကလေးငယ်များသာ မိမိတို့ အိမ်တွင် ပညာသင်ကြားကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oii/nonpublic/statistics.html |title=Statistics About Non-Public Education in the United States |accessdate = 2007-06-05 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Non-Public Education}}&lt;/ref&gt;

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် အောင်မြင်သော အစိုးရနှင့် ပုဂ္ဂလိကပိုင် အဆင့်မြင့် ပညာသင် တက္ကသိုလ် အများအပြား ရှိသည်။ နိုင်ငံတကာတွင် ထင်ရှားသော အဆင့်သတ်မှတ်ချက်များအရ ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် ထိပ်ဆုံး ကျောင်း ၂၀ တွင် အမေရိကန်မှ ကောလိပ်နှင့် တက္ကသိုလ် ၁၃ ခု သို့ ၁၅ ခု ပါဝင်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2010 |title=QS World University Rankings |publisher=Topuniversities |date= |accessdate=2011-07-10 |archivedate=3 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403044940/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2010-2011/top-200.html |title=Top 200&amp;nbsp;– The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2010–2011 |publisher=Timeshighereducation.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-07-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဒေသခံ ကွန်မျူနတီ ကောလိပ်များလည်း ရှိပြီး ဝင်ခွင့်ရရန် ပိုမိုလွယ်ကူ၍ ပညာသင်ကြားသည့် ကာလ ပိုမို တိုတောင်းကာ ကျောင်းလခလည်း ပို၍ ဈေးနည်းသည်။ ၂၅ နှစ်နှင့် အထက်ရှိသော အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံသားများတွင် ၈၄.၆ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမှာ အထက်တန်းပညာရေး အဆင့်ကို ပြီးဆုံးပြီး၊ ၅၂.၆ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမှာ ကောလိပ်ပညာရေး ရှိကာ၊ ၂၇.၂ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမှာ ဘွဲ့ရပြီး ၉.၆ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမှာ ဘွဲ့လွန် ပညာရေး ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf|title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate = 2006-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; အခြေခံ စာတတ်မြောက်မှုနှုန်းမှာ ၉၉ ရာခိုင်နှုန်း ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;WF&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [http://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America’s Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).&lt;/ref&gt; ကုလသမဂ္ဂမှ အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံ၏ ပညာရေးဆိုင်ရာ ညွှန်းကိန်းကို ၀.၉၇ အဖြစ်သတ်မှတ်ပြီး ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် နံပါတ် ၁၂ နေရာတွင် ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Human Development Indicators|year=2005|publisher=United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports|accessdate=2008-01-14|url=http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620235428/http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf|archivedate=20 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ကျန်းမာရေး ===
[[File:Aerial view of Texas Medical Center.jpg|thumb|တက္ကဆပ် ကျန်းမာရေး ရုံးသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် အကြီးဆုံး ကျန်းမာရေးရုံး ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.texmedctr.tmc.edu/root/en/GetToKnow/FactsandFigures/Facts+and+Figures.htm|title=2007 Facts &amp; Figures|accessdate=2008-11-07|publisher=Texas Medical Center|archivedate=23 June 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623171812/http://www.texmedctr.tmc.edu/root/en/GetToKnow/FactsandFigures/Facts+and+Figures.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ လူတစ်ဦးချင်း သက်တမ်းမှာ ၇၈.၄ နှစ်ဖြစ်ပြီး နိုင်ငံပေါင်း ၂၂၁ နိုင်ငံတွင် နံပါတ် ၅၀ နေရာတွင် ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html|title=Country Comparison: Life Expectancy at Birth|publisher=CIA|work=The World Factbook|accessdate=2011-10-25|archivedate=2 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102233121/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၁၉၈၇ ခုနှစ်တွင် တကမ္ဘာလုံး၌ အဆင့် ၁၁ ရှိခဲ့သော်လည်း အဝလွန်နှုန်း တိုးတက်လာခြင်း နှင့် ကမ္ဘာ၏ အခြားသောနေရာများတွင် ကျန်းမာရေး တိုးတက်လာခြင်းတို့ကြောင့် အဆင့်လျော့ကျ သွားခဲ့ခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=MacAskill, Ewen|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/aug/13/usa.ewenmacaskill |title=US Tumbles Down the World Ratings List for Life Expectancy|date=2007-08-13 |work= Guardian|accessdate = 2007-08-15|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; ခန့်မှန်းခြေအားဖြင့် အရွယ်ရောက်ပြီးသူ အားလုံး၏ ၃ပုံ ၁ပုံမှာ အဝလွန်လျက် ရှိပြီး ကျန်ရှိသူများထဲမှ ၃ ပုံ ၁ပုံမှာ ပုံမှန်ထက် ပို၍ ဝကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm |title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004 |accessdate = 2007-06-05 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; ရာစုနှစ်၏ နောက်ဆုံး ၄ပုံ ၁ ပုံအတွင်း အဝလွန်နှုန်းမှာ ၂ ဆမျှ မြင့်တက်ခဲ့ပြီး စက်မှုထွန်းကားသော နိုင်ငံများတွင် အမြင့်ဆုံး ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | author= Schlosser, Eric | year = 2002 | title = Fast Food Nation | url= https://archive.org/details/fastfoodnationti00eric | publisher = Perennial | location = New York| isbn = 0-06-093845-5 |page = [https://archive.org/details/fastfoodnationti00eric/page/240 240] }}&lt;/ref&gt; ကျန်းမာရေး ဆိုင်ရာ ကျွမ်းကျင်သူများ၏ အဆိုအရ အဝလွန်မှုနှင့် ဆက်စပ်နေသော [[ဆီးချိုအမျိုးအစား-၂]] ဖြစ်ပွားသူမှာ အလျှင်အမြန် တိုးတက်များပြားလျက် ရှိကြောင်း သိရသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/25/12/2451#R3-101329 |title=Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity|year=2005 |accessdate = 2007-06-17|work= [[Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology]]|publisher=American Heart Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; မွေးကင်းစ ကလေးသူငယ် သေဆုံးမှုနှုန်းမှာ လူ ၁၀၀၀ လျှင် ၆.၀၆ ဦး ရှိသဖြင့် အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုအား နိုင်ငံပေါင်း ၂၂၂ နိုင်ငံတွင် နံပါတ် ၁၇၆ နေရာ၌ ရှိနေစေပြီး အနောက်ဥရောပ နိုင်ငံအားလုံးထက် ပို၍ မြင့်မားသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html|title=Country Comparison: Infant Mortality Rate|publisher=CIA|work=The World Factbook|accessdate=2011-10-25|archivedate=7 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207062332/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ကျန်းမာရေးဆိုင်ရာ သုံးစွဲမှုနှုန်းမှာ အခြားနိုင်ငံများနှင့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်လျှင် လူတစ်ဦးချင်း အနေနှင့် လည်းကောင်း၊ ဂျီဒီပီ၏ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းအနေနှင့် လည်းကောင်း အခြားနိုင်ငံများထက် ပို၍ မြင့်မားသည်။&lt;ref&gt;''OECD Health Data 2000: A Comparative Analysis of 29 Countries'' [CD-ROM] (OECD: Paris, 2000). See also {{cite web|url=http://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf|title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive??year=2001|accessdate=2006-11-29|publisher=University of Maine|archivedate=2006-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118234952/http://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ကမ္ဘာ့ကျန်းမာရေးအဖွဲ့]]မှ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ ကျန်းမာရေးစနစ်အား ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် အလျင်မြန်ဆုံး တုံ့ပြန်နိုင်သည့် နိုင်ငံ အဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်ခဲ့ သော်လည်း အားလုံးပေါင်း အကျိုး သက်ရောက်နိုင်မှု အနေနှင့် အဆင့် ၃၇ သာလျှင် သတ်မှတ်ခဲ့သည်။

ကျန်းမာရေးနှင့်ဆိုင်သော အာမခံများကို အစိုးရနှင့် ပုဂ္ဂလိကမှ ပူးပေါင်းဆောင်ရွက်ကြပြီး အခြားသော ဖွံ့ဖြိုးပြီး နိုင်ငံများကဲ့သို့ အားလုံးအတွက် ကျန်းမာရေး အာမခံ ရှိသည် မဟုတ်ပေ။ ၂၀၀၄ ခုနှစ်တွင် ပုဂ္ဂလိက အာမခံ မှ ၃၆ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းသော ကျန်းမာရေးဆိုင်ရာ သုံးစွဲမှုများကို ပေးချေခဲ့ပြီး၊ မိမိဘာသာ အိတ်ကပ် အတွင်းမှ စိုက်ထုတ် သုံးစွဲမှုမှာ ၁၅ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမျှ ရှိကာ၊ ဖက်ဒရယ်၊ ပြည်နယ်နှင့် ဒေသဆိုင်ရာ အစိုးရများမှ ၄၄ % မျှ ပေးချေခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC H&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus06.pdf|title=Health, United States, 2006|accessdate = 2006-11-24 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၀၅ ခုနှစ်တွင် ၄၆.၆ သန်း သို့မဟုတ် လူဦးရေ၏ ၁၅.၉% မျှသော အမေရိကန် ပြည်သူတို့တွင် ကျန်းမာရေး အာမခံ မရှိသဖြင့် ၂၀၀၁ ခုနှစ်နှင့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်ပါက ၅.၄သန်းမျှ ပိုများသည်။ ထိုသို့ များပြား လာရခြင်း၏ အဓိက အကြောင်းရင်းမှာ အလုပ်ရှင်များက ကျန်းမာရေး အာမခံပေးမှု လျော့နည်းလာသောကြောင့် ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;CBPP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&amp;id=629|title=Poverty Remains Higher, and Median Income for Non-Elderly Is Lower, Than When Recession Hit Bottom: Poor Performance Unprecedented for Four-Year Recovery Period|publisher=Center for Budget and Policy Priorities|date =2006-09-01|accessdate = 2007-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကျန်းမာရေး အာမခံ မရှိသော ပြည်သူများနှင့် ကျန်းမာရေး အာမခံ မလုံလောက်သော ပြည်သူများနှင့် ဆိုင်သော ကိစ္စမှာ အဓိက နိုင်ငံရေး ပြဿနာ တစ်ခု ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Abelson, Reed|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/10/health/policy/10health.html|title=Ranks of Underinsured Are Rising, Study Finds|date= 2008-06-10|work=New York Times|accessdate=2008-10-25}} {{cite journal|author=Blewett, Lynn A. et al.|title=How Much Health Insurance Is Enough? Revisiting the Concept of Underinsurance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-care-research-and-review_2006-12_63_6/page/n4|year= 2006|work=Medical Care Research and Review|volume=63|issue=6|pages=663–700|doi=10.1177/1077558706293634|journal=Medical Care Research and Review|pmid=17099121|month=Dec|first1=LA|first2=A|first3=TJ|issn=1077-5587}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၀၉ ခုနှစ် လေ့လာမှု အရ ကျန်းမာရေး အာမခံ မရှိမှုကြောင့် တစ်နှစ်လျှင် သေဆုံးရသော လူပေါင်း၏ ၄၅,၀၀၀ ခန့် သေဆုံးရသည်ဟု ခန့်မှန်းကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Park, Madison |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/09/18/deaths.health.insurance/index.html?eref=rss_latest|title=45,000 American Deaths Associated with Lack of Insurance |publisher=CNN|date=2009-09-18|accessdate = 2009-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၀၆ ခုနှစ်တွင် မက်ဆာချူးဆက်ပြည်နယ် မှ လူတိုင်းတွင် ကျန်းမာရေး အာမခံ ရှိစေရန် ဥပဒေပြဋ္ဌာန်းခဲ့သည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Fahrenthold, David A.|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/04/AR2006040401937.html|title= Mass. Bill Requires Health Coverage|date= 2006-04-05|work=Washington Post|accessdate=2007-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ် အစောပိုင်း၌ ပြဋ္ဌာန်းခဲ့သော ဖက်ဒရယ်အစိုးရ၏ ဥပဒေအရ ၂၀၁၄ ခုနှစ်တွင် တစ်နိုင်ငံလုံးရှိ လူတိုင်း အားလုံးနီးပါးတွင် ကျန်းမာရေး အာမခံ ရှိစေမည် ဖြစ်သည်။

== ရာဇဝတ်မှုနှင့် တရားဥပဒေ စိုးမိုးရေး ==
[[File:Ford Crown Victoria 1.JPG|thumb|အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် တရားဥပဒေစိုးမိုးရေးကို ဒေသခံ ရဲအဖွဲ့များက ဆောင်ရွက်သည်။ နယူးယောက်မြို့တော် ရဲဌာနသည် တစ်နိုင်ငံလုံးတွင် အကြီးဆုံး ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/lpd03.pdf|title=Local Police Departments, 2003|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics|date=May 2006|accessdate=2011-12-07|archivedate=16 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716170620/http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/lpd03.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် တရားဥပဒေစိုးမိုးရေးကို ဒေသခံ ရဲအဖွဲ့များနှင့် မြို့ဝန်ဌာန (sheriff's departments) မှ ဆောင်ရွက်သည်။ ပြည်နယ်ရဲ အဖွဲ့မှာ ပိုမိုကျယ်ပြန့်သော လုပ်ငန်းဆောင်တာများကို ဆောက်ရွက်ကြသည်။ အက်ဖ်ဘီအိုင် နှင့် ယူအက်စ် မာရှယ် ဆားဗစ် ကဲ့သို့သော ဖက်ဒရယ် အေဂျင်စီများမှာ ပိုမို အထူးပြုသော တာဝန်များကို ထမ်းဆောင်ကြသည်။ ဖက်ဒရယ် အဆင့်နှင့် ပြည်နယ်များတွင် တရားရေးဌာနများသည် သာတူညီမျှ တရားစီရင်ရေး စနစ်ကို ကျင့်သုံးကြသည်။ ပြည်နယ် တရားရုံးများမှ ရာဇဝတ်မှု အများစုကို စီရင်လေ့ ရှိပြီး ဖက်ဒရယ် တရားရုံးများမှ အချို့သော အမှုအခင်း အမျိုးအစားများကို ကိုင်တွယ်ဆောင်ရွက်လေ့ ရှိသည့်အပြင် ပြည်နယ် တရားရုံးများမှ တက်လာသော အချို့သော အယူခံဝင်မှုများကို ဆောင်ရွက်ကြသည်။ မူးယစ်ဆေးဝါးကို ဖက်ဒရယ် ဥပဒေအရ တားဆီးထားသော်လည်း အချို့သော ပြည်နယ်များသည် မူးယစ်ဆေးဝါးကို တရားဝင် သုံးစွဲခွင့်ပြုသော ဥပဒေများကို ဖက်ဒရယ်စနစ်နှင့် ဆန့်ကျင်၍ ပြဋ္ဌာန်းရန် ကြိုးပမ်းလေ့ ရှိသည်။ ဆေးလိပ်သောက်နိုင်သည့် အသက် ကန့်သတ်ချက်မှာ ၁၈ နှစ်ဖြစ်ပြီး အရက်သောက်နိုင်သည့် အသက်ကန့်သတ်ချက်မှာ ၂၁ နှစ် ဖြစ်သည်။

ဖွံ့ဖြိုးပြီး နိုင်ငံများထဲတွင် အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ပျမ်းမျှအဆင့်ထက် ပိုသော အကြမ်းဖက် ရာဇဝတ်မှုများ ဖြစ်ပွားလေ့ ရှိပြီး သေနတ်ကိုင် အကြမ်းဖက်မှုနှင့် လူသတ်မှုများ များပြားသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/eighthsurvey/8sv.pdf|title=Eighth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2001–2002) |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |date = 2005-03-31|accessdate=2008-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၀၉ ခုနှစ် စာရင်းအရ လူ ၁ သိန်းလျှင် လူသတ်မှု ၅ မှုမျှ ဖြစ်ပွားပြီး ၂၀၀၀ ခုနှစ်နှင့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်ပါက ၁၀.၄% ကျဆင်းလာခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2009/offenses/violent_crime/murder_homicide.html|title=Murder|work=Crime in the United States 2009|publisher=FBI|month=September | year=2010|accessdate=2011-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; သေနတ်ကိုင်ဆောင်ခွင့် နှင့် ဆိုင်သော ကိစ္စမှာ နိုင်ငံရေးအရ အငြင်းပွားမှု များပြားသော ကိစ္စတစ်ရပ် ဖြစ်သည်။

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် တရားဝင် မှတ်တမ်းဖြင့် အကျဉ်းချမှု အများဆုံးနိုင်ငံ &lt;ref name=&quot;SP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/inc_newfigures.pdf|title=New Incarceration Figures: Thirty-Three Consecutive Years of Growth|month=December|year=2006|accessdate=2007-06-10|publisher=Sentencing Project|archivedate=10 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410214453/http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/inc_newfigures.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; နှင့် အကျဉ်းသား ဦးရေ အများဆုံးနိုင်ငံ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Walmsley, Roy |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/world-prison-population-list-2005.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628215935/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/world-prison-population-list-2005.pdf |archivedate=28 June 2007 |title=World Prison Population List |year=2005 |accessdate=2007-10-19 |publisher=King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies }} For the latest data, see {{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/worldbrief/north_america_records.php?code=190|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804061423/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/worldbrief/north_america_records.php?code=190|archivedate=4 August 2007|title=Prison Brief for United States of America|date=2006-06-21|accessdate=2007-10-19|publisher=King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies}} For other estimates of the incarceration rate in China and North Korea see {{cite web|author=Adams, Cecil|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2494/does-the-united-states-lead-the-world-in-prison-population|title=Does the United States Lead the World in Prison Population?|date=2004-02-06|accessdate=2007-10-11|publisher=The Straight Dope}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဖြစ်သည်။ ၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ် အစပိုင်းတွင် အကျဉ်းကျနေသူ ၂.၃ သန်းမျှ ရှိပြီး လူ၁၀၀ လျှင် ၁ ယောက်နှုန်းထက် ပိုများသည်။ လက်ရှိနှုန်းသည် ၁၉၈၀ ခုနှစ်မှ စာရင်းနှင့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်လျှင် ၇ ဆမျှ ပိုများသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/incrttab.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611192107/http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/incrttab.htm |archivedate=11 June 2007 |title=Incarceration Rate, 1980–2005 |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-06-10 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics }}&lt;/ref&gt; အိုအီးစီဒီ နိုင်ငံများတွင် ဒုတိယမြောက်အများဆုံးနိုင်ငံ ဖြစ်သော [[ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ]]နှင့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်ပါက ၃ ဆမျှ ပိုများသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prisonstudies.org/info/downloads/wppl-8th_41.pdf|title=World Prison Population List (8th edition)|year=2009|accessdate=2011-07-23|publisher=King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170615/http://www.prisonstudies.org/info/downloads/wppl-8th_41.pdf|archivedate=26 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; အာဖရိကန်-အမေရိကန်များ၏ အကျဉ်းကျမှုနှုန်းမှာ လူဖြူများထက် ၆ ဆမျှ ပိုများပြီး စပိန်အနွယ်များထက် ၃ ဆမျှ ပိုများသည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;SP&quot;/&gt; အကျဉ်းကျသူ ဤမျှ များပြားရခြင်းမှာ ဖက်ဒရယ် အစိုးရ၏ အမိန့်ချမှတ်မှုဆိုင်ရာ စည်းမျဉ်းစည်းကမ်းများနှင့် မူးယစ်ဆေးဝါးနှင့် သက်ဆိုင်သော ပေါ်လစီများကြောင့် ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;SP&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HRW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2000/usa/Rcedrg00-05.htm |title=The Impact of the War on Drugs on U.S. Incarceration |month=May | year=2000 |accessdate = 2007-06-10 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

အနောက်နိုင်ငံ အများစုတွင် သေဒဏ်ပေးခြင်းကို ဖျက်သိမ်းပြီး ဖြစ်သော်လည်း အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု ပြည်နယ် ၃၄ခု တွင် အချို့သော အစိုးရ နှင့် စစ်ရေးဆိုင်ရာ ပြစ်မှုများအတွက် သေဒဏ်ပေးခြင်းကို ခွင့်ပြုထားသည်။ ၁၉၇၆ ခုနှစ်တွင် အမေရိကန် တရားရုံးချုပ်မှ ၄ နှစ်ကြာမျှ ဆိုင်းငံ့ထားသော သေဒဏ်ပေးခြင်းကို ပြန်လည်ရုပ်သိမ်းပြီးနောက်တွင် လူ ၁၀၀၀ ကျော်ကို ကွပ်မျက်ခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions-united-states-2007|title=Executions in the United States in 2007|accessdate=2007-06-15|publisher=Death Penalty Information Center|archivedate=7 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907020938/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions-united-states-2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် ပဉ္စမမြောက် အများဆုံး သေဒဏ်ပေးမှု ရှိခဲ့ပြီး [[တရုတ်နိုင်ငံ]]၊ [[အီရန်နိုင်ငံ]]၊ [[မြောက်ကိုရီးယားနိုင်ငံ]] နှင့် [[ယီမင်နိုင်ငံ]] တို့၏ နောက်မှ လိုက်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/death-penalty-international-perspective#interexec |title=Executions Around the World|accessdate = 2011-07-23|year=2010 |publisher=Death Penalty Information Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၀၇ ခုနှစ်တွင် နယူးဂျာစီပြည်နယ်သည် ပထမဆုံး အနေနှင့် သေဒဏ်ပေးခြင်းကို ဥပဒေပြဋ္ဌာန်း ဖျက်သိမ်းခဲ့ပြီး ၁၉၇၆ ခုနှစ် တရားရုံးချုပ်၏ ဆုံးဖြတ်ချက်အပြီး တွင် ပထမဆုံး ဥပဒေပြဋ္ဌာန်း ဖျက်သိမ်းခဲ့သော ပြည်နယ် ဖြစ်သည်။ နယူးမက္ကဆီကိုပြည်နယ်မှ ၂၀၀၉ ခုနှစ်တွင် ဖျက်သိမ်းခဲ့ပြီး [[အီလီနွိုင်းပြည်နယ်]]မှ ၂၀၁၁ ခုနှစ်တွင် ဖျက်သိမ်းခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;QuinnSignsAbolition&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/clout_st/2011/03/quinn-signs-death-penalty-ban-commutes-15-death-row-sentences-to-life.html|title=Quinn Signs Death Penalty Ban, Commutes 15 Death Row Sentences to Life|date=2011-03-09|accessdate=2011-03-09|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== လူဦးရေပျံ့နှံ့ နေထိုင်မှု ==
[[File:Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.svg|thumb|320px|ဒေသအလိုက် အများဆုံးသော လူမျိုးစုများ၊ ၂၀၀၀ ခုနှစ်]]
{|class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width: 240px;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | လူမျိုး (၂၀၁၀)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cen2010Summary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/|title=2010 Census Data|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2011-03-29|archivedate=6 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706203009/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| လူဖြူ || style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |၇၂.၄%
|-
| လူမည်း/ အာဖရိကန်-အမေရိကန် || style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |၁၂.၆%
|-
| အာရှသား || style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |၄.၈%
|-
| အမေရိကန် လူနီများနှင့် အလာစကာ ရှေးဦးနေထိုင်သူများ || style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |၀.၉%
|-
| ဟာဝိုင်အီ ရှေးဦးနေထိုင်သူများ နှင့် ပစိဖိတ်ကျွန်းသားများ|| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |၀.၂%
|-
| အခြား|| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |၆.၂%
|-
| လူမျိုး ၂ မျိုး နှင့် အထက်|| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | ၂.၉%
|-
| ဟစ်စပန်းနစ်/ လက်တီနို (''of any race'') || style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |၁၆.၃%
|}

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု သန်းခေါင်စာရင်း ဗျူရို၏ ခန့်မှန်းမှုအရ အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံ၏ လက်ရှိ လူဦးရေကို ၃၁၃,၅၁၂,၀၀၀ ဦး ရှိမည်ဟု ခန့်မှန်းကြပြီး တရားမဝင် ဝင်ရောက်နေထိုင်သူ ၁၁.၂ သန်းကိုပါ ထည့်တွက်ထားခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.cis.org/articles/2008/back808.pdf| author = Camarota, Steven A., and Karen Jensenius| title = Homeward Bound: Recent Immigration Enforcement and the Decline in the Illegal Alien Population| month = July| year = 2008| publisher = Center for Immigration Studies| accessdate = 2008-08-06| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080809030605/http://www.cis.org/articles/2008/back808.pdf| archivedate = 9 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၁၉၀၀ ပြည့်နှစ်တွင် လူဦးရေ ၇၆ သန်းမျှသာ ရှိသော်လည်း ၂၀ ရာစုအတွင်း အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံ၏ လူဦးရေမှာ ၄ဆမျှ မြင့်တက်လာခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/06statab/pop.pdf |format=PDF|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် တရုတ်နိုင်ငံ နှင့် အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံတို့ ပြီးလျှင် လူဦးရေ အများဆုံး ဖြစ်ပြီး အဓိက စက်မှုဖွံ့ဖြိုးပြီးနိုင်ငံများတွင် လူဦးရေ တိုးတက်မှု အမြန်ဆုံးရှိသော တစ်ခုတည်းသောနိုင်ငံ ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;PRC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prcdc.org/summaries/uspopperspec/uspopperspec.html|title=Executive Summary: A Population Perspective of the United States|publisher=Population Resource Center|month=May|year=2000|accessdate=2007-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604165856/http://www.prcdc.org/summaries/uspopperspec/uspopperspec.html|archivedate=4 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; မွေးဖွားမှုနှုန်းမှာ လူ ၁၀၀၀ လျှင် ၁၃.၈၂ သာရှိပြီး ကမ္ဘာ့ပျမ်းမျှ မွေးဖွားမှုနှုန်း၏ အောက်တွင် ရှိသော်လည်း လူဦးရေ တိုးတက်မှုနှုန်းမှာ အကောင်းဘက်တွင် ရှိပြီး ၁% မျှ ရှိကာ အခြားသော ဖွံ့ဖြိုးပြီး နိုင်ငံ အတော်များများထက် သိသိသာသာ ပို၍ များသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html|title=Rank Order—Birth Rate|publisher=CIA|work=The World Factbook|year=2009|accessdate=2009-10-11|archivedate=10 March 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6F0FiNNzQ?url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၁၁ ဘဏ္ဍာရေးနှစ် အတွင်း ရွှေ့ပြောင်းနေထိုင်သူ ၁ သန်းခန့်အား အမြဲတမ်း နေထိုင်သူ အဆင့် သတ်မှတ်ပေးခဲ့ပြီး အများစုမှာ မိသားစု ပြန်လည်ပေါင်းစည်းရေး ပေါ်လစီဖြင့် ရရှိခဲ့ခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;LPR&quot;&gt;[http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/lpr_fr_2011.pdf “U.S. Legal Permanent Residents: 2011”]. [[Office of Immigration Statistics]] ''Annual Flow Report.''&lt;/ref&gt; မက္ကဆီကိုနိုင်ငံသည် ရွှေ့ပြောင်းနေထိုင်သူ အများဆုံး ပြောင်းရွှေ့လာရာ နိုင်ငံဖြစ်ပြီး ၁၉၉၈ ခုနှစ်မှစ၍ တရုတ်နိုင်ငံ၊ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ နှင့် ဖိလစ်ပိုင် နိုင်ငံတို့သည် ရွှေ့ပြောင်းနေထိုင်သူ အများဆုံး လာရောက်ရာ နိုင်ငံများအဖြစ် နှစ်စဉ်နှစ်တိုင်း ရှိနေခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR07.shtm|title=Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Years 1998 to 2007 (Table 3)|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security|accessdate=2008-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် လူမျိုးပေါင်းစုံ ရှိပြီး လူဦးရေ ၁ သန်းကျော်သော မျိုးနွယ်ဆက် မတူညီသော မျိုးနွယ်စု ၃၁ ခု ရှိသည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;An2000&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|title=Ancestry 2000|publisher=U.S.Census Bureau|month=June|year=2004|accessdate=2007-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; လူဖြူများမှာ အများဆုံး လူမျိုးဖြစ်ပြီး ဂျာမန်အမေရိကန်များ၊ အင်္ဂလိပ် အမေရိကန်များ နှင့် အိုင်းရစ်ရှ် အမေရိကန်များ ပါဝင်သဖြင့် နိုင်ငံအတွင်း လူဦးရေ အများဆုံးသော မျိုးနွယ်ဆက် အစုအဖွဲ့ ၄ ခုမှ ၃ ခု ပါဝင်သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;An2000&quot;/&gt; အာဖရိကန် အမေရိကန်များမှာ နိုင်ငံအတွင်း လူဦးရေ အများဆုံးသော လူနည်းစုအဖွဲ့ဝင် လူမျိုးစု ဖြစ်ပြီး မျိုးနွယ်ဆက် အစုများတွင် တတိယမြောက် အများဆုံး အစုအဖွဲ့ ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;An2000&quot;/&gt; အာရှ အမေရိကန်များမှာ ဒုတိယမြောက် လူဦးရေ အများဆုံးသော လူနည်းစု အဖွဲ့ဝင် လူမျိုးစုဖြစ်သည်။ အာရှ အမေရိကန်များတွင် လူဦးရေ အများဆုံး လူမျိုး ၂ ခုမှာ တရုတ်-အမေရိကန် များနှင့် ဖိလစ်ပိုင်-အမေရိကန်များ ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;An2000&quot;/&gt; ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ် စာရင်းအရ အမေရိကန် လူဦးရေတွင် ၅.၂ သန်းမှာ အင်ဒီးယန်း လူနီများနှင့် အလက်စကာ ရှေးဦးနေထိုင်သူများမှ ဆင်းသက်လာသူများ ဖြစ်ပြီး (၂.၉ သန်းမှာ ထိုလူမျိုးစု စင်စစ်များဖြစ်သည်။) ၁.၂ သန်းသော လူဦးရေမှာ ဟာဝိုင်အီ ရှေးဦး နေထိုင်သူများနှင့် ပစိဖိတ်ကျွန်းသားများမှ ဆင်းသက်လာသူများ ဖြစ်သည်။ (၀.၅ သန်းမှာ လူမျိုးစု စင်စစ် ဖြစ်သည်။)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cen2010Race&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Humes, Karen R., Nicholas A. Jones, and Roberto R. Ramirez|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf|title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010| publisher = U.S. Census Bureau| date = March 2011| accessdate = 2011-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;သန်းခေါင် စာရင်းအတွင်း လူဦးရေ ၁၉ သန်းကျော်ကို အခြားလူမျိုးစုများဟု ထည့်သွင်းသတ်မှတ်ခဲ့ပြီး ထိုသူများမှာ အဓိက မျိုးနွယ်စုကြီး ငါးခု အတွင်း ထည့်သွင်းရေတွက်ခြင်း မပြုနိုင်သူများ ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;Cen2010Race&quot;/&gt;

ဟစ်စပန်းနစ် နှင့် လာတီနို အမေရိကန်များ၏ လူဦးရေ တိုးပွားမှုမှာ အဓိက လူဦးရေ ပြောင်းလဲမှု ပင် ဖြစ်သည်။ ၅၀.၅ သန်းသော အမေရိကန်များမှာ ဟစ်စပန်းနစ် မှ ဆင်းသက်လာသူများဖြစ်ပြီး&lt;ref name=&quot;Cen2010Race&quot;/&gt; သန်းခေါင်စာရင်း ဗျူရိုမှာ တူညီသော မျိုးနွယ်စု လက္ခဏာများကို ဝေမျှ ပိုင်ဆိုင် ထားကြသည်ဟု ဆိုထားသည်။ ၆၄ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းသော ဟစ်စပန်းနစ်- အမေရိကန်များမှာ မက္ကဆီကို မျိုးနွယ်ဆက်များ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။&lt;ref name=CB2007&gt;{{cite web | url = http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&amp;-CONTEXT=dt&amp;-mt_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G2000_B03001&amp;-redoLog=true&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-geo_id=04000US48&amp;-format=&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-SubjectID=15233304 | title = B03001. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin | work = 2007 American Community Survey | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | accessdate = 2008-09-26 | archivedate = 12 February 2020 | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20200212040125/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&amp;-CONTEXT=dt&amp;-mt_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G2000_B03001&amp;-redoLog=true&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-geo_id=04000US48&amp;-format=&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-SubjectID=15233304 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၀၀ ခုနှစ်မှ ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ်အတွင်း ဟစ်စပန်းနစ် ဦးရေမှာ ၄၃% မျှ တိုးတက်လာခဲ့ပြီး ဟစ်စပန်းနစ် မဟုတ်သော လူဦးရေမှာ ၄.၉%သာ တိုးတက်လာခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;Cen2010Summary&quot;/&gt; ထိုတိုးတက်မှု၏ အများစုမှာ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းနေထိုင်လာမှုများကြောင့် ဖြစ်သည်။ ၂၀၀၇ ခုနှစ် စာရင်းအရ အမေရိကန် လူဦးရေ၏ ၁၂.၆ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းမှာ နိုင်ငံခြားတိုင်းပြည်များတွင် မွေးဖွားကြသူများ ဖြစ်ပြီး ၎င်းတို့ထဲမှ ၅၄%မှာ လက်တင်အမေရိကတွင် မွေးဖွားသူများ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/09statab/pop.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|work=Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009| title=Tables 41 and 42—Native and Foreign-Born Populations|accessdate = 2009-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; မွေးဖွားမှုနှုန်းမှာလည်း အခြား သက်ဆိုင်သော အချက်တစ်ချက်ပင် ဖြစ်သည်။ ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ် စာရင်းအရ ဟစ်စပန်းနစ် အမျိုးသမီးတစ်ဦးသည် သူမ၏ ဘဝသက်တမ်း တလျှောက်တွင် ပျမ်းမျှအားဖြင့် ကလေး ၂.၄ ဦးနှုန်း မွေးဖွားလေ့ ရှိပြီး ဟစ်စပန်းနစ် မဟုတ်သော လူမည်း အမျိုးသမီးများမှာ ၁.၈ဦးနှုန်း မွေးဖွားကာ ဟစ်စပန်းနစ် မဟုတ်သော လူဖြူ အမျိုးသမီးများမှာ ၁.၈ဦးနှုန်းသာ မွေးဖွားကြသည်။ (ပြန်လည် အစားထိုးနှုန်း ၂.၁ ဦးနှုန်း၏ အောက်တွင် ရှိသည်။)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Hamilton, Brady E., Joyce A. Martin, and Stephanie J. Ventura | url = http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr60/nvsr60_02.pdf | title = Births: Preliminary Data for 2010 | work = National Vital Statistics Reports, Volume 60, Number 2 | publisher = U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services|date=2011-11-17 | accessdate = 2012-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; လူနည်းစု လူမျိုးစု (သန်းခေါင်စာရင်း အဖွဲ့၏ အဆိုအရ ဟစ်စပန်းနစ် မဟုတ်သူနှင့် လူဖြူမဟုတ်သော အခြားလူမျိုးစုများ) များ၏ လူဦးရေမှာ ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် ၃၆.၃% ရှိပြီး&lt;ref&gt;[http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn123.html US Census Bureau: &quot;U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Final State 2010 Census Population Totals for Legislative Redistricting&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514153207/http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn123.html |date=14 May 2012 }} see custom table, 2nd worksheet&lt;/ref&gt; ကလေးသူငယ်များ၏ ၅၀% ခန့်မှာ အသက် ၁ နှစ်အောက်တွင် ရှိကာ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=El Nasser, Haya|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/parenting-family/babies/story/2011-08-25/Minority-babies-almost-the-majority/50127816/1|title=Minority babies almost the majority|date=2011-08-24|work=USA TODAY|accessdate=2011-10-17|archivedate=18 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418144917/http://www.usatoday.com/news/parenting-family/babies/story/2011-08-25/Minority-babies-almost-the-majority/50127816/1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၄၂ ခုနှစ်တွင် လူများစု လူမျိုးစု အဖြစ် ပြောင်းလဲရောက်ရှိလာနိုင်သည်ဟု ခန့်မှန်းရသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/012496.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822044429/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/012496.html|archivedate=22 August 2008|title=An Older and More Diverse Nation by Midcentury|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=2008-08-14|accessdate=2008-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

၈၂% သော အမေရိကန်များသည် မြို့ပြများနှင့် မြို့ပြများ၏ ဆင်ခြေဖုံးများတွင် နေထိုင်ကြပြီး&lt;ref name=&quot;WF&quot;/&gt; ၎င်းတို့ထဲမှ တစ်ဝက်ခန့်မှာ လူဦးရေ ၅ သောင်းကျော်သော မြို့ကြီးများတွင် နေထိုင်ကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&amp;-state=gct&amp;-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&amp;-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&amp;-mt_name=&amp;-_caller=geoselect&amp;-geo_id=&amp;-format=US-1&amp;-_lang=en| title = United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area (GCT-P1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000)| publisher = U.S. Census Bureau| date = 2000-04-01| accessdate = 2008-09-23| archivedate = 12 February 2020| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20200212044207/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&amp;-state=gct&amp;-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&amp;-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&amp;-mt_name=&amp;-_caller=geoselect&amp;-geo_id=&amp;-format=US-1&amp;-_lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ်တွင် ၂၈၃ ခုမျှသော မြို့များတွင် လူဦးရေ ၁ သိန်းကျော်ရှိပြီး မြို့ကြီး ၉ ခုတွင် လူဦးရေ ၁ သန်းကျော် ရှိကာ [[နယူးယောက်မြို့]]၊[[လော့စ်အိန်ဂျယ်လိစ်မြို့]]၊ [[ရှီကာဂိုမြို့]] နှင့် [[ဟူစတန်မြို့]] ကဲ့သို့သော ဂလိုဘယ်လ် စီးတီး ၄မြို့တွင် လူဦးရေ ၂ သန်းကျော် ရှိသည်။&lt;ref name=PopEstBigCities&gt;{{cite web | url = http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/copy_of_2008-subcounty-population-hawaii/SUB_EST2008_01.pdf | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5lpvuJk99?url=http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/copy_of_2008-subcounty-population-hawaii/SUB_EST2008_01.pdf | archivedate = 7 December 2009 | format = PDF | title = Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 | work = 2008 Population Estimates | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division | date = 2009-07-01 | accessdate = 2009-10-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; လူဦးရေ ၁ သန်း ကျော်သော မက်ထရိုပိုလစ်တန် ဒေသ ၅၂ ခု ရှိသည်။&lt;ref name=PopEstMSA&gt;{{cite web | url = http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/2008_MSA_Hawaii/CBSA_EST2008_05.pdf | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5lpvuJzkG?url=http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/2008_MSA_Hawaii/CBSA_EST2008_05.pdf | archivedate = 7 December 2009 | format = PDF | title = Table 5. Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings: July 1, 2007 to July 1, 2008 | work = 2008 Population Estimates | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | date = 2009-03-19 | accessdate = 2009-10-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; အလျှင်အမြန် တိုးတက်နေသော မက်ထရိုဧရိယာ ၅၀ ခုတွင် ၄၇ ခုမှာ နိုင်ငံ၏ တောင်ဘက်ပိုင်းနှင့် အနောက်ဘက်ပိုင်းတွင် ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb09-45.html|title=Raleigh and Austin are Fastest-Growing Metro Areas|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|date=2009-03-19|accessdate=2009-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဒါးလတ်စ်မြို့၊ ဟူစတန်မြို့၊ အတ္တလန္တာမြို့ နှင့် ဖီးနစ်မြို့ ၄မြို့သည် ၂၀၀၀ ခုနှစ်မှ ၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ်အတွင်း လူဦးရေ ၁သန်းကျော်မျှ တိုးပွားလာခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref name=PopEstMSA/&gt;
&lt;center&gt;{{အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ အကြီးမားဆုံး မက်ထရိုပိုလစ်တန် ဒေသများ}}&lt;/center&gt;
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=== ဘာသာစကား ===
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!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|ဘာသာစကား(၂၀၁၀)&lt;ref name=Lang&gt; &quot;Language Spoken at Home by the U.S. Population, 2010&quot;, American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, in ''World Almanac and Book of Facts 2012'', p. 615.&lt;/ref&gt;
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|[[အင်္ဂလိပ်ဘာသာ|အင်္ဂလိပ်]] (''တစ်မျိုးတည်း'')||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| ၂၂၉.၇ သန်း
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|[[စပိန်ဘာသာ|စပိန်]] (မျိုးကွဲများအပါအဝင်)||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|၃၇.၀သန်း 
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|[[တရုတ်ဘာသာ|တရုတ်]]||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|၂.၈ သန်း
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|[[ပြင်သစ်ဘာသာ|ပြင်သစ်]] (မျိုးကွဲများအပါအဝင်)||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|၂.၁ သန်း
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| တာဂါးလော့||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|၁.၆ သန်း
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|ဗီယက်နမ်||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| ၁.၄ သန်း
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|ကိုရီးယား||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| ၁.၁ သန်း
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|ဂျာမန်||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| ၁.၁ သန်း
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အင်္ဂလိပ်စကား သည် လူအများသုံးကြသော ဘာသာစကားဖြစ်ပြီး နိုင်ငံတော် ဘာသာစကားဟူ၍ သတ်မှတ် မထားပေ။ သို့သော်လည်း အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံသား အဖြစ်ပြောင်းလဲသည့် ဥပဒေတွင် အင်္ဂလိပ်ဘာသာကို စံအဖြစ် သုံးသော ဘာသာစကား အဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်ထားသည်။ ၂၀၁၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် လူဦးရေ သန်း ၂၃၀ သို့မဟုတ် လူဦးရေ၏ ၈၀ ရာခိုင်နှုန်း အသက် ၅ နှစ်နှင့် အထက်တို့သည် အင်္ဂလိပ်ဘာသာ စကားကို အိမ်တွင် ပြောဆိုသုံးနှုန်းကြသည်။ စပိန်ဘာသာ စကားကို လူဦးရေ၏ ၁၂ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းက အိမ်တွင် သုံးကြပြီး ဒုတိယ ဘာသာစကားတွင် သင်ကြားမှု အများဆုံး ဘာသာစကား ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=Lang/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.adfl.org/resources/enrollments.pdf| title = Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning| date = fall 2002| publisher = MLA| accessdate = 2006-10-16| archivedate = 3 August 2008| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080803020358/http://www.adfl.org/resources/enrollments.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; အချို့သော အမေရိကန် ဥပဒေပညာရှင်တို့က အင်္ဂလိပ်ကို နိုင်ငံတော် ဘာသာစကား အဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်ရန် ကြိုးစားမှုများ ဖြစ်ပြီး အနည်းဆုံး ပြည်နယ် ၂၈ ခုတွင် တရားဝင်ဘာသာစကား အဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်ထားပြီး ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=ILW&gt;{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဟာဝိုင်အီ ပြည်နယ်တွင် ဟာဝိုင်အီကျွန်းသုံး ဘာသာစကားနှင့် အင်္ဂလိပ်စကား ၂ ခုစလုံးသည် ပြည်နယ်ဥပဒေ အရ တရားဝင် ဘာသာစကား ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html|title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4|publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau|date=1978-11-07|accessdate=2007-06-19|archivedate=24 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/http://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

တရားဝင် ဘာသာစကားဟူ၍ သတ်မှတ်ထားခြင်း မရှိသော်လည်း နယူးမက္ကဆီကိုပြည်နယ်တွင် အင်္ဂလိပ် နှင့် စပိန်ဘာသာ အသုံးပြုခြင်းကို လည်းကောင်း၊ လူဝီစီးယားနားပြည်နယ်တွင် အင်္ဂလိပ် နှင့် ပြင်သစ် ဘာသာစကား အသုံးပြုခြင်းကို လည်းကောင်း ဥပဒေအရ ခွင့်ပြုထားသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| author =Dicker, Susan J. | title = Languages in America: A Pluralist View | url =https://archive.org/details/languagesinameri00dick |year=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/languagesinameri00dick/page/216 216], 220–25 | location =Clevedon, UK| publisher = Multilingual Matters|isbn=1-85359-651-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ကယ်လီဖိုးနီးယားပြည်နယ်]] ကဲ့သို့သော အချို့ပြည်နယ်များတွင် တရားရုံးသုံး စာရွက်စာတမ်းများ အပါအဝင် အချို့သော အစိုးရ ဆိုင်ရာ စာရွက်စာတမ်းများကို စပိန်ဘာသာ ဖြင့်လည်း ပြန်ဆို ထုတ်ဝေရန် ဥပဒေ ပြဋ္ဌာန်းထားသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=ccp&amp;group=00001-01000&amp;file=412.10-412.30|title=California Code of Civil Procedure, Section 412.20(6)|publisher=Legislative Counsel, State of California|accessdate=2007-12-17|archivedate=22 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722010302/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=ccp&amp;group=00001-01000&amp;file=412.10-412.30}} {{cite web|url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/forms/allforms.htm|title=California Judicial Council Forms|publisher=Judicial Council, State of California|accessdate=2007-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; အင်္ဂလိပ်စကား မပြောသော ပြည်သူများ ရှိရာ အုပ်ချုပ်ရေး ဒေသများတွင် အစိုးရဆိုင်ရာ စာရွက်စာတမ်းများ (အထူးသဖြင့် မဲပေးခြင်းနှင့် သက်ဆိုင်သော အချက်အလက်များ) ကို ထိုဒေသရှိ လူအများပြောသော ဘာသာစကားတို့ဖြင့် ပြန်ဆို ထုတ်ဝေလေ့ ရှိသည်။ အချို့သော အမေရိကန်ပိုင်း ကျွန်းများတွင် ဒေသခံဘာသာစကားကို အင်္ဂလိပ်ဘာသာ စကားနှင့် အတူ အသိအမှတ်ပြုထားသည်။ အမေရိကန် ဆာမိုအာ နှင့် ဂူအမ်ကျွန်း တို့တွင် ဆာမိုအန် ဘာသာစကား နှင့် ချာမော်ရိုဘာသာစကားတို့ကို အသီးသီး အသိအမှတ်ပြုထားကြသည်။ မြောက်မာရီယာနာကျွန်းများတွင် ကာရိုလီနီးယန်း နှင့် ချာမိုရို ဘာသာစကားတို့ကို အသိအမှတ် ပြုထားသည်။ ပျူရီတို ရီကိုကျွန်းတွင် တရားဝင်ဘာသာစကားမှာ စပိန်ဘာသာ ဖြစ်သည်။

=== ကိုးကွယ်မှု ===
[[File:BrunswickWhiteChurch.jpg|thumb|upright| ပရက်စ်ဘီတေးရီးယန်း ဘုရားရှိခိုးကျောင်း တစ်ခု၊ အမေရိကန် အများစုကို ခရစ်ယာန်ဘာသာဝင် အဖြစ် တွေ့ရသည်။]]

အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံသည် ဘာသာတရား နှင့် တိုက်ရိုက်ဆက်နွယ် မနေသော နိုင်ငံ ဖြစ်သည်။ အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စု ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံ ဥပဒေ၏ ပထမအကြိမ် ပြင်ဆင်ချက်မှ ဘာသာရေး လွတ်လပ်ခွင့်ကို အာမခံချက်ပေးထားပြီး ဘာသာရေး ဆိုင်ရာ အစိုးရ ဖွဲ့စည်းခြင်းကို တားမြစ်ခဲ့သည်။ ၂၀၀၂ ခုနှစ် လေ့လာချက်အရ ၅၉% သော အမေရိကန်တို့မှ ဘာသာရေးသည် သူတို့ဘဝတွင် အလွန်အရေးပါသော နေရာမှ ပါဝင် ပတ်သက်နေသည်ဟု ဖြေကြားခဲ့ပြီး အခြားသော ကြွယ်ဝချမ်းသာသော နိုင်ငံများနှင့် ယှဉ်လျှင် အလွန်မြင့်မားသော နှုန်းပင် ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=167|title=Among Wealthy Nations...U.S. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion|publisher=Pew Research Center|work=Pew Global Attitudes Project|date=2002-12-19|accessdate=2008-10-23|archivedate=2011-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822083255/http://pewglobal.org/2002/12/19/among-wealthy-nations/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၀၇ ခုနှစ် စစ်တမ်းကောက်ယူချက် တစ်ခု အရ ၇၈.၄%သော အရွယ်ရောက်ပြီးသူတို့သည် ခရစ်ယာန် ဘာသာဝင် အဖြစ် ခံယူထားကြောင်း သိရပြီး&lt;ref name=&quot;Pew&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/affiliations-all-traditions.pdf|title=Religious Composition of the U.S.| publisher=Pew Forum on Religion &amp; Public Life|work=U.S. Religious Landscape Survey|year=2007|accessdate=2008-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၁၉၉၀ ခုနှစ်က ၈၆.၄% နှင့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်ပါက ကျဆင်းသွားခြင်းဟု ဆိုနိုင်သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;ARIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/ARIS/ARIS-PDF-version.pdf?ext=.pdf|title=American Religious Identification Survey 2001|author=Kosmin, Barry A., Egon Mayer, and Ariela Kaysar|publisher=CUNY Graduate Center|date=2001-12-19|accessdate=2011-09-16|archivedate=2013-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725004231/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/ARIS/ARIS-PDF-version.pdf?ext=.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပရိုတက်စတင့် ဂိုဏ်းဝင် ၅၁.၃% ရှိပြီး ရိုမန်ကက်သလစ်ဂိုဏ်းဝင် ၂၃.၉ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းရှိသည်။ ထိုလေ့လာမှုမှ လူဦးရေ၏ ၂၆.၃%မှာ လူဖြူ အီဗန်ဂယ်လစ် ဝါဒီ (ပရိုတက်စတင့်ဂိုဏ်းခွဲ) များ အဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်ပြီး နိုင်ငံအတွင်း လူဦးရေအများဆုံး အယူဝါဒ အဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်သည်။ &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew&quot;/&gt; အခြား လေ့လာမှု တစ်ခုမှ လူမျိုးစု အားလုံးတွင် အီဗန်ဂယ်လစ် ဝါဒီ ပေါင်း လူဦးရေ၏ ၃၀% မှ ၃၅% အထိ ရှိမည်ဟု ခန့်မှန်းသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uakron.edu/bliss/docs/Religious_Landscape_2004.pdf|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5lpvuMoCD?url=http://www.uakron.edu/bliss/docs/Religious_Landscape_2004.pdf|archivedate=7 December 2009|author=Green, John C|title=The American Religious Landscape and Political Attitudes: A Baseline for 2004|publisher=University of Akron Ray C. Bliss Institute of Applied Politics|accessdate=2007-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂၀၀၇ ခုနှစ်တွင် ခရစ်ယာန်ဘာသာဝင် မဟုတ်သော အခြားဘာသာဝင်များမှာ ၄.၇% ရှိပြီး ၁၉၉၀ ခုနှစ် ၃.၃% မှ မြင့်တက်လာခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;ARIS&quot;/&gt; ခရစ်ယာန် မဟုတ်သော ဘာသာတရားများထဲမှ ကိုးကွယ်မှုများသော ဘာသာများမှာ [[ရဟူဒီဘာသာ]] (၁.၇%)၊ [[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ]] (၀.၇%)၊ [[အစ္စလာမ်ဘာသာ]] (၀.၆%)၊ [[ဟိန္ဒူဘာသာ]] (၀.၄%) နှင့် ယူနီတေးရီးယန်း ယူနီဗာဆယ် ဝါဒီ (၀.၃%) တို့ အသီးသီး ဖြစ်ကြသည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;Pew&quot;/&gt; ထိုစစ်တမ်းမှပင် သိရသည်မှာ ၁၆.၁% သော အမေရိကန်တို့သည် မည်သည့်ဘုရားမှ ရှိသည်ဟု မယုံကြည်သူ၊ ဘုရားမဲ့ဝါဒီ သို့မဟုတ် အရှင်းဆုံးပြောရလျှင် ဘာသာမဲ့များဟု ခံယူကြပြီး ၁၉၉၀ ခုနှစ် ၈.၂% မှ တိုးမြင့်လာခြင်းပင် ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;Pew&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARIS&quot;/&gt;

=== မိသားစု ပုံစံ ===

၂၀၀၇ ခုနှစ်တွင် ၁၈နှစ်နှင့် အထက် အမေရိကန်များထဲတွင် အိမ်ထောင်ရှိသူ ၅၈%၊ အိမ်ထောင်ဖက် သေဆုံးသွားသူ ၆%၊ ကွာရှင်းပြတ်စဲထားသူ ၁၀% နှင့် တစ်ခါမျှ လက်မထပ်ရသေးသူ ၂၅% ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/09statab/pop.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|work=Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009| title=Table 55—Marital Status of the Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1990 to 2007|accessdate = 2009-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမျိုးသမီး အများစုသည် အိမ်ပြင်ပတွင် အလုပ်လုပ်ကြပြီး အများစုမှာ ဘွဲ့ရရှိထားသူများ ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iserp.columbia.edu/news/articles/female_college.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609151527/http://www.iserp.columbia.edu/news/articles/female_college.html |archivedate=9 June 2007 |title=Women's Advances in Education |publisher=Columbia University, Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-06-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

လိင်တူခြင်း လက်ထပ်ခြင်းမှာ နိုင်ငံရေး အရ အငြင်းပွားစရာ ကိစ္စတစ်ရပ် ဖြစ်သည်။ အချို့သော ပြည်နယ်များတွင် လိင်တူအချင်းချင်း လက်ထပ်ခြင်း မဟုတ်သော်လည်း ဥပဒေအရ ပေါင်းစည်းနေထိုင်ခြင်း နှင့် လက်မထပ်ဘဲ အတူတကွ နေထိုင်ခြင်းတို့ကို လက်ထပ်ထိမ်းမြားခြင်းအစား ခွင့်ပြုထားသည်။ ၂၀၀၃ ခုနှစ်မှစ၍ အချို့သော ပြည်နယ်များသည် တရားစွဲဆိုမှုများနှင့် ဥပဒေပြုမှုများကြောင့် ယောက်ျားချင်း လက်ထပ်ခြင်းကို ဥပဒေနှင့် အညီ ခွင့်ပြုခဲ့သည်။ သို့သော်လည်း ဖက်ဒရယ် အစိုးရ နှင့် ပြည်နယ် အများစုတွင် လက်ထပ်ထိမ်းမြားခြင်းကို ယောက်ျားနှင့် မိန်းမ ပေါင်းစည်းခြင်းဟုသာ သတ်မှတ်ထားခြင်းနှင့် လိင်တူချင်း လက်ထပ်ခြင်းကို တရားဝင် တားမြစ်ထားခြင်းများ ရှိသည်။ ထိုကိစ္စနှင့် ပတ်သက်၍ လူအများစု၏ အယူအဆမှာ ၁၉၉၀ ခုနှစ်များက အများစုက ဆန့်ကျင်ကြသော်လည်း ၂၀၁၁ ခုနှစ်တွင် စာရင်းဇယားအရ မတင်မကျ ဖြစ်နေသော ကိစ္စအဖြစ်သို့ ပြောင်းလဲသွားသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/147662/First-Time-Majority-Americans-Favor-Legal-Gay-Marriage.aspx |title=For First Time, Majority of Americans Favor Legal Gay Marriage |publisher=Gallup.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဆယ်ကျော်သက်များ ကိုယ်ဝန်ရရှိမှုမှာ အမျိုးသမီး ၁၀၀၀ လျှင် ၇၉.၈ ဦးမျှ ဖြစ်ပြီး အိုအီးစီဒီ နိုင်ငံများတွင် အများဆုံး ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_tee_bir_rat-people-teenage-birth-rate |title=Teenage birth rate statistics&amp;nbsp;– countries compared&amp;nbsp;– NationMaster People |publisher=Nationmaster.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; ယခင်က ကိုယ်ဝန်ဖျက်ချမှုနှင့် ပတ်သက်သော ကိစ္စကို ပြည်နယ်အလိုက် ဆုံးဖြတ်ခွင့် ပေးထားသော်လည်း ၁၉၇၃ခုနှစ် တရားရုံးချုပ်၏ ဆုံးဖြတ်ချက်မှ အစပြု၍ တစ်နိုင်ငံလုံး အတိုင်းအတာဖြင့် ခွင့်ပြုပေးခဲ့သည်။ ထိုကိစ္စမှာ အငြင်းပွားစရာ ကိစ္စတစ်ရပ် ဖြစ်နေခဲ့ပြီး နှစ်ပေါင်းများစွာ ကြာသည့်တိုင်အောင်ပင် အများပြည်သူ၏ အယူအဆမှာ အမျိုးမျိုး အစားစား ကွဲပြား နေခဲ့သည်။ ပြည်နယ်အများစုတွင် ကိုယ်ဝန်ဖျက်ချခြင်း အတွက် အများပြည်သူဆိုင်ရာ ထောက်ပံ့ကြေးကို တားမြစ်ထားခြင်း၊ နှောင်းမှ ဖျက်ချခြင်းကို ကန့်သတ်ထားခြင်း၊ အရွယ်မရောက်သေးသူများ အတွက် မိဘအား အသိပေးရန် လိုအပ်ခြင်း နှင့် မဖျက်ချမီ အချိန်ကာလ တစ်ခု စောင့်ဆိုင်းရန် ပြဋ္ဌာန်းထားခြင်းတို့ ရှိသည်။ ကိုယ်ဝန်ဖျက်ချမှုနှုန်းမှာ ကျဆင်းလာသော်လည်း အချိုးအစား အရ ကလေး ၁၀၀၀ လျှင် ၂၄၁ ဦး ဖျက်ချမှု ရှိနေပြီး ၁၅ နှစ်မှ ၄၄ နှစ်အတွင်း အမျိုးသမီး ၁၀၀၀ တွင် ၁၅ ဦး ဖျက်ချမှု ရှိနေသဖြင့် အခြားသော အနောက်နိုင်ငံများနှင့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်ပါက များပြားနေသေးသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5511a1.htm|author=Strauss, Lilo T., et al.|title=Abortion Surveillance—United States, 2003|accessdate = 2007-06-17 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health|work=MMWR|date=2006-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ယဉ်ကျေးမှု ==
[[File:Liberty-statue-from-below.jpg|right|thumb|[[လစ်ဘာတီ ရုပ်တု]] အား တကမ္ဘာလုံးမှ အမေရိကန်၏ ပြယုဂ် အဖြစ်နှင့် လွတ်လပ်မှု၊ ဒီမိုကရေစီနှင့် အခွင့်အလမ်းတို့၏ ဝိဉာဏ အဖြစ် မှတ်ယူကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Statue of Liberty| work=World Heritage| publisher=UNESCO| url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307| accessdate = 2011–10–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ယဉ်ကျေးမှုမျိုးစုံသော နိုင်ငံဖြစ်ပြီး လူမျိုးစု၊ ယဉ်ကျေးမှု၊ တန်ဖိုးထားမှု အမျိုးမျိုးအစားစားတို့ တည်ရှိရာ နိုင်ငံဖြစ်သည်။ &lt;ref name=&quot;Society in Focus&quot;&gt;Thompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.&lt;/ref&gt; လူနီ များနှင့် ဟာဝိုင်အီကျွန်းသားများမှ လွဲလျှင် အခြားသော အမေရိကန် အားလုံး နှင့် ၎င်းတို့၏ ဘိုးစဉ်ဘောင်ဆက်များမှာ လွန်ခဲ့သော ၅ ရာစု အတွင်းက အမေရိကန်သို့ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းလာကြခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန်၏ အဓိက ယဉ်ကျေးမှုမှာ ဥရောပမှ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းနေထိုင်သူတို့ ထံမှ ဆင်းသက်လာသော အနောက်တိုင်းယဉ်ကျေးမှု ဖြစ်ပြီး အာဖရိကမှ ကျွန်များ ယူဆောင်လာသည့် ယဉ်ကျေးမှု ကဲ့သို့သော အခြားယဉ်ကျေးမှုများမှ လွှမ်းမိုးမှုများ ပါဝင်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.&lt;/ref&gt; လတ်တလော အာရှမှ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းလာသူများနှင့် အထူးသဖြင့် လက်တင်အမေရိကမှ ပြောင်းလဲလာသော သူတို့ထံမှ ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ ထပ်မံ ရောစွက်လိုက်သဖြင့် လက်ရှိယဉ်ကျေးမှု အခြေအနေတို့ကို ဟင်းအိုးထဲတွင် ရောမွှေထားသကဲ့သို့ ရှိသော ယဉ်ကျေးမှုဟု ပုံဖော်လေ့ ရှိကြသလို ပြောင်းရွှေ့လာသူများနှင့် သူတို့၏ မျိုးဆက်များမှ ရိုးရာ ယဉ်ကျေးမှုကို ထိန်းသိမ်းကြသဖြင့် အသုပ်ပန်းကန်ကဲ့သို့ တသီးတခြား ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ ပေါင်းစပ်နေသော ယဉ်ကျေးမှုဟုလည်း ပုံဖော်လေ့ ရှိကြသည်။

အမေရိကန် ယဉ်ကျေးမှုသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် တစ်သီးတစ်သန့် အဖြစ်ဆုံး ယဉ်ကျေးမှုဟု မှတ်ယူကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-cultural-dimensions/individualism/|title=Individualism| publisher = Clearly Cultural|accessdate=2009-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန် အိပ်မက် သို့မဟုတ် အမေရိကန်တို့သည် လူမှုအဆင့်အတန်း အမြင့်ဆုံး အထိ မြင့်တက်လာနိုင်သည့် အခွင့်အလမ်းရှိသည် ဟူသည့် အယူအဆမှ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းနေထိုင်ချင်သူ အများစုကို ဆွဲဆောင်နိုင်သည်။.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/2/7/45002641.pdf|title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries|publisher=OECD|work=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth|year=2010|accessdate=2010-09-20}} {{cite web|url=http://www.suttontrust.com/reports/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf|title=Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America|author=Blanden, Jo, Paul Gregg, and Stephen Malchin|publisher=Centre for Economic Performance|month=April|year=2005|accessdate=2006-08-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623094610/http://www.suttontrust.com/reports/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf|archivedate=23 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; အဓိက ယဉ်ကျေးမှုအရ အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် အဆင့်အတန်း ခွဲခြားမှု မရှိသော လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းအဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်သော်လည်း&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gutfield |first=Amon |year=2002 |title=American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |location=Brighton and Portland |page=65 |isbn=1-903900-08-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပညာရှင်များက နိုင်ငံအတွင်း လူမှု အဆင့်အတန်းများ သိသိသာသာ ကွဲပြားသဖြင့် အချင်းချင်း ပေါင်းစည်းခြင်း၊ ဘာသာစကား နှင့် တန်ဖိုးထားမှု တို့အပေါ်တွင် အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှု ရှိသည် ဆိုသည့် အချက်ကို ထုတ်နှုတ်ပြထားသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Zweig |first=Michael |year=2004 |title=What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=0-8014-8899-0}} {{cite web |url=http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&amp;_pageLabel=RecordDetails&amp;ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED309843&amp;ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&amp;objectId=0900000b800472a5 |title=Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech |publisher=Education Resource Information Center |accessdate=2007-01-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန်၏ လူလတ်တန်းစား နှင့် ပရော်ဖက်ရှင်နယ် အဆင့်အတန်း ရှိသူများမှ ခေတ်သစ် သာတူညီမျှ အမျိုးသမီးဝါဒ၊ ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်ထိန်းသိမ်းရေး ဝါဒ နှင့် ယဉ်ကျေးမှု အမျိုးမျိုးရှိသော ဝါဒ အစရှိသော ယနေ့လက်ရှိ လူမှုရေး လမ်းကြောင်းများကို အစပျိုးပေးခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ehrenreich |first=Barbara |year=1989 |title=Fear of Falling, The Inner Life of the Middle Class |url=https://archive.org/details/fearoffallinginn00ehre |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=0-06-097333-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန်တို့၏ မိမိဘာသာ ရှုမြင်မှု၊ လူမှုရေး အမြင် နှင့် ယဉ်ကျေးမှုဆိုင်ရာ လိုအပ်ချက်များသည် ၎င်းတို့ လုပ်ကိုင်သော အလုပ်အကိုင်နှင့် မကြုံစဖူး နီးစပ်နေလေ့ ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Eichar |first=Douglas |year=1989 |title=Occupation and Class Consciousness in America |url=https://archive.org/details/occupationclassc00eich |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-313-26111-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန်များ အနေနှင့် လူမှုစီးပွားရေး ဆိုင်ရာ အောင်မြင်မှုများကို အလွန်တန်ဖိုးထားလေ့ ရှိသော်လည်း သူလိုငါလို လူသာမန် ဖြစ်ခြင်းကို ယေဘုယျအားဖြင့် ကောင်းသည့် အချက်အဖြစ် ရှုမြင်လေ့ ရှိကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=O'Keefe |first=Kevin |year=2005 |title=The Average American |url=https://archive.org/details/averageamericant00okee |publisher=PublicAffairs |location=New York |isbn=1-58648-270-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ခေတ်စားသော မီဒီယာများ ===
[[File:PB050006.JPG|thumb|left|ဟောလိဝုဒ် ဆိုင်းဘုတ်]]
ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် ပထမဆုံးသော စီးပွားဖြစ် ရုပ်ရှင်ပြသမှုကို ၁၈၉၄ ခုနှစ်က နယူးယောက်မြို့တော်တွင် စတင်ခဲ့ပြီး သောမတ် အက်ဒီဆင် ၏ ကိုင်နက်တိုစကုပ် ခေါ် ရုပ်ရှင်ပြစက်ကို အသုံးပြုခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ နောက်တစ်နှစ်တွင် ပထမဆုံးသော ရုပ်ရှင်ပွဲကို နယူးယောက် မြို့တော်တွင်ပင် ပြသခဲ့ပြီး နောက်ထပ် ဆယ်စုနှစ်များတွင် အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် အသံထွက် ရုပ်ရှင် ထုတ်လုပ်မှုတွင် ရှေ့ပြေးဖြစ်ခဲ့သည်။ ၂၀ ရာစုနှစ် အစောပိုင်းမှစ၍ အမေရိကန် ရုပ်ရှင်လုပ်ငန်းသည် ကယ်လီဖိုးနီးယားပြည်နယ် ဟောလိဝုဒ် တွင်သာ အများအားဖြင့် အခြေပြုခဲ့သည်။ ဒါရိုက်တာ ဒီ ဒဗလျူ ဂရစ်ဖစ်သည် ရုပ်ရှင်ဆိုင်ရာ အသုံးအနှုန်းများကို တီထွင်ရာတွင် အဓိက ဖြစ်ခဲ့ပြီး အော်လ်ဆန် ဝဲလ် ရိုက်ကူးသည် စီတီဇင် ကိန်း (၁၉၄၁) ဆိုသော ရုပ်ရှင်မှာ အချိန်တိုင်းအတွက် အကောင်းဆုံး ရုပ်ရှင်ဟု မကြာခဏ ရည်ညွှန်းလေ့ ရှိကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.filmsite.org/villvoice.html ''Village Voice'': 100 Best Films of the 20th century (2001)]. Filmsite.org; [http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics-long.html ''Sight and Sound'' Top Ten Poll 2002]. BFI. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန် ရုပ်ရှင်သရုပ်ဆောင်များ ဖြစ်ကြသော ဂျွန်ဝိန်း နှင့် [[မာရီလင်မွန်ရိုး]] တို့သည် အလွန်နာမည်ကျော်ကြားသော သရုပ်ဆောင်များ ဖြစ်ခဲ့ကြပြီး ထုတ်လုပ်သူနှင့် စွန့်ဦးတီထွင်သူ တစ်ဦး ဖြစ်သည့် ဝေါ့သ် ဒစ်စနေး သည် ကာတွန်းကား နှင့် ရုပ်ရှင်ရောင်းဝယ်ရေး တွင် ဦးဆောင်ဦးရွက် ပြုသူ တစ်ဦး ဖြစ်ခဲ့သည်။ ဟောလိဝုဒ်မှာ အဓိက ရုပ်ရုင် စတူဒီယိုများသည် စတားဝါး (၁၉၇၇) နှင့် တိုက်တန်းနစ် (၁၉၉၇) အစရှိသော စီးပွားရေး အရ အကျိုးအမြတ် အများဆုံး ရုပ်ရှင်များကို ထုတ်လုပ် ရိုက်ကူးခဲ့ကြပြီး ဟောလိဝုဒ်မှ ထွက်ရှိသော ရုပ်ရှင်များမှာ ကမ္ဘာ့ရုပ်ရှင်လုပ်ငန်းတွင် ယနေ့တိုင် အဓိကနေရာမှ ပါဝင်လျက် ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2000/00-120e.shtml |title=World Culture Report 2000 Calls for Preservation of Intangible Cultural Heritage |date=2000-11-17 |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=2007-09-14 }} {{cite web |url=http://www1.worldbank.org/economicpolicy/globalization/thwart.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017111347/http://worldbank.org/economicpolicy/globalization/thwart.html |archivedate=17 October 2007 |title=Summary: Does Globalization Thwart Cultural Diversity? |publisher=World Bank Group |accessdate=2007-09-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

အမေရိကန်များသည် ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် တယ်လီဗွီးရှင်း အကြည့်ဆုံးသော လူမျိုးများ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_tel_vie-media-television-viewing |title=Media Statistics &gt; Television Viewing by Country |publisher=NationMaster |accessdate=2007-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; တယ်လီဗွီးရှင်း ကြည့်သော အချိန်မှာ တဖြည်းဖြည်း မြင့်တက်လျက် ရှိပြီး ၂၀၀၆ ခုနှစ်တွင် ပျမ်းမျှ တစ်နေ့ ၅ နာရီနှုန်း အထိ ရောက်ရှိလာခဲ့သည်။ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?R=1005003 |title=Broadband and Media Consumption |date=2007-06-07 |publisher=eMarketer |accessdate=2007-06-10 |archivedate=2009-07-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719045955/http://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?R=1005003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; တယ်လီဗွီးရှင်း လွှင့်ထုတ်သော အဓိက ကွန်ယက် ၄ ခုစလုံးမှာ စီးပွားဖြစ် ထုတ်လွှင့်မှုများ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။ အမေရိကန်တို့သည် ရေဒီယိုထုတ်လွှင့်မှုများကိုလည်း နားထောင်လေ့ ရှိပြီး အများအားဖြင့် စီးပွားဖြစ် ထုတ်လွှင့်မှုများကို နားထောင်လေ့ ရှိကာ ပျမ်းမျှအားဖြင့် တစ်နေ့လျှင် ၂ နာရီခွဲနှုန်း ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?R=1004830 |title=TV Fans Spill into Web Sites |date=2007-06-07 |publisher=eMarketer |accessdate=2007-06-10 |archivedate=2010-06-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624071851/http://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?R=1004830 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ဝက်ဘ်ပေါ်တယ်များနှင့် ရှာဖွေသည့် ဝက်ဘ်ဆိုက်ဒ်များမှ လွဲလျှင် ခေတ်အစားဆုံး ဝက်ဘ်ဆိုက်ဒ်များမှာ [[ဖေ့စ်ဘွတ်ခ်]]၊ [[ယူကျု(ဘ်)]]၊ [[ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား]]၊ ဘလော့ဂါ၊ အီးဘေး နှင့် ခရိတ်ခ်လစ် (Craigslist) တို့ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;alexa-topsitesus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US |title=Top Sites in United States |year=2010 |publisher=Alexa |accessdate=2010-03-27 |archivedate=2016-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409001248/http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US }}&lt;/ref&gt;

စည်းချက်ကျပြီး လှပသော စာသားများပါဝင်သည့် အာဖရိကန်-အမေရိကန် ဂီတသည် အမေရိကန် ဂီတတစ်ခုလုံး အပေါ်တွင် နက်ရှိုင်းစွာ လွှမ်းမိုးမှု ရှိပြီး ဥရောပ ရိုးရာဂီတမှ ကွဲပြားခြားနား သွားစေသည်။ ဖော့ခ် ဂီတ၏ အစိတ်အပိုင်းများမှ အသုံးအနှုန်းများ ဖြစ်ပြီး ယခုအခါတွင် ခေတ်ဟောင်းဂီတဟု သိရှိနေကြသည့် ဘလူး ဂီတ စသည်တို့အား တကမ္ဘာလုံးရှိ ပရိသတ်တို့ နှစ်ခြိုက်အားပေးသော ဂီတအမျိုးအစားများ အဖြစ် ပြောင်းလဲခဲ့ကြသည်။ ၂၀ ရာစု အစောပိုင်းတွင် လူးဝစ် အမ်းစထရောင်း နှင့် ဒျု အယ်လင်တန် အစရှိသူတို့က ဂျက်ဇ်ဂီတ ကို တီထွင်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ ၁၉၂၀ ခုနှစ်များအတွင်း ကျေးလက်ဂီတကို တီထွင်ခဲ့ကြပြီး ၁၉၄၀ နှစ်များတွင် ရစ်သမ်နှင့် ဘလူး သို့ R&amp;B ဂီတကို တီထွင်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ [[ပရက်စလေ|အဲလ်ဗစ် ပရက်စလေ]] နှင့် ချပ်ခ် ဘယ်ရီတို့သည် ၁၉၅၀ ခုနှစ် အလယ်ပိုင်းများ အတွင်း ရော့ခ်အင်ရိုးဂီတကို ရှေးဦးဖန်တီးခဲ့သူများတွင် ပါဝင်သည်။ ၁၉၆၀ ခုနှစ်များတွင် ဘော့ပ် ဒိုင်လန်မှ ဖော့ခ် ဂီတကို ပြန်လည်ဆန်းသစ်ရာမှ လူသိများ အထင်ရှားဆုံးသော တေးရေးဆရာ တစ်ယောက် ဖြစ်ခဲ့ပြီး ဂျိမ်းစ်ဘရောင်းမှ ဖန့်ခ်ဂီတ ဖန်တီးမှုများတွင် ဦးဆောင်ခဲ့သည်။ အမေရိကန်တို့၏ လတ်တလော တီထွင်မှုများတွင် ဟစ်ဟော့ပ် ဂီတ နှင့် ဟောက်စ် ဂီတတို့ ပါဝင်သည်။ အမေရိကန် ပေါ့ပ်စတားများဖြစ်ကြသော ပရက်စလေ၊ [[မိုက်ကယ်လ် ဂျက်ဆင်]] နှင့် မက်ဒေါနား တို့သည် ကမ္ဘာကျော် အဆိုတော်များ အဖြစ် ရပ်တည်ခဲ့ကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;Biddle, Julian (2001). ''What Was Hot!: Five Decades of Pop Culture in America''. New York: Citadel, p. ix. ISBN 0-8065-2311-5.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== စာပေ၊ အတွေးအခေါ်နှင့် အနုပညာ ===
[[ဝှာင်:Kerouac by Palumbo.jpg|thumb|upright|၁၉၅၀ ခုနှစ်များမှ ထင်ရှားလာခဲ့သော ဘိမျိုးဆက်ဟု ခေါ်သည့် စာရေးဆရာ အုပ်စုထဲမှ ထင်ရှားသော စာရေးဆရာ တစ်ဦးဖြစ်သည့် ဂျက် ကီရွက်]]
၁၈ ရာစုနှစ်နှင့် ၁၉ ရာစု အစောပိုင်းကာလများက အမေရိကန် အနုပညာနှင့် စာပေတို့သည် ဥရောပမှ နည်းပေး လမ်းပြမှုများကို ခံယူခဲ့ကြသည်။ နသန်နီယယ် ဟော်သွန်း၊ အက်ဒ်ဂါ အယ်လန် ပိုး နှင့် ဟင်နရီ ဒေးဗစ် သောရိုး တို့က ၁၉ ရာစု အလယ်ပိုင်းတွင် အမေရိကန် စာပေ၏ တသီးတခြား ထင်ရှားသောဟန်ကို ဖော်ထုတ်နိုင်ခဲ့ ကြသည်။ မာ့ခ်တွန်း နှင့် ကဗျာဆရာ ဝေါ့သ် ဝှစ်တ်မန်း တို့မှာ ရာစုနှစ်၏ ဒုတိယပိုင်း တစ်ဝက်တွင် အဓိက အရေးပါသော ထင်ရှားသူများ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။ အယ်မလီ ဒစ်ကင်ဆန် ကို သူမ အသက်ရှင်စဉ်ကာလက သိရှိသူ မရှိသလောက် နည်းသော်လည်း အခုအခါတွင် အမေရိကန်၏ မရှိမဖြစ် ကဗျာဆရာမ တစ်ဦး အဖြစ် အသိအမှတ် ပြုလာကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;[[Harold Bloom|Bloom, Harold]]. 1999. ''Emily Dickinson''. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 0-7910-5106-4.&lt;/ref&gt; နိုင်ငံနှင့် ဆိုင်သော အတွေ့အကြုံတို့၏ အခြေခံမြင်ကွင်းများ နှင့် ဇာတ်ကောင်စရိုက်များကို အသားပေး ရေးထားသော ဝတ္ထုများ ဖြစ်ကြသည့် ဟာမန်း မယ်လ်ဗေးလ် ၏ မော်ဘီဒစ်ခ် (၁၈၅၁)၊ မာ့ခ်တွန်း၏ ဟပ်ကယ်ဘယ်ရီ ဖင်န် ၏ စွန့်စားခန်းများ (၁၈၈၅)၊ အက်ဖ် စကော့ ဖစ်ဇ်ဂျာရဲလ် ၏ မဟာ ဂက်စဘီ (၁၉၂၅) အစရှိသော စာအုပ်တို့ကို အမေရိကန်၏ မဟာဝတ္ထုများ အဖြစ် ဂုဏ်ပြုခေါ်ဆိုနိုင်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Buell, Lawrence|title=The Unkillable Dream of the Great American Novel: ''Moby-Dick'' as Test Case |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-literary-history_spring-summer-2008_20_1-2/page/132|year= 2008|work=American Literary History|volume=20|issue=1–2|pages=132–155|doi=10.1093/alh/ajn005|journal=American Literary History|month=Spring/Summer|issn=0896-7148}}&lt;/ref&gt;

