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Marsaxlokk FC
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{{Infobox Tim tal-Futbol
| isem = Marsaxlokk
| stampa = [[Stampa:MarsaxlokkFC.png|175px|Emblema ta' Marsaxlokk]]
| ismijiet_oħra = ''The Southseasiders''<br />''Tal-Lampuki''
| isem_sħiħ = Marsaxlokk Football Club
| grawnd = Grawnd ta Marsaxlokk, [[Marsaxlokk]]
| jesa' = 150
| fundazzjoni = 1949, bħala ''Marsaxlokk White Stars''
| president =
| kowċ =
| kampjonat =
| staġun =
| pożizzjoni =
| sit_elettroniku = http://www.mxlokkfc.com/
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=_whitesholders|pattern_ra1=
| leftarm1=0000FF|body1=0000FF|rightarm1=0000FF|shorts1=0000FF|socks1=0000FF
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=
| leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=003366|socks2=003366
| pattern_la3=|pattern_b3=_whitesholders|pattern_ra3=
| leftarm3=FF4500|body3=FF4500|rightarm3=FF4500|shorts3=000000|socks3=000000
}}
'''Marsaxlokk Football Club''' hu [[klabb tal-futbol|klabb]] tal-[[futbol]] [[Malta|Malti]], li bħalissa jilgħab fl-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija]].
Il-klabb ġie mwaqqaf fl-1949 u rebħu l-ewwel kampjonat tagħhom għall-ewwel darba fl-istorja wara li spiċċaw ċampjins tal-[[Premier League Malti|Premier League]].
== Plejers notevoli ==
''Ara [[:Kategorija:Plejers ta' Marsaxlokk FC|Plejers ta' Marsaxlokk FC]]''
{|
|valign="top"|
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Julio Alcorsé]]
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Minabo Asechemie]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Roderick Bajada]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon| }} [[Shaun Bajada]]
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Bartes]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Etienne Barbara]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Mark Barbara]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|SLE}} [[Chris Bart-Williams]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|LBY}} [[Daniel Bogdanovic]]
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Hari Borislavov]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Clive Brincat]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Richard Buhagiar]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Arnold Buttigieg]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[William Camenzuli]]
* {{flagicon| }} [[Chris Camilleri]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[David Camilleri]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Clyde Carabott]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|AUS}} [[David Carabott]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ivan Casha]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Christian Cassar]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Dennis Cauchi]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Reginald Cini]]
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Renato Conceição]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Michael Cutajar]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Saviour Darmanin]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Reuben Debono]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Michael Degiorgio]]
|width="100"|
|valign="top"|
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Luke Dimech]]
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Haruna Doda]]
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Dragomir Draganov]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joseph Farrugia]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Kurt Farrugia]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Carmel Formosa]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Cleavon Frendo]]
* {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Samir Garci]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Reuben Gauci]]
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Stanimir Georgiev]]
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Nuno Gomes (futboler)|Nuno Gomes]]
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Wendell Gomes]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Justin Haber]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Dylan Kokavessis]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Malcolm Licari]]
* {{flagicon|MNE}} [[Aleksandar Madzar]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Charlo Magro]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Carlo Mamo]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Kevin Mamo]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Mark Marlow]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Claude Mattocks]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Etienne Mercieca]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Clive Mizzi]]
* {{flagicon|YUG}} [[Zvonimir Nedelkovic]]
* {{flagicon| }} {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Benneth Njoku]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Chucks Nwoko]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Udo Nwoko]]
|width="100"|
|valign="top"|
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Michael Ochei]]
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Uwa Ogbodo]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jamie Pace]]
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Cesar Paiber]]
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Pereira]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Peter Pullicino]]
* {{flagicon|BEN}} {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Florent Raimy]]
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[André Rocha da Silva]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Brian Said]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Kevin Sammut]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[André Schembri]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Gareth Sciberras]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Mark Sciriha]]
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Nikola Slavtchev]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Roderick Spiteri]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Justin Tellus]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Shawn Tellus]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Trevor Templeman]]
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Mitko Trendafilov]]
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mauro Valastro]]
* {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Donatas Vencevičius]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Roger Walker]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Daniel Webb]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Stephen Wellman]]
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Emil Yanchev]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ivan Zammit]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Johann Zammit]]
|width="100"|
|valign="top"|
[[Stampa:Schembri, André.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[André Schembri]]]]
[[Stampa:Tellus, Shawn.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Shawn Tellus]]]]
[[Stampa:Wellman, Stephen.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Stephen Wellman]]]]
|}
==Grawnd ta' Marsaxlokk==
[[Stampa:Marsaxlokkgrawnd.jpg|lemin|200px|thumb]]
Il-grawnd għandu wiċċ tal-ħaxix sintetiku u kapaċit ta' 150 ruħ.
== Ħoloq esterni ==
{{commons|Marsaxlokk}}
* {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20100210013349/http://www.mxlokkfc.com/ Sit uffiċjali]
* {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080905210513/http://www.maltafootball.com/guide/mxlokk1.shtml Marsaxlokk] fuq MaltaFootball.com
{{Premier League Malti}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1949]]
8qe5hzx8dh6madb42fk196tyfdohyso
Sliema Wanderers FC
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{{Infobox Tim tal-Futbol
|isem = Sliema Wanderers
|stampa = [[Stampa:SliemaWanderersFC.gif|250px]]
|isem_sħiħ = Sliema Wanderers Football Club
|ismijiet_oħra = ''The Blues''<br />''The Wanderers''
|grawnd = [[Grawnd Nazzjonali Ta' Qali]], [[Ta' Qali]]
|kapaċità = 17,000
|fundazzjoni = 1909
|president =
|kowċ =
|kampjonat =
| staġun =
| pożizzjoni = 5
|sit_elettroniku = http://www.sliemawfc.org/website/index.html
|pattern_b1=_sliema2425h|pattern_ra1=| pattern_sh1=_sliema2425h|pattern_so1=_3_stripes_white|
| leftarm1=81DAF5|body1=0000FF|rightarm1=81DAF5|shorts1=0000FF|socks1=0000FF
|pattern_b2=_adidastabela23o|pattern_ra2=| pattern_sh2=sliemashorts2|pattern_so2=_3_stripes_black|
| leftarm2=FF6600|body2=FF6600|rightarm2=FF6600|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF
}}
'''Sliema Wanderers Football Club''' hu klabb tal-[[futbol]] [[Malta|Malti]] bbażat f'[[Tas-Sliema]]. It-tim bħalissa jilgħab fil-[[Premier League Malti|Premier League]], l-ogħla livell tal-futbol Malti.
==Storja==
Il-klabb twaqqaf fl-1909. Il-klabb ikkompeta l-ewwel fil-[[Premier League Malti]] fl-istaġun [[Premier League Malti 1909-10|1909-10]] u spiċċaw fit-tieni pożizzjoni wara l-[[Floriana FC|Floriana]] meta ntemm l-istaġun ta' 5 logħbiet.
Wara għaxar snin Sliema Wanderers fl-aħħar għamlu l-marka tagħhom fil-futbol Malti meta rebħu l-[[Premier League Malti]] fl-istaġun [[Premier League Malti 1919-20|1919-20]]. Minn dakinhar it-tim rebaħ it-titolu 26 darba, rekord għal Malta; l-aħħar tliet kienu fil-istaġuni [[Premier League Malti 2002-03|2002-03]], [[Premier League Malti 2003-04|2003-04]] u [[Premier League Malti 2004-05|2004-05]].
Sliema Wanderers iżommu wkoll ir-rekord għall-aktar rebħiet tal-[[Maltese Cup|FA Trophy]], mal-ewwel dħul fl-1935, meta rebħu lil [[Floriana FC|Floriana]] 4-0. Il-klabb rebaħ dan l-unur partikolari għall-20 darba, l-aktar 3 reċenti tagħhom kienu fl-2000, 2004 u fl-[[Tazza Maltija 2008–09|2009]]; l-aħħar titolu li rebħu kien kontra [[Valletta FC|Valletta]] 7-6 bl-għoti tal-penalties wara li logħba spiċċat 3-3 fil-ħin żejjed.
B'dawn l-unuri, Sliema Wanderers bħalissa huma l-aktar tim ta' suċċess fl-istorja ta' [[Malta]] tal-futbol b'madwar 113 unuri.
==Plejers notevoli==
[[:Category:Plejers ta' Sliema Wanderers FC|Plejers ta' Sliema Wanderers FC]]''
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Kosta Bjedov]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[André Rocha da Silva|André da Silva]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Carlos Eduardo Ventura|Duda]]
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Zdeněk Svoboda]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Dean Edwards]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Carl Saunders]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Cristiano Bergodi]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Domenico Di Carlo]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mauro Di Lello]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Valerio Mottola]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Andrei Agius]]
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Orosco Anonam]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ian Azzopardi]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Roderick Bajada]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Etienne Barbara]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ernest Barry]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Matthew Bartolo]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Graham Bencini]]
*{{flagicon|LBY}} [[Daniel Bogdanovic]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Henry Bonello]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Julian Briffa]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Roderick Briffa]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Brincat]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Richard Buhagiar]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Carmel Busuttil]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[John Buttigieg]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[David Camilleri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[David Carabott]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Jeffrey Chetcuti]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ian Ciantar]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Cini]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Reginald Cini]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Jason Cordina]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Darren Debono]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Luke Dimech]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joseph Farrugia]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Kane Paul Farrugia]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Lino Galea]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Stefan Giglio]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Martin Gregory]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Massimo Grima]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Lee Lombardi]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Carlo Mamo]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Kevin Mamo]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Claude Mattocks]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Adrian Mifsud]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Josef Mifsud]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Michael Mifsud]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Alex Muscat]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Sammy Nicholl]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Tony Nicholl]]
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Chucks Nwoko]]
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Chris Okoh (futboler)|Chris Okoh]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jamie Pace]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Brian Said]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Kevin Sammut]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Sant Fournier]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Mark Scerri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Salvinu Schembri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Hubert Suda]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Shawn Tellus]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Trevor Templeman]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Simon Tortell]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Noel Turner]]
*{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Nenad Veselji]]
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Ivan Woods]]
*{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Aleksandar Madzar]]
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Murphy Akanji]]
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Augustine Eguavoen]]
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Derek Collins]]
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Danilo Dončić]]
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Neško Milovanović]]
*{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Ivan Gajer]]
{{col-4}}
[[Image:Barbara, Etienne.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Etienne Barbara]]]]
[[Image:Dimech, Luke.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Luke Dimech]]]]
[[Image:Nwoko, Chucks.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Chucks Nwoko]]]]
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}
==Parteċipazzjoni fl-Ewropa==
===UEFA Cup Winners' Cup===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1963-64|1963-64]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|Rawnd Preliminari
|{{flagicon|Wales}}
|[[Borough United]]
|0-0
|0-2
|0-2
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1968-69|1968-69]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|LUX}}
|[[US Rumelange]]
|1-0
|1-2
|2-2([[Regola tal-gowls barra mid-dar|gbd]])
|-
|
|
|2. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|DEN}}
|[[Randers Freja]]
|0-2
|0-6
|0-8
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1969-70|1969-70]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|SWE}}
|[[IFK Norrköping]]
|1-0
|1-5
|2-5
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1974-75|1974-75]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|FIN}}
