Wikipedija mtwiki https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il-Pa%C4%A1na_prin%C4%8Bipali MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Medja Speċjali Diskussjoni Utent Diskussjoni utent Wikipedija Diskussjoni Wikipedija Stampa Diskussjoni stampa MediaWiki Diskussjoni MediaWiki Mudell Diskussjoni mudell Għajnuna Diskussjoni għajnuna Kategorija Diskussjoni kategorija Portal Diskussjoni portal TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Praga 0 6781 330174 328670 2026-05-22T09:31:04Z Skot 27106 Higher resolution version of image #NKCR 330174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city}} '''Praga''' (biċ-[[Lingwa Ċeka|Ċek]]: ''Praha'') hija l-[[belt kapitali]] u l-akbar belt tar-[[Repubblika Ċeka]]. Hija l-erbatax l-akbar belt fl-[[Unjoni Ewropea]].<ref>{{ċita web|url=http://worldinfozone.com/facts.php?country=CzechRepublic |titlu=Czech Republic Facts |pubblikatur=World InfoZone |data-aċċess=2011-04-14|lingwa=Ingliż}}</ref> Hija wkoll il-belt kapitali storika tal-Boemja.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.worldinfozone.com/facts.php?country=CzechRepublic|titlu=World InfoZone - Czech Republic Facts|data=2011-05-18|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518040253/http://www.worldinfozone.com/facts.php?country=CzechRepublic|arkivju-data=2011-05-18|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Il-belt tinsab fil-Majjistral tal-pajjiż max-xmara [[Vltava]]. Fiha jgħixu 1.3 miljun abitant, filwaqt li huwa stmat li fiż-żona urbana tagħha tgħix popolazzjoni ta' kważi żewġ miljun ruħ. Il-belt għandha klima oċeanika miti, bi sjuf sħan u bi xtiewi kesħin. Praga hija ċentru [[Politika|politiku]], [[Kultura|kulturali]] u ekonomiku tal-[[Ewropa Ċentrali]], bi [[storja]] rikka u b'arkitettura [[Rumanesk|Rumaneska]], [[Gotiku|Gotika]], [[Rinaxximent|Rinaxximentali]] u [[Barokk|Barokka]]. Hija kienet il-belt kapitali tar-Renju tal-Boemja u r-residenza ta' diversi [[Imperu Ruman|Imperaturi Rumani]] Sagri, fosthom [[Karlu IV]] (li rrenja fl-1346-1378).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/maps/czech-republic|titlu=Czech Republic Maps & Facts|data=2021-02-24|sit=WorldAtlas|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2023-04-04}}</ref> Kienet belt importanti għall-monarkija Asburga u għall-Imperu Awstrijaku-Ungeriż. Il-belt qdiet rwoli importanti fir-Riformazzjonijiet tal-Boemja u [[Protestantiżmu|Protestanti]], fil-Gwerra ta' Tletin Sena u fl-istorja tas-seklu 20 bħala l-belt kapitali taċ-Ċekoslovakkja bejn il-Gwerer Dinjin u l-era [[Komuniżmu|Komunista]] ta' wara l-gwerer.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.hedgie.eu/pages/history.php|titlu=Arquivo.pt|sit=arquivo.pt|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518044935/http://www.hedgie.eu/pages/history.php|arkivju-data=2016-05-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> Praga tospita għadd ta' attrazzjonijiet kulturali magħrufa, bosta minnhom li baqgħu jeżistu minkejja l-vjolenza u l-qerda fl-[[Ewropa]] tas-seklu 20. Fost l-attrazzjonijiet prinċipali hemm il-[[Kastell ta' Praga]], il-[[Pont ta' Karlu]], il-[[pjazza]] ewlenija taċ-ċentru storiku bl-arloġġ [[Astronomija|astronomiku]] ta' Praga, il-Kwartier [[Ġudaiżmu|Lhudi]], l-għolja ta' Petřín u l-Forti ta' Vyšehrad. Iċ-ċentru storiku ta' Praga tniżżel fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-1992.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/616/|titlu=Historic Centre of Prague|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-04-04}}</ref> Il-belt għandha iktar minn għaxar [[Mużew|mużewijiet]] ewlenin, flimkien ma' bosta teatri, galleriji, ċinema u [[Monument|monumenti]] storiċi oħra. Il-belt hija kkollegata permezz ta' sistema moderna estensiva tat-trasport pubbliku. Tospita firxa wiesgħa ta' skejjel pubbliċi u privati, inkluż l-Università ta' Karlu fi Praga, l-eqdem università fl-Ewropa Ċentrali.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://cuni.cz/UK-1.html|titlu=UK|sit=Univerzita Karlova|lingwa=cs|data-aċċess=2023-04-04}}</ref> Praga hija kklassifikata bħala belt globali "Alfa" skont l-istudji tal-GaWC.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html|titlu=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2012|data=2017-05-03|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503165246/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html|arkivju-data=2017-05-03|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Fl-2019, il-belt kienet ikklassifikata fid-69 post fost l-iktar bliet li wieħed jgħix tajjeb fihom f'klassifika mfassla minn Mercer.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankings|titlu=Quality of Living City Ranking {{!}} Mercer|sit=mobilityexchange.mercer.com|data-aċċess=2023-04-04}}</ref> Fl-istess sena, l-Indiċi ta' PICSA kklassifika l-belt fit-13-il post fost l-iktar bliet li wieħed jgħix tajjeb fihom fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.picsaindex.com/the-picsa-index/|titlu=The PICSA Index - Prosperity & Inclusion City Seal & Award|data=2021-03-08|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308164645/https://www.picsaindex.com/the-picsa-index/|arkivju-data=2021-03-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> L-istorja rikka tagħha tagħmilha destinazzjoni turistika popolari u skont stimi tal-2017, il-belt tilqa' iktar minn 8.5 miljun viżitaturi internazzjonali fis-sena. Fl-2017 Praga ġiet ikklassifikata fil-ħames post fost il-bliet Ewropej li jżuruhom l-iktar nies fis-sena, wara [[Londra]], [[Pariġi]], [[Ruma]] u [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://news.expats.cz/czech-tourism/top-100-city-destinations-revealed-prague-among-visited-europe-world/|titlu=Top 100 City Destinations Revealed: Prague among Most Visited In the World - Prague, Czech Republic|data=2018-08-29|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072053/https://news.expats.cz/czech-tourism/top-100-city-destinations-revealed-prague-among-visited-europe-world/|arkivju-data=2018-08-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Etimoloġija u ismijiet == L-isem biċ-Ċek "Praha" oriġina minn kelma Slavika antika, ''práh'', li tfisser "baxxfond" jew "kurrent rapidu", b'referenza għall-oriġini tal-belt bħala punt minn fejn wieħed seta' jaqsam ix-xmara Vltava.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://praguesummer.com/whats-in-a-name-prague-history-lesson/|titlu=What’s in a Name? (Prague History Lesson) – Prague Summer Program|data=2017-03-14|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314063453/http://praguesummer.com/whats-in-a-name-prague-history-lesson/|arkivju-data=2017-03-14|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> L-istess [[etimoloġija]] hija assoċjata mad-distrett ta' Praga f'[[Varsavja]], il-[[Polonja]].<ref>Lucy S. Dawidowicz – ''The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe'', 1996, p. 351.</ref> Verżjoni oħra tal-oriġini tal-isem hija marbuta wkoll bħal kelma biċ-Ċek ''práh'' (li tista' tfisser "pedament" wkoll) u etimoloġija leġġendarja tikkollega isem il-belt mal-prinċipessa Libuše, profetessa u mara ta' fundatur mitiku tad-dinastija Přemyslid. Jingħad li ordnat li l-belt "tinbena fejn raġel iħejji l-pedamenti ta' daru". ''Práh'' biċ-Ċek jaf tirreferi wkoll għall-kurrent rapidu jew għall-baxxfond li jofroq ix-xmara u b'hekk iservi bħala "pedament" għall-kastell. Verżjoni oħra tal-isem ''Praha'' hi li oriġina minn ''na prazě'', it-terminu oriġinali għall-blat tax-shale mal-ġenb tal-għolja li fuqha nbena l-kastell oriġinali. Dak iż-żmien, il-kastell kien imdawwar mill-foresti, li kienu jiksu d-disa' għoljiet tal-belt futura – iċ-ċentru storiku fuq in-naħa opposta tax-xmara, kif ukoll il-kumplament tal-belt taħt il-kastell eżistenti, tfaċċaw ferm wara.<ref>Dudák, Vladislav (2010). ''Praha: Průvodce magickým centrem Evropy'' [''Prague: A Guide to the Magical Center of Europe'']. Praga. p. 184. ISBN <bdi>978-80-7252-302-3</bdi>.</ref> Praga hija mlaqqma wkoll il-''"Belt tal-Mitt Spieri"'', abbażi tal-għadd tal-matematiku tas-seklu 19 [[Bernard Bolzano]]; huwa stmat li l-għadd tal-lum tas-Servizz tal-Informazzjoni ta' Praga jlaħħaq il-500 spira.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/kolik-vezi-ma-stovezata-praha-nadsenci-jich-napocitali-pres-pet-set-1fv-/domaci.aspx?c=A100805_115917_praha-zpravy_sfo|titlu=Kolik věží má „stověžatá“ Praha? Nadšenci jich napočítali přes pět set - iDNES.cz|data=2013-05-14|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514204127/http://zpravy.idnes.cz/kolik-vezi-ma-stovezata-praha-nadsenci-jich-napocitali-pres-pet-set-1fv-/domaci.aspx?c=A100805_115917_praha-zpravy_sfo|arkivju-data=2013-05-14|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Laqmijiet oħra ta' Praga huma: il-Belt tad-Deheb, l-Omm tal-Bliet u l-[[Qalb|Qalba]] tal-Ewropa.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.prague.fm/|titlu=Prague Tourist Guide - visit Prague, city of hundred spires|data=2015-08-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810201202/http://www.prague.fm/|arkivju-data=2015-08-10|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Storja == Matul l-elf sena ta' eżistenza tagħha, Praga kibret minn insedjament estiż mill-Kastell ta' Praga fit-Tramuntana sal-Forti ta' Vyšehrad fin-Nofsinhar, u saret il-belt kapitali ta' pajjiż Ewropew modern. === Storja bikrija === Ir-reġjun ġie insedjat diġà fi żmien il-Paleolitiku.<ref>Demetz, Peter (1997). "Chapter One: Libussa, or Versions of Origin". ''Prague in Black and Gold: Scenes from the Life of a European City''. [[Belt ta' New York|New York]]: Hill and Wang. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8090-7843-1</bdi>.</ref> Il-kronista Lhudi [[David Solomon Ganz]] ikkwota lil [[Cyriacus Spangenberg]] u sostna li l-belt ġiet stabbilita bħala ''Boihaem'' għall-ħabta tal-1306 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. minn re antik jismu Boyya.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=21930&st=&pgnum=72&hilite=available|titlu=צמח דוד - גנז, דוד בן שלמה, 1541-1613 (page 72 of 217)|data=2022-04-21|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421152851/https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=21930&st=&pgnum=72&hilite=available|arkivju-data=2022-04-21|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Għall-ħabta tas-sekli 5 u 4 Q.K., tribù Ċeltika tfaċċat fl-inħawi, u iktar 'il quddiem stabbiliet xi insedjamenti, inkluż l-ikbar ''oppidum'' Ċeltiku fil-Boemja, Závist, fis-subborg attwali tan-Nofsinhar magħruf bħala Zbraslav fi Praga, li wassal biex ir-reġjun jissejjaħ Boemja, li tfisser "dar il-poplu Boii".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/unearthing-bohemias-celtic-heritage-ahead-of-samhain-the-new-year|titlu=Radio Prague - Unearthing Bohemia's Celtic heritage ahead of Samhain, the 'New Year'|data=2016-08-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810140803/http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/unearthing-bohemias-celtic-heritage-ahead-of-samhain-the-new-year|arkivju-data=2016-08-10|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Fl-aħħar seklu Q.K., iċ-Ċeltiċi bil-mod il-mod tkeċċew mit-tribujiet Ġermaniċi (il-Markomanni, il-Kwadi, il-Lombardi u x'aktarx is-Swebi), u dan wassal biex uħud sostnew li s-sede tar-re tal-Markomanni, Maroboduus, kienet f'Závist.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.rozhlas.cz/leonardo/historie/_zprava/202797|titlu=Atlantis české archeologie {{!}} Historie|data=2016-09-13|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913181056/http://www.rozhlas.cz/leonardo/historie/_zprava/202797|arkivju-data=2016-09-13|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Fl-inħawi madwar fejn illum il-ġurnata hemm Praga, mappa tas-seklu 2 impinġija minn Ptolemaios semmiet belt Ġermanika msejħa ''Casurgis''.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.cs-magazin.com/index.php?a=a2011021048|titlu=CS Magazin|data=2016-04-13|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413175204/http://www.cs-magazin.com/index.php?a=a2011021048|arkivju-data=2016-04-13|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Fl-aħħar tas-seklu 5 [[WK|W.K]]., matul il-perjodu l-kbir tal-migrazzjoni wara l-kollass tal-Imperu Ruman tal-Punent, it-tribujiet Ġermaniċi li kienu jgħixu fil-Boemja ċċaqilqu lejn il-Punent, u x'aktarx fis-seklu 6, it-tribujiet Slaviċi (Venedi) insedjaw ir-Reġjun tal-Boemja Ċentrali. Fit-tliet sekli ta' wara, it-tribujiet Ċeki bnew diversi insedjamenti ffortifikati fl-inħawi, l-iktar fil-wied ta' Šárka, f'Butovice u f'Levý Hradec. Il-kostruzzjoni tal-istruttura li mbagħad saret magħrufa bħala l-Kastell ta' Praga bdiet lejn l-aħħar tas-seklu 9, bit-tkabbir ta' insedjament iffortifikat li kien ilu jeżisti fis-sit mit-800.