Wikipidiya moswiki https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soraogo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Deem Bãnde Gomde Tʋmtʋmda Tʋmtʋmd gomde Wikipidiya Wikipidiya gomde Fisiye Fisiye gomde MediaWiki MediaWiki gomde Sõr-wilgda Sõr-wilgd gomde Sõngre Sõngre gomde Sulli Sull gomde TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2136 31733 31729 2026-05-24T16:05:08Z Abdul Fatawu352 33 Databox 31733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lunga yaa Afirik Wɛtgɛrkã sẽn tar sa-kẽeng sẽn yaa wa sa-kẽnde, la b tõe n maana gom-biis sẽn yaa wa gom-bi-pugl sẽn maand tɩ b tõe n wilg b sẽn gomd to-to wã. <ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/</ref><ref>http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/</ref> A tara bob-vɩɩs a yiib sẽn be ne welsd sẽn yaa ne yĩn-gãosgo. Naoor wʋsgo, b sã n wa karemd-a, b pa tõe n maan-a ye. Sẽn dat n maan woto wã tõe n kɩtame tɩ b gãd b nug ne b yĩngã. <ref>https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum</ref> Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã, b ra gomda ne b tãmbã n moond koees sẽn yaa kibarã la noorã, sẽn yɩɩd kilomɛtɛɛr 4,4 la km.<ref>Ong, Walter (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture''. p. 101.</ref> Ned tõe n yɩɩla gom-biis fãa. B sẽn gomd to-to wã wʋsg wẽnda wa ninsaal sẽn kelemd ne b sẽn maand to-to. [Tõnd sẽn na n tool-y neda] mos_Latnmos_Latnmos_Latn be be be B tara wa-rɩt-rɩk-rɩkr sẽn wõnd woto Azi, la b pa tũnugd ne-b n na n maneg sõssã ye, baa ne a sẽn tũnugd ne idakka wã n dɩkd b sẽn na n yɩɩdã togs-n-taare. <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208</ref> Yaa a Zeova Kaset rãmbã la b tʋmd-n-taasã n sõngd-b tɩ b tõog n tõog n tõogd b mens sõma. === Kibare === B sẽn boond tɩ b 'Bono' wã, b sẽn boond tɩ Yoruba, b sẽn bool tɩ Ghana soolmã, b sẽn yeel tɩ b yaa Ganaa soolmã la Hausa soolmã, yaa b sẽn boond t'a Gãna tigis-kãsems sẽn tar sa-wãn-kãsemse.<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20120705103703/http://www.kassoumay.com/musique-senegal/instruments-senegal.html</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcomm.2021.652690</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gravrand</ref><ref name=":1">http://makedrums.com/the-history-of-the-drum-early-history</ref>Yaa Yoruba neb sẽn be Nigeriya zĩ-wũndã la Benin la Dagomba sẽn be Gana rɩtgẽ wã n dogd a yell ne b sẽn gomd b tãmbã.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ExJPAQAAMAAJ</ref><ref>http://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/view/223</ref> B ra tara b tãmb wʋsg sẽn gomd n paasdẽ, tɩ b wʋsg me yaa wa b sẽn gom-bã. B paama yʋy sẽn yaa toor ne sãt-tʋʋmd sẽn pa tar-b n tar n tar n kõ-b tɩ b boond-b tɩ Dunan la Fontomfrom.<ref name=":1" /> Bãngr-kãngã yaa Afirik Wɛtgã soolmã sẽn beẽ wã, tɩ sã n pa beẽ wã yaa Kamerõ sẽn be rɩtg ne Tchad sẽn beẽ, la zĩ-kãens sẽn tar neb sẽn beẽ ne tẽns sẽn beẽ Afirik Wɛttgã tẽnsẽ wã, wala Kanuri, Djerma, Fulani, la Hausa wã. ==== Serer-neba ==== Senegali la Gambi wã pĩnd wẽndẽ wã, tama wã (Serer buud-gomdã pʋgẽ) ra yaa mizik instrument a yembr sẽn be Serer nebã "Woong" siglgã pʋgẽ (Serer kom-bɩɩs sẽn nan pa kẽ bãongã sẽn na n maan yɩɩlã) bɩ sẽn na n wa kẽ bãong sẽn na n zĩnd beoog-daarã, b sẽn boond tɩ "Xaat" wã (Serere).<ref name=":0" /> Tãma tãmbã tara Serer tũudmã sẽn dat n togs tɩ yaa Gãna soolmã dẽenem soaba. <ref name=":0" /> Sẽn zems ne Xaat nebã, tama wã yaa yɩɩl a naas-n-soabã. Serer bobã sẽn yaa to-to wã yaa: Perngel; Lamb; Qiin; la Tama. <ref>(in French) Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation seereer – ''Pangool'', vol. 2 (1990), p. 49.</ref> ===  Henry Gravrand === Dʋã-gãong sã n wa kelemdẽ, a Xaat na n vʋʋgame n gãe hal tɩ ta a kẽed-n-soaba, a sã n wa tõog n yɩɩl a Woongã taoore, a sẽn be tam-tam a naasã sʋka. Sẽn yaa takɩ, yaa wa Serer junjungã, la yaa senegambi rĩm dãmb sẽn da pãb-b wakat toor-toorã, wala zabrã sasa (b sẽn da bool tɩ b tɩg n maan zabrã), la Serer tẽnga pʋgẽ, b sẽn da wa n dat n kõ b nebã noor tɩ b maan martirã, wala Tahompa wã (rɩt-n-tũusr yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã sẽn yɩ maoong sẽn pa yɩle to-to wã) <ref name=":2">(in English) Joof, Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham, "Senegambia, the land of our heritage" (1995). See also : (in French) Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", (Sénégal), Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987, p. 42.</ref> la Naoudourou zabrã,<ref name=":2" /><ref>Camara, Alhaji Sait, "Chossani Senegambia" (history of Senegambia), in GRTS (Sunu Chossan), (Gambia).</ref> la Serer dãmb nins sẽn paam n tõoge (Senegambi wã sẽn yaa Moslem-marboutbã) kʋʋ b mens n da pa na n paam tɩ b tõog-b ye. B sakda tɩ b kʋ b mens ne Serer tũudmã pʋgẽ, sã n tũud a Jom wã noy sẽn wilgd tɩ b yaa Serer neba. <ref name=":3">Gravrand, ''Pangool'' (1990), p. 40.</ref> Gom-biig ning sẽn yaa "Jom" rat n yeelame tɩ "tõnd waoogd" Serer buud-gomdã pʋgẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref>(in French) Gravrand, Henry, "L'Heritage spirituel Sereer: Valeur traditionelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain", in ''Ethiopiques'', numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-Africaine, 3e trimestre 1982</ref> ===== Yoriba neba ===== ====== Ayangalu ====== B tẽedame t'a Ayangalu yaa pipi Yoruba bobd-n-taagã. A kũumã poore, b kɩtame t'a lebg Wẽnnaam, la woto me, b sõonda a Zeova nin-buiidã sʋka. B tẽedame tɩ yaa a Zeova n kɩt tɩ b yɩɩla sõma. A "Ayan" gomdã võor yaa yoruba buud-gomdã pʋgẽ. Yaa rẽ yĩng tɩ Yoruba neb kẽer yʋʋr tar Ayan pʋga, wala Ayanbisi, Ayangbade, Ayantunde, Ayanwande, etc. Pʋʋgã makda b sẽn yaa Ayangalu yel-solemdã gũudba.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/life-editor-gangan-drummer/</ref> Yʋʋm kobs 20 soabã pʋgẽ, b ra tara yɩɩl sẽn yaa sõma Afirik Wɛtgã. A yaa b sẽn boond tɩ dù, tɩ pa segd n zab ne Mandé nebã dundun basã.<ref>https://ccs.instructure.com/courses/1478582/pages/the-talking-drum-in-nigerian-pop-music-fuji-music</ref> B leb n tũnugda ne b tãmbã n maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa sõma wa kibsã, yikãademã, la bũmb nins sẽn pa sõma wã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Afrika neb wʋsg tũnugda ne-a n tũnugd ne b yɩɩl-teedã. == A weebu minim == B pa tõe n dɩkd b sẽn yetã wa b sẽn yetẽ wã ye. Woto yaa ne b sẽn na n toeem b sẽn na yɩl n tõog n kɩt tɩ b gãd b toogã. B gãda b tãmbã n gãneg a nug ne a ribs sʋka, tɩ b sã n wa n wẽe, b kɩt tɩ b gãd tãmbã, n kɩt tɩ b yɩɩg n yɩɩg a sẽn maandã. Woto, b tõe n wʋma ninsaal goama, a sõor la a sõor sẽn yaa sõma, la b pa tõe n wʋme vokaalã wall consonantsã zʋg ye.<ref>Gertjegerdes-Myricks, Petra (17 July 2002). "African American History Village Receives New African Drums". ''Columbus Times''. ProQuest 367868191.</ref> Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã, Europay nebã ra yãa b sẽn tũnugd ne b sẽn gomd ne b to-to wã n gomd ne nebã. Sõsg sẽn yaa sõma tõe n kẽnga tẽn-kãng n kẽng tẽn-zẽnga tao-tao n yɩɩd ned sẽn zao wedã sẽn tõe n tallã. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã pʋgẽ, misioneer a Roger T. Clarke bãngame tɩ "bãngrã makda signo wã sẽn yaa signo wã ne gom-biis sẽn yaa toor-toorã la sẽn yaa gom-bi-bɩɩse". <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Flood</ref><ref>Chen, Matthew Y. 2000. ''Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects.''