အမေရိကန်နိုင်ငံသား ၁၂ ဦးတို့သည် စာပေဆိုင်ရာ နိုဘယ်လ်ဆုကို ရရှိခဲ့ပြီး နောက်ဆုံးရရှိခဲ့သူမှာ ၂၀၂၀ ခုနှစ်တွင် ရရှိခဲ့သော လူးဝီစ် ဂလက်ဒ် ဖြစ်သည်။ ဝီလီယမ် ဖော့သ်ကနာ နှင့် အားနတ်စ် ဟဲမင်းဝေးတို့အား မကြာခဏဆိုသလိုပင် ၂၀ ရာစု၏ လွှမ်းမိုးမှု အရှိဆုံး စာရေးဆရာများ အဖြစ် အမည်တပ် လေ့ ရှိသည်။&lt;ref&gt;Quinn, Edward (2006). ''A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms''. Infobase, p. 361. ISBN 0-8160-6243-9. Seed, David (2009). ''A Companion to Twentieth-Century United States Fiction''. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, p. 76. ISBN 1-4051-4691-5. Meyers, Jeffrey (1999). ''Hemingway: A Biography''. New York: Da Capo, p. 139. ISBN 0-306-80890-0.&lt;/ref&gt; အနောက်တိုင်း ကောင်ဘွိုင်စာပေများနှင့် စုံထောက်ရာဇဝတ်မှုကို အခြေခံထားသော ဝတ္ထုများမှာ အမေရိကန်မှ စတင်ပေါ်ထွန်းခဲ့သည်။ ဘိ မျိုးဆက်ဟု ခေါ်သည့် စာရေးဆရာ တစ်စုက ခေတ်သစ် စာပေ အရေးအသားများကို စတင်ဖွင့်လှစ်ခဲ့ပြီး ထိုအုပ်စုထဲတွင် ပို့စ်မော်ဒန် စာရေးဆရာများ ဖြစ်ကြသော ဂျွန်ဘာ့တ်၊ သောမတ်စ် ပင်ချွန် နှင့် ဒွန် ဒယ်လီလို စသူတို့ ပါဝင်သည်။

သော်ရိုးနှင့် ရပ်ဖ် ဝေါ်လ်ဒို အီမာဆန် တို့ ဦးဆောင်သော အမေရိကန်တွေ့ကြုံလွန်ဝါဒီ (transcendentalists) များက ပထမဆုံး အမေရိကန် အတွေးအခေါ် ဆိုင်ရာ လှုပ်ရှားမှုကို စတင်တည်ထောင်ခဲ့သည်။ အမေရိကန် ပြည်တွင်းစစ် အပြီးတွင် ချားလ်စ် ဆန်ဒါ ပီးယားစ် မှ စတင်ပြီး ဝီလီယမ် ဂျိမ်းစ်နှင့် ဂျွန်ဒူဝီတို့က ဆက်ခံကာ လက်တွေ့ပဓာနဝါဒ (pragmatism) ကို ဦးဆောင် ထုတ်ဖော်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ ၂၀ ရာစု အတွင်းတွင် နိုရမ် ချောင်စကီး၏ အယူဝါဒအပေါ်တွင် ဒဗလျူ ဗွီ ကွိုင်း နှင့် ရစ်ချက် ရော်တီတို့က ထပ်ဆင့်မွမ်းမံ ထားသည့် အတွေးအခေါ်များ ဖြစ်သည် ခွဲခြမ်းစိတ်ဖြာ အတွေးအခေါ် ပညာ (analytic philosophy) ကို အမေရိကန် ပညာရှင်တို့၏ ရှေ့မှောက်သို့ ဆောင်ယူလာခဲ့သည်။ ဂျွန်ရောလ် နှင့် ရောဘတ် နိုဇစ်ခ် တို့က နိုင်ငံရေးဆိုင်ရာ အတွေးအခေါ်ပညာကို ပြန်လည် အသက်သွင်းခဲ့သည်။

ရုပ်ပြအနုပညာများတွင် ဟတ်ဒ်ဆန်မြစ် အနုပညာကျောင်းသည် ဥရောပသားတို့၏ သဘာဝတ္တဗေဒ (naturalism ) ပေါ်တွင် မူတည် လှုပ်ရှားသည့် ၁၉ ရာစု အလယ်ပိုင်း လှုပ်ရှားမှု တစ်ခု ဖြစ်သည်။ သောမတ်စ် အီကင်၏ သရုပ်မှန် ပန်းချီများမှာ ယခုအခါတွင် အလွန်ထင်ရှားနေပြီ ဖြစ်သည်။ ၁၉၁၃ ခုနှစ်တွင် နယူးယောက် မြို့တွင် ပြသခဲ့သည့် အာမာရီ ပြပွဲ ဟုခေါ်သည့် ဥရောပ မော်ဒန်ပန်းချီပြပွဲမှ အများအား အံ့အား သင့်သွားစေခဲ့ပြီး အမေရိကန် ပန်းချီ၏ အခင်းအကျင်းကို ပြောင်းလဲသွားစေခဲ့သည်။
&lt;ref&gt;Brown, Milton W. (1988 1963). ''The Story of the Armory Show''. New York: Abbeville. ISBN 0-89659-795-4.&lt;/ref&gt; ဂျော်ဂျီယာ အို ကိဖ်၊ မားစ်ဒန် ဟတ်တလေနှင့် အခြားသူတို့သည် အသစ်အဆန်း ပုံစံအသစ်များကို စမ်းသပ်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ အရေးပါသော အနုပညာလှုပ်ရှားမှုများ ဖြစ်ကြသည့် ဂျက်ဆန် ပိုးလော့ခ် နှင့် ဝီလမ် ဒီ ကွန်းနင်း တို့၏ အက်ဘ်ဆထရက် အိတ်စပရက်ရှင်နစ်ဇင် ဝါဒ၊ အန်ဒီ ဝါဟိုး နှင့် ရွိုင်း လစ်တန်ရှတိန်းတို့၏ ပေါ့ပ်အတ် စသည်တို့သည် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင်ပင် အများစု ဖြစ်ပေါ်ခဲ့သည်။ မော်ဒန်ဝါဒနှင့် ပို့စ်မော်ဒန်ဝါဒ ရေစီးကြောင်းများက အမေရိကန် ဗိသုကာပညာရှင်များ ဖြစ်ကြသော ဖရန့်ခ် လွိုက် ရိုက်၊ ဖိလစ် ဂျွန်ဆင် နှင့် ဖရန့်ခ် ဂေရီ တို့အား ကျော်ကြားမှု ရရှိစေခဲ့သည်။

အမေရိကန်တွင် ပြဇာတ်နှင့် ပတ်သက်၍ အဓိက မြှင့်တင်ခဲ့သူမှာ ပြဇာတ်စီစဉ်သူ ပီ တီ ဘာနမ် ဖြစ်ပြီး ၁၈၄၁ ခုနှစ်တွင် မက်ဟက်တန် အောက်ပိုင်းတွင် ဖျော်ဖြေရေး အဆောက်အဦးများကို စတင် ဆောင်ရွက်ခဲ့သည်။ ၁၈၇၀ နှောင်းပိုင်းနှစ်များမှ စ၍ ဟယ်ရီဂန် နှင့် ဟတ် တို့က ထင်ရှားသော သီချင်းဖွဲ့ ဟာသပြဇာတ်များကို ထုတ်ဖော် တင်ဆက်ခဲ့သည်။ ၂၀ ရာစုတွင် ဘရော့ဒ်ဝေး၌ ခေတ်သစ် ဂီတပုံစံများ ထွက်ပေါ်လာခဲ့ပြီး ဇာတ်ရုံမှ သီချင်းများကို ရေးသားသူ အိုက်ဗင် ဘာလင်၊ ကိုးလ် ပေါ်တာ၊ စတီဖင် ဆုံဟိမ်း တို့၏ သီချင်းများမှာ ပေါ့ပ်ဂီတ၏ စံနှုန်းများ ဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။ ပြဇာတ်ရေးဆရာ ယူဂျင်း အို နေးလ်သည် ၁၉၃၆တွင် စာပေ ဆိုင်ရာ နိုဘယ်လ်ဆုကို ရရှိခဲ့ပြီး အခြားပြဇာတ်နှင့် သက်ဆိုင်သူများထဲမှ ဆုရရှိကြသူများမှာ ပူလစ်ဇာဆု ရရှိခဲ့ကြသော တင်နက်ဆီ ဝီလီယမ်၊ အက်ဒဝပ် အယ်လ်ဘီး နှင့် အော်ဂတ်စ် ဝီလ်ဆင်တို့ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။

ထိုအချိန်ထိုအခါက လူသိနည်းခဲ့သော်လည်း ၁၉၁၀ ခုနှစ်များမှ ချားလ်စ်အိုက်ဗ်၏ ရေးသားတက်ဆက်မှုများမှာ ဂန္ထဝင်ဆိုင်ရာ ဂီတတွင် အမေရိကန် တေးရေးဆရာ တစ်ယောက်၏ ပထမဆုံး အဓိက ပါဝင်ပတ်သက်မှု ပင် ဖြစ်သည်။ စမ်းသပ်တီထွင်သူများ ဖြစ်ကြသည့် ဟင်နရီ ကိုဝဲလ် နှင့် ဂျွန်ကေ့ဂျ် တို့သည် ဂန္ထဝင်ဂီတ ဆိုင်ရာ တေးသွားများ ရေးဖွဲ့မှုအတွက် တမူထူးခြားသော အမေရိကန် နည်းလမ်းဖြင့် ချည်းကပ်မှုကို ဖန်တီးခဲ့သည်။ အာရွန် ကော့ပ်လန်းနှင့် ဂျော့ရှ် ဂါ့ရှ်ဝင်တို့က ခေတ်ပေါ်ဂီတနှင့် ဂန္ထဝင်ဂီတ အရောအနှောကို ဖန်တီး ခဲ့ကြသည်။ အကဆရာများ ဖြစ်ကြသည့် အစ်ဆာဒိုရာ ဒွန်ကန် နှင့် မာသာ ဂရေဟမ် တို့သည် ခေတ်ပေါ်အကကို ကူညီ တီထွင်ခဲ့ကြပြီး ဂျော့ရှ် ဘလန်ချိုင်း နှင့် ဂျရုန်း ရော်ဘင်တို့မှာ ၂၀ ရာစု ဘဲလေး အက၏ ဦးဆောင်ဦးရွက် ပြုသူများ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။ အမေရိကန်တို့သည် ခေတ်ပေါ် အနုပညာဖြစ်သော ဓာတ်ပုံပညာတွင် အရေးပါခဲ့သည်မှာ ကြာမြင့်လှပြီ ဖြစ်သည်။ အဓိက နာမည်ကြီး ဓာတ်ပုံဆရာများတွင် အဲဖရက် စတေးဂလစ်၊ အက်ဒဝပ် စတိုင်းချန်း နှင့် အန်ဆယ် အဒမ် စသူတို့ ပါဝင်သည်။ သတင်းစာများမှ ဟာသကာတွန်းတိုများနှင့် ရုပ်ပြစာအုပ်များမှာ အမေရိကန်တို့၏ တီထွင်မှုများ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။ ရုပ်ပြများထဲတွင် ထူးခြားသော အရည်အသွေးရှိသည်ဟု စံတင်ထိုက်သည့် မဟာ သူရဲကောင်း စူပါမင်းမှာ အမေရိကန်၏ ပြယုဂ်တစ်ခုပင် ဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Daniels | first=Les | authorlink=Les Daniels | year=1998 | title=Superman: The Complete History | page=11 | edition=1st | publisher=[[Titan Books]] | isbn=1-85286-988-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== အစားအစာ ===
အမေရိကန်၏ အဓိကအစားအစာများမှာ အခြား အနောက်နိုင်ငံများနှင့် တူညီသည်။ ဂျုံသည် အဓိက စားသုံးသည့် သီးနှံဖြစ်သည်။ လူနီများ နှင့် အစောပိုင်း ဥရောပ အခြေချ နေထိုင်သူများ စားသုံးကြသည့် ဟင်းလျာများတွင် ကြက်ဆင်သား၊ သမင်သား၊ အာလူး၊ ကန်းစွန်းဥ၊ ပြောင်းဖူး၊ မေပယ်လ်အရည် စသည့် အဆာပလာ အမျိုးမျိုးတို့ကို ထည့်သွင်း ချက်ပြုတ်ကြသည်။ ဖြည်းဖြည်းချင်း ချက်ထားသော ဝက်သားနှင့် အမဲသား ဘာဘီကျူးများ၊ ကဏန်းကိတ်များ၊ အာလူးကြော် နှင့် ချော့ကလက် ချစ်ပ် ကွက်ကီး စသည်တို့မှာ အမေရိကန် အစားအစာ သီးသန့် ဖြစ်ကြသည်။ ဆိုးလ်ဖု ဟု ခေါ်ကြသော အာဖရိကကျွန်များ ချက်ပြုတ်လေ့ ရှိသော အစားအစာများမှာ တောင်ပိုင်းတွင် လူကြိုက်များပြီး အခြားသော ဒေသများမှ အာဖရိကန်-အမေရိကန်များ ကြားတွင် လည်း တွေ့ရလေ့ ရှိသည်။ အစားအစာ နှစ်မျိုး သုံးမျိုးကို ပေါင်းစပ်ထားသော လူဝီစီးယားနား ခရီယိုး၊ ကေဂျွန် နှင့် တက်စ်- မက်စ် စသည်တို့မှာလည်း ဆိုင်ရာ ဒေသအသီးသီး အတွင်း ထင်ရှားသည်။

အမေရိကန်၏ သွင်ပြင်လက္ခဏာ အစားအစာများဟု ခေါ်နိုင်သော ပန်းသီးမုန့်၊ ကြက်ကြော်၊ ပီဇာ၊ ဟမ်ဘာဂါ နှင့် ဟော့ဒေါ့စသည်တို့မှ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းနေထိုင်လာသူ အမျိုးမျိုး တို့၏ ဟင်းလျာများမှ ပြောင်းလဲ ရယူထားခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ အာလူးကြော်၊ ဘာရီတို နှင့် တာကို အစရှိသော မက္ကဆီကန် ဟင်းလျာများ၊ ပတ်စတာ ဟင်းလျာများတို့သည် အီတလီ ဟင်းလျာများမှ ဆင်းသက်လာပြီး အများစု စားသုံးလျက် ရှိကြသည်။&lt;ref name=&quot;IFT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=2003-08-23|accessdate=2007-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; အမေရိကန်များသည် ကော်ဖီကို လက်ဖက်ရည်ထက် ပို၍ ကြိုက်ကြသည်။ အမေရိကန် စားသောက်ကုန် လုပ်ငန်းရှင်၏ အရောင်းမြှင့်တင်မှုများမှ တဆင့် လိမ္မော်ရည်နှင့် နွားနို့တို့သည် နေရာတိုင်းတွင် တွေ့ရသော နံနက်စာ သောက်စရာများ ဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;Smith, Andrew F. (2004). ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1. Levenstein, Harvey (2003). ''Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, pp. 154–55. ISBN 0-520-23439-1.&lt;/ref&gt;

ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် အကြီးဆုံးဖြစ်သော အမေရိကန်တို့၏ အမြန်အစားအစာ လုပ်ငန်းသည် ၁၉၃၀ ပြည့်နှစ်များတွင် ကားပေါ်မှ မဆင်းဘဲ ဝယ်ယူနိုင်သော စနစ်ကို စတင် ခဲ့သည်။ အမြန်အစားအစာများကို စားသုံးကြခြင်းသည် ကျန်းမာရေး အတွက် စိုးရိမ်စရာ တစ်ခု ဖြစ်လာစေခဲ့သည်။ ၁၉၈၀ ခုနှစ်များ နှင့် ၁၉၉၀ ခုနှစ်များတွင် အမေရိကန်တို့၏ ကယ်လိုရီ စားသုံးမှုမှာ ၂၄% မြင့်တက်လာခဲ့သည်။ &lt;ref name=&quot;IFT&quot; /&gt; အမြန်အစားအစာ ဆိုင်များတွင် မကြာခဏ စားသုံးခြင်းသည် ပြည်သူ့ကျန်းမာရေး ဆိုင်ရာ အရာရှိများက &quot;အမေရိကန်တို့၏ အဝလွန်နှုန်း ပျံနှံ့ခြင်း&quot;ဟု ခေါ်သော ကျန်းမာရေး ပြဿနာတစ်ရပ်ကို ဖြစ်ပွားစေသည်။&lt;ref&gt;Boslaugh, Sarah (2010). &quot;Obesity Epidemic&quot;, in ''Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices'', ed. Roger Chapman. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 413–14. ISBN 978-0-7656-1761-3.&lt;/ref&gt; အလွန်ပင် ချိုလှသော အအေးများမှ အမေရိကန်တွင် လူကြိုက်များပြီး သကြားပါသော ဖျော်ရည်များသည် အမေရိကန်တို့အတွက် ကယ်လိုရီ စားသုံးမှု၏ ၉% နှုန်းခန့်မျှ နှင့် သက်ဆိုင်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity |publisher=American Heart Association |year=2005 |work=[[Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology]] |url=http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/25/12/2451#R3-101329 |accessdate=2007-06-09 }} {{cite web |title=Let's Eat Out: Americans Weigh Taste, Convenience, and Nutrition |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib19/eib19_reportsummary.pdf |accessdate=2007-06-09 |archivedate=7 December 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5lpvum1lU?url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib19/eib19_reportsummary.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== အားကစား ===
[[ဝှာင်:Shea Smith-edit1.jpg|thumb| အမေရိကန် ဘောလုံး ကစားပွဲတွင် ဘောလုံးကိုသယ်ပြေးလာသော နောက်တန်းလူ တစ်ဦး]]
၁၉ရာစု နှောင်းပိုင်းမှ အစပြု၍ ဘေ့စ်ဘောလ်ကို အမျိုးသား အားကစားနည်း တစ်ရပ်အဖြစ် မှတ်ယူခဲ့သည်။ သို့သော် အချို့သော ဆန်းစစ်ချက်များအရ အမေရိကန် ဘောလုံးသည် ကြည့်ရှုသူ အများဆုံး အားကစားနည်း တစ်ရပ် ဖြစ်လာခဲ့သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Krane, David K.|title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport|url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337|publisher=Harris Interactive|date=2002-10-30|accessdate=2007-09-14|archivedate=9 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337}} Maccambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.&lt;/ref&gt; ဘတ်စကက်ဘောနှင့် ရေခဲပြင် ဟော်ကီကစားနည်းတို့သည် အသင်းလိုက် အားကစားနည်းများတွင် ဦးဆောင်ဦးရွက် အားကစားနည်းများ အဖြစ် ပါဝင်သည်။ ကောလိပ်ကျောင်းများ အတွင်း ယှဉ်ပြိုင်ကစားကြသော အမေရိကန် ဘောလုံး နှင့် ဘတ်စကက်ဘော တို့သည် ပရိသတ် အများအပြားကို ဆွဲဆောင်နိုင်သည်။ လက်ဝှေ့နှင့် မြင်းပြိုင်ပွဲတို့မှာ လူအများဆုံး ကြည့်ရှုကြသည့် တစ်ဦးချင်း ကစားနည်းများ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Cowen, Tyler, and Kevin Grier |title=What Would the End of Football Look Like??url=http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/7559458/cte-concussion-crisis-economic-look-end-football|publisher=Grantland/ESPN|date=2012-02-09|accessdate=2012-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; သို့သော်လည်း ဂေါက်သီးကစားခြင်းနှင့် ကားပြိုင်ခြင်းတို့ကြောင့် ထိုကစားနည်းများ မှေးမှိန်လာခဲ့သည်။ ဘောလုံးကစားခြင်းကို လူငယ်များနှင့် အပျော်တမ်း အဆင့်တွင် ကျယ်ကျယ်ပြန့်ပြန့် ကစားကြသည်။ တင်းနစ်နှင့် အခြား ပြင်ပတွင် ကစားရသော ကစားနည်း အချို့မှာလည်း လူကြိုက်များသည်။

အမေရိကန်တွင် ကစားနည်း အများစုမှာ ဥရောပကစားနည်းများမှ ပေါ်ပေါက်လာခဲ့ခြင်း ဖြစ်သော်လည်း ဘော်လီဘော ကစားခြင်း၊ ဘုတ်စကိတ် စီးခြင်း၊ နှင်းလျှောစီးခြင်း နှင့် ချီးယားလိဒင်း တို့မှာ အမေရိကန်တို့၏ တီထွင်မှုများ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။ ဘတ်စကတ်ဘောကို ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံဖွား ဂျိမ်းစ် နိုက်စမစ်က မက်ဆာချူးဆက်တွင် တီထွင်ခဲ့သည်။ လာခရော့စ်နှင့် ရေလွှာစီးခြင်းတို့မှာ အမေရိကန် ရှေးဦးနေထိုင်သူနှင့် ဟာဝိုင်အီ ကျွန်းသားထံမှ အနောက်တိုင်းသားများ ဆက်ခံရရှိခဲ့ခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ အိုလံပစ် ကစားပွဲတော် ၈ ခုကို အမေရိကန်တွင် ကျင်းပခဲ့ဖူးသည်။ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် နွေရာသီ အိုလံပစ် အားကစားပွဲတော်တွင် ဆုတံဆိပ် ၂,၃၀၁ ခု ရရှိခဲ့ဖူးပြီး အခြားတိုင်းပြည် အားလုံးထက်များသည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=All-Time Medal Standings, 1896–2004 | publisher = Information Please|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipsa/A0115108.html | accessdate=2007-06-14}} {{cite web|title=Distribution of Medals—2008 Summer Games| publisher = Fact Monster|url=http://www.factmonster.com/sports/olympics/2008/distribution-medals-summer-games.html| accessdate=2008-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဆောင်းရာသီ အိုလံပစ်ကစားပွဲတွင်မူ ၂၅၃ ခု ရရှိခဲ့ပြီး ဒုတိယမြောက် အများဆုံး ရရှိသော နိုင်ငံ ဖြစ်ကာ နော်ဝေနောက်မှ လိုက်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=All-Time Medal Standings, 1924–2006|publisher=Information Please|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipsa/A0115207.html|accessdate=2007-06-14}} {{cite web|title=Olympic Medals|publisher=Vancouver Organizing Committee|url=http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-medals/|accessdate=2010-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225190920/http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-medals/|archivedate=25 December 2010}} Norway is first.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== အတိုင်းအတာစနစ် ===
အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုသည် ရိုးရာတိုင်းတာမှုများကို ဆက်လက်ထိန်းသိမ်းထားပြီး ၎င်းတို့တွင် ယခင်က ဗြိတိသျှ အင်ပီယီရယ်လ် အတိုင်းအတာများ ဖြစ်ကြသော မိုင်၊ ကိုက် နှင့် ဒီဂရီ ဖာရင်ဟိုက် စသည်တို့ ပါသည်။ အမေရိကန်၏ ထူးခြားသော အတိုင်းအတာများမှာ ဂါလန် နှင့် ပိုင့် စသော ထုထည် အတိုင်းအတာများ ဖြစ်သည်။ ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွင် နိုင်ငံတကာ အတိုင်းအတာ စံနှုန်း သတ်မှတ်ချက်ကို မလိုက်နာသော နိုင်ငံ ၃ နိုင်ငံ တွင် [[မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ]]၊ [[လိုက်ဘေးရီးယားနိုင်ငံ]] တို့နှင့် အတူ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု ပါဝင်သည်။ သို့သော်လည်း သိပ္ပံ၊ ဆေးပညာ နှင့် အခြားသော စက်မှုဆိုင်ရာ နယ်ပယ်များတွင် မက်ထရစ်စနစ်ကို ကျယ်ပြန့်စွာ အသုံးပြုလာကြပြီ ဖြစ်သည်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-g.html|title=Appendix G: Weights and Measures|publisher=CIA|work=The World Factbook|date=|accessdate=2010-04-01|archivedate=6 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406124728/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-g.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ဆက်စပ်ကြည့်ရှုရန် ==

== ရည်ညွှန်းချက်များ ==
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[[Category:နိုင်ငံ]]
[[Category:အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု]]
[[Category:နေတိုး အဖွဲ့ဝင်နိုင်ငံများ]]</text>
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    <title>စရင်ဍုင် မနွံကဵု အဝဵုစၟိန်ပြမာန်ဂမၠိုင်</title>
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      <text bytes="188835" sha1="5ffw0pm28a0sgilgx1r6ik86za9l7fa" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Palais des Nations unies, à Genève.jpg|alt=A long row of flags|thumb|upright=1.2|အလာံရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ကေုာံ အလာံရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဟွံသေင်၊ ဆဂး ဂွံလဝ် အခေါင်လ္ၚတ် ပ္ဍဲဂတမုက် သ္ၚိစၠတ်ရးနိဂီုဂမၠိုင် (Palace of Nations) ပ္ဍဲဂျာနေဝါ (Geneva)၊ သွိတ်ဇြာလာန်။]]

စရင်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ ဒှ်စရင် ရးနိဂီု (ဝါ) ရးနိဂီု မနွံ  ကဵုအဝဵုစၟိန်ပြမာန် ပ္ဍဲအလုံဂၠးတိ ကေုာံ ကဆံင် မဂွံဒုင် စၟတ်သမ္တီ အဝဵုစၟိန်ပြမာန်ညးတအ်။ 

သီုဖအိုတ် နွံရးနိဂီု (ဝါ) ရးနိဂီု ၂၀၆။ ပၞောဝ်တအ်ဂှ် ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုသၞောတ်ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂတုဲ ပါ်ပိကဏ္ဍဂွံမာန်ရ။ ၁၉၃ မဂွံဒှ် ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ၊&lt;ref name=&quot;unms&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=United Nations Member States|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|publisher=United Nations|author=Press Release ORG/1469|access-date=November 3, 2019|date=3 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|archive-date=30 December 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; ၂ မဂွံအခေါင်လမ္ၚတ် ပ္ဍဲ အသာမ်ဗလဳနာနာ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ၊ ၁၁ မဒှ်ဂကူရးနိဂီုတၞဟ်ခြာ။

== တင်မဒးပေင် သွက်ဂွံ စၟတ်သမ္တီ ရးနိဂီုမွဲ ==
သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေဂၠးကဝ် မဆေင်ကဵု ပ္ဍဲအရာမဂွံစၟတ်သမ္တီ ရးနိဂီုမနွံကဵု အခေါင်စၟိန်ပြမာန်ဂှ် ထ္ၜုတ်ခၞံလဝ် ပ္ဍဲကောံဓရီုဇၞော်မောန်တေဝိဒေအဝ် (Montevideo Convention) ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၃၃ ဂှ်ရ။ ကောံဓရီုဇၞော်ဂှ် ပံက်လဝ် အဓိပ္ပါယ် ရးနိဂီုမွဲဂှ် နဒဒှ် ညံင်ရဴထ္ၜောမ်ကဠင် သၞောဝ်ဂၠးကဝ်မွဲရ။ ယဝ်ရ ရးနိဂီုဂှ် ဍိုက်ပေင်တဴ ကုဍာ်ဒကေဝ် မဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ် ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဏအ်မ္ဂး ညးစၟတ်သမ္တီ နဒဒှ် ရးနိဂီု (ဝါ) ရးနိဂီုမနွံကဵု အခေါင်စၟိန်ပြမာန် မွဲရ။
(က) ဒဒှ် မနွံကဵု လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်ထာဝရ၊&lt;br&gt;
(ခ) ဒဒှ် မနွံကဵု စၟတ်သမ္တီပယျဵုတိဍာ်၊&lt;br&gt;
(ဂ) ဒဒှ် မနွံကဵု အလဵုအသဳ&lt;br&gt;
(ဃ) ဒဒှ်မနွံကဵု ဍာ်ဒကေဝ် သွက်ဂွံ ဆက်ဆောံ ကုရးနိဂီုတၞဟ်သအာင်၊&lt;br&gt;
လုကဴ စဵုကဵု မဟွံဒးဒုင် အုပ်ဓလီုထောအ် နကဵုရးနိဂီုတၞဟ်သအာင် နကဵုဒြဟတ်ပၞာန်ကီု ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး နကဵု ဒြဟတ်ဂတိလိက်ကသုက်ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Hersch Lauterpacht|title=Recognition in International Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgEv1Qq2TwC&amp;pg=PA419|year=2012|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=419|isbn=9781107609433}}&lt;/ref&gt;

စပ်ကဵု တင်မနွံကဵု ဍာ်ဒကေဝ် သွက်ဂွံဆက်ဆောံ ကုရးနိဂီုတၞဟ်သအာင်ဂှ် စုတ်ပ္ဍဲတင်မသ္ဒးနွံဟေင် သွက်ဂွံစၟတ်သမ္တီ ရးနိဂီုမွဲဂှ် ကေင်နွံကၠုင်လဝ်ရ။ နကဵုလညာတ်မ္ဂး တင်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဟွံမဲပၟိက်ရ။ ကၞောတ်တဲ တေသြရဳမဒက်ပ္တန် ရးနိဂီုမွဲဂှ် ပံက်လဝ် အဓိပ္ပါယ် ရးနိဂီုမွဲ တုပ်သၟဟ် ညံင်ရဴပူဂိုလ်မွဲ မနွံအပ္ဍဲ သၞောဝ်ဂၠးကဝ်၊ ယဝ်ရ ရးနိဂီုတၞဟ်တအ် စၟတ်သမ္တီ ရးနိဂီုဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုမနွံကဵု အခေါင်စၟိန်ပြမာန်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု စရင်ရးနိဂီုဏအ်ဂှ် ရးနိဂီုနကဵုအလဵုဇကုညးတအ် လလောင်တြးလဝ် ရးနိဂီုသၠးပွးတုဲပၠန် အောန်အိုတ် ရးနိဂီုမဒှ်ကောန်ဂကောံကုလသမဂ္ဂမွဲ ပလဝ်ဒတန် အခေါင်စၟိန်ပြမာန်ညးတအ်ရ။ 

ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုတင်ဗွဲလတူဂှ်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲစရင်ဝွံ သီုဖအိုတ် နွံ ၂၀၆ ရးနိဂီု -&lt;ref&gt;The following bullets are grouped according to the availability of sources for the two criteria ((a) and/or (b)). This arrangement is not intended to reflect the relative importance of the two theories. Additional details are discussed in the state's individual entries.&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;micros&quot;|The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] is not included, as despite being a sovereign entity it lacks territory and does not claim statehood. Entities considered to be [[micronation]]s are not included. It is often up to debate whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory. Also omitted from this list are all [[uncontacted peoples]], either who live in [[stateless society|societies that cannot be defined as states]] or whose statuses as such are not definitively known.}}
* ၂၀၃ ရးနိဂီု ဂွံဒုင်စၟတ်သမ္တီ အောန်အိုတ် နကဵု ရးနိဂီုကောန်ဂကောံကုလသမဂ္ဂ။
* ၂ ရးနိဂီု ကိတ်ညဳ ကုတေသြရဳလလောင်တြးဗၠးၜး တုဲပၠန် ဂွံဒုင်စၟတ်သမ္တီ ဆရးနိဂီု သက္ကု-ကောန်ဂကောံကုလသမဂ္ဂ ဟေင်။
* ၁ ရးနိဂီု ကိတ်ညဳ ကုတေသြရဳလလောင်တြးဗၠးၜး ဆဂး ရးနိဂီုညးတၞဟ်လဵုလေဝ် ဟွံပစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ်။ 

ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဇရာဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ ပ္ဍဲကဝ်လာမ်လပါ်တဲပုင်ဂှ် နွံကဵု ဗိန္ဒုဂမၠိုင် မလဴထ္ၜး အကာဲအရာရးနိဂီုဂှ် ကေုာံ ရးနိဂီုဂှ် ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵု ရးမနွံကဵု အခေါင်ပကင်ရင်ဇကုအပိုင်တအ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲစရင်ဂှ် နွံကဵု

* ရးနိဂီု မနွံကဵု ပရေင်ဆက်ဆောမ် ကုရးနိဂီုသအာင်တၞဟ်
* ၂ ဒေသ မအုပ်ဓလီုလဝ် နကဵု ပါကိသတာန် မဒှ်ဒေသ ရးနိဂီုမနွံကဵု အခေါင်စၟိန်ပြမာန်လေဝ် ဟွံသေင်၊ ရးနိဂီုမနွံ သၟဝ်ရးနိဂီုညးတၞဟ်လေဝ် ဟွံသေင်၊ တုဲပၠန် နွံဒၟံင် အပ္ဍဲရးနိဂီုညးတၞဟ်မွဲလေဝ် ဟွံသေင် မဒှ်ဒေသ (ဝါ) ရးနိဂီု အဇြေတ် ကဿမဳယျာ (Azad Kashmir) ကဵု ဂိလ်ဂိတ်-ဗလ်တိသတာန် (Gilgit-Baltistan)
* ဒေသမနွံ အပ္ဍဲရးနိဂီုတၞဟ်။ 
* ရးနိဂီုလစှ်ေ မဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵုတင်လတုပ်စိုတ် သၞောဝ်ဂၠးကဝ်။

== စရင် ရးနိဂီုဂမၠိုင် ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:white; text-align:left;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:325pt;&quot;| ယၟုဓမ္မတာ ကေုာံ ယၟုပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ် နကဵု ဘာသာမန်
! style=&quot;width:325pt;&quot;| ယၟုဓမ္မတာ ကေုာံ ယၟုပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ် နကဵု ဘာသာအင်္ဂလိက်
! style=&quot;width:150pt;&quot;| ကောန်ဂကောံ ပ္ဍဲသၞောတ်ကုလသမဂ္ဂ {{efn|This column indicates whether or not a state is a member of the [[United Nations]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unms&quot;/&gt; It also indicates which non-member states participate in the [[United Nations System]] through membership in the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] or one of the [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialized agencies of the United Nations]]. All United Nations members belong to at least one specialized agency and are parties to the statute of the [[International Court of Justice]].}}
! style=&quot;width:150pt;&quot;| အဝဵုစၟိန်ပြမာန် မနွံကဵု တးပါဲ {{efn|This column indicates whether or not a state is the subject of a major sovereignty dispute. Only states whose entire sovereignty is disputed by another state are listed.}}
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| တင်ဂၞင် မဆေင်စပ် ကုကဆံင် မဂွံဒုင်စၟတ်သမ္တီ အဝဵုစၟိန်ပြမာန် {{efn|Information is included on:
* The extent to which a state's sovereignty is recognised internationally. More information can be found at [[List of states with limited recognition]],
* Membership in the [[European Union]],{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} where applicable,
* Any [[Dependent territory#Summary by country|dependencies]], if applicable, which are generally not part of the territory of the sovereign state,
* [[Federation|federal structure]] of the state, where applicable. More information can be found at [[Federated state]],
* Any [[List of autonomous areas by country|autonomous areas]] inside the territory of the sovereign state,
* Any situations where one person is the Head of State of more than one state,
* Any [[Government in exile|governments in exile]] recognised by at least one state.}}
|- style=&quot;background:Darkgrey;&quot;
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A AAA&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A AAA&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A AAA&lt;/span&gt;
|
|- style=&quot;background:Lightgrey;&quot;
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;↓ [[Member states of the United Nations|ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကူ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ]] and [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Present non-member observers|ရးနိဂီုမဂွံအခေါင်တိုန်စိုပ်လ္ၚတ် အသေမ်ဗလဳကုလသမဂ္ဂ]] ↓
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A AAA&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;
|
|-
&lt;!--This is not Abkhazia's entry, but just a link to the &quot;non-UN members&quot; part below. The &quot;UN member state&quot; text keeps this link in place when sorting; it is not visible.--&gt;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''အာဗ်ခေဇြဳယျာ (Abkhazia) → [[#Abkhazia|ရံင် စရင် အာဗ်ခေဇြဳယျာ]]''
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အဖဃာန္နိသတာန် - ရးနိဂီု သၟိင်အေဿလာမ်မေတ် အဖဃာန္နိသတာန်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Afghanistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Afghanistan}}''' - Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan&lt;!--Please leave this alone, consensus is WP:NPOV requires the name of the country here to simply be Afghanistan, without a flag. The situation is explained in the further information column.--&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}အလဵုအသဳ မသိမ်ကေတ်လဝ်အဝဵု ({{flag|Afghanistan|name= အလဵုအသဳ အေဿလာမ္မေတ် အဖဂါန္နိသတာန် (Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan)}}) ဂှ် ဟွံက္လိဂွံ စၟတ်သမ္တီ နူကဵု ရးနိဂီုတၞဟ်မွဲမွဲဏီရ။ နကဵု ကုလသမဂ္ဂဂှ် ဆက်တုဲ စၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ် အလဵုအသဳ သမ္မတ အေဿလာမ္မေတ် အဖဃာန္နိသတာန် ({{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}) နဒဒှ် အလဵုအသဳ အဖဂါန္နိသတာန် ဖိုဟ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;akhund2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=7 September 2021|title=Taliban announce new government for Afghanistan|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Seats_Denied&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=1 December 2021|title=U.N. Seats Denied, for Now, to Afghanistan's Taliban and Myanmar's Junta|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/world/americas/united-nations-taliban-myanmar.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အာလ်ဗနဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အာလ်ဗနဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Albania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Albania}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Albania
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အာလ်ဂျေရဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဒဳမဝ်ကရေတ္တေတ် ညးရးဍုင်ကွာန် အာလ်ဂျေရဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Algeria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Algeria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အာန္ဒောရ်ရာ''' - ရးနိဂီုဥပ္ပရာဇာ အာန္ဒောရ်ရာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Andorra&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Andorra}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Principality of Andorra
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}အာန္ဒောရ်ရာ ဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုဥပ္ပရာဇာ မပံင်တောဲ ဥပဓိရးနိဂီု ကုသမ္မတပြင်သေတ်၊ တုဲပၠန် သၟိင်သင် ကာတ္တလေတ်ရဝ်မ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/992562.stm#leaders |title=Andorra country profile |work=BBC News |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215064605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/992562.stm#leaders |archive-date=15 February 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အင်္ဂေါလာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အင်္ဂေါလာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Angola&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Angola}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Angola
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အာန္တိဂူ ကု ဗါဗူဒါ'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Antigua and Barbuda&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}Antigua and Barbuda is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;|Commonwealth realm refers to any member state of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] whose head of state is King [[Charles III]]. Each realm is separate, independent, and a sovereign state; see [[Commonwealth realm#Relationship of the realms|Relationship of the realms]].}} with one autonomous region, [[Barbuda]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;|For more information on divisions with a high degree of autonomy, see [[List of autonomous areas by country]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Government of Antigua and Barbuda
 |title        = Chapter 44: The Barbuda Local Government Act
 |work         = Laws of Antigua and Barbuda
 |url          = http://www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-44.pdf
 |access-date  = 10 November 2010
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706071022/http://www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-44.pdf
 |archive-date = 6 July 2011
 |url-status   = dead
 |df           = dmy-all
 |accessdate   = 10 November 2022
 |archivedate  = 6 July 2011
 |archiveurl   = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706071022/http://www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-44.pdf
}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
| '''အာဂျေန္တဳနာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အာဂျေန္တဳနာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Argentina&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Argentina}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Argentine Republic{{efn|The Argentine Constitution (Art. 35) recognises the following denominations for Argentina: &quot;United Provinces of the Río de la Plata&quot;, &quot;Argentine Republic&quot; and &quot;Argentine Confederation&quot;; furthermore, it establishes the usage of &quot;Argentine Nation&quot; for purposes of legislation.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}} အာဂျေန္တဳနာဂှ် ဒှ်ကၟိန်ရးနိဂီုဖေဒ္ဒရာတုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵု ရး ၂၃ ကဵု ၁ ရးနိဂီုမအုပ်ဓုပ်အပိုင်။{{efn|name=&quot;ArgentineAntarctica&quot;|Argentina's [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic territory of ''[[Argentine Antarctica]]'' (''Antártida Argentina'') is one of five constituent [[Departments of Argentina|departments]] of the province [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.patagonia-argentina.com/en/tierradelfuego/|title=Tierra del Fuego and Antarctica|website=Patagonia-Argentina|access-date=September 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[အာမေနဳယျာ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အမေနဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Armenia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Armenia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Armenia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot;|ဟွံဂွံဒုင်သမ္တီ နကဵု ပါကိသတာန်
{{extent}}အာမေနဳယျာဂှ် ဟွံဂွံဒုင်စၟတ်သမ္တီ နကဵုပါကိသတာန် ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ပြသၞာကောန်ဂကူ [[#Artsakh|Artsakh]]။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf|title=Pakistan Worldview, Report 21, Visit to Azerbaijan|publisher=Senate of Pakistan Foreign Relations Committee|date=2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219074354/http://foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2009|accessdate=10 November 2022|archivedate=19 February 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219074354/http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.today.az/news/politics/30102.html Nilufer Bakhtiyar: &quot;For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognise Armenia as a country&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813064453/http://www.today.az/news/politics/30102.html |date=13 August 2011 }} 13 September 2006 [14:03] – Today.Az&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.az/articles/armenia/86325|title=Pakistan the only country not recognizing Armenia – envoy|publisher=News.Az|date=5 February 2014|access-date=17 February 2014|quote=We are the only country not recognizing Armenia as a state.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223095734/http://news.az/articles/armenia/86325|archive-date=23 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Artsakh → [[#Artsakh|See Artsakh listing]]''
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သြသ္တြာလဳယျာ''' - ဓနသဟာယ သြသ္တြာလဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Australia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Australia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Commonwealth of Australia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}သြသ္တြာလဳယျာ ဂှ် ဒှ်ရးဓနသဟာယ ကေုာံ သၞောတ်ဖေဒ္ဒရာ မဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵု ရးဂမၠိုင် ကေုာံ ဒေသဂမၠိုင်ရ။ သီုဖအိုတ် နွံ တြဴ ရး၊ ပိ ဒေသအပ္ဍဲရးနိဂီု ကေုာံ တြဴ ဒေသမ္ၚးရးနိဂီု ကေုာံ မွဲ ကမြေက်အာန္တာတိစ် ဒေသမ္ၚးရးနိဂီု။ ဒေသမ္ၚးရးနိဂီု သြသ္တြာလဳယျာ ဂှ် -

* တကအ်အသမောရ် ကဵု ခါတဳယျာ ({{noflag|Ashmore and Cartier Islands}})
* တကအ်ခရေတ်သမာတ် ({{flag|Christmas Island}})
* တကအ်ကဝ်ကဝ် ({{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}})
* ဒေသတကအ်ၜဳကဝ်ရာ ({{noflag|Coral Sea Islands Territory}})
* တကအ်ဟာဒ် ကဵု တကအ်မက်ဒဝ်နေလ် ({{noflag|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}})
* တကအ်နဝ်သွောက် ({{flag|Norfolk Island}}
* ဒေသအာန္တာတိစ် သြသ္တြာလဳယျာ ''{{noflag|Australian Antarctic Territory}}''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သြသ္တြဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သြသ္တြဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Austria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Austria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Austria
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}} ကောန်ဂကောံသမဂ္ဂဥရောပ၊{{efn|The member states of the [[European Union]] have transferred part of their sovereignty in the form of legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU, which is an example of [[supranational union]]. The EU has 27 member states.&lt;ref&gt;[http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/eu_members/index_en.htm Europa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518074450/http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/eu_members/index_en.htm |date=18 May 2011 }}, retrieved 28 February 2011&lt;/ref&gt;|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} အဝ်သတြဳယျာဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုသၞောတ်ဖေဒ္ဒရာ မနွံကဵု ဒစိတ်ရး။
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အာဇြာဗါဲဂျာန်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အာဇြာဗါဲဂျာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Azerbaijan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Azerbaijan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Azerbaijan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}အာဇြာဗါဲဂျာန် နွံကဵု ဒေသပကင်ရင်အပိုင် မွဲ - နခ်ချိဝါန် (Nakhchivan) {{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}} ရးအာသေခ် (Artsakh) ဒက်ပ္တန်ပတိုန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကရေက်လပါ်နေရတိ မွဲ။ 
|-
| '''ဗဟမာသ်''' - ဓနသဟာယ ဗဟမာသ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Bahamas&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bahamas|name=Bahamas, The}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Commonwealth of The Bahamas&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bahamas, The {{!}} The Commonwealth|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/bahamas|website=thecommonwealth.org|date=15 August 2013|access-date=12 March 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309082734/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/bahamas|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}} ဗဟမာသ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ရးဓနသဟာယမွဲရ။{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
| '''ဗါရုင်''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် ဗါရုင်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Bahrain&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bahrain}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Bahrain
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ဗင်္ဂလာဒေသ်]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ညးဍုင်ကွာန် ဗင်္ဂလာဒေသ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Bangladesh&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bangladesh}}'''&amp;nbsp;– People's Republic of Bangladesh
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗါဗေဒေါသ်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Barbados&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Barbados}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗေလရုသ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဗေလရုသ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Belarus&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Belarus}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Belarus
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}} ကြဴနူ သဘင်မာဲသၞာံ ၂၀၂၀ ဂှ်တုဲ ရးနိဂီုဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဟွံစၟတ်သမ္တီ Alexander Lukashenko နဒဒှ် သမ္မတ။ ရးနိဂီုလိတ္ထိုယ်နဳယျာ စၟတ်သမ္တီ Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya နဒဒှ် အလဵုအသဳရးနိဂီုဗေလရုသ်။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |author1-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Lithuania) |title=Lithuanian Foreign Ministry's statement on the situation in Belarus |url=https://www.mfa.lt/default/en/news/lithuanian-foreign-ministrys-statement-on-the-situation-in-belarus |access-date=14 March 2022 |date=23 September 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗေလ်ဂျဳယာမ်''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် ဗေလ်ဂျဳယာမ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Belgium&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Belgium}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Belgium
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကောံ အဳယူ။{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} ဗေလ်ဂျဳယာမ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုဖေဒ္ဒရာ မဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵုဂကောံဂကူအရေဝ်ပိဘာသာ ကေုာံ ဒေသပိ။ 
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗေလိဇ်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Belize&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Belize}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Belize is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗေနိန်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဗေနိန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Benin&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Benin}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Benin
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဘူတာန်''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် ဘူတာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Bhutan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bhutan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Bhutan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗဝ်လိဝဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုဗဟုနဂရ ဗဝ်လိဝဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Bolivia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bolivia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Plurinational State of Bolivia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗဝ်သနဳယျာ ကု ဟေရ်ဇြေဂဝ်ဝဳနာ'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Bosnia and Herzegovina&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ဗဝ်သနဳယျာ ကဵု ဟေရ်ဇြေဂဝ်ဝဳနာဂှ် နွံကဵု သၞောဝ်ရးနိဂီုၜါ Bosnia and Herzegovina has two constituent ''entities'':

* ရးနိဂီုဖေဒ္ဒရာ ဗဝ်သနဳယျာ ကဵု ဟေရ်ဇြေဂဝ်ဝဳနာ {{noflag|[[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]}}
* ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သာဗဳယျာ {{flag|Republika Srpska}}

ကေုာံ ခရိုင်ဗြိတ်ချ်ကဝ် (Brčko District) မဒှ်ခရိုင် မနွံကဵု အဝဵုပကင်ရင်အပိုင်။&lt;ref name=&quot;Stjepanović2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Dual Substate Citizenship as Institutional Innovation: The Case of Bosnia's Brčko District |journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics |date=2015 |pages=382–383 |first=Dejan |last=Stjepanović |volume=21 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/13537113.2015.1095043 |s2cid=146578107 |issn=1353-7113 |eissn=1557-2986 |oclc=5927465455 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗောတ်သွာနာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဗောတ်သွာနာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Botswana&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Botswana}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Botswana
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗြာဇြိလ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတဖေဒ္ဒရာ ဗြာဇြိလ် 
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Brazil&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Brazil}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federative Republic of Brazil
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}} ဗြာဇြိလ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုသၞောတ်ဖေဒ္ဒရာ မနွံကဵု တွဵုရး ၂၆ ကေုာံ ခရိုင်ဖေဒ္ဒရာမွဲ။
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗြူနာယ်''' - ဗြူနာယ် ဒရုဿလာမ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Brunei&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Brunei}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Brunei Darussalam
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗူလ်ဂါရိယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဗူလ်ဂါရိယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Bulgaria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Bulgaria
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကောံအဳယူ{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗူကဳဏး သွာသဝ်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Burkina Faso&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Burkina Faso}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Burma → [[#Myanmar|See Myanmar listing]]''
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗူရုန္ဒဳ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဗူရန်ဒဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Burundi&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Burundi}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Burundi
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ကမ္ဗောဒဳယျာ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် ကမ္ဗောဒဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Cambodia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cambodia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Cambodia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ခမေရောန်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ခမေရောန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Cameroon&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cameroon}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Cameroon
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ခနဒါ''' - 
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Canada&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Canada}}'''{{efn|The legal name for Canada is the sole word; an officially sanctioned, though disused, name is Dominion of Canada (which includes its legal title); see: [[Name of Canada]], [[Dominion]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}} ခနဒါ ဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုဂကောံဓနသဟာယ{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} တုဲပၠန် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီု မဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵုသၞောတ်ဖေဒ္ဒရာ မနွံကဵု စှ်ရး ကေုာံ ပိဒေသ။ 
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ခေပ်ဝေရ်ဒါ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ခေပ်ဝေရ်ဒါ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Cape Verde&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cape Verde}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Cabo Verde{{efn|The government of Cape Verde declared &quot;Cabo Verde&quot; to be the official English name of the country in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/12/131212-maps-cabo-verde-cartography-science-cape-verde-africa/|title=Cape Verde Gets New Name: 5 Things to Know About How Maps Change|author=Tanya Basu|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|date=14 December 2013|access-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020000546/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/12/131212-maps-cabo-verde-cartography-science-cape-verde-africa/|archive-date=20 October 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ လဒေါဝ်အဖရိက'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Central African Republic&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Central African Republic}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ချာဒ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ချာဒ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Chad&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Chad}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Chad
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ချဳလေ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ချဳလေ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Chile&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Chile}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Chile
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}} ချဳလေ နွံကဵု ဒေသတၟေင်မွဲ မကော်ဂး တကအ်အိဿ္တာ [[Easter Island]]။{{efn|name=&quot;ChileanAntarctic&quot;|Chile's [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic territory of the ''[[Chilean Antarctic Territory|Chilean Antarctic]]'' (''Antártica Chilena'') is a [[Communes of Chile|commune]] of the [[Antártica Chilena Province]] of the [[Magallanes Region]].}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ကြုက်]]''' ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတညးဍုင်ကွာန် ကြုက်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;China&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|China}}'''&amp;nbsp;– People's Republic of China{{efn|name=&quot;ChinaTaiwan&quot;|The [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) is commonly referred to as &quot;China&quot;, while the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC) is commonly referred to as &quot;Taiwan&quot;. The ROC is also occasionally known diplomatically as [[Chinese Taipei]], or by another [[Abbreviation of Republic of China|alternative name]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |ရးနိဂီုဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဟွံစၟတ်သမ္တီ၊ စၞးဂှ် ညးတအ် စၟတ်သမ္တီ ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတကြုက်
[[Foreign relations of China#International recognition of the People's Republic of China|Partially unrecognised]]. {{claimedby|ROC}}
{{extent}}ရးနိဂီုကြုက်ဂှ် ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵု ဒေသပကင်ရင်အပိုင် မသုန် မတွဟ်ဂး ဂွာန်သဳ (Guangxi)၊ အေန်နာမောန်ဂဝ်လဳယျာ (Inner Mongolia)၊ နေင်ရှ (Ningxia)၊ တိဗေတ် (Tibet)၊ ကေုာံ ရှေန်ဂျင် (Xinjiang)။{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}} ပါဲနူဂှ်တုဲ ဒေသမနွံကဵု အဝဵုစၟိန်ပြမာန်တၟေင် ၜါ 

* ဟံင်ကံင် {{flag|Hong Kong}}
* မခဴ {{flag|Macao}}

ထာဲဝါန် ဂှ် နကဵုရးနိဂီုကြုင် ၜိုန်ရ ဟီု မဒှ်တကအ် သၟဝ်ဇကုကီုလေဝ်၊ အဝဵုသြဇာကြုက် ဟွံလုပ်စိုပ် ပ္ဍဲထာဲဝါန်။{{efn|name=&quot;TAI2&quot;|In 1949, the Republic of China government led by the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) lost the [[Chinese Civil War]] to the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) and set up a provisional capital in [[Taipei]]. The CCP established the PRC. As such, the [[political status of Taiwan|political status of the ROC and legal status of Taiwan]] (alongside the [[Free area of the Republic of China|territories]] under ROC jurisdiction) are in dispute. In 1971, the United Nations gave the [[China and the United Nations|China seat]] to the PRC. In the view of the United Nations, no member of the organisation withdrew as a consequence of this but the ROC representatives declared that they were withdrawing. Most states recognise the PRC to be the [[One-China policy|sole legitimate representative]] of all China, and the UN classifies Taiwan as &quot;[[Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China|Taiwan, Province of China]]&quot;. The ROC has de facto relations with most sovereign states. A significant political movement within Taiwan advocates [[Taiwan independence movement|Taiwan independence]].}}

ရးနိဂီုမဒှ်ကောန်ဂကောံကုလသမဂ္ဂ ၁၄ ရးနိဂီု သီုကဵု ရးနိဂီုဝါတိခေန် (Vatican City) ဂှ် ဟွံစၟတ်သမ္တီ ရးနိဂီုကြုက်၊ စၞး ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတညးရးနိဂီုကွာန်ကြုက်ဂှ် ညးတအ် ပစၟတ်သမ္တီ ရးနိဂီုသမ္မကြုက် (ထာဲဝါန်)။ {{efn|See also [[Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China]] and [[Foreign relations of China]].}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''China, Republic of → [[#Taiwan|See Taiwan listing]]''
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ခဝ်လောမ္ဗဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ခဝ်လောမ္ဗဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Colombia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Colombia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Colombia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ခဝ်မဝ်ရောသ်''' - သဟရး ခဝ်မဝ်ရောသ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Comoros&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Comoros}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Union of the Comoros
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}} ခဝ်မဝ်ရောသ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုသၞောတ်ဖေဒ္ဒရာ မဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵု တကအ် ပိတကအ်။{{efn|name=&quot;federal&quot;|More information on more or less [[federation|federal]] structures can be found at a [[List of federations]].&lt;ref&gt;Constitution of Comoros, Art. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ခေါန်ဂေါ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတဒဳမဝ်ကရေတ်တေတ် ခေါန်ဂေါ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Congo, Democratic Republic of the&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo|name=Congo, Democratic Republic of the}}'''{{efn|Also known as Congo-Kinshasa. Formerly referred to as [[Zaire]], its official name from 1971 to 1997.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
| '''ခေါန်ဂေါ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ခေါန်ဂေါ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Congo, Republic of the&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Republic of the Congo|name=Congo, Republic of the}}'''{{efn|Also known as Congo-Brazzaville.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Cook Islands → [[#Cook Islands|See Cook Islands listing]]''
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ခေါဿ္တာရဳခါ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ခေါဿ္တာရဳခါ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Costa Rica&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Costa Rica}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Costa Rica
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Côte d'Ivoire → [[#Ivory Coast|See Ivory Coast listing]]''
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ခြဝ်အေရှာ''' – ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ခြဝ်အေရှာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Croatia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Croatia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Croatia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကောံအဳယူ{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဂျူဗါ''' – ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဂျူဗါ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Cuba&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cuba}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Cuba
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သဳပြုသ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သဳပြုသ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Cyprus&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cyprus}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Cyprus
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |ဟွံဂွံ ဒုင်စၟတ်သမ္တီ နကဵုတူရကဳ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/07/07/kakouris.cyprus/|publisher=CNN|title=Cyprus is not at peace with Turkey|author=Andreas S. Kakouris|date=9 July 2010|access-date=17 May 2014|quote=Turkey stands alone in violation of the will of the international community. It is the only country to recognize the &quot;TRNC&quot; and is the only country that does not recognize the Republic of Cyprus and its government.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518074323/http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/07/07/kakouris.cyprus/|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- and [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]]{{cn|date=17 May 2014}} --&gt;
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကောံအဳယူ{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} တကအ်ကရေက်လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုဒဳဖက်တဝ်သဳပြုသ် (the de facto state of [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]])။
သဳပြုသ်ဂှ် ဟွံဂွံဒုင်စၟတ်သမ္တီ ကုတူရကဳ၊ ဟိုတ်နူကဵု တူရကဳ စၟတ်သမ္တီ သဳပြုသ်သၟဝ်ကျာ။
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ချေခ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတချေခ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Czech Republic&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Czech Republic}}'''{{efn|An official short name in English has been adopted by the Czech government, &quot;''Czechia''&quot;. This variant remains uncommon, but has been adopted by several companies and organisations including the United Nations. See [[Name of the Czech Republic]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကောံအဳယူ{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Democratic People's Republic of Korea → [[#Korea North|See Korea, North listing]]''
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Democratic Republic of the Congo → [[#Congo, Democratic Republic of the|See Congo, Democratic Republic of the listing]]''
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ဒေန်မက်]]''' - ရးနိဂီု မရာဇ် ဒေန်မက်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Denmark&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Denmark}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Denmark
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကောံအဳယူ{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} ရးနိဂီုဨကရာဇ် ဒေန်မက်ဂှ် ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵု ဒေသပကင်ရင်အပိုင် ၂  
* တကအ်သွဴအဝ် {{flag|Faroe Islands}}
* ဂရိန်လာန် {{flag|Greenland}}
ရးနိဂီုဨကရာဇ်ဂှ် ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵုဥပဒေသဇိုင် ပိရးနိဂီု မတွဟ်ဂး ဒေသဂြိုဟ်ဒေသ ဒေန်မက်၊ တကအ်သွဴအဝ် ကေုာံ ဂရိန်လာန်။{{efn|The designation &quot;Denmark&quot; can refer either to metropolitan Denmark or to the entire Danish Realm (for example in international organizations).}} ရးနိဂီုဨကရာဇ် ဒေန်မက် သီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုကောန်ဂကောံအဳယူ၊ ဆဂး သၞောဝ်အဳယူ (ပ္ဍဲကိစ္စတၟေင် လ္ၚဵု)တအ်ဂှ် ဟွံဆက်စပ် ကုတကအ်သွဴအဝ် ကေုာံ ဂရိန်လာန်။ မိက်ဂွံတီလှဲလှဲလးလးမ္ဂး လုပ်ဗှ်ကေတ် ပ္ဍဲမုက်လိက် [[Greenland and the European Union]]၊ ကေုာံ [[Faroe Islands and the European Union]] ညိ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stm.dk/_p_12710.html |title=Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands : No. 137 of March 23, 1948 |website=Statsministeriat |location=Copenhagen |access-date=20 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910005827/http://www.stm.dk/_p_12710.html |archive-date=10 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stm.dk/_p_12712.html |title=The Greenland Home Rule Act : Act No. 577 of 29 November 1978 |website=Statsministeriat |location=Copenhagen |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214060548/http://www.stm.dk/_p_12712.html |archive-date=14 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဂျဳဗဝ်တဳ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဂျဳဗဝ်တဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Djibouti&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Djibouti}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Djibouti
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဒဝ်မိနိခါ''' - ရးနိဂီုဓနသဟာယ ဒဝ်မိနိခါ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Dominica&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Dominica}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Commonwealth of Dominica
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဒဝ်မိနိခါန်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Dominican Republic&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Dominican Republic}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''တဳမောရ်ဗမံက်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဒဳမဝ်ကရေတ် တဳမောရ်-လာဿတေ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;East Timor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|East Timor}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste{{efn|The government of East Timor uses &quot;Timor-Leste&quot; as the official English name of the country.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အက်ကွာဒေါရ်''' – ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အက်ကွာဒေါရ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Ecuador&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ecuador}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Ecuador
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အဳဂျိပ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတအာရာပ် အဳဂျိပ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Egypt&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Egypt}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Arab Republic of Egypt
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သလွာဒေါရ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သလွာဒေါရ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;El Salvador&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|El Salvador}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of El Salvador
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အက်ကွာတဝ်ရဳယျလ် ဂိနဳ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အက်ကွာတဝ်ရဳယျလ် ဂိနဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Equatorial Guinea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Equatorial Guinea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အဳရိတြဳယျာ''' – ရးနိဂီု အဳရိတြဳယျာ 
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Eritrea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Eritrea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Eritrea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အေဿတဝ်နဳယျာ''' – ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အေဿတဝ်နဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Estonia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Estonia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Estonia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကောံအဳယူ{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အေဿွတဳနဳ''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် အေဿွတဳနဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Eswatini&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Eswatini}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Eswatini{{efn|Formerly referred to as the Kingdom of Swaziland, its official name until 2018.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အဳထဳအဝ်ပဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဖေဒ္ဒရာ ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ အဳထဳအဝ်ပဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Ethiopia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ethiopia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}အဳထဳအဝ်ပဳယျာဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုသၞောတ်ဖေဒ္ဒရာ မဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵု ထပှ်ဒေသ ကေုာံ နာဂရၜါ။
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သွဳဇဳ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သွဳဇဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Fiji&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Fiji}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Fiji
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}} သွဳဇဳဂှ် နွံကဵု ဒေသပကင်ရင်အပိုင်မွဲ၊ ရဝ်တူမာ (Rotuma)။{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
 | title = Laws of Fiji
 | place = Suva, Fiji
 | publisher = Government of Fiji
 | year = 1927
 | edition = 1978
 | chapter = Rotuma Act
 | chapter-url = http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html
 | access-date = 10 July 2010
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621140255/http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html |archive-date=21 June 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Government of Fiji, Office of the Prime Minister
 |title        = Chapter 122: Rotuma Act
 |work         = Laws of Fiji
 |publisher    = [[University of the South Pacific]]
 |year         = 1978
 |url          = http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ra103/
 |access-date  = 10 November 2010
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110301163146/http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ra103/
 |archive-date = 1 March 2011
 |url-status   = live
 |df           = dmy-all
 |accessdate   = 10 November 2022
 |archivedate  = 1 March 2011
 |archiveurl   = https://web.archive.org/web/20110301163146/http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ra103/
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သွိန်လာန်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သွိန်လာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Finland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Finland}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Finland
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကောံအဳယူ{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}

* အောအ်လာန် {{flag|Åland}} ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒေသပကင်ရင်အပိုင် မမံင်လဒေါဝ် ကေုာံ မသက္ကုဒပ်ပၞာန် ရးနိဂီုသွိန်လာန်။{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}{{efn|[[Åland]] was demilitarised by the [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1856, which was later affirmed by the [[League of Nations]] in 1921, and in a somewhat different context reaffirmed in the treaty on Finland's admission to the European Union in 1995.}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ပြင်သေတ်]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ပြင်သေတ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;France&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|France}}'''&amp;nbsp;– French Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကောံအဳယူ{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} ပြင်သေတ်ဂှ် နွံကဵု ဒေသဇမ္ၚောဲ မသုန် - [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Mayotte]], ကေုာံ [[Réunion]]။ တုဲပၠန် ဒေသဇမ္ၚောဲ ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံလေဝ် တၞီလုပ်လၟိဟ် ပြင်သေတ်ကီုရ။

* {{noflag|[[Clipperton Island]]}}
* {{flag|French Polynesia}}
* {{flag|New Caledonia}}
* {{noflag|[[Saint Barthélemy]]}}
* {{noflag|[[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]]}}
* {{noflag|[[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]}}
* {{noflag|[[Wallis and Futuna]]}}
* {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}{{efn|name=&quot;Adélie&quot;|France's [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic territory of ''[[Adélie Land]]'' (''Terre Adélie'') is one of five constituent districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဂဗောန်''' – ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဂဗောန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Gabon&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Gabon}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Gabonese Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|[[ဂါမ္ဗဳယျာ]] – ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဂါမ္ဗဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Gambia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Gambia|name=Gambia, The}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of The Gambia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Gambia profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13376517|website=BBC News|access-date=12 March 2018|date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311064543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13376517|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဂျရ်ဂျဳယျာ''' - 
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Georgia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Georgia (country)|name=Georgia}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ဂျရ်ဂျဳယျာဂှ် ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵု ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတပကင်ရင်အပိုင် ၜါ၊ [[Adjara]] ကဵု [[Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia|Abkhazia]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}} ပ္ဍဲ [[#Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] ကဵု [[#South Ossetia|South Ossetia]]ဂှ် ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် ရးနိဂီုဒဳသွက်တဝ် ''de facto''။
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ဂျာမနဳ]]''' – ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတဖေဒ္ဒရာ ဂျာမနဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Germany&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Germany}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Republic of Germany
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကောံ အဳယူ။{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} ဂျာမနဳဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုဖေဒ္ဒရာ မနွံကဵု ၁၆ တွဵုရး။
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဂါနာ''' – ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဂါနာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Ghana&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ghana}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Ghana
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဂရိတ်''' ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဂရိတ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Greece&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Greece}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Hellenic Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကောံ အဳယူ{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} ဂရိန်ဂှ် နွံကဵု ဒေသပကင်ရင်အပိုင်မွဲ- [[Mount Athos]]။&lt;ref&gt;Constitution of Greece, Art. 105.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဂြေန္နာဒါ'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Grenada&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Grenada}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ဂြေန္နာဒါဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုဂကောံရးဓနသဟာယ{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဂွာတေမာလာ'''- ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဂွာတေမာလာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Guatemala&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Guatemala}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Guatemala
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဂိနဳ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဂိနဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Guinea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Guinea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Guinea{{efn|Also known as Guinea-Conakry.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဂိနဳ-ဗိဿဴ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဂိနဳ-ဗိဿဴ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Guinea-Bissau&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Guinea-Bissau
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဂါဲယျာဏာ'''- ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတပံင်ကောံ ဂါဲယျာဏာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Guyana&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Guyana}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Co-operative Republic of Guyana
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဟာဲတဳ''' – ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဟာဲတဳ 
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Haiti&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Haiti}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Haiti
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Holland → [[#Netherlands|See the Netherlands listing]]''
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Holy See → [[#Vatican City|See Vatican City listing]]''
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဟောန်ဂျာရာသ်'''- ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဟောန်ဂျာရာသ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Honduras&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Honduras}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Honduras
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဟင်္ဂေရဳ'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Hungary&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Hungary}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကောံ အဳယူ{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[အာက်သလာန်]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အာက်သလာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Iceland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Iceland}}'''{{efn|name=&quot;Republic&quot;|While sometimes referred to as the &quot;Republic of Iceland&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281235/Iceland|title=Iceland - Culture, History, &amp; People|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718220132/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281235/Iceland|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP54_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%202011.pdf |title=Working Paper No. 54 : UNGEGN list of country names (Prepared by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names) |location=Vienna |date=May 2011 |access-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023432/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP54_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%202011.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |website=unstats.un.org }}&lt;/ref&gt; and sometimes its counterpart ''Lýðveldið Ísland'' in Icelandic, the official name of the country is simply &quot;Iceland&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=54970|title=Hvert er formlegt heiti landsins okkar?|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722022935/http://visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=54970|archive-date=22 July 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; One example of the former is the name of the [[Constitution of Iceland]], which in Icelandic is ''Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands'' and literally means &quot;the Constitution of the republic of Iceland&quot;. However, note that in this usage &quot;republic&quot; is not capitalised.}} – Republic of Iceland
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[အိန္ဒိယ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အိန္ဒိယ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;India&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|India}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of India
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}အိန္ဒိယဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုဖေဒ္ဒရာ မနွံကဵု ၂၈ တွဵုရး ကေုာံ ၈ ဒေသကၟိန်ရးနိဂီု။ 
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အိန္ဒောနေရှာ''' – ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အိန္ဒောနေသဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Indonesia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Indonesia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Indonesia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}အိန္ဒောနေသဳယျာ နွံကဵု ၈ ရးပကင်ရင်အပိုင် [[အာဆေ]], [[ဂျာကာတာ]], [[ပါပဴလဒေါဝ်]], [[ပါပဴကုန်သမၠုင်]], [[ပါပဴ]], [[ပါပဴသၟဝ်ကျာ]], [[ပါပဴပလိုတ်]], ကေုာံ [[ယောဂျာကာတာ]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[အဳရာန်]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတအေဿလာမ္မေတ် အဳရာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Iran&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Iran}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Iran
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[အဳရက်]]''' – ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတအဳရက်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Iraq&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Iraq}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Iraq
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}အဳရက် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုဖေဒ္ဒရာ{{efn|name=&quot;federal&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/20704/11332732681iraqi_constitution_en.pdf/iraqi_constitution_en.pdf Iraqi constitution] {{webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518175432/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/20704/11332732681iraqi_constitution_en.pdf/iraqi_constitution_en.pdf |date=18 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; မနွံကဵု ၁၉ အလဵုအသဳဒေသ၊ ၄ အပ္ဍဲကဵု ၁၉ ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒေသပကင်ရင်အပိုင် ကူဒေဿတာန်{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အာဲရေလာန်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Ireland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ireland}}'''{{efn|&quot;Ireland&quot; is the official name of the country in English. &quot;Republic of Ireland&quot; (the official ''description'' in English) and &quot;Éire&quot; (the official name in Irish) have sometimes been used unofficially to distinguish the state from the larger [[Ireland|island of Ireland]], however, this is officially deprecated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=Journal of British Studies |volume=46 |pages=72–90 |number=1 |date=January 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press on behalf of The North American Conference on British Studies |doi=10.1086/508399 |jstor=10.1086/508399 |title=The Irish Free State/Éire/Republic of Ireland/Ireland: &quot;A Country by Any Other Name&quot;? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-british-studies_2007-01_46_1/page/72 |last=Daly |first=Mary E. |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; See [[names of the Irish state]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကူ အဳယူ{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[အေဿရေလ်]]''' - ရးနိဂီုအေဿရေလ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Israel&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Israel}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Israel
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |[[International recognition of Israel|ရးနိဂီုဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဟွံစၟတ်သမ္တီ]]
{{extent}}အေဿရေလ် ဂ္စာန်ဓလီုဒၟံင် ဒေသပကင်ရင် ပါလေဿတာင်။ ပါလေဿတာင် ကရေက်ရးနိဂီုဂျေရုသလေန် လပါ်ဗၟံက်ဂှ် အေဿရေလ် လုပ်သီကေတ်လဝ်၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm|title=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel|website=www.knesset.gov.il|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905144734/http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm|archive-date=5 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; an act not recognised by the international community.&lt;ref name=dis&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |title=Disputes: International |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514215411/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |accessdate=10 November 2022 |archivedate=14 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514215411/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲဒေသ သြင်လပါ်ပလိုတ် မကော်ဂး West Bank ဂှ် အေဿရေလ် ထိင်ဂွံ ၜိုတ်ဒးရး၊ ဒေသဂါဇာ Gaza Strip ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ပၞာန်တုဲဒှ်အာ ဟီုကီုလေဝ် အဝဵုအေဿရေလ် ဟွံအိုတ်အာ နူဒေသဂှ်ဏီရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |last         = Bell
 |first        = Abraham
 |title        = International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense
 |work         = Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 7, No. 29
 |publisher    = Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
 |date         = 28 January 2008
 |url          = http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm
 |access-date  = 16 July 2010
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm
 |archive-date = 21 June 2010
 |url-status   = live
 |df           = dmy-all
 |accessdate   = 10 November 2022
 |archivedate  = 21 June 2010
 |archiveurl   = https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | last = Salih
 | first = Zak M.
 | title = Panelists Disagree Over Gaza's Occupation Status
 | publisher = [[University of Virginia School of Law]]
 | date = 17 November 2005
 | url = http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm
 | access-date = 16 July 2010
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm
 | archive-date = 3 March 2016
 | url-status = dead
 | df = dmy-all
 | accessdate = 10 November 2022
 | archivedate = 3 March 2016
 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |title        = Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation
 |publisher    = Human Rights Watch
 |date         = 29 October 2004
 |url          = https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm
 |access-date   = 16 July 2010
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20081101210931/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm
 |archive-date = 1 November 2008
 |url-status   = live
 |df           = dmy-all
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=occ&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&amp;pg=PA429|page=429|first=Andrew|last=Sanger|title=The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla|journal=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2010|volume=13|editor=M.N. Schmitt |editor2=Louise Arimatsu |editor3=Tim McCormack|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|date=2011|isbn=978-90-6704-811-8|quote=It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.|doi=10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14|series=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law}}&lt;br /&gt;* {{cite book|title=International Law and the Classification of Conflicts|editor=Elizabeth Wilmshurst|first=Iain|last=Scobbie|author-link=Iain Scobbie|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2012|isbn=978-0-19-965775-9|page=295|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM90Xp03uuEC&amp;pg=PA295|quote=Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.}}&lt;br /&gt;* {{cite book|title=Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships|first=Michelle|last= Gawerc|publisher=Lexington Books|date=2012|isbn=9780739166109|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&amp;pg=PA44|quote= In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied.}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Israel is not recognised as a state by [[International recognition of Israel|28 UN members]] and the [[#SADR|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]. The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], recognised by a majority of ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂs as the representative of the Palestinian people, [[Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition|recognised Israel in 1993]]. 
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[အဳတလဳ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အဳတလဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Italy&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Italy}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Italian Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}ကောန်ဂကောံ အဳယူ{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} အဳတလဳဂှ် နွံကဵု ဒေသပကင်ရင်အပိုင် ၅ [[Aosta Valley]], [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]] ကေုာံ [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အဳဝဝ်ရဳ ကောတ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ကဝ်တေအဳဝဝ်ရဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Ivory Coast&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ivory Coast}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Côte d'Ivoire{{efn|The government of Ivory Coast uses &quot;Côte d'Ivoire&quot; as the official English name of the country.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဇမိကာ'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Jamaica&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Jamaica}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}Jamaica is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဇပါန်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Japan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Japan}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဇောရ်ဒါန်''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် ဂျောရ်ဒါန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Jordan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Jordan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ကဇြေခ်သတာန်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ကဇြေခ်သတာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Kazakhstan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kazakhstan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Kazakhstan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ကေန်ညာ]]''' -ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ကေန်ညာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Kenya&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kenya}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Kenya
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ခဳရဳဗတဳ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ခဳရဳဗတဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Kiribati&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kiribati}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Kiribati
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ကဝ်ရေယျာ သၟဝ်ကျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဒဳမဝ်ကရေတ္တေတ် ညးဍုင်ကွာန် ကဝ်ရေယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Korea North&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|North Korea|name=Korea, North}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Democratic People's Republic of Korea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|SKOREA}}
{{extent}} ကဝ်ရေယျာ သၟဝ်ကျာဂှ် ဟွံဂွံစၟတ်သမ္တီ ရးနိဂီုကောန်ဂကောံကုလသမဂ္ဂ ပိ ပြင်သေတ်၊ ဂျပေန်၊ ကေုာံ ကဝ်ရေယျာသၟဝ်ကျာ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19650622.T1E.html
 |title        = Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea
 |access-date   = 27 October 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090313123054/http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19650622.T1E.html
 |archive-date = 13 March 2009
 |url-status   = live
 |df           = dmy-all
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ကဝ်ရေယျာ သၠုင်ကျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ကဝ်ရေယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Korea South&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|South Korea|name=Korea, South}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Korea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|NKOREA}}
{{extent}}ကဝ်ရေယျာ သၠုင်ကျာ နွံကဵု ဒေသပကင်ရင်အပိုင်မွဲ တကအ်ဇေဇူ (Jeju Island)။{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Keun Min|title=Greetings|publisher=Jeju Special Self-Governing Province|url=http://english.jeju.go.kr/contents/index.php?mid=02|access-date=10 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502123553/http://english.jeju.go.kr/contents/index.php?mid=02|archive-date=2 May 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ကဝ်ရေယျာ သၠုင်ကျာဂှ် ဟွံဂွံဒုင်စၟတ်သမ္တီ နူကဵု ကဝ်ရဳယျာသၟဝ်ကျာ၊ ကဝ်ရေယျာသၟဝ်ကျာ ဟီု ရးနိဂီုဂှ် နွံသၟဝ်ပကင်ရင်အလဵုအသဳကဝ်ရဳယျာ
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ကဝ်သဝ်ဗဝ်]]'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Kosovo → [[#Kosovo|See Kosovo listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ကူဝိတ်]]''' -ရးနိဂီုကူဝိတ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Kuwait&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kuwait}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Kuwait
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ခိရ်ဂိဇ်သတာန်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Kyrgyzstan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kyrgyz Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[လဴ]] - ရးနိဂီုဒဳမဝ်ကရေတ္တေတ် ညးဍုင်ကွာန် လဴ'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Laos&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Laos}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Lao People's Democratic Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''လာတ်ဝဳယျာ'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Latvia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Latvia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Latvia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''လေဗနောန်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Lebanon&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Lebanon}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Lebanese Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''လေသ္သူထူ''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် လေသ္သူထူ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Lesotho&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Lesotho}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Lesotho
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''လိဗေရဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတလိဗေရဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Liberia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Liberia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Liberia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[လဳဗျာ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုလဳဗျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Libya&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Libya}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Libya
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''လေတ္တေန်သတာင်''' - ရးနိဂီုသၟိင် လေတ္တေန်သတာင်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Liechtenstein&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Liechtenstein}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Principality of Liechtenstein
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''လိတ္တူဝေနဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ လိတ္တူဝေနဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Lithuania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Lithuania}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Lithuania
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''လုဇြေမ်ဗရ် -''' ရးနိဂီုသၟိင်လုဇြေမ်ဗရ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Luxembourg&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Luxembourg}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Macedonia → [[#North Macedonia|See North Macedonia listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မဒါဂါသကာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ မဒါဂါသကာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Madagascar&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Madagascar}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Madagascar
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မလဝဳ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ မလဝဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Malawi&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Malawi}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Malawi
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[မလေရှာ]]'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Malaysia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Malaysia}}'''&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}Malaysia is a [[federation]] of [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|13 states and three federal territories]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မလ်ဒိဝ်သ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ မလ်ဒိဝ်သ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Maldives&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Maldives}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Maldives
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[မာလဳ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ မာလဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Mali&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mali}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Mali
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မာလ်တာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ မာလ်တာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Malta&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Malta}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Malta
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''တကအ် မာရှလ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ တကအ်မာရှလ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Marshall Islands&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Marshall Islands}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Marshall Islands
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မဝ်ရိတေနိယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အေဿလာမ္မေတ် မဝ်ရိတေနိယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Mauritania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mauritania}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Mauritania
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မဝ်ရိရှေသ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ မဝ်ရိရှေသ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Mauritius&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mauritius}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Mauritius
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}မဝ်ရိရှေသ် နွံကဵု တကအ် ပကင်ရင်အပိုင်မွဲ မနွံယၟု Rodrigues{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မေက်သဳကဝ်''' - သဟရးမေက်သဳကဝ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Mexico&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mexico}}'''&amp;nbsp;– United Mexican States
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}မေက်သဳကဝ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီုသၞောဝ်ဖေဝ်ဒရေဝ် မနွံကဵု တွဵုရး ၃၁ ကေုာံ ရးနိဂီုမအုပ်ဓုပ်အပိုင် မွဲ။ ဒေသမအုပ်ဓုပ်အပိုင် Rebel Zapatista ဂှ် နွံကဵုအဝဵု ဇကုအပိုင်ရ။ 
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မိခြဝ်နေသဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုဖေဒ္ဒရာ မိခြဝ်နေသဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Micronesia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=Micronesia, Federated States of}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}} မပံင်တောဲ ကုကၟိန်ရးနိဂီုပံင်ကောံအမေရိကာန်။ ကၟိန်ရးနိဂီုပံင်ကောံဖေဝ်ဒရေဝ် မိခြဝ်နေသဳယျာဂှ် ဒှ်ရးနိဂီု သၞောတ်ဖေဝ်ဒရေဝ်တုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵု ရးပန်ရ။
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မောလ်ဒဝ်ဝါ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတမောလ်ဒဝ်ဝါ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Moldova&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Moldova}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Moldova
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}} မောလ်ဒဝ်ဝါဂှ် နွံကဵု ဒေသမအုပ်ဓုပ်အပိုင် ဂဂေဇြဳယျာ (Gagauzia) ကေုာံ the Dniester။ ရးနိဂီုဗေန်ဒါ (တိက်ဟဳန) ဂှ် ဒှ်မပကင်ရင်အပိုင် နကဵု တြာန်သနဳသတြဳယျာ (Transnistria)။
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မဝ်နကဝ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသၟိင် မဝ်နကဝ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Monaco&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Monaco}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Principality of Monaco
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မောန္ဂောလဳယျာ'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Mongolia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mongolia}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မောန္တေနေဂြော'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Montenegro&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Montenegro}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မဝ်ရောက္ကဝ်''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် မဝ်ရောက္ကဝ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Morocco&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Morocco}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Morocco
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}Part of the Moroccan-claimed [[Western Sahara]] is controlled by the partially recognised [[#SADR|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''မဝ်ဇြာမ်ဗိခ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ မဝ်ဇြာမ်ဗိခ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Mozambique&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mozambique}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Mozambique
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဗၟာ''' - သဟရးသမ္မတဗၟာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Myanmar&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Myanmar}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Union of Myanmar{{efn|The country's official name of Myanmar, adopted in 1989, has been mixed and controversial, with the former name Burma still being used in many cases. See [[Names of Myanmar]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ဟွံမဲ
{{extent}}[[Wa State]] is a de facto autonomous state within Myanmar. The United Nations has not recognized the {{lang|la|de facto}} ruling government of Myanmar, the [[State Administration Council]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Seats_Denied&quot; /&gt; &lt;!--France has only begun the process of recognizing the NUG by passing a bill in the Senate--&gt;
|
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Nagorno-Karabakh → [[#Artsakh|See Artsakh listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''နမိဗဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ နမိဗဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Namibia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Namibia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Namibia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''နာဥူရူ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတနာဥူရူ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Nauru&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Nauru}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Nauru
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[နဳပဝ်]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဖေဒ္ဒရာ ဒဳမဝ်ကရေတ်တေတ် နဳပဝ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Nepal&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Nepal}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Nepal is a [[federation]] composed of [[Provinces of Nepal|7 provinces]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''နေတာလာန်''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် နေတာလာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Netherlands&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of the Netherlands
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} The [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] includes four areas with substantial autonomy:

* {{flag|Aruba}}
* {{flag|Curaçao}}
* {{flag|Netherlands}}
* {{flag|Sint Maarten}}

Metropolitan Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten form the four constituent countries of the Kingdom. Three overseas parts of the Netherlands ([[Bonaire]], [[Saba (island)|Saba]] and [[Sint Eustatius]]) are [[Caribbean Netherlands|special municipalities]] of metropolitan Netherlands.{{efn|The designation &quot;Netherlands&quot; can refer either to metropolitan [[Netherlands]] or to the entire [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Kingdom]] (e.g. in international organizations).}} The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole is a member of the EU, but EU law only wholly applies to parts within Europe.
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''နျူဇြဳလာန်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;New Zealand&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|New Zealand}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}New Zealand is a [[Commonwealth realm]],{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} and has one dependent territory and one [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic dependent territory:

* {{flag|Tokelau}}
* ''{{noflag|[[Ross Dependency]]}}''

The [[New Zealand Government]] acts for the entire [[Realm of New Zealand]] in all international contexts, which has responsibilities for (but no rights of control over) two freely [[associated state]]s:

* {{flag|Cook Islands}}
* {{flag|Niue}}

The Cook Islands and Niue have diplomatic relations with {{Numrel|CK|alt2= |}} and {{Numrel|Niue|alt2= |}} UN members respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author       = Federal Foreign Office of Germany
 |title        = Beziehungen zu Deutschland
 |publisher    = Government of Germany
 |date         = November 2009
 |url          = http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Cookinseln/Bilateral.html
 |access-date   = 16 July 2010
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100723070259/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Cookinseln/Bilateral.html
 |archive-date = 23 July 2010
 |url-status   = live
 |df           = dmy-all
}} For more information, see [[Foreign relations of the Cook Islands]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |author=Republic of Nauru Permanent Mission to the United Nations
 |title=Foreign Affairs
 |publisher=United Nations
 |url=http://www.un.int/nauru/foreignaffairs.html
 |access-date=16 July 2010
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004083335/http://www.un.int/nauru/foreignaffairs.html
 |archive-date=4 October 2014
}}&lt;/ref&gt; They have full treaty-making capacity in the UN,&lt;ref name=&quot;untreaty1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf |title=Article 102, Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, Supplement No. 8, Volume VI (1989–1994) |website=untreaty.un.org |access-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403031600/http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2012 |df=mdy-all |accessdate=10 November 2022 |archivedate=23 July 2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040723045746/http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; and are members of some [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''နိကရာဂိဝး''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ နိကရာဂိဝး
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Nicaragua&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Nicaragua}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Nicaragua
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Nicaragua contains two autonomous regions, [[Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur|Atlántico Sur]] and [[Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte|Atlántico Norte]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''နိဂျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ နိဂျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Niger&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Niger}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Niger
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''နိဂျေရိယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဖေဒ္ဒရာ နိဂျေရိယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Nigeria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Nigeria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Republic of Nigeria
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Nigeria is a [[federation]] of [[States of Nigeria|36 states and one federal territory]].
|
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Niue → [[#Niue|See Niue listing]]''
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''North Korea → [[#Korea North|See Korea, North listing]]''
|-
|'''မာသဳဒေါနဳယျာ သၟဝ်ကျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ မာသဳဒေါနဳယျာ သၟဝ်ကျာ 
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;North Macedonia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|North Macedonia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of North Macedonia{{efn|Formerly known constitutionally as the &quot;Republic of Macedonia&quot; from 1991 to 2019 and under the international designation of &quot;the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia&quot; (FYROM) from 1993 to 2019 due to the [[Macedonia naming dispute]] with [[Greece]]. Following the [[Prespa agreement]] going into effect in February 2019, the country was renamed &quot;North Macedonia&quot;.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Northern Cyprus → [[#Northern Cyprus|See Northern Cyprus listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[နဝ်ဝေ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် နဝ်ဝေ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Norway&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Norway}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Norway
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Norway has two [[Unincorporated area|unincorporated areas]] in Europe:

* {{noflag|[[Svalbard]]}} is an integral part of Norway, but has a special status due to the [[Svalbard Treaty]].
* {{noflag|[[Jan Mayen]]}} is an uninhabited island that is an integral part of Norway, although unincorporated.