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.novinky.cz/kultura/24807-slovane-na-hrade-zili-uz-sto-let-pred-borivojem.html|titlu=Slované na Hradě žili už sto let před Bořivojem – Novinky.cz|data=|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405080130/http://www.novinky.cz/kultura/24807-slovane-na-hrade-zili-uz-sto-let-pred-borivojem.html|arkivju-data=2011-04-05|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> L-ewwel ġebliet taħt il-Kastell ta' Praga jmorru lura għal mhux iktar tard mit-885.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.hrad.cz/en/prague-castle/history/archaeological-research.shtml|titlu=Archaeological Research - Prague Castle|data=2009-04-01|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401033615/http://www.hrad.cz/en/prague-castle/history/archaeological-research.shtml|arkivju-data=2009-04-01|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Il-forti prominenti l-ieħor ta' Praga, il-Forti ta' Vyšehrad tal-familja Přemyslid, ġie stabbilit fis-seklu 10, xi sebgħin sena wara l-Kastell ta' Praga.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.praguewelcome.cz/en/visit/monuments/top-monuments/65-vysehrad.shtml|titlu=Vyšehrad {{!}} Praguewelcome – The official travel and tourism guide of Prague|data=2013-03-12|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312091714/http://www.praguewelcome.cz/en/visit/monuments/top-monuments/65-vysehrad.shtml|arkivju-data=2013-03-12|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Il-Kastell ta' Praga huwa ddominat mill-[[katidral]], li beda jinbena fl-1344, iżda li ma tlestiex qabel is-seklu 20.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/gothic-buildings-prague|titlu=5 of the Best Gothic Buildings in Prague Photos {{!}} Architectural Digest|data=2018-08-23|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210649/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/gothic-buildings-prague|arkivju-data=2018-08-23|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> [[File:Josef Mathauser - Kněžna Libuše věští slávu Prahy (Historie českého národa v obrazech, obr. 005) retouched.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Josef_Mathauser_-_Kněžna_Libuše_věští_slávu_Prahy_(Historie_českého_národa_v_obrazech,_obr._005)_retouched.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-prinċipessa mitoloġika Libuše tipprofetizza l-glorja ta' Praga.]] L-oriġini leġġendarja ta' Praga tattribwixxi l-istabbiliment tal-belt lid-dukessa u l-profetessa Ċeka tas-seklu 8, Libuše, u lir-raġel tagħha, Přemysl, il-fundatur tad-dinastija Přemyslid. Skont il-leġġenda, Libuše ħarġet minn irdum bil-blat ferm 'il fuq mix-xmara Vltava u tat il-profezija tagħha: "Qed nara belt kbira li l-glorja tagħha se tasal sal-[[Stilla|istilel]]". Hija ordnat li jinbena kastell u raħal imsejjaħ Praha fuq dak is-sit. Ir-reġjun sar is-sede tad-duki, u iktar 'il quddiem tar-rejiet tal-Boemja. Taħt id-Duka tal-Boemja [[Boleslaus II id-Devot]], ir-reġjun sar veskovat fid-973.<ref>Wolverton, Lisa (2012). ''Hastening Toward Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands''. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0812204223</bdi>.</ref> Sa ma Praga ġiet elevata għal arċiveskovat fl-1344, kienet taħt il-ġurisdizzjoni tal-Arċiveskovat ta' [[Mainz]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://radio.cz/en/section/travel-tip/prague-an-architectural-gem-in-the-heart-of-europe|titlu=Prague – an architectural gem in the heart of Europe {{!}} Radio Prague|data=2018-07-24|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724001258/http://radio.cz/en/section/travel-tip/prague-an-architectural-gem-in-the-heart-of-europe|arkivju-data=2018-07-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> [[File:Maqueta_del_castell_de_praga.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maqueta_del_castell_de_praga.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|215x215px|Mudell li jirrappreżenta l-Kastell ta' Praga u l-inħawi tal-madwar fis-seklu 10.]] Praga kienet sede kummerċjali importanti fejn il-merkanti mill-Ewropa kollha ġew joqogħdu, inkluż bosta Lhud, kif imfakkar fid-965 mill-merkant u l-vjaġġatur [[Spanja|Spanjol]]-Lhudi [[Abraham ben Jacob]].<ref>Rothkirchen, Livia (2006). ''The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust''. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0803205024</bdi>.</ref> Is-Sinagoga l-Ġdida tal-1270 għadha teżisti fil-belt. Praga fl-imgħoddi kienet ukoll tospita suq importanti tal-[[Skjavitù|iskjavi]].<ref>"''The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages Archived 3 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine''". Michael Moïssey Postan, Edward Miller, Cynthia Postan (1987). Cambridge University Press. p. 417. <nowiki>ISBN 0-521-08709-0</nowiki>.</ref> Fis-sit tal-baxxfond tax-xmara Vltava, ir-Re [[Vladislaus I]] ordna li jinbena l-ewwel pont fl-1170, il-Pont ta' Ġuditta (''Juditin most''), f'ġieħ martu [[Ġuditta ta' Thüringen]]. Dan il-pont inqered mill-għargħar fl-1342, iżda wħud mill-ġebliet tal-pedamenti oriġinali tiegħu għadhom fix-xmara. Il-pont reġa' nbena u ngħata l-isem il-ġdid ta' Pont ta' Karlu.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.radio.cz/en/static/charles-bridge/history|titlu=History of Charles Bridge {{!}} Radio Prague|data=2019-09-05|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905164019/https://www.radio.cz/en/static/charles-bridge/history|arkivju-data=2019-09-05|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Fl-1257, taħt ir-Re [[Ottokar II]], ġie stabbilit il-kwartier ta' ''Malá Strana'' ("Kwartier Sekondarju") fi Praga fis-sit ta' villaġġ iktar antik fiż-żona li mbagħad saret magħrufa bħala Hradčany (iż-żona tal-Kastell ta' Praga).<ref>Guides, Rough (16 January 2015). ''The Rough Guide to Prague''. Rough Guides UK. ISBN <bdi>9780241196311</bdi>.</ref> Dan il-kwartier kien id-distrett tal-[[Ġermanja|Ġermaniżi]], li kellhom id-dritt li jamministraw il-[[Dritt|liġi]] b'mod awtonomu, skont id-drittijiet ta' Magdeburg. Id-distrett il-ġdid kien jinsab fuq ix-xatt oppost tal-i''Staré Město'' ("Ċentru Storiku"), li kellha l-istatus uffiċjali ta' kwartier u kienet ikkonfinata minn sensiela ta' ħitan u fortifikazzjonijiet.<ref>Dickinson, Robert E. (2003). ''The West European City: A Geographical Interpretation''. Taylor & Francis. ISBN <bdi>9780415177115</bdi>.</ref> === Medju Evu Aħħari === [[File:St_Vitus_Prague_September_2016-21.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Vitus_Prague_September_2016-21.jpg|lemin|daqsminuri|Il-Katidral attwali ta' San Vito fi Praga ġie stabbilit fl-1344.]] Praga ffjorixxiet matul ir-renju tas-seklu 14 (1346-1378) ta' Karlu IV, l-Imperatur Ruman Sagru u r-re tal-Boemja tad-dinastija l-ġdida tal-[[Lussemburgu]]. Bħala r-Re tal-Boemja u l-Imperatur Ruman Sagru, huwa ttrasforma lil Praga f'belt kapitali imperjali. Fis-snin 70 tas-seklu 15, Praga kellha madwar 70,000 abitant u b'erja ta' 360 ettaru (~1.4 mil kwadru) kienet it-tielet l-ikbar belt fl-Imperu Ruman Sagru.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.fdb.cz/film/deset-stoleti-architektury-2-serie-21-dil-nove-mesto-prazske/52565|titlu=Deset století architektury (1997) [TV cyklus] - Nové Město pražské (1998), 2. série - 21. díl|kunjom=s.r.o. (FDb.cz), 2003-2019|isem=Filmová databáze|sit=FDb.cz|lingwa=cs|data-aċċess=2023-04-04}}</ref> Karlu IV ordna l-kostruzzjoni tal-Kwartier il-Ġdid (''Nové Město'') biswit iċ-Ċentru Storiku u fassal il-pjanta hu stess. Il-Pont ta' Karlu, li ssostitwixxa l-Pont ta' Ġuditta li nqered fl-għargħar li seħħ ftit qabel ir-renju tiegħu, inbena biex jikkollega d-distretti tax-xatt tal-Lvant mal-kwartieri ta' Malá Strana u tal-Kastell. Fl-1347, huwa stabbilixxa l-Università ta' Karlu, li hija l-eqdem università fl-Ewropa Ċentrali. Huwa beda l-kostruzzjoni tal-Katidral Gotiku ta' San Vito, fi ħdan l-ikbar bitħa esterna tal-Kastell ta' Praga, fis-sit fejn kien hemm ir-rotunda Rumaneska. Praga ġiet elevata għal arċiveskovat fl-1344, is-sena meta bdiet il-kostruzzjoni tal-katidral.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://brrp.org/proceedings/brrp4/palmitessa.pdf|titlu=Palmitessa, James (2002). "The Archbishops of Prague in Urban Struggles of the Confessional Age 1561–1612". Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice. 4: 261–273.|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103017/http://brrp.org/proceedings/brrp4/palmitessa.pdf|arkivju-data=2019-02-25|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Il-belt kellha zekka u kienet ċentru kummerċjali għall-bankiera u għall-merkanti Ġermaniżi u [[Italja|Taljani]]. Madankollu, l-ordni soċjali saret iktar turbolenti minħabba l-poter dejjem jiżdied tax-xirkiet tal-[[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] (li minnhom infushom kienu mifnija minn kunflitti interni), u n-numru dejjem jiżdied ta' foqra. Il-Ħajt tal-Ġuħ, fortifikazzjoni sostanzjali fin-Nofsinhar tal-kwartieri ta' Malá Strana u tal-Kastell, inbena matul il-ġuħ li kien hemm fis-snin 60 tas-seklu 14. Huwa maħsub li x-xogħol ġie ordnat minn Karlu IV bħala mezz biex jipprovdi l-impjiegi u l-ikel lill-ħaddiema u lill-familji tagħhom. Karlu IV miet fl-1378. Matul ir-renju ta' ibnu, ir-Re [[Wenceslaus IV]] (1378-1419), kien hemm perjodu ta' għawġ kbir. Matul l-Għid tal-1389, membri tal-kleru ta' Praga ħabbru li l-Lhud kienu ddesakraw l-Ewkaristija u l-kleru ħeġġeġ l-attakki kontra l-kwartier Lhudi li nsteraq, inqered u ngħata n-nar. Kważi l-popolazzjoni Lhudija kollha ta' Praga (3,000 ruħ) inqatlet.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.everything2.org/title/The%2520Prague%2520Pogrom%2520of%25201389|titlu=The Prague Pogrom of 1389@Everything2.com|data=2010-06-18|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618060237/http://www.everything2.org/title/The%2520Prague%2520Pogrom%2520of%25201389|arkivju-data=2010-06-18|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.prague.cz/jewish-quarter/|titlu=Prague Jewish Quarter|data=2009-04-17|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417235108/http://www.prague.cz/jewish-quarter/|arkivju-data=2009-04-17|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> [[File:Praga_0003.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Praga_0003.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|L-arloġġ astronomiku ta' Praga ġie installat għall-ewwel darba fl-1410 u b'hekk huwa t-tielet l-iktar arloġġ astronomiku qadim fid-dinja u l-eqdem wieħed li għadu jaħdem.]] Fl-1400, Praga kellha 95,000 abitant, u b'hekk kienet it-tielet l-ikbar belt fl-Ewropa (wara [[Pariġi]] u [[Venezja]]).<ref>Chandler, Tertius; Fox, Gerald (2013). ''3000 Years of Urban Growth''. Elsevier. ISBN <bdi>9781483271255</bdi>.</ref> [[Jan Hus]], a teologu u rettur fl-Università ta' Karlu, ipprietka fi Praga. Fl-1402 beda jipprietka fil-[[Kappella]] ta' [[Betlem]]. Ispirat minn [[John Wycliffe]], dawn il-prietki ffukaw fuq dawk li dak iż-żmien kienu meqjusa bħala riformi radikali ta' Knisja korrotta. Peress li sar wisq perikoluż għall-[[Politiku|politiċi]] u għar-[[Reliġjon|reliġjużi]] ta' Praga, Hus tressaq quddiem il-Kunsill ta' Konstanz bl-akkuża ta' ereżija, u ngħata n-nar f'Konstanz fl-1415. Erba' snin wara, Praga esperjenzat l-ewwel rewwixta kontra l-poter, meta l-poplu rribella taħt il-kmand tal-qassis ta' Praga [[Jan Želivský]]. Il-[[mewt]] ta' Hus, flimkien mal-protonazzjonaliżmu u mal-proto-Protestantiżmu Ċeki, xprunaw il-Gwerer tal-Ussiti. Ir-raħħala ribelli, immexxija mill-ġeneral [[Jan Žižka]], flimkien mat-truppi tal-Ussiti minn Praga, rebħu kontra l-Imperatur [[Sigismund]] in fil-Battalja tal-Għolja ta' Vítkov fl-1420. Matul il-Gwerer tal-Ussiti, meta Praga ġiet attakkata minn forzi merċenarji u tal-"[[Kruċjata|Kruċjati]]", il-milizja tal-belt iġġieldet bi qlubija taħt il-Bandlor ta' Praga. Dan il-bandlor b'għamla ta' denb ħuttafa fuq naħa kien madwar erba' piedi b'sitt piedi (1.2 metru b'1.8 metru), b'faxx aħmar bil-fleurs-de-lis bojod żgħar, u l-istemma antika tal-fidda fin-nofs. Il-kliem "PÁN BŮH POMOC NAŠE" (Il-Mulej huwa s-Soljev tagħna) kien jidher fuq l-istemma, b'kalċi tal-Ussiti ċċentrat fuq nett. Ħdejn in-naħa bl-għamla ta' denb ħuttafa kien hemm [[xemx]] tiżreġ kulur id-deheb b'għamla ta' nofs [[qamar]]. [[File:Prague_banner_c1477.png|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prague_banner_c1477.png|daqsminuri|Rappreżentazzjoni tal-Bandlor ta' Praga (bandiera muniċipali tas-seklu 16).]] Wieħed minn dawn il-bandlori nħataf mit-truppi [[Żvezja|Żvediżi]] matul il-Battalja ta' Praga (1648), li ħatfu x-xatt tal-Punent tax-xmara Vltava u ġew attakkati mix-xatt tal-Lvant. Huma poġġew il-bandlor fil-Mużew Militari Rjali fi [[Stokkolma]]; għalkemm dan il-bandlor għadu jeżisti, jinsab f'kundizzjoni ħażina ħafna. L-Iżvediżi ħadu wkoll il-Kodiċi ta' Gigas u l-Kodiċi ''Argenteus''. L-iżjed evidenza bikrija tindika li ''gonfalon'' b'għamla muniċipali mpittra fuqu kien jintuża għaċ-Ċentru Storiku diġà mill-1419. Peress li l-bandlor tal-milizja tal-belt kien jintuża qabel l-1477 u matul il-Gwerer tal-Ussiti, jirrappreżenta l-eqdem bandiera muniċipali tal-Boemja li għadha ppreservata.