|[[FC Lahti]]
|2-0
|1-4
|3-4
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1979-80|1979-80]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|POR}}
|[[Boavista FC]]
|2-1
|0-8
|2-9
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1982-83|1982-83]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Wales}}
|[[Swansea City AFC|Swansea City]]
|0-5
|0-12
|0-17
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1987-88|1987-88]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|ALB}}
|[[KS Vllaznia Shkodër]]
|0-4
|0-2
|0-6
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1990-91|1990-91]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Round
|{{flagicon|Ċekoslovakkja}}
|[[Dukla Prague]]
|1-2
|0-2
|1-4
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1993-94|1993-94]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|SWE}}
|[[Degerfors IF]]
|1-3
|0-3
|1-6
|-
|}
===UEFA Intertoto Cup===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup 1998|1998]]
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|HUN}}
|[[Diósgyőri VTK]]
|2-3
|0-2
|2-5
|-
|}
===UEFA Cup===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|[[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1970-71|1970-71]]
|[[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|DEN}}
|[[Akademisk Boldklub|Akademisk BK]]
|2-3
|0-7
|2-10
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 1973-74|1973-74]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Bulgarija}}
|[[PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv]]
|0-2
|0-1
|0-3
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 1975-76|1975-76]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Portugall}}
|[[Sporting Clube de Portugal|Sporting CP]]
|1-2
|1-3
|2-5
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 1977-78|1977-78]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Ġermanja tal-Punent}}
|[[Eintracht Frankfurt]]
|0-0
|0-5
|0-5
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 1980-81|1980-81]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Spanja}}
|[[FC Barcelona]]
|0-2
|0-1
|0-3
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 1981-82|1981-82]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|GRE}}
|[[Aris Thessaloniki FC]]
|2-4
|0-4
|2-8
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 1988-89|1988-89]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|ROM}}
|[[Victoria Bucureşti]]
|0-2
|1-6
|1-8
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 1995-96|1995-96]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|Rawnd Preliminari
|{{flagicon|CYP}}
|[[AC Omonia]]
|1-2
|0-3
|1-5
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 1996-97|1996-97]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|Rawnd Preliminari
|{{flagicon|GEO}}
|[[FC Margveti Zestafoni]]
|1-3
|3-0
|4-3
|-
|
|
|Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|DEN}}
|[[Odense BK]]
|0-2
|1-7
|1-9
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 1999-00|1999-00]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|SWI}}
|[[FC Zürich]]
|0-3
|0-1
|0-4
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 2000-01|2000-01]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Serbja u Montenegro}}
|[[FK Partizan]]
|2-1
|1-4
|3-5
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 2001-02|2001-02]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Slovakkja}}
|[[FK Matador Púchov]]
|2-1
|0-3
|2-4
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 2002-03|2002-03]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|POL}}
|[[Polonia Warszawa]]
|1-3
|0-2
|1-5
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 2006-07|2006-07]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|ROM}}
|[[FC Rapid Bucureşti|Rapid Bucureşti]]
|0-1
|0-5
|0-6
|-
|[[UEFA Cup 2007-08|2007-08]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|BUL}}
|[[PFC Litex Lovech]]
|0-3
|0-4
|0-7
|-
|[[UEFA Europa League 2009-10|2009-10]]
|[[UEFA Europa League]]
|2. Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|ISR}}
|[[Maccabi Netanya FC]]
|0-0
|0-3
|0-3
|-
|[[UEFA Europa League 2010-11|2010-11]]
|[[UEFA Europa League]]
|1. Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|CRO}}
|[[HNK Šibenik]]
|0-3
|0–0
|0-3
|-
|[[UEFA Europa League 2013-14|2013-14]]
|[[UEFA Europa League]]
|1. Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|AZE}}
|[[FK Khazar Lankaran|Khazar Lankaran]]
|1–1
|0–1
|1–2
|}
===UEFA Champions League===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|[[Tazza Ewropea 1964-65|1964-65]]
|[[Tazza Ewropea]]
|Rawnd Preliminari
|{{flagicon|ROM}}
|[[FC Dinamo Bucureşti|Dinamo Bucureşti]]
|0-2
|0-5
|0-7
|-
|[[Tazza Ewropea 1965-66|1965-66]]
|[[Tazza Ewropea]]
|Rawnd Preliminari
|{{flagicon|GRE}}
|[[Panathinaikos FC]]
|1-0
|1-4
|2-4
|-
|[[Tazza Ewropea 1966-67|1966-67]]
|[[Tazza Ewropea]]
|Rawnd Preliminari
|{{flagicon|BUL}}
|[[PFC CSKA Sofia]]
|1-2
|0-4
|1-6
|-
|[[Tazza Ewropea 1971-72|1971-72]]
|[[Tazza Ewropea]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Iżlanda}}
|[[Íþróttabandalag Akraness|ÍA Akranes]]
|0-0
|4-0
|4-0
|-
|
|
|2. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|SCO}}
|[[Celtic FC|Celtic Glasgow]]
|1-3
|0-3
|1-6
|-
|[[Tazza Ewropea 1972-73|1972-73]]
|[[Tazza Ewropea]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|POL}}
|[[Górnik Zabrze]]
|0-5
|0-5
|0-10
|-
|[[Tazza Ewropea 1976-77|1976-77]]
|[[Tazza Ewropea]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|FIN}}
|[[Turun Palloseura|TPS Turku]]
|2-1
|0-1
|2-2([[Regola tal-gowls barra mid-dar|gbd]])
|-
|[[Tazza Ewropea 1989-90|1989-90]]
|[[Tazza Ewropea]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Albanija}}
|[[KF Tirana]]
|1-0
|0-5
|1-5
|-
|[[UEFA Champions League 2003-04|2003-04]]
|[[UEFA Champions League]]
|1. Rawnd Preliminari
|{{flagicon|Latvja}}
|[[Skonto FC|Skonto Riga]]
|2-0
|1-3
|3-3([[Regola tal-gowls barra mid-dar|gbd]])
|-
|
|
|2. Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|DEN}}
|[[FC Copenhagen|FC Copenhagen]]
|0-6
|1-4
|1-10
|-
|[[UEFA Champions League 2004-05|2004-05]]
|[[UEFA Champions League]]
|1. Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Litwanja}}
|[[FBK Kaunas]]
|0-2
|1-4
|1-6
|-
|[[UEFA Champions League 2005-06|2005-06]]
|[[UEFA Champions League]]
|1. Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Moldova}}
|[[FC Sheriff Tiraspol]]
|1-4
|0-2
|1-6
|-
|}
==Storja maniġerjali==
{| class="toccolours"
!bgcolor=1E90FF|Maniġer
!bgcolor=1E90FF|Perjodu
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Augustine Eguavoen]] || 2000–01
|-
| {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Edward Aquilina]] || 2002–06
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
| {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ray Farrugia]] || 2006–07
|-
| {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Stephen Azzopardi]] || Nov 2007–Mejju 10
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
| {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Mark Marlow]] || Lul 2010–Ġun 11
|-
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Danilo Dončić]] || Frar 2011–Mejju 12
|-
| {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Clive Mizzi]] || Mejju–Aww 2012
|-
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Afonso Greco]] || Aww 2012–
|}
==Unuri==
'''[[Premier League Malti]] Ċampjins: 26'''
<br> 1919/20, 1922/23, 1923/24, 1925/26, 1929/30, 1932/33, 1933/34, 1935/36, 1937/38, 1938/39, 1939/40, 1948/49, 1953/54, 1955/56, 1956/57, 1963/64, 1964/65, 1965/66, 1970/71, 1971/72, 1975/76, 1988/89, 1995/96, 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05
'''[[Premier League Malti]] Runners-Up:'''
<br> 1909/10, 1916/17, 1921/22, 1924/25, 1926/27, 1928/29, 1930/31, 1931/32, 1934/35, 1944/45, 1945/46, 1954/55, 1957/58, 1958/59, 1966/67, 1967/68, 1969/70, 1972/73, 1974/75, 1976/77, 1979/80, 1980/81, 1981/82, 1987/88, 1989/90, 1994/95, 1999/00, 2000/01, 2005/06
'''[[Tazza Maltija]] Ċampjins: 22'''
<br> 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1946, 1948, 1951, 1952, 1956, 1959, 1963, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1979, 1990, 2000, 2004, 2009, 2016, 2024
'''[[Tazza Maltija]] Runners-Up:'''
<br> 1938, 1939, 1945, 1949, 1953, 1958, 1964, 1971, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1996, 2002, 2003
'''[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija]] Ċampjins:'''
<br> 1983/84
'''[[Super Cup Maltija|Super Cup Maltija]]: 3'''
<br> 1996, 2000, 2009
'''Tazza Löwenbräu '''
<br> 1999, 2001, 2002
'''Tazza Super 5 '''
<br> 1990/91, 2001/02, 2003/04
'''Tazza Cassar '''
<br> 1923/24, 1924/25, 1933/34, 1934/35, 1937/38, 1938/39, 1945/46, 1955/56, 1956/57, 1959/60, 1966/67
'''Tazza Scicluna '''
<br> 1949/50, 1950/51, 1953/54, 1954/55, 1955/56, 1956/57, 1957/58, 1958/59, 1959/60, 1965/66
'''Cousis Shield '''
<br> 1917/18, 1919/20, 1923/24, 1925/26
'''Tazza tal-Milied '''
<br> 1966/67, 1967/68, 1970/71
'''Tazza tal-indipendenza'''
<br> 1964/65, 1969/70, 1971/72, 1973/74, 1981/82
'''Tazza Testaferrata'''
<br> 1964/65, 1974/75
'''Tazza tal-MFA'''
<br> 1931/32
'''Tazza Sons of Malta '''
<br> 1972/73, 1979/80
'''Tazza Euro'''
<br> 1982, 1987, 1990, 2004, 2005, 2010
'''Christmas Tourney Cup '''
<br> 1936/37, 1948/49
'''Schembri Shield Champions'''
<br> 1955/56, 1957/58
'''Empire Sports Ground Cup Champions'''
<br> 1923/24
'''MFA League Cup Champions'''
<br> 1965/66, 1969/70, 1978/79, 1984/85
'''MPFA Shield Champions'''
<br> 1954/55
== Ħoloq esterni ==
*{{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090730220637/http://www.eswfc.com/ Sit uffiċjali]
{{Premier League Malti}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1909]]
[[Kategorija:Sliema Wanderers FC]]
[[Kategorija:Sliema]]
pnnno7tcafp1kcpjvcx8y5jxbnd9732
Floriana FC
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{{Infobox Tim tal-Futbol
|isem = Floriana
|stampa = [[Stampa:FlorianaFC.png|175px]]
|ismijiet_oħra = ''Tal-Irish''<br />''The Greens''
|isem_sħiħ = Floriana Football Club
|grawnd = [[Grawnd tal-Indipendenza]]
|jesa' = 3,000
|fundazzjoni = 1894
|president =
|kowċ =
|kampjonat = [[Premier League Malti]]
| staġun =
| pożizzjoni =
|sit_elettroniku = http://www.florianafc.com/
| pattern_la1 = _jomacopa2wg
| pattern_b1 = _jomacopa2wg
| pattern_ra1 = _jomacopa2wg
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _jomapremier2gw
| leftarm1 = 007733
| body1 = 007733
| rightarm1 = 007733
| shorts1 = 007733
| socks1 = 007733
| pattern_la2 = _jomagrafity3g
| pattern_b2 = _jomagrafity3g
| pattern_ra2 = _jomagrafity3g
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = 007733
| body2 = 007733
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| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
}}
'''Floriana Football Club''' hu [[klabb tal-futbol]] [[Malta|Malti]] li ġej mill-belt tal-[[Furjana]], bħalissa jilgħab fil-[[Premier League Malti]]. Hu jibqa 'l-klabb tal-aktar suċċess fl-istorja Maltija, flimkien ma '[[Sliema Wanderers FC|Sliema Wanderers]]. Dawn huma magħrufa sew għall-istorja tagħhom, dejjem mfakkar bħala wieħed mill-aqwa klabbs fl-istorja Maltija għat-titli mirbuħa u l-plejers tagħhom. Floriana FC rebħu 26 kampjonati nazzjonali u 20 FA Trophies fl-istorja kollha tagħhom.
==Storja==
Floriana Football Club beda l-futbol fl-1894, flimkien ma' [[St. Georges FC]], dawn huma l-eqdem żewġ klabbs f'Malta. Matul dak il-perjodu, il-futbol f'Malta ġie introdott mill-irġiel tas-servizz brittaniku li kien stazzjonati fil-gżira li kienet kolonja tal-[[Imperu Brittaniku]].
Il-klabb huwa affiljat mal-[[Malta Football Association]] li huwa kemm membru tal-[[UEFA]] u l-[[FIFA]].
It-Tim, li jilgħab bl-aħdar u abjad, huwa imlaqam ''The Irish'', wara li adottaw il-kuluri tiegħhom wara logħba ta' ħbiberija kontra [[Dublin Fusiliers]] li kienet intlabgħet il-Floriana,Malta.
Floriana Football Club rebaħ il-[[Premier League Malti]] 26 darba u l-FA TROPHY 20 darba.
===Formazzjoni===
Il-Futbol ġie introdott f'Malta fl-aħħar tas-seklu 19 minn-truppi [[Renju Unit|Brittaniċi]] li kienu stazzjonati fil-gżira. F'dak iż-żmien Malta kienet tifforma parti mill-Imperu Britanniku u, il-Gżira kienet il-bażi tal-forzi Ingliżi fil-qalba tal-Mediterran.
Il-forzi Ingliżi f'Malta kienu prinċipalment stazzjonati f'[[Bormla]], Mtarfa, Tigne' u St Andrews u l-Furjana. Il-forzi tal-Kwartieri, li kienu strateġikament jinsabu madwar il-Gżira, gawdu żoni kbar li kienu użati bħala bażi tal-parata, żoni ta' taħriġ u għal attivitajiet sportivi. L-isports prattikati mis-suldati kienu prinċipalment il-krikit, ħoki u l-futbol.
In-nies tal-lokal li kienu influwenzati miss-suldati stazzjonati fil-qasam ġew introdotti għal dawn l-attivitajiet sportivi. L-aktar sport popolari fost ir-residenti tal-Furjana kien il-futbol, madankollu il-krikit u l-ħoki wkoll kienu iprattikati. Il-Furjana għad għandha klabb tal-ħoki tagħha, jġorru l-isem ta' Floriana Young Stars Hockey Club.
===Il-kuluri tal-klabb u l-Maskot===
Bejn l-1894 u 1905, il-kuluri tal-klabb kienu ħodor/ħomor, xorts iswed bil kalzetti ħodor u ħomor. Il-kuluri uffiċjali tal-klabb kif nafuhom illum huma ħodor u strixxi vertikali bojod, xorts abjad u aħdar/kalzetti bojod strixxati orizzontali, li kienu ġew introdotti fl-1905. F'dak iż-żmien, ir-Royal Dublin Fusiliers kienu stazzjonati fil-Furjana. Matul dik is-sena, saru tlett logħbiet ta' ħbiberija bejn dan ir-Regiment u l-FFC. Fl-aħħar tal-logħba iż-żewġ timijiet bidlu il-flokkijiet tagħhom u l-uffiċjali tad-Dublin Fusiliers esprimew ix-xewqa tagħhom li l-Furjana bidlu l-kuluri uffiċjali tagħhom għall-flokkijiet ħodor u bojod tagħhom. Inċidentalment, dan ir-Regiment ħalla l-Gżira fl-istess sena.
Il-rabtiet bejn il-Furjana u r-Royal Dublin Fusiliers kienu tant b'saħħithom li l-klabb tal-Furjana ġie imlaqqam "Tal-Irish".
'THE LION'
Il-Maskot tal-klabb huwa ''The Lion'', li jidher b'mod dominanti fuq l-arma tal-klabb mill-1936 flimkien mal-motto Latin "Ex Ludis Virtus", li jfisser "saħħa barra mill-logħba". F'dan ir-rigward tal-arma tal-klabb tirrappreżenta l-ħarxa ta 'l-iljun flimkien mal-virtujiet sportivi.
L-iljun kien magħżul bħala l-maskot klabbs għal żewġ raġunijiet ġenerali attribwiti lill ċivilizzazzjoni tal-Furjana.
L-ewwel attribuzzjoni hija l-kodiċi ta 'armi tal-Gran Mastru ta' San Ġwann Manuel De Vilhena li għandha l-iljun fuqha.
Il-Gran Mastru Manuel De Vilhena kien il-kaptan wara l-kostruzzjoni ta 'saborg tal-fortifikazzjoni tal-Furjana (oriġinarjament magħruf bħala Borgo Vilhena) biex jiddefendi l-belt kapitali Valletta mill-attakki fuq l-art. Huwa wkoll ordna l-bini tl-'funtana li hemm l-istatwa tal-iljun, bil-kodiċi tal-armi tiegħu, Il-Gran Mastru kien miżmum min-naħa tal-iljuni, fiċ-ċentru prinċipali tal-Furjana.
It-tieni attribuzzjoni tal-iljun hija l-istatwa ta 'San Publiju li huwa l-qaddis patrun tal-Furjana. L-istatwa ta' San Publiju għandha l-iljun fuqha li turi kif Publiju inqatel għar-reliġjon tiegħu.
===Suċċessi domestiċi===
Mill-fondazzjoni tal-[[Malta Football Association]](1900) u kompetizzjonijiet lokali l-klabb rebaħ total ta '103 unuri, li tinkludi 25 titli tal-kampjonat u 25 Tazzi tan-knock out. Il-klabb laħaq ukoll numru t'unuri impressjonanti, bħal 4 kampjonati konsekuttivi wara xulxin, 10 titolu doppji (Tazza u l-Kampjonat) u l-Kampjonat b'punti massimi.
===Kompetizzjonijiet tal-UEFA===
Matul is-snin Floriana FC ħadu sehem fil-kompetizzjonijiet varji organizzati mill-futbol ewropew, UEFA, bħall:
*UEFA Champions Cup
*UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
*Fairs Cities' Cup
*UEFA Cup
*Intertoto Cup
Fl-1962, il-klabb kien l-ewwel li rrappreżenta lil-Malta fil-kompetizzjonijiet tal-UEFA fil-Cup Winners' Cup kontra il-klabb Ungeriż [[Újpest FC|Ujpest Dozsa]]. Matul is-snin, Floriana FC kellhom l-opportunità li jiltaqaw ma xi klabbs rinomati tal-futbol ewropej, li huma':
*{{flagicon|Ingilterra}} [[Ipswich Town FC|Ipswich Town]]
*{{flagicon|Italja}} [[Internazionale Milano FC|Inter Milan]]
*{{flagicon|Olanda}} [[Sparta Rotterdam]]
*{{flagicon|Greċja}} [[Panathinaikos FC|Panathinaikos]]
*{{flagicon|Ungerija}} [[Ferencváros]]
*{{flagicon|Skozja}} [[Dundee United FC|Dundee United]]
*{{flagicon|Portugall}} [[FC Porto|FC Porto]]
*{{flagicon|Ġermanja}} [[Borussia Dortmund]]
*{{flagicon|Repubblika tal-Irlanda}} [[St Patrick's Athletic FC|St Patrick's Athletic]]
F'żewġ okkażjonijiet Floriana għamula għar-rawnd ta' wara, 1993/94 Champions Cup u l-Intertoto Cup 1999/00.