Norway has one [[Dependencies of Norway|dependent territory]] and two [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic dependent territories in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]:

* {{noflag|[[Bouvet Island]]}}
* ''{{noflag|[[Peter I Island]]}}''
* ''{{noflag|[[Queen Maud Land]]}}''
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အဝ်မာန်''' - ရးနိဂီုသၟိင် အဝ်မာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Oman&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Oman}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Sultanate of Oman
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ပါကိသတာန်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အေဿလာမ္မေတ် ပါကိသတာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Pakistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Pakistan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Pakistan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Pakistan is a [[federation]] of [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|four provinces and one capital territory]]. Pakistan exercises control over certain portions of [[Kashmir]], but has not officially annexed any of it,&lt;ref&gt;Constitution of Pakistan, Art. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news
 |author       = Aslam, Tasnim
 |title        = Pakistan Does Not Claim Kashmir As An Integral Part...
 |url          = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233374
 |newspaper    = Outlook India
 |publisher    = The Outlook Group
 |date         = 11 December 2006
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20111213213928/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233374
 |archive-date = 13 December 2011
 |url-status   = live
 |df           = dmy-all
 |access-date  = 27 February 2011
 |accessdate   = 10 November 2022
 |archivedate  = 13 December 2011
 |archiveurl   = https://web.archive.org/web/20111213213928/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233374
}}&lt;/ref&gt; instead regarding it as a disputed territory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
 | last = Williams
 | first = Kristen P.
 | title = Despite nationalist conflicts: theory and practice of maintaining world peace
 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
 | year = 2001
 | pages = 154–155
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OYmurpH3ahsC
 | isbn = 978-0-275-96934-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
 | last = Pruthi
 | first = R.K.
 | title = An Encyclopaedic Survey Of Global Terrorism In 21St Century
 | publisher = Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.
 | year = 2001
 | pages = 120–121
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=C3yDkKDbZ3YC
 | isbn = 978-81-261-1091-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; The portions that it controls are divided into two territories, administered separately from Pakistan proper:

* {{flag|Azad Kashmir}}
* {{flag|Gilgit-Baltistan}}

Azad Kashmir describes itself as a &quot;self-governing state under Pakistani control&quot;, while Gilgit-Baltistan is described in its governance order as a group of &quot;areas&quot; with self-government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://home.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;catid=14 |title=Azad Kashmir Day |access-date=2014-07-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812174212/http://home.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;catid=14 |archive-date=12 August 2014 |df=dmy-all |accessdate=2022-11-10 |archivedate=2014-08-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812174212/http://home.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;catid=14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gbtribune.files.wordpress.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gbtribune.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/self-governance-order-2009.pdf |title=To Be Published In The Next Issue Of The |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905063539/http://gbtribune.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/self-governance-order-2009.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&amp;KHistory&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ajk.gov.pk/history.php|title=AJ&amp;K History|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106174235/http://www.ajk.gov.pk/history.php|archive-date=6 January 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; These territories are not usually regarded as sovereign, as they do not fulfil the criteria set out by the declarative theory of statehood (for example, their current laws do not allow them to engage independently in relations with other states). Several state functions of these territories (such as foreign affairs and defence) are performed by Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;gbtribune.files.wordpress.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-aRAwAAQBAJ&amp;q=azad+kashmir+gilgit+baltistan&amp;pg=PA1100|title=Political Handbook of the World 2014|access-date=5 October 2014|isbn=9781483333281|last1=Lansford|first1=Tom|date=2014-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ajkassembly.gok.pk/AJK_Interim_Constitution_Act_1974.pdf# |title=The Azad Jammu And Kashmir Interim Constitution Act, 1974 |format=PDF |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013171853/http://www.ajkassembly.gok.pk/AJK_Interim_Constitution_Act_1974.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ပဠဴ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ပဠဴ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Palau&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Palau}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Palau
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ပါလေဿတာင်''' - ရးနိဂီုပါလေဿတာင်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Palestine&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Palestine}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Palestine
| style=&quot;background:#ddf;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Present non-member observers|UN General Assembly observer state]]; member of two [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]&lt;!-- {{cn|date=April 2021}} -- it appears that the convention on this page is to keep details and citations to the last column, which is where the details and citations for this claim can be found --&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; | [[International recognition of the State of Palestine|Partially unrecognised]].
{{extent}}The State of Palestine, declared in 1988, is not recognised as a state by Israel but has received diplomatic recognition from {{Numrec|Palestine}} states.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Palestine Liberation Organization|title=Road For Palestinian Statehood: Recognition and Admission|url=http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=5|publisher=Negotiations Affairs Department|access-date=28 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818214013/http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=5|archive-date=18 August 2011|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The proclaimed state has no agreed territorial borders, or effective control over much of the territory that it proclaimed.&lt;ref&gt;See the following on statehood criteria:
* {{cite web|author=Mendes, Errol|title=Statehood and Palestine for the purposes of Article 12 (3) of the ICC Statute|url=http://uclalawforum.com/media/background/gaza/2010-03-30_Mendes-Memo.pdf|pages=28, 33|date=30 March 2010|access-date=17 April 2011|postscript=:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831190057/http://uclalawforum.com/media/background/gaza/2010-03-30_Mendes-Memo.pdf|archive-date=31 August 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} &quot;...the Palestinian State also meets the traditional criteria under the Montevideo Convention...&quot;; &quot;...the fact that a majority of states have recognised Palestine as a State should easily fulfil the requisite state practice&quot;.
* {{cite journal|author=McKinney, Kathryn M.|title=The Legal Effects of the Israeli-PLO Declaration ofPrinciples: Steps Toward Statehood for Palestine|url=http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&amp;context=sulr&amp;sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22|journal=Seattle University Law Review|volume=18|issue=93|year=1994|page=97|publisher=Seattle University|access-date=17 April 2011|postscript=:|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063030/http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&amp;context=sulr&amp;sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22|archive-date=22 July 2011|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063030/http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&amp;context=sulr&amp;sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22 |date=22 July 2011 }} &quot;It is possible, however, to argue for Palestinian statehood based on the constitutive theory&quot;.
* {{cite journal|author=McDonald, Avril|title=Operation Cast Lead: Drawing the Battle Lines of the Legal Dispute|url=https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&amp;crawlid=1&amp;doctype=cite&amp;docid=16+Hum.+Rts.+Br.+25&amp;srctype=smi&amp;srcid=3B15&amp;key=74ccae52ba220673512e7784449388f0|journal=Human Rights Brief|volume=25|date=Spring 2009|publisher=Washington College of Law, Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law|access-date=17 April 2011|postscript=:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329201731/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&amp;crawlid=1&amp;doctype=cite&amp;docid=16+Hum.+Rts.+Br.+25&amp;srctype=smi&amp;srcid=3B15&amp;key=74ccae52ba220673512e7784449388f0|archive-date=29 March 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} &quot;Whether one applies the criteria of statehood set out in the Montevideo Convention or the more widely accepted constitutive theory of statehood, Palestine might be considered a state.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Palestinian National Authority]] is an interim administrative body formed as a result of the [[Oslo Accords]] that exercises limited autonomous jurisdiction within the [[Palestinian territories]]. In foreign relations, Palestine is represented by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unnms&quot;/&gt; The State of Palestine is a member state of UNESCO,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|title=Arab States: Palestine|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/palestine/|publisher=United Nations|access-date=3 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104131813/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/palestine/|archive-date=4 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNIDO and other international organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Palestinians: Background and U.S. Relations|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL34074.pdf|pages=40–41|date=18 March 2021|accessdate=10 November 2022|archivedate=13 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513163558/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL34074.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ပဏမာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတပဏမာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Panama&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Panama}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Panama
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ပါပွာ နျူဂေနဳ''' - ရးနိဂီုသၠးပွး ပါပွာ နျူဂေနဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Papua New Guinea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Independent State of Papua New Guinea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Papua New Guinea is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} with one autonomous region, [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ပါရဂွာဲ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ပါရဂွာဲ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Paraguay&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Paraguay}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Paraguay
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ပေရူ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ပေရူ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Peru&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Peru}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Peru
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဖိလိပ္ပိန်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဖိလိပ္ပိန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Philippines&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Philippines}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Philippines
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}The Philippines contains one autonomous region, [[Bangsamoro]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ပဝ်လာန်]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ပဝ်လာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Poland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Poland}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Poland
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ပဝ်တူဂြဳ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ပဝ်တူဂြဳ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Portugal&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Portugal}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Portuguese Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Portugal contains two autonomous regions, [[Azores|the Azores]] and [[Madeira]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Pridnestrovie → [[#Transnistria|See Transnistria listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ကွာတာ''' - ရးနိဂီုကွာတာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Qatar&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Qatar}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Qatar
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Republic of Korea → [[#Korea South|See Korea, South listing]]''
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Republic of the Congo → [[#Congo, Republic of the|See Congo, Republic of the listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ရဝ်မာန္နဳယျာ'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Romania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Romania}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ရုရှာ]]''' - သဟရး ဖေဒ္ဒရာ ရုရှာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Russia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Russia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Russian Federation
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Russia is a [[federation]] of 83&amp;nbsp; internationally recognised [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]] (republics, oblasts, krais, autonomous okrugs, federal cities, and an autonomous oblast). Several of the federal subjects are ethnic republics.{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ရွာန်ဒါ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ရွာန်ဒါ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Rwanda&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Rwanda}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Rwanda
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic → [[#SADR|See Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သင်ခိတ် ကု နေဝိသ်''' - သဟရးဖေဒ္ဒရာ သင်ခြိသ္သတဝ်ဖါ ကု နေဝိသ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Saint Kitts and Nevis&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Saint Kitts and Nevis is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} and is a [[federation]]{{efn|name=&quot;federal&quot;}} of two islands, [[St. Kitts]] and [[Nevis]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သင်လူသဳယျာ'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Saint Lucia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Saint Lucia}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Saint Lucia is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သင်ဝိန်သေန် ကု ဂြေန်နဒိန်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Saint Vincent and the Grenadines&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သမဝ်ဝး''' - ရးနိဂီုဗၠးၜး သမဝ်ဝး
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Samoa&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Samoa}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Independent State of Samoa
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သင်မာရိနဝ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သင်မာရိနဝ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;San Marino&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|San Marino}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of San Marino
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သဴတဝ်မေ ကု ပြိန်သဳပေ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတဒဳမဝ်ကရေတ္တေတ် သဴတဝ်မေ ကု ပြိန်သဳပေ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;São Tomé and Príncipe&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}São Tomé and Príncipe contains one autonomous province, [[Príncipe]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သဴဒဳ အရေဗဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် သဴဒဳ အရေဗဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Saudi Arabia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
&lt;!--Sealand is not a sovereign state according to the definition in the introduction of this article and should not be included--&gt;
&lt;!--Scotland is not a sovereign state according to the definition in the introduction of this article and should not be included--&gt;
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သေန္နေဂလ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သေန္နေဂလ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Senegal&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Senegal}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Senegal
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သေရ်ဗဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သေရ်ဗဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Serbia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Serbia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Serbia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Serbia contains two autonomous regions, [[Vojvodina]] and [[Kosovo and Metohija]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}} The latter is under the de facto control of [[#Kosovo|Kosovo]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သေရှေလ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သေရှေလ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Seychelles&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Seychelles}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Seychelles
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သဳရာလေယောန်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သဳရာလေယောန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Sierra Leone&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sierra Leone}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Sierra Leone
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သိင်္ဂပူရ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သိင်္ဂပူရ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Singapore&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Singapore}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Singapore
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သၠဝ်ဝါကဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သၠဝ်ဝက်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Slovakia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Slovakia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Slovak Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သၠဝ်ဝေနဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သၠဝ်ဝေနဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Slovenia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Slovenia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Slovenia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''တကအ်သဝ်လဝ်မောန်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Solomon Islands&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Solomon Islands}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Solomon Islands is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[သဝ်မာလဳယျာ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဖေဒ္ဒရာ သဝ်မာလဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Somalia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Somalia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Republic of Somalia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Somalia is a federation of [[states and regions of Somalia|six states]]. Two, [[Puntland]] and [[Galmudug]], have self-declared autonomy, while one, [[#Somaliland|Somaliland]], is de facto independent.
|
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Somaliland → [[#Somaliland|See Somaliland listing]]''
|-
|'''အဖရိကသၠုင်ကျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အဖရိကသၠုင်ကျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;South Africa&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|South Africa}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of South Africa
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''South Korea → [[#Korea South|See Korea, South listing]]''
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''South Ossetia → [[#South Ossetia|See South Ossetia listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သုဒါန်သၠုင်ကျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သုဒါန်သၠုင်ကျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;South Sudan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|South Sudan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of South Sudan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}South Sudan is a [[federation]] of [[States of South Sudan|10 states and three administrative areas]].

* The [[Abyei|Abyei Area]] is a zone with &quot;special administrative status&quot; established by the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] in 2005. It is ''de jure'' a condominium of South Sudan and Sudan, but de facto administered by two competing administrations and the United Nations.&lt;ref name=UNISFA2017&gt;{{cite web|url=https://unisfa.unmissions.org/statement-unisfa-recent-spate-attacks-abyei|title=Statement from UNISFA on the recent spate of attacks in Abyei|website=UNmissions.org|date=18 October 2017|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022254/https://unisfa.unmissions.org/statement-unisfa-recent-spate-attacks-abyei|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|accessdate=10 November 2022|archivedate=13 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022254/https://unisfa.unmissions.org/statement-unisfa-recent-spate-attacks-abyei}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AbyeiName&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/17103/Abyei-Administration-Area-Changes-Name.aspx|title=Abyei Administration Area Changes Name|website=Gurtong.net|date=29 July 2015|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022037/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/17103/Abyei-Administration-Area-Changes-Name.aspx|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[သပိန်]]''' - ရးနိဂီုဨကရာဇ် သပိန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Spain&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Spain}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Spain
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Spain is divided into [[Autonomous communities of Spain|17 autonomous communities and two special autonomous cities]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}{{efn|name=&quot;Plazas&quot;|Spain holds several small overseas territories scattered along the Mediterranean coast bordering [[Morocco]], known as the [[plazas de soberanía]].}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[သဳရိလင်္ကာ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတသဵုရှေလ္လေတ်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေတ္တေတ် သဳရိလင်္ကာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Sri Lanka&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka{{efn|Formerly known as [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] until 1972.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သုဒါန်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သုဒါန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Sudan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sudan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Sudan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Sudan is a [[federation]] of [[States of Sudan|18 states]].

* The [[Abyei|Abyei Area]] is a zone with &quot;special administrative status&quot; established by the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] in 2005. It is ''de jure'' a condominium of South Sudan and Sudan, but de facto administered by two competing administrations and the United Nations.&lt;ref name=UNISFA2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=AbyeiName/&gt;
|
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Sudan, South → [[#South Sudan|See South Sudan listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သုရိနာမ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သုရိနာမ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Suriname&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Suriname}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Suriname
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Swaziland → [[#Eswatini|See Eswatini listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သွေဒ္ဒေန်''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် သွေဒ္ဒေန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Sweden&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sweden}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Sweden
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သွိတ်သာလာန်''' - ရးနိဂီုကောန်ဖေဒါရိတ်ရှေန် သွိတ်သလာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Switzerland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Switzerland}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Swiss Confederation
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Switzerland is a [[federation]] of [[Cantons of Switzerland|26 cantons]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သဳရိယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အာရာပ်သဳရိယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Syria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Syria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Syrian Arab Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}The [[National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces|Syrian National Coalition]], which is [[International recognition of the Syrian National Coalition|recognised]] as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people by 20 UN members, has established an [[Syrian Interim Government|interim government]] to rule rebel controlled territory during the [[Syrian civil war]].
Syria has one self-declared autonomous region: [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|Rojava]].
|
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Taiwan (Republic of China) → [[#Taiwan|See Taiwan listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''တာဇိကိသတာန်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ တာဇိကိသတာန် 
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Tajikistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tajikistan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Tajikistan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Tajikistan contains one autonomous region, [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''တာန်သာနဳယျာ''' - သဟရး တာန်သာနဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Tanzania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tanzania}}'''&amp;nbsp;– United Republic of Tanzania
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Tanzania contains one autonomous region, [[Zanzibar]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[သေံ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် သေံ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Thailand&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Thailand}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Thailand
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''The Bahamas → [[#Bahamas|See Bahamas, The listing]]''
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''The Gambia → [[#Gambia|See Gambia, The listing]]''
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Timor-Leste → [[#East Timor|See East Timor listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''တဝ်ဂေါ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ တဝ်ဂေါလေသ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Togo&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Togo}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Togolese Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''တံင်ဂါ''' - ရးနိဂီုမရာဇ် တံင်ဂါ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Tonga&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tonga}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Tonga
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Transnistria → [[#Transnistria|See Transnistria listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''တြိနိဒါဒ် ကု တဝ်ဗဂေါ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ တြိနိဒါဒ် ကဵု တဝ်ဗဂေါ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Trinidad and Tobago&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Trinidad and Tobago contains one autonomous region, [[Tobago]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''တူနဳသဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ တူနဳသဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Tunisia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tunisia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Tunisia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[တူရကဳ]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ တူရကဳယေ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Turkey&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Turkey}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Türkiye{{efn|The government of Turkey uses &quot;Türkiye&quot; as the official English name of the country.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ထက်မေန္နဳသတာန်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Turkmenistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Turkmenistan}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''တူဝလူ'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Tuvalu&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tuvalu}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Tuvalu is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဥူဂါန္ဒာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ယူဂါန္ဒာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Uganda&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Uganda}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Uganda
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ယူကြိန်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Ukraine&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ukraine}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Ukraine contains one autonomous region, the [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]],{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}} which is under the control of [[#Russia|Russia]]. Five other areas of Ukraine are under full or partial Russian control, including [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]], [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]], [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]], [[Sevastopol]], and [[Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အဳမိရာသ်''' - သဟရး အာရာပ် အဳမိရာသ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;United Arab Emirates&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}The United Arab Emirates is a [[federation]] of [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|seven emirates]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သဟရးမရာဇ်''' - သဟရး မရာဇ် ဂရိတ်ဗြိတိန် ကု အာဲယျာလာန်သၟဝ်ကျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;United Kingdom&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''&amp;nbsp;– United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}The United Kingdom is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;||group=}} consisting of [[countries of the United Kingdom|four constituent countries]]; [[England]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]]. The United Kingdom has the following 13 [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territories]] and one [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic dependent territory:

* {{noflag|[[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]}}
* {{flag|Anguilla}}
* {{flag|Bermuda}}
* {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}}
* {{flag|British Virgin Islands}}
* {{flag|Cayman Islands}}
* {{flag|Falkland Islands}}
* {{flag|Gibraltar}}
* {{flag|Montserrat}}
* {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}
* {{noflag|[[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]}}
* {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}
* {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}
* ''{{flag|British Antarctic Territory}}''

The [[The Crown|British monarch]] also has direct sovereignty over three self-governing [[Crown Dependencies]]:

* {{flag|Bailiwick of Guernsey|name=Guernsey}}
* {{flag|Isle of Man}}
* {{flag|Jersey}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သဟရး (အမေရိကာန်)''' - သဟရး အမေရိကာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;United States&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|United States}}'''&amp;nbsp;– United States of America
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}The United States is a [[federation]] of [[Political divisions of the United States#States and their subdivisions|50 states]], one [[Washington, D.C.|federal district]], and one [[Palmyra Atoll|incorporated territory]]. Additionally, the [[Federal government of the United States]] has sovereignty over 13 [[unincorporated territories]]. Of these territories, the following five are inhabited possessions:

* {{flag|American Samoa}}
* {{flag|Guam}}
* {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}
* {{flag|Puerto Rico}}
* {{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}}

It also has sovereignty over several uninhabited territories:

* [[Baker Island]]
* [[Howland Island]]
* [[Jarvis Island]]
* [[Johnston Atoll]]
* [[Kingman Reef]]
* [[Midway Atoll]]
* [[Navassa Island]]
* [[Wake Island]]

It also disputes sovereignty over the following two territories:

* ''[[Bajo Nuevo Bank]]''
* ''[[Serranilla Bank]]''

Three sovereign states have become [[associated state]]s of the United States under the [[Compact of Free Association]]:

* {{flag|Marshall Islands}} – Republic of the Marshall Islands
* {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=Micronesia}} – Federated States of Micronesia
* {{flag|Palau}} – Republic of Palau
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ယူရုကွာဲ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ယူရုကွာဲ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Uruguay&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Uruguay}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Oriental Republic of Uruguay
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဥဇဗေက္ကိသတာန်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဥဇဗေက္ကိသတာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Uzbekistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Uzbekistan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Uzbekistan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Uzbekistan contains one autonomous region, [[Karakalpakstan]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဝါနုအာတူ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဝါနုအာတူ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Vanuatu&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Vanuatu}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Vanuatu
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဝါတိကာန်''' - နာဂရပူရ် ဝါတိကာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Vatican City&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Vatican City}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Vatican City State
| style=&quot;background:#ddf;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Present non-member observers|UN General Assembly observer state]] under the designation of &quot;[[Holy See]]&quot;; member of three [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Administered by the [[Holy See]], a sovereign entity with diplomatic relations to {{Numrec|Holy See|N=3||states}}. This figure consists of {{Numrec|Holy See|link=N}} ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂs, the Cook Islands, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and the State of Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html|title=Bilateral relations of the Holy See|publisher=Holy See website|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709142833/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html|archive-date=9 July 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the European Union and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta maintain diplomatic relations with the Holy See. The Holy See is a member of three [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]] ([[International Telecommunication Union|ITU]], [[Universal Postal Union|UPU]], and [[World Intellectual Property Organization|WIPO]]) and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]], as well as being a permanent observer of the UN (in the category of &quot;Non-member State&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;unnms&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Non-member States and Entities |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/nonmembers.shtml |publisher=United Nations |access-date=30 August 2010 |date=29 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509204646/http://www.un.org/en/members/nonmembers.shtml |archive-date=9 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Foreign relations of the Holy See#Participation in international organizations|multiple other UN System organizations]]. The Vatican City is governed by officials appointed by the [[Pope]], who is the Bishop of the Diocese of Rome and ''[[ex officio member|ex officio]]'' sovereign of Vatican City.
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဝေနေဇြူလာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဗဝ်လဳဝါရဳယာန် ဝေနေဇြူလာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Venezuela&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Venezuela}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}Venezuela is a [[federation]] of [[States of Venezuela|23 states]], [[Administrative divisions of Venezuela|one capital district, and federal dependencies]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဝဳယေတ်နာမ်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတသဵုရှေလ္လေတ် ဝဳယေတ်နာမ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Vietnam&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Vietnam}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Socialist Republic of Vietnam
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;''Western Sahara → [[#SADR|See Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic listing]]''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ယေမေန်]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ယေမေန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Yemen&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Yemen}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Yemen
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဇြာမ္ဗဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဇြာမ္ဗဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Zambia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Zambia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Zambia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ဇြိမ္ဗာဗွေ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဇြိမ္ဗာဗွေ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Zimbabwe&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Zimbabwe}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Zimbabwe
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none
{{extent}}
|
|- style=&quot;background:Lightgrey;&quot;
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;↑ [[Member states of the United Nations|ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂs]] and [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Present non-member observers|General Assembly observer states]] ↑
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;
|
|- style=&quot;background:Darkgrey;&quot;
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;AB&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;
|
|- style=&quot;background:Lightgrey;&quot;
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;↓ Other states ↓
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D AAA&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;
|{{Anchor|Other states}}
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အာဗ်ခါဇြဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အာဗ်ခါဇြဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Abkhazia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Abkhazia
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|GEORGIA}}
{{extent}}[[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|Recognised by]] Russia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Syria, Venezuela, Artsakh, South Ossetia and Transnistria.&lt;ref name=ASOTREC&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/17nov2006/aup.html|date=17 November 2006|access-date=5 June 2011|script-title=ru:Абхазия, Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же|publisher=newsru.com|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416050525/http://www.newsru.com/russia/17nov2006/aup.html|archive-date=16 April 2009|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Claimed in whole by [[#Georgia|Georgia]] as the [[Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia|Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''အာတ်သး''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ အာတ်သး
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Artsakh&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Republic of Artsakh|name=Artsakh}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Artsakh{{efn|Formerly known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, its official name from 1991 to 2017}}
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|AZERBAIJAN}}
{{extent}}A de facto independent state,&lt;ref name=montevideo/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Krüger, Heiko|title=The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Legal Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JDCQu-Us8sC&amp;pg=PA55|page=55|publisher=Springer|year=2010|isbn=978-3-642-11787-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Nikoghosyan, Hovhannes|title=Kosovo ruling implications for Armenia and Azerbaijan|url=http://www.huliq.com/1/803-kosovo-ruling-implications-armenia-and-azerbaijan|newspaper=HULIQ.com|publisher=Hareyan Publishing, LLC|date=August 2010|access-date=17 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123044441/http://www.huliq.com/1/803-kosovo-ruling-implications-armenia-and-azerbaijan|archive-date=23 November 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Foreign relations of Artsakh|recognised only by]] [[Abkhazia]],&lt;ref name=&quot;NKRrecognition&quot;&gt;[http://ararat-online.ru/news/984-2025-vice-spiker-parlamenta-abxazii-vybory-v-nkr-sootvetstvuyut-vsem-mezhdunarodnym-standartam.html Вице-спикер парламента Абхазии: Выборы в НКР соответствуют всем международным стандартам] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811164310/http://ararat-online.ru/news/984-2025-vice-spiker-parlamenta-abxazii-vybory-v-nkr-sootvetstvuyut-vsem-mezhdunarodnym-standartam.html |date=11 August 2011 }}: &quot;Абхазия, Южная Осетия, НКР и Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно сотрудничают между собой&quot;, – сказал вице-спикер парламента Абхазии. ... &quot;...Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно-Карабахской Республики...&quot; – сказал он.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[South Ossetia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NKRrecognition&quot;/&gt; and [[Transnistria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NKRrecognition&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;transgovt&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pridnestrovie.net/foreignpolicy_full.html |title=In detail: The foreign policy of Pridnestrovie |publisher=Pridnestrovie |date=26 May 2010 |access-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511144044/http://pridnestrovie.net/foreignpolicy_full.html |archive-date=11 May 2008 |accessdate=10 November 2022 |archivedate=11 May 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511144044/http://pridnestrovie.net/foreignpolicy_full.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; Claimed in whole by [[#Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3658938.stm Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823113424/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3658938.stm |date=23 August 2007 }} (17 January 2006). BBC News. Retrieved 17 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''တကအ်ခေါက်'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Cook Islands&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cook Islands}}'''
| style=&quot;background:#e2efda;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; Member of eight [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(See [[Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue|political status]])&lt;/small&gt;
{{extent}}A state in [[associated state|free association]] with [[#New Zealand|New Zealand]], {{Numrel|CK|alt2=the Cook Islands maintains |diplomatic relations with|other states|O=Y}}. The Cook Islands is a member of [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|multiple UN agencies]] with full treaty making capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;untreaty1&quot;/&gt; It shares a [[Monarchy of New Zealand|head of state]] with New Zealand as well as having [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''[[ကဝ်သဝ်ဗဝ်]]''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ကဝ်သဝ်ဗဝ်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Kosovo&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kosovo}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Kosovo
| style=&quot;background:#e2efda;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; Member of two [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|SERBIA}}
{{extent}}Pursuant to [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244]], Kosovo was placed under the administration of the [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]] in 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmik/|website=UN|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225015010/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmik/|archive-date=25 December 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kosovo [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declared independence in 2008]], and it has {{Numrec|Kosovo|received diplomatic recognition from|ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂs}} and the [[Republic of China]], while 18 states have recognized Kosovo only to later withdraw their recognition.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/pres-servis/saopstenja/22340--18-k-sl03032020?lang=lat ''&quot;Sijera Leone je 18. država koja je povukla priznanje tzv. Kosova&quot;'' − http://www.mfa.gov.rs/]&lt;/ref&gt; Serbia continues to maintain its sovereignty claim over Kosovo. Other ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂs and non ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂs continue to recognise Serbian sovereignty or have taken no position on the question. Kosovo is a member of the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[World Bank Group]]. The Republic of Kosovo has de facto control over most of the territory, with limited control in [[North Kosovo]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''နဳဝေ'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Niue&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Niue}}'''
| style=&quot;background:#e2efda;&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; Member of five [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; none&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(See [[Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue|political status]])&lt;/small&gt;
{{extent}}A state in [[associated state|free association]] with [[#New Zealand|New Zealand]], {{Numrel|Niue|alt2=Niue maintains |diplomatic relations with|other states|O=Y}}. Niue is a member of [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|multiple UN agencies]] with full treaty making capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;untreaty1&quot;/&gt; It shares a [[Monarchy of New Zealand|head of state]] with New Zealand as well as having [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သဳပြုသ်သၟဝ်ကျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတတူရကဳ သဳပြုသ်သၟဝ်ကျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Northern Cyprus&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|CYPRUS}}
{{extent}} [[Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus|Recognised only by]] [[#Turkey|Turkey]]. Under the name &quot;Turkish Cypriot State&quot;, it is an observer state of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]]. Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the [[#Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus/ The World Factbook|Cyprus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202203/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus/ |date=2021-01-09 }}  (10 January 2006). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 17 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ ဒဳမဝ်ကရေတ္တေတ် အာရာပ် သးရဝဳ'''
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;SADR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}'''
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|MOROCCO}}
{{extent}}Recognised at some stage by {{Numrec|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic||ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂs}}, {{Numrec|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|W=Y|link=N}} of which have since withdrawn or frozen their recognition. It is a founding member of the [[African Union]] and the Asian–African Strategic Partnership formed at the 2005 [[Asian–African Conference]]. The territories under its control, the so-called [[Free Zone (region)|Free Zone]], are claimed in whole by [[#Morocco|Morocco]] as part of its [[Southern Provinces]]. In turn, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims the part of [[Western Sahara]] to the west of the [[Moroccan Western Sahara Wall|Moroccan Wall]] controlled by Morocco. Its government resides in exile in [[Tindouf]], [[#Algeria|Algeria]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သဝ်မာလဳလာန်''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သဝ်မာလဳလာန်
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Somaliland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Somaliland}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Somaliland
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|SOMALIA}}
{{extent}}A de facto independent state,&lt;ref name=montevideo&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC|last1=Ker-Lindsay|first1=James|title=The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States|page=53|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2012|quote=In addition to the four cases of contested statehood described above, there are three other territories that have unilaterally declared independence and are generally regarded as having met the Montevideo criteria for statehood but have not been recognized by any states: Transnistria, Nagorny Karabakh, and Somaliland.|access-date=24 September 2013|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009041217/http://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC|archive-date=9 October 2013|url-status=live|isbn=9780199698394}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FailureofStates&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://minnjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/kreuterweb-pdf.pdf|last1=Kreuter|first1=Aaron|title=Self-Determination, Sovereignty, and the Failure of States: Somaliland and the Case for Justified Secession|journal=[[Minnesota Journal of International Law]]|volume=19:2|pages=380–381|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Law School]]|year=2010|quote=Considering each of these factors, Somaliland has a colorable argument that it meets the theoretical requirements of statehood. ... On these bases, Somaliland appears to have a strong claim to statehood.|access-date=24 September 2013|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082111/http://minnjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/kreuterweb-pdf.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082111/http://minnjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/kreuterweb-pdf.pdf |date=27 September 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AfricaReport&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.operationspaix.net/IMG/pdf/ICG_Somaliland_AU_Leadership_2006-05-23_.pdf|author=International Crisis Group|title=Somaliland: Time for African Union leadership|journal=[[The Africa Report]]|issue=110|pages=10–13|publisher=[[Jeune Afrique|Groupe Jeune Afrique]]|date=23 May 2006|access-date=19 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720022321/http://www.operationspaix.net/IMG/pdf/ICG_Somaliland_AU_Leadership_2006-05-23_.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2011|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720022321/http://www.operationspaix.net/IMG/pdf/ICG_Somaliland_AU_Leadership_2006-05-23_.pdf |date=20 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=PolSomaliland&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2009/403/P200.pdf|last1=Mesfin|first1=Berouk|title=The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland|journal=ISS Paper|issue=200|page=8|publisher=[[Institute for Security Studies]]|date=September 2009|access-date=19 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123043040/http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2009/403/P200.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2011|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=StrangeCase&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf|last1=Arieff|first1=Alexis|title=De Facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland|journal=[[Yale Journal of International Affairs]]|issue=Spring/Summer 2008|pages=1–79|publisher=International Affairs Council at Yale|access-date=17 April 2011|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213214545/http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2011|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213214545/http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf |date=13 December 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Foreign relations of Somaliland|not diplomatically recognised by]] any other state, claimed in whole by the [[#Somalia|Federal Republic of Somalia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Somalilandprofile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Somaliland profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14115069|website=[[BBC News]]|date=14 December 2017|access-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423054426/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14115069|archive-date=23 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''သြသ္သေတဳယျာသၠုင်ကျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သြသ္သေတဳယျာသၠုင်ကျာ - ရးနိဂီုအလာန္နဳယျာ
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;South Ossetia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of South Ossetia–the State of Alania
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|GEORGIA}}
{{extent}}A de facto independent state,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jansen, Dinah|title=The Conflict between Self-Determination and Territorial Integrity: the South Ossetian Paradigm|url=https://es.scribd.com/document/31659924/The-Conflict-between-Self-Determination-and-Territorial-Integrity-The-South-Ossetian-Paradigm|journal=Geopolitics Vs. Global Governance: Reinterpreting International Security|pages=222–242|year=2009|publisher=Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, University of Dalhousie|isbn=978-1-896440-61-3|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819063355/https://es.scribd.com/document/31659924/The-Conflict-between-Self-Determination-and-Territorial-Integrity-The-South-Ossetian-Paradigm|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|recognised by]] Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Syria, Venezuela, Abkhazia, Artsakh, and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by [[#Georgia|Georgia]] as the [[Provisional Administration of South Ossetia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cnnAbSO&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Russia condemned for recognizing rebel regions|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/26/russia.vote.georgia/index.html|newspaper=CNN.com|publisher=Cable News Network|date=26 August 2008|access-date=26 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829045537/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/26/russia.vote.georgia/index.html|archive-date=29 August 2008|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''ထာဲဝါန်''' - ရးသမ္မတကြုက် 
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Taiwan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Republic of China|name=Taiwan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of China{{efn|name=&quot;ChinaTaiwan&quot;}}
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership, former membership until 1971
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |[[Foreign relations of Taiwan|Partially unrecognised]]. {{claimedby|PRC}}
{{extent}}A state competing (nominally) for recognition with the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) as the government of China since 1949. The Republic of China (ROC) controls the island of [[geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]], [[Penghu]], [[Kinmen]], the [[Matsu Islands]], and [[Pratas Island]], as well as [[Taiping Island]] and [[Zhongzhou Reef]] of the [[Spratly Islands]], and has not renounced claims over its annexed territories on the [[Mainland China|mainland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview |work=[[Taipei Times]] |date=8 October 2008 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320 |access-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603213128/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320 |archive-date=3 June 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; The ROC is recognised by {{Numrec|Republic of China|asof=E|alt=ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂs and the Holy See as of}}, none of which recognise the PRC. Additionally, one UN member ([[Bhutan]]) has [[Foreign relations of Taiwan#Relations with neither the ROC nor the PRC|refrained from recognising]] either the ROC or the PRC.

In addition to these relations, the ROC also maintains unofficial relations&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=A88B8E342A02AD0A&amp;s=F1B6AD3B065E43D8|script-title=zh:中華民國國情介紹|date=22 March 2017|website=2.16.886.101.20003}}&lt;/ref&gt; with 58 ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂs, one [[list of states with limited recognition|self-declared state]] ([[Somaliland]]), three territories ([[Guam]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Macau]]), and the [[European Union]] via its [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office|representative offices and consulates]] under the [[One China]] principle. Taiwan has the 31st-largest diplomatic network in the world with 110 offices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=van der Wees |first1=Gerrit |title=Is Taiwan's International Space Expanding or Contracting? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/is-taiwans-international-space-expanding-or-contracting/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=16 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The territory of the ROC is claimed in whole by the PRC.{{efn|name=&quot;TAI2&quot;}} The ROC [[Foreign relations of Taiwan#Relations with international organizations|participates in international organizations]] under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly &quot;[[Chinese Taipei]]&quot; and in the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] it has full membership under the designation of &quot;Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu&quot;. The ROC was a founding member of the UN and enjoyed membership from 1945 to 1971, with veto power in the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]]. See [[China and the United Nations]].
|
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|'''တြာန်နိသ္တြဳယျာ''' - ရးနိဂီုသမ္မတ သဝ်ဗိယေတ် မောဒဝဳယာန် 
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;|&lt;span id=&quot;Transnistria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Transnistria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|MOLDOVA}}
{{extent}}A de facto independent state,&lt;ref name=montevideo/&gt; [[Foreign relations of Transnistria|recognised only by]] Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia.&lt;ref name=ASOTREC /&gt; Claimed in whole by [[#Moldova|Moldova]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18286268 Regions and territories: Trans-Dniester]&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|- style=&quot;background:Lightgrey;&quot;
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;↑ Other states ↑
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZ&lt;/span&gt;
|
|- style=&quot;background:Darkgrey;&quot;
|
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZZ&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZZ&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;ZZZZ&lt;/span&gt;
|
|}
{{col-begin|width=760px}}
{{col-2}}
'''&quot;Membership within the UN System&quot; column legend'''
{{legend|white|ရးနိဂီု ကောန်ဂကောံ ကုလသမဂ္ဂ}}
{{legend|#ddf|UN General Assembly observer state}}
{{legend|#e2efda|Member state of a UN Specialized Agency}}
{{legend|lemonchiffon|No membership}}
{{col-2}}
'''&quot;Sovereignty dispute&quot; column legend''' 
{{legend|white|Undisputed sovereignty}}
{{legend|#fcc|Disputed sovereignty}}
{{col-end}}

== ဆက်ဗှ် ==
{{div col}}
* [[Armorial of sovereign states]]
* [[Gallery of sovereign state flags]]
* [[ISO 3166-1]]
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations]]
* [[List of administrative divisions by country]]
* [[Associated state|List of associated states]]
* [[Condominium (international law)|List of condominiums]]
* [[List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages]]
* [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]
* [[List of countries and dependencies by population]]
* [[List of countries by United Nations geoscheme]]
* [[List of country-name etymologies]]
* [[Dependent territory|List of dependent territories]]
* [[List of international rankings]]
* [[List of ISO 3166 country codes]]
* [[List of micronations]]
* [[List of national capitals]]
* [[List of rebel groups that control territory]]
* [[List of states with limited recognition]]
* [[List of territorial disputes]]
* [[List of territories governed by the United Nations]]
* [[Lists of political entities by century]]
* [[Lists of state leaders by century]]
* [[Member states of the United Nations]]
* [[Sovereign state]]
** [[List of former sovereign states]]
** [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent]]
** [[List of sovereign states by date of formation]]
* [[Template:Clickable world map]]
* [[Terra nullius]]
* [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories]]
{{div col end}}

== တင်စၟတ် ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== နိဿဲ ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== ပြကိုဟ် ==
* {{cite book |title=The World: A Third World Guide: 1995/96 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldthirdworldg0000unse |editor1-last=Bissio |editor1-first=Roberto Remo |publisher=Instituto del Tercer Mundo |year=1995 |location=Montevideo |isbn=978-0-85598-291-1 |oclc=476299738}}
* {{cite web |title=Countries or areas, codes and abbreviations|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm|publisher=Statistics Division, United Nations|date=1 April 2010}}
* {{cite web |last=Davis|first=Tim|title=World Countries and States List |url=http://www.timdavis.com.au/data/|work=TimDavis.com.au|date=19 February 2009}}
* {{cite web |title=Geographic Names|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/geoinfo/geoname.pdf|publisher=Department of Public Information, Cartographic Section, United Nations|date=7 September 2000}}
* {{cite web |title=ISO 3166-1 Country names and code elements|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/country_names_and_code_elements.htm|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|year=2010}}
* {{cite web |title=List of countries, territories and currencies|url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union|date=4 May 2010}}
* {{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607060922/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 June 2007|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=United States|year=2010|accessdate=10 November 2022|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107142508/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYszJtC66FAC&amp;q=%22official%20name%22%20palestine&amp;pg=PA161 |page=161 |title=Middle East Review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report |author=World of Information (Firm), and International Chamber of Commerce |edition=27th |location=London |publisher=Kogan Page |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7494-4066-4 |oclc=51992589}}
* {{cite web |url=https://peakbagger.com/PBGeog/countries.aspx|title=The Countries of the World|website=PeakBagger.com|last1=Slayden|first1=Greg|access-date=24 July 2020|df=dmy-all}}

{{Earth}}
{{Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent}}
{{Lists of political entities by century}}
{{States with limited recognition}}
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="81083" sha1="6qvhnc06i5ten5gybcdhkj8xjlwir4m" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox political party
| name = ဂကောံဂဥုပ်  ကောန်ဂကူ သွက်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ
| name_lang1 = National League for Democracy
| abbreviation = NLD
| native_name = အမျိုးသား ဒီမိုကရေစီ အဖွဲ့ချုပ်
| logo = 
| founders = [[Aung Shwe]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tin Oo]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kyi Maung]]&lt;br&gt;[[Aung San Suu Kyi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Aung Gyi]]
| leader1_title = Patron
| leader1_name = [[Tin Oo]]
| chairperson = [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] 
| foundation = {{start date|1988|09|27}} 
| dissolution = {{end date|2023|03|28}}
| headquarters = 97B West Shwe Gon Daing Road, [[Bahan Township]], [[Yangon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://professional.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304177104577311330962815886.html?lpe=WSJ_PRO&amp;mg=com-wsj#articleTabs%3Darticle|title=Once-Shunned Quarters Becomes Tourist Mecca|last=Frangos|first=Alex|author2=Patrick Barta|date=30 March 2012|publisher=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2 April 2012}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| membership_year = 
| membership = 
| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap
 | &lt;!--Don't type [[Social liberalism]] or [[Liberal conservatism]]--&gt;[[Liberalism]]
 | [[Populism]]
 | [[Protectionism]]
}}
| position =[[Centrism|Centre]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor=Derbyshire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyAGDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA108 |title=Encyclopedia of World Political Systems |page=108 |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge | isbn=9781317471561}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| international = 
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20210307060432/http://nld-official.org/ nld-official.org]
| regional = [[Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats]] (observer)
| colours = [[Red]]
| seats1_title = Seats in the [[House of Nationalities]]
| seats1 = 
| seats2_title = Seats in the [[House of Representatives (Myanmar)|House of Representatives]]
| seats2 = 
| seats3_title = Seats in the [[State and Regional Hluttaws]]
| seats3 = 
| seats4_title = [[Ethnic Affairs Minister]]s
| seats4 = 
| symbol = 
| colorcode = {{party color|National League for Democracy}}
| flag = [[File:Flag of National League for Democracy.svg|200px]]
| country = Myanmar
}}

'''ဗော်ဂဥုပ်  ကောန်ဂကူ သွက်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ''' (ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ကော်စ) '''ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ''' ({{Lang-en|'''National League for Democracy'''}},{{lang-my|အမျိုးသား ဒီမိုကရေစီ အဖွဲ့ချုပ်}}) [[Abbreviation|abbr.]] '''NLD'''; Burmese abbr. ဒီချုပ်) ဂှ် ဒှ်ဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဗွဲတၟေင် မပစၞး ကုဂကူဗၟာ ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်ပံင်ကောံဗၟာရ။ နကဵုဗော်ဏအ် ကြဴနူ မဂွံဇၞး သဘင်မာဲ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၅ တုဲ ဂွံဒှ် ဗော်အလဵုအသဳဍုင် စဵုကဵုစိုပ် အခိင် [[ပၞာန်သီအဝဵု ဍုင်ဗၟာ ၂၀၂၁|ဒပ်ပၞာန်ထိင်အဝဵုဍုင် သၞာံ ၂၀၂၁]] ကြဴနူ [[သဘင်မာဲ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ ၂၀၂၀|သဘင်မာဲသၞာံ ၂၀၂၀]] တုဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mahtani|first=Shibani|date=|title=Myanmar military seizes power in coup after detaining Aung San Suu Kyi|newspaper=The Washington post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/myanmar-aung-sun-suu-kyi-arrest/2021/01/31/c780ce6a-6419-11eb-886d-5264d4ceb46d_story.html|access-date=1 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဗော်ဝွံ စဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲစၟတ်တ္ၚဲ ၂၇ သေပ်တေမ္ဗါ ၁၉၈၈ တုဲ ပၞောဝ်ကဵု ဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာမ္ဂး ဗော်ဝွံ ဒှ်လဝ် သြဇာသၠုင်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာရ။ [[အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ|ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ]] ဒှ် ဥက္ကဋ္ဌဗော်ဝွံရ။ သဘင်မာဲ သၞာံ ၁၉၉၀ ဂှ် နကဵုဗော်ဏအ် ကလိဂွံ ဇမၞး လပါ်ဂၠိုင်ကီုရ။ ဆဂး နကဵု အလဵုအသဳပၞာန် တးပါဲ သွဟ်မာဲဂှ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူ ဗော်ဏအ် ဟွံလုပ် ပၠုပ်စရင်သဘင်မာဲ သၞာံ၂၀၁၀ ဂှ် ဒးဒုင်လလောင်တြး နဒဒှ် ဗော်မ္ၚးသၞောဝ် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမေ ၆၊ ၂၀၂၀ ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;HT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=National League for Democracy disbanded in Myanmar|url=http://www.haitinews.net/story/630891|publisher=Haiti News|date=4 May 2010|access-date=11 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427155022/http://www.haitinews.net/story/630891|archive-date=27 April 2011|accessdate=18 February 2023|archivedate=27 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427155022/http://www.haitinews.net/story/630891}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဂိတုနဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၁၁ ဂှ် နကဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ လလောင်တြး ဒဒှ်ရ ညးစၟတ်သမ္တီ ဗော်ညးတအ် နဒဒှ် ဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် သွက်ဂွံ လုပ်ဒုင်ရုဲမာဲ မသကၠောန်ဂတဂှ်တုဲ ပၠုပ်စရင် စၟတ်သမ္တီ နဒဒှ် ဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဇရေင် [[ကမ္မရှေန်မာဲ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ|ကမ္မရှေန်မာဲကၟိန်ဍုင်]] ပ္ဍဲဒဳဇြေမ္ဗါ ၁၃၊ ၂၀၁၁ ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;[http://ph.news.yahoo.com/suu-kyis-myanmar-oppo,sition-wins-legal-recognition-034032823.html Suu Kyi's Myanmar opposition party wins legal status] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404082400/https://ph.news.yahoo.com/suu-kyis-myanmar-opposition-wins-legal-recognition-034032823.html |date=4 April 2015 }}, ''[[The Associated Press]]'', 13 December 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

သဘင်မာဲအကြာ သၞာံ ၂၀၂၁ ဂှ် သီုဖအိုတ် ဒၞာဲ ၄၅ ဒၞာဲဂှ် နကဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ လုပ်ဒုင်ရုဲ ၄၄ ဒၞာဲတုဲ ဂွံဇၞးကေတ်မာဲ ၄၃ ဒၞာဲ၊ ဒၞာဲမကျ မွဲဒၞာဲဂှ် ကျအာ ဗော်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေတ်တေတ် ကောန်ဂကူဂမၠိုင်ဍုင်သေံ (Shan Nationalities Democratic Party -SNDP)ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/it-is-the-victory-of-people-aung-san-suu-kyi/245176-2.html |title=It is the victory of the people: Aung San Suu Kyi on Myanmar – World News – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=5 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020422/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/it-is-the-victory-of-people-aung-san-suu-kyi/245176-2.html |archive-date=6 April 2012 |accessdate=18 February 2023 |archivedate=6 April 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020422/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/it-is-the-victory-of-people-aung-san-suu-kyi/245176-2.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု အလဵုဇကု ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳဂှ် လုပ်ဒုင်ရုဲ ပ္ဍဲပွိုင်ဍုင်ကအ်မုဟ်၊ ရးဨရာဝတဳတုဲ ဂွံဇၞးကေတ်ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-04/02/c_131504585.htm |title=Myanmar election commission announces NLD wins overwhelmingly in by-elections |date=2 April 2012 |publisher=Xinhua |access-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229134843/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-04/02/c_131504585.htm |archive-date=29 December 2016 |accessdate=18 February 2023 |archivedate=4 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204032/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-04/02/c_131504585.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; သဘင်မာဲ သၞာံ ၂၀၂၅ ဂှ် နကဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဂွံဇၞးကေတ် သီုကဵု စၠတ်ထဝ်ၜါတုဲ ဂွံပံက်အလဵုအသဳဍုင်မာန်ကၠုင်ရ။

ပ္ဍဲ ၂၁ မေ ၂၀၂၁ ဂှ် နကဵု [[ကမ္မရှေန်မာဲ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ ၂၀၂၁|ကမ္မရှေန်သဘင်မာဲ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ]] လလောင်တြး ဒဒှ်ရ ညးတအ် ဖန်ဇန်ဒၟံင် သွက်ဂွံ ကၟာတ်လဒဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ လၟိန်ကာလ၊&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Reuters|first=Story by|title=Myanmar's junta-appointed electoral body to dissolve Suu Kyi's party, report says|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/21/asia/suu-kyi-nld-party-dissolved-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=2021-05-21|website=CNN|date=21 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ဆဂး ဗွဲကြဴ နကဵု ကမ္မရှေန်ဂှ်ဟီု တန်တဴ ကုဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ညးတအ် လုပ်ပြိုင် သဘင်မာဲဂတဏအ်ဟာ ဟွံလုပ်ပြိုင်ဟာရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Myanmar military won't dissolve Suu Kyi's NLD party: official |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Crisis/Myanmar-military-won-t-dissolve-Suu-Kyi-s-NLD-party-official |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=[[Nikkei Asia]] |date=26 January 2022 |location=[[Yangon]] and [[Bangkok, Thailand]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ကြဴနူ အလဵုအသဳပၞာန် မပ္တိတ် သၞောဝ်သဘင်မာဲ ပ္ဍဲဇာန္နဝါရဳ ၂၀၂၃ တုဲ နကဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ လလောင်တြးလဝ် ဒဒှ်ရ နကဵု ဗော်ညးတအ် ဟွံကလေင် ပ္တိုန်စရင် ဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်၊ တုဲပၠန် သွဟ်မာဲ မတိတ်ကၠုင် နူသဘင်မာဲဂတဂှ်လေဝ် နကဵု ဗော်ညးတအ် ဟွံစၟတ်သမ္တီကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Myanmar’s opposition party refuses to re-register under new junta law |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/myanmar-party-refuses-02062023193308.html |access-date=13 February 2023 |work=[[Radio Free Asia]] |date=6 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ဝင် ==
ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ မံက်တိုန်ကၠုင် ကြဴနူ ပရေင်ကလိုက်ကမဵု ၈၈၈၈ တုဲ ပရေင်ထ္ၜးဆန္ဒ သွက်အခေါင်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ မကတဵုဒှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၉၀ ဂှ်တုဲ စိုပ်ကၞောတ် ပၞာန်သီထောအ် အဝဵုဍုင်ရ။ ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳဂှ် ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵုမပတိုန်လဝ် သကိုပ်သက ကုဒဝ်[[အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ]] မဒှ် ကောန် ဂဥုပ်ဗိုလ်ဗၟာတြေံ [[အံင်သာန်၊ ဂဥုပ်ဗိုလ်|အံင်သာန်]]၊ မညးဒှ် က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်ဂကူဗၟာ သွက်ဗၠးၜး ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ၁၉၄၀တအ်ရ။ အခိင်မဒက်ကိုပ်ကၠာတေအ်ဂှ် ဦးအံင်ဂျဳ ညးမဒှ် ဂဥုပ်ဗိုလ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာတြေံ ဂွံဒှ် ဥက္ကဋ္ဌတုဲ ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ ဂွံဒှ် ညးအုပ်ကာနာနာဗော်ရ။

သဘင်မာဲ သၞာံ ၁၉၉၀ ဂှ် ဗော်ဏအ် ကလိဂွံဇမၞး ဒၞာဲ ၅၉% မဒှ်ဒၞာဲခုင် သီုဖအိုတ် ၄၉၂ ဂှ် ဂွံဇၞးကေတ် ၃၉၂ ခုင်၊ ဗော်ညဳသၟဟ်ကောန်ဂကူ - တစည (National Unity Party) မဒှ် ဗော်အလဵုအသဳဂှ် ဂွံဆဇၞး ခုင် ၁၀ ဒၞာဲဓဝ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;Houtman, Daigaku &amp; Kenkyūjo, 1999, p. 1&lt;/ref&gt; ဆဂး အလဵုအသဳပၞာန် နဝတ ဟွံကဵုအခေါင် ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဒက်ပ္တန် အလဵုအသဳရ။&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25503318-16741,00.html Junta must free Burma's leading lady] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816235900/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25503318-16741,00.html |date=16 August 2009 }}, ''[[The Australian]]'', 19 May 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Soon after the election, the party was repressed and in 1996 Suu Kyi was placed under [[house arrest]]. နကဵု ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳဂှ် ပ္ဍဲလလအ်အခိင် သီုဖအိုတ် ၂၁ သၞာံဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ကၟာတ်လဝ် အပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိညး ပွိုင် ၁၆ စဵုကဵု ဂွံဗၠးကဵု ပ္ဍဲ ၂၁ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၁၀ ဂှ်ရ။ ညးစၞး ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒဴတိတ် နူဍုင်တုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန် အလဵုအသဳပံင်ကောံကောန်ဂကူ ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ (National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma - NCGUB) ရ။

သၞာံ ၂၀၀၁ ဂှ် အလဵုအသဳ ကဵုအခေါင် ကုဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ပံက်ရုင်ဗော်ပၠန် တုဲပၠန် ဗလးကဵု ကောန်ဗော် မဒးလဝ်ထံင်လ္ၚဵုတအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aappb.org/report7_confidence_building_pp.pdf|title=Burma's Confidence Building and Political Prisoners|publisher=[[Assistance Association for Political Prisoners]]|website=aappb.org|access-date=30 April 2018|accessdate=18 February 2023|archivedate=28 May 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528052015/http://www.aappb.org/report7_confidence_building_pp.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမေ ၂၀၀၂၊ ညးအုပ်ကာနာနာ ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ ဂွံအခေါင်တိတ် နူကဵု သ္ၚိဇကုရ။ နကဵု ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ ကေုာံ ကောန်ဗော်ညး တိတ်တရဴ ဂေတ်ဍုင်တုဲ ဂွံအထံက်ဂလာန် နူညးဍုင်ကွာန် ဗွဲမဇၞော်ကဵု ဒြဟတ်ရ။ ဆဂး တရဴညးတအ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဒေဗယေန် ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမေ ၂၀၀၃ ဂှ် ကောန်ဗော် ဗွဲကဵုစှ်ော ဒးဒုင်ပန်ဂစိုတ်၊ ညးမပန်ဂစိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် နူဒပ်ပၞာန်ရ။ နူဂှ် ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ ကဵု ဒုဥက္ကဋ္ဌ ဦးတင်ဦး ဒးဒုင်ရပ်ပၠန်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.aseanmp.org/resources/Depayin%20Massacre.pdf | title=The Depayin Massacre: Two years on, Justice denied | publisher=Asean Inter-parliamentary Myanmar caucus | date=30 May 2005 | access-date=20 November 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614185341/http://www.aseanmp.org/resources/Depayin%20Massacre.pdf | archive-date=14 June 2007 | df=dmy-all | accessdate=18 February 2023 | archivedate=14 June 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614185341/http://www.aseanmp.org/resources/Depayin%20Massacre.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

နူ ၂၀၀၄၊ နကဵု အလဵုအသဳ ကၟာတ်လဒဵု ပရေင်ချဳဓရာင် ဗော်ဏအ်ရ။ သၞာံ ၂၀၀၆ ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ပရေင်ဒြဟတ်ဒမြိုဟ် နူဒပ်ပၞာန်တုဲ ကောန်ဗော် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် နုက်တိတ် နူဗော်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲဂိတု အံက်တဝ်ဗါ၊ ၂၀၀၈ ကြဴနူ ပၠန်ဂတးအသာ်ထဝ် မကော်ဂး (Saffron Revolution) မဒှ် ပေါဲဗတိုက် နကဵု ခမဳသင်တအ် အာဂတပၠတရဴတုဲ ထ္ၜးဆန္ဒ ဗွဲတၟေင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇၞော်လ္ဂုင် ဒးဒုင်ပန် လၞိန်ဗပိန်တုဲ ဗုမ်မွဲမ ခတိုဟ်အာ ပ္ဍဲကဵု အဝိုင်ထာန်ချံက်ပေန်၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ယှိုယ်ပျဳတာ၊ ဍုင်လ္ဂုင်၊ မဒှ်ဒၞာဲ ဗဒါဲရုင် [[ဗော်တမ္ၚံင် ကေုာံ ဇမၞော်မၟောဝ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်|ဂကောံတမ္ၚံင် ကေုာံ ဇမၞော်မၟောဝ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်]]တုဲ မၞိဟ်ချိုတ်အာ မွဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=One Dead in Burma Blasts|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/bombs-10202008121201.html|access-date=3 December 2016|agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|publisher=Radio Free Asia|date=20 October 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203130322/http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/bombs-10202008121201.html|archive-date=3 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; မၞိဟ်မချိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ် သက်ဦးဝင် မၞိဟ်မပါလုပ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲပၠန်ဂတးအသာ်ထဝ်၊ ဗုမ်ဂှ်ခတိုဟ် အပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိညးဂှ်။&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Increasing bomb blasts worry Rangoon residents – Zarni &amp; Mungpi|url=http://www.burmanet.org/news/2008/10/21/mizzima-news-increasing-bomb-blasts-worry-rangoon-residents-zarni-mungpi/|access-date=3 December 2016|agency=Mizzima News|issue=1|publisher=BurmaNet News|date=21 October 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203125805/http://www.burmanet.org/news/2008/10/21/mizzima-news-increasing-bomb-blasts-worry-rangoon-residents-zarni-mungpi/|archive-date=3 December 2016|accessdate=18 February 2023|archivedate=3 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203125805/http://www.burmanet.org/news/2008/10/21/mizzima-news-increasing-bomb-blasts-worry-rangoon-residents-zarni-mungpi/}}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု အလဵုအသဳပၞာန် စုတ်စောဲဒုဟ် ဒဒှ်ရ နကဵု ရဲဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဒှ်ညးဖန်ဇန် ဗုမ်ဂှ်။&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; တုဲ နကဵု အမှုဗုမ်ဂှ်ဂှ် အလဵုအသဳပၞာန် ရပ်ထောအ် ကောန်ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ တၟာဂလိုင်ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Agence France Presse: Myanmar blast victim was ex-monk turned bombmaker: state media|url=http://www.burmanet.org/news/2008/10/21/agence-france-presse-myanmar-blast-victim-was-ex-monk-turned-bombmaker-state-media/|access-date=3 December 2016|agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|publisher=BurmaNet News|date=21 October 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203130036/http://www.burmanet.org/news/2008/10/21/agence-france-presse-myanmar-blast-victim-was-ex-monk-turned-bombmaker-state-media/|archive-date=3 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

သဘင်မာဲ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၀ ဂှ် နကဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဗ္ဂါပ်ဗဗေင်၊ ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ကောန်ဗော်ညး ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒးဒုင်ကၟာတ်လဒဵုလဝ် အခေါင်သွက်ဂွံဒုင်ရုဲစှ်ရ။ နကဵုသၞောဝ်မ္ဂး ကောန်ဂကောံတအ်ဂှ် နကဵုဗော် ဒးနုက်ပ္တိတ်တုဲဟေင် နကဵုဗော်ဂှ် ဂွံလုပ်ပြိုင်မာဲဂွံရ။ ပ္ဍဲဂိတုမေဂှ် နကဵုဗော် ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ဗလးကဵု ဗော်ပလီုကၟာတ်ထောအ် ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်သှ်ေခိုဟ်၊ ကောန်ဂကောံတအ်ဂှ် ဟွံပ္တိတ် နူဗော်၊ တုဲပၠန် နကဵု ဗော်လေဝ် ဟွံလုပ် ဒုင်ရုဲမာဲရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;HT&quot;/&gt; ဟိုတ်နူ ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဟွံလုပ် ဒုင်ရုဲမာဲတုဲ ကောန်ဗော်လ္ၚဵု ပါ်တိတ်တုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန်ဗော်တၞဟ် နကဵုယၟု ဂကောံဒြဟတ် သွက်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ (National Democratic Force)၊&lt;ref name=&quot;ndf&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/07/new-democratic-party-burma-elections |title=New Burmese opposition party to contest election |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 May 2010 |access-date=7 May 2010 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914224621/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/07/new-democratic-party-burma-elections |archive-date=14 September 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ဆဂး နကဵု ဗော်ဏအ် ကလိဂွံမာဲ ဆၜိုတ် ဗဒါဲ ၃% ဓဝ်ရ။ သဘင်မာဲဂှ် နကဵု [[ဗော်တမ္ၚံင် ကေုာံ ဇမၞော်မၟောဝ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်|ဗော်ကျဖေါတ်]] ဂွံဇၞးကေတ် မာဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=15,000 flee Burma in post-election violence|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2010/11/08/burma-election.html|access-date=19 November 2011|newspaper=CBC News|date=8 November 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211140245/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2010/11/08/burma-election.html|archive-date=11 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ကြဴနူ ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ ကဵု အလဵုအသဳဗၟာ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ၂၀၁၁ ကဵုကေတ် ရေင်သကအ်တုဲ ဂိတုအံက်တဝ်ဗါဂှ် ကောန်ထံင် သၟာပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဂွံဗၠးတိတ်၊ တုဲပၠန် အခေါင်အရာညးဍုင်ကွာန် ဗီုကဵု ဂကောံသၟာကမၠောန်တအ်ဂှ် ဂွံဒှ်ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Burma frees dozens of political prisoners|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15269259|access-date=19 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=12 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118214652/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15269259|archive-date=18 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Burma law to allow labour unions and strikes|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15303968|access-date=19 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=14 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118122129/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15303968|archive-date=18 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

သၞာံ ၂၀၁၁ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၁၈ ဂှ် နကဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ကောံဓရီုကေင်ကာဗဟဵုတုဲ လလောင်တြး ဒဒှ်ရ နကဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ က္လေင်ပ္တိုန်စရင် နဒဒှ် ဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်တုဲ သဘင်မာဲအကြာ သွက်ဒၞာဲသီုဖအိုတ် ၄၈ ဒၞာဲ မၞိဟ်စၞးစၠတ်ထဝ်တအ် လုပ်ကေတ်တာလျိုင် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဝန်ဇၞော်ဂမၠိုင်တုဲ ဒၞာဲသၠးဒၟံင်ဂှ် လုပ်ဒုင်ရုဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Suu Kyi's NLD democracy party to rejoin Burma politics|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15787605|access-date=19 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=18 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119002541/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15787605|archive-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲဂှ် နကဵု ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ ဓရီုကျာ ကုသမ္မတကၟိန်ဍုင်ပံင်ကောံအမေရိကာန် ဗါရက် အဝ်ဗါမာတုဲ တုပ်စိုတ် ရေင်သကအ် ညးအုပ်ကာနာနာ ဍုင် ဟိလ်လာရဳ ကၠိန်တောန် (Hillary Clinton) သွက်ဂွံကၠုင်ဝေင် ဍုင်ဗၟာရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=U.S. sees Burma reforms as strategic opening to support democracy|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-sees-burma-reforms-as-strategic-opening-to-support-democracy/2011/11/18/gIQA22gwZN_story_1.html|access-date=19 November 2011|newspaper=Washington Post|date=19 November 2011|first=Craig|last=Whitlock|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728020152/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-sees-burma-reforms-as-strategic-opening-to-support-democracy/2011/11/18/gIQA22gwZN_story_1.html|archive-date=28 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; မကၠုင်ဝေင်ဂှ် ဒှ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲ ၃၀ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title='Hopeful' Hillary Clinton starts Burma visit|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15956664|publisher=BBC News|access-date=1 December 2011|date=30 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130174125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15956664|archive-date=30 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု ဒုဥက္ကဋ္ဌ သမဂ္ဂယူရောပ် (အဳယူ) Catherine Ashton လေဝ် ဒုင်တၠုင် ညံင်ဂွံဒှ် ကၠောန်သဘင်မာဲမနွံကဵုဗဗွဲဓဝ် ကေုာံ ကၠးဖ္ဍး၊ တုဲပၠန် နကဵု အဳယူလေဝ် ပရေင်ကၟာတ်လဒဵုလဝ် ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်တအ်ဂှ် က္လေင်သ္ၚေဝ်ဂၠေပ်ကဵုပၠန်ရောင် ဟီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=EU hails Myanmar moves, reviewing policy|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-myanmar-idUSTRE7AH1ER20111118|access-date=19 November 2011|date=18 November 2011|work=Reuters|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118193126/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/18/us-eu-myanmar-idUSTRE7AH1ER20111118|archive-date=18 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

သွက်သဘင်မာဲ ၂၀၁၅ ဂှ် နကဵုဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ တးပါဲ မၞိဟ်စၞးအလံင်အမာတ် မူသလေန်ဂမၠိုင်တုဲ ဒးဒုင်ပါ်ပါဲ၊ တုဲပၠန် နကဵု ဗော်ဏအ် ဆက်ဆောံခိုဟ် ပံင်ကိတ် ကုဂကောံလကျာ်ဗၟာပရမ် နကဵုယၟု မဘသ မဒှ် ဂကောံလကျာ်ဗၟာ မနွံကဵု ဂၠံင်တရဴအစောဲဂကူဇၞော် တုဲပၠန် ဒစဵုဒစး ဘာသာသအာင်တအ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title = Aung San Suu Kyi's party excludes Muslim candidates|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-34182489|access-date = 3 January 2016|first = Jonah Fisher BBC|last = News|work = BBC News|date = 8 September 2015|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151122050221/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-34182489|archive-date = 22 November 2015|df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဦးကိုနီ ညးမဒှ် သၟာသၞောဝ် မဒှ်ညး မကဵုကသပ် လပါ်သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ ကုဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဒးဒုင်ပန်ဂစိုတ် ပ္ဍဲသၞေဟ်က္ၜင်ကျာလ္ဂုင် ပ္ဍဲဇာန္နဝါရဳ ၂၀၁၇ ဂှ် ဒှ်မူသလေန်ကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၆ အခိင်ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဗၟာ မပန်ဂစိုတ်ကမၠက် ဂကူ[[ရဝ်ဟိန်ဂျာ|ရဝ်ဟေန်ဂျာ]] ဂှ်လေဝ် နကဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ပါလုပ်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲအရာမဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ်ကီုတုဲ ဒးဒုင်ပါ်ပါဲ ကုဂကောံမၞိဟ်ဂၠးတိကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Myanmar |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/burma |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=23 April 2020 |date=2018|series=World Report 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ကြဴနူ ပၞာန်ထိင်အဝဵု ၂၀၂၁ ==

ကြဴနူ [[ပၞာန်သီအဝဵု ဍုင်ဗၟာ ၂၀၂၁|ပၞာန်သီအဝဵုဍုင် သၞာံ ၂၀၂၁]] တုဲ စနူ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၊ ရုင်ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဒးဒုင်ကၟာတ်လဝ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Myanmar's NLD says offices raided in 'unlawful acts', computers, documents seized|url=https://money.yahoo.com/myanmars-nld-says-offices-raided-081024748.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=money.yahoo.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; တုဲပၠန် ဂကောံကေင်ကာ (CEC) ကြပ်သီုဖအိုတ် သီုကဵု ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳဂှ် ဒးရပ်ကြိုင်လဝ်တုဲ သှ်ေဒၟံင် မ္ၚးထံင် အပ္ဍဲဍုင် မၞိဟ် ၆ တၠ၊ ဦးဟန်သာမြင့်၊ ဦးသိန်းဦး၊ ဒေါက်တာမျိုးညွန့်၊ ဒေါက်တာတင်မျိုးဝင်း၊ ဦးအောင်စိုး၊ ဒေါ်ခင်ဌေးကြွယ်။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ နကဵုဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳဂှ် ကမၠောန်ဗော်အိုတ်သီု ချဳဓရာင် ကၠောန်ဟွံဂွံရ။&lt;ref name=toe1/&gt; 

ကြဴနူ ပၞာန်ထိင်အဝဵုဍုင်တုဲ ဦးအောင်ကြည်ညွန့် ကဵု ဦကျော်ထွေး ညးၜါဂှ် ဒဴတိတ် နူဍုင်တုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် ကမ္မတဳကမၠောန်ဗဟဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ (NLD – CWC) နကဵု မၞိဟ် (၈)တၠ။ နကဵု ကမ္မတဳဏအ် ကေုာံ ကောန်ဂကောံအေဝ်အေဝ်ဒဳ မစိုပ်ဒၟံင် ဍုင်သအာင် ဗွဲတၟေင် နိဂီုသေံ ကဵု ကၟိန်ဍုင်ပံင်ကောံအမေရိကာန်တအ်ဂှ် ဆက်ချဳဓရာင်ဒၟံင် ကမၠောန်ဗော်နာနာတုဲ ပ္တိတ်ဒၟံင် လိက်လလောင်တြးနာနာသာ်ကီုရ။ လိက်ဂလုက် (Password) မုက်လိက် Facebook Page ကေုာံ မုက်လိက် D-Wave (ဒီလှိုင်း) ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳဂှ် ဦးနေဘုန်းလတ် (ညးလလောင်ပရိုင် အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳတြေံ၊ ဂကောံ [[အလဵုအသဳညဳသၟဟ်ကောန်ဂကူ|NUG]]) ကဵု ဦးလွင်ကိုလတ် ([[အလဵုအသဳညဳသၟဟ်ကောန်ဂကူ|NUG]])၊ တအ်လေဝ် ဂွံလဝ်ကီုရ။ သၞာံ ၂၀၂၁ ဂိတုမာတ် ဂှ် ကိုကြည်တိုး ကောန်ဂကောံဌာနလလောင်ပရိုင် ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဒးဒုင်ရပ်အာတုဲ လိက်ဂလုက်ဂှ် ဦးနေဘုန်းလတ် ကဵု ဦးလွင်ကိုလတ် တအ်ဂှ် ပြံင်ထောအ်တုဲ ဒုင်ယၟု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳတုဲ ပ္တိတ်ဒၟံင် လိက်လလောင်တြးနာနာသာ်ရ။&lt;ref name=toe1/&gt; နကဵု ကမ္မတဳဏအ် ညးတအ်ဟီု ပ္ဍဲကဵု အခိင် ဂကောံကေင်ကာဂမၠိုင် သီုကဵု ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ မဒးဒုင်ရပ်လဝ်တုဲ ကမၠောန်ဗော်တအ်ဂှ် နကဵု ကမ္မတဳကမၠောန်ဗဟဵု (NLD – CWC) ဂှ် ဆက်ယိုက်ဂၠေင် ကၠောန်အာဒၟံင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnldparty%2Fposts%2Fpfbid05yyKLFBNMj2wUjTeUVrFNEt6xfZJjTe2y7kKfS5A7iNSWx3U2C6V2bW8ghXfzuPUl&amp;show_text=true&amp;width=500&quot;|title=သတင်းထုတ်ပြန်ချက်အမှတ်(၂ /၂၀၂၃) |last= |first= |date=3  March 2023 |website=NLD Facebook |publisher=Open |access-date=4 March 2023 |quote=၂။  ပါတီဥက္ကဌ ဒေါ်အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်အပါအဝင် ဗဟိုအလုပ်အမှုဆောင်များ မတရားဖမ်းဆီးချုပ်နှောင်ခံထားရသည့် ယခုနွေဦးတော်လှန်ရေးကာလတွင် ပါတီ၏လုပ်ငန်းတာဝန်များကို ဗဟိုအလုပ်ကော်မတီမှ တာဝန်ယူမှု၊ တာဝန်ခံမှု အပြည့်ဖြင့်ဆောင်ရွက်လျက်ရှိပါသည်။}}&lt;/ref&gt;