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://old.hrad.cz/castle/architektura/gotika_uk.html|titlu=Architecture of the Gothic|data=2013-08-08|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808144404/http://old.hrad.cz/castle/architektura/gotika_uk.html|arkivju-data=2013-08-08|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Fiż-żewġ sekli ta' wara, Praga saħħet ir-rwol tagħha bħala belt merkantili. Inbnew bosta binjiet Gotiċi notevoli u żdiedet is-Sala ta' Vladislav fil-Kastell ta' Praga.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.hrad.cz/en/prague-castle/photogallery/prague-castle/9.shtml|titlu=Old Royal Palace with Vladislav Hall - Prague Castle|data=2009-04-01|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-04|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401061009/http://www.hrad.cz/en/prague-castle/photogallery/prague-castle/9.shtml|arkivju-data=2009-04-01|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> === Żmien l-Asburgi === [[File:Praha_CoA_CZ_small.svg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Praha_CoA_CZ_small.svg|daqsminuri|L-istemma ta' Praga (1649).]] Fl-1526, il-familji nobbli tal-Boemja eleġġew lil Ferdinandu I tal-Asburgi. Il-Kattoliċiżmu qalil tal-membri tal-familja wassal għal kunflitti fil-Boemja u mbagħad fi Praga, fejn l-ideat Protestanti kienu qed jiksbu popolarità sew.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.prague.st/city-info/static/eng/czech-history/religious-conflicts.php|titlu=Religious conflicts.|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235726/http://www.prague.st/city-info/static/eng/czech-history/religious-conflicts.php|arkivju-data=2016-03-04|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Dawn il-problemi ma kinux evidenti taħt l-Imperatur Ruman Sagru [[Rudolf II]], li ġie elett Re tal-Boemja fl-1576, li għażel lil Praga bħala r-residenza tiegħu. Huwa għex fil-Kastell ta' Praga, fejn il-qorti tiegħu laqgħet mhux biss lill-astrologi u lill-persuni midħla tal-maġija, iżda anke lix-xjenzati, lill-mużiċisti u lill-artisti. Rudolf kien iħobb l-[[arti]] wkoll, u Praga saret il-belt kapitali tal-kultura Ewropea. Dan kien perjodu ta' prosperità għall-belt: in-nies famużi li kienu jgħixu hemmhekk dak iż-żmien kienu jinkludu l-astronomi [[Tycho Brahe]] u [[Johannes Kepler]], il-pittur [[Arcimboldo]], l-alkemisti [[Edward Kelley]] u [[John Dee]], lill-[[poeta]] [[Elizabeth Jane Weston]], u oħrajn. Fl-1618, it-tieni rewwixta famuża kontra l-poter fi Praga kkawżat il-Gwerra tat-Tletin Sena, perjod partikolarment aħrax għal Praga u għall-Boemja. [[Ferdinandu II]] tal-Asburgi ġie depost, u postu bħala r-Re tal-Boemja ttieħed minn [[Federiku V]], l-Elettur Palatin; madankollu, l-armata tiegħu ġarrbet telfa kbira fil-Battalja tal-Muntanja l-Bajda (1620) mhux wisq 'il bogħod mill-belt. Fl-1621 ġew iġġustizzjati 27 mexxej Protestant Ċek (involuti fir-rewwixta) fil-pjazza ewlenija taċ-ċentru storiku u ġew eżiljati bosta oħrajn. Praga reġgħet ġiet obbligata tikkonverti għall-Kattoliċiżmu Ruman flimkien mal-artijiet Ċeki l-oħra. Sussegwentement, il-belt batiet matul il-gwerra minħabba l-attakk mill-Elettorat tas-Sassonja (1631) u matul il-Battalja ta' Praga (1648).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.family-lines.cz/html/Articles/30-war.htm|titlu=The Kingdom of Bohemia during the Thirty Years' War.|data=2011-07-18|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172046/http://www.family-lines.cz/html/Articles/30-war.htm|arkivju-data=2011-07-18|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Praga qabdet it-triq tan-niżla b'mod kostanti u b'hekk il-popolazzjoni naqset minn 60,000 ruħ li kellha fis-snin ta' qabel il-gwerra għal 20,000 ruħ. Fit-tieni nofs tas-[[seklu 17]], il-popolazzjoni ta' Praga reġgħet qabdet tikber. Il-Lhud kienu ilhom jgħixu fi Praga minn tmiem is-seklu 10 u sal-1708 kienu jirrappreżentaw madwar kwart tal-popolazzjoni ta' Praga.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Prague.html|titlu=Prague {{!}} Jewish Virtual Library|data=2017-01-13|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113164529/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Prague.html|arkivju-data=2017-01-13|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Fl-1689, nar kbir ġarrab ħsarat kbir fi Praga, iżda dan xpruna r-rinnovazzjoni u l-kostruzzjoni mill-ġdid tal-belt. Fl-1713-1714, tifqigħa kbira tal-[[Pesta s-sewda|pesta]] affettwat lil Praga għall-aħħar darba, u qatlet bejn 12,000 u 13,000 ruħ.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u3rNCWtv0MC&pg=PA51&dq&hl=en|titlu=Peste - Google Books|data=2016-05-03|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503110934/https://books.google.com/books?id=3u3rNCWtv0MC&pg=PA51&dq&hl=en|arkivju-data=2016-05-03|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> [[File:Frantisek_Palacky_monument.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frantisek_Palacky_monument.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Monument iddedikat lil [[František Palacký]], membru sinifikanti tal-Moviment Nazzjonalistiku Ċek.]] Fl-1744, Federiku l-Kbir tal-Prussja invada l-Boemja. Huwa ħataf lil Praga wara assedju aħrax u twil li matulu parti kbira tal-belt inqerdet. Fl-1757 l-ibbumbardjar mill-Prussjani qered iktar minn kwart mill-belt u l-Katidral ta' San Vito ġarrab ħsarat estensivi. Madankollu, xahar wara, Federiku l-Kbir ġarrab telfa u ġie mġiegħel jirtira mill-Boemja.<ref>{{Ċita enċiklopedija|titlu=Prague|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Prague|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|volum=Volume 22}}</ref> L-ekonomija ta' Praga baqgħet tissaħħaħ matul is-seklu 18. Il-popolazzjoni żdiedet għal 80,000 abitant sal-1771. Bosta merkanti u nobbli għonja sebbħu l-belt b'għadd ta' palazzi, knejjes u ġonna mimlija arti u [[mużika]], u b'hekk ħolqu belt Barokka rinomata mad-dinja kollha sa llum il-ġurnata. Fl-1784, taħt [[Josef II]], l-erba' muniċipalitajiet ta' Malá Strana, Nové Město, Staré Město u Hradčany saru entità waħda. Id-distrett tal-Lhud, imsejjaħ Josefov, ġie inkluż fl-1850 biss. Ir-[[Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali]] pproduċiet bidliet u żviluppi kbar fi Praga, peress li l-fabbriki l-ġodda setgħu jieħdu vantaġġ mill-minjieri tal-faħam u mill-impjanti tal-[[ħadid]] tar-reġjuni fil-qrib. L-ewwel subborg, Karlín, inħoloq fl-1817, u għoxrin sena wara l-popolazzjoni qabżet il-100,000 ruħ. Ir-rivoluzzjonijiet fl-Ewropa fl-1848 affettwaw ukoll lil Praga, iżda ġew maħnuqa ferm. Fis-snin ta' wara, beda jitfaċċa l-Moviment Nazzjonalistiku Ċek u ssaħħaħ sa ma kiseb il-maġġoranza tal-kunsill tal-belt fl-1861. Praga kellha maġġoranza ta' ċittadini jitkellmu bil-[[Lingwa Ġermaniża|Ġermaniż]] fl-1848, iżda sal-1880 l-għadd ta' kelliema tal-Ġermaniż naqas għal 14 % (42,000 ruħ), u sal-1910 naqas għal 6.7 % (37,000 ruħ), minħabba żieda kbira fil-popolazzjoni kumplessiva tal-belt ikkawżata mill-influss ta' Ċeki mill-kumplament tal-Boemja u l-Moravja, kif ukoll iż-żieda fil-prestiġju u fl-importanza tal-lingwa Ċeka bħala parti mill-azzjonijiet tal-Moviment Nazzjonalistiku Ċek. === Seklu 20 === [[File:Masaryk_in_Prague.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masaryk_in_Prague.jpg|daqsminuri|[[Statwa]] ta' [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]] qrib il-Kastell ta' Praga.]] ==== L-Ewwel Repubblika Ċekoslovakka ==== [[L-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]] ntemmet bit-telfa tal-Imperu Awstrijaku-Ungeriż u l-ħolqien taċ-Ċekoslovakkja. Praga ntgħażlet bħala l-belt kapitali u l-Kastell ta' Praga ntgħażel bħala s-sede tal-President [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]]. Dak iż-żmien Praga kienet tassew belt kapitali Ewropea b'industrija żviluppata ferm. Sal-1930, il-popolazzjoni kienet żdiedet għal 850,000 ruħ. ==== It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija ==== [[Adolf Hitler]] ordna lill-Armata Ġermaniża tidħol fi Praga fil-15 ta' Marzu 1939, u mill-Kastell ta' Praga pproklama li l-Boemja u l-Moravja kienu saru protettorat Ġermaniż. Għall-biċċa l-kbira tal-istorja tagħha, Praga kienet belt multietnika b'popolazzjonijiet importanti ta' nies Ċeki, Ġermaniżi u Lhud.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.xn--jdische-gemeinden-22b.de/index.php/gemeinden/p-r/1593-prag|titlu=Jüdische Gemeinde - Prag|data=2022-03-31|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331004340/https://www.xn--jdische-gemeinden-22b.de/index.php/gemeinden/p-r/1593-prag|arkivju-data=2022-03-31|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Mill-1939, meta l-pajjiż ġie okkupat mill-Ġermanja [[Nażiżmu|Nażista]], Hitler ħa l-kontroll tal-Kastell ta' Praga. Matul [[it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], il-biċċa l-kbira tal-Lhud ġew deportati u nqatlu mill-Ġermaniżi. Fl-1942, Praga kienet xhieda għall-qtil ta' wieħed mill-iżjed irġiel setgħana fil-Ġermanja Nażista — [[Reinhard Heydrich]] — matul l-Operazzjoni Antropojd, imwettqa mill-eroj nazzjonali Ċekoslovakki [[Jozef Gabčík]] u [[Jan Kubiš]]. Hitler imbagħad ordna kontroattakki fejn inxtered ħafna [[demm]].<ref>Bryant, Chad (2007). ''Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 167ff. ISBN 978-0674024519.</ref> [[File:Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg|daqsminuri|Praga meħlusa mill-Armata Ħamra f'Mejju 1945.]] Fi Frar 1945, Praga ġarrbet bosta attakki bil-bombi mill-ajru mill-Forzi tal-Ajru tal-Armata tal-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]]. 701 persuna nqatlu, iktar minn 1,000 ruħ indarbu u xi binjiet, fabbriki u binjiet ikoniċi storiċi (il-Monasteru ta' Emmaus, id-Dar ta' Faust, is-Sinagoga ta' Vinohrady) inqerdu.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.praguepost.com/archivescontent/40592-looking-back-at-the-bombing-of-prague.html|titlu=Looking back at the bombing of Prague - The Prague Post|data=2012-01-14|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114154013/http://www.praguepost.com/archivescontent/40592-looking-back-at-the-bombing-of-prague.html|arkivju-data=2012-01-14|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Madankollu, bosta strutturi storiċi fi Praga ħelsuha ħafif mill-qerda tal-gwerra u l-ħsarat imġarrba kienu żgħar meta mqabbel mal-qerda totali f'bosta bliet oħra f'dak iż-żmien. Skont il-bdoti Amerikani, dan kien ir-riżultat ta' żball fin-navigazzjoni. F'Marzu, attakk deliberat immira lejn il-fabbriki militari fi Praga, u nqatlu madwar 370 ruħ.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://radio.cz/en/section/czech-history/the-bombing-of-prague-from-a-new-perspective|titlu=The bombing of Prague from a new perspective {{!}} Radio Prague|data=2018-02-20|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220172922/http://radio.cz/en/section/czech-history/the-bombing-of-prague-from-a-new-perspective|arkivju-data=2018-02-20|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Fil-5 ta' Mejju 1945, jumejn qabel il-waqgħa tal-Ġermanja, kien hemm rewwixta kontra l-Ġermanja. Diversi eluf ta' Ċeki nqatlu f'erbat ijiem ta' ġlied imdemmi fit-toroq, u saru bosta atroċitajiet miż-żewġ naħat. Fit-tbexbix tad-9 ta' Mejju, it-Tielet Armata tal-Armata Ħamra ħakmet il-belt kważi mingħajr oppożizzjoni. Il-maġġoranza (madwar 50,000 ruħ) tal-popolazzjoni Ġermaniża ta' Praga ħarbu jew tkeċċew bid-digrieti ta' Beneš wara l-gwerra. ==== Gwerra Bierda ==== [[File:Havla_1989.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Havla_1989.jpg|daqsminuri|Ir-Rivoluzzjoni tal-Bellus f'Novembru 1989.]] Praga kienet belt f'pajjiż li kien taħt il-kontroll militari, ekonomiku u politiku tal-[[Unjoni Sovjetika]]. L-ikbar monument ta' [[Ġużeppi Stalin|Stalin]] fid-dinja ġie żvelat fuq l-Għolja ta' Letná fl-1955 u nqered fl-1962. Ir-Raba' Kungress tal-[[Kittieb|Kittieba]] Ċekoslovakki, li sar fil-belt f'Ġunju 1967, ħa pożizzjoni b'saħħitha kontra r-reġim.