</ref><ref>Odden, David (1995), "Tone: African languages". In J. Goldsmith (ed.), ''Handbook of Phonological Theory'', Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</ref> Afrika buud-goam wʋsg yaa tonal; yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b gomd võor n bãng tɩ yaa sõma. Wala makre, Yoruba buud-gomdã tara sõor-kãsems a tãabo: sẽn yaa bilf, sẽn yaa pʋ-sʋka, la sẽn yaa kãsenga. Yaa woto me la b sẽn maand ne b yɩɩl-kãsems a tãabã la b sẽn wẽed to-to wã.<ref>Pozdniakov, Konstant in and Segerer, Guillaume (2017), "A Genealogic Classification of Atlantic Languages". (Draft) To appear in: Lüpke, Friederike (ed.) ''The Oxford Guide to the Atlantic Languages of West Africa'', Oxford University Press.</ref> La Serer buud-gomdã la a senegambi buud-gomd pa yaa buud-gom-goam ye, sẽn pa wõnd buud-gomds a taabã fãa ye.<ref>Carrington, J. F. (1949), ''The Talking Drums of Africa'', Carey Kingsgate Press.</ref> Zu-loees ra yaa d sẽn na n tõog n wilg nebã koɛɛgã sẽn yaa toogo, tɩ pa tũ ne sõsg wall sõsg sẽn pa tar sõsg ye. A John F. Carrington sẽn yaa Ingletɛɛr sẽn yi Afrika wã, a wilga a sebr ning sẽn yaa The Talking Drums of Africa wã pʋgẽ, yʋʋmd 1949 wã, a sẽn wilg tɩ Afirik dromersã tõog n moon koɛɛgã sẽn yaa toogo.[4] A tũnugda ne yɩɩl sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ pag ne pag sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa a sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn boond t'a yaa rao ne a sẽn yaa pag ne a sẽn boond t"a yaa rao, "n-rɛɛsdã" gomda ne a sẽn gomd bũmb ningã, la a sẽn maand bũmb ningã, n tõe n kẽnge, t'a tõe n kẽnga milyaar 4 bɩ 5 n ta. Yaa sẽn na yɩl n bãngẽ tɩ b tõe n maan bũmb n maan to-to wã yĩnga, b ra segd n maana woto n tõog n wilgẽ tɩ b pa tõe n maan toɛy-toɛyã ye. === Abilgre === B sẽn da wa n wa n na n wa wã, b ra na n yeelame tɩ b na n maana woto: "Bɩ y gãneg n lebg n wa, y gãneg-y y nao wã, y gãnd-y y gãnegã la y gãneg y nao wã tẽngre, tẽn-tẽnga sẽn yaa tõnd tẽnga".<ref>Gleick (2011), p. 13</ref> B ra na n tolga goam b sẽn da yeelã n lebg gom-biis. Wala makre, b na n maana "Wõnda" wa "Wõnd sẽn get tẽngã" la "soda" wa "soda sẽn kɩt tɩ b get b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã". B sẽn paasd gom-kãensã kõta noy sẽn wilgd tɩ bũmb ning b sẽn yetã yaa sɩda. B ra pa tõe n yãk gom-kãensã n naan yɩ b sẽn da pa mi ye, b sẽn zãmsd b karen-biisã b sẽn tõe n wa yɩɩl to-to wã, b zãmsda-b-la gom-biis nins sẽn da zemd ne gom-bi-no-kãense.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''. p. 97.</ref> Yaa rẽ yĩng bal n kɩt tɩ b ra pa tõe n zãms n gom ne b sẽn gomd to-to wã ye.  B sẽn paasd b bobã pãng wã kɩtame tɩ ned pa wʋmd võor sõma ye. Sẽn yaa noog ne-a wã, sẽn da wa n wa n wa yaa tɩ Zapõ wã bãngame tɩ b pa nong n tũnugd ne b tãmbã Afrika wã ye. Sẽn paase, naoor wʋsgo, goam pa tar võor ye. A Carrington sẽn da sõs ne-a wã, a wilgame tɩ b sã n pa tũnugd ne gom-biis wʋsg, b yĩmda gom-bi-kãensã sẽn zemse.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''.</ref> B sẽn da wa n kõ-b bi-bɩɩgã, b ra tagsdame tɩ b ra gomda zĩm-bi-bɩɩsã yell ye.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''.</ref> Wala a Finnegan sẽn wilgã,  sõss nins b sẽn da tʋmd ne b bobã pa yɩ sõss nins sẽn yaa sõma ye. B ra tõe n leb n maana yɩɩl-rãmb ne b zʋgdã, la b ra tõe n maana yɩɩls ne b zʋdrã, la yɩɩl-dãmbã. Neb kẽer sẽn da tar b toorẽ zʋgdã la b sẽn da boond b to-to tɩ b bobã ra yaa b sẽn da gʋlsd b goamã. == Amalgre tuuma == Bãrã wã sẽn yaa to-to wã to-to yaa toor ne buud toor-toore, la b fãa yaa toor-toorã. Yaa Serer, Wolof la Mandinka nebã Tama wã sẽn yaa a sẽn yaa a to wã n wilgd tɩ yaa a sẽn tar to-to wã n yaa a sẽn pa tar to- to wã. Woto kɩtame tɩ b gomd ne pãng n yɩɩd b sẽn da gomd ne b to wã. ===== A weeb toi-toi ===== B sẽn gomd b sẽn tõe n wa yɩɩl to-to wã, b gomda buud-gomdã to-to. B tõe n wʋma yɩɩl sẽn yaa toor ne taaba, zĩis nins sẽn gomd Fulani ne Mande buud-gomdã la zĩis nins sẽn pa maand Mande wã sẽn be tẽns nins sẽn be be be wĩntoogã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn be Senegal, Gambi, Mali sẽn be mogrã, la Gini wã, b sẽn boond tɩ "gɩt-n-taarã" wã yaa yɩɩl sẽn yaa kãn-kãe n kɩt tɩ b wẽe yɩɩl n pa tar pãng ye. Yaa b sẽn boond tɩ Mbalax sẽn yaa Senegal buud-goamã pʋgẽ.<ref>Barz, Gregory F. (2001). ''Mbalax''. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51499.</ref> Sẽn sɩng ne Mali kiisg, Burkina Faso la Gana, n kẽng Nizɛɛr, Chad kiisg la Nizɛɛr, ne sẽn pa tarẽ-b Fulani la Mande-dãmb sẽn gomd-b wã, b modgdame tɩ b wẽe b tãmbã n wẽe b nug n kõ-a. Woto kɩtame tɩ b sẽn gomd a soabã yaa gom-biis sẽn yaa wa gom-biisi, tɩ kɩt tɩ b makd gom-biisa sẽn yaa kãsenga la sẽn yaa to-to wã. (Ges-y Niger-Kongo goam sõor sẽn yaa toore). Yaa yɩɩl nins sẽn yaa nin-buiidã sẽn nong n be zĩig kãngã wã la b tõe n wʋma yɩɩl ning b sẽn boond tɩ Fuji wã. <ref>"Drum Telegraphy".</ref> == Sebtiise == pxk9e3ma80lj8u0jv1rqp7a7l71vx46 31734 31733 2026-05-24T16:09:38Z Abdul Fatawu352 33 31734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|iterm=Q1321104}} Lunga yaa Afirik Wɛtgɛrkã sẽn tar sa-kẽeng sẽn yaa wa sa-kẽnde, la b tõe n maana gom-biis sẽn yaa wa gom-bi-pugl sẽn maand tɩ b tõe n wilg b sẽn gomd to-to wã. <ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/</ref><ref>http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/</ref> A tara bob-vɩɩs a yiib sẽn be ne welsd sẽn yaa ne yĩn-gãosgo. Naoor wʋsgo, b sã n wa karemd-a, b pa tõe n maan-a ye. Sẽn dat n maan woto wã tõe n kɩtame tɩ b gãd b nug ne b yĩngã. <ref>https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum</ref> Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã, b ra gomda ne b tãmbã n moond koees sẽn yaa kibarã la noorã, sẽn yɩɩd kilomɛtɛɛr 4,4 la km.<ref>Ong, Walter (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture''. p. 101.</ref> Ned tõe n yɩɩla gom-biis fãa. B sẽn gomd to-to wã wʋsg wẽnda wa ninsaal sẽn kelemd ne b sẽn maand to-to. [Tõnd sẽn na n tool-y neda] mos_Latnmos_Latnmos_Latn be be be B tara wa-rɩt-rɩk-rɩkr sẽn wõnd woto Azi, la b pa tũnugd ne-b n na n maneg sõssã ye, baa ne a sẽn tũnugd ne idakka wã n dɩkd b sẽn na n yɩɩdã togs-n-taare. <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208</ref> Yaa a Zeova Kaset rãmbã la b tʋmd-n-taasã n sõngd-b tɩ b tõog n tõog n tõogd b mens sõma. === Kibare === B sẽn boond tɩ b 'Bono' wã, b sẽn boond tɩ Yoruba, b sẽn bool tɩ Ghana soolmã, b sẽn yeel tɩ b yaa Ganaa soolmã la Hausa soolmã, yaa b sẽn boond t'a Gãna tigis-kãsems sẽn tar sa-wãn-kãsemse.<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20120705103703/http://www.kassoumay.com/musique-senegal/instruments-senegal.html</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcomm.2021.652690</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gravrand</ref><ref name=":1">http://makedrums.com/the-history-of-the-drum-early-history</ref>Yaa Yoruba neb sẽn be Nigeriya zĩ-wũndã la Benin la Dagomba sẽn be Gana rɩtgẽ wã n dogd a yell ne b sẽn gomd b tãmbã.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ExJPAQAAMAAJ</ref><ref>http://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/view/223</ref> B ra tara b tãmb wʋsg sẽn gomd n paasdẽ, tɩ b wʋsg me yaa wa b sẽn gom-bã. B paama yʋy sẽn yaa toor ne sãt-tʋʋmd sẽn pa tar-b n tar n tar n kõ-b tɩ b boond-b tɩ Dunan la Fontomfrom.<ref name=":1" /> Bãngr-kãngã yaa Afirik Wɛtgã soolmã sẽn beẽ wã, tɩ sã n pa beẽ wã yaa Kamerõ sẽn be rɩtg ne Tchad sẽn beẽ, la zĩ-kãens sẽn tar neb sẽn beẽ ne tẽns sẽn beẽ Afirik Wɛttgã tẽnsẽ wã, wala Kanuri, Djerma, Fulani, la Hausa wã. ==== Serer-neba ==== Senegali la Gambi wã pĩnd wẽndẽ wã, tama wã (Serer buud-gomdã pʋgẽ) ra yaa mizik instrument a yembr sẽn be Serer nebã "Woong" siglgã pʋgẽ (Serer kom-bɩɩs sẽn nan pa kẽ bãongã sẽn na n maan yɩɩlã) bɩ sẽn na n wa kẽ bãong sẽn na n zĩnd beoog-daarã, b sẽn boond tɩ "Xaat" wã (Serere).