==Staff kurrenti==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rwol !! Isem
|-
|'''Kowċ''' || {{flagicon|MLT}} Stephen Azzopardi
|-
|'''Assistent Kowċ''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} Alan Keeling
|-
|'''Maniġer tat-tim''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} Stephen Speed
|-
|'''Tabib tal-Klabb''' || {{flagicon|MLT}} Dr. George Grech
|-
|'''Tabib tal-Klabb''' || {{flagicon|MLT}} Dr. Mark Aquilina
|-
|'''Fiżjoterapista''' || {{flagicon|MLT}} Karl Naudi
|-
|''' Kit Maniġer''' || {{flagicon|MLT}} Neville Spiteri
|-
|'''Assistent Kit Maniġer''' || {{flagicon|MLT}} Alan Briffa
|-
|}
==Amministrazzjoni==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rwol !! Isem
|-
|'''President''' || Justin Attard
|-
|'''Viċi President''' || Frank Agius
|-
|'''Segretarju''' || Dione Borg
|-
|'''Teżorier''' || Mark Frendo
|-
|'''Assistent Teżorier''' || Paul Xuereb
|-
|'''CEO''' || Stephen Speed
|-
|'''Membru''' || Mark Frendo
|-
|'''Membru''' || Lyton Debattista
|-
|}
==Storja tal-Kowċis==
{| class="toccolours"
!bgcolor=009A30|Kowċ
!bgcolor=009A30|Perjodu
|-
| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Karim Bencherifa]] || 2000–02
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
|{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Ziya Yildiz]] || 2002–04
|-
| {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Jimmy Briffa]] || 2005
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
|{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joseph Grech (futboler)|Joseph Grech]] || 2006–07
|-
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Danilo Dončić]] || 2007–08
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Zoran Popovic]] || 2008–Dec 08
|-
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Antônio Carlos Vieira]] || Diċ 2008–Lul 09
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
| {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Roddy Collins]] || Lul 2009–Diċ 09
|-
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Zoran Popovic]] || 2010
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
| {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Todor Raykov]] || Lul 2010–Frar 11
|-
| {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Michael Woods]] || 2010–12
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
| {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Brincat]] || Marzu 2012–Mejju 12
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mark Wright (futboler twieled fl-1963)|Mark Wright]] || Aww 2012–Set 12
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
| {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Stephen Azzopardi]] || Ott 2012–
|-
|-
|}
== UEFA Cup Winners' Cup ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|1961–62
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|Rawnd Preliminari
|{{flagicon|HUN}}
|[[Újpest FC]]
|2–5
|2–10
|4–15
|-
|1965–66
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|GER}}
|[[Borussia Dortmund]]
|1–5
|0–8
|1–13
|-
|1966–67
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Olanda}}
|[[Sparta Rotterdam]]
|1–1
|0–6
|1–7
|-
|1967–68
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Olanda}}
|[[NAC Breda]]
|1–2
|0–1
|1–3
|-
|1972–73
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|HUN}}
|[[Ferencvárosi TC]]
|1–0
|0–6
|1–6
|-
|1976–77
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|POL}}
|[[Śląsk Wrocław]]
|1–4
|0–2
|1–6
|-
|1978–79
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Italja}}
|[[Internazionale Milano FC|Internazionale FC]]
|1–3
|0–5
|1–8
|-
|1981–82
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|BEL}}
|[[Standard Liège]]
|1–3
|0–9
|1–12
|-
|1988–89
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|SCO}}
|[[Dundee United]]
|0–0
|0–1
|0–1
|-
|1994–95
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Irlanda}}
|[[Sligo Rovers FC|Sligo Rovers FC]]
|2–2
|0–1
|2–3
|-
|}
== UEFA Intertoto Cup ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|1995
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|Grupp 11, 1 logħba
|{{flagicon|AUT}}
|[[FC Tirol Innsbruck]]
|0–4
|
|-
|
|
|Grupp 11, 2 logħba
|{{flagicon|Iżrael}}
|[[Hapoel Petah Tikva FC]]
|
|1–1
|-
|
|
|Grupp 11, 3 logħba
|{{flagicon|FRA}}
|[[RC Strasbourg]]
|0–4
|
|-
|
|
|Grupp 11, 4 logħba
|{{flagicon|TUR}}
|[[Genclerbirligi]]
|
|0–3
|-
|1997
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|Grupp 12, 1 logħba
|{{flagicon|AUT}}
|[[SV Ried]]
|1–2
|
|-
|
|
|Grupp 12, 2 logħba
|{{flagicon|GEO}}
|[[FC Tbilisi]]
|
|0–5
|-
|
|
|Grupp 12, 3 logħba
|{{flagicon|Russja}}
|[[FC Torpedo Moscow]]
|0–1
|
|-
|
|
|Grupp 12, 4 logħba
|{{flagicon|Greċja}}
|[[Iraklis FC]]
|
|0–1
|-
|1999
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Wales}}
|[[Aberystwyth Town FC|Aberystwyth Town FC]]
|2–1
|2–2
|4–3
|-
|
|
|2. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Finlandja}}
|[[FC Jokerit]]
|1–1
|1–2
|2–3
|-
|2000
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|NOR}}
|[[Stabæk Fotball|Stabæk FC]]
|1–1
|0–2
|1–3
|-
|}
== UEFA Champions League ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|1962–63
|[[European Cup]]
|Rawnd Preliminarju
|{{flagicon|ENG}}
|[[Ipswich Town FC|Ipswich Town]]
|1–4
|0–10
|1–14
|-
|1968–69
|[[European Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Finlandja}}
|[[FC Lahti]]
|1–1
|0–2
|1–3
|-
|1970–71
|[[European Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Portugall}}
|[[Sporting Clube de Portugal|Sporting CP]]
|0–4
|0–5
|0–9
|-
|1973–74
|[[European Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|BEL}}
|[[Club Brugge KV|Club Brugge]]
|0–2
|0–8
|0–10
|-
|1975–76
|[[European Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Kroazja}}
|[[HNK Hajduk Split]]
|0–5
|0–3
|0–8
|-
|1977–78
|[[European Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Greċja}}
|[[Panathinaikos FC]]
|1–1
|0–4
|1–5
|-
|1993–94
|[[UEFA Champions League]]
|Rawnd Preliminarju
|{{flagicon|Litwanja}}
|[[FK Ekranas]]
|1–0
|1–0
|2–0
|-
|1993–94
||[[UEFA Champions League]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Portugall}}
|[[FC Porto|FC Porto]]
|0–0
|0–2
|0–2
|-
|}
==Plejere notevoli maltin==
===1900–1930===
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Guzeppi Alamango]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Emmanuel Azzopardi]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Fredu Chetcuti]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Fredu Friggieri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ruggieru Friggieri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Salvu Grima]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Charlie Hedley]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Jack Herbert]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Jack Holland]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Gejtu Psaila]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Guzi Samuele]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Harry Samuele]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Salvu Samuele]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Alex Semini]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Salvu Tabone]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[George West (futboler)|George West]]
{{col-4}}
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}
===1930–1950===
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Andrew Bartolo]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[John Bennetti]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Effie Borg]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Pawlu Galea (hamiemmu]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Emmanuel Cauchi]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Kaneni Cauchi]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Censu Friggieri]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Pawlu Friggieri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[R. Pisani]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Alfred Preca]]
{{col-4}}
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}
===1950–1970===
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Guzi Alamango]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Zaren Alamango]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Salvu Alamango]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Johnnie Alamango]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Charles Azzopardi]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Lolly Borg]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Frankie Busuttil]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Benny Camilleri]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Tony Cauchi]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Billy Dalli]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Tony Dalli]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Lolly Debattista]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Pullu Demanuele]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Charles Galea]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joseph Grech]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Horace Herbert]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Tony Vella]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Alfred Vella James]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Frans Xuereb]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Leli Zammit]]
{{col-4}}
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}
===1970–1990===
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Louis Arpa]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Charles Buttigieg]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Anton Camilleri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Hugh Caruana]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[George Ciantar]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Alfred Debono]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Silvio Demanuele]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Charles Farrugia]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Edwin Farrugia]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ray Farrugia]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Charles Grech]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Dorian Holland]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[John Holland (futboler)|John Holland]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Frankie Micallef]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Poey Micallef]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Alfred Mizzi]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Willie Vassallo]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[George Xuereb]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Raymond Xuereb]]
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}
===1990–2012===
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ian Azzopardi]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Shaun Bajada]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Etienne Barbara]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Graham Bencini]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Kevin Borg (singer)|Kevin Borg]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Brincat]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Pierre Brincat]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[James Briscoe]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Richard Buhagiar]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Albert Busuttil]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[John Buttigieg (futboler)|John Buttigieg]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Denis Cauchi]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ian Ciantar]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Trevor Cilia]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[David Cluett]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Jesmond Delia]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Martin Gregory (futboler)|Martin Gregory]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Justin Haber]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[George Mallia]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Mark Marlow]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Claude Mattocks]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Jean Pierre Mifsud Triganza]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ivan Woods]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Stephen Wellman]]
{{col-4}}
[[Image:Azzopardi, Ian.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Ian Azzopardi]]]]
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}
==Plejers notevoli barranin (Mill-1909)==
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|Angola}} [[Vata Matanu Garcia|Vata]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[André Rocha da Silva|André da Silva]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Eduardo do Nascimento|Bizu]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Paulo Rodrigo da Silva]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Wendell Gomes]]
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Ivan Vasilev]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Todor Zaytzev]]
*{{flagicon|Kongo}} [[Riad Gango-Rsta]]
*{{flagicon|Kongo}} [[Rufin Oba]]
*{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Mohammed El Yamani]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Daniel Nwoke]]
*{{flagicon|Repubblika Demokratika tal-Kongo}} [[Yannick Bolasie]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Greeno]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mark Miller (futboler)|Mark Miller]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ted Phillips (futboler)|Ted Phillips]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Alan Rogers (futboler)|Alan Rogers]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Donovan Simmonds]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Matthew Towns]]
*{{flagicon|Etjopja}} [[Michael Ghebru]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Steffen Sussner]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|Irlanda}} {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Brian Crawley]]
*{{flagicon|MKD}} [[Darko Krsteski]]
*{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Aleksandar Madzar]]
*{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Sunday Eboh]]
*{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Akanni-Sunday Wasiu]]
*{{flagicon|Serbja}} [[Zoran Levnaić]]
*{{flagicon|Serbja}} [[Dejan Maksic]]
*{{flagicon|Serbja}} [[Igor Stefanovic (futboler)|Igor Stefanovic]]
{{col-4}}
[[Image:Madzar, Aleksandar.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Aleksandar Madzar]]]]
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}
== Ħoloq esterni ==
* {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20191231211439/http://www.florianafc.com/ Sit uffiċjali]
{{Premier League Malti}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1894]]
[[Kategorija:Floriana FC]]
4q1441grjnm259yn5wqov23m22ei648
Hibernians FC
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{{Infobox klabb tal-futbol
|isem = Hibernians
|stampa = [[Stampa:HiberniansFC.png|175px]]
|ismijiet_oħra = ''Hibs''<br />''Peacocks''<br />''Tal-Pagun''<br />''Raħal il-Ġdid''
|isem_sħiħ = Hibernians Football Club
|grawnd = [[Grawnds tal-futbol f'Malta#Il-Grawnd tal-Hibernians|Grawnd tal-Hibernians]], [[Raħal Ġdid]]
|fundazzjoni = 1922
|president = [[Tony Bezzina]]
|kowċ =
|kampjonat = [[Premier League Malti]]
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'''Hibernians Football Club''' hu klabb tal-[[futbol]] [[Malta|Malti]] bbażat fir-[[Raħal Ġdid]]. Huwa wieħed mill-aqwa timijiet tal-futbol f'Malta. Il-klabb twaqqaf fl-1922, iżda l-futbol fir-Raħal Ġdid, immur lura għall-1894. It-tim għandu storja twila ta' suċċess. Il-''Hibernians'' huwa l-uniku tim li dejjem lagħab fl-ogħla diviżjoni Maltija. Il-''Hibernians'' kienu wkoll l-ewwel tim li rrappreżenta lil Malta fil-kompetizzjoni tal-[[UEFA]], fl-1961. ''Hibs'' kif isejħulhom għal qosor, kisbu xi riżultati notevoli fil-kompetizzjonijiet tal-UEFA inklużi dro ta' 0−0 kontra l-ġganti tal-futbol Ewropej bħal [[Manchester United FC|Manchester United]] u [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]. Il-ġirien tagħhom [[Tarxien Rainbows FC|Tarxien Rainbows]] huma meqjusa bħala l-akbar rivali.
==L-Arma tal-Klabb==
L-Arma tal-klabb turi l-istrixxi tradizzjonali suwed u abjad, il-kuluri tal-''Hibernians''. Hija turi wkoll il-pagun, il-''Mascot'' tal-klabb, minn fejn ġie l-laqam tal-klabb. L-Arma tal-klabb fl-1969 kellha l-istrixxi suwed u bojod, u l-bandiera tar-Raħal Ġdid, li minnhom il-klabb oriġina u s-Salib ta' Malta wkoll, bl-isem tal-klabb fuq il-fruntiera tal-arma.
Fl-1994, id-diretturi biddlu l-arma għal waħda aktar ordinarja, turi biss il-pagun, l-istrixxi tradizzjonali u l-isem tal-klabb fuq l-arma. L-Arma kienet kompletament sewda u bajda, għalkemm xi kultant, il-pagun kien imfassal blu.
Għal darb'oħra l-klabb bidel l-arma fl-2000 biex jimmodernizzaw l-arma u biex jagħtu l-klabb dehra ġdida għat-80 anniversarju tiegħu. Din l-aħħar arma għall-darb'oħra turi l-istrixxi flimkien mal-pagun u għal darb'oħra l-bandiera tar-Raħal Ġdid, bl-isem tal-klabb ''Hibernians FC'' Paola Malta fuq il-fruntiera. Turi wkoll is-sena 1922, is-sena li fiha twaqqaf il-klabb.