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.pehe.cz/Members/redaktor/post-communist-refections-of-the-prague-spring|titlu=Post-Communist Refections of the Prague Spring — Jiří Pehe|data=2017-09-17|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917092115/http://www.pehe.cz/Members/redaktor/post-communist-refections-of-the-prague-spring|arkivju-data=2017-09-17|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Fil-31 ta' Ottubru 1967 l-istudenti għamlu dimostrazzjonijiet fi Strahov. Dan xpruna lis-segretarju l-ġdid tal-Partit Komunista Ċekoslovakk, [[Alexander Dubček]], biex jipproklama patt ġdid għall-ħajja tal-belt tiegħu u ta' pajjiżu, li ta bidu għall-istaġun qasir tas-"soċjaliżmu b'wiċċ uman". Kienet ir-[[Rebbiegħa ta' Praga]] li mmirat lejn ir-rinnovazzjoni tal-istituzzjonijiet politiċi b'mod demokratiku. Il-pajjiżi membri l-oħra tal-[[Patt ta' Varsavja]], għajr ir-[[Rumanija]] u l-[[Albanija]], kienu mmexxija mill-Unjoni Sovjetika biex joħonqu dawk ir-riformi permezz tal-invażjoni taċ-Ċekoslovakkja u tal-belt kapitali, Praga, fil-21 ta' Awwissu 1968. L-invażjoni, l-iktar bil-fanterija u bit-tankijiet tal-gwerra, ħonqot effettivament kwalunkwe tentattiv ieħor ta' riformi. L-okkupazzjoni militari taċ-Ċekoslovakkja mill-Armata Ħamra ntemmet biss fl-1991. [[Jan Palach]] u [[Jan Zajíc]] ikkommettew suwiċidju billi taw in-nar lilhom infushom f'Jannar u fi Frar 1969 biex jipprotestaw kontra n-"normalizzazzjoni" tal-pajjiż. === Wara r-Rivoluzzjoni tal-Bellus === [[File:Mrakodrapy_v_Praze_2018.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mrakodrapy_v_Praze_2018.jpg|daqsminuri|Binjiet għoljin moderni ta' Praga fil-kwartier ta' Pankrác.]] Fl-1989, wara li l-pulizija rażżnu bil-forza dimostrazzjoni paċifika tal-istudenti, ir-Rivoluzzjoni tal-Bellus iffullat fit-toroq ta' Praga, u l-belt kapitali taċ-Ċekoslovakkja gawdiet ferm bis-saħħa ta' din il-"burdata" l-ġdida. Fl-1993, wara d-Divorzju tal-Bellus, Praga saret il-belt kapitali tar-[[Repubblika Ċeka]] l-ġdida. Mill-1995 bdew jinbnew bosta binjiet għoljin fi Praga. Lejn l-aħħar tas-snin 90 tas-seklu 20, Praga reġgħet saret ċentru kulturali importanti tal-Ewropa u ġiet influwenzata ferm mill-[[globalizzazzjoni]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://journals.openedition.org/transtexts/149|titlu=Global Cities as Centers of Cultural Influence: A Focus on Istanbul, Turkey|data=2018-07-15|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123335/https://journals.openedition.org/transtexts/149|arkivju-data=2018-07-15|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Fis-sena 2000, il-Fond Monetarju Internazzjonali (IMF) u l-Bank Dinji organizzaw is-summits tagħhom fi Praga u seħħew protesti vjolenti kontra l-globalizzazzjoni. Fl-2002, Praga ġarrbet għargħar kbar li kkawżaw ħsarat estensivi lill-binjiet u lis-sistema tat-trasport ta' taħt l-art tal-belt. Praga varat il-kandidatura tagħha biex tospita l-[[Logħob Olimpiku tas-sajf 2016|Logħob Olimpiku tas-sajf tal-2016]]<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/index.php?news=1174578823|titlu=GamesBids.com - Prague Assembly Confirms 2016 Olympic Bid|data=2011-08-07|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807095901/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/index.php?news=1174578823|arkivju-data=2011-08-07|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>, iżda ma rnexxilhiex tasal fost l-aħħar bliet kandidati. F'Ġunju 2009, bħala riżultat tal-pressjoni finanzjarja mir-reċessjoni globali, l-uffiċjali ta' Praga għażlu li jikkanċellaw il-kandidatura ppjanata tal-belt biex tospita l-Logħob Olimpiku tas-sajf tal-2020.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/olympic_bids/future_bids_2016/1216134440.html|titlu=GamesBids.com - It’s Official – Prague Out Of 2020 Bid|data=2010-09-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910085801/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/olympic_bids/future_bids_2016/1216134440.html|arkivju-data=2010-09-10|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Sit ta' Wirt Dinji == [[Stampa:Sunrise in Prague.jpg|nofs|daqsminuri|700x700px|Tlugħ ix-xemx fix-xitwa ta' Praga.]] Iċ-Ċentru Storiku ta' Praga ġie ddeżinjat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1992 u ż-żona ta' lqugħ tas-sit ġiet immodifikata kemxejn fl-2012.<ref name=":0" /> Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; il-'''kriterju (iv)''' "Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-[[bniedem]]"; u l-'''kriterju (vi)''' "Assoċjazzjoni diretta jew tanġibbli ma' avvenimenti jew ma' tradizzjonijiet ħajjin, ma' ideat jew ma' twemmin, jew ma' xogħlijiet artistiċi jew letterarji ta' valur universali straordinarju".<ref name=":0" /> == Ġeografija == Praga tinsab max-xmara Vltava. Ix-xmara Berounka tnixxi fix-xmara Vltava fis-subborgi ta' Lahovice. Fi Praga hemm 99 mogħdijiet tal-ilma b'tul totali ta' 340 km (210 mil). L-itwal nixxigħat huma Rokytka u Botič.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://portalzp.praha.eu/jnp/cz/voda/vodni_toky_vodni_dila_a_vodotece/po_praze_podel_potoku/vitejte_na_strankach_po_praze_podel.xhtml|titlu=Vítejte na stránkách Po Praze podél potoků (Portál životního prostředí hlavního města Prahy)|data=2022-04-17|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417223154/https://portalzp.praha.eu/jnp/cz/voda/vodni_toky_vodni_dila_a_vodotece/po_praze_podel_potoku/vitejte_na_strankach_po_praze_podel.xhtml|arkivju-data=2022-04-17|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Hemm tliet ġibjuni, 37 għadira u 34 ġibjun ta' riżerva u polders nexfin fil-belt. L-ikbar għadira hi Velký Počernický li fiha 41.76 ettaru (103.2 akri). L-ikbar korp tal-ilma hu l-Ġibjun ta' Hostivař li fih 42 ettaru (103.8 akri).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hostivarskaprehrada.cz/hostivarska-prehrada-neni-jen-na-koupani-ale-i-na-vylet/|titlu=Hostivařská přehrada není jen na koupání, ale i na výlet – Hostivařská přehrada|data=2021-05-09|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509191051/https://www.hostivarskaprehrada.cz/hostivarska-prehrada-neni-jen-na-koupani-ale-i-na-vylet/|arkivju-data=2021-05-09|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> F'termini tad-diviżjoni ġeomorfoloġika, il-biċċa l-kbira ta' Praga tinsab fil-Promontorju ta' Praga. Fin-Nofsinhar it-territorju tal-belt jestendi fl-artijiet għoljin ta' Hořovice, filwaqt li fit-Tramuntana jestendi fl-artijiet baxxi tax-xmara Elbe ċentrali. L-ogħla punt huwa l-quċċata tal-għolja ta' Teleček fil-fruntiera tal-Punent ta' Praga, 399 metru (1,309 piedi) 'il fuq mil-livell tal-baħar. Għoljiet notevoli fiċ-ċentru ta' Praga huma dawk ta' Petřín għolja 327 metru (1,073 pied) u ta' Vítkov għolja 270 metru (890 pied). L-iktar punt baxx hu x-xmara Vltava f'Suchdol fil-punt fejn toħroġ mill-belt, b'għoli ta' 172 metru (564 pied).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.e15.cz/magazin/sedm-prazskych-nej-aneb-neznamy-kopec-telecek-850278|titlu=Sedm pražských NEJ aneb Neznámý kopec Teleček {{!}} E15.cz|data=2021-05-14|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514112832/https://www.e15.cz/magazin/sedm-prazskych-nej-aneb-neznamy-kopec-telecek-850278|arkivju-data=2021-05-14|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Praga tinsab bejn wieħed u ieħor fil-koordinati 50°5′N 14°25′E. Praga tinsab kważi fl-istess latitudni ta' [[Frankfurt]], il-Ġermanja;<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html|titlu=Latitude and Longitude of World Cities (London, L.A., Paris, Singapore) — Infoplease.com|data=2011-05-24|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524213744/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html|arkivju-data=2011-05-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> [[Pariġi]], [[Franza]];<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html|titlu=Latitude and Longitude of World Cities (London, L.A., Paris, Singapore) — Infoplease.com|data=2011-05-24|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524213744/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html|arkivju-data=2011-05-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> u [[Vancouver]], il-[[Kanada]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.travelmath.com/cities/Vancouver,+Canada|titlu=Vancouver, Canada latitude/longitude|data=2012-01-25|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125023230/http://www.travelmath.com/cities/Vancouver,+Canada|arkivju-data=2012-01-25|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> L-iżjed punt fit-Tramuntana jinsab fil-koordinati 50°10′39″N 14°31′37″E, l-iżjed punt fin-Nofsinhar jinsab fil-koordinati 49°56′31″N 14°23′44″E, l-iżjed punt fil-Punent jinsab fil-koordinati 50°6′14″N 14°13′31″E, u l-iżjed punt fil-Lvant jinsab fil-koordinati 50°5′14″N 14°42′23″E.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/poly-metropole-nejvzdalenejsi-body-hlavniho-mesta|titlu=Kudy z nudy - Póly metropole – nejvzdálenější body hlavního města|data=2022-04-17|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417063924/https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/poly-metropole-nejvzdalenejsi-body-hlavniho-mesta|arkivju-data=2022-04-17|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> [[Stampa:Prague Panorama - Oct 2010.jpg|nofs|daqsminuri|735x735px|Veduta panoramika tal-belt.]] === Klima === [[File:Prague_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-05-18.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prague_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-05-18.jpg|daqsminuri|Immaġni satellitari ta' Praga.]] Praga għandha klima oċeanika (skont il-klassifikazzjoni klimatika ta' Köppen: ''Cfb'')<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=81511&cityname=Prague,+Czech+Republic|titlu=Prague, Czech Republic Koppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|data=2019-12-18|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218062646/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=81511&cityname=Prague,+Czech+Republic|arkivju-data=2019-12-18|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyR6DwAAQBAJ&q=prague+koppen+cfb&pg=PA23|titlu=Praga - Adeilson Nogueira - Google Books|data=2021-01-26|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126090806/https://books.google.com/books?id=GyR6DwAAQBAJ&q=prague+koppen+cfb&pg=PA23|arkivju-data=2021-01-26|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> b'influwenzi kontinentali umdużi (''Dfb''), definiti mill-iżoterm ta' 0 °C (32 °F).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8eWDwAAQBAJ&q=prague+koppen+dfb&pg=PA40|titlu=Prag Gezi Rehberi: Prag Travel Guide - Muhsin Kadıoğlu - Google Books|data=2022-04-07|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407103413/https://books.google.com/books?id=S8eWDwAAQBAJ&q=prague+koppen+dfb&pg=PA40|arkivju-data=2022-04-07|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Ix-xtiewi jkunu relattivament kesħin b'temperaturi medji qrib il-punt tal-iffriżar, u bi ftit [[xemx]]. Il-borra tiksi l-belt spiss bejn nofs Novembru u l-aħħar ta' Marzu, għalkemm akkumuli tal-borra ta' iktar minn 200 mm (tmien pulzieri) rari jseħħu. Ikun hemm ukoll ftit perjodi ta' temperaturi miti fix-xtiewi. Normalment fis-sjuf ikun hemm ħafna xemx u t-temperatura għolja medja tkun 24 °C (75 °F). Billejl jaf ikun ftit kiesaħ anke fis-sajf. Il-preċipitazzjoni fi Praga tkun pjuttost baxxa (ftit iktar minn 500 mm jew 20 pulzier fis-sena) peress li l-belt tinsab fl-irpar tas-Sudetes u ktajjen muntanjużi oħra. L-iżjed staġun niexef normalment ikun ix-xitwa filwaqt li l-aħħar tar-rebbiegħa u s-sajf iġibu magħhom xita pjuttost qliel, speċjalment ħalbiet bir-ragħad. L-inverżjonijiet fit-temperaturi huma relattivament komuni bejn nofs Ottubru u nofs Marzu u jġibu magħhom jiem biċ-ċpar u bil-kesħa, u xi kultant anke tniġġis moderat tal-arja. Fi Praga spiss jaħkem ukoll ir-riħ mill-Punent b'mod sostnut u l-veloċità medja tar-riħ tkun 16 km/h (10 mph) li sikwit tgħin biex taqta' l-inverżjonijiet fit-temperaturi u ġġib il-bnazzi fix-xhur kesħin. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="14" |''Data'' klimatika għal Praga (temperaturi normali fl-1981-2010, temperaturi estremi mill-1775 sal-preżent) |- !Xahar !Jan !Fra !Mar !Apr !Mej !Ġun !Lul !Aww !Set !Ott !Nov !Diċ !Sena |- !'''Temp. għolja rekord f'°C (°F)''' |17.4 (63.3) |19.2 (66.6) |22.5 (72.5) |28.8 (83.8) |32.5 (90.5) |37.9 (100.2) |37.8 (100.0) |37.4 (99.3) |33.1 (91.6) |27.0 (80.6) |19.5 (67.1) |17.4 (63.3) |37.9 (100.2) |- !'''Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F)''' |2.6 (36.7) |4.4 (39.9) |9.1 (48.4) |15.1 (59.2) |20.3 (68.5) |22.8 (73.0) |25.3 (77.5) |25.1 (77.2) |19.9 (67.8) |14.2 (57.6) |7.2 (45.0) |3.4 (38.1) |14.1 (57.4) |- !Temp. medja kuljum f'°C (°F) |0.1 (32.2) |1.3 (34.3) |5.3 (41.5) |10.1 (50.2) |15.0 (59.0) |17.8 (64.0) |19.9 (67.8) |19.6 (67.3) |15.2 (59.4) |10.3 (50.5) |4.6 (40.3) |1.1 (34.0) |10.0 (50.0) |- !'''Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F)''' |−2.4 (27.7) |−1.8 (28.8) |1.5 (34.7) |5.1 (41.2) |9.7 (49.5) |12.7 (54.9) |14.5 (58.1) |14.2 (57.6) |10.5 (50.9) |6.4 (43.5) |2.1 (35.8) |−1.1 (30.0) |6.0 (42.7) |- !'''Temp. għolja rekord f'°C (°F)''' |−27.5 (−17.5) |−27.1 (−16.8) |−27.6 (−17.7) |−8 (18) |−2.3 (27.9) |1.9 (35.4) |6.7 (44.1) |6.4 (43.5) |0.7 (33.3) |−7.5 (18.5) |−16.9 (1.6) |−24.8 (−12.6) |−27.6 (−17.7) |- !'''Preċipitazzjoni medja f'mm (pulzieri)''' |34 (1.3) |30 (1.2) |40 (1.6) |34 (1.3) |63 (2.5) |70 (2.8) |82 (3.2) |75 (3.0) |47 (1.9) |34 (1.3) |40 (1.6) |38 (1.5) |587 (23.1) |- !Medja ta' jiem bil-borra f'mm (pulzieri) |179 (7.0) |159 (6.3) |103 (4.1) |29 (1.1) |0 (0) |0 (0) |0 (0) |0 (0) |0 (0) |1 (0.0) |84 (3.3) |159 (6.3) |714 (28.1) |- !'''Medja ta' jiem bil-preċipitazzjoni''' |5.7 |5.2 |6.6 |5.8 |8.5 |9.4 |8.9 |8.4 |7.3 |5.5 |7.1 |5.9 |84.3 |- !'''Umdità relattiva medja (%)''' |86 |83 |77 |69 |70 |71 |70 |71 |76 |81 |87 |88 |77 |- !Temp. medja tal-indewwa f'°C (°F) |−4.6 (23.7) |−3.5 (25.7) |−1.1 (30.0) |2.0 (35.6) |7.0 (44.6) |10.3 (50.5) |11.6 (52.9) |11.5 (52.7) |9.1 (48.4) |5.1 (41.2) |0.6 (33.1) |−2.9 (26.8) |3.8 (38.8) |- !'''Medja ta' sigħat ta' xemx fix-xahar''' |50.0 |72.4 |124.7 |167.6 |214.0 |218.3 |226.2 |212.3 |161.0 |120.8 |53.9 |46.7 |1,667.9 |- !Medja tal-indiċi ultravjola |1 |1 |3 |4 |6 |7 |6 |6 |4 |2 |1 |1 |4 |- | colspan="14" |Sors: ''World Meteorological Organization'' (temperaturi u preċipitazzjoni fl-1981-2010)<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.chmi.cz/historicka-data/pocasi/uzemni-teploty|titlu=Portál ČHMÚ : Historická data : Počasí : Územní teploty|data=2021-01-18|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118083942/https://www.chmi.cz/historicka-data/pocasi/uzemni-teploty|arkivju-data=2021-01-18|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>, NOAA u Weather Atlas.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/czech-republic/prague-climate|titlu=Prague, Czech Republic - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast {{!}} Weather Atlas|data=2019-07-02|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702211837/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/czech-republic/prague-climate|arkivju-data=2019-07-02|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="14" |''Data'' klimatika għal Praga (temperaturi normali fl-1991-2020) |- !Xahar !Jan !Fra !Mar !Apr !Mej !Ġun !Lul !Aww !Set !Ott !Nov !Diċ !Sena |- !'''Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F)''' |2.9 (37.2) |5.7 (42.3) |9.9 (49.8) |16.3 (61.3) |20.6 (69.1) |24.1 (75.4) |26.0 (78.8) |26.0 (78.8) |20.6 (69.1) |14.9 (58.8) |8.0 (46.4) |3.8 (38.8) |14.9 (58.8) |- !Temp. medja kuljum f'°C (°F) |0.4 (32.7) |2.4 (36.3) |5.6 (42.1) |10.8 (51.4) |15.0 (59.0) |18.6 (65.5) |20.4 (68.7) |20.2 (68.4) |15.6 (60.1) |10.8 (51.4) |5.3 (41.5) |1.5 (34.7) |10.5 (51.0) |- !'''Temp. baxxa medja f'°C (°F)''' |−2.1 (28.2) |−1.0 (30.2) |1.4 (34.5) |5.3 (41.5) |9.5 (49.1) |13.1 (55.6) |14.7 (58.5) |14.4 (57.9) |10.5 (50.9) |6.6 (43.9) |2.6 (36.7) |−0.8 (30.6) |6.2 (43.1) |- !Preċipitazzjoni medja f'mm (pulzieri) |25.8 (1.02) |21.8 (0.86) |31.4 (1.24) |26.8 (1.06) |65.1 (2.56) |79.7 (3.14) |75.9 (2.99) |77.3 (3.04) |44.2 (1.74) |35.4 (1.39) |30.0 (1.18) |29.7 (1.17) |543.1 (21.39) |- !'''Medja ta' sigħat ta' xemx fix-xahar''' |53.1 |82.9 |128.1 |192.5 |220.4 |230.0 |240.0 |227.6 |163.5 |109.9 |48.9 |43.3 |1,740.2 |- | colspan="14" |Sors: Meteostat.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://meteostat.net/en/place/cz/prague|titlu=The Weather's Record Keeper {{!}} Meteostat|data=2022-04-17|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2023-04-05|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417223133/https://meteostat.net/en/place/cz/prague|arkivju-data=2022-04-17|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |} == Trasport == === Toroq === Praga tinsab fl-intersezzjoni ta' kważi n-netwerk kollu tal-awtostradi Ċeki, fiċ-ċentru ta' sistema forma ta' stilla għas-sezzjonijiet li jinsabu fil-Boemja. Din in-netwerk tirradja mill-kapitali lejn il-bliet ta' Plzeň (awtostrada D5), Ústí nad Labem (awtostrada D8), Hradec Králové (awtostrada D11), u Brno (awtostrada D1) fil-[[Moravja]], u minn hemm lejn il-[[Ġermanja]], il-[[Polonja]], u s-[[Slovakkja]]. Il-belt hija maqsuma minn triq ċirkolari interna mhux kompluta (magħrufa bħala l-MO), li tinkludi notevolment l-itwal mina urbana fl-[[Ewropa]], li nfetħet fl-2015. Hija mdawra minn triq ċirkolari esterna (magħrufa bħala d-D0), ukoll mhux kompluta, li tgħaqqad l-awtostradi kollha ta' Praga, li l-ewwel sezzjoni tagħha nfetħet fl-1980. Ir-rotot ewlenin tat-toroq Ewropej li jgħaddu minn Praga huma r-rotta Ewropea 50 li tgħaqqad [[Brest]] ([[Franza]]) ma' [[Makhachkala]] (ir-[[Russja]]), ir-rotta Ewropea 55 li tgħaqqad [[Helsingborg]] (l-[[Żvezja|Iżvezja]]) ma' [[Kalamata]] (il-[[Greċja]]), ir-rotta Ewropea 65 minn [[Malmö]] (l-[[Żvezja|Iżvezja]]) ma' [[Chania]] (il-[[Greċja]]) u r-rotta Ewropea 67 li tgħaqqad Helsinki ma' Praga. === Netwerk ferrovjarju === In-netwerk ferrovjarju Ċek huwa wieħed mill-aktar żviluppati fl-Ewropa, b'aktar minn 9,500 km ta' linji (meta mqabbel ma' madwar 30,000 km fi Franza). Praga hija ċ-ċentru ferrovjarju ewlieni tal-pajjiż u waqfa importanti fuq il-linji ferrovjarji Ewropej ewlenin—kważi 20,000 ferrovija tal-merkanzija jitilqu minn jew jispiċċaw fuq in-netwerk ta' Praga kull sena. Il-belt għandha 47 stazzjon ta' importanza li tvarja ħafna: dawk ewlenin huma l-Istazzjon Ċentrali ta' Praga (Praha hlavní nádraží), l-Istazzjon Praga-Masaryk, u mbagħad l-Istazzjonijiet Libeň, Vršovice, u Smíchov, kull wieħed b'medja ta' aktar minn 230 ferrovija kuljum; l-Istazzjon Ċentrali ta' Praga jimmaniġġja aktar minn 28 miljun passiġġier fis-sena, u l-Istazzjon Masaryk kważi 13-il miljun. Total ta' 1,114-il ferrovija jiċċirkolaw kuljum, bħala medja, fil-belt. === Sistema tax-xmajjar === In-netwerk tal-passaġġi tal-ilma ta’ Praga jinkludi t-30.9 kilometru tax-Xmara Vltava li tgħaddi minn qalba l-belt, interrotta minn ħames serraturi. Il-serratura ewlenija hija Podbaba, b’kapaċità ta’ 5.2 miljun tunnellata fis-sena, filwaqt li l-oħrajn jinsabu f’Modřany, Smíchov, Mánes, u Štvanice. Il-serratura ta’ Smíchov tara l-ogħla volum ta’ traffiku, madwar 25,000 vapur fis-sena. Din in-netwerk tal-passaġġi tal-ilma tintuża għat-turiżmu, il-merkanzija, u t-trasport tal-passiġġieri. It-traffiku tal-passiġġieri huwa primarjament għat-turiżmu, b’diversi kumpaniji li joperaw dgħajjes tax-xmara; iż-żewġ kumpaniji ewlenin jittrasportaw aktar minn 500,000 turist kull sena. In-netwerk tax-xmara jintuża wkoll għat-trasport pubbliku, kemm għal skopijiet rikreattivi (li jservi l-mogħdijiet għar-roti u l-bosta gżejjer) kif ukoll għall-ivvjaġġar (sa 75% tal-vjaġġi matul l-istaġun tax-xitwa). Mill-2005, ġew stabbiliti sitt rotot tal-laneċ: tnejn regolari u erbgħa staġjonali. Huma jġorru aktar minn 450,000 passiġġier kull sena, inklużi 210,000 fuq ir-rotta Podbaba sa Podhoří biss, fit-tramuntana tal-belt. === Netwerk tat-trasport pubbliku === In-netwerk tat-trasport pubbliku, kif organizzat mill-muniċipalità, jikkonsisti primarjament minn linji tal-karozzi tal-linja, tat-[[Tramm ta' Praga|tramm]], u tal-[[Metro ta' Praga|metro]]. Fl-2016, in-netwerk tal-karozzi tal-linja kellu tul ta’ 825 km, in-netwerk tat-tramm 142.7 km (li 52% minnhom huma fuq linji ddedikati), u n-netwerk tal-metro 65.1 km (fl-2016). In-netwerk tal-[[Metro ta' Praga|metro]] jikkonsisti fi tliet linji u jġorr aktar minn 450 miljun passiġġier kull sena, u jkopri 57 miljun kilometru. Billi jifforma s-sinsla tan-netwerk muniċipali, jinkludi 61 stazzjon. Ir-raba’ linja hija skedata li tiftaħ sal-2027; se tgħaqqad l-istazzjonijiet ta’ Pankrác (Linja C) u Olbrachtova. == Gallerija == <br><gallery class=center caption="Praga - Praha"> Prag-3670-Hradschin-Stadt vom Laurenziberg-2008-gje.jpg Prag-3730-Altstadt vom Laurenziberg-2008-gje.jpg Prag-4480-Altstaedter Ring-Teynkirche-2008-gje.jpg Prag-4880-Stadt vom Rathausturm-2008-gje.jpg Prag-4160-Kleinseite vom Hradschin-2008-gje.jpg Prag-4230-Kleinseitner Ring-Niklaskirche vom Hradschin-2008-gje.jpg Prag-3380-Burg-Vladislav-Saal-Boehmische Kanzlei-2008-gje.jpg Prag-3400-Burg-Vladislav-Saal innen-2008-gje.jpg Prag-7190-Kampa-Karlsbruecke-2008-gje.jpg Prag-7200-Kampa-Bierglas-2008-gje.jpg Prag-7410-Nacht-Hradschin-2008-gje.jpg </gallery> == Referenzi == {{Referenzi}} == Ħoloq esterni == {{commons|Praga}} * {{Sit uffiċjali}} {{Bliet kapitali tal-UE}} {{Lista ta' kapitali Ewropej skont ir-reġjun}} [[Kategorija:Bliet taċ-Ċekja]] [[Kategorija:Bliet kapitali fl-Ewropa]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]] [[Kategorija:Ċekja]] [[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]] 4510u1nz74l6git8dnekvfys9xi449w Utent:PK2 2 13320 330173 327102 2026-05-22T05:43:19Z PK2 2464 add user pages for new Wikipedia editions 330173 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%" |- | [[User:PK2/sandbox|This]] is where my sandbox pages in different languages are |} ;<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; font-size:85%">My user pages in different languages by language code</div> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ A |- | [[:ab:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]<br />(code: <code>ab</code>) | [[:ace:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Acehnese language|Acehnese]]<br />(code: <code>ace</code>) | [[:ady:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Adyghe language|Adyghe]]<br />(code: <code>ady</code>) | [[:af:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Afrikaans|Afrikaans]]<br />(code: <code>af</code>) | [[:als:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Alemannic German|Alemannic German]]<br />(code: <code>als</code>) | [[:alt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]]<br />(code: <code>alt</code>) | [[:am:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]<br />(code: <code>am</code>) | [[:ami:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Amis language|Amis]]<br />(code: <code>ami</code>) | [[:an:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aragonese language|Aragonese]]<br />(code: <code>an</code>) | [[:ang:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Old English|Old English]]<br />(code: <code>ang</code>) |- | [[:ann:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Obolo language|Obolo]]<br />(code: <code>ann</code>) | [[:anp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Angika|Angika]]<br />(code: <code>anp</code>) | [[:ar:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]]<br />(code: <code>ar</code>) | [[:arc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aramaic|Aramaic]] ([[:en:Syriac language|Syriac]])<br />(code: <code>arc</code>) | [[:ary:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan Arabic]]<br />(code: <code>ary</code>) | [[:arz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian Arabic]]<br />(code: <code>arz</code>) | [[:as:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />(code: <code>as</code>) | [[:ast:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]] ([[:en:Asturian language|Asturian]])<br />(code: <code>ast</code>) | [[:atj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Atikamekw language|Atikamekw]]<br />(code: <code>atj</code>) | [[:av:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Avar language|Avar]]<br />(code: <code>av</code>) |- | [[:avk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kotava|Kotava]]<br />(code: <code>avk</code>) | [[:awa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<br />(code: <code>awa</code>) | [[:ay:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aymara language|Aymara]]<br />(code: <code>ay</code>) | [[:az:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]<br />(code: <code>az</code>) | [[:azb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language#South Azerbaijani|South Azerbaijani]]<br />(code: <code>azb</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ B |- | [[:ba:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bashkir