<ref name=":0" /> Tãma tãmbã tara Serer tũudmã sẽn dat n togs tɩ yaa Gãna soolmã dẽenem soaba. <ref name=":0" /> Sẽn zems ne Xaat nebã, tama wã yaa yɩɩl a naas-n-soabã. Serer bobã sẽn yaa to-to wã yaa: Perngel; Lamb; Qiin; la Tama. <ref>(in French) Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation seereer – ''Pangool'', vol. 2 (1990), p. 49.</ref> ===  Henry Gravrand === Dʋã-gãong sã n wa kelemdẽ, a Xaat na n vʋʋgame n gãe hal tɩ ta a kẽed-n-soaba, a sã n wa tõog n yɩɩl a Woongã taoore, a sẽn be tam-tam a naasã sʋka. Sẽn yaa takɩ, yaa wa Serer junjungã, la yaa senegambi rĩm dãmb sẽn da pãb-b wakat toor-toorã, wala zabrã sasa (b sẽn da bool tɩ b tɩg n maan zabrã), la Serer tẽnga pʋgẽ, b sẽn da wa n dat n kõ b nebã noor tɩ b maan martirã, wala Tahompa wã (rɩt-n-tũusr yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã sẽn yɩ maoong sẽn pa yɩle to-to wã) <ref name=":2">(in English) Joof, Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham, "Senegambia, the land of our heritage" (1995). See also : (in French) Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", (Sénégal), Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987, p. 42.</ref> la Naoudourou zabrã,<ref name=":2" /><ref>Camara, Alhaji Sait, "Chossani Senegambia" (history of Senegambia), in GRTS (Sunu Chossan), (Gambia).</ref> la Serer dãmb nins sẽn paam n tõoge (Senegambi wã sẽn yaa Moslem-marboutbã) kʋʋ b mens n da pa na n paam tɩ b tõog-b ye. B sakda tɩ b kʋ b mens ne Serer tũudmã pʋgẽ, sã n tũud a Jom wã noy sẽn wilgd tɩ b yaa Serer neba. <ref name=":3">Gravrand, ''Pangool'' (1990), p. 40.</ref> Gom-biig ning sẽn yaa "Jom" rat n yeelame tɩ "tõnd waoogd" Serer buud-gomdã pʋgẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref>(in French) Gravrand, Henry, "L'Heritage spirituel Sereer: Valeur traditionelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain", in ''Ethiopiques'', numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-Africaine, 3e trimestre 1982</ref> ===== Yoriba neba ===== ====== Ayangalu ====== B tẽedame t'a Ayangalu yaa pipi Yoruba bobd-n-taagã. A kũumã poore, b kɩtame t'a lebg Wẽnnaam, la woto me, b sõonda a Zeova nin-buiidã sʋka. B tẽedame tɩ yaa a Zeova n kɩt tɩ b yɩɩla sõma. A "Ayan" gomdã võor yaa yoruba buud-gomdã pʋgẽ. Yaa rẽ yĩng tɩ Yoruba neb kẽer yʋʋr tar Ayan pʋga, wala Ayanbisi, Ayangbade, Ayantunde, Ayanwande, etc. Pʋʋgã makda b sẽn yaa Ayangalu yel-solemdã gũudba.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/life-editor-gangan-drummer/</ref> Yʋʋm kobs 20 soabã pʋgẽ, b ra tara yɩɩl sẽn yaa sõma Afirik Wɛtgã. A yaa b sẽn boond tɩ dù, tɩ pa segd n zab ne Mandé nebã dundun basã.<ref>https://ccs.instructure.com/courses/1478582/pages/the-talking-drum-in-nigerian-pop-music-fuji-music</ref> B leb n tũnugda ne b tãmbã n maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa sõma wa kibsã, yikãademã, la bũmb nins sẽn pa sõma wã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Afrika neb wʋsg tũnugda ne-a n tũnugd ne b yɩɩl-teedã. == A weebu minim == B pa tõe n dɩkd b sẽn yetã wa b sẽn yetẽ wã ye. Woto yaa ne b sẽn na n toeem b sẽn na yɩl n tõog n kɩt tɩ b gãd b toogã. B gãda b tãmbã n gãneg a nug ne a ribs sʋka, tɩ b sã n wa n wẽe, b kɩt tɩ b gãd tãmbã, n kɩt tɩ b yɩɩg n yɩɩg a sẽn maandã. Woto, b tõe n wʋma ninsaal goama, a sõor la a sõor sẽn yaa sõma, la b pa tõe n wʋme vokaalã wall consonantsã zʋg ye.<ref>Gertjegerdes-Myricks, Petra (17 July 2002). "African American History Village Receives New African Drums". ''Columbus Times''. ProQuest 367868191.</ref> Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã, Europay nebã ra yãa b sẽn tũnugd ne b sẽn gomd ne b to-to wã n gomd ne nebã. Sõsg sẽn yaa sõma tõe n kẽnga tẽn-kãng n kẽng tẽn-zẽnga tao-tao n yɩɩd ned sẽn zao wedã sẽn tõe n tallã. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã pʋgẽ, misioneer a Roger T. Clarke bãngame tɩ "bãngrã makda signo wã sẽn yaa signo wã ne gom-biis sẽn yaa toor-toorã la sẽn yaa gom-bi-bɩɩse". <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Flood</ref><ref>Chen, Matthew Y. 2000. ''Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects.''</ref><ref>Odden, David (1995), "Tone: African languages". In J. Goldsmith (ed.), ''Handbook of Phonological Theory'', Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</ref> Afrika buud-goam wʋsg yaa tonal; yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b gomd võor n bãng tɩ yaa sõma. Wala makre, Yoruba buud-gomdã tara sõor-kãsems a tãabo: sẽn yaa bilf, sẽn yaa pʋ-sʋka, la sẽn yaa kãsenga. Yaa woto me la b sẽn maand ne b yɩɩl-kãsems a tãabã la b sẽn wẽed to-to wã.<ref>Pozdniakov, Konstant in and Segerer, Guillaume (2017), "A Genealogic Classification of Atlantic Languages". (Draft) To appear in: Lüpke, Friederike (ed.) ''The Oxford Guide to the Atlantic Languages of West Africa'', Oxford University Press.</ref> La Serer buud-gomdã la a senegambi buud-gomd pa yaa buud-gom-goam ye, sẽn pa wõnd buud-gomds a taabã fãa ye.<ref>Carrington, J. F. (1949), ''The Talking Drums of Africa'', Carey Kingsgate Press.</ref> Zu-loees ra yaa d sẽn na n tõog n wilg nebã koɛɛgã sẽn yaa toogo, tɩ pa tũ ne sõsg wall sõsg sẽn pa tar sõsg ye. A John F. Carrington sẽn yaa Ingletɛɛr sẽn yi Afrika wã, a wilga a sebr ning sẽn yaa The Talking Drums of Africa wã pʋgẽ, yʋʋmd 1949 wã, a sẽn wilg tɩ Afirik dromersã tõog n moon koɛɛgã sẽn yaa toogo.[4] A tũnugda ne yɩɩl sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ pag ne pag sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa a sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn boond t'a yaa rao ne a sẽn yaa pag ne a sẽn boond t"a yaa rao, "n-rɛɛsdã" gomda ne a sẽn gomd bũmb ningã, la a sẽn maand bũmb ningã, n tõe n kẽnge, t'a tõe n kẽnga milyaar 4 bɩ 5 n ta. Yaa sẽn na yɩl n bãngẽ tɩ b tõe n maan bũmb n maan to-to wã yĩnga, b ra segd n maana woto n tõog n wilgẽ tɩ b pa tõe n maan toɛy-toɛyã ye. === Abilgre === B sẽn da wa n wa n na n wa wã, b ra na n yeelame tɩ b na n maana woto: "Bɩ y gãneg n lebg n wa, y gãneg-y y nao wã, y gãnd-y y gãnegã la y gãneg y nao wã tẽngre, tẽn-tẽnga sẽn yaa tõnd tẽnga".<ref>Gleick (2011), p. 13</ref> B ra na n tolga goam b sẽn da yeelã n lebg gom-biis. Wala makre, b na n maana "Wõnda" wa "Wõnd sẽn get tẽngã" la "soda" wa "soda sẽn kɩt tɩ b get b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã". B sẽn paasd gom-kãensã kõta noy sẽn wilgd tɩ bũmb ning b sẽn yetã yaa sɩda. B ra pa tõe n yãk gom-kãensã n naan yɩ b sẽn da pa mi ye, b sẽn zãmsd b karen-biisã b sẽn tõe n wa yɩɩl to-to wã, b zãmsda-b-la gom-biis nins sẽn da zemd ne gom-bi-no-kãense.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''. p. 97.</ref> Yaa rẽ yĩng bal n kɩt tɩ b ra pa tõe n zãms n gom ne b sẽn gomd to-to wã ye.  B sẽn paasd b bobã pãng wã kɩtame tɩ ned pa wʋmd võor sõma ye. Sẽn yaa noog ne-a wã, sẽn da wa n wa n wa yaa tɩ Zapõ wã bãngame tɩ b pa nong n tũnugd ne b tãmbã Afrika wã ye. Sẽn paase, naoor wʋsgo, goam pa tar võor ye. A Carrington sẽn da sõs ne-a wã, a wilgame tɩ b sã n pa tũnugd ne gom-biis wʋsg, b yĩmda gom-bi-kãensã sẽn zemse.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''.</ref> B sẽn da wa n kõ-b bi-bɩɩgã, b ra tagsdame tɩ b ra gomda zĩm-bi-bɩɩsã yell ye.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''.