နကဵု ကမ္မတဳကမၠောန်ဗဟဵုဏအ် ပ္ဍဲစၟတ်တ္ၚဲ ၂၀၂၃ မာတ် ၃ ဂှ် ပ္တိတ်လိက်လလောင်တြး ဒဒှ်ရ နကဵုဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ နုက်ပ္တိတ်ထောအ် နူကဵုဗော် မၞိဟ် ပန်တၠ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fnldparty%2Fposts%2Fpfbid05yyKLFBNMj2wUjTeUVrFNEt6xfZJjTe2y7kKfS5A7iNSWx3U2C6V2bW8ghXfzuPUl&amp;show_text=true&amp;width=500&quot;|title=သတင်းထုတ်ပြန်ချက်အမှတ်(၂ /၂၀၂၃) |last= |first= |date=3  March 2023 |website=NLD Facebook |publisher=Open |access-date=4 March 2023 |quote=၃။  ဥပဒေချိုးဖောက် အကြမ်းဖက်အာဏာလု စစ်ကောင်စီသည် အတုအယောင်ရွေးကောက်ပွဲတစ်ခု ဖန်တီး၍ ပြည်သူလူထုနှင့် ကမ္ဘာကိုလှည့်စားရန်ကြံဆောင်နေချိန်တွင် အမျိုးသားဒီမိုကရေစီအဖွဲ့ချုပ် ပါတီဝင်အချို့သည် ပြည်သူ့ဆန္ဒသဘောထားကို လေးစားလိုက်နာမှု မရှိသည့်အပြင် ပါတီ၏ရပ်တည်ချက် တို့ကို ဆန့်ကျင်၍လည်းကောင်း၊ ပါတီအမည်ကို အလွဲသုံးစားလုပ်ဆောင်၍လည်းကောင်း၊ စစ်အာဏာရှင် အလိုကျလိုက်နာဆောင်ရွက်ရင်း ကိုယ်ကျိုးရှာ လုပ်ဆောင်နေကြကြောင်း ခိုင်လုံသည့် အထောက်အထားများ ရရှိထားပါသည်။
၄။  ပါတီ၏ အပတ်စဉ်ပုံမှန်အစည်းအဝေးများတွင် တက်ရောက်လာသည့် ဗဟိုကော်မတီဝင်များ၊ တိုင်းနှင့် ပြည်နယ်အလုပ်အမှုဆောင်များ၊ ဗဟိုရေးရာကော်မတီများကလည်း အဖွဲ့ချုပ်ဥက္ကဋ္ဌ ဒေါ်အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည် အပေါ် မမှန်မကန်သက်သေထွက်ဆိုသူများနှင့် ပြည်သူ့ဆန္ဒကိုကျောခိုင်းပြီး ပါတီ၏မူဝါဒများကို ဆန့်ကျင် လုပ်ဆောင်နေသူများအား အရေးယူပေးရန် တင်ပြလာချက်များအရ အောက်ဖော်ပြပါ ပါတီဝင်များအား အဖွဲ့ချုပ်မှ ပေးအပ်ထားသောတာဝန်များအားလုံး ရပ်ဆိုင်းသည့်အပြင် ပါတီဝင်အဖြစ်မှပါ အပြီးအပိုင် ထုတ်ပယ်လိုက်ကြောင်းနှင့် ယင်းတို့၏ ပြောဆိုဆောင်ရွက်မှုများသည် အမျိုးသားဒီမိုကရေစီအဖွဲ့ချုပ်နှင့် မည်သို့မျှ သက်ဆိုင်ခြင်းမရှိပါကြောင်း အသိပေးကြေညာအပ်ပါသည်။}}&lt;/ref&gt; -

* ဦးဖြိုးမင်းသိန်း (ဂကောံကေင်ကာဗဟဵု)
* ဒေါ်စန္ဒာမင်း (ဂကောံကမ္မတဳဗဟဵု)
* ဦးတိုးလွင် (ဂကောံကမ္မတဳဗဟဵု)
* ဦးဝင်းမြင့်အောင် (ဂကောံကမ္မတဳဗဟဵု)

ဦးတိုးလွင် ညးမဒးလလောင်တြးလဝ် ယၟုဂှ် ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဂှ်ဟေင် ကလေင်ချူပတိုန် ပ္ဍဲမုက်လိက် Facebook ညး ပရူဗော်အေဝ်အေဝ်ဒဳ ကေုာံ တင်ဒတူလိုင် ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳရ။ ဦးတိုးလွင့် ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜး ဒဒှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲစၟတ်တ္ၚဲ ၈ နဝ်ဝေမ်ဗါ ၂၀၂၁ဂှ် နကဵု ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ ကီု သီုကဵု ဦးဝင်းမြင့် ဟီုနင်လဝ် ကုဗော်ညးတအ် နူကဵု သၟာသၞောဝ် ဒေါ်မင်းမင်းစိုး ကဵု ဦးခင်မောင်ဇော် မွဲကဆံင် ဒဒှ်ရ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်လၟုဟ်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူ နကဵု ဂကောံကေင်ကာဗဟဵုကီု ကမ္မတဳဗဟဵုကီု ဟွံဂွံကောံဓရီုဂှ်ရ ယြဴညးလဵုမွဲဟွံဟီု ဒုင်ယၟု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳတုဲ ဟီုဂး ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် အခေါင်ဟွံမဲ၊ တုဲပၠန် လတူ လဟီု ကေုာံ တင်သဂုတ်သွာတ်တအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် နကဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဟွံကေတ်တာလျိုင်ရ။  &lt;ref name=toe1&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Ftoee.lwin%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02u2UYREwPUBGcUVQkh4mW6jU7dbreFxMGRxemSfeKxCzV4GEMdtvxaXQkgjjESxAql&amp;show_text=true&amp;width=500&quot;|title=ဦးတိုးလွင် (ဗဟိုကော်မတီဝင်) ရေးသားချက် ၁ |last=Lwin |first=Toe |date=3 March |website=Toe Lwin's Personal Facebook |publisher=Open |access-date=3 March |quote=အစစ အရာရာ ကိုယ့်ဘက်က အင်အားစုတွေ အချင်းချင်း သွေးကွဲမှာ စိုးလို့ တတ်နိုင်သလောက် သည်းခံပြီး ထိန်းထိန်းသိမ်းသိမ်း နေခဲ့တာပါ။ ဒါပေမယ်ံ့ တိုင်ပြည်အပြင်ဖက် ရောက်နေကြတဲ့ နိုင်ငံရေးသမားတွေအချို့ဟာ ကျင့်ဝတ်သိက္ခာ မဲ့လွန်တဲ့အပြင် နိုင်ငံရေး လူညစ်ပတ်တွေမို့လို့
ကျနော် မပြောပဲ နေတဲ့ဟာတွေ ထုတ်ပြောရပါတော့မယ်။ 
                 ဒေါ်အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည် အပါအဝင် CEC အဖွဲ့ဝင်အားလုံးနီးပါ အဖမ်းခံ ထောင်ကျနေချိန်မှာ NLD ပါတီနဲ့  CEC အဖွဲ့ ရဲ့ ဆုံးဖြတ်ချက်တွေ မချမှတ်နိုင်ခဲ့ပါဘူး။ NLD နာမည်အသုံးပြုတာ၊ CEC နာမည် အသုံးပြုတာတွေဟာ လုံးဝတရားမဝင်သလို ဒေါ်အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည် အပါအဝင်NLD CEC အဖွဲ့က တာဝန်လည်း မခံသလို တာဝန်လည်းမယူကြောင်း 8.11.2021 ရက်ကတည်းက ဒေါ်အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်နဲ့ ဦးဝင်းမြင့်တို့က ရှေ့နေတွေ ( ဒေါ်မင်းမင်းစိုး၊ ဦးခင်မောင်ဇော်) ကတစ်ဆင့် အပြတ်ပြောခဲ့ပြီးသားပါ။ ဒါကြောင့် NLD ရဲ့ တရားဝင်ဖေ့စ်ဘွတ် စာမျက်နှာကို တရားမဝင် ခိုးယူအသုံးပြုနေကြတဲ့ NLD CWC အမည်ခံ ဦးအောင်ကြည်ညွန့် ဦးဆောင်တဲ့သူတွေမှာ ဘာမှ လုပ်ပိုင်ခွင့်မရှိပါဘူး။ 
NLD CWC အမည်ခံပြီး ဖွဲ့တာဟာလည်း တရားမဝင်ဘူးလို့ ဒေါ်အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်က ရှေ့နေတွေကတဆင့် 8.11.2021 ရက်နေ့မှာ အပြတ်ပြောခဲ့ပါတယ်။ ဒါကို ရူးချင်ယောင်ဆောင်ပြီး တရားမဝင်တဲ့ NLD CWC နာမည်ကို အသုံးချပြီး NLD ရဲ့ တရားဝင် Facebook Page ကို မောင်ပိုင်စီး ခိုးယူအသုံးပြုပြီး NLD နာမည်နဲ့ ကြေညာချက်တွေ ထုတ်နေတာဟာ လုံးဝတရားမဝင်ဘူးဆိုတာ NLD မှာ နှစ်များစွာ လုပ်ခဲ့ဘူးသူတိုင်း သိကြပါတယ်။
            ယခု So-called NLD CWC ဆိုတဲ့ သူတို့ဘာသာ သူတို့ တိုင်းပြည်အပြင်ဖက်မှာ ဖွဲ့ထားကြတဲ့ အဖွဲ့မှာ ပါဝင်တဲ့သူ အားလုံးဟာ ထိုင်းနိုင်ငံ မဲဆောက်နဲ့ အမေရိကားကို အကုန်ရောက်နေကြတဲ့ သူတွေချည်းပါပဲ။ 
NLD ရဲ့ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံစည်းမျဉ်းနဲ့ လုပ်ထုံးလုပ်နည်းအရ ဆိုရင် အဲဒီလို တိုင်းပြည်အပြင်ဖက် ထွက်သွားကြသူတွေဟာ NLD ပါတီဝင်အဖြင့်တောင် တရားမဝင်တော့ပါဘူး။ သူတို့တွေဟာ NLD ပါတီဝင်တွေလို့တောင် မပြောနိုင်တော့ပါဘူး။ NLD ရဲ့ နှစ်ပေါင်း (၃၀) ကျော် နိုင်ငံရေးသမိုင်းကြောင်းမှာ ဒီလို တိုင်းပြည်အပြင်ဖက် ထွက်သွားကြတဲ့ (ရှင်းရှင်းပြောရရင်ကြောက်လို့ ထွက်ပြေးသွားကြတဲ့) သူတွေဟာ ဘယ်တုန်းကမှ NLD တာဝန်ကို ယူလို့မရသလို တာဝန်ယူခဲ့ရင်လည်း တရားမဝင်
ပါဘူး။ NLD ပါတီရဲ့ တရားဝင် Facebook Page နဲ့ ဒီလှိုင်း (D-Wave) Facebook Page နှစ်ခုစလုံးဟာ နဂို NLD ပြန်ကြားရေး
အဖွဲ့ဝင်ဟောင်းတွေဖြစ်ကြတဲ့ နေဘုန်းလတ် (ယခု NUG) နှင့် လွင်ကိုလတ် (ယခု NUG) တို့ နှစ်ဦးရဲ့ လက်ထဲမှာ ရောက်နေကြပါတယ်။ ၂၀၂၁ ခုနှစ် မတ်လမှာ NLD ဗဟိုပြန်ကြားရေးအဖွဲ့ဝင် ကိုကြည်တိုး အဖမ်းခံရပြီးနောက်မှာ နေဘုန်းလတ်နဲ့ လွင်ကိုလတ်တို့ နှစ်ဦးက NLD Facebook Page နဲ့ ဒီလှိုင်း Facebook Page ကို Password ပြောင်းပြီး သိမ်းယူထားခဲ့တာပါ။ နောက်ပိုင်း NLD ဖေ့စ်ဘွတ် Page ကနေမှ NLD ရဲ့ ကြေညာချက်တွေကို တရားမဝင် ထုတ်ပြန်နေခဲ့ကြတာပါ။ 
         ကျနော်ဟာ NLD ပါတီရဲ့ ဗဟိုကော်မတီဝင် တစ်ဦးဖြစ်သလို NLD ပါတီရဲ့ အရေးကြီးဆုံးနဲ့ အရေးပါဆုံး ဗဟိုစည်းကမ်းထိန်းသိမ်းရေး
အဖွဲ့ဝင် တစ်ဦးဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ ဒါကြောင့် 1988 ခုနှစ် NLD ပါတီရဲ့ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံစည်းမျဉ်း လုပ်ထုံးလုပ်နည်းတွေအပြင်၂၀၁၁ ခုနှစ် နှစ်ကုန်မှာ NLD ပါတီ ပြန်မှတ်ပုံတင်ခဲ့ပြီးနောက်ပိုင် NLD ပါတီရဲ့ ပါတီစည်းမျဉ်းနှင့် ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ၊ နိုင်ငံရေးဝါဒ သဘောတရားနှင့် လုပ်ငန်းစဉ်များကို အားလုံးနားလည်သလို ကြေကြေညက်ညက်လည်း ရှိထားသူပါ။၂၀၁၁ ခုနှစ် နောက်ပိုင်း ပြန်ဖွဲ့ခဲ့တဲ့ NLD ပါတီဖွဲ့စည်းပုံမှာ CWC ( ဗဟိုအလုပ်ကော်မတီ ) ဆိုတာ လုံးမရှိသလို၊ ဖွဲ့ခဲ့ရင်လည်း တရားလုံးဝမဝင်ပါဘူး။ NLD ပါတီရဲ့ ပါတီစည်းကမ်းထိန်းသိမ်းရေးအဖွဲ့ အဆင့်ဆင့်ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံနှင့် လုပ်ထုံးလုပ်နည်းများ အရဆိုလျှင်တော့ ယခု So-called CWC အဖွဲ့မှာ ပါတဲ့ သူ (၇)ဦး + ဒေါ်မေဝင်းမြင့် တို့ဟာ NLD ပါတီအဖွဲ့ဝင်အဖြင့်ကနေ အလိုအလျောက်
ပျက်ပြယ်ပြီးသား ဖြစ်နေသူတွေပါ။ ဒီလိုပဲ NLD ပါတီရဲ့ မူဝါဒတွေကို ဆန့်ကျင်ပြီး လုပ်ဆောင်နေကြသူတွေ၊ အခြားအဖွဲ့အစည်းတွေမှာ ဝင်ရောက်သွားကြတဲ့ NLD အဖွဲ့ဝင်တိုင်းဟာလည်း NLD ပါတီဝင် မဟုတ်ကြတော့ပါဘူး။ NLD ပါတီဝင်အဖြင့်ကနေ အလိုအလျောက် ပျက်ပြယ်သွားတယ်ဆိုတာ NLD ပါတီစည်းကမ်းထိန်းသိမ်းရေး လုပ်ထုံးလုပ်နည်းများမှာ အတိအလင်း ဖော်ပြထားပါတယ်။ တွေ့ဆုံးဆွေးနွေးရေး၊ အမျိုးသားပြန်လည်ရင်ကြားစေ့ရေး၊ ငြိမ်းချမ်းစွာဖြင့် အသွင်ကူးပြောင်းရေးနဲ့ အထွေထွေ သဟဇာတဖြစ်ရေးဆိုတဲ့ အဓိကကျသော မူဝါဒတွေကို အခြေခံပြီး NLD ပါတီကို ဖွဲ့စည်းတည်ထောင်ခဲ့တာပါ။ ယနေ့အထိလည်း NLD ပါတီနဲ့ ပါတီခေါင်းဆောင်တွေဟာ ဒီအခြေခံအချက်တွေကို မူဝါဒတွေအဖြင့် အမြဲတမ်းဆုပ်ကိုင်ထားကြတာပါ။ ကျနော်လည်း အဲဒီလို အကြမ်းမဖက် ငြိမ်းချမ်းစွာ အသွင်ကူးပြောင်းရေးနဲ့ အထွေထွေသဟဇာတ ဖြစ်ရေး မူဝါဒတွေကို ကြိုက်လွန်းလို့ NLD ပါတီကို ဝင်ရောက်ခဲ့တယ်။ အဲဒီလို မူဝါဒတွေအတိုင်းပဲ ရပ်တည်ဆုပ်ကိုင်လာခဲ့တာ နှစ်ပေါင်း (၃၅)နှစ်နီးပါး ရှိပါပြီ။ NLD ပါတီရဲ့ အကြမ်းမဖက် နိုင်ငံရေးနည်းလမ်း ရပ်တည်မှု ကျနော့ရဲ့ အကြမ်းမဖက် နိုင်ငံရေးနည်းလမ်း ရပ်တည်မှုတွေကို ဘယ်လူစားမျိုး ဘယ်အဖွဲ့အစည်းမျိုးကမှ လာပြီး ပြောင်းလဲပစ်လို့ မရနိုင်ဘူးဆိုတာ သဘောပေါက်ပါ။ 
           NLD ဗဟိုအလုပ်မှုဆောင်အဖွဲ့ အစည်းအဝေးကို မကျင်းပနိုင်ပဲနဲ့ NLD ဗဟိုကော်မတီ အစည်းအဝေးကို မကျင်းပနိုင်ပဲနဲ့ So-called NLD CWC ကနေ ကျနော်တို့ကို ထုတ်ပယ်လို့ မရပါဘူး။ ပြည်ပအခြေစိုက် တရားမဝင်တဲ့ So-called NLD CWC အဖွဲ့ကနေ  ပါတီရဲ့ အမြင့်ဆုံးတာဝန်ရှိသူတွေဖြစ်တဲ့ တရားဝင်တည်ရှိနေကြတဲ့ ဗဟိုကော်မတီ
အဖွဲ့ဝင်တွေကို ထုတ်ပယ်လို့ လုံးဝမရပါဘူး။ အဲဒီလို ထုတ်ပယ်လို့ ရတယ်ဆိုတာလည်း NLD ပါတီရဲ့ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံစည်းမျဉ်းနဲ့ လုပ်ထုံးလုပ်နည်းတွေမှာ လုံးဝမရှိပါဘူး။ အဲဒီလို ထုတ်ပယ်တယ်ဆိုပြီး NLD Facebook Page ကို ခိုးသုံးနေကြပြီး လုပ်နေကြတဲ့ So-called NLD CWC အဖွဲ့ထဲ ပါဝင်နေသူ (၈)ဦးစလုံးဟာ ရူးနေကြလို့ပဲ ဖြစ်မှာပါ။ နိုင်ငံရေး ကြပ်မပြည့်နေကြသူများသာ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ တစ်ချိန်ကျရင် အဲဒီလူတွေဟာ နိုင်ငံရေး သမိုင်းတရားခံတွေ ဖြစ်မယ့်သူတွေပါ။
            လက်ရှိ မြန်မာပြည်ထဲမှာ တရားဝင် NLD CEC အဖွဲ့ဝင်များဖြစ်ကြတဲ့ ဦးဟန်သာမြင့်၊ ဦးသိန်းဦး၊ ဒေါက်တာမျိုးညွန့်၊ ဒေါက်တာတင်မျိုးဝင်း၊ ဦးအောင်စိုး၊ ဒေါ်ခင်ဌေးကြွယ်တို့ စုစုပေါင်း (၆)ဦး အပြင်ဖက်မှာ လွတ်လွတ်ရှိနေကြပါတယ်။ သူတို့ (၆)ဦးစလုံးကို မီဒီယာများအနေနဲ့ ဆက်သွယ်မေးမြန်းကြည့်လို့ ရပါတယ်။ အခု So-called NLD CWC ဖွဲ့ထားတာဟာ တရားဝင်သလား၊ သူတို့ NLD CEC (၆)ဦးစလုံးကော သဘောတူသလားဆိုတာ ပွင့်ပွင့်လင်းလင်း မေးလို့ ရနေပါတယ်။
သူတို့ (၆)ဦးစလုံးကိုရော မီဒီယာများက ဘာလို့ မမေးမြန်းကြတာလည်း ဆိုတာ အရမ်းထူးဆန်းနေပါတယ်။ ကျင့်ဝတ်သိက္ခာရှိကြတဲ့ မီဒီယာတွေကို ကျနော် တောင်းဆိုတာပါ။ ကျင့်ဝတ်သိက္ခာမဲ့ကြလွန်းတဲ့ မီဒီယာအချို့ကိုတော့ စကားထဲတောင် ထည့်ပြောချင်စိတ်မရှိတာပါ။
             ဦးအောင်ကြည်ညွန့်နဲ့ ကျော်ထွေးတို့ ဦးဆောင်နေတဲ့ So-called NLD CWC က ပြောနေတဲ့ ဖော်ပြနေကြတဲ့ NLD ပါတီရဲ့ အပတ်စဉ်ပုံမှန်အစည်းအဝေးပွဲဆိုတာတွေ၊ အဲဒီ အစည်းအဝေးပွဲကို တတ်ရောက်နေကြတဲ့ တိုင်းနှင့်ပြည်နယ် အလုပ်အမှုဆောင်တွေ၊ ဗဟိုရေးရာကော်မတီအဖွဲ့ဝင်တွေဟာလည်း NLD ပါတီရဲ့ တာဝန်ရှိကြတဲ့ သူတွေ မဟုတ်ကြပဲ တိုင်းပြည်ပြည်ပ (မဲဆောက်၊ ချင်းမိုင်၊ အမေရိကား) ရောက်နေကြသူများသာ ဖြစ်ကြတာပါ။ မြန်မာပြည်ထဲမှာ ရှိနေကြတဲ့ တာဝန်ရှိသူတွေဟာ အဲဒီလို သူတို့အစည်းအဝေးကို တတ်ရောက်ဖို့ မပြောနဲ့ အားလုံးနီးပါး ရှောင်တိမ်းနေရတယ်၊ အဖမ်းခံနေရတယ်၊ ထောင်ချခံနေရတာပါ။ တိုင်းနဲ့ပြည်နယ် အလုပ်အမှုဆောင်အဖွဲ့ တာဝန်ရှိကြတဲ့ ဥက္ကဌ၊ ဒုဥက္ကဌ၊ အတွင်းရေးမှုး အများစုဟာ ထောင်ကျနေသူတွေများပါတယ်။ 
သူတို့အစည်းအဝေးတွေကို တတ်ရောက်နေတယ် တိုင်းနှင့်ပြည်နယ် တာဝန်ရှိသူများဆိုတာကလည်း အဖွဲ့ဝင် ရိုးရိုးသာသာပါပဲ။ အဲဒါကို စကားလုံးအကြီးကြီးတွေ သုံးပြီး NLD ပါတီအဖွဲ့ဝင်တွေကို လိမ်လည်လှည့်ဖြား နိုင်ငံရေး ယုတ်မာမှုတွေ လုပ်ဆောင်နေကြတာ ဒီနေ့အထိပါပဲ။  
         ကျနော် ဒီစာကို အမြည်းအနေနဲ့ စတင်မိတ်ဆက် ရေးသားလိုက်တာပါ။ နောက်ပိုင်း ရက််တွေမှာ ၂၀၂၁ ခုနှစ် ဖေဖော်ဝါရီလကနေစပြီး NLD ပါတီမှာ ဖြစ်ပျက်ခဲ့သမျှကို အပိုင်းလိုက် စတင်ရေးပါတော့မယ်။ ကျနော့ဘက်က စတင်လိုက်တဲ့ ဇတ်လမ်း မဟုတ်ပါဘူး။ နိုင်ငံရေး ကျင့်ဝတ်သိက္ခာမဲ့ကြတဲ့ တိုင်းပြည်ပြင်ပ ရောက်နေကြတဲ့ NLD အဖွဲ့ဝင်ဟောင်းတွေက စတင်စိန်ခေါ်လိုက်တဲ့ ဇတ်လမ်းဖြစ်တာမို့ ကျနော်ဖွင့်ချမယ့် ကိစ္စတွေမှာ တစ်ချိန်ကျရင် သမိုင်းက အဖြေပေးပါလိမ့်မယ်။}}&lt;/ref&gt;

နကဵု ဦးတိုးလွင် ဆက်ပသောင်ကလး နကဵု သၞောဝ်ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳမ္ဂး ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဟွံဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် ကမ္မတဳကမၠောန်ဗဟဵု (ဗဟိုအလုပ်ကော်မတီ)၊ တုဲပၠန် ကောန်ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳမွဲမွဲ ပြံင်တိတ်အာ နူဍုင်ဗၟာမ္ဂး အလဵုအလဵုဂှ် ဟွံဒှ် ကောန်ဗော်ရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ကမ္မတဳကမၠောန်ဗဟဵု မဒက်ပ္တန်တုဲ မချူပ္တိတ်ဒၟံင်လိက်တအ်ဂှ် ဟွံလုပ်ကုသၞောဝ်ဗော်ရောင်ဂှ် ညးချူဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ်ရ။&lt;ref name=toe1/&gt; တုဲပၠန် ညးဟီု နကဵုဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ ဟီုနင် နကဵုရမ္သာင် ဒဒှ်ရ မၞိဟ်မစိုပ်အာ ဍုင်သအာင်တအ် ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် ကမ္မတဳကမၠောန်ဗဟဵု ဂှ် ဟွံလုပ် ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်၊ ညးဟွံဒုင်တဲရ။&lt;ref name=toe2&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Ftoee.lwin%2Fposts%2Fpfbid0X9nPHJiosdL8dpNaWRnYWwGM6f54wu9dNqbK8xGAjJDZYUAvFF9yD9UP8AR8mTKjl&amp;show_text=true&amp;width=500&quot;|title=ဦးတိုးလွင် (ဗဟိုကော်မတီဝင်) ရေးသားချက် ၂ |last=Lwin |first=Toe |date=4 March |website=Toe Lwin's Personal Facebook |publisher=Open |access-date=4 March |quote=၈.၁၁.၂၀၂၁ ရက် တနင်္လာနေ့မှာ တနင်္လာနေ့တိုင်း စစ်ဆေးနေတဲ့ သဘာဝဘေးအန္တရာယ်စီမံခန့်ခွဲမှု ဥပဒေ ပုဒ်မ - ၂၅ နဲ့ စွဲဆိုထားတဲ့ အမှုကို အန်တီစုနဲ့ ဦးဝင်းမြင့်ကို တစ်မှုတည်း အတူတူ မစစ်ပါဘူး။ ပုဒ်မ - ၂၅ နဲ့ အန်တီစုကို သတ်သတ်တစ်မှုစွဲဆိုပြီး သတ်သတ်စစ်ပါတယ်။ ဦးဝင်းမြင့်ကိုလည်း ပုဒ်မ - ၂၅ နဲ့ သတ်သတ်တစ်မှု စွဲဆိုပြီး သတ်သတ်စစ်ပါတယ်။ အဲဒီနေ့ ရုံးချိန်မှာပဲ အန်တီရှေ့နေတွေ (မမင်းမင်းစိုး၊ ဦးသဲမောင်မောင်၊ ဦးခင်မောင်ဇော်) တို့ထဲက ရှေ့နေ မမင်းမင်းစိုးက အန်တီကို NLD CEC နာမည်ဖြင့် NLD CWC (ဗဟိုအလုပ်ကော်မတီ) ဖွဲ့လိုက်ကြောင်း တင်ပြပါတယ်။ အန်တီစုက သူ့သဘောထားနဲ့ NLD CEC တွေရဲ့ သဘောထားတွေကို အပြတ်ပြောလိုက်ပါတယ်။ မမင်းမင်းစိုးက အန်တီပြောသမျှ စကားတွေကို အမြန်လိုက်ရေးမှတ်ရပါတယ်။ ပြီးတော့ အန်တီအမှုကို စစ်ဆေးပြီး အန်တီ ကားပေါ် မတတ်ခင် ရှေ့နေတွေကို မှာပါတယ်။ ဒီကိစ္စကို ဦးဝင်းမြင့်ကိုလည်း ဆက်ရှင်းပြဖို့ ညွှန်ကြားပါတယ်။ 
သိပ်မကြာခင်မှာ ဦးဝင်းမြင့် ရောက်လာပါတယ်။ ရှေ့နေတွေနဲ့ တွေ့ချိန်မှာ မမင်းမင်းစိုးက အန်တီမှာတာကို ရှင်းပြလိုက်ပါတယ်။
ဦးဝင်းမြင့်ကလည်း သူ့သဘောထား ရပ်တည်ချက်ကို အပြတ်ပြောပါတယ်။ အားလုံးကို ချုံပြောရရင် ပြည်ပရောက်နေကြတဲ့သူတွေက NLD CWC ဖွဲ့တာဟာ တရားမဝင်ဘူး။ အန်တီအပါအဝင် NLD CEC တွေက ဒီလိုဖွဲ့တာကို တာဝန်လည်း မယူသလို တာဝန်လည်း ခံမှာမဟုတ်ဘူးတဲ့။ သူတို့တွေအနေနဲ့လည်း ဒီလိုဖွဲ့စည်းဖို့ကို တာဝန်မရှိကြပါဘူးလို့ ပြောခဲ့ပါတယ်။ 
ရှေ့နေ မမင်းမင်းစိုးရဲ့ လက်ရေးမူစာ နဲ့ သူကိုယ်တိုင် ရှင်းပြခဲ့တဲ့ အသံဖိုင်တွေ ကျနော်တို့မှာ သက်သေအထောက်အထား အခိုင်အမာတွေ ရှိနေပါတယ်။ အဲဒီနေ့မှာ အန်တီစုရဲ့ ရှေ့နေတွေဖြစ်တဲ့ မစန်းမာလာညွန့်နဲ့ ဦးကြည်ဝင်းတို့ မလာရောက်နိုင်ကြပါဘူး။ သူတို့ နှစ်ဦးစလုံးက ရန်ကုန်အင်စိန်ထောင် တရားရုံးမှာ NLD CEC အချို့ရဲ့ အမှုတွေကို လာရောက် စစ်ဆေးနေရလို့ပါ။ ဒါကြောင့် အဲဒီနေ့ (၈.၁၁.၂၀၂၁) မှာ အခြား
ရှေ့နေတွေဖြစ်တဲ့ မစန်းမာလာညွန့်နဲ့ ဦးကြည်ဝင်းတို့ မရှိကြပါဘူး။ 
ကျနော် နောက်ပိုင်းရေးမယ့် စာတွေမှာ ဒီအကြောင်းကို အသေးစိတ် ဖော်ပြရေးသားပါအုံးမယ်။ ကျနော့မိတ်ဆွေ သူငယ်ချင်းတွေက ဒီအကြောင်းကို သေသေချာချာ လှမ်းမေးနေကြလို့ အားလုံးကို ဒီစာနဲ့ပဲ အဖြေပြန်ပေးလိုက်ပါရစေ။}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ရုင်ဗော် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်လ္ဂုင်ဂှ် နကဵု မၞိဟ်ညိည ဗွဲတၟေင် ဒေါ်စန္ဒာမင်း (ဂကောံကမ္မတဳဗဟဵု) ကဵု ဦးတိုးလွင် (ဂကောံကမ္မတဳဗဟဵု) တအ် မင်မဲဒၟံင်တုဲ စတမ်နူ ဂိတုဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၅၊ ၂၀၂၃ ဂှ် နကဵု ဂကောံကမ္မတဳဗဟဵုဂှ် ပဒေါအ်ထောအ် ဍာ် ပၟတ်တုဲ ကၟာတ်ထောအ် ကသအ်ရုင်ရ။&lt;ref name=toe2/&gt;

သၞာံ ၂၀၂၃ ကမ္မရှေန်မာဲ ကၠောန်ခၞံ သၞောဝ်ဥပဒေ မဆေင်ကုဗော်ဍုင်ကွာန်တၟိတုဲ ဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်တအ် ယဝ်ရ မိက်ဂွံ ဆက်တန်တဴအာ နကဵု ဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်မ္ဂး ဂိတုမာတ် ၂၈၊ ၂၀၂၃ ဂှ် စွံလက်ကြဴအိုတ်တုဲ ဒးက္လေင်ပ္တိုန် အခေါင်တၟိရောင်။ စပ်ကဵု ကိစ္စကလေင်ပ္တိုန်အခေါင်ပၠန် တၞဟ်နမိက်ဂွံ တီလညာတ် ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳတုဲ ပ္ဍဲ ဂိတုမာတ် ၂၅၊ ၂၀၂၃ ဂှ် နူကဵု ညးတာလျိုင်ဗော်ဂမၠိုင် သီုကဵု ဒေါ်စန္ဒာမင်း ဂွံအခေါင် အာဆဵု ကုဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ ပ္ဍဲထံင်နေပျဳဒဝ်ကီုလေဝ် နကဵု ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ ဆညးမွဲကီု ဟွံမိက်ဆဵုတုဲ ဟွံဒှ်ဆဵုတုဲ လညာတ်ဒဝ်အံင်သာန်သုကျဳဂှ် ကောန်ဗော်တအ် ဟွံဂွံတီကေတ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?height=314&amp;href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FBBCnewsBurmese%2Fvideos%2F1610033486162974%2F&amp;show_text=false&amp;width=560&amp;t=0&quot;|title=&quot;NLD ပါတီကို မဖျက်ခင် စစ်ကောင်စီက ဒေါ်အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်နဲ့ ပါတီဝင်တချို့ကို ပေးတွေ့ခဲ့&quot;|last= |first= |date=3 April 2023 |website=BBC News |publisher=Open |access-date=4 Aprial 2023 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ ဟွံကလေင်ပ္တိုန်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲမပိုင်ခြာလဝ်ဂှ် နကဵုကမ္မရှေန်မာဲ ပၠုပ်စုတ်စရင် ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳ နဒဒှ် ဗော်လမၠီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uec.gov.mm/news_preview_detail.php?action=news_detail&amp;news_id=wlulzBggvZWg9WIhHVDc4ljVA8G95ouCZZ5S1e9%2FAaE%3D |title=နိုင်ငံရေးပါတီများတည်ထောင်ခွင့်၊ မှတ်ပုံတင်ခွင့်လျှောက်ထားခြင်းနှင့် ပါတီဖျက်သိမ်းခြင်းတို့နှင့်စပ်လျဉ်း၍ ကြေညာခြင်း |last= |first= |date=29 March 2023 |website=UEC |publisher=Open |access-date=March 31, 2023 |quote= |accessdate=31 March 2023 |archivedate=31 March 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331185927/https://www.uec.gov.mm/news_preview_detail.php?action=news_detail&amp;news_id=wlulzBggvZWg9WIhHVDc4ljVA8G95ouCZZ5S1e9/AaE%3D }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ဂၠံင်တရဴ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ==
နကဵု ဗော်အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳမ္ဂး ညးတအ် ချူလဝ် ဒှ်ဗော်ဝါဒလဳဗရေလ် (ဗၠးၜး)၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Atkeson |first1=Edward B. |title=The New Legions : American Strategy and the Responsibility of Power. |url=https://archive.org/details/newlegionsameric0000atke |date=2011 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |location=Lanham |isbn=9781442213791 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newlegionsameric0000atke/page/159 159]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Burma's Rohingya Facing 'Final Stages of Genocide' |url=https://time.com/4089276/burma-rohingya-genocide-report-documentary/ |magazine=Time |language=en }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531023957/https://time.com/4089276/burma-rohingya-genocide-report-documentary/ |date=2024-05-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ဒဳမဝ်ကရေတေတ်-လဳဗရေလ်၊&lt;ref name=&quot;Yap_Redmond&quot;&gt;{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321938815 |title=Challenges for the National League for Democracy in Achieving Peace and Democracy in Myanmar |author=Zappulla, Roberta|date= 2017 |publisher=Metropolitan University of Prague |via=Research gate |format=PDF |quote=The firm ideology of the NLD founds a new facet amid democratic liberalism and liberal conservatism.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[liberal-conservative]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Yap_Redmond&quot;/&gt; ကေုာံ သဵုယှေလ်-လဳဗရေလ် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|work=Dynamite News|title=Aung San Suu Kyi's award rescinded by US Museum|date=8 March 2018|url=https://www.dynamitenews.com/story/aung-san-suu-kyis-award-rescinded-by-us-museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳဂှ် ဒှ်ရဲဗက်စ ဝါဒမၞိဟ်လပါ်ဂၠိုင် (populism)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference |url=https://www.tni.org/files/article-downloads/erpi_cp_67_win.pdf |title=Falling back on populism in post-ideology Myanmar |author=Khin Zaw Win|date=March 2018 |publisher=Emancipato ry Rural Politics Initiative |conference=Authoritarian Populism and the Rural World |via=Transnational Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; ကေုာံ ဂၠံင်တရဴ ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်မစဵုဒၞာကမၠောန်အပ္ဍဲဍုင် (protectionist economic policies)ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Yap |first1=Livia |last2=Redmond |first2=Tom |title=Asia Investors Split With West Over Myanmar's Rohingya Crackdown |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-06/asia-investors-split-with-west-over-myanmar-s-rohingya-crackdown |website=Bloomberg |access-date=23 April 2020 |date=6 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵုဝင်မ္ဂး အေန်အေဝ်ဒဳဂှ် ဒှ်လဝ် ဗော်သဵုယှေလ်ဒဳမဝ်ကရေတေတ် (social-democratic party) မွဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.broadleft.org/mm.htm|title=Leftist Parties of Myanmar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807044341/http://www.broadleft.org/mm.htm|archive-date=7 August 2011|access-date=24 December 2014|accessdate=18 February 2023|archivedate=7 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807044341/http://www.broadleft.org/mm.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:NLD office.JPG|thumb|National League for Democracy's headquarters in Yangon (before reconstruction)]]

==သွဟ်မာဲဂမၠိုင်==
===Burmese Constitutional Committee===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! သဘင်မာဲ
! ဒၞာဲမဇၞး သီုဖအိုတ်
! လၟိဟ်မာဲသီုဖအိုတ်
! မကလိဂွံမာဲ နကဵု တၟအ်ကၠမ်
! လၟိဟ်မကလိဂွံ
! တင်စၟတ်
! က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်
|-
![[1990 Myanmar general election|1990]]
| {{Composition bar|392|492|hex={{party color|National League for Democracy}}}}
| 7,930,841
| 59.9%
| {{increase}} 392 
| ဟွံပၠုပ်စရင်
| [[အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ]]
|}

===စၠတ်ထဝ် ကောန်ဂကူ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! သဘင်မာဲ
! ဒၞာဲမဇၞး သီုဖအိုတ်
! လၟိဟ်မာဲသီုဖအိုတ်
! မကလိဂွံမာဲ နကဵု တၟအ်ကၠမ်
! လၟိဟ်မကလိဂွံ
! တင်စၟတ်
! က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်
|-
![[2010 Myanmar general election|2010]]
| {{Composition bar|0|224|hex={{party color|National League for Democracy}}}}
| —
| —
| —
| ဗဂါပ်ဗဗေင်
| [[အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ]]
|-
![[2012 Myanmar by-elections|2012]]
| {{Composition bar|5|224|hex={{party color|National League for Democracy}}}}
| —
| —
| {{increase}} 4
| ညးဒစဵုဒစး
| [[အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ]]
|-
![[2015 Myanmar general election|2015]]
| {{Composition bar|135|224|hex={{party color|National League for Democracy}}}}
| —
| —
| {{increase}} 131
| ဇမၞး၊ ဒှ်အလဵုအသဳ
| [[အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ]]
|-
![[2020 Myanmar general election|2020]]
| {{Composition bar|138|224|hex={{party color|National League for Democracy}}}}
| —
| —
| {{increase}} 3
| ဟွံပၠုပ်စရင်
| [[အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ]]
|-
|}

===စၠတ်ထဝ်ညးဍုင်ကွာန်===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! သဘင်မာဲ
! ဒၞာဲမဇၞး သီုဖအိုတ်
! လၟိဟ်မာဲသီုဖအိုတ်
! မကလိဂွံမာဲ နကဵု တၟအ်ကၠမ်
! လၟိဟ်မကလိဂွံ
! တင်စၟတ်
! က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်
|-
![[2010 Myanmar general election|2010]]
| {{Composition bar|0|440|hex={{party color|National League for Democracy}}}}
| —
| —
| —
| ဗဂါပ်ဗဗေင်
| rowspan=4|[[အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ]]
|-
![[2012 Myanmar by-elections|2012]]
| {{Composition bar|37|440|hex={{party color|National League for Democracy}}}}
| —
| —
| {{increase}} 37
| ဒစဵုဒစး
|-
![[2015 Myanmar general election|2015]]
| {{Composition bar|255|440|hex={{party color|National League for Democracy}}}}
| 12,794,561
| 57.1%
| {{increase}} 218
| ဂွံဇၞး၊ ဒှ်အလဵုအသဳ
|-
![[2020 Myanmar general election|2020]]
| {{Composition bar|258|440|hex={{party color|National League for Democracy}}}}
| —
| —
| {{increase}} 3
| ဟွံပၠုပ်စရင်
|-
|}

===စၠတ်ထဝ် တွဵုရး ကေုာံ ရးဇၞော်===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! သဘင်မာဲ
! ဒၞာဲမဇၞး သီုဖအိုတ်
! လၟိဟ်မာဲသီုဖအိုတ်
! မကလိဂွံမာဲ နကဵု တၟအ်ကၠမ်
! လၟိဟ်မကလိဂွံ
! တင်စၟတ်
! က္ဍိုပ်သကိုပ်
|-
! [[2015 Myanmar general election|2015]]
| {{Composition bar|476|850|hex={{party color|National League for Democracy}}}}
| —
| —
| {{increase}} 474
| 
| rowspan=2|[[အံင်သာန်သုကျဳ]]
|-
! [[2020 Myanmar general election|2020]]
| {{Composition bar|501|880|hex={{party color|National League for Democracy}}}}
| —
| —
| {{increase}} 25
| 
|-

|}

==ဆက်ဗှ် ပရူဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ဂမၠိုင်==

{{ဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ}}

==နိဿဲ==
{{reflist}}

==ပြကိုဟ်==
{{refbegin}}
* Houtman, Gustaaf. Daigaku, Tōkyō Gaikokugo. Kenkyūjo, Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka. ''Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy.'' ILCAA, 1999. {{ISBN|978-4-87297-748-6}}.
{{refend}}

==လေန်မ္ၚး==
{{Sister project links}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404232047/http://nld-official.org/ Official website of the National League for Democracy Party] {{In lang|my|en}}
*[http://www.statecounsellor.gov.mm/en/ Official website of Aung San Su Kyi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201061520/https://www.statecounsellor.gov.mm/en/ |date=2021-02-01 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120119101513/http://www.nldla.net/ National League for Democracy (Liberated Area)] ''(Archived from [http://www.nldla.net/ the original] on 19 January 2012)''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130618045918/http://www.nldburma.org/ National League for Democracy (Burma)] ''(Archived from [http://www.nldburma.org/ the original] on 18 June 2013)''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110125034340/http://www.dassk.org/ Aung San Suu Kyi's pages] (Inactive website. No new activity since July 2014.)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150909080518/http://ncgub.net/ The National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma Website]</text>
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      <text bytes="335442" sha1="ogw8jxaozrt2dd8xmzlbj560kkhd7fy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
| common_name            = Afghanistan
| native_name            = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ps|د افغانستان اسلامي امارت|italic=no}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|{{transliteration|ps|Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat}}}}|{{native name|prs|امارت اسلامی افغانستان|italic=no}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|{{transliteration|prs|Imārat-i Islāmī-yi Afghānistān}}}}}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Taliban.svg
| flag_caption           = Flag
| image_coat             = Arms of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.svg
| alt_coat               = Coat of Arms of the Islamic Emirate&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746 |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603201955/http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746 |url-status=dead |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=3 June 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603201955/http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| symbol_type            = [[Emblem of Afghanistan|Emblem]]
| national_anthem        = {{lang|ps|دا د باتورانو کور}}&lt;br /&gt;{{transliteration|ps|Dā Də Bātorāno Kor}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;[[This Is the Home of the Brave]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tharoor&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|date=19 June 2013|title=The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed?|magazine=Time|url=https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/|access-date=19 August 2021|issn=0040-781X|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=19 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819021327/https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{parabr}} 
| image_map              = {{switcher|[[File:Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Afghanistan on the globe|[[File:Afghanistan - Location Map (2013) - AFG - UNOCHA.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Map of Afghanistan}}
| capital                = [[Kabul]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|34|31|N|69|11|E|region:AF_source:geonames|display=inline,title}}&lt;ref&gt;[{{geonameslink|gnid=1149361|name=islamic-republic-of-afghanistan}} Islamic Republic of Afghanistan] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (CC BY)]&lt;/ref&gt;
| largest_city           = Kabul
| official_languages     = {{hlist|[[Pashto]]|[[Dari]]}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
 | 42% [[Pashtun]]
 | 27% [[Tajiks|Tajik]]
 | {{figure space}}9% [[Hazaras|Hazara]]
 | {{figure space}}9% [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]]
 | {{figure space}}4% [[Aimaq people|Aimaq]]
 | {{figure space}}3% [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]]
 | {{figure space}}2% [[Baloch people|Baloch]]
 | {{figure space}}4% [[Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|Others]]
 }}
| ethnic_groups_ref      = {{Efn|The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)|ongoing conflict]] in the country, no official census has been conducted since.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230|title = Population Matters|date = 3 March 2016|accessdate = 13 March 2023|archivedate = 16 August 2021|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816021136/https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/afghanistans-ethnic-mosaic/articleshow/85552093.cms
| title=Afghanistan's ethnic mosaic| author=timesofindia| website=[[The Times of India]]| date= 23 August 2021| publisher= | via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan-population
| title=&quot;Afghanistan Population 2021&quot;| author=World Population Review| date= 19 September 2021| publisher= | via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1258799/afghanistan-share-of-population-by-ethnic-group/
| title=Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020| author=statista.com| date= 20 August 2021| publisher= | via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation
| title=Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation| author=reliefweb.int| date= 14 August 2011| publisher= | via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2019 unofficial estimates
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
 | 99.7% [[Islam in Afghanistan|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])
 | 0.3% [[Demographics of Afghanistan#Religion|Others]]
 }}
| religion_year          = 2009
| demonym                = [[Afghans|Afghan]]{{Efn|Other demonyms that have been used are Afghani,&lt;ref&gt;Dictionary.com. [[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]], Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani Reference.com] (Retrieved 13 November 2007).&lt;/ref&gt; Afghanese and Afghanistani (see [[Afghans]] for further details)&lt;ref&gt;Dictionary.com. [[WordNet]] 3.0. [[Princeton University]]. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani Reference.com] (Retrieved 13 November 2007). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328102257/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani |date=28 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;|name=&quot;Demonym&quot;|group=&quot;Note&quot;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Constitution of Afghanistan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Constitution of Afghanistan|url=https://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|year=2004|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920112856/http://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Afghan {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=the Cambridge English Dictionary |isbn=9781107660151 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| government_type        = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[totalitarian]]&lt;ref&gt;*{{cite journal |last1=Sakhi |first1=Nilofar |title=The Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan and Security Paradox |journal=Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs |date=December 2022 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=383–401 |doi=10.1177/23477970221130882 |s2cid=253945821 |quote=Afghanistan is now controlled by a militant group that operates out of a totalitarian ideology.}}
*{{cite web |last1=Madadi |first1=Sayed |title=Dysfunctional centralization and growing fragility under Taliban rule |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=6 September 2022 |quote=In other words, the centralized political and governance institutions of the former republic were unaccountable enough that they now comfortably accommodate the totalitarian objectives of the Taliban without giving the people any chance to resist peacefully. }}
*{{cite web |last1=Sadr |first1=Omar |title=Afghanistan's Public Intellectuals Fail to Denounce the Taliban |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/ |website=Fair Observer |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=23 March 2022 |quote=The Taliban government currently installed in Afghanistan is not simply another dictatorship. By all standards, it is a totalitarian regime. }}
*{{cite web |title=Dismantlement of the Taliban regime is the only way forward for Afghanistan |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/ |website=[[Atlantic Council]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=8 September 2022 |quote=As with any other ideological movement, the Taliban's Islamic government is transformative and totalitarian in nature. }}
*{{cite web |last1=Akbari |first1=Farkhondeh |title=The Risks Facing Hazaras in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan |website=[[George Washington University]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=7 March 2022 |quote=In the Taliban's totalitarian Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, there is no meaningful political inclusivity or representation for Hazaras at any level. |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=14 January 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114164914/https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[provisional government|provisional]] [[theocratic]] [[Islamic state|Islamic]] [[emirate]]&lt;!--Non-monarchical emirate--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
*{{cite news |last1=Choi |first1=Joseph |title=EU: Provisional Taliban government does not fulfill promises |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/571292-eu-provisional-taliban-government-does-not-fulfill-promises |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=8 September 2021}}
*{{cite news |last1=Bezhan |first1=Frud |title=Key Figures In The Taliban's New Theocratic Government |url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-government-figures/31448372.html |access-date=6 February 2022 |work=[[Radio Farda]] |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=7 September 2021}}
*{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Susannah |title=Inside the Taliban campaign to forge a religious emirate |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/afghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights/ |access-date=19 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=18 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1          = [[Supreme Leader of Afghanistan|Supreme Leader]]
| leader_name1           = {{nowrap|[[Hibatullah Akhundzada]]}}
| leader_title2          = [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2           = [[Hasan Akhund]] ([[Acting prime minister|acting]])
| leader_title3          = [[Chief Justice of Afghanistan|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name3           = [[Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai]]
| legislature            = [[Leadership Council of Afghanistan|Leadership Council]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Afghanistan's Taliban ruler faces rare internal criticism, revealing divisions |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/afghanistan-taliban-divisions-supreme-leader-akhundzada-rare-criticism/ |access-date=19 February 2023 |work=[[CBS News]] |date=17 February 2023 |quote=Its commanders and politicians take their orders from a powerful leadership council based not in the capital of Kabul, but in the Taliban's traditional homeland of Kandahar, in southern Afghanistan.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Afghanistan|Formation]]
| established_event1     = [[Hotak dynasty]]
| established_date1      = [[Mirwais Hotak|1709]]–[[Siege of Kandahar|1738]]
| established_event2     = {{nowrap|[[Durrani Empire]]}}
| established_date2      = 1747–1823
| established_event3     = [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate]]
| established_date3      = 1823–1839
| established_event4     = [[Durrani Empire|Restoration of the Durrani Kingdom]]
| established_date4      = [[First Anglo-Afghan War|1839–1842]]
| established_event5     = [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Restoration of the Emirate]]
| established_date5      = [[First Anglo-Afghan War|1842–1926]]
| established_event6     = [[Dost Mohammad Khan|Dost Mohammad unites Afghanistan]]
| established_date6      = [[Herat Campaign of 1862–63|27 May 1863]]
| established_event7     = [[Treaty of Gandamak|Anglo-Afghan Agreement]]
| established_date7      = [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|26 May 1879]]
| established_event8     = [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Independence]]
| established_date8      = [[Afghan Independence Day|19 August 1919]]
| established_event9     = [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Kingdom]]
| established_date9      = 9 June 1926
| established_event10    = [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|Republic]]
| established_date10     = [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|17 July 1973]]
| established_event11    = [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Democratic Republic]]
| established_date11     = [[Saur Revolution|27–28 April 1978]]
| established_event12    = [[Islamic State of Afghanistan|Islamic State]]
| established_date12     = 28 April 1992
| established_event13    = [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate]]
| established_date13     = 27 September 1996
| established_event14    = {{nowrap|[[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Islamic Republic]]}}
| established_date14     = 26 January 2004
| established_event15    = [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Restoration of Islamic Emirate]]
| established_date15     = 15 August 2021
| area_km2               = 652,867&lt;ref&gt;Central Statistics Office Afghanistan&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank              = 40th
| area_sq_mi             = 252,072
| percent_water          = negligible
| population_estimate    = 38,346,720&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Afghanistan|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2022
| population_estimate_rank = 37th
| population_density_km2 = 48.08
| population_density_sq_mi = 119
| population_density_rank = 174th
| GDP_PPP                = $72.911&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=63&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2018&amp;ey=2023&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512&amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=|title=Afghanistan |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=14 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2018
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 96th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = $2,024&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 169th
| GDP_nominal            = $21.657&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2018
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 111st
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $493&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 177th
| HDI                    = 0.478&lt;!-- number only --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2021&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --&gt;
| HDI_change             = decrease&lt;!-- increase/decrease/steady --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World|date=2022|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|pages=284|isbn=9789211264517|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDRDiff&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=16 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 180th
| currency               = [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]] ({{lang|prs|افغانی}})
| currency_code          = AFN
| time_zone              = [[Afghanistan Time]]
| utc_offset             = +4:30&lt;br /&gt;[[Lunar Hijri calendar|Lunar Calendar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=8am |date=2022-03-26 |title=Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar |url=https://8am.af/eng/taliban-changes-solar-year-to-hijri-lunar-calendar/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Hasht-e Subh Daily |language=en-US |accessdate=2023-03-13 |archivedate=2022-09-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904224713/https://8am.af/eng/taliban-changes-solar-year-to-hijri-lunar-calendar/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| DST_note               = ''[[Daylight saving time|DST]] is not observed''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/time-zones-interesting.html|title=Half Hour and 45-Minute Time Zones|website=www.timeanddate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| drives_on              = right
| calling_code           = [[Telephone numbers in Afghanistan|+93]]
| cctld                  = [[.af]]&lt;br /&gt;[[افغانستان.]]
| status                 = [[UN member state]] under an [[Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|unrecognized government]]
| today                  = 
}}

'''အဖဂါန္နိသတာန်''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Afghanistan.ogg|æ|f|ˈ|ɡ|æ|n|ᵻ|s|t|æ|n|,_|æ|f|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|ᵻ|s|t|ɑː|n}}}} ယၟုပေင်ပေင် ပ္ဍဲသၞောဝ်မ္ဂး '''ဍုင်စောဖါအေဿလာမ် အဖဂါန်န္နိသတာန် (Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan)''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{lang-ps|د افغانستان اسلامي امارت}}|{{lang-prs|امارت اسلامی افغانستان}}}}}} ဒှ် နိဂီုကမၠက် မနွံမွဲဒမြိပ်ဂၠံင် လဒေါဝ်အာရှ ကေုာံ အာရှသၠုင်ကျာ။ မစၟတ်သမ္တီ မဒှ်ဍုင်လဒေါဝ်ဂြိုဟ်အာရှ၊&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Securing Stability in Afghanistan, the 'Heart of Asia'|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/securing-stability-in-afghanistan-the-heart-of-asia/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; မဒှ်ဍုင် ပယျဵု ဆက်ကု ဍုင်ပါကိသတာန် ဗွဲဒိုဟ် ဗမံက် ကဵု သၠုင်ကျာ၊{{efn|The [[Government of India]] regards Afghanistan as a bordering country, as it considers all of [[Kashmir]] to be part of India. However, this is [[Kashmir conflict|disputed]], and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan. Source: {{cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management) |url=https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf|access-date=1 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317182910/https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2015|url-status=dead}}}} အဳရာန် ဗွဲဒိုဟ်ပလိုတ်၊ တုခ်မေန်နိသတာန် ဗွဲဒိုဟ် ဗာယပ်၊ ဥဇဗေကိသတာန် ဗွဲဒိုဟ် သၟဝ်ကျာ၊ တာဇိကိသတာန် ဗွဲဒိုဟ်ဨသာန်၊ တုဲပၠန် ဍုင်ကြုက်ဂှ် ဗွဲဒိုဟ်ဨသာန် ကေုာံ ဗမံက်။ သမၠဲတိ နွံ ၆၅၂,၈၆၄ ကဳလဝ်မဳတာပန်ကၠင် (၂၅၂,၀၇၂ တိုင်ပန်ကၠင်)၊ နိဂီုကရေက် လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာ ကဵု နေရတိဂှ် ဒှ်ဒေသကုန်ဒဵုဂမၠိုင် မဒှ်ဓရောင်ဒဵု ဟိန္ဒုကုရှ် (Hindu Kush)ရ။ ကာဗူ ဂှ် ဒှ်ဍုင်ဇၞော်အိုတ်တုဲ ဒှ်ဍုင်ရာဇဌာန်ရ။ အတိုင်စရင် နူသၞာံ ၂၀၂၁မ္ဂး လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲအဖဂါန္နိသတာန်ဂှ် နွံ ၄၀,၂ မဳလဳယာန်၊&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; (နွံစ ၜိုတ် ၃၂,၉ မဳလဳယာန်&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|title=د هېواد د وګړو اټکل برآورد نفوس کشور1399|language=ar,en|trans-title=Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2020–21|url=https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%DB%B1%DB%B3%DB%B9%DB%B9-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%DB%80-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703171906/https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%DB%B1%DB%B3%DB%B9%DB%B9-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%DB%80-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84.pdf|archive-date=3 July 2020|access-date=1 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;) မဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵု ဂကူနာနာ ဂကူပါသတုန်၊ တာဂျိတ်၊ ဟာဇရာသ်၊ ဥဇဗေက်၊ တူကမာန်၊ ကဳဇဳဗေသ်  composed of ethnic ပါသတုန် (Pashtuns)၊ တာဂျိတ် (Tajiks)၊ ဟာဇရာသ် (Hazaras)၊ ဥဇဗေက် (Uzbeks)၊ တူကမာန် (Turkmens)၊ ကဳဇဳဗေသ် (Qizilbash)၊ အာဲမက် (Aimak)၊ ပါရှယဳ (Pashayi)၊ ဗလောက် (Baloch)၊ ပမိရိသ် (Pamiris)၊ နုရိသတာန်နိ (Nuristanis) ကေုာံ ဂကူတၞဟ်တအ်ရ။ 

ပ္ဍဲဒေသ အဖဂါန္နိသတာန်ဂှ် ကောန်မၞိဟ်တအ် စပဒတဴကၠုင် နူကဵု အခိင်ခေတ်တၟိလဒေါဝ်၊ တုဲပၠန် ရးနိဂီုဂှ် နွံတန်တဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲမွဲဒမြိပ် ဂၠံင်သုတ် မဒှ်ဂၠံင် မလုပ်ဝင်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲမွဲဒမြိပ်ဂၠံင်ဂှ် နွံကဵု အာဲတၟာဲယေန်သၞာင်တြေံဂမၠိုင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-17443-0_1|doi = 10.1007/978-1-349-17443-0_1|chapter = The Land and the People in History|title = Afghanistan Under Soviet Domination, 1964–83|year = 1984|last1 = Hyman|first1 = Anthony|pages = 3–22|isbn = 978-0-333-36353-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Popularly referred to as the [[graveyard of empires]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Pillalamarri|first=Akhilesh|title=Why Is Afghanistan the 'Graveyard of Empires'?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/why-is-afghanistan-the-graveyard-of-empires/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; the land has historically been home to various peoples and [[Invasions of Afghanistan|has witnessed numerous military campaigns]], including those by [[Persian empire|the Persians]], [[Alexander the Great]], the [[Maurya Empire]], [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|Arab Muslims]], the [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|Mongols]], the [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Great Game|British]], the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet Union]], and most recently by [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|a US-led coalition]]. Afghanistan also served as the source from which the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrians]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], amongst others, rose to form major empires.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galvin-PreIslamic&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/PreIslamic.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011103002246/http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/PreIslamic.html |archivedate=3 November 2001|title=The Pre-Islamic Period |publisher=Illinois Institute of Technology |work=Afghanistan Country Study |first=Luke |last=Griffin |date=14 January 2002 |access-date=14 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The various conquests and periods in both the [[Greater Iran|Iranian]] and [[Greater India|Indian]] cultural spheres&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|last=Denise Cush |first= Catherine Robinson, Michael York|year=2012|page=200|isbn=9781135189792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA200}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The remarkable rugs of war, Drill Hall Gallery|date=30 July 2021|publisher=The Australian|url=https://amp.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-remarkable-rugs-of-war-drill-hall-gallery/news-story/49fb932f8be798b1641425be98e4e0db|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122182853/https://amp.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-remarkable-rugs-of-war-drill-hall-gallery/news-story/49fb932f8be798b1641425be98e4e0db|archive-date=22 November 2021|access-date=22 November 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; made the area a center for [[Zoroastrianism]], Buddhism, Hinduism, and later Islam throughout history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/2021/09/15/professing-faith-religious-traditions-in-afghanistan-are-diverse/|title=Professing Faith: Religious traditions in Afghanistan are diverse|date=16 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The modern state of Afghanistan began with the [[Durrani dynasty]] in the 18th century, with the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Afghan Empire]] being formed by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]. The Durrani Empire led conquests in which, at its peak, encompassed land that spanned from [[eastern Iran]] to [[North India|northern India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Afghanistan: the land that forgot time|date=26 October 2001|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/26/afghanistan.terrorism11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Pashtun will outlast all empires, but can they hold Afghanistan's center?|date=30 September 2021|author=Pepe Escobar|url=https://thecradle.co/Article/columns/2260|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=10 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010074808/https://thecradle.co/Article/columns/2260}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, {{Weasel inline|text=it is argued|date=February 2023}} that [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] laid the foundations of the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|first modern Afghan state]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1995|title=DŌST MOḤAMMAD KHAN |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dost-mohammad-khan |url-status=live |access-date=February 8, 2023|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the Durrani Empire's decline and the death of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]], it was divided into multiple smaller independent kingdoms, including but not limited to [[Herat (1793–1863)|Herat]], [[Principality of Qandahar|Kandahar]] and [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Kabul]]. Afghanistan would be reunited in the 19th century after seven decades of civil war from 1793 to 1863, with wars of unification led by [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] from 1823 to 1863, where he conquered the independent principalities of Afghanistan under the Emirate of Kabul. Dost Mohammad died in 1863, days after [[Herat Campaign of 1862–63|his last campaign to unite Afghanistan]], and Afghanistan was consequently [[Afghan Civil War (1863–1869)|thrown back into civil war]] with fighting amongst his successors. During this time, Afghanistan became a [[buffer state]] in the [[Great Game]] between the [[British Empire]] (in [[British Raj|British-ruled India]]) and the [[Russian Empire]]. From India, the British attempted to subjugate Afghanistan but were repelled in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]. However, the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] saw a British victory and the successful establishment of British political influence over Afghanistan. Following the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1919, Afghanistan became free of foreign political hegemony, and emerged as the independent [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] in June 1926 under [[Amanullah Khan]]. This monarchy lasted almost half a century, until [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah]] was [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|overthrown in 1973]], following which the [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|Republic of Afghanistan]] was established.

Since the late 1970s, Afghanistan's history has been dominated by extensive warfare, including [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)|coups, invasions, insurgencies, and civil wars]]. The conflict began in 1978 when a [[Saur Revolution|communist revolution]] established a [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|socialist state]], and subsequent infighting prompted the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan|Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan]] in 1979. [[Mujahideen]] fought against the Soviets in the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] and [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)|continued]] [[Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)|fighting]] [[Afghan Civil War (1996-2001)|amongst themselves]] following the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|Soviets' withdrawal in 1989]]. The [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] [[Taliban]] controlled most of the country by 1996, but their [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] received little international recognition before its overthrow in the 2001 [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|US invasion of Afghanistan]]. The Taliban returned to power in 2021 after [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|capturing Kabul]] and overthrowing the government of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]], thus bringing an end to the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|2001–2021 war]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CTC 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author-last=Watkins |author-first=Andrew H. |date=November 2021 |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/CTC-SENTINEL-092021.pdf |title=An Assessment of Taliban Rule at Three Months |url-status=live |editor1-last=Cruickshank |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Hummel |editor2-first=Kristina |journal=[[CTC Sentinel]] |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1–14 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |location=[[West Point, New York]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129104726/https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/CTC-SENTINEL-092021.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129104726/https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/CTC-SENTINEL-092021.pdf |date=29 November 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Although initially claiming it would form an inclusive government for the country, in September 2021 the Taliban re-established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan with an [[interim government]] made up entirely of Taliban members.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=Who Will Run the Taliban Government? |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/who-will-run-taliban-government |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.crisisgroup.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Taliban government remains internationally unrecognized.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Taliban: Unrecognized and unrepentant |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/taliban-unrecognized-and-unrepentant |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afghanistan is rich in natural resources, including [[lithium]], [[iron]], [[zinc]], and [[copper]]. It is also the world's largest producer of [[opium]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=What's the Taliban's record on opium production? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58308494 |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; second largest producer of [[cannabis]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morocco seizes over 840 kg of cannabis – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/06/c_138288434.htm |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.xinhuanet.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and third largest of both [[saffron]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan's Saffron on Media {{!}} AfGOV |url=https://www.mail.gov.af/en/afghanistan%E2%80%99s-saffron-media |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.mail.gov.af |accessdate=2023-03-13 |archivedate=2023-04-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408010552/https://www.mail.gov.af/en/afghanistan%E2%80%99s-saffron-media }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Cashmere wool|cashmere]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Taliban Takeover Puts Afghanistan's Cashmere, Silk Industries at Risk |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/global-markets/taliban-takeover-puts-afghanistans-cashmere-silk-industries-at-risk/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=The Business of Fashion |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country is a member of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] and a founding member of the [[Organization of Islamic Cooperation]]. Due to the effects of war in recent decades, the country has dealt with high levels of [[terrorism]], [[Poverty in Afghanistan|poverty]], and [[Undernutrition in children|child malnutrition]]. Afghanistan's economy is the world's 96th-largest, with a [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of $72.9 billion by [[purchasing power parity]]. However, Afghanistan remains among the world's [[least developed countries]], ranking 180th in the [[Human Development Index|Human development Index]], while its per capita GDP (PPP) ranks 169th out of 186 countries {{As of|2018|lc=y}}.

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Name of Afghanistan}}
Some scholars suggest that the [[Root (linguistics)|root]] name [[Afghan (ethnonym)|''Afghān'']] is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''[[Aśvaka]]n'', which was the name used for ancient inhabitants of the [[Hindu Kush]].&lt;ref&gt;
*''&quot;The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... &quot;'' (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J.W. McCrindle). 
*''&quot;Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses&quot;'' (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture Abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan).
*cf: ''&quot;Their name (Afghan) means &quot;cavalier&quot; being derived from the [[Sanskrit]], ''Asva'', or ''Asvaka'', a horse, and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river, which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander &quot;''(Ref: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1999, p 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society).
*''&quot;Afghans are Assakani of the [[Greeks]]; this word being the [[Sanskrit]] [[Ashvaka]] meaning 'horsemen'&quot;'' (Ref: Sva, 1915, p 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood).
*Cf: ''&quot;The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of a ''cavalier'', and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]&quot;'' (Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial [[Anglo-Indian]] words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological..by Henry Yule, AD Burnell).&lt;/ref&gt; ''Aśvakan'' literally means &quot;horsemen&quot;, &quot;horse breeders&quot;, or &quot;[[cavalry]]men&quot; (from ''[[aśva]]'', the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Avestan]] words for &quot;[[horse]]&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Ancient India |first=Ramesh Chandra |last=Majumdar |author-link=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |orig-year=1952 |isbn=978-8-12080-436-4 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&amp;pg=PA99}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, others such as Ibrahim Khan have contended that the word Afghan comes from [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Ibrahim |date=2022-05-03 |title=په افغان ټکي کښې پټه کيسه |url=http://khyber.org/pacademy/journal3/index.php/path/article/view/265 |journal=Pashto |language=en |volume=51 |issue=663 |issn=2789-8342 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606020051/http://khyber.org/pacademy/journal3/index.php/path/article/view/265 |date=2022-06-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Historically, the ethnonym ''Afghān'' was used to refer to ethnic [[Pashtuns]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Afghan&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |author=Ch. M. Kieffer |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afgan-in-current-political-usage-any-citizen-of-afghanistan-whatever-his-ethnic-tribal-or-religious-affiliation |title=Afghan |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |edition=online |publisher=Columbia University |date=15 December 1983|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116233835/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afgan-in-current-political-usage-any-citizen-of-afghanistan-whatever-his-ethnic-tribal-or-religious-affiliation |archive-date=16 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Arabic and Persian form of the name, ''Afġān'', was first attested in the 10th-century geography book ''[[Hudud al-'Alam]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Afghans|last1=Vogelsang|first1=Willem|year=2002|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|isbn=0-631-19841-5|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&amp;pg=PA18|access-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709112010/https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA18|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The last part of the name, &quot;''[[-stan]]''&quot;, is a Persian suffix meaning &quot;place of&quot;. Therefore, &quot;Afghanistan&quot; translates to &quot;land of the Afghans&quot;, or &quot;land of the Pashtuns&quot; in a historical sense. According to the third edition of the ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'':&lt;ref&gt;{{EI3|last=Nölle-Karimi|first=Christine|title=Afghanistan until 1747|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_24776|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{blockquote|The name Afghanistan (Afghānistān, land of the Afghans / Pashtuns, ''afāghina'', sing. ''afghān'') can be traced to the early eighth/fourteenth century, when it designated the easternmost part of the [[Kartid]] realm. This name was later used for certain regions in the [[Safavid Iran|Ṣafavid]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] empires that were inhabited by Afghans. While based on a state-supporting elite of [[Durrani|Abdālī / Durrānī]] Afghans, the [[Durrani Empire|Sadūzāʾī Durrānī polity]] that came into being in 1160 / 1747 was not called Afghanistan in its own day. The name became a state designation only during the colonial intervention of the nineteenth century.}}

The term &quot;Afghanistan&quot; first appeared in 1855, during the reign of [[Dost Mohammad Khan]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=317}}

== Ancient history ==
{{Main|History of Afghanistan}}
[[File:Nomads in Badghis Province.jpg|thumb|Tents of [[Afghans|Afghan]] [[nomad]]s in the northern [[Badghis Province|Badghis province]] of Afghanistan. Early peasant farming villages came into existence in Afghanistan about 7,000 years ago.]]

Many empires and kingdoms have also risen to power in Afghanistan, such as the [[Greco-Bactrians]], [[Indo-Scythians]], [[Kushan]]s, [[Kidarites]], [[Hephthalites]], [[Alkhons]], [[Nezaks]], [[Zunbils]], [[Turk Shahi]]s, [[Hindu Shahi]]s, [[Lawiks]], [[Saffarids]], [[Samanids]], [[Ghaznavids]], [[Ghurids]], [[Khalji]]s, [[Kartids]], [[Lodi dynasty|Lodis]], [[Sur Empire|Surs]], [[Mughals]], and finally, the [[Hotak dynasty|Hotak]] and [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] dynasties, which marked the political origins of the modern state.{{sfn|Runion|2007|page=44–49}} Throughout millennia several cities within the modern day Afghanistan served as capitals of various empires, namely, Bactra ([[Balkh]]), Alexandria on the Oxus ([[Ai-Khanoum]]), [[Kapisi]], [[Sigal, Sakastan|Sigal]], [[Kabul]], [[Kunduz]], [[Zaranj]], [[Firozkoh]], [[Herat]], Ghazna ([[Ghazni]]), Binban ([[Bamyan]]), and [[Kandahar]].

The country has been home to various peoples through the ages, among them the [[ancient Iranian peoples]] who established the dominant role of [[Indo-Iranian languages]] in the region. At multiple points, the land has been incorporated within vast regional empires; among them the [[Achaemenid Empire]], the [[Macedonian Empire]], the [[Maurya Empire]], and the [[Islamic Empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity|author=George Erdosy|page=321|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6ZRShEIFwMC|isbn=3110144476|date=1995}}&lt;/ref&gt; For its success in resisting foreign occupation during the 19th and 20th centuries, Afghanistan has been called the &quot;[[graveyard of empires]]&quot;,{{sfn|Barfield|2012|page=255}} though it is unknown who coined the phrase.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Nordland| first = Rod| title = The Empire Stopper| work = The New York Times| date = 29 August 2017| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/29/world/asia/afghanistan-graveyard-empires-historical-pictures.html| quote = Afghanistan has long been called the &quot;graveyard of empires&quot; – for so long that it is unclear who coined that disputable term.| access-date = 18 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181205023840/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/29/world/asia/afghanistan-graveyard-empires-historical-pictures.html| archive-date = 5 December 2018| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Prehistory and antiquity===
{{Main|Ancient history of Afghanistan}}
Excavations of prehistoric sites suggest that humans were living in what is now Afghanistan at least 50,000 years ago, and that farming communities in the area were among the earliest in the world. An important site of early historical activities, many believe that Afghanistan compares to [[Egypt]] in terms of the historical value of its archaeological sites.&lt;ref name=&quot;JFS&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |title=Afghanistan&amp;nbsp;– John Ford Shroder, University of Nebraska |publisher=Encarta |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040717092902/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |archive-date=17 July 2004 |url-status=dead  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1881896-1,00.html |title=Afghanistan: A Treasure Trove for Archaeologists |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=26 February 2009 |access-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726153721/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1881896-1%2C00.html |archive-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=dead |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=26 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726153721/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1881896-1,00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Indus Valley Civilization, Mature Phase (2600-1900 BCE).png|thumb| The extent of the [[Indus Valley civilization]] during its mature phase|upright=1.2]]

====Ancient era====
{{see also|Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan}}
[[Archaeological]] exploration done in the 20th century suggests that the geographical area of Afghanistan has been closely connected by culture and trade with its neighbors to the east, west, and north. Artifacts typical of the [[Paleolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], [[Neolithic]], [[Bronze Age|Bronze]], and [[Iron Age]]s have been found in Afghanistan. Urban civilization is believed to have begun as early as 3000 BCE, and the early city of [[Mundigak]] (near [[Kandahar]] in the south of the country) was a center of the [[Helmand culture]]. More recent findings established that the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] stretched up towards modern-day Afghanistan, making the ancient civilization today part of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India. In more detail, it extended from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan. An Indus Valley site has been found on the [[Oxus River]] at [[Shortugai]] in northern Afghanistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Ancient Indus pp.1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society|page=1|author=Rita Wright|date=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ|isbn=978-0521576529|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628065355/https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ|archive-date=28 June 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation. pp.96&lt;/ref&gt; There are several smaller IVC colonies to be found in Afghanistan as well. An Indus Valley site has been found on the [[Oxus River]] at [[Shortugai]] in northern Afghanistan, shows Afghanistan to have been a part of Indus Valley Civilization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xjGtwAACAAJ|title=Notes on Shortugai: An Harappan Site in Northern Afghanistan|publisher=Centre for the Study of the Civilization of Central Asia|author=Louis Depree|year=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After 2000 BCE, successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan; among them were many [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]-speaking [[Indo-Iranians]]. These tribes later migrated further into South Asia, Western Asia, and toward Europe via the area north of the [[Caspian Sea]]. The region at the time was referred to as [[Ariana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JFS&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bryant, Edwin F. (2001) ''The quest for the origins of Vedic culture: the Indo-Aryan migration debate'' [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0-19-513777-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:ScythianBelt.jpg|thumb|left|A &quot;Bactrian gold&quot; [[Scythian]] belt depicting [[Dionysus]], from [[Tillya Tepe]] in the ancient region of [[Bactria]]]]

By the middle of the 6th century BCE, the Achaemenids overthrew the [[Medes]] and incorporated [[Arachosia]], [[Aria (satrapy)|Aria]], and [[Bactria]] within its eastern boundaries. An [[Epigraphy|inscription]] on the tombstone of [[Darius I of Persia]] mentions the [[Kabulistan|Kabul Valley]] in a list of the 29 countries that he had conquered.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gandhara.com.au/afghan_table.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909000527/http://www.gandhara.com.au/afghan_table.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 September 2012 |title=Chronological History of Afghanistan&amp;nbsp;– the cradle of Gandharan civilisation |publisher=Gandhara.com.au |date=15 February 1989 |access-date=19 May 2012 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=9 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120909000527/http://www.gandhara.com.au/afghan_table.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; The region of [[Arachosia]], around [[Kandahar]] in modern-day southern Afghanistan, used to be primarily Zoroastrian and played a key role in the transfer of the Avesta to [[Persis|Persia]] and is thus considered by some to be the &quot;second homeland of Zoroastrianism&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gnoli 1989 133&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gnoli|first=Gherado|title=The Idea of Iran, an Essay on its Origin|publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente|year=1989|pages=133|quote=... he would have drawn inspiration from a ireligious policy which intended to counteract the Median Magi's influence and transfer the 'Avesta-Schule' from Arachosia to Persia: thus the Avesta would have arrived in Persia through Arachosia in the 6th century B.C. [...] Alltough [...] Arachosia would have been only a second fatherland for Zoroastrianism, a significant role should still be attributed to this south-eastern region in the history of the Zoroastrian tradition.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gnoli|first=Gherado|title=The Idea of Iran, an essay on its Origin|publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente|year=1989|pages=133|quote=linguistic data [...] prove the presence of the Zoroastrian tradition in Arachosia both in the Achaemenian age, in the last quarter of the 6th century, and in the Seleucid age.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARACHOSIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ARACHOSIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arachosia|access-date=19 February 2021|website=iranicaonline.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Alexander the Great]] and his Macedonian forces arrived in Afghanistan in 330 BCE after defeating [[Darius III of Persia]] a year earlier in the [[Battle of Gaugamela]]. Following Alexander's brief occupation, the successor state of the [[Seleucid Empire]] controlled the region until 305 BCE when they gave much of it to the [[Maurya Empire]] as part of an alliance treaty. The Mauryans controlled the area south of the [[Hindu Kush]] until they were overthrown in about 185 BCE. Their decline began 60 years after [[Ashoka]]'s rule ended, leading to the [[Hellenistic]] reconquest by the [[Greco-Bactrians]]. Much of it soon broke away from them and became part of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. They were defeated and expelled by the [[Indo-Scythians]] in the late 2nd century BCE.&lt;ref name=&quot;LoC-pdf&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Afghanistan |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Afghanistan | date=August 2008 |access-date=10 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408085103/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Runion|2007|page=44}}

[[File:Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg|thumb|Approximate maximum extent of the [[Greco-Bactrian kingdom]], formed by the fragmentation of [[Alexander the Great]]'s Empire, circa 180 BCE]]
{{ Annotated image
| image=Hephthalites (map).jpg
| = right
| annotations =
{{Annotation|75|80|[[Sasanian Empire|{{center|SASANIAN&lt;br /&gt;EMPIRE}}]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|15|60|[[Byzantine Empire|{{center|BYZANTINE&lt;br /&gt;EMPIRE}}]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|250|55|[[Northern Wei|{{center|NORTHERN&lt;br /&gt;WEI}}]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|273|95|[[Liang dynasty|{{center|LIANG}}]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|155|90|[[Alchon Huns|{{center|Alchon&lt;br /&gt;Huns}}]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|180|110|[[Gupta Empire|{{center|GUPTA&lt;br /&gt;EMPIRE}}]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|230|27|[[Rouran Khaganate|JUAN-JUAN KHAGANATE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|190|13|[[Tiele people|Gaoju Turks]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
|caption= {{center|The Imperial [[Hephthalites]] c. 500 CE}}
}}

The [[Silk Road]] appeared during the first century BCE, and Afghanistan flourished with trade, with routes to China, India, Persia and north to the cities of [[Bukhara]], [[Samarkand]] and [[Khiva]] in present-day Uzbekistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://unama.unmissions.org/afghanistan-and-silk-road-land-heart-world-trade-bijan-omrani|title='Afghanistan and the Silk Road: The land at the heart of world trade' by Bijan Omrani|date=8 March 2010|website=UNAMA|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=16 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816022140/https://unama.unmissions.org/afghanistan-and-silk-road-land-heart-world-trade-bijan-omrani}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goods and ideas were exchanged at this center point, such as Chinese silk, Persian silver and Roman gold, while the region of present Afghanistan was mining and trading [[lapis lazuli]] stones&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/countries-alongside-silk-road-routes/afghanistan|title=Afghanistan – Silk Roads Programme|website=[[UNESCO]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; mainly from the [[Badakhshan]] region.