language|Bashkir]]<br />(code: <code>ba</code>) | [[:ban:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Balinese language|Balinese]]<br />(code: <code>ban</code>) | [[:bar:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bavarian language|Bavarian]]<br />(code: <code>bar</code>) | [[:bat-smg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Samogitian language|Samogitian]]<br />(code: <code>bat-smg</code>) | [[:bbc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Toba Batak language|Toba Batak]]<br />(code: <code>bbc</code>) | [[:bcl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Bikol|Central Bikol]]<br />(code: <code>bcl</code>) | [[:bdr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sama–Bajaw languages|West Coast Bajau]]<br />(code: <code>bdr</code>) | [[:be:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]]<br />(code: <code>be</code>) | [[:be-tarask:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]] ([[:en:Taraškievica|Taraškievica]])<br />(code: <code>be-tarask</code>) | [[:bew:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Betawi language|Betawi]]<br />(code: <code>bew</code>) |- | [[:bg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]<br />(code: <code>bg</code>) | [[:bh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bihari languages|Bihari]] ([[:en:Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]])<br />(code: <code>bh</code>) | [[:bi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bislama|Bislama]]<br />(code: <code>bi</code>) | [[:bjn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Banjarese language|Banjarese]]<br />(code: <code>bjn</code>) | [[:blk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pa'O language|Pa'O]]<br />(code: <code>blk</code>) | [[:bm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bambara language|Bambara]]<br />(code: <code>bm</code>) | [[:bn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />(code: <code>bn</code>) | [[:bo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Tibetan|Central Tibetan]] ([[:en:Lhasa Tibetan|Lhasa Tibetan]])<br />(code: <code>bo</code>) | [[:bpy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bishnupriya Manipuri|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]<br />(code: <code>bpy</code>) | [[:br:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Breton language|Breton]]<br />(code: <code>br</code>) |- | [[:bs:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bosnian language|Bosnian]]<br />(code: <code>bs</code>) | [[:btm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mandailing Batak language|Mandailing Batak]]<br />(code: <code>btm</code>) | [[:bug:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Buginese language|Buginese]]<br />(code: <code>bug</code>) | [[:bxr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Buryat language|Buryat]] (Russia Buriat)<br />(code: <code>bxr</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ C |- | [[:ca:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Catalan language|Catalan]]<br />(code: <code>ca</code>) | [[:cbk-zam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chavacano|Chavacano]] (Zamboanga)<br />(code: <code>cbk-zam</code>) | [[:cdo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Eastern Min|Eastern Min]]<br />(code: <code>cdo</code>) | [[:ce:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chechen language|Chechen]]<br />(code: <code>ce</code>) | [[:ceb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cebuano language|Cebuano]]<br />(code: <code>ceb</code>) | [[:ch:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chamorro language|Chamorro]]<br />(code: <code>ch</code>) | [[:chr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cherokee language|Cherokee]]<br />(code: <code>chr</code>) | [[:chy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]]<br />(code: <code>chy</code>) |- | [[:ckb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Sorani|Sorani]])<br />(code: <code>ckb</code>) | [[:co:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Corsican language|Corsican]]<br />(code: <code>co</code>) | [[:crh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]<br />(code: <code>crh</code>) | [[:cs:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Czech language|Czech]]<br />(code: <code>cs</code>) | [[:csb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]]<br />(code: <code>csb</code>) | [[:cu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]<br />(code: <code>cu</code>) | [[:cv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chuvash language|Chuvash]]<br />(code: <code>cv</code>) | [[:cy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Welsh language|Welsh]]<br />(code: <code>cy</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ D |- | [[:da:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Danish language|Danish]]<br />(code: <code>da</code>) | [[:dag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dagbani language|Dagbani]]<br />(code: <code>dag</code>) | [[:de:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:German language|German]]<br />(code: <code>de</code>) | [[:dga:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dagaare language|Dagaare]]<br />(code: <code>dga</code>) | [[:din:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dinka language|Dinka]]<br />(code: <code>din</code>) | [[:diq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zaza language|Zaza]]<br />(code: <code>diq</code>) | [[:dsb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]<br />(code: <code>dsb</code>) | [[:dtp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dusun language|Dusun]]<br />(code: <code>dtp</code>) | [[:dty:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Doteli|Doteli]]<br />(code: <code>dty</code>) | [[:dv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maldivian language|Maldivian]]<br />(code: <code>dv</code>) | [[:dz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dzongkha|Dzongkha]]<br />(code: <code>dz</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ E |- | [[:ee:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ewe language|Ewe]]<br />(code: <code>ee</code>) | [[:el:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Greek language|Greek]]<br />(code: <code>el</code>) | [[:eml:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Emilian–Romagnol|Emilian–Romagnol]]<br />(code: <code>eml</code>) | [[:en:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:English language|English]]<br />(code: <code>en</code>) | [[:eo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Esperanto|Esperanto]]<br />(code: <code>eo</code>) | [[:es:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Spanish language|Spanish]]<br />(code: <code>es</code>) | [[:et:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Estonian language|Estonian]]<br />(code: <code>et</code>) | [[:eu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Basque language|Basque]]<br />(code: <code>eu</code>) | [[:ext:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]<br />(code: <code>ext</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ F |- | [[:fa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Persian language|Persian]]<br />(code: <code>fa</code>) | [[:fat:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] ([[:en:Fante dialect|Fante]])<br />(code: <code>fat</code>) | [[:ff:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fula language|Fula]]<br />(code: <code>ff</code>) | [[:fi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Finnish language|Finnish]]<br />(code: <code>fi</code>) | [[:fiu-vro:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Võro language|Võro]]<br />(code: <code>fiu-vro</code>) | [[:fj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fijian language|Fijian]]<br />(code: <code>fj</code>) | [[:fo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Faroese language|Faroese]]<br />(code: <code>fo</code>) | [[:fon:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fon language|Fon]]<br />(code: <code>fon</code>) | [[:fr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:French language|French]]<br />(code: <code>fr</code>) | [[:frp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Franco-Provençal|Franco-Provençal]]<br />(code: <code>frp</code>) | [[:frr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:North Frisian language|North Frisian]]<br />(code: <code>frr</code>) | [[:fur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Friulian language|Friulian]]<br />(code: <code>fur</code>) | [[:fy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:West Frisian language|West Frisian]]<br />(code: <code>fy</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ G |- | [[:ga:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Irish language|Irish]]<br />(code: <code>ga</code>) | [[:gag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gagauz language|Gagauz]]<br />(code: <code>gag</code>) | [[:gan:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gan Chinese|Gan Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>gan</code>) | [[:gcr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:French Guianese Creole|French Guianese Creole]]<br />(code: <code>gcr</code>) | [[:gd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Scottish Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]]<br />(code: <code>gd</code>) | [[:gl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Galician language|Galician]]<br />(code: <code>gl</code>) | [[:glk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gilaki language|Gilaki]]<br />(code: <code>glk</code>) | [[:gn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Guarani language|Guarani]]<br />(code: <code>gn</code>) | [[:gom:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Konkani language|Konkani]] (Goan Konkani)<br />(code: <code>gom</code>) |- | [[:gor:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]]<br />(code: <code>gor</code>) | [[:got:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gothic language|Gothic]]<br />(code: <code>got</code>) | [[:gpe:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ghanaian Pidgin English|Ghanaian Pidgin English]]<br />(code: <code>gpe</code>) | [[:gu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />(code: <code>gu</code>) | [[:guc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wayuu language|Wayuu]]<br />(code: <code>guc</code>) | [[:gur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Farefare language|Farefare]]<br />(code: <code>gur</code>) | [[:guw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gun language|Gun]]<br />(code: <code>guw</code>) | [[:gv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Manx language|Manx]]<br />(code: <code>gv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ H |- | [[:ha:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hausa language|Hausa]]<br />(code: <code>ha</code>) | [[:hak:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hakka Chinese|Hakka Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>hak</code>) | [[:haw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]<br />(code: <code>haw</code>) | [[:he:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<br />(code: <code>he</code>) | [[:hi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hindi|Hindi]]<br />(code: <code>hi</code>) | [[:hif:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fiji Hindi|Fiji Hindi]]<br />(code: <code>hif</code>) | [[:hr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Croatian language|Croatian]]<br />(code: <code>hr</code>) | [[:hsb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]<br />(code: <code>hsb</code>) | [[:ht:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Haitian Creole|Haitian Creole]]<br />(code: <code>ht</code>) | [[:hu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]<br />(code: <code>hu</code>) | [[:hy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Armenian language|Armenian]] ([[:en:Eastern Armenian|Eastern Armenian]])<br />(code: <code>hy</code>) | [[:hyw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Western Armenian|Western Armenian]]<br />(code: <code>hyw</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ I |- | [[:ia:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Interlingua|Interlingua]]<br />(code: <code>ia</code>) | [[:iba:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Iban language|Iban]]<br />(code: <code>iba</code>) | [[:id:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<br />(code: <code>id</code>) | [[:ie:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Interlingue|Interlingue]]<br />(code: <code>ie</code>) | [[:ig:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Igbo language|Igbo]]<br />(code: <code>ig</code>) | [[:igl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Igala language|Igala]]<br />(code: <code>igl</code>) | [[:ik:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Iñupiaq language|Iñupiaq]]<br />(code: <code>ik</code>) | [[:ilo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ilocano language|Ilocano]]<br />(code: <code>ilo</code>) | [[:inh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ingush language|Ingush]]<br />(code: <code>inh</code>) | [[:io:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ido|Ido]]<br />(code: <code>io</code>) | [[:is:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]<br />(code: <code>is</code>) | [[:it:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Italian language|Italian]]<br />(code: <code>it</code>) | [[:iu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Inuktitut|Inuktitut]]<br />(code: <code>iu</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ J |- | [[:ja:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Japanese language|Japanese]]<br />(code: <code>ja</code>) | [[:jam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Jamaican Patois|Jamaican Patois]]<br />(code: <code>jam</code>) | [[:jbo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lojban|Lojban]]<br />(code: <code>jbo</code>) | [[:jv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]]<br />(code: <code>jv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ K |- | [[:ka:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Georgian language|Georgian]]<br />(code: <code>ka</code>) | [[:kaa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]<br />(code: <code>kaa</code>) | [[:kab:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabyle language|Kabyle]]<br />(code: <code>kab</code>) | [[:kai:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karai-karai|Karai-karai]]<br />(code: <code>kai</code>) | [[:kaj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Jju language|Jju]]<br />(code: <code>kaj</code>) | [[:kbd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabardian language|Kabardian]]<br />(code: <code>kbd</code>) | [[:kbp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabiye language|Kabiye]]<br />(code: <code>kbp</code>) | [[:kcg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tyap|Tyap]]<br />(code: <code>kcg</code>) | [[:kg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kongo language|Kongo]]<br />(code: <code>kg</code>) | [[:kge:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komering language|Komering]]<br />(code: <code>kge</code>) | [[:ki:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kikuyu language|Kikuyu]]<br />(code: <code>ki</code>) | [[:kk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kazakh language|Kazakh]]<br />(code: <code>kk</code>) | [[:km:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Khmer language|Khmer]]<br />(code: <code>km</code>) |- | [[:kn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kannada|Kannada]]<br />(code: <code>kn</code>) | [[:knc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Kanuri|Central Kanuri]]<br />(code: <code>knc</code>) | [[:ko:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Korean language|Korean]]<br />(code: <code>ko</code>) | [[:koi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]]<br />(code: <code>koi</code>) | [[:krc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karachay-Balkar|Karachay-Balkar]]<br />(code: <code>krc</code>) | [[:ks:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]<br />(code: <code>ks</code>) | [[:ksh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]<br />(code: <code>ksh</code>) | [[:ku:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Kurmanji|Kurmanji]])<br />(code: <code>ku</code>) | [[:kus:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kusaal language|Kusaal]]<br />(code: <code>kus</code>) | [[:kv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komi language|Komi]]<br />(code: <code>kv</code>) | [[:kw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cornish language|Cornish]]<br />(code: <code>kw</code>) | [[:ky:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]<br />(code: <code>ky</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ L |- | [[:la:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latin|Latin]]<br />(code: <code>la</code>) | [[:lad:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Judaeo-Spanish|Judaeo-Spanish]]<br />(code: <code>lad</code>) | [[:lb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Luxembourgish|Luxembourgish]]<br />(code: <code>lb</code>) | [[:lbe:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lak language|Lak]]<br />(code: <code>lbe</code>) | [[:lez:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lezgian language|Lezgian]]<br />(code: <code>lez</code>) | [[:lfn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lingua Franca Nova|Lingua Franca Nova]]<br />(code: <code>lfn</code>) | [[:lg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Luganda|Luganda]]<br />(code: <code>lg</code>) | [[:li:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Limburgish|Limburgish]]<br />(code: <code>li</code>) |- | [[:lij:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ligurian language|Ligurian]]<br />(code: <code>lij</code>) | [[:lld:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ladin language|Ladin]]<br />(code: <code>lld</code>) | [[:lmo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lombard language|Lombard]]<br />(code: <code>lmo</code>) | [[:ln:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lingala|Lingala]]<br />(code: <code>ln</code>) | [[:lo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lao language|Lao]]<br />(code: <code>lo</code>) | [[:lt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]<br />(code: <code>lt</code>) | [[:ltg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latgalian language|Latgalian]]<br />(code: <code>ltg</code>) | [[:lv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latvian language|Latvian]]<br />(code: <code>lv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ M |- | [[:mad:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Madurese language|Madurese]]<br />(code: <code>mad</code>) | [[:mai:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />(code: <code>mai</code>) | [[:map-bms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[:en:Banyumasan dialect|Banyumasan]])<br />(code: <code>map-bms</code>) | [[:mdf:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Moksha language|Moksha]]<br />(code: <code>mdf</code>) | [[:mg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malagasy language|Malagasy]]<br />(code: <code>mg</code>) | [[:mhr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Meadow Mari language|Meadow Mari]]<br />(code: <code>mhr</code>) | [[:mi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Māori language|Māori]]<br />(code: <code>mi</code>) | [[:min:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]<br />(code: <code>min</code>) | [[:mk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian]]<br />(code: <code>mk</code>) | [[:ml:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malayalam|Malayalam]]<br />(code: <code>ml</code>) | [[:mn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mongolian language|Mongolian]]<br />(code: <code>mn</code>) |- | [[:mni:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Meitei language|Meitei]]<br />(code: <code>mni</code>) | [[:mnw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mon language|Mon]]<br />(code: <code>mnw</code>) | [[:m:mos:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mooré|Mooré]]<br />(code: <code>mos</code>) | [[:mr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />(code: <code>mr</code>) | [[:mrj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hill Mari language|Hill Mari]]<br />(code: <code>mrj</code>) | [[:ms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malay language|Malay]]<br />(code: <code>ms</code>) | [[:mt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maltese language|Maltese]]<br />(code: <code>mt</code>) | [[:mwl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mirandese language|Mirandese]]<br />(code: <code>mwl</code>) | [[:my:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Burmese language|Burmese]]<br />(code: <code>my</code>) | [[:myv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Erzya language|Erzya]]<br />(code: <code>myv</code>) | [[:mzn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]]<br />(code: <code>mzn</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ N |- | [[:nah:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nahuatl|Nahuatl]]<br />(code: <code>nah</code>) | [[:nap:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]<br />(code: <code>nap</code>) | [[:nds:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Low German|Low German]]<br />(code: <code>nds</code>) | [[:nds-nl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dutch Low Saxon|Dutch Low Saxon]]<br />(code: <code>nds-nl</code>) | [[:ne:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />(code: <code>ne</code>) | [[:new:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Newar language|Newar]]<br />(code: <code>new</code>) | [[:nia:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nias language|Nias]]<br />(code: <code>nia</code>) | [[:nl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dutch language|Dutch]]<br />(code: <code>nl</code>) | [[:nn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Nynorsk|Nynorsk]])<br />(code: <code>nn</code>) |- | [[:no:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Bokmål|Bokmål]])<br />(code: <code>no</code>) | [[:nov:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Novial|Novial]]<br />(code: <code>nov</code>) | [[:nqo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:N'Ko language|N'Ko]]<br />(code: <code>nqo</code>) | [[:nr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]<br />(code: <code>nr</code>) | [[:nrm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norman language|Norman]]<br />(code: <code>nrm</code>) | [[:nso:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Northern Sotho|Northern Sotho]]<br />(code: <code>nso</code>) | [[:nup:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nupe language|Nupe]]<br />(code: <code>nup</code>) | [[:nv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Navajo language|Navajo]]<br />(code: <code>nv</code>) | [[:ny:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chewa language|Chewa]]<br />(code: <code>ny</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ O |- | [[:oc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Occitan language|Occitan]]<br />(code: <code>oc</code>) | [[:olo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi-Karelian]]<br />(code: <code>olo</code>) | [[:om:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Oromo language|Oromo]]<br />(code: <code>om</code>) | [[:or:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Odia language|Odia]]<br />(code: <code>or</code>) | [[:os:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ossetian language|Ossetian]]<br />(code: <code>os</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ P |- | [[:pa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />(code: <code>pa</code>) | [[:pag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]<br />(code: <code>pag</code>) | [[:pam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]<br />(code: <code>pam</code>) | [[:pap:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Papiamento|Papiamento]]<br />(code: <code>pap</code>) | [[:pcd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Picard language|Picard]]<br />(code: <code>pcd</code>) | [[:pcm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin]]<br />(code: <code>pcm</code>) | [[:pdc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]<br />(code: <code>pdc</code>) | [[:pfl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Palatine German dialects|Palatine German]]<br />(code: <code>pfl</code>) | [[:pi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pali|Pali]]<br />(code: <code>pi</code>) |- | [[:pl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Polish language|Polish]]<br />(code: <code>pl</code>) | [[:pms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]<br />(code: <code>pms</code>) | [[:pnb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (Western Punjabi)<br />(code: <code>pnb</code>) | [[:pnt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pontic Greek|Pontic Greek]]<br />(code: <code>pnt</code>) | [[:ppl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nawat language|Nawat]]<br />(code: <code>ppl</code>) | [[:ps:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pashto|Pashto]]<br />(code: <code>ps</code>) | [[:pt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<br />(code: <code>pt</code>) | [[:pwn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Paiwan language|Paiwan]]<br />(code: <code>pwn</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ Q |- | [[:qu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Quechuan languages|Quechua]] ([[:en:Southern Quechua|Southern Quechua]])<br />(code: <code>qu</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ R |- | [[:rki:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Rakhine language|Rakhine]]<br />(code: <code>rki</code>) | [[:rm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romansh language|Romansh]]<br />(code: <code>rm</code>) | [[:rmy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romani language|Romani]] ([[:en:Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]])<br />(code: <code>rmy</code>) | [[:rn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kirundi|Kirundi]]<br />(code: <code>rn</code>) | [[:ro:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romanian language|Romanian]]<br />(code: <code>ro</code>) | [[:roa-rup:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aromanian language|Aromanian]]<br />(code: <code>roa-rup</code>) | [[:roa-tara:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] ([[:en:Tarantino dialect|Tarantino]])<br />(code: <code>roa-tara</code>) | [[:rsk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pannonian Rusyn|Pannonian Rusyn]]<br />(code: <code>rsk</code>) | [[:ru:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Russian language|Russian]]<br />(code: <code>ru</code>) | [[:rue:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Rusyn language|Rusyn]]<br />(code: <code>rue</code>) | [[:rw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]]<br />(code: <code>rw</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ S |- | [[:sa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]<br />(code: <code>sa</code>) | [[:sah:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yakut language|Yakut]]<br />(code: <code>sah</code>) | [[:sat:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Santali language|Santali]]<br />(code: <code>sat</code>) | [[:sc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sardinian language|Sardinian]]<br />(code: <code>sc</code>) | [[:scn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sicilian language|Sicilian]]<br />(code: <code>scn</code>) | [[:sco:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Scots language|Scots]]<br />(code: <code>sco</code>) | [[:sd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sindhi language|Sindhi]]<br />(code: <code>sd</code>) | [[:se:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Northern Sámi|Northern Sámi]]<br />(code: <code>se</code>) | [[:sg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sango language|Sango]]<br />(code: <code>sg</code>) | [[:sh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Serbo-Croatian|Serbo-Croatian]]<br />(code: <code>sh</code>) | [[:shi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shilha language|Shilha]]<br />(code: <code>shi</code>) |- | [[:shn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shan language|Shan]]<br />(code: <code>shn</code>) | [[:si:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sinhala language|Sinhala]]<br />(code: <code>si</code>) | [[:simple:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Basic English|Basic English]]<br />(code: <code>simple</code>) | [[:sk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Slovak language|Slovak]]<br />(code: <code>sk</code>) | [[:skr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Saraiki language|Saraiki]]<br />(code: <code>skr</code>) | [[:sl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Slovene language|Slovene]]<br />(code: <code>sl</code>) | [[:sm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Samoan language|Samoan]]<br />(code: <code>sm</code>) | [[:smn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]]<br />(code: <code>smn</code>) | [[:sn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shona language|Shona]]<br />(code: <code>sn</code>) | [[:so:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Somali language|Somali]]<br />(code: <code>so</code>) | [[:sq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Albanian language|Albanian]]<br />(code: <code>sq</code>) |- | [[:sr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Serbian language|Serbian]]<br />(code: <code>sr</code>) | [[:srn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sranan Tongo|Sranan Tongo]]<br />(code: <code>srn</code>) | [[:ss:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swazi language|Swazi]]<br />(code: <code>ss</code>) | [[:st:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sotho language|Sotho]]<br />(code: <code>st</code>) | [[:stq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]<br />(code: <code>stq</code>) | [[:su:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sundanese language|Sundanese]]<br />(code: <code>su</code>) | [[:sv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swedish language|Swedish]]<br />(code: <code>sv</code>) | [[:sw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swahili language|Swahili]]<br />(code: <code>sw</code>) | [[:syl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sylheti language|Sylheti]]<br />(code: <code>syl</code>) | [[:szl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Silesian language|Silesian]]<br />(code: <code>szl</code>) | [[:szy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sakizaya language|Sakizaya]]<br />(code: <code>szy</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ T |- | [[:ta:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />(code: <code>ta</code>) | [[:tay:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Atayal language|Atayal]]<br />(code: <code>tay</code>) | [[:tcy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tulu language|Tulu]]<br />(code: <code>tcy</code>) | [[:tdd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tai Nuea language|Tai Nuea]]<br />(code: <code>tdd</code>) | [[:te:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />(code: <code>te</code>) | [[:tet:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tetum language|Tetum]]<br />(code: <code>tet</code>) | [[:tg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tajik language|Tajik]]<br />(code: <code>tg</code>) | [[:th:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Thai language|Thai]]<br />(code: <code>th</code>) | [[:ti:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]<br />(code: <code>ti</code>) | [[:tig:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tigre language|Tigre]]<br />(code: <code>tig</code>) | [[:tk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Turkmen language|Turkmen]]<br />(code: <code>tk</code>) | [[:tl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tagalog language|Tagalog]]<br />(code: <code>tl</code>) | [[:tly:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Talysh language|Talysh]]<br />(code: <code>tly</code>) |- | [[:tn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tswana language|Tswana]]<br />(code: <code>tn</code>) | [[:to:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tongan language|Tongan]]<br />(code: <code>to</code>) | [[:tok:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Toki Pona|Toki Pona]]<br />(code: <code>tok</code>) | [[:tpi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tok Pisin|Tok Pisin]]<br />(code: <code>tpi</code>) | [[:tr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Turkish language|Turkish]]<br />(code: <code>tr</code>) | [[:trv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Seediq language|Seediq]]<br />(code: <code>trv</code>) | [[:ts:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tsonga language|Tsonga]]<br />(code: <code>ts</code>) | [[:tt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tatar language|Tatar]]<br />(code: <code>tt</code>) | [[:tum:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]]<br />(code: <code>tum</code>) | [[:tw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] (Twi)<br />(code: <code>tw</code>) | [[:ty:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tahitian language|Tahitian]]<br />(code: <code>ty</code>) | [[:tyv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tuvan language|Tuvan]]<br />(code: <code>tyv</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ U |- | [[:udm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]<br />(code: <code>udm</code>) | [[:ug:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Uyghur language|Uyghur]]<br />(code: <code>ug</code>) | [[:uk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<br />(code: <code>uk</code>) | [[:ur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Urdu|Urdu]]<br />(code: <code>ur</code>) | [[:uz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Uzbek language|Uzbek]]<br />(code: <code>uz</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ V |- | [[:ve:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Venda language|Venda]]<br />(code: <code>ve</code>) | [[:vec:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Venetian language|Venetian]]<br />(code: <code>vec</code>) | [[:vep:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Veps language|Veps]]<br />(code: <code>vep</code>) | [[:vi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<br />(code: <code>vi</code>) | [[:vls:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:West Flemish|West Flemish]]<br />(code: <code>vls</code>) | [[:vo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Volapük|Volapük]]<br />(code: <code>vo</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ W |- | [[:wa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Walloon language|Walloon]]<br />(code: <code>wa</code>) | [[:war:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Waray language|Waray]]<br />(code: <code>war</code>) | [[:wo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wolof language|Wolof]]<br />(code: <code>wo</code>) | [[:wuu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wu Chinese|Wu Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>wuu</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ X |- | [[:xal:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Oirat language|Oirat]] ([[:en:Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk Oirat]])<br />(code: <code>xal</code>) | [[:xh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Xhosa language|Xhosa]]<br />(code: <code>xh</code>) | [[:xmf:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]]<br />(code: <code>xmf</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ Y |- | [[:yi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yiddish|Yiddish]]<br />(code: <code>yi</code>) | [[:yo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yoruba language|Yoruba]]<br />(code: <code>yo</code>) |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:85%" |+ Z |- | [[:za:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zhuang languages|Zhuang]] ([[:en:Standard Zhuang|Standard Zhuang]])<br />(code: <code>za</code>) | [[:zea:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zeelandic|Zeelandic]]<br />(code: <code>zea</code>) | [[:zgh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]]<br />(code: <code>zgh</code>) | [[:zh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[:en:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]])<br />(code: <code>zh</code>) | [[:zh-classical:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]]<br />(code: <code>zh-classical</code>) | [[:zh-min-nan:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Min|Southern Min]]<br />(code: <code>zh-min-nan</code>) | [[:zh-yue:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cantonese|Cantonese]]<br />(code: <code>zh-yue</code>) | [[:zu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zulu language|Zulu]]<br />(code: <code>zu</code>) |} dud3tixug1qffje4pl8q76cccmmhg8l