</ref> Wala a Finnegan sẽn wilgã,  sõss nins b sẽn da tʋmd ne b bobã pa yɩ sõss nins sẽn yaa sõma ye. B ra tõe n leb n maana yɩɩl-rãmb ne b zʋgdã, la b ra tõe n maana yɩɩls ne b zʋdrã, la yɩɩl-dãmbã. Neb kẽer sẽn da tar b toorẽ zʋgdã la b sẽn da boond b to-to tɩ b bobã ra yaa b sẽn da gʋlsd b goamã. == Amalgre tuuma == Bãrã wã sẽn yaa to-to wã to-to yaa toor ne buud toor-toore, la b fãa yaa toor-toorã. Yaa Serer, Wolof la Mandinka nebã Tama wã sẽn yaa a sẽn yaa a to wã n wilgd tɩ yaa a sẽn tar to-to wã n yaa a sẽn pa tar to- to wã. Woto kɩtame tɩ b gomd ne pãng n yɩɩd b sẽn da gomd ne b to wã. ===== A weeb toi-toi ===== B sẽn gomd b sẽn tõe n wa yɩɩl to-to wã, b gomda buud-gomdã to-to. B tõe n wʋma yɩɩl sẽn yaa toor ne taaba, zĩis nins sẽn gomd Fulani ne Mande buud-gomdã la zĩis nins sẽn pa maand Mande wã sẽn be tẽns nins sẽn be be be wĩntoogã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn be Senegal, Gambi, Mali sẽn be mogrã, la Gini wã, b sẽn boond tɩ "gɩt-n-taarã" wã yaa yɩɩl sẽn yaa kãn-kãe n kɩt tɩ b wẽe yɩɩl n pa tar pãng ye. Yaa b sẽn boond tɩ Mbalax sẽn yaa Senegal buud-goamã pʋgẽ.<ref>Barz, Gregory F. (2001). ''Mbalax''. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51499.</ref> Sẽn sɩng ne Mali kiisg, Burkina Faso la Gana, n kẽng Nizɛɛr, Chad kiisg la Nizɛɛr, ne sẽn pa tarẽ-b Fulani la Mande-dãmb sẽn gomd-b wã, b modgdame tɩ b wẽe b tãmbã n wẽe b nug n kõ-a. Woto kɩtame tɩ b sẽn gomd a soabã yaa gom-biis sẽn yaa wa gom-biisi, tɩ kɩt tɩ b makd gom-biisa sẽn yaa kãsenga la sẽn yaa to-to wã. (Ges-y Niger-Kongo goam sõor sẽn yaa toore). Yaa yɩɩl nins sẽn yaa nin-buiidã sẽn nong n be zĩig kãngã wã la b tõe n wʋma yɩɩl ning b sẽn boond tɩ Fuji wã. <ref>"Drum Telegraphy".</ref> == Sebtiise == assb1xs8yq8h96pjzlezr77ftydl3wy 31735 31734 2026-05-24T16:12:47Z Abdul Fatawu352 33 Passa tekre 31735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|iterm=Q1321104}} Lunga yaa Afirik Wɛtgɛrkã sẽn tar sa-kẽeng sẽn yaa wa sa-kẽnde, la b tõe n maana gom-biis sẽn yaa wa gom-bi-pugl sẽn maand tɩ b tõe n wilg b sẽn gomd to-to wã. <ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/</ref><ref>http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/</ref> A tara bob-vɩɩs a yiib sẽn be ne welsd sẽn yaa ne yĩn-gãosgo. Naoor wʋsgo, b sã n wa karemd-a, b pa tõe n maan-a ye. Sẽn dat n maan woto wã tõe n kɩtame tɩ b gãd b nug ne b yĩngã. <ref>https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum</ref> Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã, b ra gomda ne b tãmbã n moond koees sẽn yaa kibarã la noorã, sẽn yɩɩd kilomɛtɛɛr 4,4 la km.<ref>Ong, Walter (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture''. p. 101.</ref> Ned tõe n yɩɩla gom-biis fãa. B sẽn gomd to-to wã wʋsg wẽnda wa ninsaal sẽn kelemd ne b sẽn maand to-to. B tara wa-rɩt-rɩk-rɩkr sẽn wõnd woto Azi, la b pa tũnugd ne-b n na n maneg sõssã ye, baa ne a sẽn tũnugd ne idakka wã n dɩkd b sẽn na n yɩɩdã togs-n-taare. <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208</ref> Yaa a Zeova Kaset rãmbã la b tʋmd-n-taasã n sõngd-b tɩ b tõog n tõog n tõogd b mens sõma. === Kibare === B sẽn boond tɩ b 'Bono' wã, b sẽn boond tɩ Yoruba, b sẽn bool tɩ Ghana soolmã, b sẽn yeel tɩ b yaa Ganaa soolmã la Hausa soolmã, yaa b sẽn boond t'a Gãna tigis-kãsems sẽn tar sa-wãn-kãsemse.<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20120705103703/http://www.kassoumay.com/musique-senegal/instruments-senegal.html</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcomm.2021.652690</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gravrand</ref><ref name=":1">http://makedrums.com/the-history-of-the-drum-early-history</ref>Yaa Yoruba neb sẽn be Nigeriya zĩ-wũndã la Benin la Dagomba sẽn be Gana rɩtgẽ wã n dogd a yell ne b sẽn gomd b tãmbã.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ExJPAQAAMAAJ</ref><ref>http://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/view/223</ref> B ra tara b tãmb wʋsg sẽn gomd n paasdẽ, tɩ b wʋsg me yaa wa b sẽn gom-bã. B paama yʋy sẽn yaa toor ne sãt-tʋʋmd sẽn pa tar-b n tar n tar n kõ-b tɩ b boond-b tɩ Dunan la Fontomfrom.<ref name=":1" /> Bãngr-kãngã yaa Afirik Wɛtgã soolmã sẽn beẽ wã, tɩ sã n pa beẽ wã yaa Kamerõ sẽn be rɩtg ne Tchad sẽn beẽ, la zĩ-kãens sẽn tar neb sẽn beẽ ne tẽns sẽn beẽ Afirik Wɛttgã tẽnsẽ wã, wala Kanuri, Djerma, Fulani, la Hausa wã. ==== Serer-neba ==== Senegali la Gambi wã pĩnd wẽndẽ wã, tama wã (Serer buud-gomdã pʋgẽ) ra yaa mizik instrument a yembr sẽn be Serer nebã "Woong" siglgã pʋgẽ (Serer kom-bɩɩs sẽn nan pa kẽ bãongã sẽn na n maan yɩɩlã) bɩ sẽn na n wa kẽ bãong sẽn na n zĩnd beoog-daarã, b sẽn boond tɩ "Xaat" wã (Serere).<ref name=":0" /> Tãma tãmbã tara Serer tũudmã sẽn dat n togs tɩ yaa Gãna soolmã dẽenem soaba. <ref name=":0" /> Sẽn zems ne Xaat nebã, tama wã yaa yɩɩl a naas-n-soabã. Serer bobã sẽn yaa to-to wã yaa: Perngel; Lamb; Qiin; la Tama. <ref>(in French) Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation seereer – ''Pangool'', vol. 2 (1990), p. 49.</ref> ===  Henry Gravrand === Dʋã-gãong sã n wa kelemdẽ, a Xaat na n vʋʋgame n gãe hal tɩ ta a kẽed-n-soaba, a sã n wa tõog n yɩɩl a Woongã taoore, a sẽn be tam-tam a naasã sʋka. Sẽn yaa takɩ, yaa wa Serer junjungã, la yaa senegambi rĩm dãmb sẽn da pãb-b wakat toor-toorã, wala zabrã sasa (b sẽn da bool tɩ b tɩg n maan zabrã), la Serer tẽnga pʋgẽ, b sẽn da wa n dat n kõ b nebã noor tɩ b maan martirã, wala Tahompa wã (rɩt-n-tũusr yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã sẽn yɩ maoong sẽn pa yɩle to-to wã) <ref name=":2">(in English) Joof, Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham, "Senegambia, the land of our heritage" (1995). See also : (in French) Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", (Sénégal), Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987, p. 42.</ref> la Naoudourou zabrã,<ref name=":2" /><ref>Camara, Alhaji Sait, "Chossani Senegambia" (history of Senegambia), in GRTS (Sunu Chossan), (Gambia).</ref> la Serer dãmb nins sẽn paam n tõoge (Senegambi wã sẽn yaa Moslem-marboutbã) kʋʋ b mens n da pa na n paam tɩ b tõog-b ye. B sakda tɩ b kʋ b mens ne Serer tũudmã pʋgẽ, sã n tũud a Jom wã noy sẽn wilgd tɩ b yaa Serer neba. <ref name=":3">Gravrand, ''Pangool'' (1990), p. 40.</ref> Gom-biig ning sẽn yaa "Jom" rat n yeelame tɩ "tõnd waoogd" Serer buud-gomdã pʋgẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref>(in French) Gravrand, Henry, "L'Heritage spirituel Sereer: Valeur traditionelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain", in ''Ethiopiques'', numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-Africaine, 3e trimestre 1982</ref> ===== Yoriba neba ===== ====== Ayangalu ====== B tẽedame t'a Ayangalu yaa pipi Yoruba bobd-n-taagã. A kũumã poore, b kɩtame t'a lebg Wẽnnaam, la woto me, b sõonda a Zeova nin-buiidã sʋka. B tẽedame tɩ yaa a Zeova n kɩt tɩ b yɩɩla sõma. A "Ayan" gomdã võor yaa yoruba buud-gomdã pʋgẽ. Yaa rẽ yĩng tɩ Yoruba neb kẽer yʋʋr tar Ayan pʋga, wala Ayanbisi, Ayangbade, Ayantunde, Ayanwande, etc. Pʋʋgã makda b sẽn yaa Ayangalu yel-solemdã gũudba.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/life-editor-gangan-drummer/</ref> Yʋʋm kobs 20 soabã pʋgẽ, b ra tara yɩɩl sẽn yaa sõma Afirik Wɛtgã. A yaa b sẽn boond tɩ dù, tɩ pa segd n zab ne Mandé nebã dundun basã.