During the first century BCE, the [[Parthian Empire]] subjugated the region but lost it to their [[Indo-Parthian]] vassals. In the mid-to-late first century CE the vast [[Kushan Empire]], centered in Afghanistan, became great patrons of Buddhist culture, making [[Buddhism]] flourish throughout the region. The Kushans were overthrown by the [[Sassanids]] in the 3rd century CE, though the [[Indo-Sassanids]] continued to rule at least parts of the region. They were followed by the [[Kidarite]]s who, in turn, was replaced by the [[Hephthalites]]. They were replaced by the [[Turk Shahi]] in the 7th century. The Buddhist Turk Shahi of Kabul was replaced by a Hindu dynasty before the Saffarids conquered the area in 870, this Hindu dynasty was called [[Hindu Shahi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Wink|first=André|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&amp;pg=PA125|year=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=0-391-04173-8|page=125|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201142728/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&amp;pg=PA125|archive-date=1 December 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of the northeastern and southern areas of the country remained dominated by [[Buddhist]] culture.&lt;ref name=&quot;Habibi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023100306/http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm|archive-date=23 October 2008 |title=Afghan and Afghanistan |work=[[Abdul Hai Habibi]]|publisher=alamahabibi.com|year=1969|access-date=17 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Charles Higham|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&amp;pg=PA141|year=2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1|page=141}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medieval history ===
{{Main|Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|Mongol invasion of Central Asia}}

====Islamic conquest====
[[File:Saffarid dynasty 861-1003.png|thumb|left|[[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarid]] rule at its greatest extent under [[Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar]]]]
[[Arab]] [[Muslim]]s brought Islam to [[Herat]] and [[Zaranj]] in 642&amp;nbsp;CE and began spreading eastward; some of the native inhabitants they encountered accepted it while others revolted. Before the [[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan|arrival of Islam]], the region used to be home to various beliefs and cults, often resulting in [[Syncretism]] between the dominant religions&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Weber|first1=Olivier|url=|title=Eternal Afghanistan|last2=Unesco|date=2002|publisher=Chêne|isbn=978-92-3-103850-1|quote=Gradually there emerged a fabulous syncretism between the Hellenistic world and the Buddhist universe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Grenet|first=Grenet|title=Zoroastriansm among the Kushans|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; such as [[Zoroastrianism]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Gnoli 1989 133&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARACHOSIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica&quot;/&gt; [[Buddhism]] or [[Greco-Buddhism]], [[Ancient Iranian religion]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Charles|url=|title=The Search For Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History|date=5 November 2015|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-0-349-14218-0|quote=With Aurmuzd, Sroshard, Narasa and Mihr, we are on safer ground because all are Zoroastrian deities: Aurmuzd is the supreme god of light, Ahura Mazda; and Mihr, the sun god, is linked with the Iranian Mithra. Exactly the same non-Buddhist[...]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gorder|first1=A. Christian Van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeHAxxEpe-cC&amp;q=nestorian+christians+Afghanistan&amp;pg=PA34|title=Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-muslims in Iran|date=2010|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7391-3609-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Hugh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk7BS9XC10QC&amp;q=Zaranj+christians+Afghanistan&amp;pg=PT127|title=The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In|date=9 December 2010|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-0-297-86559-9|quote=.. when the patriarch at Ctesiphon had to broker a compromise that left one bishop at the capital Zaranj and another further east at Bust, now in southern Afghanistan. A Christian text composed in about 850 also records a monastery of ...}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Judaism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Yossef|first1=Noam Bar'am-Ben|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVMwAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Judaism+in+Afghanistan+ghor|title=Brides and Betrothals: Jewish Wedding Rituals in Afghanistan|date=1998|publisher=Israel Museum|isbn=978-965-278-223-6|quote=The Jews of Afghanistan According to tradition, the first Jews reached ... in Hebrew script found in the Tang - e Azao Valley in the Ghor region ...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EndeSteinbach2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ende|first1=Werner|title=Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society|last2=Steinbach|first2=Udo|date=15 April 2010|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801464898|page=257|quote=At the time of the first Muslim advances, numerous local natural religions were competing with Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and Hinduism in the territory of modern Afghanistan.}}&lt;/ref&gt; An exemplification of the syncretism in the region would be that people were patrons of Buddhism but still worshipped local Iranian gods such as [[Ahura Mazda]], [[Nana (Kushan goddess)|Lady Nana]], [[Anahita]] or [[Mithra|Mihr(Mithra)]] and portrayed [[Greek mythology|Greek Gods]] like [[Heracles]] or [[Tyche]] as protectors of Buddha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Adrych|first1=Philippa|url=|title=Images of Mithra|last2=coins)|first2=Robert Bracey (Writer on|last3=Dalglish|first3=Dominic|last4=Lenk|first4=Stefanie|last5=Wood|first5=Rachel|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-879253-6|quote=The Rabatak inscription includes Miiro amongst a list of gods: Nana, Ahura Mazda, and Narasa. All of these gods likely had images dedicated at the Bagolaggo, presumably alongside statues of Kanishka}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Allen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Charles|url=|title=The Search For Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History|date=5 November 2015|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-0-349-14218-0|quote=The two most important deities are goddesses: one is the lady Nana', daughter of the moon god and sister of the sun god, the Kushan form of Anahita, Zoroastrian goddess of fertility}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Zunbils]] and Kabul Shahi were first conquered in 870&amp;nbsp;CE by the [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarid]] Muslims of Zaranj. Later, the [[Samanids]] extended their Islamic influence south of the Hindu Kush. It is reported that Muslims and non-Muslims still lived side by side in Kabul before the [[Ghaznavids]] rose to power in the 10th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elliot-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&amp;ct=98 |title=A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul |work=Sir H. M. Elliot |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |location=London | date=1867–1877 |access-date=18 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220905/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&amp;ct=98 |archive-date=8 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mustawfi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=16301012&amp;ct=16 |title=The Geographical Part of the NUZHAT-AL-QULUB |author =Hamd-Allah Mustawfi of Qazwin |work=Translated by Guy Le Strange |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |year=1340 |access-date=19 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726144951/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=16301012&amp;ct=16 |archive-date=26 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Elliot-3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&amp;ct=100 |title=A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul (p.3) |work=Sir H. M. Elliot |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |location=London | date=1867–1877 |access-date=18 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726133107/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&amp;ct=100 |archive-date=26 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

By the 11th century, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] defeated the remaining Hindu rulers and effectively [[Islamized]] the wider region,{{sfn|Ewans|2002|page=22–23}} with the exception of [[Kafiristan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nuristan.info&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Nuristanis1.html|title=Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan|author=Richard F. Strand|date=31 December 2005|work=nuristan.info|author-link=Richard Strand|access-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401180243/http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Nuristanis1.html|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahmud made [[Ghazni]] into an important city and patronized intellectuals such as the historian [[Al-Biruni]] and the poet [[Ferdowsi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Afghanistan: A Country Study|date=1986|publisher=Foreign Area Studies, The American University|editor1=Richard Nyrop|editor2=Donald Seekins|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Ghaznavid dynasty]] was [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|overthrown by the Ghurids in 1186]], whose architectural achievements included the remote [[Minaret of Jam]]. The Ghurids controlled Afghanistan for less than a century before being conquered by the [[Khwarazmian dynasty]] in 1215.{{sfn|Ewans|2002|page=23}}

====Mongols and Babur with the Lodi Dynasty====
[[File:Genghis Khan empire-en.svg|thumb|260px|[[Mongol invasions and conquests]] depopulated large areas of Afghanistan]]
In 1219&amp;nbsp;CE, [[Genghis Khan]] and his [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|Mongol army overran the region]]. His troops are said to have annihilated the Khwarazmian cities of [[Herat]] and [[Balkh]] as well as [[Bamyan, Afghanistan|Bamyan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm |title=Central Asian world cities |publisher=Faculty.washington.edu |date=29 September 2007 |access-date=6 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723185841/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm |archive-date=23 July 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=18 January 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118121401/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; The destruction caused by the Mongols forced many locals to return to an agrarian rural society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Page |first=Susan |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-02-17-afghanistan-forces_N.htm |title=Obama's war: Deploying 17,000 raises stakes in Afghanistan |work=USA Today |date=18 February 2009 |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513040037/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-02-17-afghanistan-forces_N.htm |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mongol rule continued with the [[Ilkhanate]] in the northwest while the [[Khalji dynasty]] administered the Afghan tribal areas south of the Hindu Kush until the invasion of [[Timur]] (aka Tamerlane), who established the [[Timurid Empire]] in 1370. Under the rule of [[Shah Rukh]] the city{{which|date=August 2021}} served as the focal point of the [[Timurid Renaissance]], whose glory matched [[Florence]] of the [[Italian Renaissance]] as the center of a cultural rebirth.&lt;ref&gt;Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective – Page 129&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia – Page 465&lt;/ref&gt;

In the early 16th century, [[Babur]] arrived from [[Ferghana]] and captured Kabul from the [[Arghun dynasty]].{{sfn|Barfield|2012|pp=92–93}} [[Babur]] would go on to conquer the Afghan [[Lodi dynasty]] who had ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the [[First Battle of Panipat]].{{sfn|Barfield|2012|pp=75}} Between the 16th and 18th century, the Uzbek [[Khanate of Bukhara]], Iranian [[Safavids]], and Indian [[Mughals]] ruled parts of the territory.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|pp=319, 321}} During the Medieval Period, the northwestern area of Afghanistan was referred to by the regional name [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. Two of the four capitals of Khorasan ([[Herat]] and [[Balkh]]) are now located in Afghanistan, while the regions of [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]], [[Zabulistan]], [[Ghazni]], [[Kabulistan]], and [[name of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] formed the [[frontier]] between Khorasan and [[Hindustan]]. However, up to the 19th century the term Khorasan was commonly used among natives to describe their country; [[Sir George Elphinstone]] wrote with amazement that the country known to outsiders as &quot;Afghanistan&quot; was referred to by its own inhabitants as &quot;Khorasan&quot; and that the first Afghan official whom he met at the border welcomed him to Khorasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziaeDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=elphinstone+khorasan&amp;pg=PA128|title=Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia: Pioneer of British Colonial Rule|first=Shah Mahmoud|last=Hanifi|date=15 July 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190914400}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EI&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ3AAAAIAAJ|chapter=Khurasan |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |page=55 |quote=In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the term &quot;Khurassan&quot; frequently had a much wider denotation, covering also parts of what are now Soviet Central Asia and Afghanistan |publisher=Brill |year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354 |last1=Ibn Battuta |edition=reprint, illustrated |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-34473-9 |page=416 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&amp;pg=PA180|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416132656/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&amp;pg=PA180 |archive-date=16 April 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Firishta&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201016&amp;ct=199 |title=The History of India |volume=6 |chapter=Chapter 200: Translation of the Introduction to Firishta's History |page=8 |access-date=22 August 2010 |author =Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah |others=Sir H. M. Elliot |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |location=London |year=1560|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726121158/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201016&amp;ct=199 |archive-date=26 July 2013 |author-link=Firishta }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Modern history==
=== Hotak Dynasty ===
[[File:Map of the Hotak Empire 1715, Mirwais Hotak.png|thumb|300px|Map of the Hotak Empire during the Reign of [[Mirwais Hotak]], 1709–1715.]]
{{Main|Hotak dynasty}}
In 1709, [[Mirwais Hotak]], a local [[Ghilzai]] tribal leader, successfully rebeled against the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]]. He defeated [[Gurgin Khan]], the Georgian governor of Kandahar under the Safavids, and established his own kingdom. Also defeating many attempts for the Safavids to annex the Kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;Browne&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D90001014%26ct%3D29 |title=A Literary History of Persia, Volume 4: Modern Times (1500–1924), Chapter IV. An Outline of the History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922) |author=Edward G. Browne |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |access-date=9 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726142425/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D90001014&amp;ct=29 |archive-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mirwais died of natural causes in 1715 and was succeeded by his brother [[Abdul Aziz Hotak|Abdul Aziz]], who was soon killed by Mirwais' son [[Mahmud Hotak|Mahmud]] for possibly planning to sign a peace with the Safavids. Mahmud led campaigns into modern Iran, with his first attempt in 1719 besieging [[Kerman]], however this attempt failed. Mahmud led the Afghan army in 1722 to the Persian capital of [[Isfahan]], and captured the city after the [[Battle of Gulnabad]] and proclaimed himself King of Persia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Browne&quot; /&gt; The Afghan dynasty was ousted from Persia by [[Nader Shah]] after the 1729 [[Battle of Damghan (1729)|Battle of Damghan]].

==== Fall of the Hotak Dynasty ====
[[File:Mapofthehotaks1728.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of the Hotak Empire at its height in 1728. Disputed between [[Hussain Hotak]] (Centered in Kandahar) and [[Ashraf Hotak]] (centered in Isfahan)]]
In 1738, [[Nader Shah]] and his [[Afsharid dynasty|forces]] captured Kandahar in the [[siege of Kandahar]], the last Hotak stronghold, from Shah [[Hussain Hotak]]. Soon after, the Persian and Afghan forces [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invaded India]], Nader Shah had plundered [[Delhi]], alongside his 16 year old commander, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] who had assisted him on these campaigns. Nader Shah was assassinated in 1747.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brit-Durrani&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10162/Ahmad-Shah-Durrani |title=Ahmad Shah Durrani |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=9 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404104909/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10162/Ahmad-Shah-Durrani |archive-date=4 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Engels&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/afghanistan/index.htm |title=Afghanistan |access-date=25 August 2010 |author =Friedrich Engels |work=Andy Blunden |publisher=The New American Cyclopaedia, Vol. I |year=1857|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427034439/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/afghanistan/index.htm |archive-date=27 April 2014 |author-link=Friedrich Engels }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Rise of the Durrani Empire ====
{{Main|Durrani Empire|Ahmad Shah Durrani}}
After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] had returned to Kandahar with a contingent of 4,000 [[Pashtuns]]. The Abdalis had &quot;unanimously accepted&quot; Ahmad Shah as their new leader. With his ascension in 1747, Ahmad Shah had led multiple campaigns against the [[Mughal Empire]], [[Maratha Empire]], and then receding, [[Afsharid Empire]]. Ahmad Shah had captured [[Kabul]] and [[Peshawar]] from the Mughal appointed governor, Nasir Khan. Ahmad Shah had then conquered [[Herat]] in 1750, and had also captured [[Kashmir]] in 1752.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&amp;q=durrani+capture+kashmir&amp;pg=PA43 | title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris| isbn=9781849043427| last1=Snedden| first1=Christopher| year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahmad Shah had launched two campaigns into [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], (1750–1751) and (1754–1755).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Noelle-Karimi|first=Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdl9oAEACAAJ|title=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th–19th Centuries)|date=2014|publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press|isbn=978-3-7001-7202-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; His first campaign had seen the siege of [[Mashhad]], however he was forced to retreat after 4 months. In November 1750, he moved to siege [[Khanate of Nishapur|Nishapur]], however he was unable to capture the city and was forced to retreat after heavy losses in early 1751. Ahmad Shah returned in 1754, he captured [[Ferdows|Tun]], and on 23 July, he sieged [[Mashhad]] once again. Mashhad had fallen on 2 December, however [[Shahrokh Shah|Shahrokh]] was [[Afsharid Iran|reappointed]] in 1755. He was forced to give up [[Torshiz]], [[Bakharz]], [[Torbat-e Jam|Jam]], [[Khaf, Iran|Khaf]], and [[Torbat-e Heydarieh|Turbat-e Haidari]] to the Afghans, as well as accepting Afghan sovereignty. Following this, Ahmad Shah had sieged [[Khanate of Nishapur|Nishapur]] once again, and captured it.

==== Objectives and Invasions of India ====
{{Main|Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}
[[File:Portrait of Ahmad-Shah Durrani. Mughal miniature. ca. 1757, Bibliothèque nationale de France.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] {{Circa|1757}}.]]
Ahmad Shah invaded India 8 times during his reign. With the capture of [[Peshawar]], Ahmad Shah had used this as a convenient striking point to lead his military campaigns into [[Punjab]] and India.

Ahmad Shah had sought out multiple reasons for his invasions, Ahmad Shah saw Afghanistan in a dire state, and one that needed to expand and exploit a weak but rich neighboring country, which Ahmad Shah had capitalized on in multiple opportunities during his Invasions of India, he sought the reasons needed to fill his treasury in a war-plunder conquest based economy.{{sfn|Mehta|p=248}} Ahmad Shah had launched his first invasion in 1748, crossing the indus river, his armies sacked and absorbed [[Lahore]] into the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Realm]]. Ahmad Shah had met Mughal armies at the [[Battle of Manupur (1748)]], where he was defeated and forced to retreat to back to Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Google books |id=NbUB_ACAR5QC |page=509 |title=History of Islam}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahmad Shah had returned the next year in 1749, where he had captured the area around [[Lahore]] and [[Punjab]], presenting it as an Afghan victory for this campaign.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} From 1749 to 1767, Ahmad Shah would lead 6 more invasions, the most important being his sixth invasion, with the [[Third Battle of Panipat]], which created a power vacuum in northern India, halting [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] expansion.

===Death of Ahmad Shah and his successors===
{{Main|Timur Shah Durrani|Zaman Shah Durrani|Mahmud Shah Durrani|Shah Shujah Durrani}}
Ahmad Shah Durrani had died in October 1772, what followed would be a civil war in succession, with his named successor, [[Timur Shah Durrani]] succeeding him after the defeat of his brother, Suleiman Mirza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drahm&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drahm |first1=Abdel |title=Afghanistan A History From 1260 To The Present |journal=AAF |date=2020 |page=146 |url=https://archive.org/details/Book_1094 |access-date=4 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Timur Shah Durrani]] ascended to the throne in November 1772, having defeated a coalition under Shah Wali Khan, the influential prime minister of the [[Durrani Empire]], and Humayun Mirza. Timur Shah began his reign by consolidating power toward himself and people loyal to him, purging Durrani Sardars and influential tribal leaders in [[Kabul]] and [[Kandahar]] to bring support toward himself. Timur Shah's reforms also saw the capital of the [[Durrani Empire]] being shifted from [[Kandahar]] to [[Kabul]], being able to cover the empire better as a base of ordination since it was essentially the heartland of the empire. This reform saw [[Kabul]] as the modern capital of Afghanistan today. Having consolidated power to himself, Timur Shah would fight multiple series of rebellions to consolidate and hold the empire apart, Timur Shah would also lead campaigns into [[Punjab]] against the Sikhs like his father did, however being more successful. Most prominent example of his battles during this campaign would be where Timur Shah led his forces under Zangi Khan Durrani, with over 18,000 men total of Afghan, Qizilbash, and Mongol cavalrymen. Against over 60,000 Sikh men. The Sikhs would lose over 30,000 in this battle and would stage a Durrani resurgence in the [[Punjab]]. region&lt;ref name=&quot;Fayz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Muhammad Katib Hazarah |first1=Fayz |title=The History Of Afghanistan Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj Al Tawārīkh By R. D. Mcchesney, M. M. Khorrami |journal=AAF |date=2012 |page=131 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-afghanistan-fayz-muhammad-katib-hazarahs-siraj-al-tawarikh-by-r.-/page/n63/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=11 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Durranis lost [[Multan]] in 1772 after Ahmad Shah's death, following this victory by Timur Shah, Timur Shah was able to lay siege to [[Multan]] and recapture it,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite thesis |last1=Muhammad Khan |first1=Ashiq |title=THE LAST PHASE OF MUSLIM RULE IN MULTAN (1752–1818) |date=1998 |issue=1 |page=159 |publisher=University of Multan, MULTAN |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/5209 |access-date=4 December 2021 |type=Thesis |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204042026/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/5209 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; incorporating it into the Durrani empire once again, reintegrating it as a province until the [[siege of Multan (1818)]]. Timur Shah would be succeeded by his son, [[Zaman Shah Durrani]] after his death on 18 or 20 May 1793. Timur Shah's reign oversaw the attempted stabilization and consolidation of the empire. However, Timur Shah had over 24 sons, a mistake that would plunge the empire in civil war over succession crises.{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=155}}

[[Zaman Shah Durrani]] would succeed to the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Throne]] following the death of his father, Timur Shah Durrani. This instigated civil war with his brothers, [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]], and Humayun Mirza revolting against him. With Humayun centered in [[Kandahar]], and Mahmud Shah centered in [[Herat]].{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=158}} Zaman Shah would defeat Humayun and also force the loyalty of [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=158}} Securing his position on the throne, Zaman Shah had led 3 campaigns into [[Punjab]], with the first two campaigns capturing [[Lahore]], but being forced to retreat due to intel about a possible [[Qajar Iran|Qajar]] invasion, or his brother, [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] revolting. Zaman Shah embarked on his third campaign for [[Punjab]] in 1800 to deal with a rebellious Ranjit Singh.{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=162}} However, he was forced to withdraw, with his brother, [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] revolting, Zaman Shah would be toppled from his reign, replaced by his brother, [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=162}} However, just under 2 years in his reign, [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] would be deposed by his brother, [[Shah Shuja Durrani]], on 13 July 1803.{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=166}} Shah Shuja would attempt to consolidate the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Realm]], which had been long striven by civil war. Shah Shuja would later be deposed by his brother at the [[Battle of Nimla (1809)]],{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=172}} where [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] would defeat and force Shah Shuja to flee, with Shah Mahmud usurping the throne again for his second reign beginning on 3 May 1809.{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=176}}

==== Barakzai dynasty and British wars ====
{{Further|Dost Mohammad Khan|Herat (1793–1863)|Maimana Khanate|Principality of Qandahar|European influence in Afghanistan|Anglo-Afghan Wars|Durand Line|Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)}}

[[File:History of Afghanistan 1839-1863 Gif.gif|thumb|500px|Gif Map of Afghanistan 1839–1863, showing the First Anglo-Afghan war, and unification of Afghanistan by Dost Mohammad Khan.]]

By the early 19th century, the Afghan empire was under threat from the [[Qajar dynasty|Persians]] in the west and the [[Sikh Empire]] in the east. Fateh Khan, leader of the [[Barakzai dynasty|Barakzai tribe]], installed many of his brothers in positions of power throughout the empire, mostly ruling as governors of major cities and provinces. After his murder for apparent treason against the Durrani king. Fateh Khan would be sentenced by [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]], having him executed. His brothers rebeled and a civil war brew between the Sadozais and the Barakzais. During this turbulent period, Afghanistan had fractured into many states, this included the [[Principality of Qandahar]], [[Herat (1793–1863)|Emirate of Herat]], Khanate of Qunduz, [[Maimana Khanate]], and many more states. The most prominent state being the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate of Kabul]], ruled by Dost Mohammad Khan after he declared himself emir and was bestowed upon the title of [[Amir al-Mu'minin]] in summer 1826 after he usurped the throne from his brother, [[Sultan Mohammad Khan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanner 2009 126&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban |last=Tanner |first=Stephen |year=2009 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-81826-4 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=J3pUS_-uD-oC |page=126 }} |page=126}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lee|first=Jonathan L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSWDDwAAQBAJ|title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present|date=15 January 2019|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78914-010-1|language=en}} With the collapse of the Durrani Empire, and the exile of the Sadozai Dynasty to be left to rule in [[Herat (1793–1863)|Herat]] while Afghanistan was in this turbulent period of civil war, [[Punjab]] and [[Kashmir]] were lost to [[Ranjit Singh]] ruler of the [[Sikh Empire]], who invaded [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in March 1823 and captured the city of [[Peshawar]], placing the Peshawar Sardars under his suzerainty. (one of the many entities that split following the collapse of the [[Durrani Empire]]), at the [[Battle of Nowshera]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Nalwa&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Hari Singh Nalwa, &quot;champion of the Khalsaji&quot; (1791–1837) |last=Nalwa |first=Vanit |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7304-785-5 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=ULhgNexD92QC |page=198 }} |page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1837, Dost Mohammad Khan attempted to retake Peshawar and sent a large force under his son, [[Wazir Akbar Khan]], leading to the [[Battle of Jamrud]] near the [[Khyber Pass]]. [[Wazir Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]] and the Afghan army failed to capture the [[Jamrud Fort]] from the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]], but killed Sikh Commander [[Hari Singh Nalwa]], thus ending the [[Afghan-Sikh Wars]]. By this time the British were advancing from the east, conquering the Sikh Empire after it had its own period of turbulence following the death of Ranjit Singh, directly bringing the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate of Kabul]] to conflict in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|first major conflict]] during &quot;[[the Great Game]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chahryar&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |last=Chahryar |first=Adle |year=2003 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&amp;pg=PA296|page=296}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1839, a [[British Army|British]] expeditionary force marched into Afghanistan, invading the [[Principality of Qandahar]], and in August 1839, seized [[Kabul]], forcing Dost Mohammad into exile with other factions and rebels in Afghanistan, while he was replaced with the former Durrani ruler [[Shah Shuja Durrani|Shah Shuja]] [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|Durrani]] as the new ruler of [[Kabul]], and unbeknownst to him, a de facto puppet on the throne.&lt;ref name=ingram1980&gt;{{cite journal |jstor=40105749 |url=http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1980-great-britains-great-game-an-introduction-by-ingram-from-intl-hist-rev-v2-s-pdf/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816181410/http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1980-great-britains-great-game-an-introduction-by-ingram-from-intl-hist-rev-v2-s-pdf/ |archive-date=16 August 2016 |title=Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction |last1=Ingram |first1=Edward |journal=The International History Review |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=160–171 |year=1980 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1980.9640210 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816181410/http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1980-great-britains-great-game-an-introduction-by-ingram-from-intl-hist-rev-v2-s-pdf/ |date=16 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ingram1984&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr9cAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 1775–1842] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106130452/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr9cAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA11 |date=6 January 2017 }} By Edward Ingram. Frank Cass &amp; Co, London, 1984. {{ISBN|0714632465}}. p7-19&lt;/ref&gt; Following an uprising that saw the assassination of [[Shah Shuja Durrani|Shah Shuja]], the [[1842 retreat from Kabul]] of British-Indian forces and the [[1842 retreat from Kabul|annihilation]] of [[William George Keith Elphinstone|Elphinstone]]'s army, and the punitive expedition of [[Battle of Kabul (1842)|The battle of Kabul]] that led to its sacking, the British gave up on their attempts to try and subjugate Afghanistan, which allowed Dost Mohammad Khan to return as ruler. Dost Mohammad Khan would spend most of his reign consolidating the parts of Afghanistan that were lost in the Afghan civil war which raged from 1793–1863. Dost Mohammad Khan would launch numerous campaigns after returning to rule in 1842, ruling only from Kabul, Ghazni, and other cities when he had returned. Dost Mohammad united most of the Afghan realm in his reign, securing the last major state, [[Herat (1793–1863)|Herat]], in the [[Herat campaign of 1862–1863]]. Dost Mohammad died on 9 June 1863, a few weeks after his [[Herat campaign of 1862–1863|campaign]] to capture [[Herat (1793–1863)|Herat]]. Dost Mohammad's successors would fight for the throne of Afghanistan, between [[Sher Ali Khan]], [[Mohammad Afzal Khan]], and [[Mohammad Azam Khan]] in the [[Afghan Civil War (1863–1869)]]. Sher Ali would win this civil war and would go on to rule the realm until In 1878, the British had returned in the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] which was fought over perceived Russian influence in the region, [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] replaced [[Mohammad Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Ayub Khan]] who had succeeded [[Sher Ali Khan]] after his death in 1879. Britain would gain control of Afghanistan's foreign relations as part of the [[Treaty of Gandamak]] of 1879, making it an official [[British Protectorate|British Protected State]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Onley |first1=James |title=THE RAJ RECONSIDERED: BRITISH INDIA'S INFORMAL EMPIRE AND SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN ASIA AND AFRICA |date=March 2009 |volume=XL |publisher=Routledge |id=Page 9 of URL/Page 52 |url=https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2021 |accessdate=2023-03-13 |archivedate=2022-10-09 |archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1893, Amir Abdur Rahman signed an agreement in which the ethnic [[Pashtun]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] territories were divided by the [[Durand Line]], which forms the modern-day border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. [[Shia Islam in Afghanistan|Shia]]-dominated [[Hazarajat]] and pagan [[Kafiristan]] remained politically independent until being [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|conquered]] by Abdur Rahman Khan in 1891–1896. He was known as the &quot;Iron Amir&quot; for his features and his ruthless methods against tribes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-women-hope-more-gains-under-new-administration|title=Afghan Women Hope for More Gains Under New Administration – Afghanistan|website=ReliefWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Iron Amir'' viewed railway and telegraph lines coming from the Russian and British as &quot;[[trojan horse]]s&quot; and therefore prevented railway development in Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/21/afghan.rail/index.html|title=Afghan rail plan among proposals for donors|date=21 January 2002|website=CNN|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=13 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813160454/https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/21/afghan.rail/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; He died in 1901, succeeded by his son, [[Habibullah Khan]].
[[File:Afghan foot soldiers in 1841.jpg|thumb|left|Afghan tribesmen in 1841, painted by British officer [[James Rattray]]]]
{{blockquote|How can a small power like Afghanistan, which is like a goat between these lions [Britain and Russia] or a grain of wheat between two strong millstones of the grinding mill, [could] stand in the midway of the stones without being ground to dust?|author=[[Abdur Rahman Khan]], the &quot;Iron Amir&quot;, in 1900&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/2.htm|title=Afghanistan – HISTORY|website=countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REwmr2bFYfkC&amp;pg=PA2|title = Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion in Perspective|isbn = 9780817982133|last1 = Arnold|first1 = Anthony|date = June 1985}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

During the [[First World War]], when Afghanistan was neutral, Habibullah Khan was met by officials of the Central Powers in the [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition]], to declare full independence from the United Kingdom, join them and attack British India, as part of the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]]. Their efforts to bring Afghanistan into the Central Powers failed, but it caused discontent among the population for keeping neutrality against the British. Habibullah was assassinated during a hunting trip in February 1919, and [[Amanullah Khan]] eventually assumed power. A staunch supporter of the 1915–1916 expeditions, Amanullah Khan provoked the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]], entering British India via the [[Khyber Pass]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Afghanistan in the Great War|first=Christopher|last=Wyatt|date=2 September 2015|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=46|issue=3|pages=387–410|doi=10.1080/03068374.2015.1081001|s2cid = 159788830}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:King Amanullah standing.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Emir of Afghanistan|Emir]] [[Amanullah Khan|Amanullah]] invaded British India in 1919 and proclaimed Afghanistan's full independence thereafter. He proclaimed himself [[King of Afghanistan]] in June 1926.]]

After the end of the Third Anglo-Afghan War and the signing of the [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919|Treaty of Rawalpindi]] on 19 August 1919, [[Emir of Afghanistan|Emir]] Amanullah Khan declared the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] a [[sovereign state|sovereign]] and fully [[independent state]]. He moved to end his country's traditional isolation by establishing diplomatic relations with the international community, particularly with the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Weimar Republic]] of Germany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C&amp;pg=PA42|title=The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan|first=Jeffery J.|last=Roberts|date=14 June 2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275978785}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title='Drang Nach Osten' Continued? Germany and Afghanistan during the Weimar Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1997-04_32_2/page/235|last=Nicosia |first= Francis R.|year=1997|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=32|issue=2|pages=235–257|doi = 10.1177/002200949703200207|jstor = 261243|s2cid = 160565967}}&lt;/ref&gt; He proclaimed himself [[King of Afghanistan]] on 9 June 1926, when the Emirate of Afghanistan became the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]. Following a 1927–28 tour of Europe and [[Turkey]], he introduced several reforms intended to modernize his nation. A key force behind these reforms was [[Mahmud Tarzi]], an ardent supporter of the education of women. He fought for Article 68 of Afghanistan's 1923 [[constitution of Afghanistan|constitution]], which made elementary education compulsory. The institution of [[slavery]] was abolished in the Emirate of Afghanistan in 1923.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | year = 1976| volume = 25| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopedia Americana]]|publisher=Americana Corporation | page = 24 |title=Afghanistan }}&lt;/ref&gt; King Amanullah's wife, [[Soraya Tarzi|Queen Soraya]], was an important figure during this period in the fight for woman's education and against their oppression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=10 September 2020|title=Queen Soraya of Afghanistan: A woman ahead of her time|url=https://arab.news/5hdva|access-date=3 July 2021|website=Arab News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the reforms that were put in place, such as the abolition of the traditional [[burqa]] for women and the opening of several co-educational schools, quickly alienated many tribal and religious leaders, and this led to the [[Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)]]. Faced with the overwhelming armed opposition, King Amanullah abdicated in January 1929, and soon after Kabul fell to [[Saqqawist]] forces led by [[Habibullah Kalakani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|title=Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising|last1=Muḥammad|first1=Fayz̤|last2=McChesney|first2=R. D.|date=1999|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|isbn=9781558761544|pages=39, 40|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404143046/https://books.google.nl/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Prince]] [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]], Amanullah's cousin, in turn defeated and killed Kalakani in October 1929, and was declared King Nadir Shah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|title=Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising|last1=Muḥammad|first1=Fayz̤|last2=McChesney|first2=R. D.|date=1999|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|isbn=9781558761544|pages=275, 276|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404143046/https://books.google.nl/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He abandoned the reforms of King Amanullah in favor of a more gradual approach to modernization,  but was assassinated in 1933 by [[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (assassin)|Abdul Khaliq]], a fifteen-year-old [[Hazara people|Hazara]] student who was an [[Amanullah loyalist]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Culture and customs of Afghanistan |last1=Hafizullah |first1=Emadi |year=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-33089-1 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bY8ck6iktikC&amp;pg=PA35 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052702/https://books.google.com/books?id=bY8ck6iktikC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA35 |archive-date=25 February 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mohammed Zahir Shah]], Nadir Shah's 19-year-old son, succeeded to the throne and reigned as King from 1933 to 1973. The [[Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947|tribal revolts of 1944–1947]] saw King Zahir's reign challenged by [[Zadran (Pashtun tribe)|Zadran]], [[Safi (Pashtun tribe)|Safi]], [[Mangal (Pashtun tribe)|Mangal]], and [[Wazir (Pashtun tribe)|Wazir]] tribesmen led by [[Mazrak Zadran]], [[Salemai]], and [[Faqir Ipi|Mirzali Khan]], among others, many of whom were [[Amanullah loyalist]]s. Close relations with the Muslim states Turkey, the [[Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq]] and [[Pahlavi dynasty|Iran/Persia]] were also pursued, while further international relations were sought by joining the [[League of Nations]] in 1934. The 1930s saw the development of roads, infrastructure, the founding of a [[Da Afghanistan Bank|national bank]], and increased education. Road links in the north played a large part in a growing cotton and textile industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eur2002&quot;/&gt; The country built close relationships with the [[Axis powers]], with [[Nazi Germany]] having the largest share in Afghan development at the time, along with the [[Kingdom of Italy]] and the [[Empire of Japan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hyman2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Anthony Hyman|title=Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 1964–91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvO-DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46|date=27 July 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-21948-3|page=46}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{blockquote|Afghanistan has performed the function in central Asia which Korea and Laos-Cambodia have performed in East and Southeast Asia: a regional flashpoint of colliding Great Power interests.|author=James Phillips of [[The Heritage Foundation]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org/node/22867/print-display|date = October 25, 1979| title=The Heritage Foundation }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

===Contemporary history===
[[File:Zahir Shah of Afghanistan in 1930s-cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mohammed Zahir Shah|King Zahir]], the last reigning monarch of Afghanistan, who reigned from 1933 until 1973.]]

Until 1946, King Zahir ruled with the assistance of his uncle, who held the post of [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]] and continued the policies of Nadir Shah. Another of Zahir Shah's uncles, [[Shah Mahmud Khan]], became Prime Minister in 1946 and began an experiment allowing greater political freedom, but reversed the policy when it went further than he expected. He was replaced in 1953 by [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]], the king's cousin and brother-in-law, and a [[Pashtun]] nationalist who sought the creation of a [[Pashtunistan]], leading to highly tense relations with Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1103837.html|title=Afghanistan: History Of 1973 Coup Sheds Light On Relations With Pakistan|access-date=6 July 2019|date=18 July 2003|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|author=Ron Synovitz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626230602/https://www.rferl.org/a/1103837.html|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his ten years at the post until 1963, Daoud Khan pressed for social modernization reforms and sought a closer relationship with the [[Soviet Union]]. Afterward, the [[1964 Constitution of Afghanistan|1964 constitution]] was formed, and the first non-royal Prime Minister was sworn in.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eur2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Eur|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&amp;pg=PA62|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-133-9|page=62}}&lt;/ref&gt;

King Zahir Shah, like his father Nadir Shah, had a policy of maintaining national independence while pursuing gradual modernization, creating nationalist feeling, and improving relations with the United Kingdom. However, Afghanistan remained neutral and was neither a participant in [[World War II]] nor aligned with either power bloc in the [[Cold War]] thereafter. However, it was a beneficiary of the latter rivalry as both the Soviet Union and the United States vied for influence by building Afghanistan's main highways, airports, and other vital infrastructure in the post-war period. On a per capita basis, Afghanistan received more Soviet [[development aid]] than any other country. Afghanistan had, therefore, good relations with both Cold War enemies. In 1973, while the King was in Italy, Daoud Khan launched a [[1973 Afghan coup|bloodless coup]] and became the first [[President of Afghanistan]], abolishing the monarchy.

====Democratic Republic and Soviet war====
{{main|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Soviet–Afghan War|Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)}}
{{further|History of Afghanistan (1978–1992)}}
{{multiple image
|image1=Afgan1987 Gardez UAZ469.jpg
|caption1=Soviet troops in [[Gardez]], Afghanistan in 1987
|image2=Jamiat e-Islami in Shultan Valley 1987 with Dashaka.jpg
|caption2=[[Hezb-i Islami Khalis]] fighters in the Sultan Valley of [[Kunar Province]], 1987
|width2=150
}}
In April 1978, the communist [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] (PDPA) seized power in a bloody coup d'état against then-President [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]], in what is called the [[Saur Revolution]]. The PDPA declared the establishment of the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]], with its first leader named as [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|People's Democratic Party]] general secretary [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]].{{sfn|Ewans|2002|page=186–88}} This would trigger a series of events that would dramatically turn Afghanistan from a poor and secluded (albeit peaceful) country to a hotbed of international terrorism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0FvDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR16|title=Afghanistan War: A Documentary and Reference Guide|first=Ryan|last=Wadle|date=1 October 2018|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781440857478}}&lt;/ref&gt; The PDPA initiated various social, symbolic and land distribution reforms that provoked strong opposition, while also brutally oppressing political dissidents. This caused unrest and quickly expanded into a state of [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|civil war]] by 1979, waged by guerrilla ''[[mujahideen]]'' (and smaller [[Maoist]] guerrillas) against regime forces countrywide. It quickly turned into a [[proxy war]] as the Pakistani government provided these rebels with covert training centers, the United States [[Operation Cyclone|supported]] them through Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI),&lt;ref name=Meher&gt;{{cite book |last=Meher |first=Jagmohan |title=America's Afghanistan War: The Success that Failed |publisher=Gyan Books |year=2004 |pages=68–69, 94 |isbn=978-81-7835-262-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Soviet Union]] sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA regime.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hussain |first=Rizwan |title=Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanemergenc0000huss |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/pakistanemergenc0000huss/page/108 108]–109 |isbn=978-0-7546-4434-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, there was increasingly hostile friction between the competing factions of the PDPA&amp;nbsp;– the dominant [[Khalq]] and the more moderate [[Parcham]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Afghanistan: A Modern History|publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|year=2005|isbn=978-1850438571|last=Rasanayagam |first= Angelo|page=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00ange/page/73 73]|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00ange|url-access=registration|access-date=31 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 1979, PDPA General Secretary Taraki was assassinated in an internal coup orchestrated by fellow Khalq member, then-prime minister [[Hafizullah Amin]], who assumed the new general secretary of the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|People's Democratic Party]]. The situation in the country deteriorated under Amin and thousands of people went missing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/83854.stm|title=Afghanistan: 20 years of bloodshed|publisher=BBC|date=26 April 1998|access-date=4 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217184807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/83854.stm|archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Displeased with Amin's government, the [[Soviet Army]] invaded the country in December 1979, heading for Kabul and killing Amin just three days later.{{sfn|Barfield|2012|page=234}} A Soviet-organized regime, led by Parcham's [[Babrak Karmal]] but inclusive of both factions (Parcham and Khalq), filled the vacuum. Soviet troops in more substantial numbers were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal, marking the beginning of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kalinovsky |first=Artemy M. |title=A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan |url=https://archive.org/details/longgoodbyesovie0000kali |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2011 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/longgoodbyesovie0000kali/page/25 25]–28 |isbn=978-0-674-05866-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States and Pakistan,&lt;ref name=Meher/&gt; along with smaller actors like Saudi Arabia and China, continued supporting the rebels, delivering billions of dollars in cash and weapons including two thousand [[FIM-92 Stinger]] [[surface-to-air missiles]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Brunei Times&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2009 |url=https://www.bt.com/analysis/2008/12/17/story_of_us_cia_and_taliban |title=Story of US, CIA and Taliban |work=[[The Brunei Times]] |access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205090713/http://www.bt.com.bn/analysis/2008/12/17/story_of_us_cia_and_taliban |archive-date=5 December 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=5 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205090713/http://www.bt.com.bn/analysis/2008/12/17/story_of_us_cia_and_taliban }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Nation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=1999 |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/cost-afghan-victory?page=0,1 |title=The Cost of an Afghan 'Victory' |work=[[The Nation]] |access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302090727/http://www.thenation.com/article/cost-afghan-victory?page=0%2C1 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=dead |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=2 March 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302090727/http://www.thenation.com/article/cost-afghan-victory?page=0%2C1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lasting nine years, the war caused the deaths of between 562,000&lt;ref name=&quot;562k&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lacina|first1=Bethany|last2=Gleditsch|first2=Nils Petter|url=http://www.bethanylacina.com/LacinaGleditsch_newdata.pdf|title=Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths|journal=European Journal of Population|volume=21|issue=2–3|year=2005|page=154|doi=10.1007/s10680-005-6851-6|s2cid=14344770|access-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006175909/http://www.bethanylacina.com/LacinaGleditsch_newdata.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006175909/http://www.bethanylacina.com/LacinaGleditsch_newdata.pdf |date=6 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2&amp;nbsp;million Afghans,&lt;ref name=&quot;Kakar&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;brand=ucpress|title=The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982|last=Kakar|first=Mohammed|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520208933|quote=The Afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower. Large numbers of Afghans were killed to suppress resistance to the army of the Soviet Union, which wished to vindicate its client regime and realize its goal in Afghanistan.|date=3 March 1997|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175142/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;brand=ucpress|archive-date=6 January 2017|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175142/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;brand=ucpress |date=6 January 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2chrSJCW54C&amp;pg=PA129|title=The Widening Circle of Genocide|last=Klass|first=Rosanne|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1994|isbn=978-1-4128-3965-5|page=129|quote=During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule, an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies- the four Communist regimes in Kabul, and the East Germans, Bulgarians, Czechs, Cubans, Palestinians, Indians and others who assisted them. These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare. Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except, in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley. Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population, primarily in the rural areas.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reisman&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/genocide.pdf|title=Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan|last1=Reisman|first1=W. Michael|last2=Norchi|first2=Charles H.|access-date=7 January 2017|quote=According to widely reported accounts, substantial programmes of depopulation have been conducted in these Afghan provinces: Ghazni, Nagarhar, Lagham, Qandahar, Zabul, Badakhshan, Lowgar, Paktia, Paktika and Kunar...There is considerable evidence that genocide has been committed against the Afghan people by the combined forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026182528/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/genocide.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2016|url-status=live|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=26 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026182528/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/genocide.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good|url-access=registration|title=Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban|last=Goodson|first=Larry P.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-295-98050-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good/page/5 5]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Soviet-war-video&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYUzL1qhltA |title=Soldiers of God: Cold War (Part 1/5) |publisher=CNN |year=1998 |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160229172016/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DvYUzL1qhltA |archive-date=29 February 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;landmines&quot;&gt;[[UNICEF]], [http://www.unicef.org/graca/mines.htm Land-mines: A deadly inheritance] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805102916/http://www.unicef.org/graca/mines.htm | date=5 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Landmines-in-Afghanistan-A-Decades-Old-Danger-06143/ |title=Landmines in Afghanistan: A Decades Old Danger |publisher=Defenseindustrydaily.com | date=1 February 2010 |access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111130437/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Landmines-in-Afghanistan-A-Decades-Old-Danger-06143/ |archive-date=11 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excessive citations inline|date=October 2021}} and displaced about 6&amp;nbsp;million people who subsequently fled Afghanistan, mainly to [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Afghans in Iran|Iran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/prm/releases/onepagers/202635.htm |title=Refugee Admissions Program for Near East and South Asia |publisher=Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration |access-date=29 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Heavy air bombardment destroyed many countryside villages, millions of [[landmine]]s were planted,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1051546.html|title=Afghanistan: Land Mines From Afghan-Soviet War Leave Bitter Legacy (Part 2)|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|last1=Recknagel |first1=Charles }}&lt;/ref&gt; and some cities such as [[Herat]] and [[Kandahar]] were also damaged from bombardment. Pakistan's [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] functioned as an organizational and networking base for the anti-Soviet Afghan resistance, with the province's influential [[Deobandi]] ulama playing a major supporting role in promoting the 'jihad'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Haroon|first=Sana|year=2008|title=The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=18|issue=1|pages=66–67|jstor=27755911|doi=10.1017/S1356186307007778|s2cid=154959326}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|Soviet withdrawal]], the [[Afghan Civil War (1989-92)|civil war ensued]] until the communist regime under People's Democratic Party leader [[Mohammad Najibullah]] collapsed in 1992.&lt;ref name=&quot;Columbia:Afghanistan:History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856490.html |title=Afghanistan: History&amp;nbsp;– ''Columbia Encyclopedia'' |publisher=Infoplease.com | date=11 September 2001 |access-date=19 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810051626/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856490.html |archive-date=10 August 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Stenersen&gt;[https://www.prio.org/utility/Download.ashx?x=228 'Mujahidin vs. Communists: Revisiting the battles of Jalalabad and Khost] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802084503/https://www.prio.org/utility/Download.ashx?x=228 |date=2 August 2018 }}. By Anne Stenersen: a Paper presented at the conference ''COIN in Afghanistan: From Mughals to the Americans'', Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), 12–13 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Barfield|2012|pp=239, 244}}

The Soviet-Afghan War had drastic social effects on Afghanistan. The [[militarization]] of society led to heavily armed police, private bodyguards, openly armed civil defense groups and other such things becoming the norm in Afghanistan for decades thereafter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Archived Version|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6891/1/Aqab_Mehmood_Malik_Strategic_%26_Nuclear_Studies_2015_NDU_19.05.2016.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909110438/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6891/1/Aqab_Mehmood_Malik_Strategic_%26_Nuclear_Studies_2015_NDU_19.05.2016.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2020|website=prr.hec.gov.pk|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=9 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909110438/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6891/1/Aqab_Mehmood_Malik_Strategic_%26_Nuclear_Studies_2015_NDU_19.05.2016.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; The traditional power structure had shifted from clergy, community elders, intelligentsia and military in favor of powerful [[warlords]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cdlib&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print|title=Afghanistan|website=publishing.cdlib.org|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2023-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121200011/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Post–Cold War conflict====
{{see also|Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)|Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Northern Alliance}}
[[File:War in Afganistan (1992–2001).png|thumb|upright=1.5|Development of the civil war from 1992 to late 2001]]
Another civil war broke out after the [[Peshawar Accords|creation]] of a dysfunctional coalition [[Islamic State of Afghanistan|government]] between leaders of various ''mujahideen'' factions. Amid a state of [[anarchy]] and factional infighting,&lt;ref name=&quot;Amin Saikal&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Amin Saikal |author-link=Amin Saikal |title=Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival |edition=2006 1st |page=352 |publisher=I.B. Tauris &amp; Co Ltd., London New York |isbn=978-1-85043-437-5|date=13 November 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Human Rights Watch (4)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2005/07/06/blood-stained-hands |title=Blood-Stained Hands, Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity |date=7 July 2005 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212081418/http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2005/07/06/blood-stained-hands |archive-date=12 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roy Gutman&quot;&gt;GUTMAN, Roy (2008): How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan, Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace, 1st ed., Washington D.C.&lt;/ref&gt; various ''mujahideen'' factions committed widespread rape, murder and extortion,&lt;ref name=&quot;Human Rights Watch (4)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Afghanistan Justice Project&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2005 |url=http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |title=Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978–2001 |publisher=Afghanistan Justice Project |access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221455/http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=4 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221455/http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Human Rights Watch (5)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-01.htm#P81_13959 |title=Afghanistan: The massacre in Mazar-i Sharif. (Chapter II: Background) |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]| date=November 1998| access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102042606/http://www.hrw.org/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-01.htm |archive-date=2 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; while Kabul was heavily bombarded and partially destroyed by the fighting.&lt;ref name=&quot;Human Rights Watch (5)&quot; /&gt; Several failed reconciliations and alliances occurred between different leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2005 |url=http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |page=63 |title=Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978–2001 |publisher=Afghanistan Justice Project |access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221455/http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=4 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221455/http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Taliban]] emerged in September 1994 as a movement and militia of students (''talib'') from Islamic [[Madrassas in Pakistan|madrassas (schools) in Pakistan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Human Rights Watch (5)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Matinuddin, Kamal 1999 pp.25&quot;&gt;Matinuddin, Kamal, ''The Taliban Phenomenon, Afghanistan 1994–1997'', [[Oxford University Press]], (1999), pp. 25–26&lt;/ref&gt; who soon had military support from Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;George Washington University&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2007 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB227/index.htm#17 |title=Documents Detail Years of Pakistani Support for Taliban, Extremists |publisher=[[George Washington University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002159/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB227/index.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Taking control of [[Kandahar]] city that year,&lt;ref name=&quot;Human Rights Watch (5)&quot; /&gt; they conquered more territories until finally driving out the government of [[Burhanuddin Rabbani|Rabbani]] from Kabul in 1996,&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB, Can.,1997&quot;&gt;{{cite report |ref={{sfnRef|Chronology of Events|1997}} |title=Afghanistan: Chronology of Events January 1995 – February 1997 |date=February 1997 |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/01/16/Af_chronology_1995-.pdf |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061437/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/01/16/Af_chronology_1995-.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Coll, ''Ghost Wars'' (New York: Penguin, 2005), 14.&lt;/ref&gt; where they established an [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|emirate]]&lt;ref name=c-profile&gt;[https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf Country profile: Afghanistan (published August 2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161206/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |date=25 June 2018 }}(page 3). Library of Congress. Retrieved 13 February 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; that gained international recognition from 3 countries: [[Pakistan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11451718
|title=Who are the Taliban?
|date=16 August 2021
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=18 August 2021
|quote=Pakistan was also one of only three countries, along with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which recognised the Taliban when they were in power in Afghanistan.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Taliban were condemned internationally for the harsh enforcement of their interpretation of Islamic [[sharia]] law, which resulted in the brutal treatment of many Afghans, especially [[Taliban treatment of women|women]].&lt;ref name=Skain&gt;{{cite book|last=Skain|first=Rosemarie|title=The women of Afghanistan under the Taliban|url=https://archive.org/details/womenofafghanist0000skai_p3x5|year=2002|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1090-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenofafghanist0000skai_p3x5/page/41 41]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;* {{cite news |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/18/news/mn-5602 |date=18 November 2001 |author1=James Gerstenzan |author2=Lisa Getter |title=Laura Bush Addresses State of Afghan Women |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=14 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010184219/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/18/news/mn-5602 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/a-woman-among-warlords/womens-rights-in-the-taliban-and-post-taliban-eras/66/ |date=11 September 2007 |title=Women's Rights in the Taliban and Post-Taliban Eras |work=A Woman Among Warlords |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=14 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114011223/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/a-woman-among-warlords/womens-rights-in-the-taliban-and-post-taliban-eras/66/ |archive-date=14 January 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; During their rule, the Taliban and their allies committed massacres against Afghan civilians, denied UN food supplies to starving civilians and conducted a policy of [[scorched earth]], burning vast areas of fertile land and destroying tens of thousands of homes.&lt;ref name=Rashid2&gt;{{cite book|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed|title=Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/talibanislamoiln0000rash_x9l1|year=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-830-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/talibanislamoiln0000rash_x9l1/page/253 253]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newsday 2001&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-10-12/news/0110120312_1_taliban-fighters-massacres-in-recent-years-mullah-mohammed-omar|title=Taliban massacres outlined for UN|date=October 2001|work=Chicago Tribune|first=Edward A|last=Gargan|access-date=24 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916074935/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-10-12/news/0110120312_1_taliban-fighters-massacres-in-recent-years-mullah-mohammed-omar|archive-date=16 September 2011|url-status=live|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2013-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013125154/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-10-12/news/0110120312_1_taliban-fighters-massacres-in-recent-years-mullah-mohammed-omar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;papillonsartpalace.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/massacre.htm |title=Confidential UN report details mass killings of civilian villagers |access-date=12 October 2001 |work=Newsday |year=2001 |publisher=newsday.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021118162327/http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/massacre.htm |archive-date=18 November 2002 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=18 November 2002 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021118162327/http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/massacre.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&amp;p_multi=APAB&amp;d_place=APAB&amp;p_theme=newslibrary2&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0F8B4F98500EA0F8&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM |agency=Associated Press |title=U.N. says Taliban starving hungry people for military agenda |date=7 January 1998 |access-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913121938/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&amp;p_multi=APAB&amp;d_place=APAB&amp;p_theme=newslibrary2&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0F8B4F98500EA0F8&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM |archive-date=13 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Goodson|first=Larry P.|title=Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics and the Rise of the Taliban|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98111-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good/page/121 121]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2002/aug/afghanistan/ |publisher=NPR |title=Re-Creating Afghanistan: Returning to Istalif |date=1 August 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023072254/http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2002/aug/afghanistan/ |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excessive citations inline|date=October 2021}}

[[Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)|After the fall of Kabul]] to the Taliban, [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] and [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]] formed the [[Northern Alliance]], later joined by others, to resist the Taliban. Dostum's forces were defeated by the Taliban during the [[Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif (1997–1998)|Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif]] in 1997 and 1998; Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff, [[Pervez Musharraf]], began sending thousands of Pakistanis to help the Taliban defeat the Northern Alliance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Webster University Press Book&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Marcela Grad |title=Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader |year=2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/massoudintimatep0000grad |edition=1 March 2009 |page=310 |publisher=Webster University Press }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;George Washington University&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;History Commons&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2010 |url=http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=ahmed_shah_massoud |title=Ahmed Shah Massoud |publisher=[[History Commons]] |access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125130822/http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=ahmed_shah_massoud |archive-date=25 January 2014 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=25 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125130822/http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=ahmed_shah_massoud }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maley&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Maley |first=William |title=The Afghanistan wars |url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistanwars0000male |year=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-21313-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistanwars0000male/page/288 288]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmed Rashid/The Telegraph&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1340244/Afghanistan-resistance-leader-feared-dead-in-blast.html |title=Afghanistan resistance leader feared dead in blast |work=The Telegraph |location=London | date=11 September 2001 |first=Ahmed |last=Rashid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108225950/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1340244/Afghanistan-resistance-leader-feared-dead-in-blast.html |archive-date=8 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excessive citations inline|date=October 2021}} By 2000 the Northern Alliance only controlled 10% of territory, cornered in the north-east. On 9 September 2001, Massoud was assassinated by two Arab [[suicide attack]]ers in [[Panjshir Valley]]. Around 400,000 Afghans died in internal conflicts between 1990 and 2001.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0920/p1s3-wosc.html/(page)/4 Life under Taliban cuts two ways]&quot;. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor|CSM]]''. 20 September 2001 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233031/http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0920/p1s3-wosc.html/(page)/4 | date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== US invasion and Islamic Republic ====
{{Further|War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Taliban insurgency|Fall of Kabul (2021)}}
{{Cleanup|section|reason=Too overloaded, detailed content already covered by the War article|date=October 2021}}
In October 2001, the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|United States invaded Afghanistan]] to remove the Taliban from power after they refused to hand over [[Osama Bin Laden]], the prime suspect of the [[September 11 attacks]], who was a &quot;guest&quot; of the Taliban and was operating his [[al-Qaeda]] network in Afghanistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Grugy2txSvc |title=Brigade 055 |publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729101159/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Grugy2txSvc|archive-date=29 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author =Rory McCarthy in Islamabad |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/17/afghanistan.terrorism11 |title=New offer on Bin Laden |newspaper=The Guardian | date= 17 October 2001|access-date=17 July 2012 |location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628053351/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/17/afghanistan.terrorism11|archive-date=28 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/21/politics/trump-afghanistan-pakistan-india/index.html 'Trump calls out Pakistan, India as he pledges to 'fight to win' in Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901150353/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/21/politics/trump-afghanistan-pakistan-india/index.html |date=1 September 2017 }}. CNN, 24 August 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; The majority of Afghans supported the American invasion of their country.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rejects&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=30 January 2006|title=WPO Poll: Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al-Qaeda, Taliban|url=http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/10127/Afghanistan_Jan06_art2.pdf;jsessionid=51A568EB80A658471A265A1D06EF8ADB?sequence=3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102172723/http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/10127/Afghanistan_Jan06_art2.pdf;jsessionid=51A568EB80A658471A265A1D06EF8ADB?sequence=3|archive-date=2 January 2017|access-date=2 January 2017|website=[[University of Maryland Libraries]]|quote=Equally large percentages endorse the US military presence in Afghanistan. Eighty-three percent said they have a favorable view of &quot;the US military forces in our country&quot; (39% very favorable). Just 17% have an unfavorable view.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Public Opinion&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 January 2015|title=Afghan Futures: A National Public Opinion Survey|url=http://acsor-surveys.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Afghan-Futures-Wave-6-Analysis_FINAL-v2.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329093740/http://acsor-surveys.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Afghan-Futures-Wave-6-Analysis_FINAL-v2.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017|access-date=2 January 2017|website=[[Afghan Center for Socio-economic and Opinion Research]]|page=4|quote=Seventy-seven percent support the presence of U.S. forces; 67 percent say the same of NATO/ISAF forces more generally. Despite the country's travails, eight in 10 say it was a good thing for the United States to oust the Taliban in 2001. And much more blame either the Taliban or al Qaeda for the country's violence, 53 percent, than blame the United States, 12 percent. The latter is about half what it was in 2012, coinciding with a sharp reduction in the U.S. deployment.}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the initial invasion, US and UK forces bombed al-Qaeda training camps, and later working with the Northern Alliance, the Taliban regime came to an end.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTOct8&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/08/world/nation-challenged-attack-us-britain-strike-afghanistan-aiming-bases-terrorist.html |title=A Nation challenged: The attack; U.S. and Britain strike Afghanistan, aiming at bases and terrorist camps; Bush warns 'Taliban will pay a price' |last=Tyler |first=Patrick | date=8 October 2001 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=28 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411134316/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/08/world/nation-challenged-attack-us-britain-strike-afghanistan-aiming-bases-terrorist.html |archive-date=11 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Inbound Choppers in Afghanistan 2008.jpg|thumb|right|US troops and [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|Chinooks]] in Afghanistan, 2008]]
In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the [[Afghan Interim Administration]] under [[Hamid Karzai]] was formed. The [[International Security Assistance Force]] (ISAF) was established by the [[UN Security Council]] to help assist the [[Karzai administration]] and provide basic security.&lt;ref&gt;{{UN document |docid=S-RES-1386(2001) |type=Resolution|body=Security Council|year=2001|resolution_number=1386 |access-date=21 September 2007| date=31 May 2001}}&amp;nbsp;– ([[s:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1386|UNSCR 1386]])&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nato.usmission.gov/ |title=United States Mission to Afghanistan|publisher=Nato.usmission.gov|access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021065112/http://nato.usmission.gov/ |archive-date=21 October 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; By this time, after two decades of war as well as an acute [[famine]] at the time, Afghanistan had one of the highest [[infant mortality|infant]] and child mortality rates in the world, the lowest life expectancy, much of the population were hungry,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://merip.org/2001/09/afghanistans-refugee-crisis/|title=Afghanistan's Refugee Crisis|date=24 September 2001|website=MERIP}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/research/afghanistan-civilians-risk|title=Afghanistan: Civilians at Risk|website=Doctors Without Borders – USA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://monthlyreview.org/2001/11/01/limbs-of-no-body/|website=Monthly Review |title=Limbs of No Body: The World's Indifference to the Afghan Tragedy|first=Mohsen |last=Makhmalbaf|date=1 November 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; and infrastructure was in ruins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.returntohope.com/inDepth/RebuildingAfghanistan#intro|title=Rebuilding Afghanistan|website=Return to Hope|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2021-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814144505/http://www.returntohope.com/inDepth/RebuildingAfghanistan#intro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many foreign donors started providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/15/japan.aid.gen/index.html?related|title=Japan aid offer to 'broke' Afghanistan|date=15 January 2002|website=CNN|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=19 November 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021119080524/https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/15/japan.aid.gen/index.html?related}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/intnlrel193/readings/week6/afghan.html|title=Rebuilding Afghanistan: The U.S. Role|website=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taliban forces meanwhile began regrouping inside Pakistan, while more coalition troops entered Afghanistan to help the [[Reconstruction in Afghanistan|rebuilding process]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Julie|last=Fossler|url=http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/index.aspx|title=USAID Afghanistan|publisher=Afghanistan.usaid.gov|access-date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017104214/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/Index.aspx|archive-date=17 October 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.afghanistan.gc.ca/canada-afghanistan/news-nouvelles/2010/2010_07_09.aspx?lang=eng |title=Canada's Engagement in Afghanistan: Backgrounder |publisher=Afghanistan.gc.ca |date=9 July 2010 |access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215180833/http://www.afghanistan.gc.ca/canada-afghanistan/news-nouvelles/2010/2010_07_09.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2010 |url-status=dead |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=15 December 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215180833/http://www.afghanistan.gc.ca/canada-afghanistan/news-nouvelles/2010/2010_07_09.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban began an insurgency]] to regain control of Afghanistan. Over the next decade, ISAF and [[Afghan National Army|Afghan troops]] led many offensives against the Taliban, but failed to fully defeat them. Afghanistan remained one of the poorest countries in the world because of a lack of foreign investment, [[Corruption in Afghanistan|government corruption]], and the Taliban insurgency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Video/video?id=5484891&amp;tab=9482931&amp;section=8865284&amp;page=1|work=[[ABC News (US)|ABC News]] |access-date=28 September 2010|title=Pakistan Accused of Helping Taliban| date=31 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221050959/http://abcnews.go.com/Video/video?id=5484891&amp;tab=9482931&amp;section=8865284&amp;page=1 |archive-date=21 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/7910687/Wikileaks-Pakistan-accused-of-helping-Taliban-in-Afghanistan-attacks.html|work=The Telegraph|access-date=28 September 2010|title=Wikileaks: Pakistan accused of helping Taliban in Afghanistan attacks | date=26 July 2010|location=London|first1=Rob|last1=Crilly|first2=Alex |last2=Spillius|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129073942/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/7910687/Wikileaks-Pakistan-accused-of-helping-Taliban-in-Afghanistan-attacks.html|archive-date=29 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meanwhile, Karzai attempted to unite the peoples of the country,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/afghan-president-karzai-receives-philadelphia-liberty-medal|title=Afghan President Karzai Receives Philadelphia Liberty Medal|website=Philanthropy News Digest (PND)}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Afghan government was able to build some democratic structures, adopting a constitution in 2004 with the name [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]]. Attempts were made, often with the support of foreign donor countries, to improve the country's economy, healthcare, education, transport, and agriculture. ISAF forces also began to train the [[Afghan National Security Forces]]. Following 2002, nearly five million [[Afghan diaspora|Afghans]] were [[repatriated]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Adelman2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Howard Adelman|title=Protracted Displacement in Asia: No Place to Call Home|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLYFDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT167|date=15 April 2016|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-317-07407-6|page=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; The number of NATO troops present in Afghanistan peaked at 140,000 in 2011,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11371138|title=The foreign troops left in Afghanistan|work=BBC News|date=15 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; dropping to about 16,000 in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forces.net/operations/afghanistan/how-many-troops-are-currently-afghanistan|title=How Many Troops Are Currently in Afghanistan?|first=18 May 2018|last=at 11:38&amp;nbsp;am|website=Forces Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2014 [[Ashraf Ghani]] became president after the [[Afghan presidential election, 2014|2014 presidential election]] where for the first time in Afghanistan's history power was democratically transferred.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Huge security as Afghan presidential election looms|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26880022|newspaper=BBC|date=4 April 2014|access-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021190735/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26880022|archive-date=21 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Afghanistan votes in historic presidential election|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26893972|newspaper=BBC|date=5 April 2014|access-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021152941/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26893972|archive-date=21 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Shalizi and Harooni|first=Hamid and Mirwais|title=Landmark Afghanistan Presidential Election Held Under Shadow of Violence|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/04/landmark-afghan-election-_n_5095143.html|newspaper=HuffPost|date=4 April 2014|access-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225603/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/04/landmark-afghan-election-_n_5095143.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Afghanistan's Future: Who's Who in Pivotal Presidential Election|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/afghanistans-future-whos-who-pivotal-presidential-election-n24756|work=NBC News|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930203820/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/afghanistans-future-whos-who-pivotal-presidential-election-n24756|archive-date=30 September 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Afghan president Ashraf Ghani inaugurated after bitter campaign|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/29/afghan-president-ashraf-ghani-inaugurated|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421221706/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/29/afghan-president-ashraf-ghani-inaugurated|archive-date=21 April 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excessive citations inline|date=October 2021}} On 28 December 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. The NATO-led [[Operation Resolute Support]] was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF.&lt;ref name=&quot;2014APcessation&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=U.S. formally ends the war in Afghanistan|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/america-formally-ends-the-war-in-afghanistan/|access-date=28 December 2014|agency=Associated Press|issue=online|publisher=CBA News|date=28 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228152651/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/america-formally-ends-the-war-in-afghanistan/|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian28&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Nato ends combat operations in Afghanistan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/28/nato-ends-afghanistan-combat-operations-after-13-years|access-date=11 January 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|date=28 December 2014|location=Kabul|author=Sune Engel Rasmussen in Kabul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102134349/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/28/nato-ends-afghanistan-combat-operations-after-13-years|archive-date=2 January 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thousands of NATO troops remained in the country to train and advise Afghan government forces&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=U.S. formally ends the war in Afghanistan|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/america-formally-ends-the-war-in-afghanistan/|work=CBS News|access-date=12 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228152651/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/america-formally-ends-the-war-in-afghanistan/|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and continue their fight against the Taliban.&lt;ref name=&quot;soufangroup&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.soufangroup.com/tsg-intelbrief-afghanistan-16-0/|title=TSG IntelBrief: Afghanistan 16.0|website=The Soufan Group|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184149/http://www.soufangroup.com/tsg-intelbrief-afghanistan-16-0/|archive-date=9 August 2018|url-status=dead|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=9 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184149/http://www.soufangroup.com/tsg-intelbrief-afghanistan-16-0/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:2021 Taliban Offensive.png|thumb|left|A map of Afghanistan showing the [[2021 Taliban offensive]]]]
On 19 February 2020, the [[US–Taliban deal]] was made in Qatar. The 2020 [[US–Taliban deal]] was one of the critical events that caused the collapse of the [[Afghan National Security Forces]] (ANSF);&lt;ref name=&quot;tg1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Borger|first=Julian|title=US withdrawal triggered catastrophic defeat of Afghan forces, damning watchdog report finds|date=18 May 2022|access-date=19 May 2022|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/18/afghanistan-us-withdrawal-defeat-watchdog-report-sigar|work=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; following the signing of the deal, the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks and deprived the ANSF of a critical edge in fighting the [[Taliban insurgency]], leading to the Taliban takeover of Kabul.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=US withdrawal prompted collapse of Afghan army: Report|date=18 May 2022|access-date=19 May 2022|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/18/us-withdrawal-prompted-collapse-of-afghan-army-report|publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Second Taliban era ====
NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] announced on 14 April 2021 that the alliance had agreed to start [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)|withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan]] by 1 May.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=NATO to Cut Forces in Afghanistan, Match US Withdrawal |url=https://www.voanews.com/usa/nato-cut-forces-afghanistan-match-us-withdrawal |work=[[VOA News]] |date=14 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soon after NATO troops began withdrawing, the [[Taliban]] launched an [[2021 Taliban offensive|offensive against the Afghan government]] and quickly advanced in front of collapsing Afghan government forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Robertson |first1=Nic |title=Afghanistan is disintegrating fast as Biden's troop withdrawal continues |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/24/asia/afghanistan-taliban-offensive-intl-cmd/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Afghanistan stunned by scale and speed of security forces' collapse |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/afghanistan-stunned-by-scale-and-speed-of-security-forces-collapse |work=The Guardian |date=13 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Taliban [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|captured the capital city of Kabul]] on 15 August 2021, after regaining control over a vast majority of Afghanistan. Several foreign diplomats and Afghan government officials, including president Ashraf Ghani,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=President Ashraf Ghani Flees Afghanistan, Taliban Take Over Kabul: Report |work=NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/taliban-enter-afghan-capital-kabul-news-agency-afp-2510885 |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815081516/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/taliban-enter-afghan-capital-kabul-news-agency-afp-2510885 |archive-date=15 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; were evacuated from the country, with many Afghan civilians attempting to flee along with them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Afghan government's collapse is a humiliation for the US and Joe Biden |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/asia/2021/08/afghan-government-s-collapse-humiliation-us-and-joe-biden |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=15 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; An unofficial &quot;coordination council&quot; led by senior statesmen was formed the next day to transfer the state institutions of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to the Taliban.&lt;ref name=&quot;trib&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title='Coordination council' to oversee peaceful transfer of power in Afghanistan: Karzai |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2315763/coordination-council-to-oversee-peaceful-transfer-of-power-in-afghanistan-karzai |access-date=16 August 2021 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=15 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 August, first vice president [[Amrullah Saleh]] proclaimed himself caretaker president and announced the formation of an [[National Resistance Front of Afghanistan|anti-Taliban front]] with a reported 6,000+ troops&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Operations|url=https://www.nrfafg.org/operations|access-date=21 August 2021|website=The National Resistance Front: Fighting for a Free Afghanistan|publisher=National Resistance Front of Afghanistan|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906001614/https://www.nrfafg.org/operations|url-status=dead|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=6 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906001614/https://www.nrfafg.org/operations}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anti-Taliban forces say they've taken three districts in Afghanistan's north|date=21 August 2021|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/anti-taliban-forces-say-theyve-taken-three-districts-afghanistans-north-2021-08-21/|publisher=Reuters|access-date=21 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[Panjshir Valley]], along with [[Ahmad Massoud]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=An anti-Taliban front forming in Panjshir? Ex top spy Saleh, son of 'Lion of Panjshir' meet at citadel|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/08/17/an-anti-taliban-front-forming-in-panjshir-ex-top-spy-saleh-son-of-lion-of-panjshir-meet-at-citadel.html|access-date=17 August 2021|website=The Week}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=17 August 2021|title=Afghan Vice President Saleh Declares Himself Caretaker President; Reaches Out To Leaders for Support|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/afghan-vice-president-saleh-declares-himself-caretaker-president-reaches-out-to-leaders-for-support-4097117.html|access-date=17 August 2021|website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, by 6 September, the Taliban had taken control of most of [[Panjshir province|Panjshir Province]], with resistance fighters retreating to the mountains.&lt;ref name=&quot;ft&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5b4b7b58-1edf-4510-ad15-813487f3c80e |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/5b4b7b58-1edf-4510-ad15-813487f3c80e |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Taliban says it has captured last Afghan region of resistance|last1=Kazmin|first1=Amy|last2=Findlay|first2=Stephanie|last3=Bokhari|first3=Farhan|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=6 September 2021|access-date=6 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clashes in the valley ceased mid-September,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/17/world/asia/panjshir-resistance-taliban-massoud.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/17/world/asia/panjshir-resistance-taliban-massoud.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|title = In Panjshir, Few Signs of an Active Resistance, or Any Fight at All|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 17 September 2021|last1 = Huylebroek|first1 = Jim|last2 = Blue|first2 = Victor J.}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Saleh and Massoud had fled to neighboring [[Tajikistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/middle-east-watch/after-renegade-province%E2%80%99s-fall-panjshir-resistance-leaders-surface-tajikistan|title = The National Interest: Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Afghan resistance has sanctuary in Tajikistan, but fighting Taliban a 'non-viable prospect'|url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20211004-afghan-resistance-has-sanctuary-in-tajikistan-but-fighting-taliban-a-non-viable-prospect|agency=FRANCE24.English|website=France 24|date=4 October 2021|access-date=5 October 2021|publication-date=}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ft&quot; /&gt;

According to the [[Costs of War Project]], 176,000 people were killed in the conflict, including 46,319 civilians, between 2001 and 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Human and Budgetary Costs to Date of the U.S. War in Afghanistan, 2001–2022 {{!}} Figures {{!}} Costs of War|url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2021/human-and-budgetary-costs-date-us-war-afghanistan-2001-2022|access-date=2021-09-01|website=The Costs of War}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]], at least 212,191 people were killed in the conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucdp.uu.se/country/700|title=UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program|website=www.ucdp.uu.se}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the 2001 invasion, more than 5.7 million refugees returned to Afghanistan;&lt;ref&gt;Afghan Refugees, Costs of War, {{cite web |url=http://costsofwar.org/article/afghan-refugees |title=Afghan Refugees &amp;#124; Costs of War |access-date=5 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310001659/http://costsofwar.org/article/afghan-refugees |archive-date=10 March 2013 }}, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; however, in 2021, 2.6 million Afghans remained refugees, primarily in Iran and Pakistan, and another 4 million were internally displaced.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=In numbers: Life in Afghanistan after America leaves|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-57767067|access-date=2021-07-15|website=BBC News|date=13 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taliban Humvee in Kabul, August 2021 (cropped).png|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Taliban fighters in Kabul on a captured [[Humvee]] following the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|2021 fall of Kabul]].]]The Taliban government is led by [[Head of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|supreme leader]] [[Hibatullah Akhundzada]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Zucchino|first=David|date=1 September 2021|title=Shifting to Governing, Taliban Will Name Supreme Afghan Leader|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-government-leader.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-government-leader.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|access-date=6 September 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; and acting [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|prime minister]] [[Hasan Akhund]], who took office on 7 September 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;akhund1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=گروه طالبان حکومت جدید خود را با رهبری ملا حسن اخوند اعلام کرد|newspaper=BBC News فارسی|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-58477769}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;akhund2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=7 September 2021|title=Taliban announce new government for Afghanistan|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akhund is one of the four founders of the Taliban&lt;ref name=akhund_tribunepk&gt;{{cite news|title=Profile: Who is Afghanistan's new caretaker prime minister?|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2319144/profile-who-is-afghanistans-new-caretaker-prime-minister|newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=8 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was a deputy prime minister of the previous emirate; his appointment was seen as a compromise between moderates and hardliners.&lt;ref name=&quot;akhund3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|title=Hardliners get key posts in new Taliban government|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=7 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Cabinet of Afghanistan|new, all-male cabinet]] was formed, which included [[Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai]] as minister of justice.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOLOnews_Taliban_Cabinet_2.0rc1&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title= Taliban Announces Head of State, Acting Ministers | date= 7 September 2021 |newspaper= [[TOLOnews]] | url= https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174556 |access-date= 7 September 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210907182414/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174556 |archive-date= 7 September 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR_Taliban_Cabinet_2.0rc1&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title= Taliban Name Their Deputy Ministers, Doubling Down On An All-Male Team | date= 21 September 2021 |website= [[NPR]] | url= https://www.npr.org/2021/09/21/1039232797/taliban-women-all-male-government-cabinet-ministers |access-date= 8 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 20 September 2021, [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary-General]] [[António Guterres]] received a letter from acting [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)|minister of foreign affairs]] [[Amir Khan Muttaqi]] to formally claim Afghanistan's seat as a member state for their official spokesman in [[Doha]], [[Suhail Shaheen]]. The [[United Nations]] did not recognize the previous Taliban government and chose to work with the then-government in exile instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;taliban_un_2021_1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/24/who-will-speak-for-afghanistan-at-the-united-nations|title=Who will speak for Afghanistan at the United Nations?|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=26 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Western nations suspended most of their humanitarian aid to Afghanistan following the Taliban's August 2021 takeover of the country; the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund]] also halted their payments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=China urges World Bank, IMF to help Afghanistan |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/world/news/china-urges-world-bank-imf-to-help-afghanistan-20211028 |work=News24 |date=28 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Afghanistan: Can the Taliban avert a food crisis without foreign aid? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-can-the-taliban-avert-a-food-crisis-without-foreign-aid/a-59790464 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=11 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; More than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute [[Food security|food shortage]] in October 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Countdown to catastrophe': half of Afghans face hunger this winter – UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/25/countdown-to-catastrophe-half-of-afghans-face-hunger-this-winter-un |work=The Guardian |date=25 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Human Rights Watch reported on 11 November 2021 that Afghanistan was facing widespread [[famine]] due to an economic and banking crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Afghanistan Facing Famine: UN, World Bank, US Should Adjust Sanctions, Economic Policies |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/11/afghanistan-facing-famine# |work=Human Rights Watch |date=11 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Though the state of war in the country ended in 2021, armed conflict persists in some regions&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One year later, Austin acknowledges lasting questions over Afghanistan war's end |url=https://www.stripes.com/theaters/us/2022-08-30/lasting-questions-afghanistan-withdrawal-7156882.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Stars and Stripes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Karzai says while the war has ended, unity has not yet been achieved {{!}} Ariana News |url=https://www.ariananews.af/karzai-says-while-the-war-has-ended-unity-has-not-yet-been-achieved/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=www.ariananews.af |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Briefing by Special Representative Deborah Lyons to the Security Council |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/briefing-special-representative-deborah-lyons-security-council-10 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=UNAMA |language=en |accessdate=2023-03-13 |archivedate=2022-10-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004064300/https://unama.unmissions.org/briefing-special-representative-deborah-lyons-security-council-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; amid [[Islamic State–Taliban conflict|fighting between the Taliban and the local branch of the Islamic State]], as well as an anti-Taliban [[Republican insurgency in Afghanistan|Republican insurgency]]. A year into Taliban rule, former president Hamid Karzai said in an interview: &quot;In terms of [an] end to widespread fighting and conflict, we are happy — there's more stability, there's more security. But in terms of Afghanistan having a government that all Afghan people find themselves [in], we still have a way to go. In terms of the economy of the country, it's a disaster.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Hamid Karzai stays on in Afghanistan — hoping for the best, but unable to leave |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/08/1115674232/afghanistan-taliban-hamid-karzai-us-withdrawal |access-date=2022-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Afghanistan}}
{{Map of Afghanistan}}
Afghanistan is located in Southern-Central Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;South Asia&quot;&gt;* {{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |title=U.S. maps |publisher=Pubs.usgs.gov |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134851/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |archive-date=25 December 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=25 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134851/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar |title=South Asia: Data, Projects, and Research |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301035209/http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar |archive-date=1 March 2015 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |title=MAPS SHOWING GEOLOGY, OIL AND GAS FIELDS AND GEOLOGICAL PROVINCES OF SOUTH ASIA (Includes Afghanistan) |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134851/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |archive-date=25 December 2013 |url-status=live |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=25 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134851/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html }}
* {{cite web |url=http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html |title=University of Washington Jackson School of International Studies: The South Asia Center |access-date=2 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100846/http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=2 April 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100846/http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/ |title=Syracruse University: The South Asia Center |date=26 March 2013 |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326065054/http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/ |archive-date=26 March 2015 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ii.umich.edu/csas |title=Center for South Asian studies |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211204817/http://www.ii.umich.edu/csas/ |archive-date=11 December 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNdata&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia |title=Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings |publisher=[[UNdata]] |date=26 April 2011 |access-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041240/http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=13 July 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041240/http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan |title=Afghanistan |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225235842/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan |archive-date=25 February 2010 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Anjelica |title=A new strategy for Central Asia |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/483511-a-new-strategy-for-central-asia |work=TheHill |date=18 February 2020 |quote=, as Afghan President Ashraf Ghani has noted, Afghanistan is itself a Central Asian country.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Afghanistan {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University |isbn=9781107619500 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghanistan }}&lt;/ref&gt; The region centered at Afghanistan is considered the &quot;crossroads of Asia&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&amp;pg=PA257|title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia|first=Jason|last=Neelis|date=19 November 2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004181595}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the country has had the nickname Heart of Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh01.html |title=Afghanistan: Cultural Crossroad at the Heart of Asia |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=30 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830013605/https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh01.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=30 August 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830013605/https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh01.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; The renowned [[Urdu]] poet [[Allama Iqbal]] once wrote about the country:&lt;br /&gt;{{blockquote|Asia is a body of water and earth, of which the Afghan nation is the heart. From its discord, the discord of Asia; and from its accord, the accord of Asia.}}

At over {{convert|652864|km2|abbr=on}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Land area (sq. km) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |work=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank |access-date=13 October 2011 |year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185313/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Afghanistan is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|41st largest country]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html#af |title=CIA Factbook&amp;nbsp;– Area: 41 |publisher=CIA |date=26 November 1991 |access-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |archive-date=31 January 2014 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=25 December 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225082916/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html%20#af }}&lt;/ref&gt; slightly bigger than France and smaller than Myanmar, and about the size of Texas in the United States. There is no coastline, as Afghanistan is [[landlocked]]. Afghanistan shares its longest land border (the [[Durand Line]]) with Pakistan to the east and south, followed by borders with Tajikistan to the north-east, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the north-west, Uzbekistan to the north and China to the north-east; India recognizes a border with Afghanistan through Pakistani-administered [[Kashmir]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf &quot;International Land Border.&quot;] India Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 13 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Clockwise from south-west, Afghanistan shares borders with the [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province]], [[South Khorasan Province]] and [[Razavi Khorasan Province]] of Iran; [[Ahal Region]], [[Mary Region]] and [[Lebap Region]] of Turkmenistan; [[Surxondaryo Region]] of Uzbekistan; [[Khatlon Region]] and [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region]] of Tajikistan; [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] of China; and the [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit-Baltistan territory]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan province]] of Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Cary Gladstone|title=Afghanistan Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aH_KCWVB6W0C&amp;pg=PA121|year=2001|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-421-8|page=121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The geography in Afghanistan is varied, but is mostly mountainous and rugged, with some unusual mountain ridges accompanied by plateaus and river basins.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&amp;pg=PA59|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|date=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781857431339|chapter=Afghanistan: Physical and Social Geography|last=Fisher|first=W. B.|pages=59–60}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is dominated by the [[Hindu Kush]] range, the western extension of the [[Himalayas]] that stretches to eastern [[Tibet]] via the [[Pamir Mountains]] and [[Karakoram Mountains]] in Afghanistan's far north-east. Most of the highest points are in the east consisting of fertile mountain valleys, often considered part of the &quot;[[Roof of the World]]&quot;. The Hindu Kush ends at the west-central highlands, creating plains in the north and southwest, namely the [[Turkestan]] Plains and the [[Sistan Basin]]; these two regions consist of rolling grasslands and semi-deserts, and hot windy deserts, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_AdBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT26|title=Afghanistan|first=Kim|last=Whitehead|date=21 October 2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781633559899}}&lt;/ref&gt; Forests exist in the corridor between [[Nuristan]] and [[Paktika]] provinces (see [[East Afghan montane conifer forests]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cropwatch.unl.edu/documents/Forests%20of%20Afghanistan.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cropwatch.unl.edu/documents/Forests%20of%20Afghanistan.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Forests of Afghanistan |website=cropwatch.unl.edu |access-date=28 June 2021 |accessdate=2023-03-13 |archivedate=2022-10-09 |archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cropwatch.unl.edu/documents/Forests%20of%20Afghanistan.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[tundra]] in the north-east. The country's highest point is [[Noshaq]], at {{convert|7492|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.&lt;ref name=&quot;Factbook&quot;/&gt; The lowest point lies in [[Jowzjan Province]] along the Amu River bank, at {{convert|258|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.