==Stadju==
[[Stampa:Hibsgrawnd.jpg|thumb|xellug|[[Grawnds tal-futbol f'Malta#Il-Grawnd tal-Hibernians|Il-Grawnd tal-Hibernians]]|200px]]
Il-''Hibs'' saru l-ewwel klabb tal-futbol Malti li kellhu grawnd tiegħu stess meta l-[[Grawnds tal-futbol f'Malta#Il-Grawnd tal-Hibernians|Grawnd tal-Hibernians]] kien inawgurat fid-9 ta' Novembru, 1986. Madankollu, il-''Hibernians'' jilagħbu parti tal-kampjonat tagħhom fil-Grawnd Nazzjonali f'Ta' Qali, peress li l-logħbiet tal-Premier League jintlagħbu hemmhekk. Il-Grawnd jintuża għal sessjonijiet ta' taħriġ tal-klabb u l-[[Malta Football Association]] ddeċidiet li dan il-grawnd jintuża għall-logħbiet tal-ewwel diviżjoni. Diversi timijiet barranin wkoll għamlu użu minn din il-faċilità għall-kampijiet ta' taħriġ fix-xitwa. Il-grawnd jintuża huwa wkoll mit-tim nazzjonali Malti tar-rugby. Hibs lagħbu l-ewwel logħba tagħhom Ewropea f'dan il-grawnd fit-23 ta' Lulju 1996 meta huma kellhom logħba kontra [[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast|Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast]] fl-[[Intertoto Cup]].
==Kuluri==
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}}
Peress li l-snin bikrija tal-Hibernians dejjem kellhom kits tradizzjonali tagħhom ikkuluriti suwed u bojod. Il-kuluri ta tieni kit huma sofor u suwed, filwaqt li t-tielet kit huwa kollhu vjola.
==Sponsers u l-manifatturi tal-kits==
L-isponser tal-kits hija l-kumpannija prinċipali tal-president tal-klabb Tony Bezzina. Il-disinjaturi Taljani [[Errea]] huma l-manifatturi tal-kit riċenti.
==Storja==
====Oriġini====
L-oriġini tal Hibernians ġew ttraċċjati lura għall-era hekk imsejħa dilettanti tal-futbol Malti. Fl-1922 klabb ġie ffurmat f'Paola jirrappreżenta l-Parti Kostituzzjonali ta' [[Gerald Strickland]]. Il-klabb pparteċipa fil-Kampjonat ġdid tad-dilettanti li kien għadhu kemm ġie ibbażat fl-istess sena. Madankollu, dawn kienu l-aħħar ftit snin tagħhom sakemm l-istaġun 1927/28 meta t-tim ta' Constitutionals FC kien irriformat biex issir wieħed mill-aqwa fil-futbol tad-dilettanti.
====It-twelid ta' Hibernians FC====
Wara li rebħu l-kampjonat tad-dilettanti fl-1930/31, id-diretturi tal-klabb kienu motivati mill-idea ta' tidwir professjonali. Qabel ma' applikaw biex jissieħbu fil-kampjona tal-MFA, ġie deċiż li jsiru xi riformi meħtieġa fl-interess tas-suċċess futur tal-klabb. L-ewwel pass, kif irrakkomandat mill-MFA, kienhu li jagħtu l-isem ġdid tal-klabb, u Hibernians kien dak magħżul. L-għan kien li jirrilaxxa l-klabb minn kwalunkwe isem implikati ta' konnessjonijiet politiċi lil-Constitutionals.
Kif mill-1931 il-Pawlisti ġew magħrufa bħala Hibernians FC.
====Hibs jissieħbu mal-Malta Football Association====
Finalment il-Hibernians wara t-tentattivi l-oħra li ssieħbu fl-MFA fl-1932. Fl-istess sena Hibernians għamlu d-debutt tagħhom fil-kampjonat Malti.
===1960ijiet===
====L-ewwel Kampjonat====
Fl-istaġun 1960-61, finalment wara 30 sena ta' stennija għas-suċċess, wasal iż-żmien għall-Hibernians li jirbħu l-ewwel Kampjonat Malti tagħhom. U dan kien biss il-bidu tal-era ġdida fil-futbol Malti.
Fl-1961 Hibernians kienu l-ewwel tim li ħadhu sehem fil-kompetizzjoni tal-UEFA. Għall-ewwel darba Hibernians ltaqgħu kontra ċampjins Svizzeri [[Servette FC|Servette]], fit-Tazza Ewropea, li kienu tilfu ż-żewġ logħbiet 5-0 fl-Isvizzera u 1-0 f'Malta.
====L-ewwel rebħa tal-FA Trophy ====
Fl-istess sena Hibernians kitbu avveniment stabbilit ieħor importanti, dik ta rebħa tal-FA Trophy għall-ewwel darba, meta rebħu lil [[Valletta FC|Valletta]] 1-0.
Fl-1962 Hibernians għamlu debutt ieħor fil-kompetizzjoni tal-UEFA, din id-darba fil-Cup Winners' Cup. Hibernians tfasslu kontra [[Olympiacos FC|Olympiacos]] tal-Greċja, iżda l-aħħar irtira, Hibernians għamlu t-triq għar-rawnd ta wara. Allura l-Hibs lagħbu kontra d-detenturi tat-tazza, li kienu l-Ispanjoli [[Atlético Madrid]]. Għal darb'oħra l-barranin kienu aħjar u huma rebħu ż-żewġ labgħiet 4-0 fi Spanja u riżultat rispettabbli 1-0 f'Malta. Kmieni fl-1963, Hibernians kelljom logħba ta' ħbiberija kontra [[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]] li ġew Malta għal kamp ta' taħriġ. In-naħa Ingliża rebħet il-logħba 1-0.
====Aktar suċċess u l-parteċipazzjoni Ewropea====
Fl-istaġun 1966-67 Hibernians ġew lura għas-suċċess meta rebħu t-tieni kampjonat tagħhom.
Fl-1967 imbagħad Hibernians kitbu parti oħra fl-istorja tagħhom, meta marru jilagħbu kontra [[Manchester United FC|Manchester United]]. Kienet mistennija minn kulħadd li ċ-ċampjins Ingliżi jgħaddhu mill-fażi, wara li rebħu 4-0 f'Old Trafford, iżda b'mod sorprendenti, Hibs was biex jilagħbu t-tieni rawnd f'Malta, kontra l-ċampjins ukoll, li Hibs għamlu 0-0, dan ir-riżultat huwa wieħed mill-mumenti mhux minsija għall-Hibs u l-partitarji Maltin. Fl-istess sena fil-logħba ta' ħbiberija fil-Grawnd tal-Gżira Hibs rebħu l-logħba kontra [[Portsmouth FC|Portsmouth]] 1-0.
Fl-istaġun 1968-69 Hibernians kienu l-ewwel tim f'Malta biex jipparteċipaw fit-[[Tazza Inter-Cities Fairs]]. Huma kienu abbozzati ma [[Aris Thessaloniki FC|Aris Thessaloniki]] tal-Greċja. Il-partitarji Pawlisti kienu kburin wara r-riżultati pożittivi fis-sena preċedenti kontra klabbs magħrufa Ingliżi. L-entużjażmu tagħhom kiber aktar wara Hibs tilfu biss 1-0 iżda dawn tħallew b'togħma ħażina għall-Pawlisti meta tilfu 6-0 f'darhom.
Fl-aħħar tal-istaġun Hibs rebħu darb'oħra l-kampjonat Malti għat-tielet darba.
Fil-istess istaġun il-ġganti Taljani [[AC Milan|AC Milan]] waslet fil-gżejjer Maltin biex jilagħbu logħba ta' ħbiberija kontra ċ-Ċampjins Maltin. It-Taljani lestew il-logħba bl-iskor favurijhom 2-0.
Fis-sena 1969 ġganti tal-futbol Ingliżi oħrajn ġew Malta biex jilagħbu logħba ta' ħbiberija kontra Hibernians. Din id-darba [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] kellhom jaqsmu il-logħba ma Hibernians bl-iskor 0-0.
Fl-istaġun 1969-70 Hibernians kwalifikaw biex jilagħbu fit-Tazza taċ-Ċampjins, u ġew imfassla maċ-ċampjins Ċekoslovakki [[FC Spartak Trnava]]. Fl-ewwel leg f'Malta, Hibs ġabet l-logħba 2-2 kontra l-viżitaturi, iżda Hibs tilfu barra min darhom bl-iskor ta' 4-0. FC Spartak Trnava laħqu semi-finali tat-tazza f'dak l-istaġun.
Fl-aħħar tal-istaġun Hibs rebħu darb'oħra Trofew ieħor, għal darb'oħra billi jirbħu l-[[Valletta FC|Valletta]] 2-1.
===1970ijiet===
Fl-istaġun segwenti, Hibs lagħbu fil-kompetizzjoni Ewropea wara li rebħu l-FA Trophy. Avversarji tagħhom għall-Cup Winners’ Cup kien it-tim Spanjol [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]. L-ewwel leg kien intlagħab Fl-Istadju tal-Gżira. Kontra l-aspettattivi, Hibernians marru tajjeb u spiċċaw il-logħba fid-dro ta' 0-0. Fil-logħba tar-ritorn fi Spanja it-tim Malti sofra telfa ta' 5-0 iżda xorta taw prestazzjoni tajba. Dak l-istess istaġun il-Madrideni tilfu l-finali tat-tazza.
Fl-istaġun istess Hibernians rebħu tielet trofew u t-tieni wara xulxin. Fil-logħba tal-finali huma rebħu lil-[[Sliema Wanderers FC|Sliema Wanderers]] 2-0.
Fl-istaġun 1971-72 Hibernians reġaw ipparteċipaw għal darb'oħra fil-Cup Winners’ Cup. Huma ġew ma [[Knattspyrnufélagið Fram|Fram Reykjavik]] mill-Iżlanda. Hibs għadda r-rawnd fuq punteġġ aggregat ta' 3-2 wara li rebaħ l-ewwel logħba 3-0 u tilfu t-tieni leg 0-2. Fit-tieni rawnd Hibs ffaċċjataw tim ieħor famuż, [[FC Steaua Bucureşti|Steaua Bucharest]] tar-Rumanija. Hibs irnexxielhom iżommu l-logħba mingħajr gowl billi ġew dro kontra l-ġganti Rumeni kemm fid-darhom u kemm barra min darhom iżda kienu sfortunati li ġew eliminati wara li l-ballun ħabat ma plejer ta' Hibs u daħal fix-xibka fil-ħin żejjed.
Hibs lura fix-xena tal-futbol Ewropew fl-istaġun 1974-1975 meta lagħbu fit-Tazza tal-UEFA Cup kontra [[FC Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] mill-Olanda. L-Olandiżi rebħu ż-żewġ logħbiet 5-0 u 7-0 rispettivament.
Fl-istaġun 1976-77, Hibernians għal darb'oħra ħadu sehem fit-Tazza tal-UEFA. Huma kienu abbozzati ma [[Grasshopper-Club Zürich|Grasshopper]] tal-Isvizzera. Hibs lagħbu l-ewwel logħba barra minn darhom u tilfu 7-0, fil-logħba tar-ritorn l-isvizzeri rebħu l-logħba 2-0.
Tony Bezzina ħa ħsieb il-klabb fl-istaġun 1978-79. L-istaġun għall-Hibs beda bil-logħob tat-Tazza tal-UEFA kontra [[SC Braga|Braga]] tal-Portugall. Il-Portugiż rebħu l-ewwel logħba 5-0 quddiem l-ispettaturi tagħhom, it-tieni logħba f'Malta spiċċat b'rebħa rari 3-2 għal Hibernians. Fil-kompetizzjonijiet domestiċi, Hibs rebħu ir-raba kampjonat tagħhom.
Fl-istaġun 1979-80, Hibs lagħbu fit-Tazza taċ-ċampjins fejn kienu ġew mat-tim Irlandiż, [[Dundalk FC|Dundalk]]. Hibs naqsu milli jikkwalifikaw għall-fażi li jmiss wara li tilfu l-ewwel leg 2-0 fl-Irlanda u rebħu l-logħba tar-ritorn 1-0 f'Malta. Hibernians kisbu suċċess ieħor kif huma rebħu l-Tazza Maltija għar-raba 'darba, meta rebħu lil [[Sliema Wanderers FC|Sliema Wanderers]] 2-1 fil-finali.
===1980ijiet===
Fl-istaġun 1980-81 Hibs ffaċċjaw darb'oħra skwadra Irlandiża fil-Cup Winners’ Cup, din id-darba [[Waterford United FC|Waterford United]]. Hibs rebħu l-ewwel logħba 1-0 imma tilfu fil-vjaġġ tar-ritorn fl-Irlanda 4-0. Fl-istess staġun Hibs rebħu l-ħames titolu tal-kampjonat domestiku.
Fl-istaġun 1981-82 immarkat il-50 anniversarju mill-fondazzjoni tal-klabb. Hibs bdew l-istaġun b'logħbiet fil-Tazza taċ-Ċampjins kontra t-tim Jugożlav [[FK Partizan|Partizan Belgrade]] fejn tilfu 1-2 f'darhom u 8-1 barra min darhom. Fil-kampjonati domestiċi Hibs kisbu suċċessi ġodda, billi rebħu s-sitt titolu tal-kampjonat Malti. Il-klabb wkoll rebaħ il-ħames Trofew wara li rebħu lil [[Sliema Wanderers FC|Sliema Wanderers]] 2-0. Din kienet l-ewwel u li għaddha biss darba li l-klabb rebaħ il doppjetta.
Fl-istaġun 1982-83 beda b'logħbiet tat-Tazza taċ-Ċampjins, jitilfu iż-żewġ logħbiet kontra ċ-ċampjins Pollakki [[Widzew Łódź]] 2-1 f'darhom u 3-1 barra min darhom.
Fl-istaġun 1986-87 Hibernians darb'oħra lagħbu fil-Tazza tal-UEFA kontra [[PFC Botev Plovdiv|Botev Plovdiv]] tal-Bulgarija. Huma kienu telliefa soda 10-0 fuq aggregat wara li tilfu 0-2 fil-[[Grawnd Nazzjonali Ta' Qali]] u 8-0 fil-Bulgarija. Fl-istess sena Hibs fetħu l-istadju tagħhom stess, il-[[Grawnds tal-futbol f'Malta#Il-Grawnd tal-Hibernians|Grawnd tal-Hibernians]] f'Kordin fuq il-periferija tar-Raħal Ġdid.
===1990ijiet===
Fl-1990, Hibs stieden lill-klabb Taljan [[US Città di Palermo|Palermo]] għal logħba ta' ħbiberija li saret fil-Ground tal-Hibernians. L-Isqallin rebaħ il-logħba 2-1. Wara tliet snin barra mill-kompetizzjonijiet Ewropej Hibernians kellhom sehem fit-Tazza tal-UEFA fl-1990-1991 kontra [[FK Partizan|Partizan Belgrade]]. Fl-ewwel leg f'Malta, Hibs tilfu 0-3 u fit-tieni partita t-tim mill-Jugożlavja rebaħ 2-0.
Fit-22 ta' Novembru 1992, Indridi Einarsson, plejer Iżlandiż fuq self mill-[[Fylkir]] miet fl-raqda wara li lagħab logħba għall-Hibernians.