<ref>https://ccs.instructure.com/courses/1478582/pages/the-talking-drum-in-nigerian-pop-music-fuji-music</ref> B leb n tũnugda ne b tãmbã n maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa sõma wa kibsã, yikãademã, la bũmb nins sẽn pa sõma wã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Afrika neb wʋsg tũnugda ne-a n tũnugd ne b yɩɩl-teedã. == A weebu minim == B pa tõe n dɩkd b sẽn yetã wa b sẽn yetẽ wã ye. Woto yaa ne b sẽn na n toeem b sẽn na yɩl n tõog n kɩt tɩ b gãd b toogã. B gãda b tãmbã n gãneg a nug ne a ribs sʋka, tɩ b sã n wa n wẽe, b kɩt tɩ b gãd tãmbã, n kɩt tɩ b yɩɩg n yɩɩg a sẽn maandã. Woto, b tõe n wʋma ninsaal goama, a sõor la a sõor sẽn yaa sõma, la b pa tõe n wʋme vokaalã wall consonantsã zʋg ye.<ref>Gertjegerdes-Myricks, Petra (17 July 2002). "African American History Village Receives New African Drums". ''Columbus Times''. ProQuest 367868191.</ref> Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã, Europay nebã ra yãa b sẽn tũnugd ne b sẽn gomd ne b to-to wã n gomd ne nebã. Sõsg sẽn yaa sõma tõe n kẽnga tẽn-kãng n kẽng tẽn-zẽnga tao-tao n yɩɩd ned sẽn zao wedã sẽn tõe n tallã. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã pʋgẽ, misioneer a Roger T. Clarke bãngame tɩ "bãngrã makda signo wã sẽn yaa signo wã ne gom-biis sẽn yaa toor-toorã la sẽn yaa gom-bi-bɩɩse". <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Flood</ref><ref>Chen, Matthew Y. 2000. ''Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects.''</ref><ref>Odden, David (1995), "Tone: African languages". In J. Goldsmith (ed.), ''Handbook of Phonological Theory'', Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</ref> Afrika buud-goam wʋsg yaa tonal; yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b gomd võor n bãng tɩ yaa sõma. Wala makre, Yoruba buud-gomdã tara sõor-kãsems a tãabo: sẽn yaa bilf, sẽn yaa pʋ-sʋka, la sẽn yaa kãsenga. Yaa woto me la b sẽn maand ne b yɩɩl-kãsems a tãabã la b sẽn wẽed to-to wã.<ref>Pozdniakov, Konstant in and Segerer, Guillaume (2017), "A Genealogic Classification of Atlantic Languages". (Draft) To appear in: Lüpke, Friederike (ed.) ''The Oxford Guide to the Atlantic Languages of West Africa'', Oxford University Press.</ref> La Serer buud-gomdã la a senegambi buud-gomd pa yaa buud-gom-goam ye, sẽn pa wõnd buud-gomds a taabã fãa ye.<ref>Carrington, J. F. (1949), ''The Talking Drums of Africa'', Carey Kingsgate Press.</ref> Zu-loees ra yaa d sẽn na n tõog n wilg nebã koɛɛgã sẽn yaa toogo, tɩ pa tũ ne sõsg wall sõsg sẽn pa tar sõsg ye. A John F. Carrington sẽn yaa Ingletɛɛr sẽn yi Afrika wã, a wilga a sebr ning sẽn yaa The Talking Drums of Africa wã pʋgẽ, yʋʋmd 1949 wã, a sẽn wilg tɩ Afirik dromersã tõog n moon koɛɛgã sẽn yaa toogo.[4] A tũnugda ne yɩɩl sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ pag ne pag sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa a sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn boond t'a yaa rao ne a sẽn yaa pag ne a sẽn boond t"a yaa rao, "n-rɛɛsdã" gomda ne a sẽn gomd bũmb ningã, la a sẽn maand bũmb ningã, n tõe n kẽnge, t'a tõe n kẽnga milyaar 4 bɩ 5 n ta. Yaa sẽn na yɩl n bãngẽ tɩ b tõe n maan bũmb n maan to-to wã yĩnga, b ra segd n maana woto n tõog n wilgẽ tɩ b pa tõe n maan toɛy-toɛyã ye. === Abilgre === B sẽn da wa n wa n na n wa wã, b ra na n yeelame tɩ b na n maana woto: "Bɩ y gãneg n lebg n wa, y gãneg-y y nao wã, y gãnd-y y gãnegã la y gãneg y nao wã tẽngre, tẽn-tẽnga sẽn yaa tõnd tẽnga".<ref>Gleick (2011), p. 13</ref> B ra na n tolga goam b sẽn da yeelã n lebg gom-biis. Wala makre, b na n maana "Wõnda" wa "Wõnd sẽn get tẽngã" la "soda" wa "soda sẽn kɩt tɩ b get b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã". B sẽn paasd gom-kãensã kõta noy sẽn wilgd tɩ bũmb ning b sẽn yetã yaa sɩda. B ra pa tõe n yãk gom-kãensã n naan yɩ b sẽn da pa mi ye, b sẽn zãmsd b karen-biisã b sẽn tõe n wa yɩɩl to-to wã, b zãmsda-b-la gom-biis nins sẽn da zemd ne gom-bi-no-kãense.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''. p. 97.</ref> Yaa rẽ yĩng bal n kɩt tɩ b ra pa tõe n zãms n gom ne b sẽn gomd to-to wã ye.  B sẽn paasd b bobã pãng wã kɩtame tɩ ned pa wʋmd võor sõma ye. Sẽn yaa noog ne-a wã, sẽn da wa n wa n wa yaa tɩ Zapõ wã bãngame tɩ b pa nong n tũnugd ne b tãmbã Afrika wã ye. Sẽn paase, naoor wʋsgo, goam pa tar võor ye. A Carrington sẽn da sõs ne-a wã, a wilgame tɩ b sã n pa tũnugd ne gom-biis wʋsg, b yĩmda gom-bi-kãensã sẽn zemse.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''.</ref> B sẽn da wa n kõ-b bi-bɩɩgã, b ra tagsdame tɩ b ra gomda zĩm-bi-bɩɩsã yell ye.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''.</ref> Wala a Finnegan sẽn wilgã,  sõss nins b sẽn da tʋmd ne b bobã pa yɩ sõss nins sẽn yaa sõma ye. B ra tõe n leb n maana yɩɩl-rãmb ne b zʋgdã, la b ra tõe n maana yɩɩls ne b zʋdrã, la yɩɩl-dãmbã. Neb kẽer sẽn da tar b toorẽ zʋgdã la b sẽn da boond b to-to tɩ b bobã ra yaa b sẽn da gʋlsd b goamã. == Amalgre tuuma == Bãrã wã sẽn yaa to-to wã to-to yaa toor ne buud toor-toore, la b fãa yaa toor-toorã. Yaa Serer, Wolof la Mandinka nebã Tama wã sẽn yaa a sẽn yaa a to wã n wilgd tɩ yaa a sẽn tar to-to wã n yaa a sẽn pa tar to- to wã. Woto kɩtame tɩ b gomd ne pãng n yɩɩd b sẽn da gomd ne b to wã. ===== A weeb toi-toi ===== B sẽn gomd b sẽn tõe n wa yɩɩl to-to wã, b gomda buud-gomdã to-to. B tõe n wʋma yɩɩl sẽn yaa toor ne taaba, zĩis nins sẽn gomd Fulani ne Mande buud-gomdã la zĩis nins sẽn pa maand Mande wã sẽn be tẽns nins sẽn be be be wĩntoogã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn be Senegal, Gambi, Mali sẽn be mogrã, la Gini wã, b sẽn boond tɩ "gɩt-n-taarã" wã yaa yɩɩl sẽn yaa kãn-kãe n kɩt tɩ b wẽe yɩɩl n pa tar pãng ye. Yaa b sẽn boond tɩ Mbalax sẽn yaa Senegal buud-goamã pʋgẽ.<ref>Barz, Gregory F. (2001). ''Mbalax''. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51499.</ref> Sẽn sɩng ne Mali kiisg, Burkina Faso la Gana, n kẽng Nizɛɛr, Chad kiisg la Nizɛɛr, ne sẽn pa tarẽ-b Fulani la Mande-dãmb sẽn gomd-b wã, b modgdame tɩ b wẽe b tãmbã n wẽe b nug n kõ-a. Woto kɩtame tɩ b sẽn gomd a soabã yaa gom-biis sẽn yaa wa gom-biisi, tɩ kɩt tɩ b makd gom-biisa sẽn yaa kãsenga la sẽn yaa to-to wã. (Ges-y Niger-Kongo goam sõor sẽn yaa toore). Yaa yɩɩl nins sẽn yaa nin-buiidã sẽn nong n be zĩig kãngã wã la b tõe n wʋma yɩɩl ning b sẽn boond tɩ Fuji wã. <ref>"Drum Telegraphy".</ref> == Sebtiise == loz53gw7tt1fmftyue2vzpbgb3quz9e 31736 31735 2026-05-24T16:16:29Z Abdul Fatawu352 33 Passa foto 31736 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fisiye:TalkingDrum.jpg|thumb|lunga]] Lunga yaa Afirik Wɛtgɛrkã sẽn tar sa-kẽeng sẽn yaa wa sa-kẽnde, la b tõe n maana gom-biis sẽn yaa wa gom-bi-pugl sẽn maand tɩ b tõe n wilg b sẽn gomd to-to wã. <ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/</ref><ref>http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/</ref> A tara bob-vɩɩs a yiib sẽn be ne welsd sẽn yaa ne yĩn-gãosgo. Naoor wʋsgo, b sã n wa karemd-a, b pa tõe n maan-a ye. Sẽn dat n maan woto wã tõe n kɩtame tɩ b gãd b nug ne b yĩngã. <ref>https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum</ref> Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã, b ra gomda ne b tãmbã n moond koees sẽn yaa kibarã la noorã, sẽn yɩɩd kilomɛtɛɛr 4,4 la km.<ref>Ong, Walter (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture''. p. 101.</ref> Ned tõe n yɩɩla gom-biis fãa. B sẽn gomd to-to wã wʋsg wẽnda wa ninsaal sẽn kelemd ne b sẽn maand to-to. B tara wa-rɩt-rɩk-rɩkr sẽn wõnd woto Azi, la b pa tũnugd ne-b n na n maneg sõssã ye, baa ne a sẽn tũnugd ne idakka wã n dɩkd b sẽn na n yɩɩdã togs-n-taare. <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208</ref> Yaa a Zeova Kaset rãmbã la b tʋmd-n-taasã n sõngd-b tɩ b tõog n tõog n tõogd b mens sõma. === Kibare === B sẽn boond tɩ b 'Bono' wã, b sẽn boond tɩ Yoruba, b sẽn bool tɩ Ghana soolmã, b sẽn yeel tɩ b yaa Ganaa soolmã la Hausa soolmã, yaa b sẽn boond t'a Gãna tigis-kãsems sẽn tar sa-wãn-kãsemse.