[[File:Afghan topo en.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|The mountainous [[topography]] of Afghanistan]]
Despite having numerous rivers and [[list of dams and reservoirs in Afghanistan|reservoirs]], large parts of the country are dry. The [[endorheic]] Sistan Basin is one of the driest regions in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sistan.pdf |title=History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin 1976–2005 |access-date=20 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807214557/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sistan.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2007 |url-status=live |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=7 August 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807214557/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sistan.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Amu Darya]] rises at the north of the Hindu Kush, while the nearby [[Hari Rud]] flows west towards [[Herat]], and the [[Arghandab River]] from the central region southwards. To the south and west of the Hindu Kush flow a number of streams that are tributaries of the [[Indus River]],&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;/&gt; such as the [[Helmand River]]. One exception is the [[Kabul River]] which flows in an easterly direction to the Indus ending at the Indian Ocean.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/RiversLakes.htm|title=Afghanistan Rivers Lakes – Afghanistan's Web Site|website=www.afghanistans.com|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815172309/https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/RiversLakes.htm|url-status=dead|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=15 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815172309/https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/RiversLakes.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afghanistan receives heavy snow during the winter in the [[Hindu Kush]] and [[Pamir Mountains]], and the melting snow in the spring season enters the [[list of rivers of Afghanistan|rivers, lakes, and streams]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=16066 |title=Snow in Afghanistan: Natural Hazards |publisher=NASA |date=3 February 2006 |access-date=6 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235107/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=16066 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=30 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235107/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=16066 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-snow-idINDEE80H0BR20120118 |work=Reuters |title=Snow may end Afghan drought, but bitter winter looms |date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233432/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/01/18/afghanistan-snow-idINDEE80H0BR20120118 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=30 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233432/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/01/18/afghanistan-snow-idINDEE80H0BR20120118 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, two-thirds of the country's water flows into the neighboring countries of [[Iran]], Pakistan, and [[Turkmenistan]]. As reported in 2010, the state needs more than US$2&amp;nbsp;billion to rehabilitate its irrigation systems so that the water is properly managed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0615/Afghanistan-s-woeful-water-management-delights-neighbors |title=Afghanistan's woeful water management delights neighbors |work=The Christian Science Monitor | date=15 June 2010 |access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114131338/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0615/Afghanistan-s-woeful-water-management-delights-neighbors |archive-date=14 November 2010 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The northeastern Hindu Kush [[mountain range]], in and around the [[Badakhshan Province]] of Afghanistan, is in a [[natural environment#Geological activity|geologically active]] area where earthquakes may occur almost every year.&lt;ref name=&quot;crone2007&quot;&gt;{{cite techreport |last=Crone |first=Anthony J. |title=Earthquakes Pose a Serious Hazard in Afghanistan |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3027/pdf/FS07-3027_508.pdf |publisher=[[US Geological Survey]] |access-date=14 October 2011 |id=Fact Sheet FS 2007–3027 | date=April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727072311/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3027/pdf/FS07-3027_508.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; They can be deadly and destructive, causing [[landslide]]s in some parts or [[2009 Afghan avalanches|avalanches]] during the winter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Earthquake Hazards |url=http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/earthquake-hazards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004040745/http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/earthquake-hazards |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2011 |work=USGS Projects in Afghanistan |publisher=US Geological Survey |access-date=13 October 2011 |date=1 August 2011 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=30 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235224/http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/earthquake-hazards }}&lt;/ref&gt; The last strong earthquakes were in [[February 1998 Afghanistan earthquake|1998]], which killed about 6,000 people in Badakhshan near Tajikistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbcquake2010&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title='Seven dead' as earthquake rocks Afghanistan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8628901.stm |access-date=13 October 2011 |newspaper=BBC News | date=19 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000835/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8628901.stm |archive-date=31 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This was followed by the [[2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes]] in which over 150 people were killed and over 1,000 injured. A [[2010 Afghanistan earthquake|2010 earthquake]] left 11 Afghans dead, over 70 injured, and more than 2,000 houses destroyed. In June 2022, a [[June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake|destructive 5.9 earthquake]] struck near the border with Pakistan, killing at least 1,150 people and sparking fears of a major humanitarian crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Noroozi |first1=Ebrahim |title=Deadly quake a new blow to Afghans enervated by poverty |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/deadly-quake-a-new-blow-to-afghans-enervated-by-poverty-1.5963026 |access-date=3 July 2022 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[CTV News]] |date=25 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Climate===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map AFG present.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate map]] of Afghanistan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F.|author6-link=Eric Franklin Wood |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |pages=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Afghanistan has a [[continental climate]] with harsh winters in the [[Hazarajat|central highlands]], the glaciated northeast (around [[Nuristan]]), and the [[Wakhan Corridor]], where the average temperature in January is below {{convert|-15|C}} and can reach {{convert|-26|C}},&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;/&gt; and hot summers in the low-lying areas of the [[Sistan Basin]] of the southwest, the [[Jalalabad]] basin in the east, and the [[Afghan Turkestan|Turkestan]] plains along the [[Amu River]] in the north, where temperatures average over {{convert|35|C}} in July&lt;ref name=&quot;Factbook&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Afghanistan {{!}} History, Map, Flag, Capital, Population, &amp; Languages|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; and can go over {{convert|43|C}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;/&gt; The country is generally [[arid]] in the summers, with most rainfall falling between December and April. The lower areas of northern and western Afghanistan are the driest, with precipitation more common in the east. Although proximate to India, Afghanistan is mostly outside the [[monsoon]] zone,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;/&gt; except the [[Nuristan Province]] which occasionally receives summer monsoon rain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69V7DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA31|title=Terraced Landscapes|first=Drago|last=Kladnik|date=1 September 2017|publisher=Založba ZRC|isbn=9789610500193}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Biodiversity===
{{main|Wildlife of Afghanistan}}
[[File:Schneeleopard- P1020498.jpg|thumb|The [[snow leopard]] is the official national animal of Afghanistan]]
Several types of [[mammal]]s exist throughout Afghanistan. [[Snow leopard]]s, [[Siberian tiger]]s and [[brown bear]]s live in the high elevation [[alpine tundra]] regions. The [[Marco Polo sheep]] exclusively live in the [[Wakhan Corridor]] region of north-east Afghanistan. [[Fox]]es, [[wolves]], [[otter]]s, [[deer]], [[wild sheep]], [[lynx]] and other big cats populate the mountain forest region of the east. In the semi-desert northern plains, wildlife include a variety of birds, [[hedgehog]]s, [[gopher]]s, and large carnivores such as [[Golden jackal|jackal]]s and [[Striped hyena|hyena]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5QY3vCg338C&amp;pg=PA22|title=Afghanistan, Second Edition|first1=Jeffrey A.|last1=Gritzner|first2=John F.|last2=Shroder|date=14 June 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438104805}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gazelle]]s, [[wild boar|wild pigs]] and jackals populate the [[steppe]] plains of the south and west, while [[mongoose]] and [[cheetah]]s exist in the semi-desert south.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto8&quot;/&gt; [[Marmot]]s and [[ibex]] also live in the high mountains of Afghanistan, and [[pheasant]]s exist in some parts of the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/PlantAnimal.htm|title=Afghanistan Plant and Animal Life – Afghanistan's Web Site|website=www.afghanistans.com|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711065504/http://www.afghanistans.com/information/PlantAnimal.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Afghan hound]] is a native breed of dog known for its fast speed and its long hair; it is relatively known in the west.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y20MTE0C9kwC&amp;pg=PA10|title=A Brief History of Afghanistan|first1=Shaista|last1=Wahab|first2=Barry|last2=Youngerman|date=14 June 2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438108193}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Endemic]] fauna of Afghanistan includes the [[Afghan flying squirrel]], [[Afghan snowfinch]], ''[[Paradactylodon]]'' (or the &quot;[[Paghman]] mountain salamander&quot;), ''[[Stigmella kasyi]]'', ''[[Vulcaniella kabulensis]]'', [[Afghan leopard gecko]], ''[[Wheeleria parviflorellus]]'', amongst others. Endemic flora include ''[[Iris afghanica]]''. Afghanistan has a wide variety of birds despite its relatively arid climate – an estimated 460 species of which 235 breed within.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto9&quot;/&gt;

The forest region of Afghanistan has vegetation such as [[pine tree]]s, [[spruce tree]]s, [[fir tree]]s and [[larch]]es, whereas the steppe grassland regions consist of [[broadleaf tree]]s, short grass, [[perennial plant]]s and [[shrubland]]s. The colder high elevation regions are composed of hardy grasses and small flowering plants.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto8&quot;/&gt; Several regions are designated [[List of protected areas of Afghanistan|protected areas]]; there are three [[national parks]]: [[Band-e Amir]], [[Wakhan National Park|Wakhan]] and [[Nuristan National Park|Nuristan]]. Afghanistan had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.85/10, ranking it 15th globally out of 172 countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;FLII-Supplementary&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Afghans|Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghan diaspora}}
[[File:Afghanistan ethnic groups 2005.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A Cold War-era CIA map showing traditional Afghan tribal territories. [[Pashtun tribes]] form the world's largest tribal society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ag-afghanistan.de/files/glatzer/tribal_system.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ag-afghanistan.de/files/glatzer/tribal_system.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=The Pashtun Tribal System |last1=Glatzer |first1=Bernt |date=2002 |publisher=Concept Publishers |location=New Delhi }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
The population of Afghanistan was estimated at 32.9&amp;nbsp;million as of 2019 by the Afghanistan Statistics and Information Authority,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/nsia-estimates-afghanistan-population-329m|title=NSIA Estimates Afghanistan Population at 32.9M|website=TOLOnews}}&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the UN estimates over 38.0&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Afghanistan Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs) | website=2020 World Population by Country | date=26 April 2020 | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan-population/ | access-date=13 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1979 the total population was reported to be about 15.5 million.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/un-afghan-history.shtml United Nations and Afghanistan]&quot;. UN News Centre. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031084259/https://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/un-afghan-history.shtml |date=31 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; About 23.9% of them are [[urban area|urbanite]], 71.4% live in rural areas, and the remaining 4.7% are nomadic.&lt;ref name= &quot;https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/afghanistan-population/&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/|title=Afghan Population Estimates 2020|publisher=Worldmeters|year=2020|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127023212/https://www.worldometers.info/|archive-date=27 November 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; An additional 3&amp;nbsp;million or so Afghans are temporarily housed in neighboring [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Afghans in Iran|Iran]], most of whom were born and raised in those two countries. As of 2013, Afghanistan was the largest refugee-producing country in the world, a title held for 32 years.

The current population growth rate is 2.37%,&lt;ref name=&quot;Factbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Afghanistan|access-date=22 August 2018 |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; one of the highest in the world outside of Africa. This population is expected to reach 82&amp;nbsp;million by 2050 if current population trends continue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/Countries/Afghanistan.aspx |title=Afghanistan&amp;nbsp;– Population Reference Bureau |publisher=[[Population Reference Bureau]] |access-date=29 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224051/http://www.prb.org/Countries/Afghanistan.aspx |archive-date=2 December 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=2 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224051/http://www.prb.org/Countries/Afghanistan.aspx }}&lt;/ref&gt; The population of Afghanistan increased steadily until the 1980s, when civil war caused millions to flee to other countries such as Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Afghan Households in Iran: Profile and Impact |url=http://www.unhcr.org/455835d92.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223013910/https://www.unhcr.org/455835d92.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2018|first1=Piyasiri |last1=Wickramasekara |first2=Jag |last2=Sehgal |first3=Farhad |last3=Mehran |first4=Ladan |last4=Noroozi |first5=Saeid |last5=Eisazadeh |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Millions have since returned and the war conditions contribute to the country having the highest fertility rate outside Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Is recent Afghanistan survey data suitable for fertility analysis? A regional investigation based on fertility inhibiting determinants|first1=Jamal Abdul|last1=Nasir|first2=Sohail|last2=Akhtar|first3=Syed Arif Ahmed|last3=Zaidi|first4=Andleeb|last4=Rani|first5=Hina|last5=Bano|first6=Andrew|last6=Hinde|date=16 October 2019|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=14|issue=10|pages=e0223111|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0223111|pmid=31618275|pmc=6795489|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1423111N|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afghanistan's healthcare has recovered since the turn of the century, causing falls in infant mortality and increases in life expectancy, although it has the lowest life expectance of any country outside Africa. This (along with other factors such as returning refugees) caused rapid population growth in the 2000s that has only recently started to slow down.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} The [[Gini coefficient]] in 2008 was 27.8.&lt;ref name=&quot;wb-gini&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511044958/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|archive-date=11 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ethnicity and languages ===
{{Main|Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|Languages of Afghanistan}}
{{see also|Afghans}}
[[File:US Army ethnolinguistic map of Afghanistan -- circa 2001-09.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ethnolinguistic map of Afghanistan (2001)]]
[[Afghans]] are divided into several [[ethnolinguistic]] groups. Off of sociological research data by [[The Asia Foundation]] in 2019, the [[Pashtuns]] are the largest ethnic group, comprising 39%, followed by [[Tajiks]], comprising 37%.&lt;ref name=&quot;AsiaFoundation&quot;&gt;See: 
*2019: {{cite web
 |url          = https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019_Afghan_Survey_Full-Report_.pdf
 |title        = Afghanistan in 2019 – A survey of the Afghan people
 |pages        = 277
 |quote        = ''D-14. Which ethnic group do you belong to?''
 |publisher    = [[The Asia Foundation]]
 |location     = Kabul, Afghanistan
 |access-date  = 15 September 2021
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20210913071117/https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019_Afghan_Survey_Full-Report_.pdf
 |archive-date = 13 September 2021
 |url-status   = bot: unknown
 |accessdate   = 13 March 2023
 |archivedate  = 15 September 2021
 |archiveurl   = https://archive.ph/20210915152910/https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019_Afghan_Survey_Full-Report_.pdf
}}
*2018: {{cite book |year=2018 |newspaper=[[The Asia Foundation]] |title=Afganistan in 2018. A Survey of the Afghan People |url=https://www.asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/Surveybook2012web1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/Surveybook2012web1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |page=283 }}&lt;/ref&gt; of the country's population. The other two major ethnic groups are the [[Hazaras]] and [[Uzbeks]]. A further 10 other ethnic groups are recognized and each are represented in the [[Afghan National Anthem]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/08/31/the-roots-of-afghanistans-tribal-tensions|title=The roots of Afghanistan's tribal tensions|newspaper=The Economist|date=31 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Dari]] and [[Pashto]] are the [[official language]]s of Afghanistan; [[bilingualism]] is very common.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Constitution of Afghanistan|url=https://www.mfa.gov.af/constitution/chapter-one-state.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829115048/https://www.mfa.gov.af/constitution/chapter-one-state.html|url-status=dead|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=29 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829115048/https://www.mfa.gov.af/constitution/chapter-one-state.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dari, which is also referred to as Eastern Persian as it is a variety of and mutually intelligible with [[Persian language|Persian]] (and very often called '[[Farsi]]' by some Afghans like in [[Iran]]) functions as the [[lingua franca]] in Kabul as well as in much of the northern and northwestern parts of the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;AO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|year=2004|title=Article Sixteen of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan|url=http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html#preamble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028065437/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html|archive-date=28 October 2013|access-date=13 June 2012|quote=Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state. Uzbek, Turkmen, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani and Pamiri are – in addition to Pashto and Dari – the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=28 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028065437/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html#preamble}}&lt;/ref&gt; Native speakers of Dari, of any ethnicity, are sometimes called [[Farsiwan]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica&quot;&gt;The ''Encyc. Iranica'' makes clear in the article on Afghanistan&amp;nbsp;— Ethnography that &quot;The term Farsiwan also has the regional forms Parsiwan and Parsiban. In religion they are Imami Shia. In the literature they are often mistakenly referred to as Tajik.&quot; [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/afghanistan-COM_4803 Dupree, Louis (1982) &quot;Afghanistan: (iv.) Ethnography&quot;, in ''Encyclopædia Iranica''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027090802/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/afghanistan-COM_4803 |date=2021-10-27 }} Online Edition 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Pashto is the native tongue of the [[Pashtuns]], although many of them are also fluent in Dari while some non-Pashtuns are fluent in Pashto. Despite the Pashtuns having been dominant in Afghan politics for centuries, Dari remained the preferred language for government and bureaucracy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2019/7/11/what-will-happen-to-afghanistans-national-languages|title=What will happen to Afghanistan's national languages?|first=Austin|last=Bodetti|website=alaraby|date=11 July 2019|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=14 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414230310/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2019/7/11/what-will-happen-to-afghanistans-national-languages}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
According to [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]], Dari Persian is spoken by 78% ([[First language|L1]] + [[Second language|L2]]) and functions as the lingua franca, while [[Pashto]] is spoken by 50%, [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] 10%, [[English language|English]] 5%, [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] 2%, [[Urdu]] 2%, [[Pashayi languages|Pashayi]] 1%, [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]] 1%, [[Arabic]] 1%, and [[Balochi language|Balochi]] 1% (2021 est). Data represent the most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language. There are a number of smaller regional languages, including [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Pashayi language|Pashayi]], and [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Afghanistan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When it comes to foreign languages among the populace, many are able to speak or understand [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Urdu]]-[[Hindi]]), partly due to returning [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees]] from [[Pakistan]] and the popularity of [[Bollywood]] films respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjYUAgAAQBAJ|title=Afghanistan – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs &amp; Culture|first1=Nazes|last1=Afroz|first2=Moska|last2=Najib|first3=Culture|last3=Smart!|date=1 December 2013|publisher=Kuperard|isbn=9781857336801}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[English language|English]] is also understood by some of the population,&lt;ref name=&quot;Afghan2018&quot;&gt;The Asia Foundation. [https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/2018_Afghan-Survey_fullReport-12.4.18.pdf ''Afghanistan in 2018: A Survey of the Afghan People''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807211241/https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/2018_Afghan-Survey_fullReport-12.4.18.pdf |date=7 August 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been gaining popularity as of the 2000s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34215293|title=Pakistan's confusing move to Urdu|first=M. Ilyas|last=Khan|work=BBC News|date=12 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Afghans retain some ability in [[Russian language|Russian]], which was [[Russian occupation of Afghanistan|taught in public schools during the 1980s]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;/&gt;

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Afghanistan}}
[[File:Mazar-e sharif - Steve Evans.jpg|thumb|[[Blue Mosque (Mazar-i-Sharif)|Blue Mosque]] in [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] is the largest [[mosque]] in Afghanistan]]
The CIA estimated in 2009 that 99.7% of the Afghan population was Muslim&lt;ref name=&quot;Factbook&quot;/&gt; and most are thought to adhere to the [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] school.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcommittee.org/afghanistan/religion|title=Religion in Afghanistan|website=The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Pew Research Center]], as much as 90% are of the Sunni denomination, 7% [[Shia]] and 3% [[non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pew&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|work=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion &amp; Public Life Project|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[CIA]] Factbook variously estimates up to 89.7% Sunni or up to 15% Shia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Factbook&quot;/&gt;

Afghan [[Sikhism in Afghanistan|Sikhs]] and [[Hinduism in Afghanistan|Hindus]] are also found in certain major cities (namely Kabul, Jalalabad, Ghazni, Kandahar)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Majumder |first=Sanjoy |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3138282.stm |title=Sikhs struggle in Afghanistan |work=BBC News | date=25 September 2003 |access-date=19 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222132753/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3138282.stm |archive-date=22 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Lavina Melwani |url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/4/1994-4-02.shtml |title=Hindus Abandon Afghanistan |work=Hinduism Today |access-date=19 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111080626/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/4/1994-4-02.shtml |archive-date=11 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; accompanied by gurdwaras and mandirs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.religion.info/2005/08/25/afghanistan-sikhs-rebuilding-gurdwaras/|title=Afghanistan: Sikhs rebuilding gurdwaras|date=25 August 2005|website=Religioscope}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Deutsche Welle]] in September 2021, 250 remain in the country after 67 were evacuated to India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chabba |first1=Seerat |title=Afghanistan: What does Taliban rule mean for Sikhs and Hindus? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-what-does-taliban-rule-mean-for-sikhs-and-hindus/a-59122249 |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=8 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There was a small [[History of the Jews in Afghanistan|Jewish community in Afghanistan]], living mainly in Herat and Kabul. Over the years, this small community was forced leave due to decades of warfare and religious persecution. By the end of the twentieth century, nearly the entire community had emigrated to Israel and the United States, with one known exception, Herat-born [[Zablon Simintov]]. He remained for years, being the caretaker of the only remaining Afghan synagog. He left the country for the US after the second Taliban takeover. A woman who left shortly after him has since been identified as the likely last Jew in Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A39702-2005Jan26.html |title=Afghan Jew Becomes Country's One and Only |author=N.C. Aizenman |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=27 January 2005 |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516090806/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A39702-2005Jan26.html |archive-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/last-jew-afghanistan-en-route-us-report |title=Last Jew in Afghanistan en route to US: report |author=The New Arab Staff |work=The New Arab |date=7 September 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=9 September 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909025955/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/last-jew-afghanistan-en-route-us-report }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Ben Zion Gad |title='Last Jew in Afghanistan' loses title to hidden Jewish family |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/not-the-last-jew-in-afghanistan-after-all-683879 |access-date=7 February 2023 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=1 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Afghan Christians]], who number 500–8,000, practice their faith secretly due to intense societal opposition, and there are no public churches.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gebauer |first1=Matthias |date=20 March 2006 |title=Christians in Afghanistan: A Community of Faith and Fear |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,408781,00.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127030841/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,408781,00.html |archive-date=27 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=USSD Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor| year=2009 |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2009 |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127362.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130031916/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127362.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 November 2009 |access-date=6 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Urbanization===
As estimated by the CIA World Factbook, 26% of the population was urbanized as of 2020. This is one of the lowest figures in the world; in Asia it is only higher than [[Cambodia]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Urbanization has increased rapidly, particularly in the capital [[Kabul]], due to returning refugees from Pakistan and Iran after 2001, internally displaced people, and rural migrants.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/20/can-cities-save-afghanistan/|title=Can Cities Save Afghanistan?|first=Ali|last=Karimi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urbanization in Afghanistan is different from typical urbanization in that it is centered on just a few cities.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/10/unraveling-afghan-art-carpet-weaving-201410917826901821.html|title=Unravelling the Afghan art of carpet weaving|website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The only city with over a million residents is its capital, Kabul, located in the east of the country. The other large cities are located generally in the &quot;ring&quot; around the Central Highlands, namely [[Kandahar]] in the south, [[Herat]] in the west, [[Mazar-i-Sharif]], [[Kunduz]] in the north, and [[Jalalabad]] in the east.&lt;ref name=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/afghanistan-population/&quot; /&gt;
{{Largest cities of Afghanistan}}

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Afghanistan}}
[[File:UNESCO Institute of Statistics Afghanistan Literacy Rate population plus15 1980-2018.png|thumb|upright=1.15|UNESCO Institute of Statistics Afghanistan Literacy Rate population plus15 1980–2018]]

[[Education in Afghanistan]] is overseen by the [[Ministry of Education (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Education]] and the [[Ministry of Higher Education (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Higher Education]]. There are over 16,000 schools in the country and roughly 9&amp;nbsp;million students. Of this, about 60% are males and 40% females. However, the new regime has thus far forbidden female teachers and female students from returning to secondary schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=18 September 2021|title=Afghanistan: Girls excluded as Afghan secondary schools reopen|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58607816|access-date=20 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Blue|first1=Victor J.|last2=Zucchino|first2=David|date=20 September 2021|title=A Harsh New Reality for Afghan Women and Girls in Taliban-Run Schools|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/20/world/asia/afghan-girls-schools-taliban.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/20/world/asia/afghan-girls-schools-taliban.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|access-date=20 September 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over 174,000 students are enrolled in different [[List of universities in Afghanistan|universities around the country]]. About 21% of these are females.&lt;ref name=&quot;USAID-Education&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usaid.gov/afghanistan/education |title=Education |publisher=[[USAID]] |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110231403/https://www.usaid.gov/afghanistan/education |archive-date=10 November 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=10 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110231403/https://www.usaid.gov/afghanistan/education }}&lt;/ref&gt; Former Education Minister [[Ghulam Farooq Wardak]] had stated that construction of 8,000 schools is required for the remaining children who are deprived of [[formal learning]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wardak seeks $3b in aid for school buildings&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/05/18/wardak-seeks-3b-aid-school-buildings |title=Wardak seeks $3b in aid for school buildings |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News | date=18 May 2013 |access-date=13 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234222/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/05/18/wardak-seeks-3b-aid-school-buildings |archive-date=30 December 2013|last1=Adina |first1=Mohammad Sabir }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2018 the literacy rate of the population age 15 and older is 43.02% (males 55.48% and females 29.81%).&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO UIS Afghanistan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO UIS: Afghanistan |url=http://uis.unesco.org/ |access-date=6 August 2020 |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The top universities in Afghanistan are the [[American University of Afghanistan]] (AUAF) followed by [[Kabul University]] (KU), both of which are located in Kabul. The [[National Military Academy of Afghanistan]], modeled after the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point, was a four-year military development institution dedicated to graduating officers for the [[Afghan Armed Forces]]. The [[Afghan Defense University]] was constructed near [[Qargha]] in Kabul. Major universities outside of Kabul include [[Kandahar University]] in the south, [[Herat University]] in the northwest, [[Balkh University]] and [[Kunduz University]] in the north, [[Nangarhar University]] and [[Khost University]] in the east. Kabul University was founded in 1932 and is a respected institute that played a significant part in the country's education;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/Education.htm|title=Afghanistan Education &amp;#124; Afghanistan's Web Site|website=www.afghanistans.com|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065842/https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/Education.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; from the 1960s the Kabul University was also a hotbed of radical political ideologies such as Marxism and Islamism, which played major parts in society, politics and the war that began in 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQeRuzzwuCIC&amp;pg=PA38|title=Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia|first=Dilip|last=Hiro|date=17 April 2012|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0300183665}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After the Taliban regained power in 2021, it became unclear to what extent female education would continue in the country. In March 2022, after they had been closed for some time, it was announced that girl's schools after 6th grade would be reopened shortly. However, shortly before reopening, the order was rescinded and schools for older girls remained closed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Taliban reverses decision, barring Afghan girls from attending school beyond 6th grade |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/23/1088202759/taliban-afghanistan-girls-school |access-date=2022-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Despite the ban, six provinces, [[Balkh Province|Balkh]], [[Kunduz Province|Kunduz]], [[Jowzjan Province|Jowzjan]], [[Sar-e Pol Province|Sar-I-Pul]], [[Faryab Province|Faryab]], and the [[Daykundi Province|Day Kundi]] provinces still allow girl's schools from grade 6 and up.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 January 2023 |title=Afghanistan: Six provinces keep schools open for girls despite nationwide ban |url=https://amu.tv/en/30372/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=AmuTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Neda Safi |first=Tooba |date=17 February 2023 |title=Girls return to high school in some regions of Afghanistan |url=https://genevasolutions.news/explorations/dispatches-from-women-in-afghanistan/girls-return-to-high-school-in-some-regions-of-afghanistan |url-status=live |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=Geneva Solutions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Afghanistan}}
[[File:Kabul Military Hospital - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[Daoud Khan Military Hospital]] in Kabul is one of the largest [[list of hospitals in Afghanistan|hospitals]] in Afghanistan]]
According to the [[Human Development Index]], Afghanistan is the [[List of countries by Human Development Index|15th least developed country in the world]]. The average [[List of countries by life expectancy|life expectancy]] is estimated to be around 60 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/136852/1/ccsbrief_afg_en.pdf |title=Afghanistan |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722191648/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/136852/1/ccsbrief_afg_en.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uis.unesco.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=UNESCO  |title=Afghanistan |date=27 November 2016 |url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/country/af |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623093810/http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/af |archive-date=23 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country's [[maternal mortality]] rate is 396 deaths/100,000 live births and its [[infant mortality]] rate is 66&lt;ref name=&quot;uis.unesco.org&quot;/&gt; to 112.8 deaths in every 1,000 live births.&lt;ref name=&quot;Factbook&quot;/&gt; The [[Ministry of Public Health (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Public Health]] plans to cut the infant mortality rate to 400 for every 100,000 live births before 2020. The country has more than 3,000 [[midwifery|midwives]], with an additional 300 to 400 being trained each year.&lt;ref name=&quot;csm&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/childbirth-maternal-health-improve-afghanistan-160657704.html |title=Childbirth and maternal health improve in Afghanistan |first=Tom A. |last=Peter |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor | date=17 December 2011 |access-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002243/http://news.yahoo.com/childbirth-maternal-health-improve-afghanistan-160657704.html |archive-date=31 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are over 100 [[hospitals in Afghanistan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaea825.pdf|title=Afghanistan National Hospital Survey|date=August 2004|publisher=Afghan Ministry of Health|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807231748/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaea825.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2019|url-status=live|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=7 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807231748/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaea825.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the most advanced treatments being available in Kabul. The [[French Medical Institute for Children]] and [[Indira Gandhi Children's Hospital]] in Kabul are the leading [[children's hospital]]s in the country. Some of the other leading hospitals in Kabul include the [[Jamhuriat Hospital]] and [[Jinnah Hospital (Kabul)|Jinnah Hospital]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-funded-afghan-hospital-begins-operations/4884454.html|title=Pakistan-funded Afghan Hospital Begins Operations|work=VOA News|first=Ayaz|last=Gul|date=20 April 2019|access-date=28 May 2019|quote=It opens a new chapter in the friendship of the two countries... This is the second-largest hospital [in Afghanistan] built with your support that will serve the needy,&quot; Feroz told the gathering.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423111329/https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-funded-afghan-hospital-begins-operations/4884454.html|archive-date=23 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In spite of all this, many Afghans travel to Pakistan and India for advanced treatment.

It was reported in 2006 that nearly 60% of the Afghan population lives within a two-hour walk of the nearest health facility.&lt;ref name=&quot;USAID-Health&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/health |title=Health |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |access-date=20 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082306/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/health |archive-date=29 September 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=29 September 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082306/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/health }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Disability]] rate is also high in Afghanistan due to the decades of war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Anne-Marie |last=DiNardo |author2=LPA/PIPOS |url=http://www.usaid.gov/stories/afghanistan/fp_afghan_disabled.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040508140406/http://www.usaid.gov/stories/afghanistan/fp_afghan_disabled.html |archive-date=8 May 2004 |title=Empowering Afghanistan's Disabled Population&amp;nbsp;– 31 March 2006 |publisher=Usaid.gov |date=31 March 2006 |access-date=19 May 2012 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=8 May 2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040508140406/http://www.usaid.gov/stories/afghanistan/fp_afghan_disabled.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was reported recently that about 80,000 people are missing limbs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first =Richard |last=Norton-Taylor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/13/afghanistan |title=Afghanistan's refugee crisis 'ignored' |work=The Guardian | date=13 February 2008 |access-date=19 May 2012 |location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215150225/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/13/afghanistan |archive-date=15 December 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=26520 |title=Afghanistan: People living with disabilities call for integration |work=The New Humanitarian |url-status=live |date=2 December 2004 |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920142752/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=26520 |archive-date=20 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Non-governmental charities such as [[Save the Children]] and [[Mahboba's Promise]] assist orphans in association with governmental structures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Virginia |last=Haussegger |title=Mahboba's Promise |date=2 July 2009 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2009/s2615472.htm |website=ABC News (Australia) |access-date=15 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726123857/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2009/s2615472.htm |archive-date=26 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Demographic and Health Surveys]] is working with the [[Indian Institute of Health Management Research]] and others to conduct a survey in Afghanistan focusing on [[maternal death]], among other things.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEASUREDHS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.measuredhs.com/Where-We-Work/Country-Main.cfm?ctry_id=71 |title=Afghanistan |publisher=Measuredhs.com |access-date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233502/http://www.measuredhs.com/Where-We-Work/Country-Main.cfm?ctry_id=71 |archive-date=30 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Governance ==
{{Main|Politics of Afghanistan}}
[[File:200229-D-AP390-1529 (49603221753).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|[[Arg, Kabul|The Arg]] (the Presidential palace) in Kabul, photographed in 2020, before the Fall of Kabul]]
Following the effective collapse of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] during the [[2021 Taliban offensive]], the Taliban declared the country an Islamic Emirate. A new caretaker government was announced on 7 September.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCHardliners&quot;/&gt; As of 8 September 2021, no other country had formally recognized the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan as the ''de jure'' government of Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Afghanistan: Taliban increasingly violent against protesters – UN|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-58279900|access-date=25 November 2021|website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A traditional instrument of governance in Afghanistan is the ''[[loya jirga]]'' (grand assembly), a [[Pashtun]] consultative meeting that was mainly organized for choosing a new [[head of state]], adopting a new constitution, or to settle national or regional issue such as war.&lt;ref name=&quot;news.bbc.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1782079.stm | work=BBC News | title=Q&amp;A: What is a loya jirga? | date=1 July 2002 | access-date=2 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523165931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1782079.stm | archive-date=23 May 2019 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Loya jirgas have been held since at least 1747,{{sfn|Barfield|2012|page=295}} with the most recent one occurring in August 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tolonews.com/index.php/afghanistan/politicians-express-mixed-reactions-loya-jirga|title=Politicians Express Mixed Reactions to Loya Jirga|publisher=TOLO News|date=7 August 2020|access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810023639/https://tolonews.com/index.php/afghanistan/politicians-express-mixed-reactions-loya-jirga|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/loya-jirga-approves-release-400-taliban-prisoners|title=Loya Jirga Approves Release of 400 Taliban Prisoners|date=9 August 2020|access-date=10 August 2020|publisher=TOLO News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Development of Taliban government ===
{{main|Government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan}}
{{see also|Cabinet of Afghanistan#Islamic Emirate (2021–present)}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| perrow = 2
| direction = horizontal
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Hasan Akhund.png
| caption1 = [[Hasan Akhund]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Acting [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]]&lt;/small&gt;
| image2 = Sirajuddin Haqqani (cropped).png
| caption2 = [[Sirajuddin Haqqani]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;First [[Deputy Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Deputy Leader]] and Acting [[Interior Minister of Afghanistan|Interior Minister]]&lt;/small&gt;
| image3 = Mullah Yaqoob in January 2022.png
| caption3 = [[Mullah Yaqoob]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Second Deputy Leader and Acting [[Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)|Defense Minister]]&lt;/small&gt;
| image4 = Abdul_Ghani_Baradar.jpg
| caption4 = [[Abdul Ghani Baradar]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Third Deputy Leader and Acting [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|First Deputy Prime Minister]]&lt;/small&gt;
| total_width = 270
}}
On 17 August 2021, the leader of the Taliban-affiliated [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin|Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin]] party, [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]], met with both [[Hamid Karzai]], the former [[President of Afghanistan]], and [[Abdullah Abdullah]], the former chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former [[Chief Executive (Afghanistan)|Chief Executive]], in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]], with the aim of forming a [[national unity government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 August 2021|title=Afghanistan's Hekmatyar says heading for Doha with Karzai, Abdullah Abdullah to meet Taliban – Al Jazeera|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/afghanistans-hekmatyar-says-heading-doha-with-karzai-abdullah-abdullah-meet-2021-08-16/|access-date=18 August 2021|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=AFP|date=18 August 2021|title=Taliban met ex-Afghan leader Karzai, Abdullah Abdullah|url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40114270|access-date=18 August 2021|website=Brecorder}}&lt;/ref&gt; President [[Ashraf Ghani]], having fled the country during the Taliban advance to either [[Tajikistan]] or [[Uzbekistan]], emerged in the United Arab Emirates and said that he supported such negotiations and was in talks to return to Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Macias|first=Natasha Turak, Amanda|date=18 August 2021|title=Ousted Afghan President Ashraf Ghani resurfaces in UAE after fleeing Kabul, Emirati government says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/18/afghan-president-ashraf-ghani-is-in-uae-after-fleeing-afghanistan.html|access-date=19 August 2021|website=CNBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ghani says he backs talks as Taliban meet with Karzai, Abdullah|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/146741/ghani-says-he-backs-talks-as-taliban-meet-with-karzai-abdullah|access-date=18 August 2021|website=New Age|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=18 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818215958/https://www.newagebd.net/article/146741/ghani-says-he-backs-talks-as-taliban-meet-with-karzai-abdullah}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many figures within the Taliban generally agreed that continuation of the [[2004 Constitution of Afghanistan]] may, if correctly applied, be workable as the basis for the new religious state as their objections to the former government were political, and not religious.&lt;ref name=&quot;osman&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Osman|first1=Borhan|url=https://cic.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/taliban_future_state_final.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cic.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/taliban_future_state_final.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=Taliban Views on a Future State|date=July 2016|publisher=[[New York University]]|page=7}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816135549/https://cic.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/taliban_future_state_final.pdf |date=2021-08-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hours after the final flight of American troops left Kabul on 30 August, a Taliban official interviewed said that a new government would likely be announced as early as Friday 3 September after [[Jumu'ah]]. It was added that [[Hibatullah Akhundzada]] would be officially named [[Head of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Emir]], with cabinet ministers being revealed at the [[Arg (Kabul)|Arg]] in an official ceremony. Abdul Ghani Baradar would be named [[head of government]] as [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]], while other important positions would go to [[Sirajuddin Haqqani]] and [[Mullah Yaqoob]]. Beneath the supreme leader, day-to-day governance will be entrusted to the [[Cabinet of Afghanistan#Islamic Emirate (2021–present)|cabinet]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2 September 2021|title=Afghanistan: Taliban expected to announce new government|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/02/afghanistan-taliban-expected-to-announce-new-government|access-date=2 September 2021|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets with the Taliban Negotiation Team (50632321483).jpg|thumb|260px|US representative [[Zalmay Khalilzad]] (left) meeting with Taliban leaders, [[Abdul Ghani Baradar]], [[Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai]], [[Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai]], [[Suhail Shaheen]], unidentified. [[Doha]], [[Qatar]] on 21 November 2020.]]
According to CNN, the new government is likely to be a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[Deobandi]]st [[Islamic republic]]. In a report by CNN-News18, sources said the new government was going to be governed similarly to Iran with Haibatullah Akhundzada as supreme leader similar to the role of [[Ali Khamenei|Saayid Ali Khamenei]], and would be based out of [[Kandahar]]. Baradar or Yaqoob would be head of government as [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]]. The government's ministries and agencies will be under a cabinet presided over by the Prime Minister. The Supreme Leader would preside over an [[Executive (government)|executive body]] known Supreme Council with anywhere from 11 to 72 members. [[Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai]] is likely to be promoted to [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]]. According to the report, the new government will take place within the framework of an amended [[1964 Constitution of Afghanistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=31 August 2021|title=Taliban to Follow Iran Model in Afghanistan; Reclusive Hibatullah Akhundzada to be Supreme Leader|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/talibans-govt-in-afghanistan-on-iran-model-reclusive-hibatullah-akhundzada-to-be-supreme-leader-4149431.html|access-date=3 September 2021|website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, later interviews disclosed to News18 that negotiations were not yet completed and that representatives were still in Kandahar, and that the announcement of the new government would not take place until 4 September or later.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=3 September 2021|title=Are Taliban Forming New Govt in Afghanistan Today? Here's the Latest Update on Negotiation Talks|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/are-taliban-forming-new-govt-in-afghanistan-today-heres-the-latest-update-on-negotiation-talks-4160183.html|access-date=3 September 2021|website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Taliban close to forming new government in Afghanistan|work=Bangkok Post|publisher=Bangkok Post Public Company|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2175995/taliban-close-to-forming-new-government-in-afghanistan|access-date=3 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=AFP|date=3 September 2021|title=Taliban close to forming new government in Afghanistan|url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40117744|access-date=3 September 2021|website=Brecorder}}&lt;/ref&gt; Government formation was further delayed with the announcement postponed to some time during the week of 6 September, due to concerns about forming a broad-based government acceptable to the international community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Taliban again postpone Afghan govt formation announcement|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/taliban-again-postpone-afghan-govt-formation-announcement/articleshow/85923976.cms?from=mdr|access-date=4 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was later added however that the Taliban's Rahbari Shura, the group's leadership council was divided between the hardline Haqqani Network and moderate Abdul Ghani Baradar over appointments needed to form an &quot;inclusive&quot; government. This culminated in a skirmish which led to Baradar being injured and treated in Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=5 September 2021|title=New 'inclusive' Afghanistan government to be announced soon: Taliban|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/new-inclusive-afghanistan-government-to-be-announced-soon-taliban-11630841282911.html|access-date=5 September 2021|website=mint}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was speculated that the government would be announced on 11 September 2021, the 20th anniversary of the [[9/11 attacks]], with invitations possibly being extended to the governments of Turkey, China, Iran, Pakistan, and Qatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Omer Farooq|date=7 September 2021|title=Taliban News: Taliban capture Panjshir, soon to announce future government|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/taliban-claim-panjshir-valley-has-fallen-massoud-vows-to-fight-on/articleshow/85988654.cms|access-date=7 September 2021|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of early September, the Taliban were planning the Cabinet to be men-only, stating that women would not be allowed to &quot;work in high-ranking posts&quot; in the government and that women were &quot;ruled out&quot; from the Cabinet. Journalists and other human rights activists, mostly women, [[2021 Afghan protests|protested]] in [[Herat]] and Kabul, calling for women to be included in the Cabinet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=8 September 2021|title=Afghanistan: Women protest against all-male Taliban government|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58490819|access-date=9 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Cabinet of Afghanistan#Islamic Emirate (2021–present)|acting Cabinet]] announced on 7 September was men-only, and the [[Ministry of Women's Affairs (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Women's Affairs]] appeared to have been abolished.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCHardliners&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=7 September 2021|title=Hardliners get key posts in new Taliban government|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|access-date=9 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; On March 23, 2022, there were reports a cabinet shakeup was underway as another meeting of the Leadership Council was held in Kandahar for the second time since the Taliban Islamic Movement [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|came to power]] as a way to get international recognition. The last meeting of the Leadership Council was held from August 28, 2021, to August 30, 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Taliban to reshuffle cabinet to get international recognition |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/taliban-to-reshuffle-cabinet-to-get-international-recognition20220323163506/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ANI News |language=en |accessdate=2023-03-13 |archivedate=2022-03-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323124248/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/taliban-to-reshuffle-cabinet-to-get-international-recognition20220323163506/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The Associated Press |date=23 March 2022 |title=Taliban cancels girls' higher education despite promise |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/afghanistan-girls-education-1.6394296 |website=cbc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Provinces of Afghanistan|Districts of Afghanistan}}
Afghanistan is administratively divided into 34 provinces (''[[wilayat]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ariananews.co/en/afghanistan-provinces/|title=Afghanistan Provinces|access-date=4 July 2019|publisher=Ariana News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704210454/https://ariananews.co/en/afghanistan-provinces/|archive-date=4 July 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each province has a governor and a capital. The country is further divided into nearly 400 provincial [[Districts of Afghanistan|districts]], each of which normally covers a city or several villages. Each district is represented by a district governor.

The [[list of current governors of Afghanistan|provincial governors]] are now appointed by the [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan]], and the district governors are selected by the provincial governors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/world/asia/for-afghan-officials-prospect-of-death-comes-with-territory.html|title=For Afghan Officials, Prospect of Death Comes With Territory|last=Ahmed|first=Azam|date=8 December 2012|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 April 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103603/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/world/asia/for-afghan-officials-prospect-of-death-comes-with-territory.html|archive-date=19 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The provincial governors are representatives of the central government in Kabul and are responsible for all administrative and formal issues within their provinces. There are also provincial councils that are elected through direct and general elections for four years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iec.org.af/eng/content.php?id=5&amp;cnid=24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827204439/http://www.iec.org.af/eng/content.php?id=5&amp;cnid=24 |archive-date=27 August 2010 |title=Explaining Elections, Independent Election Commission of Afghanistan |publisher=Iec.org.af |date=9 October 2004 |access-date=4 February 2012 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=27 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827204439/http://www.iec.org.af/eng/content.php?id=5&amp;cnid=24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The functions of provincial councils are to take part in provincial development planning and to participate in the monitoring and appraisal of other provincial governance institutions.

According to article 140 of the constitution and the presidential decree on electoral law, mayors of cities should be elected through free and direct elections for a four-year term. In practice however, mayors are appointed by the government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=An Assessment of Afghanistan's Municipal Governance Framework|url=http://webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412448-An-Assessment-of-Afghanistans-Municipal-Governance-Framework.pdf|access-date=4 July 2019|publisher=Urban Institute Center on International Development and Governance|author1=Jamie Boex|author2=Grace Buencamino|author3=Deborah Kimble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704193403/http://webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412448-An-Assessment-of-Afghanistans-Municipal-Governance-Framework.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2019|url-status=live|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=4 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704193403/http://webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412448-An-Assessment-of-Afghanistans-Municipal-Governance-Framework.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The following is a list of all the 34 provinces in alphabetical order:

[[File:Afghanistan provinces numbered.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Afghanistan is divided into [[provinces of Afghanistan|34 provinces]], which are further divided into a [[Districts of Afghanistan|number of districts]]]]

{{colbegin|colwidth=15em}}
# [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]]
# [[Badghis Province|Badghis]]
# [[Baghlan Province|Baghlan]]
# [[Balkh Province|Balkh]]
# [[Bamyan Province|Bamyan]]
# [[Daykundi Province|Daykundi]]
# [[Farah Province|Farah]]
# [[Faryab Province|Faryab]]
# [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]]
# [[Ghor Province|Ghor]]
# [[Helmand Province|Helmand]]
# [[Herat Province|Herat]]
# [[Jowzjan Province|Jowzjan]]
# [[Kabul Province|Kabul]]
# [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]]
# [[Kapisa Province|Kapisa]]
# [[Khost Province|Khost]]
# [[Kunar Province|Kunar]]
# [[Kunduz Province|Kunduz]]
# [[Laghman Province|Laghman]]
# [[Logar Province|Logar]]
# [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]]
# [[Nimruz Province|Nimruz]]
# [[Nuristan Province|Nuristan]]
# [[Oruzgan Province|Oruzgan]]
# [[Paktia Province|Paktia]]
# [[Paktika Province|Paktika]]
# [[Panjshir Province|Panjshir]]
# [[Parwan Province|Parwan]]
# [[Samangan Province|Samangan]]
# [[Sar-e Pol Province|Sar-e Pol]]
# [[Takhar Province|Takhar]]
# [[Wardak Province|Wardak]]
# [[Zabul Province|Zabul]]
{{colend}}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Afghanistan}}
{{See also|Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)}}
Afghanistan became a member of the [[United Nations]] in 1946.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=642}} Historically, Afghanistan had strong relations with Germany, one of the first countries to recognize Afghanistan's independence in 1919; the Soviet Union, which provided much aid and military training for Afghanistan's forces and includes the signing of a Treaty of Friendship in 1921 and 1978; and [[Afghanistan–India relations|India]], with which a friendship treaty was signed in 1950.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Treaty of Friendship|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6584/Treaty+of+Friendship|access-date=31 December 2020|website=www.mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Relations with [[Afghanistan–Pakistan relations|Pakistan]] have often been tense for various reasons such as the [[Durand Line]] border issue and alleged Pakistani involvement in Afghan insurgent groups.

The present Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is currently internationally [[Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|unrecognized]], but has had notable unofficial ties with [[Afghanistan–China relations|China]], Pakistan, and Qatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-16/china-enters-high-stakes-relationship-with-post-u-s-afghanistan|title=China Embraces High-Stakes Taliban Relationship as U.S. Exits|date=16 August 2021|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=17 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/7/taliban-afghanistan-international-recognition|title = Taliban still struggling for international recognition|work=Al Jazeera|first=Ali M|last=Latifi|date=7 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the previous Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, it enjoyed cordial relations with a number of [[NATO]] and allied nations, particularly the [[Afghanistan–United States relations|United States]], [[Afghanistan–Canada relations|Canada]], [[Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations|United Kingdom]], [[Afghanistan–Germany relations|Germany]], Australia, and [[Afghanistan–Turkey relations|Turkey]]. In 2012, the United States and the then-republic in Afghanistan signed their [[US–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement|Strategic Partnership Agreement]] in which Afghanistan became a [[major non-NATO ally]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hillary Clinton says Afghanistan 'major non-Nato ally'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18750732|date=7 July 2012|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|access-date=4 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705181134/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18750732|archive-date=5 July 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such qualification was rescinded by US President [[Joe Biden]] in July 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Mizelle |first1=Shawna |last2=Fossum |first2=Sam |date=7 July 2022 |title=Biden will rescind Afghanistan's designation as a major non-NATO ally |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/06/politics/afghanistan-major-non-nato-ally-designation-biden-rescind/index.html |access-date= |website=[[CNN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Military===
{{Broader|Afghan Armed Forces}}
The [[Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] captured a large amount of weapons, hardware, vehicles, aerocrafts, and equipment from the [[Afghan National Security Forces]] following the [[2021 Taliban offensive]] and the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Fall of Kabul]]. The total value of the captured equipment has been estimated at US$83 billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 October 2021|title=White House defends letting billions in military equipment fall into Taliban hands|url=https://news.yahoo.com/white-house-defends-letting-billions-192700107.html|access-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012095525/https://news.yahoo.com/white-house-defends-letting-billions-192700107.html|archive-date=12 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Andrzejewski|first=Adam|title=Staggering Costs – U.S. Military Equipment Left Behind In Afghanistan|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamandrzejewski/2021/08/23/staggering-costs--us-military-equipment-left-behind-in-afghanistan/|access-date=12 October 2021|website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Human rights ===
{{See also|Human rights in Afghanistan|Women in Afghanistan|LGBT rights in Afghanistan|Treatment of women by the Taliban|Afghan refugees}}Homosexuality is [[taboo]] in Afghan society;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ahmadzai |first=Aria |date=7 October 2016 |title=The LGBT community living under threat of death |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36884732}}&lt;/ref&gt; according to the Penal Code, homosexual intimacy is punished by up to a year in prison.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan &amp;#124; Human Dignity Trust |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/afghanistan/ |website=www.humandignitytrust.org. |accessdate=2023-03-13 |archivedate=2021-04-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225749/https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; With implementing [[Sharia law]] offenders can be [[Death penalty for homosexuality|punished by death]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Fake Life': Being Gay in Afghanistan |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-being-gay-fake-life/28731934.html |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|last1=Bezhan |first1=Frud }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries, research finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/gay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614095346/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/gay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=3 June 2019 |work=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; However an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between children and older men (typically wealthy warlords or elite people) called ''[[bacha bazi]]'' persists.

Religious minorities such as Sikhs,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ruchi |date=2020-03-28 |title=For Afghan Sikhs, it's between violence and exodus |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/for-afghan-sikhs-its-between-violence-and-exodus/article31194107.ece |access-date=2021-09-11 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hindus,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Abed |first2=Fahim |date=2020-07-19 |title=India Offers Escape to Afghan Hindus and Sikhs Facing Attacks |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/19/world/asia/india-afghanistan-sikh-hindu.html |access-date=2021-09-11 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Christians have reportedly faced persecution in the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Lyons |first1=Kate |last2=Blight |first2=Garry |date=27 July 2015 |title=Where in the world is the worst place to be a Christian? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2015/jul/27/where-in-the-world-is-it-worst-place-to-be-a-christian |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Afghan clerics call for Christian convert to be killed despite Western outrage |date=23 March 2006 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SY0IM-ZvDtM |publisher=[[AP Archive]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since May 2022, all women in Afghanistan have been required by law to wear full-body coverings when in public (either a [[burqa]] or an [[abaya]] paired with a [[niqāb]], which leaves only the eyes uncovered).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Susannah |title=Taliban orders head-to-toe coverings for Afghan women in public |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/07/taliban-orders-head-toe-coverings-afghan-women-public/ |access-date=8 May 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=7 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Graham-Harrison |first1=Emma |title=Taliban order all Afghan women to cover their faces in public |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/07/taliban-order-all-afghan-women-to-wear-burqa |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a May interview with [[Christiane Amanpour]], First [[Deputy Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Deputy Leader]] [[Sirajuddin Haqqani]] claimed the decree is only advisory and no form of [[hijab]] is compulsory in Afghanistan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Shelley |first1=Jo |last2=Popalzai |first2=Ehsan |last3=Mengli |first3=Ahmet |last4=Picheta |first4=Rob |title=Top Taliban leader makes more promises on women's rights but quips 'naughty women' should stay home |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/18/asia/amanpour-haqqani-taliban-women-interview-intl/index.html |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=[[CNN]] |date=19 May 2022 |location=[[Kabul]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; though this contradicts the reality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zucchino |first1=David |last2=Akbary |first2=Yaqoob |title=The Taliban Pressure Women in Afghanistan to Cover Up |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/21/world/asia/taliban-afghanistan-women-hijab.html |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 May 2022 |location=[[Kabul]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been speculated that there is a genuine internal policy division over women's rights between hardliners, including Leader Hibatullah Akhundzada, and pragmatists, though they publicly present a united front.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gannon |first1=Kathy |title=Taliban divisions deepen as Afghan women defy veil edict |url=https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-religion-kabul-taliban-aec1a4bb5dc2a91fc19954093a5595e0 |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=8 May 2022 |location=[[Kabul]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another decree was issued shortly after the first, requiring female TV presenters to cover their faces during broadcasts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Fraser |first1=Simon |title=Afghanistan's female TV presenters must cover their faces, say Taliban |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-61508072 |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=19 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2022, the Taliban dissolved Afghanistan's Human Rights Commission along with four other government departments, citing the country's budget deficit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Taliban dissolves Afghanistan's human rights commission as 'unnecessary' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/17/taliban-dissolves-afghanistans-human-rights-commission-as-unnecessary |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |agency=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Afghanistan}}
[[File:Afghan pomegranate processing.jpg|thumb|left|Workers processing [[pomegranate production in Afghanistan|pomegranates]] (''anaar''), which Afghanistan is famous for in Asia]]
Afghanistan's nominal GDP was $21.7&amp;nbsp;billion in 2018, or $72.9&amp;nbsp;billion by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;/&gt; Its [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita]] is $2,024 (PPP).&lt;ref name=&quot;imf2&quot;/&gt; Despite having $1&amp;nbsp;trillion or more in mineral deposits,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-12-15/karzai-tells-investors-u-s-will-meet-his-security-pact-demands|title=Karzai Woos India Inc. as Delay on U.S. Pact Deters Billions|first=Kartikay|last=Mehrotra|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=16 December 2013|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011222703/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-12-15/karzai-tells-investors-u-s-will-meet-his-security-pact-demands|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; it remains one of the world's [[least developed countries]]. Afghanistan's rough physical geography and its landlocked status has been cited as reasons why the country has always been among the least developed in the modern era – a factor where progress is also slowed by contemporary conflict and political instability.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;/&gt; The country imports over $7&amp;nbsp;billion worth of goods but exports only $784&amp;nbsp;million, mainly fruits and [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]]. It has $2.8&amp;nbsp;billion in [[external debt]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Factbook&quot;/&gt; The service sector contributed the most to the GDP (55.9%) followed by agriculture (23%) and industry (21.1%).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/214.html|title=Field Listing :: GDP – composition, by sector of origin – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111214540/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/214.html|url-status=dead|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=11 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111214540/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/214.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While the nation's current account deficit is largely financed with donor money, only a small portion is provided directly to the government budget. The rest is provided to non-budgetary expenditure and donor-designated projects through the United Nations system and non-governmental organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-20/taliban-winning-race-to-capture-1-trillion-afghan-mining-riches |title=The Taliban Is Capturing Afghanistan's $1 Trillion in Mining Wealth |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=20 October 2015 |access-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517034344/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-20/taliban-winning-race-to-capture-1-trillion-afghan-mining-riches |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Da Afghanistan Bank]] serves as the central bank of the nation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title = Interest Rate Cut in Place, Says Central Bank| work = TOLOnews| access-date = 28 May 2019| url = https://www.tolonews.com/business/interest-rate-cut-place-says-central-bank| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190704193402/https://www.tolonews.com/business/interest-rate-cut-place-says-central-bank| archive-date = 4 July 2019| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]] (AFN) is the national currency, with an exchange rate of about 75 Afghanis to 1 US dollar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Afghani Falls Against Dollar By 3% In A Month|url=https://www.tolonews.com/business/afghani-falls-against-dollar-3-month|publisher=TOLOnews|date=18 April 2019|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419141610/https://www.tolonews.com/business/afghani-falls-against-dollar-3-month|archive-date=19 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of local and foreign banks operate in the country, including the [[Afghanistan International Bank]], [[New Kabul Bank]], [[Azizi Bank]], [[Pashtany Bank]], [[Standard Chartered Bank]], and the [[First MicroFinance Bank-Afghanistan|First Micro Finance Bank]].

[[File:Afghan carpets being sold.jpg|thumb|[[Afghan rugs]] are one of Afghanistan's main exports]]
One of the main drivers for the current economic recovery is the return of over 5&amp;nbsp;million [[Afghan diaspora|expatriates]], who brought with them entrepreneurship and wealth-creating skills as well as much needed funds to start up businesses. Many Afghans are now involved in construction, which is one of the largest industries in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/world/asia/08contract.html |title=Afghan Companies Say U.S. Did Not Pay Them |work=The New York Times |first=Carlotta |last=Gall | date=7 July 2010 |access-date=30 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402005151/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/world/asia/08contract.html |archive-date=2 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the major national construction projects include the $35&amp;nbsp;billion New Kabul City next to the capital, the Aino Mena project in Kandahar, and the [[Ghazi Amanullah Khan Town]] near Jalalabad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dcda.gov.af/ |title=the Kabul New City Official Website |publisher=DCDA |access-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233634/http://www.dcda.gov.af/ |archive-date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=30 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233634/http://www.dcda.gov.af/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.najeebzarab.af/town_main.php |title=Ghazi Amanullah Khan City |year=2009 |publisher=najeebzarab.af |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429180506/http://www.najeebzarab.af/town_main.php |archive-date=29 April 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=29 April 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429180506/http://www.najeebzarab.af/town_main.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.designmena.com/portfolio/aino-mina |title=Case study: Aino Mina |publisher=Designmena.com |access-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106003655/http://www.designmena.com/portfolio/aino-mina |archive-date=6 January 2014 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=6 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106003655/http://www.designmena.com/portfolio/aino-mina }}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar development projects have also begun in [[Herat]], [[Mazar-e-Sharif]], and other cities.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/02/mazar-i-sharif-khaled-amiri-opinions-21-century-cities-09-ann-marlowe.html A Humane Afghan City?] by Ann Marlowe in [[Forbes]] 2 September 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001216/http://www.forbes.com/2009/09/02/mazar-i-sharif-khaled-amiri-opinions-21-century-cities-09-ann-marlowe.html | date=31 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An estimated 400,000 people enter the labor market each year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Michael Sprague |title=AFGHANISTAN COUNTRY PROFILE |url=https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1871/01%20Country%20Profile%20FINAL%20July%202016.pdf |website=usaid.gov |access-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501062352/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1871/01%20Country%20Profile%20FINAL%20July%202016.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2017 |url-status=live |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=1 May 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501062352/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1871/01%20Country%20Profile%20FINAL%20July%202016.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Several small companies and factories began operating in different parts of the country, which not only provide revenues to the government but also create new jobs. Improvements to the business environment have resulted in more than $1.5&amp;nbsp;billion in [[Telecommunication|telecom]] investment and created more than 100,000 jobs since 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/economic_growth#Tab=Description |title=Economic Growth |publisher=USAID |access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082351/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/economic_growth |archive-date=29 September 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Afghan rug]]s are becoming popular again, allowing many carpet dealers around the country to hire more workers; in 2016–17 it was the fourth most exported group of items.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-carpets-idUKKBN1HI2VL|title=Sales of Afghanistan's renowned carpets unravel as war intensifies|newspaper=Reuters|date=12 April 2018|via=uk.reuters.com|last1=Nickel|first1=Rod|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=12 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612214646/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-carpets-idUKKBN1HI2VL}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afghanistan is a member of [[WTO]], [[SAARC]], [[Economic Cooperation Organization|ECO]], and [[OIC]]. It holds an observer status in [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]. In 2018, a majority of imports come from either Iran, China, Pakistan and Kazakhstan, while 84% of exports are to Pakistan and India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/AFG/Year/LTST/TradeFlow/EXPIMP/Partner/by-country |title=Access to energy graph |website= wits.worldbank.org/|access-date=13 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the Taliban's takeover of the country in August 2021, the United States has [[Afghan frozen assets|frozen about $9 billion]] in assets belonging to the [[Da Afghanistan Bank|Afghan central bank]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Taliban blames U.S. as 1 million Afghan kids face death by starvation |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/afghanistan-taliban-blames-us-as-1-million-kids-face-starvation/ |work=CBS News |date=20 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in US bank accounts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Is the United States Driving Afghanistan Toward Famine? |url=https://messaging-custom-newsletters.nytimes.com/template/oakv2?campaign_id=30&amp;emc=edit_int_20211029&amp;instance_id=44044&amp;nl=the-interpreter&amp;productCode=INT&amp;regi_id=57806557&amp;segment_id=72971&amp;te=1&amp;uri=nyt%3A%2F%2Fnewsletter%2Fde4d3c8a-f805-5843-bf23-d2fd9a6bcf70&amp;user_id=9aa4b6ac6a6bfa9626d966e353fed48b |work=The New York Times |date=29 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Afghanistan's hunger crisis is a problem the U.S. can fix |url=https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/afghanistan-s-hunger-crisis-problem-u-s-can-fix-n1283618 |work=MSNBC |date=10 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Agriculture===

[[File:Afghan Saffron.jpg|thumb|Afghan [[saffron]] has been recognized as the world's best]]
Agricultural production is the backbone of Afghanistan's economy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/agriculture |title=Agriculture |publisher=USAID |access-date=23 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082220/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/agriculture |archive-date=29 September 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=29 September 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082220/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/agriculture }}&lt;/ref&gt; and has traditionally dominated the economy, employing about 40% of the workforce as of 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/afghanistan/publication/unlocking-potential-of-agriculture-for-afghanistan-growth|title=Unlocking the Potential of Agriculture for Afghanistan's Growth|website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country is known for producing [[pomegranate production in Afghanistan|pomegranates]], grapes, apricots, melons, and several other fresh and dry fruits. It is also known as the world's largest producer of [[Opium production in Afghanistan|opium]] – as much as 16% or more of the nation's economy is derived from the cultivation and sale of opium.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/aan-qa-an-established-industry-basic-facts-about-afghanistans-opium-driven-economy/|title=AAN Q&amp;A: An established industry – Basic facts about Afghanistan's opium-driven economy|publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network|date=11 July 2017|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807204235/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/aan-qa-an-established-industry-basic-facts-about-afghanistans-opium-driven-economy/|archive-date=7 August 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also one of the world's top producers of [[cannabis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-cannabis-idUSTRE62U0IC20100331|title=Afghanistan now world's top cannabis source: U.N.|newspaper=Reuters|date=31 March 2010|via=www.reuters.com|last1=Burch|first1=Jonathon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Saffron]], the most expensive spice, grows in Afghanistan, particularly [[Herat Province]]. In recent years, there has been an uptick in saffron production, which authorities and farmers trying to replace poppy cultivation. Between 2012 and 2019, the saffron cultivated and produced in Afghanistan was consecutively ranked the world's best by the International Taste and Quality Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1602281/world|title=Afghanistan's red gold 'saffron' termed world's best|date=22 December 2019|website=Arab News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/28053-afghan-saffron-worlds-best|title=Afghan Saffron, World's Best|website=TOLOnews}}&lt;/ref&gt; Production hit record high in 2019 (19,469&amp;nbsp;kg of saffron), and one kilogram is sold domestically between $634 and $1147.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/25/c_138657013.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228193104/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/25/c_138657013.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2019|title=Saffron production hits record high in Afghanistan|website=Xinhua|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=2 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302085429/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/25/c_138657013.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The availability of cheap diesel-powered water pumps imported from China and Pakistan, and in the 2010s, of cheap solar power to pump water, resulted in expansion of agriculture and population in the southwestern deserts of Afghanistan in [[Kandahar Province]], [[Helmand Province]] and [[Nimruz Province]] in the 2010s. Wells have gradually been deepened, but water resources are limited. Opium is the major crop, but as of 2022, was under attack by the new Taliban government which, in order to suppress opium production, was systematically suppressing water pumping.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT52922&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author1=Bryan Denton |author2=David Zucchino |author3=Yaqoob Akbary |title=Green Energy Complicates the Taliban's New Battle Against Opium: The multibillion-dollar trade has survived previous bans. Now, the Taliban are going after solar-powered water pumps to try to dry up poppy crops in the middle of a national economic crisis. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/29/world/asia/afghanistan-opium-taliban.html |access-date=May 29, 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=May 29, 2022|quote=Do not destroy the fields, but make the fields dry out,.... We are committed to fulfilling the opium decree.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AREU52322&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=David Mansfield |title=When the Water Runs Dry: What is to be done with the 1.5 million settlers in the deserts of southwest Afghanistan when their livelihoods fail? |url=https://areu.org.af/when-the-water-runs-dry/ |website=areu.org.af |publisher=The Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) |access-date=May 29, 2022 |date=May 23, 2022 |accessdate=March 13, 2023 |archivedate=May 29, 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529220041/https://areu.org.af/when-the-water-runs-dry/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mining ===
{{Main|Mining in Afghanistan}}
[[File:Lapis Lazuli from Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Lapis lazuli]] stones]]
The country's natural resources include: coal, copper, iron ore, [[lithium]], [[uranium]], [[rare earth element]]s, [[chromite]], gold, [[zinc]], [[talc]], [[barite]], [[sulfur]], lead, [[marble]], precious and [[semi-precious stones]], natural gas, and petroleum.&lt;ref name=&quot;peters2007&quot;&gt;{{cite techreport |last=Peters |first=Steven G. |title=Preliminary Assessment of Non-Fuel Mineral Resources of Afghanistan, 2007 |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3063/fs2007-3063.pdf |publisher=USGS Afghanistan Project/[[US Geological Survey]]/Afghanistan Geological Survey |access-date=13 October 2011 |id=Fact Sheet 2007–3063 | date=October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727053445/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3063/fs2007-3063.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bgs&quot; /&gt; In 2010, US and Afghan government officials estimated that untapped mineral deposits located in 2007 by the [[US Geological Survey]] are worth at least {{nowrap|$1 trillion}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbcminerals&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Afghans say US team found huge potential mineral wealth |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10311752 |access-date=13 October 2011 |newspaper=BBC News | date=14 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809125352/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10311752 |archive-date=9 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Michael E. O'Hanlon]] of the [[Brookings Institution]] estimated that if Afghanistan generates about $10&amp;nbsp;billion per year from its [[mining in Afghanistan|mineral deposits]], its [[gross national product]] would double and provide long-term funding for Afghan security forces and other critical needs.&lt;ref&gt;O'Hanlon, Michael E. [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0616_afghanistan_minerals_ohanlon.aspx &quot;Deposits Could Aid Ailing Afghanistan&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923172142/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0616_afghanistan_minerals_ohanlon.aspx |date=23 September 2011 }}, [http://www.brookings.edu/ The Brookings Institution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126030757/https://www.brookings.edu/ |date=26 January 2018 }}, 16 June 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) estimated in 2006 that northern Afghanistan has an average {{convert|2.9|e9oilbbl|e6m3|abbr=unit|order=flip}} of [[crude oil]], {{convert|15.7|e12cuft|abbr=unit|order=flip}} of natural gas, and {{convert|562|e6USbbl|e9L|0|abbr=unit|order=flip}} of [[natural gas liquids]].&lt;ref name=&quot;klett2006&quot;&gt;{{cite techreport|last=Klett |first=T.R. |title=Assessment of Undiscovered Petroleum Resources of Northern Afghanistan, 2006 |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3031/pdf/FS-3031.pdf |publisher=USGS-Afghanistan Ministry of Mines &amp; Industry Joint Oil &amp; Gas Resource Assessment Team |access-date=13 October 2011 | date=March 2006 |id=Fact Sheet 2006–3031|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727060903/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3031/pdf/FS-3031.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, Afghanistan signed an oil exploration contract with [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (CNPC) for the development of three oil fields along the Amu Darya river in the north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/afghanistan-signs-7-bn-oil-deal-china-102107778.html |title=Afghanistan signs '$7 bn' oil deal with China | date=28 December 2011 |access-date=29 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233953/http://ph.news.yahoo.com/afghanistan-signs-7-bn-oil-deal-china-102107778.html |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The country has significant amounts of [[lithium]], copper, gold, coal, iron ore, and other [[minerals]].&lt;ref name=peters2007 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bgs&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/AfghanMinerals/docs/Gold_A4.pdf#search='gold%20and%20copper%20discovered%20in%20afghanistan'|title=Minerals in Afghanistan |publisher=[[British Geological Survey]] |access-date=4 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726155518/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/AfghanMinerals/docs/Gold_A4.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Afghanistan's Mineral Fortune&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uvm.edu/ieds/node/568/ |title=Afghanistan's Mineral Fortune |publisher=Institute for Environmental Diplomacy and Security Report |year=2011 |access-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212153853/http://www.uvm.edu/ieds/node/568 |archive-date=12 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Khanashin]] [[carbonatite]] in Helmand Province contains {{convert|1000000|t|lk=out}} of [[rare earth element]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;tucker2011&quot;&gt;{{cite techreport|last=Tucker |first=Ronald D. |title=Rare Earth Element Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Preliminary Resource Assessment of the Khanneshin Carbonatite Complex, Helmand Province, Afghanistan |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1207/pdf/ofr2011-1207.pdf |publisher=USGS |access-date=13 October 2011 |year=2011 |id=Open-File Report 2011–1207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727062511/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1207/pdf/ofr2011-1207.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, a 30-year lease was granted for the [[Mes Aynak#Copper Mine|Aynak]] copper mine to the [[China Metallurgical Group]] for $3&amp;nbsp;billion,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.dailyfinance.com/2010/06/14/china-us-afghanistan-mineral-mining/ China, Not U.S., Likely to Benefit from Afghanistan's Mineral Riches]&quot;. ''Daily Finance''. 14 June 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001630/http://www.dailyfinance.com/2010/06/14/china-us-afghanistan-mineral-mining/ | date=31 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; making it the biggest foreign investment and private business venture in Afghanistan's history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/asia/30mine.html |title=China Willing to Spend Big on Afghan Commerce |work=The New York Times | date=29 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731145815/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/asia/30mine.html |archive-date=31 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The state-run [[Steel Authority of India]] won the mining rights to develop the huge [[Hajigak Pass|Hajigak]] iron ore deposit in central Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-12-06/indian-group-wins-rights-to-mine-in-afghanistan-s-hajigak.html Indian Group Wins Rights to Mine in Afghanistan's Hajigak] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010060446/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-12-06/indian-group-wins-rights-to-mine-in-afghanistan-s-hajigak.html | date=10 October 2013 }}&quot;. ''Businessweek''. 6 December 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Government officials estimate that 30% of the country's untapped mineral deposits are worth at least {{nowrap|$1 trillion}}.&lt;ref name=bbcminerals /&gt; One official asserted that &quot;this will become the backbone of the Afghan economy&quot; and a Pentagon memo stated that Afghanistan could become the &quot;Saudi Arabia of lithium&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;risen2010&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Risen|first=James|author-link=James Risen|date=17 June 2010|title=U.S. Identifies Vast Riches of Minerals in Afghanistan|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/world/asia/14minerals.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617204149/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/world/asia/14minerals.html|archive-date=17 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lithium reserves of 21 Mio. tons could amount to the ones of [[Bolivia]], which is currently viewed as the country with the largest lithium reserves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hosp|first=Gerald|date=31 August 2021|title=Afghanistan: die konfliktreichen Bodenschätze|url=https://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/afghanistan-die-konfliktreichen-bodenschaetze-ld.1642056|access-date=1 September 2021|website=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other larger deposits are the ones of [[bauxite]] and [[cobalt]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In a 2011 news story, the ''[[The Christian Science Monitor|CSM]]'' reported, &quot;The United States and other Western nations that have borne the brunt of the cost of the Afghan war have been conspicuously absent from the bidding process on Afghanistan's mineral deposits, leaving it mostly to regional powers.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2011/1228/China-wins-700-million-Afghan-oil-and-gas-deal.-Why-didn-t-the-US-bid China wins $700 million Afghan oil and gas deal. Why didn't the US bid?]&quot;. ''The Christian Science Monitor''. 28 December 2011 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001743/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2011/1228/China-wins-700-million-Afghan-oil-and-gas-deal.-Why-didn-t-the-US-bid | date=31 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Access to [[biocapacity]] in Afghanistan is lower than world average. In 2016, Afghanistan had 0.43 global hectares&lt;ref name=footprintdata&gt;{{cite web|url=http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=2&amp;type=BCpc,EFCpc|title=Country Trends|publisher=Global Footprint Network|access-date= 23 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=David|last2=Hanscom|first2=Laurel|last3=Murthy|first3=Adeline|last4=Galli|first4=Alessandro|last5=Evans|first5=Mikel|last6=Neill|first6=Evan|last7=Mancini|first7=MariaSerena|last8=Martindill|first8=Jon|last9=Medouar|first9=FatimeZahra|last10=Huang|first10=Shiyu|last11=Wackernagel
|first11=Mathis|date=2018|title=Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018|journal=Resources|volume=7|issue=3|pages=58|doi=10.3390/resources7030058|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016 Afghanistan used 0.73 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their [[ecological footprint]] of consumption. This means they use just under double as much biocapacity as Afghanistan contains. As a result, Afghanistan is running a biocapacity deficit.&lt;ref name=footprintdata/&gt;

==Infrastructure==
===Energy===
{{main|Energy in Afghanistan|Renewable energy in Afghanistan}}
[[File:Afghanistan electricity production.svg|thumb|Afghanistan electricity supply 1980–2019]]
According to the [[World Bank]], 98% of the rural population have access to electricity in 2018, up from 28% in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) – Afghanistan {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS?end=2018&amp;locations=AF&amp;start=2005&amp;view=chart|access-date=28 March 2021|website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall the figure stands at 98.7%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?end=2018&amp;locations=AF&amp;start=2005&amp;view=chart|title=Access to electricity (% of population) – Afghanistan|website=[[World Bank]]|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2021-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225824/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?end=2018&amp;locations=AF&amp;start=2005&amp;view=chart}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2016, Afghanistan produces 1,400 [[megawatt]]s of power, but still imports the majority of electricity via transmission lines from Iran and the Central Asian states.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tolonews.com/business/afghanistan-has-capacity-produce-310000mw-power|title=Afghanistan Has Capacity To Produce 310,000MW Power|website=TOLOnews}}&lt;/ref&gt; The majority of electricity production is via [[hydropower]], helped by the amount of rivers and streams that flow from the mountains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/05/14/largest-plant-restarts-operations-in-first-step-developing-afghanistan-hydropower|title=Afghanistan Resurrects its Largest Hydropower Plant Toward a Brighter Future|website=World Bank|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2019-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421160657/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/05/14/largest-plant-restarts-operations-in-first-step-developing-afghanistan-hydropower}}&lt;/ref&gt; However electricity is not always reliable and blackouts happen, including in Kabul.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/economy-development-environment/power-to-the-people-how-to-extend-afghans-access-to-electricity/|title=Power to the People: How to extend Afghans' access to electricity|date=3 February 2015|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English}}&lt;/ref&gt; In recent years an increasing number of [[Solar power|solar]], [[biomass]] and wind power plants have been constructed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.af.undp.org/content/afghanistan/en/home/presscenter/IntheNews/renewable-energy-in-afghanistan-atn.html|title=The Power of Nature: How Renewable Energy is Changing Lives in Afghanistan|website=UNDP in Afghanistan|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414230313/https://www.af.undp.org/content/afghanistan/en/home/presscenter/IntheNews/renewable-energy-in-afghanistan-atn.html|url-status=dead|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=14 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414230313/https://www.af.undp.org/content/afghanistan/en/home/presscenter/IntheNews/renewable-energy-in-afghanistan-atn.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Currently under development are the [[CASA-1000]] project which will transmit electricity from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and the [[Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline|Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India]] (TAPI) gas pipeline.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; Power is managed by the [[Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat]] (DABS, Afghanistan Electricity Company).