Fl-istaġun 1993-94 raw il-ħatra tal-Ingliż [[Brian Talbot]] bħala kowċ. Midfielder internazzjonali preċedenti, Talbot kellu karriera magħrufa bħala plejer ma Ipswich, Arsenal, Watford u Fulham rebbieħa 2 ''FA Cups'' fir-ringiela l-ewwel ma Ipswich u imbagħad ma Arsenal fl-1978 u 1979. Il-ħatra tiegħu immedjatament għamlet impatt kif Hibs rebħu l-[[Premier League Malti]] wara ħdax-il sena. Il-partitarji kienu fis-sema seba wara li l-klabb rebaħ il-kampjonat fl-istil ta' telfa waħda biss kontra [[Ħamrun Spartans FC|Ħamrun Spartans]] u rebħu żewġ rivali diretti, Floriana U Valletta fl-aħħar tliet logħbiet tal-kampanja tal-kampjonat. Fl-istess sena Hibs ukoll rebħu s-Super Cup Maltija għall-ewwel darba, wara li rebħu lil-Floriana bl-għoti tal-penalties wara li l-logħba ntemmet 2-2. Bħala parti miċ-ċelebrazzjonijiet tal-klabb organizzat logħba ta' ħbiberija kontra l-ġenb Taljan [[AC Reggiana 1919|Reggiana]] fejn tilfu b'gowl wieħed.
Iċ-Ċampjins tal-kampjonati minn nazzjonijiet dgħajfa ma baqgħux eliġibbli biex jilagħbu fil-UEFA Champions League minħabba tibdil fl-istruttura tal-kompetizzjoni. Fl-istaġun 1994-95 Hibernians għalhekk kellhom sehem fit-Tazza tal-UEFA minkejja li kienu ċampjins renjanti Maltin. Huma kienu abbozzati ma [[FC Dinamo Minsk|Dinamo Minsk]] tal-Bjelorussja. Hibs tilfu l-ewwel logħba fil-Bjelorussja 1-3 iżda rebħu il-logħba tar-ritorn 3-1 kontra kull aspettattiv. Il-Pawlisti kien madankollu eliminati wara l-ħin żejjed, rebħu l-logħba 4-3 imma tilfu 6-5 fuq l-aggregat. Plejer Bjelorussju li skorja wieħed minn 3 gowls fl-ewwel leg kien tard instab pożittiv għad-drogi. Il-UEFA issospendit il-plejer u mmultat lid-[[FC Dinamo Minsk|Dinamo Minsk]] iżda ma rrevokawx il-kwalifika din kienet tal-aħħar għall-fażi li jmiss. Fl-istess sena l-Hibs rebħu l-Premier League Malti għat-tmien darba u t-tieni fil-filliera. Il-Hibs rebħu l-Kampjonat b'telfa waħda biss,kontra [[Sliema Wanderers FC|Sliema Wanderers]].
Fl-istaġun 1995-96 Hibs lagħbu fit-Tazza tal-UEFA kontra [[FC Chornomorets Odesa|Chornomorets Odesa]] tal-Ukrajna u tilfu ż-żewġ logħbiet, 5-2 f'Malta u 2-0 fl-Ukrajna.
Fl-istaġun 1996-97 Hibs lagħbu fl-[[Intertoto Cup]] wara li spiċċaw fir-raba fil-Premier League Malti fl-istaġun preċedenti. Il-Pawlisti tilfu l-logħbiet kollha 4; jitilfu 2-1 kontra [[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast|Uralmash Yekaterinburg]] tar-Russja fil-Grawnd tal-Hibernians; 4-1 fil-Bulgarija kontra [[PFC CSKA Sofia|CSKA Sofia]]; 2-0 fil-Grawnd tal-Hibernians kontra [[RC Strasbourg]] ta' Franza u 5-3 fit-Turkija kontra [[Kocaelispor]].
Fl-istaġun 1997-98 Hibs lagħbu kontra [[Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja|IBV Vestmannaeyar]] tal-Iżlanda fil-[[Cup Winners' Cup]], jitilfu 1-0 f'darhom u 3-0 barra min darhom. Hibs rebħu s-sitt [[Tazza Maltija]] wara li rebħu lil [[Valletta FC|Valletta]] 2-1 fil-finali.
Fil-bidu tal-1998 Hibs laqghu t-tim nazzjonali tal-futbol Pollakk. Bħala parti mill-kamp ta' taħriġ tagħhom f'Malta il-Pollakki lagħbu kontra Hibernians f'Kordin. Il-viżitaturi rebħu l-logħba 1-0. Il-Hibs reġaw lagħbu fil-Cup Winners’ Cup, fl-istaġun 1998-99. Fl-aħħar edizzjoni ta' din it-tazza, il-Hibs lagħbu kontra [[Amica Wronki]] tal-Polonja. Il-Hibs tilfu barra min darhom 4-0 u 1-0 f'darhom.
===2000ijiet===
Il-Hibs bdew l-istaġun 2000-01 b'logħba tal-Intertoto Cup kontra [[Zagłębie Lubin]] tal-Polonja, li tilfu l-logħba 4-0 barra min darhom u jirbħu l-logħba tar-ritorn 1-0.
Fl-istaġun 2001-02, il-Hibs ċċelebrat il-80 anniversarju mill-fondazzjoni tagħhom u l-25 anniversarju minn meta Tony Bezzina nħatar President. Il-klabb rebaħ id-disa' Premier League Malti tiegħu wara battalja iebsa ma [[Birkirkara FC|Birkirkara]].
Hibs bdew l-istaġun 2002-03 bil-logħob tal-ewwel kkwalifiki tal-UEFA Champions League kontra [[Shelbourne FC|Shelbourne]] tal-Irlanda. Il-partitarji Pawlisti kienu ħerqana biex jaraw il-klabb tagħhom jilagħbu għal darb'oħra din tazza prestiġjuża wara 19-il sena. Hibs kwalifikaw għall-fażi li jmiss wara li kienu ġew dro ta' 2-2 f'darhom u rebħa 1-0 kemmxejn aċċidentali f'Dublin. Fit-tieni rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni Hibs lagħbu kontra l-magħrufa [[Boavista FC|Boavista]] tal-Portugall jitilfu l-ewwel logħba 4-0 iżda fit-tieni Hibs ġew dro 3-3 f'darhom.
Fl-istaġun 2003-04 il-klabb rappreżentati lil-Malta fit-Tazza Intertoto wara finitura fir-raba 'post fl-edizzjoni preċedenti tal-Premier League Malti. Huma kienu eliminati minn [[AC Allianssi]] tal-Finlandja fl-ewwel rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni wara telfa 1-0 fil-Finlandja u 1-1 f'darhom.
Fl-istaġun 2004-05 Hibs pparteċipaw għal darb'oħra fl-Intertoto Cup kontra [[NK Slaven Belupo|Slaven Belupo]], winning the first match 2-1 in Malta iżda jitilfu l-logħba tar-ritorn 3-0.
Hibs bdew l-istaġun 2005-06 tagħhom mat-Tazza tal-UEFA meta ltaqaw kontra [[AC Omonia|Omonia Nicosia]]. Iż-żewġ logħbiet spiċċaw fir-rebħa 3-0 għall-Ċiprijotti. Il-klabb spiċċa l-istaġun f'termini tajba, billi rebħu t-Tazza Maltija għas-seba 'darba wara li sfrattaw lil [[Floriana FC|Floriana]] 1-0 fil-finali.
Fl-istaġun 2006-07 bdiet ukoll mat-Tazza tal-UEFA meta ltaqaw kontra [[FC Dinamo București|Dinamo Bucharest]] tar-Rumanija. Ir-Rumeni kienu superjuri u rebħu 4-0 f'Malta u 5-1 fir-Rumanija. L-istaġun ntemm b'rebħa tat-8 Tazza Maltija għall-Pawlist. Il-Hibs rebħu lil [[Sliema Wanderers FC|Sliema Wanderers]] 3-0 bl-għoti tal-penalties wara l-logħba ntemmet fl-iskor 1-1.
Fl-istaġun 2007-08 ra lil-Hibs jilagħbu fit-Tazza tal-UEFA Cup kontra [[FK Vojvodina|Vojvodina]] tas-Serbja, jitilfu 5-1 fis-Serbja u 2-0 f'darhom. Fl-istess staġun, il-Hibs rebħu s-[[Super Cup Maltija]] għat-tieni darba meta rebħu lil-[[Marsaxlokk FC|Marsaxlokk]] 3-1. L-istaġun madankollu ipproċeda ħażin għall-Pawlisti kif huma spiċċaw fil-7 post fil-kampjonat, jilagħbu l-aħħar żewġ rawnds tal-kampjonat fil-Grupp tar-relegazzjoni. Huma kienu wkoll eliminati fil-fażi kwart tal-finali Tazaz Maltija, jitilfu kontra ċ-ċampjins Valletta 2-1.
Fl-istaġun 2008-09 raw titjib enormi mill-Hibernians. Fl-Ewropa tilfu 3-0 fuq aggregat mat-tim Sloven [[ND Gorica]]. Taħt Mark Miller huma amministrati biex jieħdu t-titlu tal-kampjonat wara battalja iebsa twila ma Valletta FC. Fl-aħħar partita Hibernians riedu biss punt kontra Valletta FC biex jieħdu t-titlu. Fil-taqbila li ġibdet l-ikbar folla għal xi żmien Hibernians żammu l-Valletta fid-dro. Ir-riżultat intemm bħala gowl (0-0) tippermetti Hibernians li jieħdu l-titolu u l-ewwel stilla tagħhom. Fl-FA Trophy Hibernians irnexxielhom li jmorru l-kwarti tal-finali li huma tilfu ma Sliema.
Fl-istaġun 2009-10 kien diżappuntanti. Huma tilfu fuq aggregat 6-0 kontra [[FK Mogren]] tal-Montenegro fiċ-Champions League li kien ppreċeda staġun ħażin. Hibernians lestew fis-sitt post, fil-qiegħ tal-Grupp taċ-Championship u tilfu d-''derby'' kontra Tarxien Raindows 3 darbiet infila. Fl-FA Trophy Hiberians tilfu bil-penalties kontra Qormi wara dro ta' 1-1.
===Staġun 2011-12===
Fl-istaġun 2011/2012 bda b'għadd ta' bidliet madwar l-iskwadra, bi plejer Britaniċi Paul McManus, Richie Hart, Brian Fairbairn, Matthew Clarke u l-midfilder tal-Gana Patrick Osei mhux miżmum. Daħlu wkoll tlett Brażiljani, fil-forma ta' Diego Douglas Balbinott (Difensur), Rodolfo Soares (Midfilder), Edson Luis Dos Santos (Attakkant) u Marcelo Mariano Dias (Attakkant). Clayton Failla wkoll ssieħeb ma Hibernians wara kuntratt ta sentejn mas-Sliema Wanderers.
L-istaġun beda bi divertimet, l-ewwel logħba ġew dro 3-3 draw ma Sliema, Failla skurja free-kick u Tarabai (Edson Luis Dos Santos) skurja dobjetta, b'daqqa ta ras u xutt mit-tarf tal-kaxxa. It-tieni logħba Hibs rebħu kontra Marsaxlokk, bil-gowls li ġew minn Tarabai u tfajjel promettent Triston Caruana. It-tielet logħba raw riżultat perfett b'rebħa ta' 3-0 fuq Birkirkara FC. Gowls min Rodolfo Soares, Tarabai u Failla.
Hibs komplew rebħa fuq Balzan Youths. Għalkemm hibs waqgħu lura, gowl brillanti minn Tarabai Hibs ġabu riżiltut ta' 1-1 fil-ħin tal-mistriħ, u gowl ieħor minn Failla, Hibernians ħadu l-inizjattiva. Ir-rebħa kienet issiġillata wara li Andrew Cohen skorja minn free kick mit-tarf tal-kaxxa. Il-logħba ta' wara kienet kontra r-rivali kbar Valletta FC,li Hibs rebħu rebħa storika. Sabiex jiġi evitat milli Valletta ikisru r-rekord ta' Hibs li għandhom 37 logħba mingħajr telfa, Hibs kellhom jirbħu u dak li ġara. Daqqa ta' ras kmieni minn Tarabai u wara ħafna tidwir u opportunitajiet (u karti ħomor) Tarabai reġa skurja fil-ħin żejjed li ssiġillaw rebħa għall-Hibs ta' 2-0.
Il-Hibernians kienu miżmuma forma tajba matul it-3 logħob, rebħa ta' 2-0 fuq ir-rivali Tarxien (gowls minn Failla u Tarabai), b'rebħa ta' 2-0 fuq it-tim promoss Mosta u prestazzjoni qawwija fir-rebħa 4-1 fuq tim ieħor li għadhom kemm ġew promossi fil-forma ta Mqabba, Tarabai u Failla reġaw kienu l-atturi tal-gowls.
===Hibernians fl-Ewropa===
Hibernians lagħbu l-ewwel logħba tagħhom fil-kompetizzjoni Ewropea fl-1961, huwa l-ewwel klabb Malti li lagħab fit-Tazza taċ-Champions, u fi kwalunkwe kompetizzjoni tal-UEFA.
Minn dakinhar Hibs ħadu sehem fi kwalunkwe kompetizzjoni tal-UEFA li b'kollox huma 27 parteċipazzjonijiet. Huma kellhom 60 logħbiet li huma:
16-il logħba fit-Tazza taċ-Champions, 20 logħba fit-Tazza tal-UEFA, 14-il logħba fil-Cup Winners' Cup u 10 logħobiet fl-Intertoto Cup.
Madankollu, Hibernians irnexxielhom jilħqu t-tieni rawnd fuq biss tliet okkażjonijiet. Hibernians ltaqgħet ma ġganti tal-futbol diversi klabbs inklużi Manchester United, Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid, Steaua Bucharest, Sporting Braga, RC Strasbourg and Boavista.