<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20120705103703/http://www.kassoumay.com/musique-senegal/instruments-senegal.html</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcomm.2021.652690</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gravrand</ref><ref name=":1">http://makedrums.com/the-history-of-the-drum-early-history</ref>Yaa Yoruba neb sẽn be Nigeriya zĩ-wũndã la Benin la Dagomba sẽn be Gana rɩtgẽ wã n dogd a yell ne b sẽn gomd b tãmbã.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ExJPAQAAMAAJ</ref><ref>http://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/view/223</ref> B ra tara b tãmb wʋsg sẽn gomd n paasdẽ, tɩ b wʋsg me yaa wa b sẽn gom-bã. B paama yʋy sẽn yaa toor ne sãt-tʋʋmd sẽn pa tar-b n tar n tar n kõ-b tɩ b boond-b tɩ Dunan la Fontomfrom.<ref name=":1" /> Bãngr-kãngã yaa Afirik Wɛtgã soolmã sẽn beẽ wã, tɩ sã n pa beẽ wã yaa Kamerõ sẽn be rɩtg ne Tchad sẽn beẽ, la zĩ-kãens sẽn tar neb sẽn beẽ ne tẽns sẽn beẽ Afirik Wɛttgã tẽnsẽ wã, wala Kanuri, Djerma, Fulani, la Hausa wã. ==== Serer-neba ==== Senegali la Gambi wã pĩnd wẽndẽ wã, tama wã (Serer buud-gomdã pʋgẽ) ra yaa mizik instrument a yembr sẽn be Serer nebã "Woong" siglgã pʋgẽ (Serer kom-bɩɩs sẽn nan pa kẽ bãongã sẽn na n maan yɩɩlã) bɩ sẽn na n wa kẽ bãong sẽn na n zĩnd beoog-daarã, b sẽn boond tɩ "Xaat" wã (Serere).<ref name=":0" /> Tãma tãmbã tara Serer tũudmã sẽn dat n togs tɩ yaa Gãna soolmã dẽenem soaba. <ref name=":0" /> Sẽn zems ne Xaat nebã, tama wã yaa yɩɩl a naas-n-soabã. Serer bobã sẽn yaa to-to wã yaa: Perngel; Lamb; Qiin; la Tama. <ref>(in French) Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation seereer – ''Pangool'', vol. 2 (1990), p. 49.</ref> ===  Henry Gravrand === Dʋã-gãong sã n wa kelemdẽ, a Xaat na n vʋʋgame n gãe hal tɩ ta a kẽed-n-soaba, a sã n wa tõog n yɩɩl a Woongã taoore, a sẽn be tam-tam a naasã sʋka. Sẽn yaa takɩ, yaa wa Serer junjungã, la yaa senegambi rĩm dãmb sẽn da pãb-b wakat toor-toorã, wala zabrã sasa (b sẽn da bool tɩ b tɩg n maan zabrã), la Serer tẽnga pʋgẽ, b sẽn da wa n dat n kõ b nebã noor tɩ b maan martirã, wala Tahompa wã (rɩt-n-tũusr yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã sẽn yɩ maoong sẽn pa yɩle to-to wã) <ref name=":2">(in English) Joof, Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham, "Senegambia, the land of our heritage" (1995). See also : (in French) Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", (Sénégal), Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987, p. 42.</ref> la Naoudourou zabrã,<ref name=":2" /><ref>Camara, Alhaji Sait, "Chossani Senegambia" (history of Senegambia), in GRTS (Sunu Chossan), (Gambia).</ref> la Serer dãmb nins sẽn paam n tõoge (Senegambi wã sẽn yaa Moslem-marboutbã) kʋʋ b mens n da pa na n paam tɩ b tõog-b ye. B sakda tɩ b kʋ b mens ne Serer tũudmã pʋgẽ, sã n tũud a Jom wã noy sẽn wilgd tɩ b yaa Serer neba. <ref name=":3">Gravrand, ''Pangool'' (1990), p. 40.</ref> Gom-biig ning sẽn yaa "Jom" rat n yeelame tɩ "tõnd waoogd" Serer buud-gomdã pʋgẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref>(in French) Gravrand, Henry, "L'Heritage spirituel Sereer: Valeur traditionelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain", in ''Ethiopiques'', numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-Africaine, 3e trimestre 1982</ref> ===== Yoriba neba ===== ====== Ayangalu ====== B tẽedame t'a Ayangalu yaa pipi Yoruba bobd-n-taagã. A kũumã poore, b kɩtame t'a lebg Wẽnnaam, la woto me, b sõonda a Zeova nin-buiidã sʋka. B tẽedame tɩ yaa a Zeova n kɩt tɩ b yɩɩla sõma. A "Ayan" gomdã võor yaa yoruba buud-gomdã pʋgẽ. Yaa rẽ yĩng tɩ Yoruba neb kẽer yʋʋr tar Ayan pʋga, wala Ayanbisi, Ayangbade, Ayantunde, Ayanwande, etc. Pʋʋgã makda b sẽn yaa Ayangalu yel-solemdã gũudba.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/life-editor-gangan-drummer/</ref> Yʋʋm kobs 20 soabã pʋgẽ, b ra tara yɩɩl sẽn yaa sõma Afirik Wɛtgã. A yaa b sẽn boond tɩ dù, tɩ pa segd n zab ne Mandé nebã dundun basã.<ref>https://ccs.instructure.com/courses/1478582/pages/the-talking-drum-in-nigerian-pop-music-fuji-music</ref> B leb n tũnugda ne b tãmbã n maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa sõma wa kibsã, yikãademã, la bũmb nins sẽn pa sõma wã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Afrika neb wʋsg tũnugda ne-a n tũnugd ne b yɩɩl-teedã. == A weebu minim == B pa tõe n dɩkd b sẽn yetã wa b sẽn yetẽ wã ye. Woto yaa ne b sẽn na n toeem b sẽn na yɩl n tõog n kɩt tɩ b gãd b toogã. B gãda b tãmbã n gãneg a nug ne a ribs sʋka, tɩ b sã n wa n wẽe, b kɩt tɩ b gãd tãmbã, n kɩt tɩ b yɩɩg n yɩɩg a sẽn maandã. Woto, b tõe n wʋma ninsaal goama, a sõor la a sõor sẽn yaa sõma, la b pa tõe n wʋme vokaalã wall consonantsã zʋg ye.<ref>Gertjegerdes-Myricks, Petra (17 July 2002). "African American History Village Receives New African Drums". ''Columbus Times''. ProQuest 367868191.</ref> Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã, Europay nebã ra yãa b sẽn tũnugd ne b sẽn gomd ne b to-to wã n gomd ne nebã. Sõsg sẽn yaa sõma tõe n kẽnga tẽn-kãng n kẽng tẽn-zẽnga tao-tao n yɩɩd ned sẽn zao wedã sẽn tõe n tallã. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã pʋgẽ, misioneer a Roger T. Clarke bãngame tɩ "bãngrã makda signo wã sẽn yaa signo wã ne gom-biis sẽn yaa toor-toorã la sẽn yaa gom-bi-bɩɩse". <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Flood</ref><ref>Chen, Matthew Y. 2000. ''Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects.''</ref><ref>Odden, David (1995), "Tone: African languages". In J. Goldsmith (ed.), ''Handbook of Phonological Theory'', Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</ref> Afrika buud-goam wʋsg yaa tonal; yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b gomd võor n bãng tɩ yaa sõma. Wala makre, Yoruba buud-gomdã tara sõor-kãsems a tãabo: sẽn yaa bilf, sẽn yaa pʋ-sʋka, la sẽn yaa kãsenga. Yaa woto me la b sẽn maand ne b yɩɩl-kãsems a tãabã la b sẽn wẽed to-to wã.<ref>Pozdniakov, Konstant in and Segerer, Guillaume (2017), "A Genealogic Classification of Atlantic Languages". (Draft) To appear in: Lüpke, Friederike (ed.) ''The Oxford Guide to the Atlantic Languages of West Africa'', Oxford University Press.</ref> La Serer buud-gomdã la a senegambi buud-gomd pa yaa buud-gom-goam ye, sẽn pa wõnd buud-gomds a taabã fãa ye.<ref>Carrington, J. F. (1949), ''The Talking Drums of Africa'', Carey Kingsgate Press.</ref> Zu-loees ra yaa d sẽn na n tõog n wilg nebã koɛɛgã sẽn yaa toogo, tɩ pa tũ ne sõsg wall sõsg sẽn pa tar sõsg ye. A John F. Carrington sẽn yaa Ingletɛɛr sẽn yi Afrika wã, a wilga a sebr ning sẽn yaa The Talking Drums of Africa wã pʋgẽ, yʋʋmd 1949 wã, a sẽn wilg tɩ Afirik dromersã tõog n moon koɛɛgã sẽn yaa toogo.[4] A tũnugda ne yɩɩl sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ pag ne pag sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa a sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn boond t'a yaa rao ne a sẽn yaa pag ne a sẽn boond t"a yaa rao, "n-rɛɛsdã" gomda ne a sẽn gomd bũmb ningã, la a sẽn maand bũmb ningã, n tõe n kẽnge, t'a tõe n kẽnga milyaar 4 bɩ 5 n ta. Yaa sẽn na yɩl n bãngẽ tɩ b tõe n maan bũmb n maan to-to wã yĩnga, b ra segd n maana woto n tõog n wilgẽ tɩ b pa tõe n maan toɛy-toɛyã ye. === Abilgre === B sẽn da wa n wa n na n wa wã, b ra na n yeelame tɩ b na n maana woto: "Bɩ y gãneg n lebg n wa, y gãneg-y y nao wã, y gãnd-y y gãnegã la y gãneg y nao wã tẽngre, tẽn-tẽnga sẽn yaa tõnd tẽnga".