Important dams include the [[Kajaki Dam]], [[Dahla Dam]], and the [[Sardeh Band Dam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;

=== Tourism ===
{{main|Tourism in Afghanistan}}
[[File:Lake in Band-e Amir National Park, March 2008.jpg|thumb|left|[[Band-e Amir National Park]]]]
Tourism is a small industry in Afghanistan due to security issues. Nevertheless, some 20,000 foreign tourists visit the country annually as of 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2016/09/27/20000-foreign-tourists-visit-afghanistan-annually |title=20,000 foreign tourists visit Afghanistan annually |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News (PAN) |editor=Navid Ahmad Barakzai |date=27 September 2016 |access-date=15 May 2017 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123022923/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2016/09/27/20000-foreign-tourists-visit-afghanistan-annually |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In particular an important region for domestic and international tourism is the picturesque [[Bamyan]] Valley, which includes lakes, canyons and historical sites, helped by the fact it is in a safe area away from insurgent activity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/coronavirus-shatters-tourism-hopes-in-afghanistan-s-bamyan-province-1.1011018|title=Coronavirus shatters tourism hopes in Afghanistan's Bamyan province|website=The National|date=26 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2017/09/03/more-200000-tourists-visit-bamyan-year|title=More than 200,000 tourists visit Bamyan this year|website=www.pajhwok.com|date=3 September 2017|last1=Basharat|first1=Hakim}}&lt;/ref&gt; Smaller numbers visit and trek in regions such as the [[Wakhan]] Valley, which is also one of the world's most remote communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2154951/where-instagramers-and-taliban-play-afghanistan|title=Where Instagramers and Taliban play|date=14 July 2018|website=South China Morning Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; From the late 1960s onwards, Afghanistan was a popular stop on the famous [[hippie trail]], attracting many Europeans and Americans. Coming from Iran, the trail traveled through various Afghan provinces and cities including [[Herat]], [[Kandahar]] and [[Kabul]] before crossing to northern Pakistan, northern India, and [[Nepal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm|title= Origins of the hippie trail|website= www.richardgregory.org.uk|access-date= 13 June 2020|archive-date= 11 November 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215149/https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm|url-status= dead|accessdate= 13 March 2023|archivedate= 11 November 2020|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215149/https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail-03.htm |title=The hippie trail |website=www.richardgregory.org.uk |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308185419/https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail-03.htm |url-status=dead |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=8 March 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308185419/https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail-03.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourism peaked in 1977, the year before the start of political instability and armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/afghanistan/articles/when-afghanistan-was-just-the-laid-back-highlight-on-the-hippie-/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/afghanistan/articles/when-afghanistan-was-just-the-laid-back-highlight-on-the-hippie-/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=When Afghanistan was just a laid-back highlight on the hippie trail|first=Oliver|last= Smith|website=The Telegraph|date=20 April 2018}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jam afghanistan ghorprovince islamic architecture.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Minaret of Jam]] is a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]], currently under threat by erosion and flooding]]
The city of [[Ghazni]] has significant history and historical sites, and together with [[Bamyan]] city have in recent years been voted Islamic Cultural Capital and South Asia Cultural Capital respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/bamyan-first-ever-cultural-capital-of-south-asia-a-big-party-but-what-else/|title=Bamyan, First Ever Cultural Capital of South Asia: A big party, but what else?|date=8 June 2015|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English}}&lt;/ref&gt; The cities of [[Herat]], [[Kandahar]], [[Balkh]], and [[Zaranj]] are also very historic. The [[Minaret of Jam]] in the [[Hari River, Afghanistan|Hari River]] valley is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. A cloak reputedly worn by Islam's prophet [[Muhammad]] is kept inside the [[Shrine of the Cloak]] in Kandahar, a city founded by [[Alexander the Great]] and the first capital of Afghanistan. The [[citadel of Alexander]] in the western city of Herat has been renovated in recent years and is a popular attraction. In the north of the country is the [[Shrine of Ali]], believed by many to be the location where [[Ali]] was buried.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=115}} The [[National Museum of Afghanistan]] is located in Kabul and hosts a large number of Buddhist, [[Bactria]]n Greek and early Islamic antiquities; the museum suffered greatly by civil war but has been slowly restoring since the early 2000s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20200203-the-afghan-artefacts-that-survived-taliban-destruction|title=The Afghan artefacts that survived Taliban destruction|first=Ruchi|last=Kumar|website=www.bbc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Communication ===
{{Main|Communications in Afghanistan}}
Telecommunication services in Afghanistan are provided by [[Afghan Telecom]], [[Afghan Wireless]], [[Etisalat]], [[MTN Group]], and [[Roshan (telco)|Roshan]]. The country uses its own space [[satellite]] called [[Afghansat 1]], which provides services to millions of phone, internet, and television subscribers. By 2001 following years of civil war, telecommunications was virtually a non-existent sector, but by 2016 it had grown to a $2&amp;nbsp;billion industry, with 22&amp;nbsp;million mobile phone subscribers and 5&amp;nbsp;million internet users. The sector employs at least 120,000 people nationwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://afghanistanembassy.org.uk/english/3155/|title=Connecting Afghanistan: The rise of technology in governance and society – The Embassy of Afghanistan in London|website=afghanistanembassy.org.uk|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125742/http://afghanistanembassy.org.uk/english/3155/|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=live|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=21 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125742/http://afghanistanembassy.org.uk/english/3155/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transport in Afghanistan}}
{{See also|List of airports in Afghanistan|Rail transport in Afghanistan}}
[[File:Françoise Foliot - Afghanistan 043.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Salang Tunnel]], once the highest tunnel in the world, provides a key connection between the north and south of the country]]
Due to Afghanistan's geography, transport between various parts of the country has historically been difficult. The backbone of Afghanistan's road network is [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)|Highway 1]], often called the &quot;Ring Road&quot;, which extends for {{convert|2210|km}} and connects five major cities: Kabul, Ghazni, Kandahar, Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/going-in-circles-the-never-ending-story-of-afghanistans-unfinished-ring-road/|title=Going in Circles: The never-ending story of Afghanistan's unfinished Ring Road|publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network|author=Qayoom Suroush|date=16 January 2015|access-date=7 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707120451/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/going-in-circles-the-never-ending-story-of-afghanistans-unfinished-ring-road/|archive-date=7 July 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; with spurs to Kunduz and Jalalabad and various border crossings, while skirting around the mountains of the Hindu Kush.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29bg7g1U6coC&amp;pg=PA118|title=The Geography and Politics of Afghanistan|first=Ramamoorthy|last=Gopalakrishnan|date=13 June 1982|publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Ring Road is crucially important for domestic and international trade and the economy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/economy-development-environment/going-in-circles-the-never-ending-story-of-afghanistans-unfinished-ring-road/|title=Going in Circles: The never-ending story of Afghanistan's unfinished Ring Road|date=16 January 2015|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English}}&lt;/ref&gt; A key portion of the Ring Road is the [[Salang Tunnel]], completed in 1964, which facilitates travel through the Hindu Kush mountain range and connects northern and southern Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Cary Gladstone|title=Afghanistan Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aH_KCWVB6W0C&amp;pg=PA122|year=2001|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-421-8|page=122}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the only land route that connects Central Asia to the [[Indian subcontinent]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-46016020100209|title=Afghan avalanches kill dozens, trap hundreds|newspaper=Reuters|date=9 February 2010|via=www.reuters.com|last1=Azimy|first1=Yousuf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several mountain passes allow travel between the Hindu Kush in other areas. Serious traffic accidents are common on Afghan roads and highways, particularly on the [[Kabul–Kandahar Highway|Kabul–Kandahar]] and the [[Kabul–Jalalabad Road]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/26/afghan-bus-crash |title=Afghan bus crash kills 45 |work=The Guardian |date=26 April 2013 |access-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105002154/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/26/afghan-bus-crash |archive-date=5 November 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Traveling by bus in Afghanistan remains dangerous due to militant activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Driving in Afghanistan|url=http://caravanistan.com/transport/driving/afghanistan/|website=Caravanistan|publisher=Caravanistan|access-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904001045/http://caravanistan.com/transport/driving/afghanistan/|archive-date=4 September 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Ariana Afghan A310-300 F-GEMO.jpg|thumb|An [[Ariana Afghan Airlines]] [[Airbus A310]] in 2006]]
Air transport in Afghanistan is provided by the national carrier, [[Ariana Afghan Airlines]],&lt;ref name=&quot;EU To Impose Ban on Afghan Planes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=EU To Impose Ban on Afghan Planes |url=http://news.airwise.com/story/view/1290466447.html |publisher=Airwise News |date=22 November 2010 |quote=Kabul-based [[Safi Airways|Safi]] is the country's No. 2 airline after national carrier Ariana Afghan Airlines |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524011714/http://news.airwise.com/story/view/1290466447.html |archive-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=live |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=24 May 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524011714/http://news.airwise.com/story/view/1290466447.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; and by the private company [[Kam Air]]. Airlines from a number of countries also provide flights in and out of the country. These include [[Air India]], [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], [[Gulf Air]], [[Iran Aseman Airlines]], [[Pakistan International Airlines]], and [[Turkish Airlines]]. The country has four international airports: [[Hamid Karzai International Airport]] (formerly Kabul International Airport), [[Kandahar International Airport]], [[Herat International Airport]], and [[Mazar-e Sharif International Airport]]. Including domestic airports, there are 43.&lt;ref name=&quot;Factbook&quot;/&gt; [[Bagram Air Base]] is a major military airfield.

The country has three rail links: one, a {{convert|75|km|adj=on}} line from [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] to the [[Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge|Uzbekistan border]];&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/hairatan-to-mazar-i-sharif/|title=Hairatan to Mazar-i-Sharif railway – Railways of Afghanistan|website=andrewgrantham.co.uk|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224182253/http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/hairatan-to-mazar-i-sharif/|archive-date=24 December 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; a {{convert|10|km|adj=on}} long line from [[Toraghundi]] to the [[Turkmenistan]] border (where it continues as part of [[Turkmen Railways]]); and a short link from [[Aqina]] across the Turkmen border to [[Kerki]], which is planned to be extended further across Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2016/11/28/afghan-turkmenistan-railroad-inaugurated|title=Afghan-Turkmenistan railroad inaugurated|website=pajhwok.com|date=28 November 2016|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512234058/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2016/11/28/afghan-turkmenistan-railroad-inaugurated|archive-date=12 May 2017|url-status=live|last1=Salehai|first1=Zarghona}}&lt;/ref&gt; These lines are used for freight only and there is no passenger service. A rail line between [[Khaf, Iran|Khaf]], Iran and [[Herat]], western Afghanistan, intended for both freight and passengers, is under construction as of 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.azernews.az/region/135859.html |title=Khaf-Herat railroad to be launched in Iran soon |date=7 August 2018 |quote=&quot;Iran-Afghanistan railway networks through Khaf-Herat Railroad will be completed in the next few months,&quot; Yazdani said, according to Mehr news agency on 3 August |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928003514/https://www.azernews.az/region/135859.html |archive-date=28 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/iran-strongly-condemns-herat-railway-mine-blast/|title=Iran Strongly Condemns Herat Railway Mine Blast|date=20 May 2019|access-date=7 July 2019|publisher=Iran Front Page|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521080709/https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/iran-strongly-condemns-herat-railway-mine-blast/|archive-date=21 May 2019|url-status=live|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=21 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521080709/https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/iran-strongly-condemns-herat-railway-mine-blast/}}&lt;/ref&gt; About {{convert|125|km}} of the line will lie on the Afghan side.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-domestic-economy/60378/rail-linkup-with-afghanistan-by-march-2018|title=Rail Linkup With Afghanistan by March 2018|date=25 February 2017|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922112855/https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-domestic-economy/60378/rail-linkup-with-afghanistan-by-march-2018|archive-date=22 September 2018|url-status=live|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=22 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922112855/https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-domestic-economy/60378/rail-linkup-with-afghanistan-by-march-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Khaf-Herat railway |url=http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/ |website=RaillyNews {{!}} Dailly Railway News in English |date=10 December 2013 |access-date=1 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220114246/http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/ |archive-date=20 December 2017 |url-status=dead |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=20 December 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220114246/http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are various proposals for the construction of additional rail lines in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Railways of Afghanistan -Afghan railroads, past, present and future |url=http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/tag/map/ |website=andrewgrantham.co.uk |access-date=1 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208185852/http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/tag/map/ |archive-date=8 December 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Private vehicle ownership has increased substantially since the early 2000s. Taxis are yellow in color and consist of both cars and [[auto rickshaw]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/eastsats/5/2/5_292/_pdf/-char/en |title=The Possibility of Introducing a Regular Bus System in Kandahar |last1=Rahmat |first1=Mohibullah |last2=Mizokami |first2=Shoshi |last3=Fujiwara |first3=Akimasa |journal=Asian Transport Studies |volume=5 |issue=2 |date=2018 |pages=292–309}}&lt;/ref&gt; In rural Afghanistan, villagers often use [[donkey]]s, [[mule]]s or [[horse]]s to transport or carry goods. [[Camel]]s are primarily used by the Kochi nomads.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto9&quot;/&gt; Bicycles are popular throughout Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA23 | title=Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding, 2 Volume Pack| isbn=9781845934668| last1=Porter| first1=Valerie| last2=Alderson| first2=Lawrence| last3=Hall| first3=Stephen J. G.| last4=Phillip Sponenberg| first4=D.| date=9 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Afghanistan}}
[[File:CH-NB - Afghanistan, Kulm (Khulm, Kholm)- Menschen - Annemarie Schwarzenbach - SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-21-110.jpg|thumb|An Afghan family near [[Kholm, Afghanistan|Kholm]], 1939 – most Afghans are tribal]]

[[Afghans]] have both common cultural features and those that differ between the regions of Afghanistan, each with distinctive cultures partly as a result of geographic obstacles that divide the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;/&gt; Family is the mainstay of Afghan society and families are often headed by a [[patriarch]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/WayofLife.htm|title=Afghanistan Way of Life &amp;#124; Afghanistan's Web Site|website=www.afghanistans.com|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140824/https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/WayofLife.htm|url-status=dead|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=8 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140824/https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/WayofLife.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the southern and eastern region, the people live according to the [[Pashtun culture]] by following [[Pashtunwali]] (the Pashtun way).&lt;ref&gt;{{citation-attribution |{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html|title=Afghanistan: a country study|date=1998|publisher=[[Library of Congress]], [[Federal Research Division]]|editor-last=Blood|editor-first=Peter R.|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=904447770|entry=Pashtun|entry-url=https://webharvest.gov/peth04/20041031011222/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0037)|access-date=23 January 2021}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; Key tenets of Pashtunwali include [[melmastia|hospitality]], the provision of [[nanawatai|sanctuary]] to those seeking refuge, and revenge for the shedding of blood.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=126}} The Pashtuns are largely connected to the culture of [[Central Asia]] and the [[Iranian Plateau]]. The remaining Afghans are culturally [[Persianization|Persian]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]. Some non-Pashtuns who live in proximity with Pashtuns have adopted Pashtunwali in a process called [[Pashtunization]], while some Pashtuns have been [[Persianized]]. Those who have lived in Pakistan and Iran over the last 30 years have been further influenced by the cultures of those neighboring nations. The Afghan people are known to be strongly religious.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;/&gt;

Afghans, particularly Pashtuns, are noted for their tribal solidarity and high regard for personal honor.{{sfn|Barfield|2012|page=59}} One writer considers the tribal system to be the best way of organizing large groups of people in a country that is geographically difficult, and in a society that, from a materialistic point of view, has an uncomplicated lifestyle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heathcote&quot;&gt;Heathcote, Tony (1980, 2003) &quot;The Afghan Wars 1839–1919&quot;, Sellmount Staplehurst.&lt;/ref&gt; There are various [[ethnic groups in Afghanistan|Afghan tribes]], and an estimated 2–3&amp;nbsp;million [[Kochi people|nomads]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76794 Afghanistan: Kuchi nomads seek a better deal]&quot;. [[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] Asia. 18 February 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910205256/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76794 | date=10 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Afghan culture is deeply [[Islamic culture|Islamic]],{{sfn|Barfield|2012|page=40–41}} but pre-Islamic practices persist.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=104}} One example is ''[[bacha bazi]]'', a term for activities involving sexual relations between older men and younger adolescent men, or boys.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Rustam Qobil&quot;&gt;{{cite news| last= Qobil| first= Rustam| url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11217772| title= The sexually abused dancing boys of Afghanistan| work= [[BBC News]]| date= 7 September 2010| access-date= 20 September 2019| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190818070104/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11217772| archive-date= 18 August 2019| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Child marriage in Afghanistan|Child marriage]] is prevalent in Afghanistan;&lt;ref name=&quot;Medica Mondiale&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Bahgam|first=S|author2=Mukhatari|title=Study on Child Marriage in Afghanistan|journal=Medica Mondiale|year=2004|pages=1–20|url=http://www.medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/content/07_Infothek/Afghanistan/Afghanistan_Child_marriage_medica_mondiale_study_2004_e.pdf|access-date=15 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506222217/http://www.medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/content/07_Infothek/Afghanistan/Afghanistan_Child_marriage_medica_mondiale_study_2004_e.pdf|archive-date=6 May 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506222217/http://www.medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/content/07_Infothek/Afghanistan/Afghanistan_Child_marriage_medica_mondiale_study_2004_e.pdf |date=6 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the legal age for marriage is 16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Afghanistan Has a Tougher Law on Child Marriage than Florida|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/20/afghanistan-has-tougher-law-child-marriage-florida|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=20 October 2017|quote=In Afghanistan girls can marry at 16, or at 15 with permission from their father or a judge.|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725072232/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/20/afghanistan-has-tougher-law-child-marriage-florida|archive-date=25 July 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The most preferred marriage in Afghan society is to one's [[parallel cousin]], and the groom is often expected to pay a [[bride price]].{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=122, 198}}

[[File:Kuchi Village.jpg|thumb|A house occupied by nomadic ''kochi'' people in [[Nangarhar Province]]]]
In the villages, families typically occupy [[mudbrick]] houses, or compounds with mudbrick or [[stone wall]]ed houses. Villages typically have a headman (''malik''), a master for water distribution (''mirab'') and a religious teacher (''mullah''). Men would typically work on the fields, joined by women during harvest.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; About 15% of the population are [[nomadic]], locally called ''[[Kochi people|kochis]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;/&gt; When nomads pass villages they often buy supplies such as tea, wheat and [[kerosene]] from the villagers; villagers buy [[wool]] and milk from the nomads.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

[[Afghan clothing]] for both men and women typically consists of various forms of [[shalwar kameez]], especially ''[[perahan tunban]]'' and ''[[khet partug]]''. Women would normally wear a ''[[chador]]'' for head covering; some women, typically from highly conservative communities, wear the ''[[burqa]]'', a full body covering. These were worn by some women of the Pashtun community well before Islam came to the region, but the [[Taliban]] enforced this dress on women when they were in power.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7ATBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA61|title=What Is Veiling?|first=Sahar|last=Amer|date=2 September 2014|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=9781469617763}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another popular dress is the ''[[chapan]]'' which acts as a coat. The ''[[Karakul (hat)|karakul]]'' is a hat made from the fur of a specific regional breed of sheep. It was favored by former kings of Afghanistan and became known to much of the world in the 21st century when it was constantly worn by President [[Hamid Karzai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1956862.stm|title=Karzai heads for hat trouble|date=28 April 2002|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[pakol]]'' is another traditional hat originating from the far east of the country; it was popularly worn by the guerrilla leader [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghan-web.com/culture/clothes/|title=Traditional Afghan Clothes|date=12 March 2018|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=13 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813151029/https://www.afghan-web.com/culture/clothes/}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Mazari hat]]'' originates from northern Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/hats-proliferate-symbol-pashtun-protest-movement|title=Hats Proliferate as Symbol of Pashtun Protest Movement &amp;#124; Voice of America – English|website=www.voanews.com|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2019-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527134749/https://www.voanews.com/a/hats-symbol-pashtun-protest-movement/4335923.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Architecture===
{{main|Architecture of Afghanistan}}
[[File:Kabul Skyline.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Kabul skyline, displaying both historical and contemporary buildings]]
The nation has a complex history that has survived either in its current cultures or in the form of various languages and monuments. Afghanistan contains many remnants from all ages, including [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Buddhist]] stupas, monasteries, monuments, temples and Islamic minarets. Among the most well known are the [[Great Mosque of Herat]], the [[Blue Mosque (Mazar-i-Sharif)|Blue Mosque]], the [[Minaret of Jam]], the [[Chil Zena]], the Qala-i Bost in [[Lashkargah]], the ancient Greek city of [[Ai-Khanoum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/ArtArchitecture.htm|title=Afghanistan Art and Architecture &amp;#124; Afghanistan's Web Site|website=www.afghanistans.com|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307212319/https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/ArtArchitecture.htm|url-status=dead|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=7 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307212319/https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/ArtArchitecture.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, many of its historic monuments have been damaged in modern times due to the civil wars.&lt;ref&gt;G.V. Brandolini. ''Afghanistan [[cultural heritage]]''. Orizzonte terra, [[Bergamo]]. 2007. p. 64.&lt;/ref&gt; The two famous [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]] were destroyed by the Taliban, who regarded them as [[idolatrous]]. Despite that, archaeologists are still finding Buddhist relics in different parts of the country, some of them dating back to the 2nd century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre67g1cn-us-afghanistan-buddhist-relics/ |title=Afghan archaeologists find Buddhist site as war rages |access-date=16 August 2010 |work=Sayed Salahuddin |date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818151642/http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre67g1cn-us-afghanistan-buddhist-relics/ |archive-date=18 August 2010 |url-status=dead |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=18 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818151642/http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre67g1cn-us-afghanistan-buddhist-relics/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; As there was no colonialism in the modern era in Afghanistan, European-style architecture is rare but does exist: the Victory Arch at [[Paghman]] and the [[Darul Aman Palace]] in Kabul were built in this style in the 1920s by the Afghans themselves.

===Art and ceramics===
{{see also|Afghan art}}
[[File:Traditional Afghan Embroidery Style.jpg|thumb|left|A traditional Afghan [[embroidery]] pattern]]
Carpet [[weaving]] is an ancient practice in Afghanistan, and many of these are still [[Handicraft|handmade]] by tribal and nomadic people today.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;/&gt; Carpets have been produced in the region for thousands of years and traditionally done by women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://khorasanrugs.com/post/1033364869875/in-afghanistan-weaving-ancient-industry|title=In Afghanistan, weaving ancient industry back into global market|date=21 August 2019|journal=The Christian Science Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some crafters express their feelings through the designs of rugs; for example after the outbreak of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], &quot;[[war rugs]]&quot;, a variant of [[Afghan rug]]s, were created with designs representing pain and misery caused by the conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://speri.dept.shef.ac.uk/2020/01/15/selling-war-commodifying-the-insecurity-of-afghan-women/|title=Selling war: commodifying the (in)security of Afghan women|date=15 January 2020|website=SPERI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Every province has its own specific characteristics in making rugs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gounesco.com/weaving-culture-through-the-afghan-rug/|title=Weaving Culture through the Afghan rug|date=7 December 2017|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=30 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830215415/https://www.makeheritagefun.com/weaving-culture-through-the-afghan-rug/}}&lt;/ref&gt; In some of the Turkic-populated areas in the north-west, bride and wedding ceremony prices are driven by the bride's weaving skills.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/rug-weavers-and-bride-prices-in-the-northwest-still-expensive-in-spite-of-government-and-taleban-rules/|title=Rug Weavers and Bride Prices in the Northwest: Still expensive in spite of government and Taleban rules|date=12 May 2019|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Pottery]] has been crafted in Afghanistan for millennia. The village of [[Istalif]], north of Kabul, is in particular a major center, known for its unique turquoise and green pottery,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://seretandsons.org/giving-back|title=Giving Back – Seret and Sons|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2021-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225824/http://seretandsons.org/giving-back}}&lt;/ref&gt; and their methods of crafting have remained the same for centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.khaama.com/the-potter-crafting-afghanistans-future-9899/|title=The Potter: Crafting Afghanistan's future|date=27 January 2015|website=The Khaama Press News Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/world/asia/afghanistan-istalif-pottery.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/world/asia/afghanistan-istalif-pottery.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|title=War and Pillaging Couldn't Break an Afghan Village, but a Tumbling Economy May|first=Kareem|last=Fahim|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 August 2016}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of ''[[lapis lazuli]]'' stones were earthed in modern-day Afghanistan which were used in [[Chinese porcelain]] as [[cobalt blue]], later used in ancient [[Mesopotamia]] and Turkey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/how-the-color-blue-changed-art-forever/index.html|title=How the quest for the 'perfect blue' changed art forever|first=Isambard |last=Wilkinson|website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The lands of Afghanistan have a long history of art, with the world's earliest known usage of [[oil painting]] found in cave murals in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=First-ever oil paintings found in Afghanistan |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/24/afghanistan.painting/ |date=24 April 2008 |access-date=3 December 2012 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=20 March 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320110145/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/24/afghanistan.painting/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World's Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,352342,00.html |date=24 April 2008 |access-date=3 December 2012 |publisher=Fox News |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=27 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427021547/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,352342,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; A notable art style that developed in Afghanistan and eastern Pakistan is [[Gandhara Art]], produced by a fusion of [[Greco-Roman]] art and [[Buddhist art]] between the 1st and 7th centuries CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Gandhara-art |title=Gandhara art |publisher=Britannica |access-date=22 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later eras saw increased use of the [[Persian miniature]] style, with [[Kamaleddin Behzad]] of [[Herat]] being one of the most notable miniature artists of the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] and early [[Safavid]] periods. Since the 1900s, the nation began to use Western techniques in art. [[Abdul Ghafoor Breshna]] was a prominent Afghan painter and sketch artist from Kabul during the 20th century.

=== Media and entertainment ===
{{Main|Media of Afghanistan}}
Afghanistan has around 350 [[List of radio stations in Afghanistan|radio stations]] and over 200 television stations.&lt;ref name=TOLO-2019&gt;{{cite news|title=Suspects Sentenced To Death For Killing Journalist in Kandahar|url=https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/suspects-sentenced-death-killing-journalist-kandahar|publisher=[[TOLOnews]]|date=16 April 2019|access-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417161248/https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/suspects-sentenced-death-killing-journalist-kandahar|archive-date=17 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Radio Television Afghanistan]], originating from 1925, is the state public broadcaster. Television programs began airing in the 1970s and today there are many private television channels such as [[TOLO (TV channel)|TOLO]] and [[Shamshad TV]]. The first Afghan newspaper was published in 1873,{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=405}} and there are hundreds of print outlets today.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOLO-2019&quot;/&gt; By the 1920s, [[Radio Kabul]] was broadcasting local radio services.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitlock2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Monica Whitlock|title=Land Beyond the River: The Untold Story of Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OW1tAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA127|date=24 October 2003|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-27727-7|page=127}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Voice of America]], [[BBC World Service|BBC]], and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (RFE/RL) broadcast in both of Afghanistan's official languages on radio.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/afghanistan|title=Freedom of the Press 2016: Afghanistan|publisher=Freedom House|year=2016|access-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205122939/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/afghanistan|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=5 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205122939/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/afghanistan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Press restrictions have been gradually relaxed and private media diversified since 2002, after more than two decades of tight controls.

Afghans have long been accustomed to watching Indian [[Bollywood]] films and listening to its [[filmi]] songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalmag.com/encounters-bollywood-kabul/|title=Encounters with Bollywood in Kabul|date=14 September 2013|website=Himal Southasian}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been claimed that Afghanistan is among the biggest markets for the Hindi film industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/panipat-irks-afghans-founding-father-portrayal-191210053601818.html|title=Bollywood's Panipat irks Afghans over founding father's portrayal|website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The stereotypes of [[Afghans in India]] (''Kabuliwala'' or ''Pathani'') have also been represented in some Bollywood films by actors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/period-films-like-padmaavat-kesari-and-now-panipat-have-crassly-stereotyped-and-vilified-afghans/cid/1717346|title=Vilifying Afghans in Bollywood|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many Bollywood film stars have roots in Afghanistan, including [[Salman Khan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Feroz Khan (Indian actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Zarine Khan]], [[Celina Jaitly]], and a number of others. Several Bollywood films have been shot inside Afghanistan, including ''[[Dharmatma]]'', ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'', ''[[Escape from Taliban]]'', and ''[[Kabul Express]]''.

===Music===
{{main|Music of Afghanistan}}
[[ဝှာင်:Afghan rubab.jpg|thumb|The Afghan [[Rubab (instrument)|rubab]]]]
Afghan classical music has close historical links with [[Indian classical music]] and use the same Hindustani terminology and theories like [[raga]]. Genres of this style of music include [[ghazal]] (poetic music) and instruments such as the Indian [[tabla]], [[sitar]] and [[harmonium]], and local instruments like [[zerbaghali]], as well as [[dayereh]] and [[tanbur]] which are also known in Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Middle East. The [[Rubab (instrument)|rubab]] is the country's national instrument and precurses the Indian [[sarod]] instrument. Some of the famous artists of classical music include [[Ustad Sarahang]] and [[Abdul Rahim Sarban|Sarban]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.songlines.co.uk/explore/guides-and-lists/the-rough-guide-to-world-music-afghanistan|title=Afghanistan – The Rough Guide to World Music|website=Songlines|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2021-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308143630/https://www.songlines.co.uk/explore/guides-and-lists/the-rough-guide-to-world-music-afghanistan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pop music developed in the 1950s through [[Radio Kabul]] and was influential in social change. During this time female artists also started appearing, at first [[Mermon Parwin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt; Perhaps the most famous artist of this genre was [[Ahmad Zahir]], who synthesized many genres and continues to be renowned for his voice and rich lyrics long after his death in 1979.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2016/06/ahmad-zahir-the-afghan-elvis|title=Ahmad Zahir: The Voice of Afghanistan|website=daily.redbullmusicacademy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt; Other notable masters of traditional or popular Afghan music include [[Nashenas]], [[Ubaidullah Jan]], [[Mahwash]], [[Ahmad Wali]], [[Farhad Darya]], and [[Naghma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.afghanland.com/entertainment/music/bio.html |title=Artist Biographies |publisher=Afghanland.com |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809214750/http://www.afghanland.com/entertainment/music/bio.html |archive-date=9 August 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=9 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809214750/http://www.afghanland.com/entertainment/music/bio.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Attan]] is the national dance of Afghanistan, a group dance popularly performed by Afghans of all backgrounds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wadsam.com/arts-culture/afghanistans-traditional-dance-attan-3090/|title=Afghanistan's Traditional Dance-Attan|date=7 July 2012|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=14 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414223632/https://wadsam.com/arts-culture/afghanistans-traditional-dance-attan-3090/}}&lt;/ref&gt; The dance is considered part of Afghan identity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanzariza.com/article/articledetail/attan--the-fascinating-national-dance-of-afghanistan|title=Attan – the fascinating national dance of Afghanistan|website=Afghan Zariza|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308040731/https://www.afghanzariza.com/article/articledetail/attan--the-fascinating-national-dance-of-afghanistan|url-status=dead|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=8 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308040731/https://www.afghanzariza.com/article/articledetail/attan--the-fascinating-national-dance-of-afghanistan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cuisine ===
{{main|Afghan cuisine}}
[[File: Bread of Afghanistan in 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Naan|Non]] (bread) from a local baker, the most widely consumed bread in Afghanistan]]
Afghan cuisine is largely based upon the nation's chief crops, such as wheat, maize, [[barley]] and rice. Accompanying these staples are native fruits and vegetables as well as dairy products such as milk, [[yogurt]] and [[whey]]. [[Kabuli palaw]] is the [[national dish]] of Afghanistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;foodrepublic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foodrepublic.com/2012/07/31/everything-you-need-know-about-afghan-food|title=Everything You Need To Know About Afghan Food|date=31 July 2012|publisher=foodrepublic|first=Tanveer|last=Ali|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213232915/https://www.foodrepublic.com/2012/07/31/everything-you-need-know-about-afghan-food|archive-date=13 February 2013|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=13 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213232915/https://www.foodrepublic.com/2012/07/31/everything-you-need-know-about-afghan-food}}&lt;/ref&gt; The nation's culinary specialties reflect its ethnic and geographic diversity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brittin&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Brittin|first=Helen|title=The Food and Culture Around the World Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/foodculturearoun0000brit|year=2011|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/foodculturearoun0000brit/page/20 20]–21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afghanistan is known for its high-quality [[Pomegranate production in Afghanistan|pomegranates]], grapes, and sweet melons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rareseeds.com/afghan-honeydew-melon/|title=Rare Heirloom Seeds – Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds|website=Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds|access-date=28 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063844/http://www.rareseeds.com/afghan-honeydew-melon/|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tea is a favorite drink among Afghans, and a typical diet consists of [[naan]], yoghurt, rice and meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

=== Literature ===
{{main|Poetry of Afghanistan}}

Classic [[Persian literature|Persian]] and [[Pashto poetry]] are a cherished part of Afghan culture. Poetry has always been one of the major educational pillars in the region, to the level that it has integrated itself into culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/10/567862-feature-western-afghanistan-ancient-love-poetry-thrives-again|title=FEATURE: In Western Afghanistan, an ancient love of poetry thrives again|date=5 October 2017|website=UN News|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=17 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817083556/https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/10/567862-feature-western-afghanistan-ancient-love-poetry-thrives-again}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the poetic styles is called [[Landay (poetry)|landay]]. A popular theme in Afghan folklore and mythology are [[Dev (mythology)|Divs]], monstrous creatures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4|title=American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore (3 Volumes)|first1=Christopher R.|last1=Fee|first2=Jeffrey B.|last2=Webb|date=29 August 2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695688}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thursdays are traditionally &quot;poetry night&quot; in the city of [[Herat]] when men, women and children gather and recite both ancient and modern poems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13931608|title=Afghanistan: 10 facts you may not know|work=BBC News|date=6 July 2011|via=BBC|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304072803/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13931608|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Afghan region has produced countless Persian-speaking poets and writers from the Middle Ages to the present day, among which three mystical authors are considered true national glories (although claimed with equal ardor by Iran), namely: [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari]] of Herat, a great mystic and [[Sufi]] saint in the 11th century, [[Sanai]] of [[Ghazni]], author of mystical poems in the 12th century, and, finally, [[Rumi]] of [[Balkh]], in the 13th century, considered the persophonist throughout the world as the greatest mystical poet of the entire Muslim world. The Afghan Pashto literature, although quantitatively remarkable and in great growth in the last century, has always had an essentially local meaning and importance, feeling the influence of both Persian literature and the contiguous literatures of India. Both main literatures, from the second half of the nineteenth century, have shown themselves to be sensitive to genres (novel, theater), movements and stylistic features imported from Europe.

[[Khushal Khan Khattak]] of the 17th century is considered the national poet. Other notable poets include [[Rabi'a Balkhi]], [[Jami]], [[Rahman Baba]], [[Khalilullah Khalili]], and [[Parween Pazhwak]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/poetry/cpoets.html |title=Classical Dari and Pashto Poets |publisher=Afghan-web.com |access-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412113451/http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/poetry/cpoets.html |archive-date=12 April 2014 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=6 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006084545/http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/poetry/cpoets.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Holidays and festivals===
[[File:هفت میوه.jpg|thumb|Haft Mewa (Seven Fruit Syrup) is popularly consumed during Nowruz in Afghanistan]]
Afghanistan's official New Year starts with [[Nowruz]], an ancient tradition that started as a [[Zoroastrian]] celebration in present-day Iran, and with which it shares the annual celebration along with several other countries. It occurs every year at the [[March equinox|vernal equinox]]. [[Nauruz in Afghanistan|In Afghanistan]], Nowruz is typically celebrated with music and dance, as well as holding [[buzkashi]] tournaments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/middle-east/afghanistan/festivals-and-events|title=Afghanistan Holidays and Festivals|website=www.iexplore.com|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2021-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414224027/https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/middle-east/afghanistan/festivals-and-events}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Yaldā]], another nationally celebrated ancient tradition,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://en.mehrnews.com/news/112907/Yalda-Iranian-celebration-of-winter-solstice |last=Rezaian |first= Lachin |publisher=[[Mehr News Agency]] |date=20 December 2015 |title=Yalda: Iranian celebration of winter solstice}}&lt;/ref&gt; commemorates the ancient goddess [[Mithra]] and marks the longest night of the year on the eve of the [[winter solstice]] ({{transliteration|fa|čelle ye zemestān}}; usually falling on 20 or 21 December),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yonOicJi5BEC |title=No More &quot;us&quot; and &quot;them&quot;: Classroom Lessons and Activities to Promote Peer Respect |last=Roessing |first= Lesley |date=2012 |page=89|isbn=978-1-61048-812-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/20/local/la-me-adv-persian-winter-solstice-20131221 |title=In ancient tradition, Iranians celebrate winter solstice |last=Hamedy |first= Saba |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=20 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; during which families gather together to recite poetry and eat fruits—particularly the red fruits watermelon and [[pomegranate]], as well as [[mixed nuts]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ti24AwAAQBAJ |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |last=Foltz |first= Richard |publisher=Oneworld Publications |date=2013 |page=29|isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |author-link=Foltz, Richard }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OUtoJovyjMI |title=We Are Iran: The Persian Blogs |last=Alavi |first=Nasrin |date=8 November 2015 |publisher=Soft Skull Press |page=135 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Religious festivals are also celebrated; as a predominantly Muslim country, Islamic events and festivals such as [[Ramadan]], [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Ashura]] are widely celebrated annually in Afghanistan. The Sikh festival of [[Vaisakhi]] is celebrated by the Sikh community&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/04/11/sikhs-throng-temples-celebrate-vaisakhi|title=Sikhs throng temples to celebrate Vaisakhi|website=www.pajhwok.com|date=11 April 2013|last1=Mahbob|first1=Mahbob Shah}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Hindu festival [[Diwali]] by the Hindu community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/afghan-hindus-and-sikhs-celebrate-diwali-without-pomp-and-splendour-amid-fear-1.668735|title=Afghan Hindus and Sikhs celebrate Diwali without 'pomp and splendour' amid fear|website=The National|date=19 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Afghan Independence Day|National Independence Day]] is celebrated on 19 August to mark the [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919]] under King [[Amanullah Khan]] and the country's full independence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Afghanistan|access-date=18 August 2009|year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several international celebrations are also officially held in Afghanistan, such as [[International Workers' Day]] and [[International Women's Day]]. Some regional festivals include the Pamir Festival, which celebrates the culture of the [[Wakhi people|Wakhi]] and [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] peoples, the Red Flower Festival (during Nowruz) in [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] and the Damboora Festival in [[Bamyan Province]].

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Afghanistan}}
[[File:Buzkashi game in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|The ancient national sport of Afghanistan, [[Buzkashi]]]]
Sport in Afghanistan is managed by the [[Afghan Sports Federation]]. [[Cricket]] and [[Association football]] are the two most popular sports in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/%E2%80%98Cricket-is-now-the-biggest-sport-in-Afghanistan%E2%80%99/article13994180.ece|title=Cricket is now the biggest sport in Afghanistan|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 July 2019|date=11 January 2016|author=Uthra Ganesan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/afghanistan.htm|title=Sport in Afghanistan|access-date=4 July 2019|publisher=Top End Sports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711025603/https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/afghanistan.htm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Afghan Sports Federation promotes cricket, association football, [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[golf]], [[team handball|handball]], [[boxing]], [[taekwondo]], [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], [[bodybuilding]], [[track and field]], [[ice skating|skating]], [[bowling]], [[snooker]], [[chess]], and other sports.

Afghanistan's sports teams are increasingly celebrating titles at international events. [[Afghanistan national basketball team|basketball team]] won the first team sports title at the [[2010 South Asian Games]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/South-Asian-Games-Shooters-swimmers-shine-as-India-consolidate-dominance/articleshow/5540143.cms|title=South Asian Games: Shooters, swimmers shine as India consolidate dominance|newspaper=The Times of India|date=5 February 2010|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613093112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/South-Asian-Games-Shooters-swimmers-shine-as-India-consolidate-dominance/articleshow/5540143.cms|archive-date=13 June 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later that year, the country's [[Afghanistan national cricket team|cricket team]] followed it with the winning of [[2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ICUP2009-10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2009/TOURNAMENTS/INTERCONTINENTAL/about.shtml |title=2009–10 Intercontinental Cup |website=CricketEurope |access-date=28 May 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224153614/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2009/TOURNAMENTS/INTERCONTINENTAL/about.shtml |archive-date=24 February 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2023 |archivedate=23 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323083553/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2009/TOURNAMENTS/INTERCONTINENTAL/about.shtml }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, the country's [[Afghanistan national 3x3 team|3x3 basketball team]] won the gold medal at the [[3-on-3 basketball at the 2012 Asian Beach Games|2012 Asian Beach Games]]. In 2013, Afghanistan's [[Afghanistan national football team|football team]] followed as it won the [[SAFF Championship]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SAFF2013&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Lyse |first=Doucet |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24074786 |title=Precious moments of unity touch Afghans after football triumph |work=BBC News |date=12 September 2013 |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925172338/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24074786 |archive-date=25 September 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Afghan national cricket team]], which was formed in 2001, participated in the [[2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier]], [[2010 ICC World Cricket League Division One]] and the [[2010 ICC World Twenty20]]. It won the [[ACC Twenty20 Cup]] in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013. The team eventually made it and played in the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://globalvoices.org/2015/02/20/afghanistan-makes-history-in-cricket-world-cup-despite-debut-loss-to-bangladesh/|title=Afghanistan Makes History in Cricket World Cup, Despite Debut Loss to Bangladesh|date=20 February 2015|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528232428/https://globalvoices.org/2015/02/20/afghanistan-makes-history-in-cricket-world-cup-despite-debut-loss-to-bangladesh/|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Afghanistan Cricket Board]] (ACB) is the official governing body of the sport and is headquartered in Kabul. The [[Alokozay Kabul International Cricket Ground]] serves as the nation's main cricket stadium. There are several other stadiums throughout the country, including the [[Ghazi Amanullah Khan International Cricket Stadium]] near [[Jalalabad]]. Domestically, cricket is played between teams from different provinces.

The [[Afghanistan national football team]] has been competing in international [[Association football|football]] since 1941.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.teammelli.com/matchdata/details/matchdetails.php?id=53|title=Statistics: Iran|access-date=28 May 2019|publisher=Team Melli|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103153545/http://www.teammelli.com/matchdata/details/matchdetails.php?id=53|archive-date=3 November 2019|url-status=live|accessdate=13 March 2023|archivedate=3 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103153545/http://www.teammelli.com/matchdata/details/matchdetails.php?id=53}}&lt;/ref&gt; The national team plays its home games at the [[Ghazi Stadium]] in Kabul, while [[football in Afghanistan]] is governed by the [[Afghanistan Football Federation]]. The national team has never competed or qualified for the [[FIFA World Cup]] but has recently won an international football trophy in 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAFF2013&quot;/&gt; The country also has a national team in the sport of futsal, a 5-a-side variation of football.

The traditional and the national sport of Afghanistan is [[buzkashi]], mainly popular in the north, but also having a following in other parts of the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/afghanistans-buzkashi-horses-prepare-for-the-game-of-courage/article22457652.ece|title=Afghanistan's buzkashi horses prepare for the game of courage|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 January 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is similar to [[polo]], played by horsemen in two teams, each trying to grab and hold a goat carcass.&lt;ref name=twsj&gt;{{cite news|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|last2=Fazly|first2=Walid|title=In Afghanistan's National Pastime, It's Better to Be a Hero Than a Goat|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703841904576256632384932122|access-date=13 April 2011|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=13 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526095017/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703841904576256632384932122|archive-date=26 May 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Afghan Hound]] (a type of running dog) originated in Afghanistan and was formerly used in [[wolf hunting with dogs|wolf hunting]]. In 2002, traveler [[Rory Stewart]] reported that dogs were still used for wolf hunting in remote areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Rory|last=Stewart|author-link=Rory Stewart|title=The Places in Between|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz_2AwAAQBAJ|date=2007|publisher=HMH Books|isbn=978-0-15-603593-4|page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Portal|Afghanistan|Asia}}
* [[Outline of Afghanistan]]

== Explanatory notes==
{{Notelist|refs=
&lt;!--
{{Efn|name=fn1|The phoneme {{IPA|/f/}} ف occurs only in loanwords in Pashto, it tends to be replaced with {{IPA|/p/}} پ. {{IPA|[b]}} is also an allophone of {{IPA|/p/}} before voiced consonants; {{IPA|[v]}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/f/}} before voiced consonants in loanwords.}}--&gt;
}}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== General and cited sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |date=January 2005 |isbn=9781932705546 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |ref={{sfnref|Mehta}}}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Main|Bibliography of Afghanistan}}
{{See also|Bibliography of the history of Central Asia}}
{{Refbegin}}
{{Div col|content=
* {{cite book |last=Barfield|first=Thomas|title=Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg45ygAACAAJ|date=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15441-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bleaney |first1=C. H |last2=Gallego |first2=María Ángeles |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=qCh41lAvg8oC }} |title=Afghanistan: a bibliography |publisher=BRILL |year=2006 |isbn=978-90-04-14532-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Clements |first=Frank |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=bv4hzxpo424C }} |title=Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85109-402-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Dupree|first=Louis|author-link=Louis Dupree (professor)|title=Afghanistan|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistan0000dupr|publisher=Oxford Pakistan Paperbacks|edition=2nd|year=1997|isbn=978-0-19-577634-8}}
* {{cite book |title=Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistanshort00ewan|last=Ewans|first=Martin|publisher=Curzon Press|date=2002|isbn=0060505087}}
* {{cite book |last=Fowler |first=Corinne |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=o4IrhX7n66YC }} |title=Chasing Tales: Travel Writing, Journalism and the History of British Ideas About Afghanistan |publisher=Rodopi |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-420-2262-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=John C |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=M7nMtaXdAS8C }} |title=Afghanistan: a History of Conflict |publisher=Carlton Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-84222-597-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Habibi |first=Abdul Hai |author-link=Abdul Hai Habibi |year=2003 |title=Afghanistan: An Abridged History |publisher=Fenestra Books |isbn=978-1-58736-169-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Hopkins |first=B.D. |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=FOMUAQAAIAAJ }} |title=The Making of Modern Afghanistan |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-230-55421-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Robert |title=The Afghan Way of War: How and Why They Fight |year=2011 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=lNuH5YQJr6UC }} |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979856-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Levi |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KakcAAAAMAAJ |title=The Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan |publisher=Collins |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-00-211042-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Malleson |first=George Bruce |author-link=George Bruce Malleson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqNGBEmHUd4C |title=History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878 |edition=Elibron Classic Replica |publisher=Adamant Media Corporation |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4021-7278-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Olson |first=Gillia M |url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistan0000olso |url-access=registration |title=Afghanistan |publisher=Capstone Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7368-2685-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Omrani |first1=Bijan |last2=Leeming |first2=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVu_NwAACAAJ|title=Afghanistan: A Companion and Guide |publisher=Odyssey Publications |edition=2nd |year=2011 |isbn=978-962-217-816-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Reddy |first=L.R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NubtDf2T3cAC |title=Inside Afghanistan: End of the Taliban Era? |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7648-319-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Runion |first=Meredith L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC |title=The History of Afghanistan |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-33798-7}}
}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Afghanistan|Afghanistan|s=Portal:Afghanistan|collapsible=collapsed}}
{{EB1911 poster|Afghanistan}}
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184342/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |date=2021-01-04 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* {{GovPubs|Afghanistan}}
* {{Curlie|Regional/Asia/Afghanistan}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Afghanistan}}
* [http://uiuc.libguides.com/afghanistan_research_guide Research Guide to Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823112103/http://uiuc.libguides.com/afghanistan_research_guide |date=2015-08-23 }}</text>
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      <text bytes="38073" sha1="ckpuf8t0r4pnt9h4lggsgpi16dbiy9d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Hindu temple
| image              = Shri Ram Janambhoomi Mandir, Ayodhya Dham.jpg
| alt                = Ram Mandir at Ayodhya
| caption            = Ram Janambhoomi Mandir
| coordinates        = {{coord|26.7956|82.1943|type:landmark_region:LK|display=inline,title}}
| map_type           = Uttar Pradesh #India
| location           = [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], [[Ayodhya]]
| state              = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country            = [[India]]
| elevation_m        =
| deity              = ''Ram Lalla'' (infant form of [[Rama]])
| festivals          = 
| temple_quantity    = 1 central temple with 6 more joined around it as one temple complex
| monument_quantity  =
| inscriptions       =
| functional_status  = Under construction
| year_completed     = {{start date and age|2024|01|22|df=y|p=n|br=n}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title='Prana Pratishta' at Ram Mandir to be held on January 22: Nripendra Misra|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/prana-pratishta-at-ram-mandir-to-be-held-on-january-22-nripendra-misra-123121000419_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=10 December 2023|access-date=31 December 2023|language=en|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231062947/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/prana-pratishta-at-ram-mandir-to-be-held-on-january-22-nripendra-misra-123121000419_1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| creator           = [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]]
| architect         = [[Sompura family]]{{efn|Chandrakant Sompura&lt;ref name=&quot;architect&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Umarji |first=Vinay |date=15 November 2019 |title=Chandrakant Sompura, the man who designed a Ram temple for Ayodhya |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chandrakant-sompura-the-man-who-designed-a-ram-temple-for-ayodhya-119111501801_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530024929/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chandrakant-sompura-the-man-who-designed-a-ram-temple-for-ayodhya-119111501801_1.html |archive-date=30 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nikhil Sompura and Ashish Sompura&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTVIncr20ft20&quot; /&gt;}}
| architecture_style = [[Nagara style]]
| architecture_type = [[Hindu temple architecture]]
| groundbreaking    = {{start date and age|2020|08|05|df=y|p=n|br=n}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Gaur|first=Vatsala|title=PM Modi lays foundation stone of Ram Mandir in Ayodhya, says wait of centuries has ended|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/first-bricks-laid-for-ram-temple-pm-modi-says-wait-of-centuries-has-ended/articleshow/77373354.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=5 August 2020|access-date=31 December 2023|language=en|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231062950/https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/first-bricks-laid-for-ram-temple-pm-modi-says-wait-of-centuries-has-ended/articleshow/77373354.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| temple_board      = [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]]
| website           = {{URL|https://srjbtkshetra.org/|Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra}}
| footnotes         =
| site_area         = {{convert|2.7|acre|order=flip}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:dimensions&quot; /&gt;
| length                = {{convert|360|ft|m|order=flip}}
| width                 = {{convert|235|ft|m|order=flip}}
|height_max={{convert|161|ft|m|order=flip}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:dimensions&quot; /&gt;
}}

'''ဘုတ်ရာမ်''' ('''Ram Mandir)''' ဂှ် ဒှ် ဘာကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူ မနွံ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်အယောဓယာ၊ တွဵုရး ဥတ္တာရ် ပြဒေသ်၊ သဟရးအိန္ဒိယ။ ဘာကျာ်ဂှ် နွံ ပ္ဍဲ ဒၞာဲတိ သၟိင်ရာမ်သၠးဂဗ္ဘ မကော်ဂး ရာမဇန္မဘူမိ မြဴသာ်ဝွံ ကောန်[[ဟိန္ဒူ]] ဂမၠိုင် ပတှ်ေကေတ်လဝ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=16 October 2019|title=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277.amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 May 2020|title=Land levelling for Ayodhya Ram temple soon, says mandir trust after video conference|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/07/land-levelling-for-ayodhya-ram-temple-soon-says-mandir-trust-after-video-conference-2140354.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ဒၞာဲဂှ် ကိုပ်ကၠာတေအ် ဒှ်လဝ် ဒၞာဲပလဳမူသလေန် ဗဗြဳမာသဇိဒ် (Babri Masjid) မဒှ် ပလဳမူသလေန် မသြိုင်လဝ် နူကဵု အေဒဳ ၁၆ ဗွဝ်ကၠံတေအ်ရ။  ဗီုရုပ် သၟိင်ရာမ် ကဵု မိသဳတာဂှ် အာစွံစုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပလဳဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၉၊ ကိုပ်ကၠာ ပရေင်မလုပ်ပၠံင်သီကေတ် ဟွံကတဵုဒှ်ဏီ သၞာံ ၁၉၉၂ ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Kishore&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kunal|first=Kishore|title=Ayodhya Revisited|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sethi 2021 p. 154&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sethi|first=M.|title=Communities and Courts: Religion and Law in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVtQEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT154}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lal|first=Makkhan|date=2019-03-20|title=Historical texts prove that a temple was destroyed in Ayodhya to build the Babri Masjid|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/historical-texts-prove-that-a-temple-was-destroyed-in-ayodhya-to-build-the-babri-masjid/208224/|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; သၞာံ ၂၀၁၉ ရုင်ဗစာသဟရးအိန္ဒိယ သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ဒၞာဲဂှ် ပအပ်ကဵု ဟိန္ဒူ သွက်ဂွံသြိုင် ဘာကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူ၊ တုဲ သွက်မူသလေန်မ္ဂး ညးတအ် ကဵုတိဒၞာဲတၞဟ် သွက်ဂွံသြိုင် ပလဳမွဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-10-16|title=Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277}}&lt;/ref&gt; ရုင်ဗစာဂှ် နိဿဲဗဒဗဒါဲ ကုလိက်ဂရင်ပတီ ပရေင်ၜံက်ခါဲပုရာန် အိန္ဒိယ Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) နဒဒှ် သက်သဳ ဒဒှ်ရ ဒၞာဲဂှ် မွဲအခိင်တေအ် ဒှ်လဝ် ဒၞာဲဘာကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူတြေံ၊ ဟွံဒှ် ဒၞာဲမဆေင်စပ် ကု[[အေဿလာမ်]]ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-10-16|title=Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277}}&lt;/ref&gt;

သၞာံ ၂၀၂၀ ဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် ၅ ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် သဘင်ဘုမိပူဇယန္တ သွက်ဂွံ သြိုင်ခၞံ ဘုတ်ကျာ်ရာမ်တုဲ သဘင်ဂှ် အလဵုဇကု သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်အိန္ဒိယ နရေန္ဒြာ မောဒဳ လေဝ်တိုန်စိုပ်ကီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=13 September 2021|title=Six temples of different deities in Ayodhya Ram temple's final blueprint|language=en-IN|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/six-temples-of-different-deities-in-ayodhya-ram-temples-final-blueprint/article36425034.ece}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပရေင်ကမၠောန် သြိုင်ခၞံဂှ် နကဵု ဂကောံသြဳရာမ်ဇန္မဘောမိ (Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust) ကေတ်တာလျိုင်တုဲ သြိုင်ခၞံဒၟံင်ရ။ သၞာံ ၂၀၂၄ ဂိတုဇာန္နဝါရဳ ၂၂ ဂှ် သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော်မောဒဳ နဒဒှ် မုကျယဇမေန် မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် နဒဒှ် သကိုပ်ပဓာနအသေအဟာန်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် သဘင်ဗုသစ်ကျာ် မကော်ဂး ပြဏ ပြတိသထ ရုပ်သၟိင်ရာမ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-01-22|title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir LIVE updates: PM Modi in garbha griha, rituals start|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhya-ram-mandir-inauguration-live-updates-ram-temple-pran-pratishtha-ceremony-narendra-modi-speech-22-january-2024-101705843465943.html|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-01-22|title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir Inauguration Live Updates, Ram Mandir Pran Pratishtha Ceremony: Chief Yajman Narendra Modi takes 'sankalp' for consecration ceremony at Ram temple in Ayodhya, Ganesh puja under way|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-news-live-updates-ram-temple-consecration-ceremony-pran-pratistha-january-22-ram-janmbhoomi-pm-modi/liveblog/107035131.cms|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; သဘင်ဗုသစ်ကျာ်ဂှ် ဂကောံမသြိုင်ခၞံ ဒှ်ညး မဖန်ဗဒှ် ကၠောန်လဝ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-11-16|title=Ayodhya Ram temple will open to the public on this date|language=en-IN|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/consecration-22-inauguration-devotees-may-visit-ayodhya-ram-temple-from-january-23-says-sri-vishwaprasanna-tirtha/article67539534.ece}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ram Temple Consecration: PM Modi's Full Schedule For Ayodhya Temple Event|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ram-temple-consecration-pm-modis-full-schedule-for-ayodhya-temple-event-4907800}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ဝင် ==
ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဂှ် ကိုပ်ကၠာတေအ် ပလဳမူသလေန် ဗာဗြဳမာသဇိဒ် နွံဒၟံင်တုဲ ပလဳဂှ် သြိုင်လဝ် နူကဵု အေဒဳ ၁၆ ဗွဝ်ကၠံရ။ ရုပ် သၟိင်ရာမ် ကဵု မိသဳတာဂှ် လုပ်စွံ ပ္ဍဲပလဳဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၉၊ သၞာံ ၁၉၉၂ ဂှ် ဂကောံမၞိဟ်ဟိန္ဒူ လုပ်ဗတိုက်သီကေတ် ပလဳဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Kishore&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sethi 2021 p. 154&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lal|first=Makkhan|date=2019-03-20|title=Historical texts prove that a temple was destroyed in Ayodhya to build the Babri Masjid|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/historical-texts-prove-that-a-temple-was-destroyed-in-ayodhya-to-build-the-babri-masjid/208224/|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; သၞာံ ၂၀၁၉ ရုင်ဗစာသဟရးအိန္ဒိယ ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် ဒၞာဲဂှ် ကဵုအခေါင် ဟိန္ဒူတအ် သြိုင် ဘာကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူတုဲ သွက် မူသလေန်တအ်ဂှ် ညးတအ် ကဵုဒၞာဲတိ သွက်ဂွံသြိုင် ပလဳမွဲရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-10-16|title=Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; နကဵု ရုင်ဗစာဂှ် ညးတအ် ထ္ၜးသက်သဳ လိက်ဒုင်စဳရေင် နူကဵု သုတေသနပုရာန် အိန္ဒိယ (Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) ဒဒှ်ရ မဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ် ဒၞာဲဂှ် မွဲအခိင်တေအ် ဒှ်လဝ် ဒၞာဲ ဘုတ်ကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူ၊ မူသလေန်တအ် ပၠံင်ကေတ်တုဲ သြိုင်စုတ် ပလဳဇကုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-10-16|title=Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဆဂး လိက်ဒုင်စဳရေင် သုတေသနပုရာန်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင် ပါ်ပါဲ ဒှ်အရာ မဗဒဗဒါဲစဂွံ ဟွံသေင်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Betwa|title=Babri Revisited: ASI Suppressed Animal Bone Findings At Mosque Site|url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/babri-asi-suppressed-animal-bone-findings-at-mosque-site_in_5c42c412e4b0a8dbe1718924|date=January 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu-03Oct10&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Ayodhya-verdict-yet-another-blow-to-secularism-Sahmat/article15766526.ece|title=Ayodhya verdict yet another blow to secularism: Sahmat|date=3 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Aligarh Historians Society|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryJudgementOfAllahabadHighCourtInRamjanmabhumibabriMasjidCase/mode/2up|title=History &amp; Judgement of Allahabad High Court in Ramjanmabhumi and Babri Masjid Case|date=3 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Archeologist Who Observed Dig Says No Evidence of Temple Under Babri Masjid|url=https://thewire.in/history/babri-masjid-asi-excavation-ayodhya-ram-temple|date=December 6, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Pankaj|first=Jayant|title=Rama Janmabhoomi Issue: Exposing the myth behind the narrative|url=https://www.internationalmagz.com/articles/rama-jamnabhoomi-issue|date=December 6, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဆဂး နကဵု ရုင်ဗစာသဟရးဂှ် ဒုင်တဲ လိက်ဒုင်စဳရေင် သုတေသနပုရာန်ဂှ်ရ။ နကဵု ရုင်ဗစာသဟရး ဟီု သၟဝ်ဗလဳဂှ် ဒှ်စမြိုင် မဆေင် ကုအေဿလာမ် ဟွံသေင်၊ တုဲ ဗွဲမကၠးဖ္ဍး ဒှ်ဒၟံင် စမြိုင် မဆေင် ကုဟိန္ဒူ မဒှ်ဒၞာဲ ဇာန္တိမဘူမိ (ဒၞာဲသမၠးဂၠံဂဝ်) သၟိင်ရာမ် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-verdict-the-asi-findings-supreme-court-spoke-about-in-its-judgment-1617433-2019-11-09|title=Ayodhya verdict: The ASI findings Supreme Court spoke about in its judgment|date=4 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== တမၠာ ကေုာံ ခေတ်လဒေါဝ် ===
သၟိင်ရာမ် ညးမကလေင်ကတဵုဒှ် မၞိဟ် နဒဒှ် သၟိင်ဗိသဴ ဂှ် ဒှ်ကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူရ။ အတိုင်လိက်သာသနာဝင်ဟိန္ဒူမ္ဂး ရာမယာန က္တဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဍုင်အယောဓယာ ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=PTI|title='Faith in Ram's birthplace based on Valmiki Ramayana'|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/faith-in-rams-birthplace-based-on-valmiki-ramayana-775047.html|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

အတိုင်ဝင် မဟီုလဝ်မ္ဂး ဘာကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူဂှ် ဗွဲကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် ဒးဒုင်ပလီုလဝ် နကဵု သၟိင်ဗာဗူရ် ညးမဒှ် သၟိင်အေန်ပါယျာမုဃလ်ပထမ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၅၂၈၊ မဒှ်အခိင် ဘုတ်ကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူ မနွံ ပ္ဍဲသကုတ်သၟဝ်ကျာအိန္ဒိယ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠေင် မဒးဒုင်ပလီုရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/historical-texts-prove-that-a-temple-was-destroyed-in-ayodhya-to-build-the-babri-masjid/208224/|title=Historical texts prove that a temple was destroyed in Ayodhya to build the Babri Masjid|first=Makkhan|last=Lal|date=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဗွဲကြဴညိ ပ္ဍဲကဵု သၞာံဂှ်ရ နကဵု အသံ သၟိင်ဗာဗူရ်ဂှ် ကဵု သကိုပ်ပၞာန် မိရ်ဗကဳ သြိုင် ပလဳ ဗဗြဳမာသ်ဇိဒ် ပ္ဍဲ ဒၞာဲဒတန် သၠးဂဗ္ဘသၟိင်ရာမ် ရ။ စၟတ်သမ္တီ တြေံအိုတ် ၜိုတ်မဂၠာဲဆဵုမ္ဂး ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု လိက် Descriptio Indiae မချူပတိတ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၇၆၇ နကဵု ညးမပတန်သာသနာခရေတ် Joseph Tiefenthaler ရ။ အတိုင်လိက်စၟတ်သမ္တီညးမ္ဂး ပလဳဂှ် သြိုင်လဝ် လတူ ဘာကျာ်သၟိင်ရာမ် မဒးဒုင်ပလီုလဝ်၊ တုဲပၠန် ဘာကျာ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒၞာဲသၠးဂဗ္ဘ သၟိင်ရာမ် ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kishore|first=Kunal|title=Ayodhya Revisited|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Babri mosque to Ram temple: A timeline from 1528 to 2024|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/22/babri-mosque-to-ram-temple-a-timeline-from-1528-to-2024|date=22 January 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပဋိပက္ခ မဆေင် ကုဘာသာ က္တဵုဒှ်လဝ် ၜိုတ်မစၟတ်သမ္တီလဝ်မ္ဂး ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၈၅၃။&lt;ref name=&quot;bbctimeline&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis|publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; သၞာံ ၁၈၅၈ ဂိတုဒဳဇြေမ္ဗာ ဂှ် သၟိင်ဗြိတိန် ကၟာတ်လဒဵု ဟွံကဵု အခေါင် ဟိန္ဒူ ပပူဇဴ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒၞာဲဂှ်ရ။ ကိုပ်ကၠာတေအ် ဒၞာဲဟိန္ဒူတအ် မပပူဇဴဂှ် သြိုင်လဝ် မ္ၚးပလဳဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kunal|first=Kishore|title=Ayodhya Revisited|publisher=Ocean Books Pvt. Ltd|year=2016|isbn=978-81-8430-357-5|edition=1st|location=New Delhi|pages=xxx|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ပစ္စုပ္ပန် ===
ပဋိမာရုပ် သၟိင်ရာမ် ကဵု သဳတာ ဂှ် လုပ်စွံပၠုပ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပလဳဗဗြဳမာသ်ဇိဒ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဗတံ အကြာ ၂၂-၂၃ ဂိတုဒဳဇြေမ္ဗာ ၁၉၄၉ တုဲ တ္ၚဲယးဂတဂှ် ညးပူဇဴတအ် ကောံကၠုင် သွက်ဂွံ လ္ၚောဝ်ပူဇဴရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Kishore&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AgrawalAggarwal&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Agrawal|first=S.P.|title=Information India 1990–91 : Global View|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1992|isbn=978-81-7022-293-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; စိုပ် သၞာံ ၁၉၅၀ ဂှ် နကဵု သၟိင်ဍုင် သီထိင်ထောအ် ပလဳ အတိုင်ဥပဒေ ပိုဒ်ၝောအ် 145 CrPC တုဲ ကဵု အခေါင် ဟိန္ဒူ၊ ဟွံကဵု အခေါင် မူသလေန်၊ သွက်ဂွံ လ္ၚောဝ်ပူဇဴ ကၠောန်ကေင်ကာဘာသာ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒၞာဲဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Chatterji 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Chatterji|first=R.|title=Wording the World: Veena Das and Scenes of Inheritance|url=https://archive.org/details/wordingworldveen0000unse|publisher=Fordham University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-8232-6187-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ပ္ဍဲ ၁၉၈၀တအ် ဂှ် ဂကောံဝိသွဟိန္ဒူပရိသာဒ် Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) မဒှ် ဂကောံ ဝါဒဂကူဟိန္ဒူ မသကာတ်မြဟ် မကော်ဂး သင်ပရိဝါရ် Sangh Parivar စချဳဓရာင် ဒၞာဲဂှ် ညံင်ဂွံဒှ် ဒၞာဲဟိန္ဒူတုဲ သွက်ဂွံ ကလေင်သြိုင် ဘုတ်ကျာ်ရာမ်ပၠန်ရ။ ဂကောံဂှ် စပ္ကောံလှုဲ ကေုာံ ဍိုတ် မချူလဝ် ဇာဲသြဳရာမ် &quot;Jai Shri Ram&quot;။ ဗွဲကြဴ နကဵု အလဵုအသဳ ခေတ်ဝန်ဇၞော် ရာဇိဝ် ဂါန်ဒဳ ကဵုအခေါင် သွက်ဂွံဖျေဟ် ရိုဟ်ကၞက် ရ။ ကိုပ်ကၠာဂှ် နကဵု အလဵုအသဳအိန္ဒိယ ကေုာံ အလဵုအသဳတွဵုရး ဥတ္တာရ် ပြဒေသ် တုပ်လဝ်စိုတ် သွက်ဂွံသြိုင် မ္ၚးဒၞာဲဂှ်ရ။ ဆဂး ပ္ဍဲ သၞာံ ၁၉၈၉ ဂိတုနဝ်ဝေမ္ဗာ ၉ ဂှ် ဂကောံဝိသွဟိန္ဒူပရိသာဒ်တအ် ၜံက်ခါဲတိ သွက်ဂွံ ဖျေဟ်ရိုဟ်ကၞက် အပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲတိ မကယျာန်ဓဝါတ်ဒၟံင် ရေင်သကအ်ဂှ်ရ။ တုဲ ဂကောံဂှ် အာဖျေဟ်ရိုဟ်ကၞက် သွက်ဂွံသြိုင် ဘာကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူ အပ္ဍဲကဵု အရှာမ်တိပလဳဂှ်ရ။ သၞာံ ၁၉၉၂ ဒဳဇြေမ္ဗာ ၆၊ နကဵု ဂကောံဂှ်ကီု သီုကဵု ဗော်ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် ဗော်ဘရတိယ ဇနတ ပ္ကောံမၞိဟ် ၜိုတ် ၁၅၀,၀၀၀ တုဲ ကောံကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲဂှ်ရ။ ထအုမၞိဟ်တအ်ဂှ် နကဵု နဲမကြမ်ကြ ထပါ် ဂကောံဂီုကၠီုဂမၠိုင်တုဲ လုပ်ပလီု ပလဳမူသလေန်ဂှ်ရ။

ပရေင်ပလီု ပလဳဂှ် ဗဒှ်ကဵု ပရေင်ရုသံင် ပဋိပက္ခ အကြာ ဟိန္ဒူ ကဵု မူသလေန် ဂၠိုင်ကဵု ဂိတုတုဲ မၞိဟ်ဒးချိုတ်အာ အောန်အိုတ် ၜိုတ် ၂,၀၀၀ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဗောမ္ဗေ (လၟုဟ် မုမဗါဲ)၊ ပဋိပက္ခဂှ် ကၞာတ်ကၠောအ်အာ အလုံမွဲ တိုက်သၟတ်အိန္ဒိယရ။ ကြဴနူ ပလဳဂှ် ဒးဒုင်ပလီုတုဲ တ္ၚဲယးဂှ် The New York Times ပ္တိတ် ဒဒှ်ရ ဘာကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူ မနွံ ပ္ဍဲပါကိသတာန် ၃၀ ဘာပြင်ပြင် ဒးဒုင်ဗတိုက်၊ ဒးဒုင်စံင် တုဲ ဒးဒုင်ပလီုထောအ်ရ။ ဘာကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူ မနွံ ပ္ဍဲ ဗင်္ဂလာဒေသ် လေဝ် ဒးဒုင် ဗတိုက် ပလီုကီုရ။ &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=8 December 1992|title=200 Indians killed in riots following mosque destruction|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/12/08/200-indians-killed-in-riots-following-mosque-destruction/7ce3e7cf-354d-439c-8c69-b7db290dea3c/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAndersonMoore1992&quot;&gt;Anderson, John Ward; Moore, Molly (8 December 1992). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

ပ္ဍဲ ဂိတုဂျူလာင် ၅၊ ၂၀၀၅ ဂှ် သၟာပကီုပရာပ် ၅ လုပ်ဗတိုက် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲ ပလဳ ဗာဗြဳ မာသ်ဇိဒ် မဒးဒုင်ပလီုလဝ်ဂှ်ရ။ သၟာပကီုပရာပ် သီုမသုန်ဂှ် ဒးဒုင် ပန်ဂစိုတ် ကုဗၠာဲသၟိင်တအ်ရ။ ညးဍုင်ကွာန် မွဲတၠ ဒးချိုတ်အာ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲ ညးပိ ဒးဝပ်ရ။&lt;ref name=&quot;article3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 July 2005|title=Front Page: Armed storm Ayodhya complex|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/06/stories/2005070612430100.htm|accessdate=23 January 2024|archivedate=8 July 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050708012430/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/06/stories/2005070612430100.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;article4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 July 2005|title=Indian PM condemns the attack in Ayodhya|work=People's Daily Online|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200507/06/eng20050706_194315.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ပရေင်ၜံက်ခါဲသုတေသနပုရာန် ၜါဝါ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၇၈ ကဵု ၂၀၀၃ ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်လဝ် နကဵု ဌာနသုတေသနပုရာန်အိန္ဒိယဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် သက်သဳ သၟေဟ် ဘာကျာ်ဟိန္ဒူ နူကဵု ဒၞာဲဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Santwana|date=6 March 2003|title=I found pillar bases back in mid-seventies: Prof Lal|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/oldStory/19644/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 August 2020|title=Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; သၟာပုရာန် K. K. Muhammed ပါ်ပါဲ ပ္ဍဲလတူအရာ မဆဵုကေတ်လဝ်တအ်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-01-21|title=Left historians prevented resolution of Babri Masjid dispute, says KK Mohammed, former ASI regional head-India News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/left-historians-connived-with-extremists-mislead-muslims-on-babri-issue-says-archaeologist-in-new-book-2592188.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲမွဲဒမြိပ်အခိင်ဂှ် နကဵု က္ဍိုပ်လိက်ကီု နကဵုသၞောဝ်ကီု နာနာ ပ္တိတ်ဒၟံင် စပ်ကဵု ဒၞာဲဂှ် ဗီုကဵု အဃောလုပ်တိတ်အာကၠုင် ဟွံဂွံ၊ တိဂလိုင်လဵုဂှ် ဆေင်စပ် ကုဟိန္ဒူ တိဂလိုင်လဵုဂှ် ဆေင်စပ် ကုမူသလေန်။&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/ayodhyabench4.html|title=Ram Janm Bhumi Babri Masjid: Gist of Judgments}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဟိုတ်နူ ညးမွဲ ကုမွဲ ကေတ် တင်တုပ်စိုတ် ရေင်သကအ် ဟွံဂွံတုဲ ကိစ္စဂှ် စိုပ်အာ ဇရေင် ရုင်ဗစာသဟရး ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Court orders 3-way division of disputed Ayodhya land|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article804632.ece?homepage=true|date=30 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/babri-masjid-ram-janmabhoomi-case/|title=Ayodhya Dispute Case Background|accessdate=2024-01-23|archivedate=2018-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063612/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/babri-masjid-ram-janmabhoomi-case/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ရုင်ဗစာ သဟရး ဖျေဟ်အမှု ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၉၊ နကဵု ရုင်ဗစာ ဖျေဟ်သ္ဂုတ်သွာတ် တိဂှ် သီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒးပအပ်ကဵု ဂကောံ မဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵု အလဵုအသဳအိန္ဒိယ၊ နကဵု ဂကောံဂှ် သြိုင်ဗဒှ် ဘာကျာ်ရာမ်ရ။ ဂကောံဂှ် ဒက်ပ္တန်လဝ် နကဵု ယၟု  Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra ။ ပ္ဍဲ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၅၊ ၂၀၂၀  လလောင်တြး ပ္ဍဲ ပါလဳမာန်အိန္ဒိယ နကဵု အလဵုအသဳ သၟဝ် သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော် နရေနဒြာ မောဒဳ တုပ်စိုတ် သွက်ဂွံသြိုင် ဘာကျာ်ဂှ်ရ။ ကြဴနူဂှ် ၜါတ္ၚဲ ပ္ဍဲ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၇၊ သွက်ဂွံ သြိုင် ပလဳတၟိဂှ် ပ္တိတ်ကဵု ဒၞာဲတၟိ မနွံဗၞတ်တိ ၅ ဨက၊ မနွံ သ္ၚောဲ နူဒၞာဲဂှ် ၜိုတ် ၂၂ ကဳလဝ်မဳတာ (၁၄ တိုင်) မင္ၚး အယောဓယာ ပ္ဍဲကွာန် ဓန္နိပူရ် Dhannipur ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=From Parliament Floor, PM Modi Announces 15-Member Trust for Ayodhya Ram Temple; 5 Acres Allotted for Masjid|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/modi-announces-setting-up-of-trust-to-construct-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-2487595.html|date=5 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 February 2020|title=Dhannipur near Ayodhya already has 15 mosques, local Muslims want hospital and college too|url=https://theprint.in/india/dhannipur-near-ayodhya-already-has-15-mosques-local-muslims-want-hospital-and-college-too/361492/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ကမၠောန်မသြိုင်ခၞံ ==
ကမ္မဏဳ Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra trust စရပ်ကမၠောန်ပရေင်မသြိုင်ခၞံ ဘုတ်ကျာ်ရာမ် ပ္ဍဲဂိတု မာတ် သၞာံ ၂၀၂၀။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Pratul|date=23 March 2020|title=1st phase of Ram temple construction begins in Ayodhya|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/23/1st-phase-of-ram-temple-construction-begins-in-ayodhya.html|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=8 May 2020|title=Ram Mandir Construction: राम मंदिर निर्मितीच्या पहिल्या टप्प्यातील काम सुरू|language=mr|url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/india-news-international/article/ram-mandir-foundation-first-phase-of-work-starts-cleaning-of-site-starts/292477|accessdate=23 January 2024|archivedate=18 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018015943/https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/india-news-international/article/ram-mandir-foundation-first-phase-of-work-starts-cleaning-of-site-starts/292477}}&lt;/ref&gt; ဟိုတ်နူ ကပ်ယဲကဝ်ဝေဒ်-၁၉ တုဲ ပရေင်မသြိုင်ခၞံဂှ် ဒးဒေါအ်ဇူလဝ် မွဲလစုတ်။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bajpai|first=Namita|date=9 April 2020|title=Ram Mandir plans continue during COVID-19 lockdown, temple trust releases its official Logo|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/09/ram-mandir-plans-continue-during-covid-19-lockdown-temple-trust-releases-its-official-logo-2127639.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 January 1970|title=COVID-19: लॉकडाउन खत्म होते ही अयोध्या में शुरू होगा भव्य राम मंदिर निर्माण|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya-after-lockdown-ram-mandir-construction-work-will-start-in-ayodhya-upnga-upns-3094651.html|language=hi|accessdate=23 January 2024|archivedate=9 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509073923/https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya-after-lockdown-ram-mandir-construction-work-will-start-in-ayodhya-upnga-upns-3094651.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; သၞာံ ၂၀၂၀ ဂိတုမာတ် ၂၅ ဂှ် ပဋိမာရုပ်သၟိင်ရာမ်ဂှ် အာပြံင်စွံလဝ် ယာယဳ ပ္ဍဲ ရုင်သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော် တွဵုရးဥတ္တာရ် ပြဒေသ်၊ ယောဂိ အဒိတျနာတ် (Yogi Adityanath)။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Rashid|first=Omar|date=25 March 2020|title=U.P. Chief Minister Adityanath shifts Ram idol amid lockdown|language=en-IN|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/up-chief-minister-adityanath-shifts-ram-idol-amid-lockdown/article31160225.ece}}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲအခိင် မဆက်မိတ် လဴပူ ပရေင်ကမၠောန်မသြိုင်ခၞံဂှ် နကဵု ဂကောံ Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) ဖန်ဇန်လဝ်'{{Transl|hi|ISO|Vijay Mahamantra Jaap Anushthan}}' ဇၟာပ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဒၞာဲတၞဟ်တၞဟ် သွက်ဂွံ သၟာန်ဇာန် ကိစ္စကမၠောန်ဂှ်ရ။ {{Transl|hi|ISO|Shri Ram, Jai Ram, Jai Jai Ram}}၊ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဂှ် ဟီုဒၟံင် ဒဒှ်ရ ညးတအ် ကလိဂွံ ပေါဲအံင်ဇၞးရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=4 April 2020|title=VHP to organise 'Vijay Mahamantra Jaap Anushthan'|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/vhp-to-organise-vijay-mahamantra-jaap-anushthan/1508964|accessdate=23 January 2024|archivedate=6 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806200651/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/vhp-to-organise-vijay-mahamantra-jaap-anushthan/1508964}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ညးအုပ််ကာနာနာ ကမ္မဏဳ မသြိုင်ခၞံ ချမ်ပါတ် ရာဲ (Champat Rai) လလောင်တြး တ္ၚဲမပတိုန်ပၠုပ် ပဋိမာရုပ် သၟိင်ရာမ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂိတု ဇာန္နဝါရဳ ၂၂၊ ၂၀၂၄၊ အံက်တဝ်ဗာ ၂၅၊ ၂၀၂၃ ဂှ် ဘိက်လိက် သကိုပ်ဝန်ဇၞော် နရေန္ဒြာ မောဒဳ သွက်ဂွံ တိုန်စိုပ် သဘင်ဂှ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Sheenu|date=2023-10-25|title=Uttar Pradesh: Ram Temple Trust invites PM Modi to install Lord Ram idol in Ayodhya on Jan 22, 2024|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-pm-modi-to-install-lord-ram-idol-ayodhya-22-january-2024-ram-janmbhoomi-trust-invitation-champat-rai-latest-updates-2023-10-25-899614|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== သဘင်ဗုသစ် ==
[[ဝှာင်:Glimpses_of_Pran_Pratishtha_ceremony_of_Shree_Ram_Janmaboomi_Temple_in_Ayodhya,_Uttar_Pradesh_on_January_22,_2024.jpg|thumb|Devotees and visitors celebrating the ''Prana Pratishtha'' ceremony outside the temple on 22 January 2024]]
သွက်ဂွံ ကၠောန်သဘင်ဗုသစ်ကျာ်ဂှ် နကဵု အလဵုအသဳ တွဵုရးဥတ္တာရ် ပြဒေသ် ပ္တိတ်ကဵုသြန် ရူပဳ  ၁ အသင်္ဃဲ (= ၁၃ မဳလဳယာန် ဒဝ်လာအမေရိကာန်)၊ သွက်ဂွံကၠောန် သဘင်ဘာသာ သီုဖအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးဂှ် ၈၂၆ ဒၞာဲရ။ သဘင်ဂှ် စနူကဵု ဂိတုဒဳဇြေမ္ဗာ ၂၀၂၃ စဵုကဵု ဇာန္နဝါရဳ ၁၆၊ ၂၀၂၄၊ နူဂှ် နကဵု သဘင်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်ဂှ် ဒှ်တ္ၚဲဗုသစ် ဇာန္နဝါရဳ ၂၂ ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-01|title=₹100 cr for Ramotsav: Mega events in run-up to Ram temple inauguration|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/rs-100-cr-for-ramotsav-mega-events-in-run-up-to-ram-temple-inauguration-101701372006307.html|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prime Minister Narendra Modi along with RSS Sarsanghchalak, Mohan Bhagwat, Congress leaders and leaders from other opposition political parties were invited for attending the consecration ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-21|title=Sonia Gandhi, Mallikarjun Kharge invited to Ram Temple inauguration, may not attend|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sonia-gandhi-mallikarjun-kharge-invited-to-ram-temple-inauguration-may-not-attend-101703129191711.html|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-20|title=Ayodhya Trust invites Kharge, Sonia, to Ram temple consecration ceremony next month|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ayodhya-trust-kharge-sonia-ram-temple-consecration-ceremony-9076588/|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The guest list also included prominent industrialists, scientists, actors, army officers, spiritual leaders and Padma awardees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Livemint|date=2023-10-25|title=PM Modi invited to install Lord Ram's idol at Ayodhya temple on January 22|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-invited-to-install-lord-rams-idol-at-ayodhya-temple-on-january-22-11698246179120.html|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/7000-prominent-personalities-in-guest-list-for-inauguration-of-ram-temple-1503247665.html|title=Gautam Adani, Virat Kohli among 7,000 prominent personalities in guest list for inauguration of Ram temple|date=7 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== လိက်ဂမၠိုင် ===

* The Battle for Rama (Case of the Temple at Ayodhya) by Meenakshi Jain.