==Unuri==
*'''[[Premier League Malti]]''':
'''Rebbieħa (13)''':
::1960/61, 1966/67, 1968/69, 1978/79, 1980/81, 1981/82, 1993/94, 1994/95, 2001/02, 2008/09, 2014/15, 2016/17, 2021/22<ref>{{Ċita web|titlu=Hibs come from behind to beat Birkirkara and seal 13th title crown|url=https://sportsdesk.com.mt/2022/05/01/hibs-come-from-behind-to-beat-birkirkara-and-seal-13th-title-crown/|data=2022-05-01|data-aċċess=2022-05-01|lingwa=EN|kunjom=Lia|isem=Gianluca}}</ref>
'''Runners-Up (13)''':
::1932/1933, 1933/34, 1936/37, 1950/51, 1959/60, 1962/63, 1973/74, 1977/78, 1985/86, 2011/12, 2015/16, 2018/19, 2020/21
*'''[[Tazza Maltija]]:
'''Rebbieħa (10)''':
::1961/62, 1969/70, 1970/71, 1979/80, 1981/82, 1997/98, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2011/12, [[Tazza Maltija 2012–13|2012/13]]
'''Runners-up (10)''':
::1947/48, 1950/51, 1951/52, 1960/61, 1962/63, 1965/66, 1966/67, 1967/68, 1974/75, 1996/97, 2014/15
*'''[[Super Cup Maltija]]: 2'''
'''Rebbieħa (3)''':
::1993/94, 2007/2008, 2014/15
'''Runners-up (6)''':
::1985/86, 1994/95, 1997/98, 2001/02,2005/06,2012/13
*'''Tazza Euro Challenge: 2'''
:: 2006/07, 2012/13
*'''Quad. Tournament: 1'''
:: 2005/06
*'''[[Tazza tal-Indipendenza]]: 3'''
:: 1967/68, 1968/69, 1970/71
*'''Tazza Cassar: 2'''
:: 1961/62, 1962/63
*'''Tazza Sons Of Malta: 3'''
:: 1969/70, 1970/71, 1971/72
*'''Tazza Testaferrata: 3'''
:: 1977/78, 1978/79, 1980/81
*'''[[Tazza Olimpika]]: 1'''
:: 1962/63
*'''Schembri Shield: 1'''
:: 1961/62
==Premju tal-Plejer tas-Sena==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Isem
! Staġun
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} Louis Theobald
| 1959–60
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} Eddie Theobald
| 1966–67
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} John Privitera
| 1968–69
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} Eddie Theobald
| 1970–71
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} Ġużi Xuereb
| 1978–79
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} Norman Buttigieg
| 1979–80
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Ernest Spiteri Gonzi]]
| 1981–82
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Charles Scerri]]
| 1988–89
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} Michael Woods
| 1994–95
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Mario Muscat]]
| 1997–98
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Adrian Mifsud]]
| 2001–02
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Andrew Cohen]]
| 2004–05
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Andrew Cohen]]
| 2005–06
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Clayton Failla]]
| 2008–09
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Clayton Failla]]
| 2011–12
|}
==Parteċipazzjoni fl-Ewropa==
===UEFA Cup Winners' Cup===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1962-63|1962-63]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|Rawnd Preliminari
|{{flagicon|GRE}}
|[[Olympiacos FC|Olympiacos Piraeus]]
|x-x
|x-x
|w/o
|-
|
|
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Spanja}}
|[[Atlético Madrid]]
|0-1
|0-4
|0-5
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1970-71|1970-71]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Spanja}}
|[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid CF]]
|0-0
|0-5
|0-5
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1971-72|1971-72]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|Rawnd Preliminari
|{{flagicon|Iżlanda}}
|[[Knattspyrnufélagið Fram|KF Fram]]
|3-0
|0-2
|3-2
|-
|
|
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|ROM}}
|[[FC Steaua Bucureşti|Steaua Bucureşti]]
|0-0
|0-1
|0-1
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1980-81|1980-81]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|IRE}}
|[[Waterford FC]]
|1-0
|0-4
|1-4
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1997-98|1997-98]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Iżlanda}}
|[[Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja|ÍBV]]
|0-1
|0-3
|0-4
|-
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1998-99|1998-99]]
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|POL}}
|[[Amica Wronki]]
|0-1
|0-4
|0-5
|-
|}
===UEFA Intertoto Cup===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup 1996|1996]]
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|Grupp 11, logħba 1
|{{flagicon|Russja}}
|[[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast|FC Uralmash Yekaterinburg]]
|1-2
|
|-
|
|
|Grupp 11, logħba 2
|{{flagicon|Bulgarija}}
|[[PFC CSKA Sofia]]
|
|1-4
|-
|
|
|Grupp 11, logħba 3
|{{flagicon|Franza}}
|[[RC Strasbourg]]
|0-2
|
|-
|
|
|Grupp11, logħba4
|{{flagicon|Turkija}}
|[[Kocaelispor]]
|
|3-5
|-
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup 2001|2001]]
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Polonja}}
|[[Zagłębie Lubin]]
|1-0
|0-4
|1-4
|-
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup 2003|2003]]
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|FIN}}
|[[AC Allianssi]]
|1-1
|0-1
|1-2
|-
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup 2004|2004]]
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|CRO}}
|[[NK Slaven Belupo]]
|2-1
|0-3
|2-4
|-
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup 2008|2008]]
|[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Slovenja}}
|[[ND Gorica]]
|0-3
|0-0
|0-3
|-
|}
=== UEFA Cup ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|[[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1968-69|1968-69]]
|[[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|GRE}}
|[[Aris Thessaloniki FC]]
|0-6
|0-1
|0-7
|-
|[[1974–75 UEFA Cup|1974-75]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Olanda}}
|[[FC Amsterdam]]
|0-7
|0-5
|0-12
|-
|[[1976–77 UEFA Cup|1976-77]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|SWI}}
|[[Grasshopper-Club Zürich|Grasshopper FC]]
|0-2
|0-7
|0-9
|-
|[[1978–79 UEFA Cup|1978-79]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Portugall}}
|[[SC Braga]]
|3-2
|0-5
|3-7
|-
|[[1986–87 UEFA Cup|1986-87]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Bulgarija}}
|[[PFC Botev Plovdiv]]
|0-2
|0-8
|0-10
|-
|[[1990–91 UEFA Cup|1990-91]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Jugożlavja}}
|[[FK Partizan]]
|0-3
|0-2
|0-5
|-
|[[1994–95 UEFA Cup|1994-95]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|Preliminari
|{{flagicon|Belarus|1991}}
|[[FC Dinamo Minsk]]
|4-3
|1-3
|5-6([[Ħin supplementari|ħs]])
|-
|[[1995–96 UEFA Cup|1995-96]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|Preliminari
|{{flagicon|Ukrajna}}
|[[FC Chernomorets Odessa]]
|2-5
|0-2
|2-7
|-
|[[2005–06 UEFA Cup|2005-06]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|CYP}}
|[[AC Omonia]]
|0-3
|0-3
|0-6
|-
|[[2006–07 UEFA Cup|2006-07]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|ROM}}
|[[FC Dinamo Bucureşti|Dinamo Bucureşti]]
|0-4
|1-5
|1-9
|-
|[[2007–08 UEFA Cup|2007-08]]
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Serbja}}
|[[FK Vojvodina]]
|0-2
|1-5
|1-7
|-
|[[UEFA Europa League 2012-13|2012-13]]
|[[UEFA Europa League]]
|l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Bożnija u Ħerżegovina}}
|[[FK Sarajevo]]
|4-4
|2-5
|6-9
|-
|[[UEFA Europa League 2013-14|2013-14]]
|[[UEFA Europa League]]
|l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Serbja}}
|[[FK Vojvodina]]
|1-4
|2-3
|3-7
|-
| [[UEFA Europa League 2014–15|2014–15]]
| [[UEFA Europa League]]
|l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|SVK}}
|[[FC Spartak Trnava]]
|2–4
|0–5
|2–9
|-
| [[UEFA Europa League 2016–17 |2016–17]]
| [[UEFA Europa League]]
|l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
| {{flagicon|SVK}}
|[[FC Spartak Trnava]]
| 0–3
| 0–3
| 0–6
|-
| [[UEFA Europa League 2019-20|2019–20]]
| [[UEFA Europa League]]
|l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
| {{flagicon|BLR}}
| [[FC Shakhtyor Soligorsk|Shakhtyor Soligorsk]]
| 0–1
| 0–1
| 0–2
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Europa League 2020-21|2020–21]]
| rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Europa League]]
| l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
| {{flagicon|LIE}}
| [[FC Vaduz|Vaduz]]
|
| 2–0
|
|-
| it-Tieni Kwalifikazzjoni
| {{flagicon|HUN}}
| [[Fehérvár FC|Fehérvár]]
| 0–1
|
|
|-
|}
===UEFA Europa Conference League===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
| [[UEFA Europa Conference League 2021–22|2021–22]]
| [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]
| it-Tieni Kwalifikazzjoni
| {{flagicon|SMR}}
| [[S.S. Folgore Falciano Calcio|Folgore]]
| 4–2
| 3–1
| 7–3
|-
| [[UEFA Europa Conference League 2021–22|2021–22]]
| [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]
| it-tielet Kwalifikazzjoni
| {{flagicon|LVA}}
| [[Riga FC|Riga]]
| 1–4 ([[Ħin supplementari|ħs]])
| 1–0
| 2−4
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[UEFA Europa Conference League 2022–23|2022–23]]
| rowspan="2" | [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]
| it-Tieni Kwalifikazzjoni
| {{flagicon|EST}}
| [[FCI Levadia Tallin|FCI Levadia]]
| 3–2
| 1–1
| 4−3
|-
|it-tielet Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|LVA}}
|[[FK RFS|RFS]]
| 1–3
| 1–1
| 2–4
|-
|}
===UEFA Champions League===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|[[Tazza Ewropea 1961-62|1961-62]]
|[[Tazza Ewropea]]
|Rawnd Preliminari
|{{flagicon|SWI}}
|[[Servette FC]]
|1-2
|0-5
|1-7
|-
|[[Tazza Ewropea 1967-68|1967-68]]
|[[Tazza Ewropea]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|ENG}}
|[[Manchester United FC|Manchester United]]
|0-0
|0-4
|0-4
|-
|[[Tazza Ewropea 1969-70|1969-70]]
|[[Tazza Ewropea]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Ċekoslovakkja}}
|[[FC Spartak Trnava]]
|2-2
|0-4
|2-6
|-
|[[Tazza Ewropea 1979-80|1979-80]]
|[[Tazza Ewropea]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|IRE}}
|[[Dundalk FC|Dundalk FC]]
|1-0
|0-2
|1-2
|-
|[[Tazza Ewropea 1981-82|1981-82]]
|[[Tazza Ewropea]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Jugożlavja}}
|[[Red Star Belgrade]]
|1-2
|1-8
|2-10
|-
|[[Tazza Ewropea 1982-83|1982-83]]
|[[Tazza Ewropea]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|POL}}
|[[Widzew Łódź]]
|1-4
|1-3
|2-7
|-
|[[UEFA Champions League 2002–03|2002-03]]
|[[UEFA Champions League]]
|l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|IRE}}
|[[Shelbourne FC|Shelbourne FC]]
|2-2
|1-0
|3-2
|-
|
|
|it-Tieni Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Portugall}}
|[[Boavista FC|Boavista FC]]
|3-3
|0-4
|3-7
|-
|[[2009–10 UEFA Champions League|2009-10]]
|[[UEFA Champions League]]
|l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Montenegro}}
|[[FK Mogren|Mogren]]
|0-2
|0-4
|0-6
|-
| [[UEFA Champions League 2015–16|2015–16]]
| [[UEFA Champions League]]
| it-Tieni Kwalifikazzjoni
| {{flagicon|ISR}}
| [[Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.]]