<ref>Gleick (2011), p. 13</ref> B ra na n tolga goam b sẽn da yeelã n lebg gom-biis. Wala makre, b na n maana "Wõnda" wa "Wõnd sẽn get tẽngã" la "soda" wa "soda sẽn kɩt tɩ b get b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã". B sẽn paasd gom-kãensã kõta noy sẽn wilgd tɩ bũmb ning b sẽn yetã yaa sɩda. B ra pa tõe n yãk gom-kãensã n naan yɩ b sẽn da pa mi ye, b sẽn zãmsd b karen-biisã b sẽn tõe n wa yɩɩl to-to wã, b zãmsda-b-la gom-biis nins sẽn da zemd ne gom-bi-no-kãense.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''. p. 97.</ref> Yaa rẽ yĩng bal n kɩt tɩ b ra pa tõe n zãms n gom ne b sẽn gomd to-to wã ye.  B sẽn paasd b bobã pãng wã kɩtame tɩ ned pa wʋmd võor sõma ye. Sẽn yaa noog ne-a wã, sẽn da wa n wa n wa yaa tɩ Zapõ wã bãngame tɩ b pa nong n tũnugd ne b tãmbã Afrika wã ye. Sẽn paase, naoor wʋsgo, goam pa tar võor ye. A Carrington sẽn da sõs ne-a wã, a wilgame tɩ b sã n pa tũnugd ne gom-biis wʋsg, b yĩmda gom-bi-kãensã sẽn zemse.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''.</ref> B sẽn da wa n kõ-b bi-bɩɩgã, b ra tagsdame tɩ b ra gomda zĩm-bi-bɩɩsã yell ye.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''.</ref> Wala a Finnegan sẽn wilgã,  sõss nins b sẽn da tʋmd ne b bobã pa yɩ sõss nins sẽn yaa sõma ye. B ra tõe n leb n maana yɩɩl-rãmb ne b zʋgdã, la b ra tõe n maana yɩɩls ne b zʋdrã, la yɩɩl-dãmbã. Neb kẽer sẽn da tar b toorẽ zʋgdã la b sẽn da boond b to-to tɩ b bobã ra yaa b sẽn da gʋlsd b goamã. == Amalgre tuuma == Bãrã wã sẽn yaa to-to wã to-to yaa toor ne buud toor-toore, la b fãa yaa toor-toorã. Yaa Serer, Wolof la Mandinka nebã Tama wã sẽn yaa a sẽn yaa a to wã n wilgd tɩ yaa a sẽn tar to-to wã n yaa a sẽn pa tar to- to wã. Woto kɩtame tɩ b gomd ne pãng n yɩɩd b sẽn da gomd ne b to wã. ===== A weeb toi-toi ===== B sẽn gomd b sẽn tõe n wa yɩɩl to-to wã, b gomda buud-gomdã to-to. B tõe n wʋma yɩɩl sẽn yaa toor ne taaba, zĩis nins sẽn gomd Fulani ne Mande buud-gomdã la zĩis nins sẽn pa maand Mande wã sẽn be tẽns nins sẽn be be be wĩntoogã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn be Senegal, Gambi, Mali sẽn be mogrã, la Gini wã, b sẽn boond tɩ "gɩt-n-taarã" wã yaa yɩɩl sẽn yaa kãn-kãe n kɩt tɩ b wẽe yɩɩl n pa tar pãng ye. Yaa b sẽn boond tɩ Mbalax sẽn yaa Senegal buud-goamã pʋgẽ.<ref>Barz, Gregory F. (2001). ''Mbalax''. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51499.</ref> Sẽn sɩng ne Mali kiisg, Burkina Faso la Gana, n kẽng Nizɛɛr, Chad kiisg la Nizɛɛr, ne sẽn pa tarẽ-b Fulani la Mande-dãmb sẽn gomd-b wã, b modgdame tɩ b wẽe b tãmbã n wẽe b nug n kõ-a. Woto kɩtame tɩ b sẽn gomd a soabã yaa gom-biis sẽn yaa wa gom-biisi, tɩ kɩt tɩ b makd gom-biisa sẽn yaa kãsenga la sẽn yaa to-to wã. (Ges-y Niger-Kongo goam sõor sẽn yaa toore). Yaa yɩɩl nins sẽn yaa nin-buiidã sẽn nong n be zĩig kãngã wã la b tõe n wʋma yɩɩl ning b sẽn boond tɩ Fuji wã. <ref>"Drum Telegraphy".</ref> == Sebtiise == k2i2sdktfaxie3u9rwarv3wwqjcskt6 31737 31736 2026-05-24T16:21:08Z Abdul Fatawu352 33 Passa foto 31737 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fisiye:TalkingDrum.jpg|thumb|lunga]] Lunga yaa Afirik Wɛtgɛrkã sẽn tar sa-kẽeng sẽn yaa wa sa-kẽnde, la b tõe n maana gom-biis sẽn yaa wa gom-bi-pugl sẽn maand tɩ b tõe n wilg b sẽn gomd to-to wã. <ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/</ref><ref>http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/</ref> A tara bob-vɩɩs a yiib sẽn be ne welsd sẽn yaa ne yĩn-gãosgo. Naoor wʋsgo, b sã n wa karemd-a, b pa tõe n maan-a ye. Sẽn dat n maan woto wã tõe n kɩtame tɩ b gãd b nug ne b yĩngã. <ref>https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum</ref> Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã, b ra gomda ne b tãmbã n moond koees sẽn yaa kibarã la noorã, sẽn yɩɩd kilomɛtɛɛr 4,4 la km.<ref>Ong, Walter (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture''. p. 101.</ref> Ned tõe n yɩɩla gom-biis fãa. B sẽn gomd to-to wã wʋsg wẽnda wa ninsaal sẽn kelemd ne b sẽn maand to-to. B tara wa-rɩt-rɩk-rɩkr sẽn wõnd woto Azi, la b pa tũnugd ne-b n na n maneg sõssã ye, baa ne a sẽn tũnugd ne idakka wã n dɩkd b sẽn na n yɩɩdã togs-n-taare. <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208</ref> Yaa a Zeova Kaset rãmbã la b tʋmd-n-taasã n sõngd-b tɩ b tõog n tõog n tõogd b mens sõma. === Kibare === B sẽn boond tɩ b 'Bono' wã, b sẽn boond tɩ Yoruba, b sẽn bool tɩ Ghana soolmã, b sẽn yeel tɩ b yaa Ganaa soolmã la Hausa soolmã, yaa b sẽn boond t'a Gãna tigis-kãsems sẽn tar sa-wãn-kãsemse.<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20120705103703/http://www.kassoumay.com/musique-senegal/instruments-senegal.html</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcomm.2021.652690</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gravrand</ref><ref name=":1">http://makedrums.com/the-history-of-the-drum-early-history</ref>Yaa Yoruba neb sẽn be Nigeriya zĩ-wũndã la Benin la Dagomba sẽn be Gana rɩtgẽ wã n dogd a yell ne b sẽn gomd b tãmbã.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ExJPAQAAMAAJ</ref><ref>http://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/view/223</ref> B ra tara b tãmb wʋsg sẽn gomd n paasdẽ, tɩ b wʋsg me yaa wa b sẽn gom-bã. B paama yʋy sẽn yaa toor ne sãt-tʋʋmd sẽn pa tar-b n tar n tar n kõ-b tɩ b boond-b tɩ Dunan la Fontomfrom.<ref name=":1" /> Bãngr-kãngã yaa Afirik Wɛtgã soolmã sẽn beẽ wã, tɩ sã n pa beẽ wã yaa Kamerõ sẽn be rɩtg ne Tchad sẽn beẽ, la zĩ-kãens sẽn tar neb sẽn beẽ ne tẽns sẽn beẽ Afirik Wɛttgã tẽnsẽ wã, wala Kanuri, Djerma, Fulani, la Hausa wã. ==== Serer-neba ==== Senegali la Gambi wã pĩnd wẽndẽ wã, tama wã (Serer buud-gomdã pʋgẽ) ra yaa mizik instrument a yembr sẽn be Serer nebã "Woong" siglgã pʋgẽ (Serer kom-bɩɩs sẽn nan pa kẽ bãongã sẽn na n maan yɩɩlã) bɩ sẽn na n wa kẽ bãong sẽn na n zĩnd beoog-daarã, b sẽn boond tɩ "Xaat" wã (Serere).<ref name=":0" /> Tãma tãmbã tara Serer tũudmã sẽn dat n togs tɩ yaa Gãna soolmã dẽenem soaba. <ref name=":0" /> Sẽn zems ne Xaat nebã, tama wã yaa yɩɩl a naas-n-soabã. Serer bobã sẽn yaa to-to wã yaa: Perngel; Lamb; Qiin; la Tama. <ref>(in French) Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation seereer – ''Pangool'', vol. 2 (1990), p. 49.</ref> ===  Henry Gravrand === Dʋã-gãong sã n wa kelemdẽ, a Xaat na n vʋʋgame n gãe hal tɩ ta a kẽed-n-soaba, a sã n wa tõog n yɩɩl a Woongã taoore, a sẽn be tam-tam a naasã sʋka. Sẽn yaa takɩ, yaa wa Serer junjungã, la yaa senegambi rĩm dãmb sẽn da pãb-b wakat toor-toorã, wala zabrã sasa (b sẽn da bool tɩ b tɩg n maan zabrã), la Serer tẽnga pʋgẽ, b sẽn da wa n dat n kõ b nebã noor tɩ b maan martirã, wala Tahompa wã (rɩt-n-tũusr yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã sẽn yɩ maoong sẽn pa yɩle to-to wã) <ref name=":2">(in English) Joof, Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham, "Senegambia, the land of our heritage" (1995). See also : (in French) Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", (Sénégal), Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987, p. 42.</ref> la Naoudourou zabrã,<ref name=":2" /><ref>Camara, Alhaji Sait, "Chossani Senegambia" (history of Senegambia), in GRTS (Sunu Chossan), (Gambia).</ref> la Serer dãmb nins sẽn paam n tõoge (Senegambi wã sẽn yaa Moslem-marboutbã) kʋʋ b mens n da pa na n paam tɩ b tõog-b ye. B sakda tɩ b kʋ b mens ne Serer tũudmã pʋgẽ, sã n tũud a Jom wã noy sẽn wilgd tɩ b yaa Serer neba. <ref name=":3">Gravrand, ''Pangool'' (1990), p. 40.