* ''Sunrise over Ayodhya: Nationhood in Our Times'' by Salman Khurshid.

== စၟတ် ==
{{Notelist}}

== နိဿဲ ==
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      <text bytes="9390" sha1="8ytqq0wt0q2x9m953k5iumdycpgn1ix" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group
|group      = ပလံင်&lt;br /&gt;တအင်
|image      = Palaung Woman Kalaw Shan Myanmar.jpg
|flag       = [[File:Flag of the Palaung people.svg|90px]]
|caption    = A Ta'ang tribal woman near Kalaw, [[Shan State]], [[Burma]]
|population = 557,000 (est.)
|popplace   = [[Burma]], smaller populations in [[Yunnan, China]] and Thailand
|langs      = [[Palaung language|Ta'ang]]
|rels       = [[Theravada Buddhism]]
|related    = 
}}
[[File:Palaung depiction, 1900s.jpg|thumb|A Burmese depiction of the Palaung in the early 1900s.]]
ဂကူ '''ပလံင်''' ({{lang-en|Palaung}}, {{lang-my|ပလောင် လူမျိုး}} {{IPA-my|pəlàʊɰ̃ lùmjó|}}; Thai: ปะหล่อง လဆောဝ် ချူ ဗတ်အင်္ဂလိက် '''Benglong''' '''Palong''') ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး  '''တအင်''' ဂှ် ဒှ် ဂကူ မလုပ်လၟိဟ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဂကောံသြသတြောအေရှတေစ် ပဒတဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲ သဟရးဗၟာ မ္ဂး တွဵုရးသေံဇၞော်၊ ပ္ဍဲရးစိန် (ကြုက်) မ္ဂး ရးယူနာန်၊ ရးမရာဇ်သေံ မ္ဂး သကုတ်သၟဝ်ကျာ။ ပ္ဍဲ ရးစိန် မ္ဂး ကော်စ '''De'ang''' ({{zh|c=[[wiktionary:德|德]][[wiktionary:昂|昂]][[wiktionary:族|族]]|p=Déángzú}} လဆောဝ် ချူ '''Deang''') ရ။

ဒၞာဲဒတန် ဂကူပလံင် (ဝါ) ဂကူတအင် မပဒတဴဂၠိုင်အိုတ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဒေသပကင်ရင်အပိုင်ပလံင် ဍုင်ဇၞော် ဏာမ်သာန်၊ မနွံ ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးသေံဇၞော် ရ။

ဒပ်ပၞာန်ဂကူပလံင် ဗတိုက်ဒၟံင် အလဵုအသဳဗၟာ သွက် ဂကူပလံင် ဂွံဗၠးၜး နူ သၞာံ ၁၉၆၃ တေအ်ရ။ စိုပ် သၞာံ ၁၉၉၁ ဂှ် ဒပ်လွပ်လွဟ်ဂကူပလံင် ဒေါအ်ပန်ပှ်ော ကုအလဵုအသဳဗၟာ၊ တုဲ ဒပ်တၟိ မကော်ဂး [[ဒပ်ပၞာန် ဗၠးၜး ဂကူတအင်]] ဂှ် လုပ်ဒၟံင် ပေါဲဗတိုက် ကုအလဵုအသဳဗၟာရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2013 |title=Ta'ang army suspends talks with govt as clashes continue |url=https://www.dvb.no/news/taang-army-suspends-talks-with-govt-as-clashes-continue/31933 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803074157/http://dvb.no/news/taang-army-suspends-talks-with-govt-as-clashes-continue/31933 |archive-date=2014-08-03 |access-date=2014-03-23 |website=DVB |accessdate=2024-09-02 |archivedate=2014-08-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803074157/http://dvb.no/news/taang-army-suspends-talks-with-govt-as-clashes-continue/31933 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ပ္ဍဲဒေသ ဂကူပလံင်ဂှ် နကုအလဵုအသဳဗၟာကီု သီု ကုဂကောံလွပ်လွဟ်လ္ၚဵုတအ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ပ္တိတ်ဒၟံင် ဘိင်တုဲ ပြသၞာ ညးဍုင်ကွာန် ဂကူပလံင် မစောဲ ဂဥုဲၜူမာဲဂှ် ဒးဆဵုဂဗဒၟံင် ဇၞော်ကုဒြဟတ်ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 December 2015 |title=Turning a new leaf? Ethnic rebels along Myanmar's rugged frontier help eradicate poppy fields |work=[[Fox News]] |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/03/20/turning-new-leaf-ethnic-rebels-along-myanmar-rugged-frontier-help-eradicate/ |url-status=live |access-date=2014-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421120101/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/03/20/turning-new-leaf-ethnic-rebels-along-myanmar-rugged-frontier-help-eradicate/ |archive-date=2015-04-21 |accessdate=2024-09-02 |archivedate=2015-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421120101/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/03/20/turning-new-leaf-ethnic-rebels-along-myanmar-rugged-frontier-help-eradicate/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ဂကောံဂကူ==
[[File:Palaung woman.jpg|thumb|Palaung woman in British Burma.]]
ဂကူပလံင်ဂှ် နွံ ကုဂကူလစှ်ေ ပိ မကော်ဂး ဂကူပလေ (Palé)၊ ဂကူယှိုယ် (Shwe) ကောံ ကုဂကူရူမာဲ (Rumai)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Indigenous Palaung People |url=https://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/text?people=Palaung |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=The Peoples of the World Foundation |accessdate=2024-09-02 |archivedate=2022-07-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706202959/https://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/text?people=Palaung }}&lt;/ref&gt; ဂကူလစှ်ေပိဂှ် ပံင်ပ္ကောံတုဲ နကုအလဵုအသဳစိန် (ကြုက်) ကော်စ ဂကူဒေအင် (De'ang)၊ တုဲ နကုယၟုဏအ်ရ စၞးမကော် ဂကူပလံင်ဂှ် ညးတအ် ကော်စ ဂကူညးတအ် တအင်။ ဂကူဒနဝ် (Danau/Danaw) လေဝ် ပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဂကူပလံင်ကီုရ။ 

==အရေဝ်==
ဂကူပလံင် (ဝါ) ဂကူတအင်ဂှ် ဟီုအရေဝ် သြသတြောအေရှတေစ်တုဲ သီုဖအိုတ် ဂကောံဂကူပလံင် နွံ ပိဂကူ ပလေ (ရူဆင်)၊ ရူမာဲ၊ ယှိုယ်။ 

== ဂမ္စာဲ==
ပ္ဍဲ ရးစိန် ဂကူတအင်တအ် ပဒတဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲ ကွာန်ဂမၠိုင် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲပွိုင်ဍုင် ဇြေန်ကင် (Zhenkang County) ကု ပွိုင်ဍုင်ဂျေန်မာ (Gengma County)။&lt;ref name=&quot;Deang2009&quot;&gt;中国少数民族社会历史调查资料丛刊》修订编辑委员会. 2009. 德昂族社会历史调查, p. 94. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.&lt;/ref&gt; ဂကူတအင်ဂှ် လ္ၚဵုကော်စ လဴပုလဴ ''Laopulao'' (牢普劳) ပ္ဍဲ ရးဗၟာမ္ဂး နွံတြဴဂကူ။&lt;ref name=&quot;Deang2009&quot; /&gt;

*Dazhai Township (大寨乡), Muchang District (木厂区), Zhenkang County: Bangwa (邦娃) Dazhai (大寨), Xiazhai (下寨), Huoshishan (火石山), Laobandeng (老班登), Mahuangqing (蚂蟥箐) of Chaikao (柴考)
*Nansan Township (南伞乡), Pengmushan District (彭木山区), Zhenkang County: Xiaochanggou (销长沟), Beiyan (北岩)
*Hongmulin (红木林) and Manxing (曼兴) of Hewai District (河外区), Gengma County: Junnong (君弄), Mamao (马冒), Jinmo (金莫), Muyin (木因), Xungang (巡岗)

==စ္ၜောဲစ္ၜော်==
ဂကူတအင် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် ဒှ် ညးမရှ်ေသှ်ေ ထေရဝါဒဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာတုဲ ဇၟာပ်ဇၟာပ်ကွာန်တအင်ဂှ် နွံ ကုဘာလကျာ်ရ။ ကောန်င္ၚာ်ပေင်အာယုက် စှ်သၞာံမ္ဂး ပလံင်ဏာ ကဵုပထပိုယ် သွက်ဂွံ ကတ်လိက်၊ ပထပိုယ် ပယျင်တုဲ ရာံတိတ် မံင်ဘဝခရှ်ဂၠိုင်ရ။ 

ဂကူရိင် (Riang) မွဲဂကူရ ဟွံလုပ် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာတုဲ၊ ဂကူဏအ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် ဒှ် ညးမရှ်ေသှ်ေ ကလော် (Animism)အိုတ်ရ။


==ဆက်လ္ၚတ်==
*Palaung Women's Organisation. (2006). ''Poisoned Flowers: The Impacts of Spiralling Drug Addiction on Palaung Women in Burma''. Tak, Maesot, Thailand: Palaung Women's Organisation.
*Ashley, S. (2006). ''Exorcising with Buddha Palaung Buddhism in Northern Thailand''. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada. {{ISBN|0-494-03309-6}}
*Howard, M. C., &amp; Wattana Wattanapun. (2001). ''The Palaung in Northern Thailand''. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books. {{ISBN|974-88325-1-1}}
*Cameron, A. A. (1912). ''Notes on the Palaung of the Kodaung Hill Tracts of Mong Mit State''. Rangoon: Govt. Printer.
*[[Mrs. Leslie Milne|Milne, Mrs. Leslie]]. (1924). ''The Home of an Eastern Clan: A Study of the Palaungs of the Shan State.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press.

==ဗီုရုပ်ဂမၠိုင်==
{{Gallery
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| |File:Palaung_village_children_near_Kyaukme,_Myanmar_2_(2017).jpg
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| |File:Palaung_village_children_near_Kyaukme,_Myanmar_1_(2017).jpg
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==နိဿဲ==
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      <text bytes="13483" sha1="hnk81bratt21x4a0fd4teh991cm28py" xml:space="preserve">= ပထဝဳဗေဒ =
{{Infobox Science | name = ပထဝဳဗေဒ | image = Terrestrial globe.svg | image_size = 200px | caption = ဂၠးတိ ကေုာံ သၞောတ်ပထဝဳဗေဒ | field = သိပ္ပံသဘာဝ ကေုာံ သိပ္ပံပရေင်မၞိဟ် | subfields = ပထဝဳရူပဗေဒ၊ ပထဝဳမၞိဟ်၊ ပထဝဳဒေသ | origin = ဂရိတ်တြေံ (Geographia) }}
ပထဝဳဗေဒ (အင်္ဂလိက်: Geography) ဂှ် ဒှ်ဘာသာသိပ္ပံမွဲ မလ္ၚတ်ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးပရူဒေသ၊ တိဍာ်၊ လက်သန်ဂၠးတိ ကေုာံ အကာဲအရာမၞိဟ်တအ် မတန်တဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲလတူဂၠးတိဏအ်ရ။ ဝေါဟာရ &quot;ပထဝဳဗေဒ&quot; ဝွံ ကၠုင်နူအရေဝ်ဂရိတ်တြေံ Geographia မနွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် &quot;ပွမချူဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးပရူဂၠးတိ&quot; ရ။  ဘာသာပထဝဳဗေဒဝွံ ဟွံသေင်ထဲ ပွမလ္ၚတ်ဗီုပြင်တိဍာ်သၟး၊ ဍေဟ်ဆက်စၠောအ်လဝ် ကဵုပရေင်မၞိဟ်၊ ယေန်သၞာင်၊ ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် ကေုာံ သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်းကျင် ဗွဲမဇြိုဟ်နက်ရ။ 
ပ္ဍဲအရာမလ္ၚတ်ပထဝဳဗေဒဏအ် ညးပါ်ခြာလဝ် ကဏ္ဍအဓိက (၂) သာ်၊ ဍေဟ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ပထဝဳရူပဗေဒ (Physical Geography) မလ္ၚတ်ပရူသဘာဝ ကေုာံ ပထဝဳမၞိဟ် (Human Geography) မလ္ၚတ်ပရူမၞိဟ် ကေုာံ ပရေင်မၞိဟ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် နဲကဲသုတေသနပထဝဳဗေဒခေတ်တၟိဂှ် သုင်စောဲဒၟံင် သၞောတ်တင်ဂၞင်ပထဝဳ (GIS) ကေုာံ ဗီုရုပ်နူဂြိုဟ်တုဲ ဖန်ဗဒှ်ပတိုန် ဗီုပြင်တိဍာ် ညံင်ဂွံနွံကဵု တင်ဂၞင်မခိုင်ကၠိုက်ရ။ 
သုတေသနပထဝဳဗေဒဝွံ နွံကဵုအဓိပ္ပါယ်ဇၞော်အိုတ် သွက်ဂွံနိဿဲကဵု ဝင်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲ ကေုာံ ဒတန်ဒေသမန်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။  နကဵုနဲကဲ Multicultural Studies၊ ပထဝဳဗေဒ ရီုဗိုင်ကဵု သုတေသီတအ် ညံင်ဂွံညာတ်ကေတ် &quot;Monastic Geography&quot; (ဒၞာဲဝါဲဘာလကျာ်မန်) မပြးဇးဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲဒေသအာရှအဂၞဲ မဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးကဵု &quot;Mon Identity&quot; (လက်သန်ဂကူမန်) ပ္ဍဲဗွိုင်ပညာဂၠးတိရ။ 
TOC
== ၁. ဝင် ကေုာံ တမ်ရိုဟ် ပထဝဳဗေဒ ==
ပထဝဳဗေဒဝွံ ဒှ်ဘာသာသိပ္ပံမွဲ မနွံကဵုဝင်လအ်အဆက်ဆက်ရ။  နူခေတ်တြေံတေအ် မၞိဟ်တအ် စစၟတ်သမ္တီကၠုင် ဒၞာဲဝါဲဒေသ၊ တိဍာ် ကေုာံ ဂၠံင်တရဴဂမၠိုင် သွက်ဂွံအာတရဴ ကေုာံ သွက်ဂွံဆက်စၠောအ် ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ရ။ 
=== ၁.၁ ခေတ်တြေံ (Ancient Geography) === အစာပထဝဳဗေဒ ဂရိတ်တြေံဂမၠိုင် (ဥပမာ - Eratosthenes) ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မစသုင်စောဲ အရေဝ် &quot;Geography&quot; ကၠာအိုတ်ရ။  ညးတအ် လ္ၚတ်ကၠုင် ဗီုပြင်ဂၠးတိ၊ ပွမၜတ်ကၞာတ် ဇမၞော်ဂၠးတိ ကေုာံ ပွမဖန်ဗဒှ် ဗီုပြင်တိဍာ် (Maps) ရ။  ပ္ဍဲခေတ်အစာတၠ တဝ်လမဳ (Ptolemy)၊ ညးချူဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ် တင်ဂၞင်ပထဝဳ ဂၠးတိခေတ်တေအ် ဗွဲမလှဲလးရ။ 
=== ၁.၂ ခေတ်လဒေါဝ် ကေုာံ ခေတ်တၟိ (Modern Geography) === ပ္ဍဲခေတ်လဒေါဝ်၊ အစာပထဝဳဗေဒ အာရပ် (Arab geographers) ကေုာံ အစာတရဴကြုက်ဂမၠိုင် ဆက်ဇၞော်မောဝ်ပတိုန် တင်ဂၞင်ပထဝဳဂၠးတိရ။  ကာလစိုပ်ခေတ်တၟိ (၁၈-၁၉ ဗွဝ်သၞာံ)၊ ပထဝဳဗေဒ စပါလုပ်အာ ပ္ဍဲဘာသာဗ္တောန် ပ္ဍဲတက္ကသိုလ်ဂမၠိုင်တုဲ စကာနဲကဲသိပ္ပံ (Scientific Method) သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ် ပထဝဳရူပဗေဒ ကေုာံ ပထဝဳမၞိဟ် ဗွဲမခိုင်ကၠိုက်ရ။ 
== ၂. ကဏ္ဍအဓိက ပထဝဳဗေဒ ==
ဘာသာပထဝဳဗေဒဝွံ ပါ်ခြာလဝ် နကဵုကဏ္ဍဇၞော် (၂) သာ်ရ။ 
=== ၂.၁ ပထဝဳရူပဗေဒ (Physical Geography) === ပထဝဳရူပဗေဒ ဂှ် ဒှ်ပွမလ္ၚတ်ပရူသဘာဝ ကေုာံ ပွဳပွသဘာဝဂမၠိုင်ရ။  ဍေဟ်ပကောံလဝ်:
တိဗေဒ (Geomorphology): လ္ၚတ်ပရူဗီုပြင်တိ၊ ဒဵု၊ ဒေသဗလး ကေုာံ ဒစးထ္ၜးတိ။ 
ဥတုဗေဒ (Climatology): လ္ၚတ်ပရူရာသဳဥတု၊ ကျာ၊ ဗြဲ ကေုာံ အကာဲအရာဓါတ်ကျာ။ 
ဍာ်ဗေဒ (Hydrology): လ္ၚတ်ပရူဍာ်၊ ကြုင်၊ မှာသၟိတ် ကေုာံ ဍာ်သၟဝ်တိ။ 
ဇဳဝပထဝဳ (Biogeography): လ္ၚတ်ပရူဒတန် တၞံဆု ကေုာံ သတ်ဂြိုပ်ဂမၠိုင် အတိုင်ဒေသပထဝဳ။ 
=== ၂.၂ ပထဝဳမၞိဟ် (Human Geography) === ပထဝဳမၞိဟ် ဂှ် ဒှ်ပွမလ္ၚတ်ပရူမၞိဟ် ကေုာံ ပရေင်မၞိဟ် မဆက်စၠောအ်ကဵုဒၞာဲဝါဲရ။  ဍေဟ်ပကောံလဝ်:
ပထဝဳယေန်သၞာင် (Cultural Geography): လ္ၚတ်ပရူဘာသာ၊ အရေဝ်၊ ရှ်ေသှ်ေ ကေုာံ အခိုက်ကၞာမၞိဟ်တအ် အတိုင်ဒေသ။ 
ပထဝဳပိုန်ဒြပ် (Economic Geography): လ္ၚတ်ပရူပ္တိတ်ဇုက်၊ ပွမကူသာန်သွံရာံ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ် မဆက်စၠောအ်ကဵုဒေသ။ 
ပထဝဳဍုင် (Urban Geography): လ္ၚတ်ပရူဒက်ပ္တန်ဍုင်၊ ပွမပြံင်လှာဲဒတန် ကေုာံ အကာဲအရာမၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်။ 
ပထဝဳပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန် (Political Geography): လ္ၚတ်ပရူပယျဵုဍုင်၊ အဝဵုအုပ်ဓုပ် ကေုာံ ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်တတ်ကဏ္ဍဍုင်။ 
== ၃. ပထဝဳဒေသမန် ကေုာံ အာရှအဂၞဲ ==
သွက်ဂကူမန်ပိုဲ၊ ပထဝဳဗေဒ ဒှ်သဇိုင်အဓိက သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ်ဒေသအာရှအဂၞဲ (Southeast Asia) ရ။ 
=== ၃.၁ ဒေသကြုင်သြေင် ကေုာံ ဒေသၜဳဂမၠိုင် === ဒေသမန်ပိုဲ ပ္ဍဲခေတ်အဆက်ဆက်ဂှ် တန်တဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲဒေသကြုင်သြေင် (Salween River)၊ ကြုင်ဨရာဝတဳ (Irrawaddy River) ကေုာံ ကြုင်စ Sittang ရ။ ပထဝဳဒေသဏအ် နွံကဵုတိဗလးပတေက် သွက်ဂွံဝေင်သြောအ် ကေုာံ သွက်ဂွံဆက်စၠောအ် ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်ဍာ်ရ။ ဍုင်ဇၞော်မန်ဂမၠိုင် (ဥပမာ - သဓီု၊ ဟံသာဝတဳ၊ မတ်မလီု) တန်တဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲဒေသပထဝဳ မနွံကဵုဂုဏ်ဖိုလ် သွက်ဂွံစဵုဒၞာအဝဵုဗဟဵုရ။ 
=== ၃.၂ ပထဝဳသံဃာမန် (Monastic Geography) === နကဵုနဲကဲ Mon Sangha and State Power၊ ပထဝဳဘာလကျာ်မန်ဂမၠိုင် (Monasteries) ဒှ်သက်သဳ &quot;Institutional Agency&quot; မန်ပိုဲရ။  ဘာလကျာ်မန် မပြးဇးဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲတွဵုရးဍုင်မန်၊ တွဵုရးကရေင် ကေုာံ ဒေသပထုံထာနဳ (ဍုင်သေံ) တအ်ဂှ် ထ္ၜးကေတ်မာန် ဗီုလဵုယေန်သၞာင်မန် မတန်တဴဒၟံင် နကဵုနဲကဲ &quot;Transnational Sovereignty&quot; ရ။ 
== ၄. နဲကဲပညာပထဝဳဗေဒ ကေုာံ ကိရိယာဂမၠိုင် ==
ပ္ဍဲခေတ်ပစ္စုပ္ပန်၊ ပထဝဳဗေဒ သုင်စောဲနဲကဲသိပ္ပံသၠုင်သၠုင်ရ။ 
=== ၄.၁ သၞောတ်တင်ဂၞင်ပထဝဳ (GIS) ===
GIS (Geographic Information System): ဒှ်သၞောတ်ကွန်ပျူတာ သွက်ဂွံပကောံ၊ စၟဳစၟတ် ကေုာံ ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးတင်ဂၞင်ပထဝဳရ။ ဍေဟ်ရီုဗိုင်ကဵု သုတေသီတအ် ညံင်ဂွံဖန်ဗဒှ် ဗီုရုပ် (Digital Maps) မနွံကဵုတင်ဂၞင်ဇြိုဟ်နက်ရ။ 
=== ၄.၂ ပွမၜတ်ကၞာတ် နူဇမ္ၚောဲ (Remote Sensing) ===
Remote Sensing: ပွမပကောံတင်ဂၞင် နူဂြိုဟ် (Satellite) ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး နူယာန်ကျာ သွက်ဂွံညာတ်ကေတ် အကာဲအရာဂၠးတိ၊ ပွမပြံင်လှာဲဂြိုပ်ဆု ကေုာံ အကာဲအရာဍုင်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ 
== ၅. သုတေသန Ph.D. ကေုာံ ပထဝဳဗေဒ ==
နကဵုနဲကဲသုတေသန Multicultural Studies (RILCA, Mahidol University)၊ ပထဝဳဗေဒ နွံကဵုဂုဏ်ဖိုလ်:
Spatial Agency: ပွမလ္ၚတ်ဒၞာဲဝါဲမန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ပွမဗၟံက်ထ္ၜး &quot;Territorial Legitimacy&quot; (ဒဒှ်မဒးရးနကဵုတိဍာ်)။ 
Knowledge Sovereignty: ပွမပကောံတင်ဂၞင်ပထဝဳမန် ပ္ဍဲဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ ဒှ်ပွမပခိုင်ကေတ် &quot;Digital Sovereignty&quot; (အဝဵုဒဳဂျဳတော) မန်ပိုဲရ။ 
Verification of Identity: ပ္ဍဲအရာမချူလိက်ပရေင် သွက် Amartdein Journal၊ ပထဝဳဗေဒ ဒှ်သဇိုင် သွက်ဂွံပခိုင်ကေတ် &quot;Mon Identity&quot; ပ္ဍဲဗွိုင်ပညာဂၠးတိရ။ 
== ရံၚ်ကဵုဏအ် ==
[[ဂၠးတိ]] 
[[အာရှအဂၞဲ]] 
[[ဝင်မန်]] 
[[သိပ္ပံ]] 
== နိဿဲ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== တမ်ရိုဟ်လိက် ==
UNESCO Publishing. (BE 2550). Geography and Human Civilization. Paris. 
Mahidol University Press. (BE 2566). Language and Identity in Southeast Asia. Salaya. 
Oxford Economics. (BE 2558). Global Geographic Trends. Oxford. 
MIT Press. (BE 2564). Digital Mapping and GIS. Cambridge. 
နာဲထဝ်သောန်။ (သၞာံ ၂၅၆၂ BE). ပထဝဳဒေသမန်. ဍုင်ဗဂေါ။ 
မာံပါလိက်။ (သၞာံ ၂၅၅၅ BE). လိက်ဝၚ်မန်တၟိ. ဍုင်မတ်မလီု။ 
== လေန်မ္ၚး ==
[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ National Geographic Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326000000/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ |date=2012-03-26 }} 
[https://www.google.com/earth/ Google Earth - Explore the World] 
[[Category:ပထဝဳဗေဒ]]
[[Category:သိပ္ပံ]]
[[Category:ဒေသမန်]]
[[Category:ယေန်သၞာင်နှဴရဴဗေဒ]]</text>
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      <comment>ခၞံကၠောန်လဝ် မုက်လိက် နကု &quot;'''နာဲကျဳဇြာန်''' ဂှ် ဒှ် ဂကောံက္ဍိုက်ပ် [[ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ (ဗတိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်)]] မွဲတၠရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=122115257966217933&amp;set=pcb.122115258092217933 |title=ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ (ဗ္တိုက်သ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7918" sha1="d3e0gz8d8g7t1hub7ezmjzvan7eyu4l" xml:space="preserve">'''နာဲကျဳဇြာန်''' ဂှ် ဒှ် ဂကောံက္ဍိုက်ပ် [[ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ (ဗတိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်)]] မွဲတၠရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=122115257966217933&amp;set=pcb.122115258092217933 |title=ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ (ဗ္တိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်) လိက်လလောင်ပၟိင် (၁/၂၄) |last= |first= |date=March 1, 2024 |website=New Mon State Party (AD)'s Facebook Page |publisher=Open |access-date=March 1, 2024 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ညးဝွံ 

&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=James Bond |first1=Mon |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpermalink.php%3Fstory_fbid%3Dpfbid033kjsmBWBHCn8sTGxg67PbhzKFANAkgrDfnP65fkn7r6HewK3YMkAnb8pz6hMXy2ml%26id%3D61588907971205&amp;show_text=true&amp;width=500&quot;|url-access= |trans-title= |format= |website=Mon James Bond မွန်ဂျိမ်ဗွမ် |language=Burmese |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date=September 22, 2026 |access-date=September 22, 2026 |via= |quote=မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အေဒီ) ထဲက ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက် ဟိုတစ်နေ့က စကားပြောဖြစ်တယ်။ ချစ်သူငယ်ချင်းတွေဆိုတော့ စကားတွေအများကြီးပြောဖြစ်တယ်။ မမေးသင့်တဲ့ဟာတွေလဲ သူ့ကိုမေးလိုက်တယ်။ ကျနော်က ဘာမေးလိုက်လဲဆိုတော့ မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အေဒီ) ထဲမှာ တာဝန်ထမ်းဆောင်နေချိန်မှာ ကိုယ့်ရဲ့မကြိုက်ဆုံးအရာက ဘာလဲ။ သူက ဘာပြန်ပြောလဲဆိုတော့ ကျနော်မကြိုက်တာ ၃-၄ ခုလောက်တော့ ရှိတယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက်ရဲ့ စိတ်ထဲက အထိနားဆုံး ခံစားချက်တစ်ခုတော့ ပြောပြမယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော် စစ်ဆေးရေးဂိတ်တစ်ခုမှာ တာဝန်ကျတယ်ဗျာ။ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားတစီးကို တားလိုက်တယ်။ သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားသမားကို ရဲဘော်တွေက ဖမ်းတယ်။ ဖမ်းပြီးများမကြာခင် ဖုန်းတစ်ခု ဝင်လာတယ်။ ဖုန်းထဲက ဘာပြောလဲဆိုတော့ အဲဒီဖမ်းထားတဲ့ ကားသမားကို လွတ်လိုက်ပါတဲ့။ နင်တို့ဘာကြောင့် ဖမ်းတယ် ဘာညာ ဆိုပြီး ကျနော်တို့ရဲဘော်တွေ ဆူခံရတယ်တဲ့။ ဒီထက်မက ဘာပြောလဲဆိုတော့ နင်တို့ကို အပြစ်ဒဏ်ပေးမယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော်အပါဝင် ရဲဘော်တွေက အိတ်အလိုက် ထည့်ထားတဲ့ ဘိန်စာရွတ်ကို ကားပေါ်အထိ ပြန်တင်ပေးရတယ်တဲ့။ မူးယစ်ဖမ်းလို့ အပြစ်ဒဏ်ကျရမယ်ဆိုတော့ ရဲဘော်တွေက စိတ်နားတယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော်မေးလိုက်တာ ဘယ်သူက ဖုန်းခေါ်လာတာလဲ။ သူပြန်ပြောပြတာက နိုင်ကျည်ဆံပါတဲ့။ အဲဒီ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်တဲ့ ကားသမားက ကရင်လက်နက်ကိုင်အဖွဲ့တွေနဲ့ဆက်စပ်မှုရှိလို့ မဖမ်းရဘူးတဲ့။ တကယ်တော့ ကျနော်တို့ရဲဘော်လည်း နားလည်ပါတယ်။ အဲဒီ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားသမားက နိုင်ကျည်ဆံနဲ့ ဘယ်လိုဆက်စပ်နေလဲဆိုတာ သူဖုန်းခေါ်လာကတည်းက ကျနော်တို့ သိတယ်။ ဒါက ဖြစ်စဉ်တစ်ခုပါ မွန်မျိုးချစ် အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။
နောက်ထပ် ဖြစ်စဉ်တစ်ခုလည်း ပြောပြချင်ပါသေးတယ်။ မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အန်စီအေ) ထဲက ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက် ပြောပြထားတဲ့ အကြောင်းပါ။ ထားဝယ်ခရိုင်ထဲမှာ သူက တာဝန်ကျနေတော့ မူးယစ်နဲ့ပတ်သက်ပြီး လူတွေကို ဖမ်းတယ်။ ပြီးတော့ အပြစ်ဒဏ်အနေနဲ့ ဒဏ်ငွေပေးပြီးမှ လွတ်လိုက်တယ်။ သူမှတ်မိသလောက်ဆိုရင် မူးယစ်ရောင်းသူ နဲ့ ဝယ်သူတွေဆီက အပြစ်ဒဏ်ငွေ သိန်း ၇၀၀ လောက်ရတယ်တဲ့။ ဒါပေမဲ့ မွန်ပြည်သစ် ဗဟိုငှာနချုပ် စာရင်းတင်တော့ အဲဒီ သိန်း ၇၀၀ ကျပ် ငွေ မပါဘူးတဲ့။ အဲဒီတော့ ကျနော်မေးရမှာပေါ့ သိန်း ၇၀၀ က ဘယ်သူ ယူသွားလဲ။ စိတ်နားဖို့ ကောင်းပါတယ် အကိုရယ် ကျနော်အသိက ပြန်ပြောပြတာပါ။ သိန်း ၇၀၀ ကျပ်ဆိုတာ ထားဝယ်ခရိုင်တာဝန်ခံတွေက ဝေမျစားပြီး တချို့တွေဆိုရင် အဲဒီငွေတွေကို ယူပြီး အိမ်ပြန် ရာဘာပင်စိုက်ကြတာတဲ့။ တော်လှန်ရေးဆိုတာ လူတွေက ပါစပ်ဖြားကနေပဲ လူကြားကောင်းအောင် ပြောနေတာပါ အကို။ ဒါပေမဲ့ တော်လှန်ရေးအတွက် တကယ်လုပ်နေတဲ့ ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်တွေလည်း ရှိပါတယ်။ အားလုံး မကောင်းတာတော့ မပြောလိုဘူးတဲ့။ ဒီလောက်ပါပဲ မွန်အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။ စနစ်ကောင်းတစ်ခုကို တည်ထောင်ချင်တယ်ဆိုရင် အာဏာပါဝါတွေ အလွဲသုံးစားလုပ်နေတဲ့ မွန်တော်လှန်ရေးအဖျက်သမားတွေအားလုံး ဆန့်ကျင်ကြ မွန်အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။
}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== နိဿဲ ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ကျဳဇြာန်|နာဲ}}
[[Category:ကဏ္ဍအဓိက!]] 
[[Category:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="8299" sha1="aabp9lk8tyd5zoekycraaldvrpaomoz" xml:space="preserve">'''သကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော် ကျဳဇြာန်''' ဝွံ ဒှ် ဂကောံက္ဍိုက်ပ် မွဲတၠ ပ္ဍဲ [[ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ (ဗတိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်)]]၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=122115257966217933&amp;set=pcb.122115258092217933 |title=ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ (ဗ္တိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်) လိက်လလောင်ပၟိင် (၁/၂၄) |last= |first= |date=March 1, 2024 |website=New Mon State Party (AD)'s Facebook Page |publisher=Open |access-date=March 1, 2024 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; မနွံ ကဆံင် ဒုညးဂအုပ်က္ဍိုက်ပ်ဒပ်ပၞာန် (၂)ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url= |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |website= |language= |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=James Bond |first1=Mon |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpermalink.php%3Fstory_fbid%3Dpfbid033kjsmBWBHCn8sTGxg67PbhzKFANAkgrDfnP65fkn7r6HewK3YMkAnb8pz6hMXy2ml%26id%3D61588907971205&amp;show_text=true&amp;width=500&quot;|url-access= |trans-title= |format= |website=Mon James Bond မွန်ဂျိမ်ဗွမ် |language=Burmese |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date=September 22, 2026 |access-date=September 22, 2026 |via= |quote=မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အေဒီ) ထဲက ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက် ဟိုတစ်နေ့က စကားပြောဖြစ်တယ်။ ချစ်သူငယ်ချင်းတွေဆိုတော့ စကားတွေအများကြီးပြောဖြစ်တယ်။ မမေးသင့်တဲ့ဟာတွေလဲ သူ့ကိုမေးလိုက်တယ်။ ကျနော်က ဘာမေးလိုက်လဲဆိုတော့ မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အေဒီ) ထဲမှာ တာဝန်ထမ်းဆောင်နေချိန်မှာ ကိုယ့်ရဲ့မကြိုက်ဆုံးအရာက ဘာလဲ။ သူက ဘာပြန်ပြောလဲဆိုတော့ ကျနော်မကြိုက်တာ ၃-၄ ခုလောက်တော့ ရှိတယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက်ရဲ့ စိတ်ထဲက အထိနားဆုံး ခံစားချက်တစ်ခုတော့ ပြောပြမယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော် စစ်ဆေးရေးဂိတ်တစ်ခုမှာ တာဝန်ကျတယ်ဗျာ။ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားတစီးကို တားလိုက်တယ်။ သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားသမားကို ရဲဘော်တွေက ဖမ်းတယ်။ ဖမ်းပြီးများမကြာခင် ဖုန်းတစ်ခု ဝင်လာတယ်။ ဖုန်းထဲက ဘာပြောလဲဆိုတော့ အဲဒီဖမ်းထားတဲ့ ကားသမားကို လွတ်လိုက်ပါတဲ့။ နင်တို့ဘာကြောင့် ဖမ်းတယ် ဘာညာ ဆိုပြီး ကျနော်တို့ရဲဘော်တွေ ဆူခံရတယ်တဲ့။ ဒီထက်မက ဘာပြောလဲဆိုတော့ နင်တို့ကို အပြစ်ဒဏ်ပေးမယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော်အပါဝင် ရဲဘော်တွေက အိတ်အလိုက် ထည့်ထားတဲ့ ဘိန်စာရွတ်ကို ကားပေါ်အထိ ပြန်တင်ပေးရတယ်တဲ့။ မူးယစ်ဖမ်းလို့ အပြစ်ဒဏ်ကျရမယ်ဆိုတော့ ရဲဘော်တွေက စိတ်နားတယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော်မေးလိုက်တာ ဘယ်သူက ဖုန်းခေါ်လာတာလဲ။ သူပြန်ပြောပြတာက နိုင်ကျည်ဆံပါတဲ့။ အဲဒီ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်တဲ့ ကားသမားက ကရင်လက်နက်ကိုင်အဖွဲ့တွေနဲ့ဆက်စပ်မှုရှိလို့ မဖမ်းရဘူးတဲ့။ တကယ်တော့ ကျနော်တို့ရဲဘော်လည်း နားလည်ပါတယ်။ အဲဒီ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားသမားက နိုင်ကျည်ဆံနဲ့ ဘယ်လိုဆက်စပ်နေလဲဆိုတာ သူဖုန်းခေါ်လာကတည်းက ကျနော်တို့ သိတယ်။ ဒါက ဖြစ်စဉ်တစ်ခုပါ မွန်မျိုးချစ် အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။
နောက်ထပ် ဖြစ်စဉ်တစ်ခုလည်း ပြောပြချင်ပါသေးတယ်။ မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အန်စီအေ) ထဲက ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက် ပြောပြထားတဲ့ အကြောင်းပါ။ ထားဝယ်ခရိုင်ထဲမှာ သူက တာဝန်ကျနေတော့ မူးယစ်နဲ့ပတ်သက်ပြီး လူတွေကို ဖမ်းတယ်။ ပြီးတော့ အပြစ်ဒဏ်အနေနဲ့ ဒဏ်ငွေပေးပြီးမှ လွတ်လိုက်တယ်။ သူမှတ်မိသလောက်ဆိုရင် မူးယစ်ရောင်းသူ နဲ့ ဝယ်သူတွေဆီက အပြစ်ဒဏ်ငွေ သိန်း ၇၀၀ လောက်ရတယ်တဲ့။ ဒါပေမဲ့ မွန်ပြည်သစ် ဗဟိုငှာနချုပ် စာရင်းတင်တော့ အဲဒီ သိန်း ၇၀၀ ကျပ် ငွေ မပါဘူးတဲ့။ အဲဒီတော့ ကျနော်မေးရမှာပေါ့ သိန်း ၇၀၀ က ဘယ်သူ ယူသွားလဲ။ စိတ်နားဖို့ ကောင်းပါတယ် အကိုရယ် ကျနော်အသိက ပြန်ပြောပြတာပါ။ သိန်း ၇၀၀ ကျပ်ဆိုတာ ထားဝယ်ခရိုင်တာဝန်ခံတွေက ဝေမျစားပြီး တချို့တွေဆိုရင် အဲဒီငွေတွေကို ယူပြီး အိမ်ပြန် ရာဘာပင်စိုက်ကြတာတဲ့။ တော်လှန်ရေးဆိုတာ လူတွေက ပါစပ်ဖြားကနေပဲ လူကြားကောင်းအောင် ပြောနေတာပါ အကို။ ဒါပေမဲ့ တော်လှန်ရေးအတွက် တကယ်လုပ်နေတဲ့ ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်တွေလည်း ရှိပါတယ်။ အားလုံး မကောင်းတာတော့ မပြောလိုဘူးတဲ့။ ဒီလောက်ပါပဲ မွန်အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။ စနစ်ကောင်းတစ်ခုကို တည်ထောင်ချင်တယ်ဆိုရင် အာဏာပါဝါတွေ အလွဲသုံးစားလုပ်နေတဲ့ မွန်တော်လှန်ရေးအဖျက်သမားတွေအားလုံး ဆန့်ကျင်ကြ မွန်အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။
}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== နိဿဲ ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ကျဳဇြာန်|နာဲ}}
[[Category:ကဏ္ဍအဓိက!]] 
[[Category:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ]]</text>
      <sha1>aabp9lk8tyd5zoekycraaldvrpaomoz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>57480</id>
      <parentid>57479</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T15:55:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ranger-Mon</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>57480</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14073" sha1="bxnsn98gholkqxzhm9ba0deav1gdgyg" xml:space="preserve">'''သကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော် ကျဳဇြာန်''' ဝွံ ဒှ် ဂကောံက္ဍိုက်ပ် မွဲတၠ ပ္ဍဲ [[ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ (ဗတိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်)]]၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=122115257966217933&amp;set=pcb.122115258092217933 |title=ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ (ဗ္တိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်) လိက်လလောင်ပၟိင် (၁/၂၄) |last= |first= |date=March 1, 2024 |website=New Mon State Party (AD)'s Facebook Page |publisher=Open |access-date=March 1, 2024 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; မနွံ ကဆံင် ဒုညးဂအုပ်က္ဍိုက်ပ်ဒပ်ပၞာန် (၂)ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=NMSP-AD |first1=Ramonnya Mon Army |last2= |first2= |date= |title=ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်အသေအဟာန်ဖျေံဘာ ဘာကွတ်ပၞာန်တၟေၚ် (CQB) လၟေၚ် (၁) |url=https://www.facebook.com/search/top/?q=%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%81%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%20(CQB)%20%E1%80%9C%E1%81%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%20(%E1%81%81)&amp;locale=hi_IN |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |website=NMSP-AD/Ramonnya Mon Army |language= |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote=ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်အသေအဟာန်ဖျေံဘာ ဘာကွတ်ပၞာန်တၟေၚ် (CQB) လၟေၚ် (၁)
=====================
စၟတ်တ္ၚဲ။ ။ သၞာံ ၂၀၂၅၊ ဂိတု သေပ်တေမ်ပါ (၃)
မွန်-မြန်မာ နှစ်ဘာသာဖြင့်ဖတ်ရှုနိုင်ပါသည်။
ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ(ဗ္တိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞါန်)/ဒပ်မန်ရာမည သ္ကိုပ်သ္ကပံက်ဗ္တောန်ကၠုင် ဘာကွတ်ပၞာန်တၟေၚ် (CQB)လၟေၚ်(၁)တုဲ ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်ဏာလဝ် အသေအဟာန် ဖျေံဘာ ပ္ဍဲစၟတ်တ္ၚဲ ၃၁ ဂိတုအဝ်ဂေတ် သၞာံ၂၀၂၅ ဒၞဲါတိဍာ်ဗၠးၜးမွဲဒၞာဲရ။
ပ္ဍဲအသေအဟာန်ဖျေံဘာဂှ် နူကဵု ညးတာလျိုင် (NMSP-AD/RMA) ကဆံၚ်ၚ်တအ်ကီု၊ အ္စာတန်ဗ္တောန်တအ်ကီု သီုကဵု ညးဍုၚ်ကွာန်ဆာန်ဂကူဂမၠိုၚ်တအ် တိုန်စိုပ်ကဵုလဝ်ဇြဟတ်နွံရ။
ပ္ဍဲအသေအဟာန်ဂှ် ဒုညးဂအုပ်က္ဍိုက်ပ်ဒပ်ပၞာန်(၁) သ္ကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော်သဵုဝေန်၊ ဒုညးဂအုပ်က္ဍိုက်ပ်ဒပ်ပၞာန် (၂) သ္ကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော် ကျဳဇြာန် ကေုာံ ကမ္မတဳပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ပရေၚ်ပၞာန် နာဲသူရဌေတအ် ဟီုဂလာန်ဗ္ကန်ကု ကွးဘာစ်ှေဘာတအ်နွံရ။
 နအစဳအဇန်လက္ကရဴအိုတ်ဂှ် သ္ဂံၚ်စ်ှေဘာတအ် ပ္ဍဲမွဲဒမြိပ်တန်ဗ္တောန်ဏအ် ပ္တိတ်ကၠုၚ်လဝ်ဇဲ ဝဳရိယ တတ်ကၠောံကၠုၚ်အခက်အခုဲတာဒၞာနာနာသာ်တုဲ သွက်ဂွံထ္ၜးစရာဲကွတ်ပၞာန်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ထ္ၜးဏာ ဗီုပြၚ်ကွတ်ပၞာန် ပ္ဍဲအသေအဟာန် ဖျေံဘာဂှ်နွံရ။
(CQB) သင်တန်းအပတ်စဉ်(၁) သင်တန်းဆင်းအခမ်းအနား ကျင်းပ 
========================
ရက်စွဲ။     ။ ၂၀၂၅ ခုနှစ်၊ စက်တင်ဘာလ (၃)ရက်၊
မွန်ပြည်သစ်ပါတီ(စစ်အာဏာရှင်တိုက်ဖျက်ရေး)/ရာမညမွန်တပ်တော် (NMSP-AD/RMA) မှဦးဆောင်၍ ဖွင့်လှစ်သင်ကြားပေးခဲ့သည့်အပတ်စဉ် (၁) (CQB) သင်တန်းဆင်းပွဲအခမ်းအနားကို ၂၀၂၅ ခုနှစ်၊ ဩဂုတ်လ၊ (၃၁) ရက်နေ့တွင် လွတ်မြောက်နယ်မြေတစ်နေရာ၌ ကျင်းပပြုလုပ်ခဲ့သည်။
သင်တန်းကာလအတွင်း သင်တန်းဆင်း ရဲဘော်များသည် အခက်အခဲများကို  ဇွဲ၊လုံ့လ၊ဝီရိယတို့ဖြင့် ကျော်ဖြတ်ခဲ့ကြရပြီး သင်တန်းကာလတစ်‌လျောက်လုံးတွင် စွမ်းဆောင်ရည်ကို ပြသသည့်အနေဖြင့် စစ်ရေးသရုပ်ပြများ ပြုလုပ်ခဲ့ကြသည်။
အဆိုပါအခမ်းအနားသို့  ရာမညမွန်တပ်တော် (RMA)မှ ဒုစစ်ဦးစီးချုပ်(၁) နိုင်စိုးဝင်း၊  ဒုစစ်ဦးစီးချုပ်(၂) နိုင်ကျည်ဆံ၊ စစ်ရေးနိုင်ငံရေးကော်မတီဝင် နိုင်သူရဌေး၊သင်တန်းဆရာများ၊ တာဝန်ရှိသူများနှင့် တာဝန်သိပြည်သူများ  တက်ရောက်ခဲ့ကြပြီး  သင်တန်းဆင်းရဲဘော်များကို ရာမညမွန်တပ်တော် (RMA)မှ ဒုစစ်ဦးစီးချုပ် (၁) နိုင်စိုးဝင်း၊  ဒုစစ်ဦးစီချုပ် (၂) နိုင်ကျည်ဆံနှင့် စစ်ရေးနိုင်ငံရေးကော်မတီဝင် နိုင်သူရဌေးတို့မှ ခွန်အားဖြည့်မိန့်ခွန်းများပြောကြားခဲ့ကြသည်။}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=James Bond |first1=Mon |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpermalink.php%3Fstory_fbid%3Dpfbid033kjsmBWBHCn8sTGxg67PbhzKFANAkgrDfnP65fkn7r6HewK3YMkAnb8pz6hMXy2ml%26id%3D61588907971205&amp;show_text=true&amp;width=500&quot;|url-access= |trans-title= |format= |website=Mon James Bond မွန်ဂျိမ်ဗွမ် |language=Burmese |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date=September 22, 2026 |access-date=September 22, 2026 |via= |quote=မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အေဒီ) ထဲက ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက် ဟိုတစ်နေ့က စကားပြောဖြစ်တယ်။ ချစ်သူငယ်ချင်းတွေဆိုတော့ စကားတွေအများကြီးပြောဖြစ်တယ်။ မမေးသင့်တဲ့ဟာတွေလဲ သူ့ကိုမေးလိုက်တယ်။ ကျနော်က ဘာမေးလိုက်လဲဆိုတော့ မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အေဒီ) ထဲမှာ တာဝန်ထမ်းဆောင်နေချိန်မှာ ကိုယ့်ရဲ့မကြိုက်ဆုံးအရာက ဘာလဲ။ သူက ဘာပြန်ပြောလဲဆိုတော့ ကျနော်မကြိုက်တာ ၃-၄ ခုလောက်တော့ ရှိတယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက်ရဲ့ စိတ်ထဲက အထိနားဆုံး ခံစားချက်တစ်ခုတော့ ပြောပြမယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော် စစ်ဆေးရေးဂိတ်တစ်ခုမှာ တာဝန်ကျတယ်ဗျာ။ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားတစီးကို တားလိုက်တယ်။ သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားသမားကို ရဲဘော်တွေက ဖမ်းတယ်။ ဖမ်းပြီးများမကြာခင် ဖုန်းတစ်ခု ဝင်လာတယ်။ ဖုန်းထဲက ဘာပြောလဲဆိုတော့ အဲဒီဖမ်းထားတဲ့ ကားသမားကို လွတ်လိုက်ပါတဲ့။ နင်တို့ဘာကြောင့် ဖမ်းတယ် ဘာညာ ဆိုပြီး ကျနော်တို့ရဲဘော်တွေ ဆူခံရတယ်တဲ့။ ဒီထက်မက ဘာပြောလဲဆိုတော့ နင်တို့ကို အပြစ်ဒဏ်ပေးမယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော်အပါဝင် ရဲဘော်တွေက အိတ်အလိုက် ထည့်ထားတဲ့ ဘိန်စာရွတ်ကို ကားပေါ်အထိ ပြန်တင်ပေးရတယ်တဲ့။ မူးယစ်ဖမ်းလို့ အပြစ်ဒဏ်ကျရမယ်ဆိုတော့ ရဲဘော်တွေက စိတ်နားတယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော်မေးလိုက်တာ ဘယ်သူက ဖုန်းခေါ်လာတာလဲ။ သူပြန်ပြောပြတာက နိုင်ကျည်ဆံပါတဲ့။ အဲဒီ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်တဲ့ ကားသမားက ကရင်လက်နက်ကိုင်အဖွဲ့တွေနဲ့ဆက်စပ်မှုရှိလို့ မဖမ်းရဘူးတဲ့။ တကယ်တော့ ကျနော်တို့ရဲဘော်လည်း နားလည်ပါတယ်။ အဲဒီ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားသမားက နိုင်ကျည်ဆံနဲ့ ဘယ်လိုဆက်စပ်နေလဲဆိုတာ သူဖုန်းခေါ်လာကတည်းက ကျနော်တို့ သိတယ်။ ဒါက ဖြစ်စဉ်တစ်ခုပါ မွန်မျိုးချစ် အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။
နောက်ထပ် ဖြစ်စဉ်တစ်ခုလည်း ပြောပြချင်ပါသေးတယ်။ မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အန်စီအေ) ထဲက ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက် ပြောပြထားတဲ့ အကြောင်းပါ။ ထားဝယ်ခရိုင်ထဲမှာ သူက တာဝန်ကျနေတော့ မူးယစ်နဲ့ပတ်သက်ပြီး လူတွေကို ဖမ်းတယ်။ ပြီးတော့ အပြစ်ဒဏ်အနေနဲ့ ဒဏ်ငွေပေးပြီးမှ လွတ်လိုက်တယ်။ သူမှတ်မိသလောက်ဆိုရင် မူးယစ်ရောင်းသူ နဲ့ ဝယ်သူတွေဆီက အပြစ်ဒဏ်ငွေ သိန်း ၇၀၀ လောက်ရတယ်တဲ့။ ဒါပေမဲ့ မွန်ပြည်သစ် ဗဟိုငှာနချုပ် စာရင်းတင်တော့ အဲဒီ သိန်း ၇၀၀ ကျပ် ငွေ မပါဘူးတဲ့။ အဲဒီတော့ ကျနော်မေးရမှာပေါ့ သိန်း ၇၀၀ က ဘယ်သူ ယူသွားလဲ။ စိတ်နားဖို့ ကောင်းပါတယ် အကိုရယ် ကျနော်အသိက ပြန်ပြောပြတာပါ။ သိန်း ၇၀၀ ကျပ်ဆိုတာ ထားဝယ်ခရိုင်တာဝန်ခံတွေက ဝေမျစားပြီး တချို့တွေဆိုရင် အဲဒီငွေတွေကို ယူပြီး အိမ်ပြန် ရာဘာပင်စိုက်ကြတာတဲ့။ တော်လှန်ရေးဆိုတာ လူတွေက ပါစပ်ဖြားကနေပဲ လူကြားကောင်းအောင် ပြောနေတာပါ အကို။ ဒါပေမဲ့ တော်လှန်ရေးအတွက် တကယ်လုပ်နေတဲ့ ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်တွေလည်း ရှိပါတယ်။ အားလုံး မကောင်းတာတော့ မပြောလိုဘူးတဲ့။ ဒီလောက်ပါပဲ မွန်အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။ စနစ်ကောင်းတစ်ခုကို တည်ထောင်ချင်တယ်ဆိုရင် အာဏာပါဝါတွေ အလွဲသုံးစားလုပ်နေတဲ့ မွန်တော်လှန်ရေးအဖျက်သမားတွေအားလုံး ဆန့်ကျင်ကြ မွန်အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။
}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== နိဿဲ ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ကျဳဇြာန်|နာဲ}}
[[Category:ကဏ္ဍအဓိက!]] 
[[Category:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ]]</text>
      <sha1>bxnsn98gholkqxzhm9ba0deav1gdgyg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>57481</id>
      <parentid>57480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T15:57:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ranger-Mon</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>57481</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9964" sha1="s290sb5suxr353xqgnunochzbl4agb0" xml:space="preserve">'''သကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော် ကျဳဇြာန်''' ဝွံ ဒှ် ဂကောံက္ဍိုက်ပ် မွဲတၠ ပ္ဍဲ [[ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ (ဗတိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်)]]၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=122115257966217933&amp;set=pcb.122115258092217933 |title=ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ (ဗ္တိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်) လိက်လလောင်ပၟိင် (၁/၂၄) |last= |first= |date=March 1, 2024 |website=New Mon State Party (AD)'s Facebook Page |publisher=Open |access-date=March 1, 2024 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; မနွံ ကဆံင် ဒုညးဂအုပ်က္ဍိုက်ပ်ဒပ်ပၞာန် (၂)ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=NMSP-AD |first1=Ramonnya Mon Army |last2= |first2= |date= |title=ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်အသေအဟာန်ဖျေံဘာ ဘာကွတ်ပၞာန်တၟေၚ် (CQB) လၟေၚ် (၁)|url=https://www.facebook.com/search/top/?q=%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%81%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%20(CQB)%20%E1%80%9C%E1%81%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%20(%E1%81%81)&amp;locale=hi_IN |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |website=NMSP-AD/Ramonnya Mon Army |language= |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote=ပ္ဍဲအသေအဟာန်ဂှ် ဒုညးဂအုပ်က္ဍိုက်ပ်ဒပ်ပၞာန်(၁) သ္ကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော်သဵုဝေန်၊ ဒုညးဂအုပ်က္ဍိုက်ပ်ဒပ်ပၞာန် (၂) သ္ကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော် ကျဳဇြာန် ကေုာံ ကမ္မတဳပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ပရေၚ်ပၞာန် နာဲသူရဌေတအ် ဟီုဂလာန်ဗ္ကန်ကု ကွးဘာစ်ှေဘာတအ်နွံရ။ ... သင်တန်းဆင်းရဲဘော်များကို ရာမညမွန်တပ်တော် (RMA)မှ ဒုစစ်ဦးစီးချုပ် (၁) နိုင်စိုးဝင်း၊  ဒုစစ်ဦးစီချုပ် (၂) နိုင်ကျည်ဆံနှင့် စစ်ရေးနိုင်ငံရေးကော်မတီဝင် နိုင်သူရဌေးတို့မှ ခွန်အားဖြည့်မိန့်ခွန်းများပြောကြားခဲ့ကြသည်။}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=James Bond |first1=Mon |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpermalink.php%3Fstory_fbid%3Dpfbid033kjsmBWBHCn8sTGxg67PbhzKFANAkgrDfnP65fkn7r6HewK3YMkAnb8pz6hMXy2ml%26id%3D61588907971205&amp;show_text=true&amp;width=500&quot;|url-access= |trans-title= |format= |website=Mon James Bond မွန်ဂျိမ်ဗွမ် |language=Burmese |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date=September 22, 2026 |access-date=September 22, 2026 |via= |quote=မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အေဒီ) ထဲက ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက် ဟိုတစ်နေ့က စကားပြောဖြစ်တယ်။ ချစ်သူငယ်ချင်းတွေဆိုတော့ စကားတွေအများကြီးပြောဖြစ်တယ်။ မမေးသင့်တဲ့ဟာတွေလဲ သူ့ကိုမေးလိုက်တယ်။ ကျနော်က ဘာမေးလိုက်လဲဆိုတော့ မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အေဒီ) ထဲမှာ တာဝန်ထမ်းဆောင်နေချိန်မှာ ကိုယ့်ရဲ့မကြိုက်ဆုံးအရာက ဘာလဲ။ သူက ဘာပြန်ပြောလဲဆိုတော့ ကျနော်မကြိုက်တာ ၃-၄ ခုလောက်တော့ ရှိတယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက်ရဲ့ စိတ်ထဲက အထိနားဆုံး ခံစားချက်တစ်ခုတော့ ပြောပြမယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော် စစ်ဆေးရေးဂိတ်တစ်ခုမှာ တာဝန်ကျတယ်ဗျာ။ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားတစီးကို တားလိုက်တယ်။ သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားသမားကို ရဲဘော်တွေက ဖမ်းတယ်။ ဖမ်းပြီးများမကြာခင် ဖုန်းတစ်ခု ဝင်လာတယ်။ ဖုန်းထဲက ဘာပြောလဲဆိုတော့ အဲဒီဖမ်းထားတဲ့ ကားသမားကို လွတ်လိုက်ပါတဲ့။ နင်တို့ဘာကြောင့် ဖမ်းတယ် ဘာညာ ဆိုပြီး ကျနော်တို့ရဲဘော်တွေ ဆူခံရတယ်တဲ့။ ဒီထက်မက ဘာပြောလဲဆိုတော့ နင်တို့ကို အပြစ်ဒဏ်ပေးမယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော်အပါဝင် ရဲဘော်တွေက အိတ်အလိုက် ထည့်ထားတဲ့ ဘိန်စာရွတ်ကို ကားပေါ်အထိ ပြန်တင်ပေးရတယ်တဲ့။ မူးယစ်ဖမ်းလို့ အပြစ်ဒဏ်ကျရမယ်ဆိုတော့ ရဲဘော်တွေက စိတ်နားတယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော်မေးလိုက်တာ ဘယ်သူက ဖုန်းခေါ်လာတာလဲ။ သူပြန်ပြောပြတာက နိုင်ကျည်ဆံပါတဲ့။ အဲဒီ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်တဲ့ ကားသမားက ကရင်လက်နက်ကိုင်အဖွဲ့တွေနဲ့ဆက်စပ်မှုရှိလို့ မဖမ်းရဘူးတဲ့။ တကယ်တော့ ကျနော်တို့ရဲဘော်လည်း နားလည်ပါတယ်။ အဲဒီ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားသမားက နိုင်ကျည်ဆံနဲ့ ဘယ်လိုဆက်စပ်နေလဲဆိုတာ သူဖုန်းခေါ်လာကတည်းက ကျနော်တို့ သိတယ်။ ဒါက ဖြစ်စဉ်တစ်ခုပါ မွန်မျိုးချစ် အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။
နောက်ထပ် ဖြစ်စဉ်တစ်ခုလည်း ပြောပြချင်ပါသေးတယ်။ မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အန်စီအေ) ထဲက ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက် ပြောပြထားတဲ့ အကြောင်းပါ။ ထားဝယ်ခရိုင်ထဲမှာ သူက တာဝန်ကျနေတော့ မူးယစ်နဲ့ပတ်သက်ပြီး လူတွေကို ဖမ်းတယ်။ ပြီးတော့ အပြစ်ဒဏ်အနေနဲ့ ဒဏ်ငွေပေးပြီးမှ လွတ်လိုက်တယ်။ သူမှတ်မိသလောက်ဆိုရင် မူးယစ်ရောင်းသူ နဲ့ ဝယ်သူတွေဆီက အပြစ်ဒဏ်ငွေ သိန်း ၇၀၀ လောက်ရတယ်တဲ့။ ဒါပေမဲ့ မွန်ပြည်သစ် ဗဟိုငှာနချုပ် စာရင်းတင်တော့ အဲဒီ သိန်း ၇၀၀ ကျပ် ငွေ မပါဘူးတဲ့။ အဲဒီတော့ ကျနော်မေးရမှာပေါ့ သိန်း ၇၀၀ က ဘယ်သူ ယူသွားလဲ။ စိတ်နားဖို့ ကောင်းပါတယ် အကိုရယ် ကျနော်အသိက ပြန်ပြောပြတာပါ။ သိန်း ၇၀၀ ကျပ်ဆိုတာ ထားဝယ်ခရိုင်တာဝန်ခံတွေက ဝေမျစားပြီး တချို့တွေဆိုရင် အဲဒီငွေတွေကို ယူပြီး အိမ်ပြန် ရာဘာပင်စိုက်ကြတာတဲ့။ တော်လှန်ရေးဆိုတာ လူတွေက ပါစပ်ဖြားကနေပဲ လူကြားကောင်းအောင် ပြောနေတာပါ အကို။ ဒါပေမဲ့ တော်လှန်ရေးအတွက် တကယ်လုပ်နေတဲ့ ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်တွေလည်း ရှိပါတယ်။ အားလုံး မကောင်းတာတော့ မပြောလိုဘူးတဲ့။ ဒီလောက်ပါပဲ မွန်အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။ စနစ်ကောင်းတစ်ခုကို တည်ထောင်ချင်တယ်ဆိုရင် အာဏာပါဝါတွေ အလွဲသုံးစားလုပ်နေတဲ့ မွန်တော်လှန်ရေးအဖျက်သမားတွေအားလုံး ဆန့်ကျင်ကြ မွန်အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။
}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== နိဿဲ ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ကျဳဇြာန်|နာဲ}}
[[Category:ကဏ္ဍအဓိက!]] 
[[Category:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ]]</text>
      <sha1>s290sb5suxr353xqgnunochzbl4agb0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>57482</id>
      <parentid>57481</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-22T15:59:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ranger-Mon</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>57482</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10164" sha1="tfu0nvsay0emsb4tm9hoxb17tgr4bwf" xml:space="preserve">'''သကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော် ကျဳဇြာန်''' ဝွံ ဒှ် ဂကောံက္ဍိုက်ပ် မွဲတၠ ပ္ဍဲ [[ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ (ဗတိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်)]]၊&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=122115257966217933&amp;set=pcb.122115258092217933 |title=ဗော်ဍုင်မန်တၟိ (ဗ္တိုက်သရိုဟ်တၠအဝဵုပၞာန်) လိက်လလောင်ပၟိင် (၁/၂၄) |last= |first= |date=March 1, 2024 |website=New Mon State Party (AD)'s Facebook Page |publisher=Open |access-date=March 1, 2024 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; မနွံ ကဆံင် ဒုညးဂအုပ်က္ဍိုက်ပ်ဒပ်ပၞာန် (၂)ရ။&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=NMSP-AD |first1=Ramonnya Mon Army |last2= |first2= |date= |title=ကၠောန်ဗဒှ်အသေအဟာန်ဖျေံဘာ ဘာကွတ်ပၞာန်တၟေၚ် (CQB) လၟေၚ် (၁)|url=https://www.facebook.com/search/top/?q=%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%81%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%20(CQB)%20%E1%80%9C%E1%81%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%20(%E1%81%81)&amp;locale=hi_IN |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |website=NMSP-AD/Ramonnya Mon Army |language= |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote=ပ္ဍဲအသေအဟာန်ဂှ် ဒုညးဂအုပ်က္ဍိုက်ပ်ဒပ်ပၞာန်(၁) သ္ကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော်သဵုဝေန်၊ ဒုညးဂအုပ်က္ဍိုက်ပ်ဒပ်ပၞာန် (၂) သ္ကိုပ်ဗိုလ်ဇၞော် ကျဳဇြာန် ကေုာံ ကမ္မတဳပရေၚ်ဍုၚ်ကွာန်ပရေၚ်ပၞာန် နာဲသူရဌေတအ် ဟီုဂလာန်ဗ္ကန်ကု ကွးဘာစ်ှေဘာတအ်နွံရ။ ... သင်တန်းဆင်းရဲဘော်များကို ရာမညမွန်တပ်တော် (RMA)မှ ဒုစစ်ဦးစီးချုပ် (၁) နိုင်စိုးဝင်း၊  ဒုစစ်ဦးစီချုပ် (၂) နိုင်ကျည်ဆံနှင့် စစ်ရေးနိုင်ငံရေးကော်မတီဝင် နိုင်သူရဌေးတို့မှ ခွန်အားဖြည့်မိန့်ခွန်းများပြောကြားခဲ့ကြသည်။}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=James Bond |first1=Mon |last2= |first2= |date=September 22, 2026 |title= မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အေဒီ) ထဲက ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက် ဟိုတစ်နေ့က စကားပြောဖြစ်တယ်။ |url=https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpermalink.php%3Fstory_fbid%3Dpfbid033kjsmBWBHCn8sTGxg67PbhzKFANAkgrDfnP65fkn7r6HewK3YMkAnb8pz6hMXy2ml%26id%3D61588907971205&amp;show_text=true&amp;width=500&quot;|url-access= |trans-title= |format= |website=Mon James Bond မွန်ဂျိမ်ဗွမ် |language=Burmese |location= |publisher= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date=September 22, 2026 |access-date=September 22, 2026 |via= |quote=မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အေဒီ) ထဲက ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက် ဟိုတစ်နေ့က စကားပြောဖြစ်တယ်။ ချစ်သူငယ်ချင်းတွေဆိုတော့ စကားတွေအများကြီးပြောဖြစ်တယ်။ မမေးသင့်တဲ့ဟာတွေလဲ သူ့ကိုမေးလိုက်တယ်။ ကျနော်က ဘာမေးလိုက်လဲဆိုတော့ မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အေဒီ) ထဲမှာ တာဝန်ထမ်းဆောင်နေချိန်မှာ ကိုယ့်ရဲ့မကြိုက်ဆုံးအရာက ဘာလဲ။ သူက ဘာပြန်ပြောလဲဆိုတော့ ကျနော်မကြိုက်တာ ၃-၄ ခုလောက်တော့ ရှိတယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက်ရဲ့ စိတ်ထဲက အထိနားဆုံး ခံစားချက်တစ်ခုတော့ ပြောပြမယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော် စစ်ဆေးရေးဂိတ်တစ်ခုမှာ တာဝန်ကျတယ်ဗျာ။ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားတစီးကို တားလိုက်တယ်။ သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားသမားကို ရဲဘော်တွေက ဖမ်းတယ်။ ဖမ်းပြီးများမကြာခင် ဖုန်းတစ်ခု ဝင်လာတယ်။ ဖုန်းထဲက ဘာပြောလဲဆိုတော့ အဲဒီဖမ်းထားတဲ့ ကားသမားကို လွတ်လိုက်ပါတဲ့။ နင်တို့ဘာကြောင့် ဖမ်းတယ် ဘာညာ ဆိုပြီး ကျနော်တို့ရဲဘော်တွေ ဆူခံရတယ်တဲ့။ ဒီထက်မက ဘာပြောလဲဆိုတော့ နင်တို့ကို အပြစ်ဒဏ်ပေးမယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော်အပါဝင် ရဲဘော်တွေက အိတ်အလိုက် ထည့်ထားတဲ့ ဘိန်စာရွတ်ကို ကားပေါ်အထိ ပြန်တင်ပေးရတယ်တဲ့။ မူးယစ်ဖမ်းလို့ အပြစ်ဒဏ်ကျရမယ်ဆိုတော့ ရဲဘော်တွေက စိတ်နားတယ်တဲ့။ ကျနော်မေးလိုက်တာ ဘယ်သူက ဖုန်းခေါ်လာတာလဲ။ သူပြန်ပြောပြတာက နိုင်ကျည်ဆံပါတဲ့။ အဲဒီ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်တဲ့ ကားသမားက ကရင်လက်နက်ကိုင်အဖွဲ့တွေနဲ့ဆက်စပ်မှုရှိလို့ မဖမ်းရဘူးတဲ့။ တကယ်တော့ ကျနော်တို့ရဲဘော်လည်း နားလည်ပါတယ်။ အဲဒီ ဘိန်းစာရွတ်သယ်လာတဲ့ ကားသမားက နိုင်ကျည်ဆံနဲ့ ဘယ်လိုဆက်စပ်နေလဲဆိုတာ သူဖုန်းခေါ်လာကတည်းက ကျနော်တို့ သိတယ်။ ဒါက ဖြစ်စဉ်တစ်ခုပါ မွန်မျိုးချစ် အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။
နောက်ထပ် ဖြစ်စဉ်တစ်ခုလည်း ပြောပြချင်ပါသေးတယ်။ မွန်ပြည်သစ် (အန်စီအေ) ထဲက ရဲဘော်တစ်ယောက် ပြောပြထားတဲ့ အကြောင်းပါ။ ထားဝယ်ခရိုင်ထဲမှာ သူက တာဝန်ကျနေတော့ မူးယစ်နဲ့ပတ်သက်ပြီး လူတွေကို ဖမ်းတယ်။ ပြီးတော့ အပြစ်ဒဏ်အနေနဲ့ ဒဏ်ငွေပေးပြီးမှ လွတ်လိုက်တယ်။ သူမှတ်မိသလောက်ဆိုရင် မူးယစ်ရောင်းသူ နဲ့ ဝယ်သူတွေဆီက အပြစ်ဒဏ်ငွေ သိန်း ၇၀၀ လောက်ရတယ်တဲ့။ ဒါပေမဲ့ မွန်ပြည်သစ် ဗဟိုငှာနချုပ် စာရင်းတင်တော့ အဲဒီ သိန်း ၇၀၀ ကျပ် ငွေ မပါဘူးတဲ့။ အဲဒီတော့ ကျနော်မေးရမှာပေါ့ သိန်း ၇၀၀ က ဘယ်သူ ယူသွားလဲ။ စိတ်နားဖို့ ကောင်းပါတယ် အကိုရယ် ကျနော်အသိက ပြန်ပြောပြတာပါ။ သိန်း ၇၀၀ ကျပ်ဆိုတာ ထားဝယ်ခရိုင်တာဝန်ခံတွေက ဝေမျစားပြီး တချို့တွေဆိုရင် အဲဒီငွေတွေကို ယူပြီး အိမ်ပြန် ရာဘာပင်စိုက်ကြတာတဲ့။ တော်လှန်ရေးဆိုတာ လူတွေက ပါစပ်ဖြားကနေပဲ လူကြားကောင်းအောင် ပြောနေတာပါ အကို။ ဒါပေမဲ့ တော်လှန်ရေးအတွက် တကယ်လုပ်နေတဲ့ ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်တွေလည်း ရှိပါတယ်။ အားလုံး မကောင်းတာတော့ မပြောလိုဘူးတဲ့။ ဒီလောက်ပါပဲ မွန်အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။ စနစ်ကောင်းတစ်ခုကို တည်ထောင်ချင်တယ်ဆိုရင် အာဏာပါဝါတွေ အလွဲသုံးစားလုပ်နေတဲ့ မွန်တော်လှန်ရေးအဖျက်သမားတွေအားလုံး ဆန့်ကျင်ကြ မွန်အမျိုးတို့ရယ်။
}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== နိဿဲ ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ကျဳဇြာန်|နာဲ}}
[[Category:ကဏ္ဍအဓိက!]] 
[[Category:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ]]</text>
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