| 2–1
| 1–5
| 3–6
|-
| [[2017-18 UEFA Champions League|2017–18]]
| [[UEFA Champions League]]
| l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
| {{flagicon|EST}}
| [[FCI Tallinn]]
| 2–0
| 1–0
| 3–0
|-
|
|
| it-Tieni Kwalifikazzjoni
| {{flagicon|AUT}}
| [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]]
| 0–3
| 0–3
| 0–6
|-
| [[UEFA Champions League 2021-22|2021-22]]
| [[UEFA Champions League]]
| l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
| {{flagicon|EST}}
| [[FC Flora|Flora]]
| 0–3
| 0–2
| 0–5
|-
| [[UEFA Champions League 2022-23|2022-23]]
| [[UEFA Champions League]]
| l-Ewwel Kwalifikazzjoni
| {{flagicon|IRL}}
| [[Shamrock Rovers]]
| 0–0
| 0–3
| 0–3
|-
|}
==Storja Presidenzjali==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Isem
! Snin
|-
| William E. Griffiths
| 1927-30
|-
| Carmelo Gauci
| 1930-36
|-
| Charles Tonna
| 1936-37
|-
| Capt. Seraphin Xuereb
| 1945-47, 1950–51, 1957–58
|-
| Dr. Joseph Cassar Galea
| 1947
|-
| Luigi Flamini
| 1947-48
|-
| Angelo Boffa
| 1948-50
|-
| Carmelo Debattista
| 1951-52
|-
| Remiġ Farrugia
| 1952-54
|-
| Carmelo Falzon
| 1954-55, 1958–59
|-
| Charles Lyons
| 1955-56
|-
| Anthony Mallia
| 1956-57
|-
| Carmelo Baluci
| 1959-65
|-
| Anthony Sammut
| 1965-68
|-
| Lawrence Xuereb
| 1968-78
|-
| Tony Bezzina
| 1978-
|}
==Storja tal-Kowċis==
<div style="font-size:100%">
{|
|width="10"|
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan="1"|Isem
!rowspan="1"|Nazzjonalità
!rowspan="1"|Snin
|-
|align=left|Querolo
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1927–28
|-
|align=left|Thornton
|{{flagicon|ENG}}
|align=left|1933–36
|-
|align=left|Sima
|{{flagicon|POR}}
|align=left|1936–47
|-
|align=left|Rogantin Pisani
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1947–48
|-
|align=left|Stone
|{{flagicon|ENG}}
|align=left|1948–49
|-
|align=left|Vincent Friggieri
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1949–50
|-
|align=left|Ambrose Cane
|{{flagicon|ENG}}
|align=left|1950–51
|-
|align=left|T. Howard
|{{flagicon|ENG}}
|align=left|1951–52
|-
|align=left|Victor Portelli
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1952–57
|-
|align=left|Salvu Cuschieri
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1957–59
|-
|align=left|Thomas Smith
|{{flagicon|ENG}}
|align=left|1959–60
|-
|align=left|Salvu Cuschieri
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1960–62
|-
|align=left|J.W. Davison / Freddie Church
|{{flagicon|ENG}} / {{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1962–63
|-
|}
|width="30"|
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan="1"|Isem
!rowspan="1"|Nazzjonalità
!rowspan="1"|Snin
|-
|align=left|Joe Griffiths
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1963–64
|-
|align=left|Fr. Hillary Tagliaferro
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1964–66
|-
|align=left|Lino Bugeja
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1966–67
|-
|align=left|Fr. Hillary Tagliaferro / Lino Bugeja
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1967–68
|-
|align=left|Fr. Hillary Tagliaferro / Lino Bugeja
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1968–69
|-
|align=left|Fr. Hillary Tagliaferro / Lino Bugeja
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1969–70
|-
|align=left|Stanley Matthews / Joe Attard
|{{flagicon|ENG}} / {{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1970–71
|-
|align=left|Roberts / John Privitera
|{{flagicon|ENG}} / {{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1971–72
|-
|align=left|Johnnie Calleja / Teesdale
|{{flagicon|MLT}} / {{flagicon|ENG}}
|align=left|1972–73
|-
|align=left|Johnnie Calleja
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1973–77
|-
|align=left|George Busuttil
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1977–79
|-
|align=left|Joe Attard
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1979–81
|-
|align=left|Eddie Theobald
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1981–82
|-
|}
|width="35"|
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan="1"|Isem
!rowspan="1"|Nazzjonalità
!rowspan="1"|Snin
|-
|align=left|Johnnie Calleja
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1982–83
|-
|align=left|Paul Farrugia
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1983–84
|-
|align=left|George Busuttil / Ivan Sockor
|{{flagicon|MLT}} / {{flagicon|CZE}}
|align=left|1984–85
|-
|align=left|Alfred Cutajar
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1985–87
|-
|align=left|Terenzio Polverini
|{{flagicon|ITA}}
|align=left|1987–88
|-
|align=left|Edward Darmanin
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1988–89
|-
|align=left|Joe Cilia
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1989–92
|-
|align=left|Lawrence Borg
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1992–93
|-
|align=left|Brian Talbot
|{{flagicon|ENG}}
|align=left|1993–96
|-
|align=left|[[Mark Miller]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}}
|align=left|1996–99
|-
|align=left|Robert Gatt
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|1999–08
|-
|align=left|[[Mark Miller]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}}
|align=left|Lulju 2008–12
|-
|align=left|Michael Woods
|{{flagicon|MLT}}
|align=left|Ġunju 2012–
|-
|}
|}
</div>
==Plejers notevoli==
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|ALB}} Edmond Lufi
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Julio Alcorsé]]
*{{flagicon|ARG}} Pablo César Doffo
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Cesar Paiber]]
*{{flagicon|DEN}} Karl Zacchau
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[George Lawrence (footballer)|George Lawrence]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Stanley Matthews]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Roger Walker (footballer)|Roger Walker]]
*{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Oļegs Malašenoks]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Edmond Agius]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Lawrence Attard
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Edward Azzopardi]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Roderick Baldacchino
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[John Bonello]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Norman Buttigieg
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[David Camilleri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Edwin Camilleri
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[David Carabott]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Freddie Church
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Adrian Ciantar]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Andrew Cohen (footballer)|Andrew Cohen]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Clayton Failla]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Adrian Mifsud]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Alan Mifsud
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Miguel Mifsud
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Freddie Mizzi
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Mario Muscat]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|SRB}} Branko Nisevic
*{{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Udo Nwoko]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Jonathan Pearson
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Johnnie Privitera
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Adrian Pulis]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Peter Pullicino]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Charles Scerri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Terence Scerri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[André Schembri]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Michael Spiteri
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ernest Spiteri Gonzi]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Stefan Sultana]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Eddie Theobald
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Louis Theobald
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Silvio Vella]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Michael Woods]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Aaron Xuereb]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} Ġużi Xuereb
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Antoine Zahra (footballer born 1981)|Antoine Zahra]]
*{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Ndubisi Chukunyere]]
*{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Haruna Doda]]
*{{flagicon|NGR}} Essien Mbong
*{{flagicon|NGR}} Chidoze Nwankwo
*{{flagicon|IRE}} {{flagicon|ENG}} Brian Crawley
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Robert Docherty]]
{{col-4}}
[[Image:Muscat, Mario.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Mario Muscat]]]]
[[Image:Schembri, André.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[André Schembri]]]]
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}
== Uffiċjali tal-Klabb ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%" width=40%
!style="background: #000000; color:white" align=left| Isem
!style="background: #000000; color:white" align=right| Rwol
|-
| Mark Miller
| Kowċ
|-
| Edmond Lufi
| Assistent Kowċ
|-
| Tony Bezzina
| President
|-
| David Abdilla
| Viċi-President
|-
| Stephen Abela
| Segretarju
|-
| Victor Ellul
| Viċi Segretarju
|-
| Salvu Cachia
| Teżorier
|-
| Carmel Vella
| Viċi Teżorier
|-
| Godwin Attard
| Direttur tal-Klabb
|}
== Ħoloq esterni ==
* {{en}} [http://www.hiberniansfc.org Sit uffiċjali] SHAUN MIFSUD MIGUEL CURMI AND REECE CUTA
{{Premier League Malti}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1922]]
[[Kategorija:Hibernians FC]]
[[Kategorija:Raħal Ġdid]]
cxjd2mx51m1bgmzj1bwj129x8fz4ml1
Birkirkara FC
0
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{{Infobox klabb tal-futbol
|isem = Birkirkara
|stampa = [[Stampa:BirkirkaraFC2.png|175px]]
|ismijiet_oħra = ''Stripes''
|isem_sħiħ = Birkirkara Football Club
|grawnd = [[Il-Grawnd tal-Infetti]], [[Birkirkara]]
| pattern_la1=
| pattern_b1=_kayserispor1920h
| pattern_ra1=
| pattern_sh1=
| pattern_so1=
| leftarm1=FF0000
| body1=FFDD00
| rightarm1=FF0000
| shorts1=FF0000
| socks1=FF0000
| pattern_la2 = _chelsea1718h
| pattern_b2 = _chelsea1718h
| pattern_ra2 = _chelsea1718h
| pattern_sh2 = _0000FF
| pattern_so2 = _0000FF
| leftarm2 = 0000FF
| body2 = 0000FF
| rightarm2 = 0000FF
| shorts2 = 1F32B6
| socks2 = 1F32B6
| pattern_la3 = _nikegk2122gray1
| pattern_b3 = _nikegk2122gray
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_sh3 =
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 = FFFFFF
| body3 = FFFFFF
| rightarm3 = C0C0C0
| shorts3 = C0C0C0
| socks3 = C0C0C0
|kowċ=Paul Zammit}}
'''Birkirkara Football Club''' hu klabb tal-[[futbol]] [[Malta|Malti]] mill-belt ta' [[Birkirkara]], l-akbar belt fil-gżira ta' [[Malta]]. Fl-istaġun 2009-2010, huma kienu ċ-ċampjins Maltin. Il-klabb attwalment jilgħab fil-[[Premier League Malti]] u ġew rebbieħa tal-kampjonat fi tliet okkażjonijiet. Dan hu wieħed mis-sitt klabbs li kienu rebħu 5 unuri ewlenin fil-futbol Malti.
==Unuri==
*'''[[Premier League Malti]]''':
'''Rebbieħa (4)'''
::1999-2000, 2005–2006, 2009–2010, 2013–2014
'''Runners-up (6)''':
::1996-1997, 1997–1998, 1998–1999, 2002–2003, 2003–2004, 2004–2005
*'''[[Tazza Maltija]]''':
'''Rebbieħa (6)'''
::2002, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2015, 2023
'''Finalisti (5)''':
::1973, 1990, 1999, 2000, 2001
*'''[[Super Cup Maltija]]''':
'''Rebbieħa (6)'''
::2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2013
'''Finalisti (5)''':
::1997, 1999, 2000, 2008, 2010
*'''Euro Challenge/Lowenbrau Cup''':
'''Rebbieħa (3)''':
:: 1998, 2003, 2013
'''Runners-up (3)''':
:: staġun 1999, 2000, 2004,2011/12
*'''MFA Super 5 Lottery Tournament''':
'''Rebbieħa (3)''':
:: 1998, 2002, 2004, 2006
'''Runners-up (2)''':
:: 1997, 2005
==Parteċipazzjoni fl-Ewropa==
=== Tazza UEFA ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|1997–98
|[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Slovakkja}}
|[[FC Spartak Trnava]]
|0–1
|1–3
|1–4
|-
|1998–99
|[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Ukrajna}}
|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]]
|0–4
|1–2
|1–6
|-
|1999–00
|[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]
|Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Danimarka}}
|[[Lyngby Boldklub|Lyngby BK]]
|0–0
|0–7
|0–7
|-
|2001–02
|[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]
|Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Ġeorġja}}
|[[FC Lokomotivi Tbilisi]]
|0–0
|1–1
|1–1([[Regola tal-gowls barra mid-dar|gbd]])
|-
|
|
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Russja}}
|[[FC Dynamo Moscow]]
|0–0
|0–1
|0–1
|-
|2002–03
|[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]
|Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Ukrajna}}
|[[FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhya]]
|0–0
|0–3
|0–3
|-
|2003–04
|[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]
|Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Ungerija}}
|[[Ferencvárosi TC]]
|0–5
|0–1
|0–6
|-
|2004–05
|[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Albanija}}
|[[KF Partizani Tirana]]
|3–1
|2–4
|5–5
|-
|2005–06
|[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Ċipru}}
|[[APOEL FC|APOEL Nicosia]]
|0–2
|0–4
|0–6
|-
|2008–09
|[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Kroazja}}
|[[HNK Hajduk Split]]
|0–3
|0–4
|0–7
|-
|[[UEFA Europa League 2012–13|2012–13]]
|[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Repubblika tal-Maċedonja}}
|[[FK Metalurg Skopje]]
|2–2
|0–0
|2–2([[Regola tal-gowls barra mid-dar|gbd]])
|-
|[[UEFA Europa League 2014–15|2014–15]]
|[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|HUN}}
|[[Diósgyőri VTK|Diósgyőri]]
|0–0
|1–2
|1–4
|-
|[[UEFA Europa League 2015–16|2015–16]]
|[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Armenja}}
|[[Ulisses FC|Ulisses]]
|0–0
|3–1
|3–1
|-
|
|
|2. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|ENG}}
|[[West Ham United FC|West Ham]]
|1–0
|0–1
|1–1 (3–5 [[Għoti tal-penalties|p]])
|-
|}
=== UEFA Champions League ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|2000–01
|[[UEFA Champions League]]
|1. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Iżlanda}}
|[[Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur|KR Reykjavík]]
|1–2
|1–4
|2–6
|-
|2006–07
|[[UEFA Champions League]]
|1. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Gżejjer Faroe}}
|[[B36 Tórshavn]]
|0–3
|2–2
|2–5
|-
|[[UEFA Champions League 2010–11|2010–11]]
|[[UEFA Champions League]]
|1. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Andorra}}
|[[FC Santa Coloma]]
|4–3
|3–0<sup>[[#notes_qr1|1]]</sup>
|7–3
|-
|
|
|2. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Slovakkja}}
|[[MŠK Žilina]]
|1–0
|0–3
|1–3
|-
|[[UEFA Champions League 2013–14|2013–14]]
|[[UEFA Champions League]]
|2. Rawnd tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|SLO}}
|[[NK Maribor|Maribor]]
|0–0
|0–2
|0–2
|}
<div id="notes_qr1"></div>'''Nota 1''': ''Logħba abbandunata, riżultat stabbilit 0-3 mill-UEFA''.
== Plejers notevoli ==
[[:Category:Plejers ta' Birkirkara FC|Plejers ta' Birkirkara FC]]''
{|
|valign="top"|
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Roderick Briffa]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Etienne Barbara]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Graham Bencini]]
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Andrzej Bledzewski]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Brincat]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[William Camenzuli]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Dennis Cauchi]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Adrian Ciantar]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[David Cluett]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Michael Cutajar]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Saviour Darmanin]]
* {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Amed Davy Sylla]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Reuben Debono]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Luke Dimech]]
|width="100"|
|valign="top"|
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Haruna Doda]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Lino Galea]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Michael Galea]]
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Guido Gallovich]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Justin Haber]]
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rubén Dario Larrosa]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Jonathan Magri Overend]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[George Mallia]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Carlo Mamo]]
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Precious Monye]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Chucks Nwoko]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Chris Okoh]]
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Angelo Paradiso]]
* {{flagicon|ALB}} [[Kastriot Peqini]]
|width="100"|
|valign="top"|
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Brian Said]]
* {{flagicon| }} [[Boris Sandjo]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Sant Fournier]]
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hatim Sbai]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Kenneth Scicluna]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Kenneth Spiteri]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Michael Spiteri]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Hubert Suda]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Sean Sullivan]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Roderick Sammut]]
* {{flagicon| }} [[Marceline Tamboulas]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|SER}} [[Nenad Veselji]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ivan Zammit]]
* {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Antoine Zahra]]
|width="100"|
|valign="top"|
[[Stampa:Barbara, Etienne.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Etienne Barbara]]]]
[[Stampa:Nwoko, Chucks.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Chucks Nwoko]]]]
|}
==Kowċis==
{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Frankie Tabone]] (1951–53)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Paul Chetcuti]] (1961–62)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Emanuel Borg]] (1964–65)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Salvu Cuschieri]] (1965–68)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Frans Bonnici]] (1968–69)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Emmle Saliba]] (1969–70)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Salvu Cuschieri]] (1970–73)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Tony Buhagiar (futboler)|Tony Buhagiar]] (1973–74)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Carmel Galea]] (1974–76)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Tony Euchar Grech]] (1976–78)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Frankie Zammit]] (1978–79)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Marcel Scicluna]] (1979–84)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Attard]] (1984–86)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Freddie Cardona]] (1986–87)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Cilia]] (1986–88)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Robert Gatt]] (1988–89)
{{col-2}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Lolly Aquilina]] (1989–92)
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Todor Raykov]] (1992–93)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Freddie Cardona]] (1993–94)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Borislav Giorev]] (1994–95)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Lawrence Borg]] (1995–96)
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Alan Sunderland]] (1996–97)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Alfred Cardona]] (1996–97)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Alfred Cardona]] & {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Robert Gatt]] (1997–98)
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Vlada Pejović]] (1998–99)
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Atanas Marinov]] (1999–00)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Alfred Cardona]] (2000–01)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Stephen Azzopardi]] (Diċ 2001–Mar 07)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[John Buttigieg (futboler)|John Buttigieg]] (Lul 2008–Ġun 9)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Paul Żammit]] (Lul 2009–Mej 10)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Patrick Curmi]] (2011)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Paul Żammit]] (Ott 2011–)
{{col-end}}
==Presidenti==
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Nicholas Farrugia]] (1949–54)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[John Micallef]] (1954–55)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Paul Gauci]] (1955–57)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Spiridione Camilleri]] (1957–78)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Tarcisio Attard]] (1978–80)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Calleja]] (1980–81)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Peter Grech]] (1981–87)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Gauci]] (1987–96)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Victor Zammit]] (1996–09)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Karm Galea]] (2009–11)
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Zammit]] (2011–preżent)
== Ħoloq esterni ==
* {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110222212414/http://www.birkirkarafc.com/ Sit uffiċjali]
* {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20190711070213/https://www.birkirkarafc.com/TheClubHistory.php Storja ta' Birkirkara FC]
{{Premier League Malti}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1950]]
[[Kategorija:Birkirkara FC]]
cwhe5rliit3vr69khqokfq0ljyfwin9
Ħamrun Spartans FC
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{{Infobox Tim tal-Futbol
|isem = Ħamrun Spartans
|stampa =
|ismijiet_oħra = ''Spartans''
|isem_sħiħ = Ħamrun Spartans Football Club
|grawnd = [[Grawnds tal-futbol f'Malta#Il-Grawnd Victor Tedesco|Grawnd Victor Tedesco]], [[Ħamrun]]
|jesa' = 1,800
|fundazzjoni = 1907
|president =Joseph Portelli
|kowċ =Luciano Zauri
|kampjonat = BOV Premier League
|sit_elettroniku = https://hamrunspartansfc.com
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'''Ħamrun Spartans Football Club''' hu [[klabb tal-futbol]] [[Malta|Malti]] bbażat il-[[Ħamrun]]. It-tim rebaħ l-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija]] fl-2007. Wara l-promozzjoni għal-[[Premier League Malti]] lis-Spartans spiċċaw fis-6 post fl-2008 u rnexxielhom jibqgħu fl-ogħla diviżjoni s'issa.