</ref> Gom-biig ning sẽn yaa "Jom" rat n yeelame tɩ "tõnd waoogd" Serer buud-gomdã pʋgẽ.<ref name=":3" /><ref>(in French) Gravrand, Henry, "L'Heritage spirituel Sereer: Valeur traditionelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain", in ''Ethiopiques'', numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-Africaine, 3e trimestre 1982</ref> ===== Yoriba neba ===== ====== Ayangalu ====== [[Fisiye:Drummers eid.jpg|thumb|Yorba lunweedba]] B tẽedame t'a Ayangalu yaa pipi Yoruba bobd-n-taagã. A kũumã poore, b kɩtame t'a lebg Wẽnnaam, la woto me, b sõonda a Zeova nin-buiidã sʋka. B tẽedame tɩ yaa a Zeova n kɩt tɩ b yɩɩla sõma. A "Ayan" gomdã võor yaa yoruba buud-gomdã pʋgẽ. Yaa rẽ yĩng tɩ Yoruba neb kẽer yʋʋr tar Ayan pʋga, wala Ayanbisi, Ayangbade, Ayantunde, Ayanwande, etc. Pʋʋgã makda b sẽn yaa Ayangalu yel-solemdã gũudba.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/life-editor-gangan-drummer/</ref> Yʋʋm kobs 20 soabã pʋgẽ, b ra tara yɩɩl sẽn yaa sõma Afirik Wɛtgã. A yaa b sẽn boond tɩ dù, tɩ pa segd n zab ne Mandé nebã dundun basã.<ref>https://ccs.instructure.com/courses/1478582/pages/the-talking-drum-in-nigerian-pop-music-fuji-music</ref> B leb n tũnugda ne b tãmbã n maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa sõma wa kibsã, yikãademã, la bũmb nins sẽn pa sõma wã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Afrika neb wʋsg tũnugda ne-a n tũnugd ne b yɩɩl-teedã. == A weebu minim == B pa tõe n dɩkd b sẽn yetã wa b sẽn yetẽ wã ye. Woto yaa ne b sẽn na n toeem b sẽn na yɩl n tõog n kɩt tɩ b gãd b toogã. B gãda b tãmbã n gãneg a nug ne a ribs sʋka, tɩ b sã n wa n wẽe, b kɩt tɩ b gãd tãmbã, n kɩt tɩ b yɩɩg n yɩɩg a sẽn maandã. Woto, b tõe n wʋma ninsaal goama, a sõor la a sõor sẽn yaa sõma, la b pa tõe n wʋme vokaalã wall consonantsã zʋg ye.<ref>Gertjegerdes-Myricks, Petra (17 July 2002). "African American History Village Receives New African Drums". ''Columbus Times''. ProQuest 367868191.</ref> Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã, Europay nebã ra yãa b sẽn tũnugd ne b sẽn gomd ne b to-to wã n gomd ne nebã. Sõsg sẽn yaa sõma tõe n kẽnga tẽn-kãng n kẽng tẽn-zẽnga tao-tao n yɩɩd ned sẽn zao wedã sẽn tõe n tallã. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã pʋgẽ, misioneer a Roger T. Clarke bãngame tɩ "bãngrã makda signo wã sẽn yaa signo wã ne gom-biis sẽn yaa toor-toorã la sẽn yaa gom-bi-bɩɩse". <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Flood</ref><ref>Chen, Matthew Y. 2000. ''Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects.''</ref><ref>Odden, David (1995), "Tone: African languages". In J. Goldsmith (ed.), ''Handbook of Phonological Theory'', Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</ref> Afrika buud-goam wʋsg yaa tonal; yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b gomd võor n bãng tɩ yaa sõma. Wala makre, Yoruba buud-gomdã tara sõor-kãsems a tãabo: sẽn yaa bilf, sẽn yaa pʋ-sʋka, la sẽn yaa kãsenga. Yaa woto me la b sẽn maand ne b yɩɩl-kãsems a tãabã la b sẽn wẽed to-to wã.<ref>Pozdniakov, Konstant in and Segerer, Guillaume (2017), "A Genealogic Classification of Atlantic Languages". (Draft) To appear in: Lüpke, Friederike (ed.) ''The Oxford Guide to the Atlantic Languages of West Africa'', Oxford University Press.</ref> La Serer buud-gomdã la a senegambi buud-gomd pa yaa buud-gom-goam ye, sẽn pa wõnd buud-gomds a taabã fãa ye.<ref>Carrington, J. F. (1949), ''The Talking Drums of Africa'', Carey Kingsgate Press.</ref> Zu-loees ra yaa d sẽn na n tõog n wilg nebã koɛɛgã sẽn yaa toogo, tɩ pa tũ ne sõsg wall sõsg sẽn pa tar sõsg ye. A John F. Carrington sẽn yaa Ingletɛɛr sẽn yi Afrika wã, a wilga a sebr ning sẽn yaa The Talking Drums of Africa wã pʋgẽ, yʋʋmd 1949 wã, a sẽn wilg tɩ Afirik dromersã tõog n moon koɛɛgã sẽn yaa toogo.[4] A tũnugda ne yɩɩl sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ pag ne pag sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa a sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn boond t'a yaa rao ne a sẽn yaa pag ne a sẽn boond t"a yaa rao, "n-rɛɛsdã" gomda ne a sẽn gomd bũmb ningã, la a sẽn maand bũmb ningã, n tõe n kẽnge, t'a tõe n kẽnga milyaar 4 bɩ 5 n ta. Yaa sẽn na yɩl n bãngẽ tɩ b tõe n maan bũmb n maan to-to wã yĩnga, b ra segd n maana woto n tõog n wilgẽ tɩ b pa tõe n maan toɛy-toɛyã ye. === Abilgre === B sẽn da wa n wa n na n wa wã, b ra na n yeelame tɩ b na n maana woto: "Bɩ y gãneg n lebg n wa, y gãneg-y y nao wã, y gãnd-y y gãnegã la y gãneg y nao wã tẽngre, tẽn-tẽnga sẽn yaa tõnd tẽnga".<ref>Gleick (2011), p. 13</ref> B ra na n tolga goam b sẽn da yeelã n lebg gom-biis. Wala makre, b na n maana "Wõnda" wa "Wõnd sẽn get tẽngã" la "soda" wa "soda sẽn kɩt tɩ b get b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã". B sẽn paasd gom-kãensã kõta noy sẽn wilgd tɩ bũmb ning b sẽn yetã yaa sɩda. B ra pa tõe n yãk gom-kãensã n naan yɩ b sẽn da pa mi ye, b sẽn zãmsd b karen-biisã b sẽn tõe n wa yɩɩl to-to wã, b zãmsda-b-la gom-biis nins sẽn da zemd ne gom-bi-no-kãense.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''. p. 97.</ref> Yaa rẽ yĩng bal n kɩt tɩ b ra pa tõe n zãms n gom ne b sẽn gomd to-to wã ye.  B sẽn paasd b bobã pãng wã kɩtame tɩ ned pa wʋmd võor sõma ye. Sẽn yaa noog ne-a wã, sẽn da wa n wa n wa yaa tɩ Zapõ wã bãngame tɩ b pa nong n tũnugd ne b tãmbã Afrika wã ye. Sẽn paase, naoor wʋsgo, goam pa tar võor ye. A Carrington sẽn da sõs ne-a wã, a wilgame tɩ b sã n pa tũnugd ne gom-biis wʋsg, b yĩmda gom-bi-kãensã sẽn zemse.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''.</ref> B sẽn da wa n kõ-b bi-bɩɩgã, b ra tagsdame tɩ b ra gomda zĩm-bi-bɩɩsã yell ye.<ref>Ong (1977). ''Interfaces of the Word''.</ref> Wala a Finnegan sẽn wilgã,  sõss nins b sẽn da tʋmd ne b bobã pa yɩ sõss nins sẽn yaa sõma ye. B ra tõe n leb n maana yɩɩl-rãmb ne b zʋgdã, la b ra tõe n maana yɩɩls ne b zʋdrã, la yɩɩl-dãmbã. Neb kẽer sẽn da tar b toorẽ zʋgdã la b sẽn da boond b to-to tɩ b bobã ra yaa b sẽn da gʋlsd b goamã. == Amalgre tuuma == Bãrã wã sẽn yaa to-to wã to-to yaa toor ne buud toor-toore, la b fãa yaa toor-toorã. Yaa Serer, Wolof la Mandinka nebã Tama wã sẽn yaa a sẽn yaa a to wã n wilgd tɩ yaa a sẽn tar to-to wã n yaa a sẽn pa tar to- to wã. Woto kɩtame tɩ b gomd ne pãng n yɩɩd b sẽn da gomd ne b to wã. ===== A weeb toi-toi ===== B sẽn gomd b sẽn tõe n wa yɩɩl to-to wã, b gomda buud-gomdã to-to. B tõe n wʋma yɩɩl sẽn yaa toor ne taaba, zĩis nins sẽn gomd Fulani ne Mande buud-gomdã la zĩis nins sẽn pa maand Mande wã sẽn be tẽns nins sẽn be be be wĩntoogã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn be Senegal, Gambi, Mali sẽn be mogrã, la Gini wã, b sẽn boond tɩ "gɩt-n-taarã" wã yaa yɩɩl sẽn yaa kãn-kãe n kɩt tɩ b wẽe yɩɩl n pa tar pãng ye. Yaa b sẽn boond tɩ Mbalax sẽn yaa Senegal buud-goamã pʋgẽ.<ref>Barz, Gregory F. (2001). ''Mbalax''. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51499.</ref> Sẽn sɩng ne Mali kiisg, Burkina Faso la Gana, n kẽng Nizɛɛr, Chad kiisg la Nizɛɛr, ne sẽn pa tarẽ-b Fulani la Mande-dãmb sẽn gomd-b wã, b modgdame tɩ b wẽe b tãmbã n wẽe b nug n kõ-a. Woto kɩtame tɩ b sẽn gomd a soabã yaa gom-biis sẽn yaa wa gom-biisi, tɩ kɩt tɩ b makd gom-biisa sẽn yaa kãsenga la sẽn yaa to-to wã. (Ges-y Niger-Kongo goam sõor sẽn yaa toore). Yaa yɩɩl nins sẽn yaa nin-buiidã sẽn nong n be zĩig kãngã wã la b tõe n wʋma yɩɩl ning b sẽn boond tɩ Fuji wã. <ref>"Drum Telegraphy".</ref> == Sebtiise == kb65qff2cvtkmbtn7sn2051j26eexp6