Minn meta beda fl-1907, il-'''Ħamrun Spartans''' rebħu total ta' 7 kampjonati . Huma ġew ukoll runners-up għal 11-il darba.
Wieħed mill-istillel fl-istorja tal-klabb, [[Stefan Sultana]], skorja total ta' 252 gowls fil-karriera tiegħu (Waqt li lagħab għall-'''Ħamrun Spartans'''), li ġie l-aktar plejer Malti li skorja gowls (mit-12 ta' Mejju, 2007).
== Storja ==
''Ħamrun Spartans'' bdew jilgħabu l-futbol fl-1907. Fl-istaġun 1913-14, ''Ħamrun Spartans'' kien diġà tim stabbilit u rebħu t-titolu min għand ''[[St. Georges FC|St. George's]]'' minħabba r-[[regola tal-gowls barra mid-dar]]. It-tieni suċċess tal-Kampjonat tagħhom kien erba' snin wara meta spiċċaw mill-ġdid konġunti fil-quċċata tal-Klassifika ma' ''St George's''. Din id-darba l-Ħamrun kienu ċ-Ċampjins ta' Malta għax rebħu lil ''St George's'' fill-play-off. L-aħjar plejer tal-Ħamrun dak iż-żmien kien Gejtu Psaila, magħruf bħala l-Ħaċċa. Fl-20 u 30, il-klabb għadda minn perijodu diffiċli meta il-plejers tal-Ħamrun ħallew il-klabb biex immoru ġo klabbs oħra. L-ikbar rivali tal-Ħamrun kienu l-ġirien tal-[[Marsa FC|Marsa]].
Tim ġdid, ''Ħamrun Liberty'' ġie iffurmat u fi ftit ta' snin, ''Ħamrun Liberty'' kienu fost l-aqwa fil-futbol Malti. Mar-ritorn tagħhom għall-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Ewwel Diviżjoni]] fl-1946-47, il-klabb bidel ismu għal ''Ħamrun Spartans''. Rebħu t-Trofew ''Johnnie Walker'' u t-Tazza Cassar. Huma rebħu t-Tazza Cassar darb'oħra fl-istaġun 1948-1949. Bejn l-1947 u 1952, kienu erba' darbiet runners-up.
It-tim beda nieżel fis-60 sakemm ġew relegati fl-istaġun 1969-70. Wara li jirritorna għall-Ewwel Diviżjoni, kienu relegati għal darb'oħra fl-1974. Madankollu, wara sentejn fit-[[It-Tieni Diviżjoni Maltija|Tieni Diviżjoni]], kienu lura fl-Ewwel Diviżjoni.
Fil-75 anniversarju, fl-istaġun 1982-83, il-klabb kien lura fil-quċċata meta rebaħ it-titolu wara assenza ta' 36 sena. Il-''Ħamrun Spartans'' irnexxielhom ukoll jirbħu l-FA Trophy matul dak l-istaġun. Dan kien il-bidu tal-era taħt il-gwida tal-President Victor Tedesco. It-tim ġie msaħħaħ bl-aqwa plejers bħal Ġiġi Salerno, Raymond u Ġorġ Xuereb, Edwin Farrugia, [[Raymond Vella]] (li kien taħt self minn [[Marsa FC|Marsa]]), [[Joe Brincat]] u Carlo Seychell. Alfred Cardona kien il-kowċ tagħhom. Wara ħafna tilwim mad-Diviżjoni tal-Immigrazzjoni, Victor Tedesco irnexxielu jiffirma żewġ barranin, żewġ plejers Inglizi Peter Hatch u John Linacre - l-ewwel barranin li lagħabu fuq il-gżira wara perjodu twil.
Il-Ħamrun stabbilixxew rekord ġdid li huwa l-unika tim lokali biex li kemm ''home'' u kemm ''away'' f'kompetizzjoni tal-UEFA wara li għelbu lil-[[Ballymena United FC|Ballymena United]] tal-[[Irlanda ta' Fuq]]. F'għaxar snin il-Ħamrun irrnexxielhom jirbħu 3 titoli tal-kampjonat nazzjonali, 3 FA Trophies, u 3 Super Euro Cups.
Wara kampanji suċċessivi bħal dawn, lis-''Spartans'' iffaċċjaw diffikultajiet finanzjarji. It-tim kellu jittrasferixxi l-aqwa plejers tiegħu sakemm finalment kienu relegat għall-Ewwel Diviżjoni fl-1998-1999. Wara sena, dawn kienu promossi lura għall-[[Premier League Malti|Premier League]] wara li rebaħ l-ewwel titolu tal-Ewwel Diviżjoni.
L-aħħar erba' staġuni kienu snin tilgħajn u niżlin. Huma kienu relegati għall-Ewwel Diviżjoni fi tmiem tal-istaġun 2003/2004, imma reġgħu saru ċampjins promossi tal-Ewwel Diviżjoni fl-2004/05, imbagħad reġaw relegati mill-Premier League fl-istaġun 2005/06 u rebħu l-Ewwel Diviżjoni għal darb'oħra fl-2007.
Mill-istaġun 2007/2008 Ħamrun Spartans reġgħu ġew lura fil-ġlieda għall-unuri. Matul l-istaġun 2007/2008 il-Ħamrun kienu sodisfatti bil-gowls kollha tagħhom u spiċċaw fil-finali tal-FA trophy kontra [[Birkirkara FC|Birkirkara]] li ġew telliefa b'differenza ta' gowl wieħed. Dan l-istaġun kien ukoll suċċess kbir għall-partitarji tal-Ħamrun wara li rebħu l-Malta Best Support Award.
Apparentement ġew imsaħħa f'diversi dipartimenti, il-Ħamrun immiraw li jiparteċipaw għal post fl-Ewropa fl-istaġun kurrenti. Madankollu, it-tim naqas milli jilħaq iċ-Championship pool. Fir-relegation pool Ħamrun bdew b'rebħa eċċellenti 3-0 kontra [[Msida Saint-Joseph FC|Msida]], imbagħad sofrew telfa xokkanti ta' 1-5 kontra [[Tarxien Rainbows FC|Tarxien]]. Erba' punti matul it-tliet logħbiet ma kinux biżżejjed biex jilħqu s-sigurtà, u fil-logħba finali eżawriti l-Ħamrun kienu megħluba faċilment minn [[Qormi FC|Qormi]]. Ma' Tarxien u Msida wkoll leħqu 16-il punt wara d-dro bejniethom, ''Ħamrun Spartans'' kienu relegati fuq l-agħar rekord tar-ras għal ras. Fortunatament għal ''Ħamrun Spartans'', il-każijiet ta' korruzzjoni li jinvolvu l-klabbs ta' ''[[Vittoriosa Stars FC|Vittoriosa Stars]]'' u [[Marsaxlokk FC|Marsaxlokk]] kienu t-tnejn "relegati" imma t-timijiet baqgħu fil-Premier League għall-istaġun 2009-2010.
Il-Ħamrun fl-istaġun 2009-2010 għamel suċċess billi siċċa fit-8 pożizzjoni fil-Premier League Malti bl-aħħar logħba tar-Relegation Pool kontra l-Imsida bir-riżultat finali ta' 2-2. Ħamrun kienu ukoll fis-semi finali tal-FA Trophy f'dak l-istaġun.
== Plejers attwali ==
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Henry Bonello]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Joseph Mbong]]
* {{Flagicon|BOL}} [[Cesar Menacho]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Luke Montebello]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Ryan Camenzuli]]
* {{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Roko Prša]]
* {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Raphael Lopes]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Steve Borg]]
* {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Emerson Marcelina]]
* {{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Mihael Klepač]]
* {{Flagicon|NIG}} [[Kairou Amoustapha]]
* {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Elionay]]
* {{Flagicon|ALB}} [[Redon Mihana]]
* {{Flagicon|SER}} [[Ognjen Bjeličić]]
* {{Flagicon|MNE}} [[Jovan Čađenović]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Daniel Letherby]]
* {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Ederson Bruno Domingos]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Kean Scicluna]]
* {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Mayron Marques Barbosa da Rocha]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Sven Xerri]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Mattias Ellul]]
* {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Celio]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Shaisen Attard]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Gabriel Vella]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Bjorn Buhagiar]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Jacob Mangion]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Scott Camilleri]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Nexille Grech]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Sean Agius]]
* {{Flagicon|MLT}} [[Kydin Hili]]
== Plejers notevoli ==
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Fatos Daja]]
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Miguel Corbolan]]
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Cesar Paiber]]
*{{flagicon|CGO}} [[Daniel Dengaky]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Barnes (footballer)|Peter Barnes]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Barry Gallagher]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Hatch]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ian Leigh]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Linacre]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tony Morley]]
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jimmy Rimmer]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Orazio Sorbello]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Alex Azzopardi]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Roderick Bajada]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Graham Bencini]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[John Bonello]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Brincat]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[David Camilleri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Edwin Camilleri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Michael Degiorgio]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ryan Fenech]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Carmel Formosa]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Marco Grech]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Jonathan Magri Overend]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Charlo Magro]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Arnold Micallef]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Geatano Refalo]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Leo Refalo]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Kevin Sammut]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Charles Scerri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Sean Sullivan (footballer)|Sean Sullivan]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Stefan Sultana]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Dybrill Sylla]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Raymond Vella]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[George Xeureb]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Ivan Zammit]]
*{{flagicon|NLD}} [[Sylvano Comvalius]]
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Bobby Mitchell (footballer born 1924)|Bobby Mitchell]]
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Malcolm Robertson (footballer)|Malcolm Robertson]]
*{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Paul Maddy]]
{{col-4}}
[[Image:Morley, Tony.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Tony Morley]]]]
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}
==Kompetizzjonijiet fl-Ewropa==
===UEFA Cup Winners' Cup ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|1984-85
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|NIR}}
|[[Ballymena United FC|Ballymena United]]
|2-1
|1-0
|3-1
|-
|
|
|2. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Unjoni Sovjetika}}
|[[FC Dynamo Moscow]]
|0-1
|0-5
|0-6
|-
|1989-90
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Spanja}}
|[[Real Valladolid]]
|0-1
|0-5
|0-6
|-
|1992-93
|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]
|Rawnd tal-Kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Slovenja}}
|[[NK Maribor]]
|2-1
|0-4
|2-5
|-
|}
=== UEFA Cup ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|1985-86
|[[UEFA Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Albanija}}
|[[KS Dinamo Tirana]]
|0-0
|0-1
|0-1
|}
=== UEFA Champions League ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Rawnd
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|1983-84
|[[European Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Skozja}}
|[[Dundee United FC|Dundee United]]
|0-3
|0-3
|0-6
|-
|1987-88
|[[European Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Awstrija}}
|[[SK Rapid Wien]]
|0-1
|0-6
|0-7
|-
|1988-89
|[[European Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Albanija}}
|[[KF Tirana]]
|2-1
|0-2
|2-3
|-
|1991-92
|[[European Cup]]
|1. Rawnd
|{{flagicon|Portugall}}
|[[S.L. Benfica|SL Benfica]]
|0-6
|0-4
|0-10
|-
|}
==Unuri==
*'''[[Premier League Malti]]''':
'''Rebbieħa (10)'''
::1913-14, 1917–18, 1946–47, 1982–83, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1990–91, 2020/21, 2022/23, 2023/24
'''Runners-up (11)'''
*'''Euro Challenge''':
'''Rebbieħa (5)''':
:: 1985, 1988, 1991, 1992
'''Runners-up (3)'''
*'''MFA Super 5 Lottery Tournament''':
'''Rebbieħa (1)''':
:: 1991/1992
'''Runners-up (2)'''
*'''U*Bet FA Trophy''':
'''Rebbieħa (6)''':
:: 1982-83, 1983–84, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1991-92
*'''Tazza Cassar''':
'''Rebbieħa (2)''':
:: 1947/47, 1948/49
*'''Super Cup''':
'''Rebbieħa (5)''':
:: 1986-87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1991-92
==Ħoloq esterni==
*[http://www.hamrunspartansfc.com/ Sit Uffiċjali]
{{Premier League Malti}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1907]]
[[Kategorija:Ħamrun Spartans FC]]
[[Kategorija:Ħamrun]]
hagf6yp0pkk33fn6u4torrtqik7pc3v
St. Patrick FC
0
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{{Infobox Tim tal-Futbol
| isem = Saint Patrick
| stampa = [[File:St.PatrickFC.png|200px|Logo]]
| isem_sħiħ = St. Patrick FC Football Club
| grawnd = [[Grawnds tal-futbol f'Malta|Grawnd Ħaż-Żabbar 'Il-Foss']], [[Ħaż-Żabbar]]
| jesa' = 1,000
| fundazzjoni = 1912
| president =
| kowċ =
| kampjonat =
| staġun =
| pożizzjoni =
| sit_elettroniku =
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=_blackstripes|pattern_ra1=
| leftarm1=000000|body1=FFCC00|rightarm1=000000|shorts1=000000|socks1=000000
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=
| leftarm2=ffffff|body2=Ffffff|rightarm2=ffffff|shorts2=FFffff|socks2=FFffff
}}
'''Saint Patrick Football Club''' huma klabb tal-[[futbol]] [[Malta|Malti]] mill-belt ta [[Ħaż-Żabbar]], li attwalment jilgħab fil-kampjonat Malta Premier. Il-klabb beda l-futbol fl-1912.
==Storja==
Għalkemm il-grawnd tal-futbol kien diġa jeżisti fl-1903 li kien qrib il-Bieb ta [[Ħaż-Żabbar]], l-ewwel timijiet f'[[Ħaż-Żabbar]] kienu biss iffurmati ftit snin wara l-ewwel għaxar snin tas-seklu. Il-[[Grawnds tal-futbol f'Malta||Grawnd Żabbar Gate Football]] kien meqjus bħala l-grawnd ta [[St. Georges FC]] ta' [[Bormla]] fejn ospitaw xi wħud mill-armata ta 'fuq xi timijiet navali li kienu jżuru Malta f'dawk iż-żmienijiet.
Kien biss l-istaġun 1935-36 meta tim miż-[[Ħaż-Żabbar|Żabbar]] - '''Żabbar United''' - ħa sehem f'kompetizzjoni tal-[[Malta Football Association]]. Żabbar United mqiegħda il-ħames fir-Raba Taqsima tad-[[Premier League Malti|Diviżjoni A]]. L-istaġun segwenti, Żabbar United ġew imqiegħda r-raba' Fid-[[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni IV]] Sezzjoni B filwaqt li tim ieħor, Żabbar Youths, imqiegħda il-ħames f'[[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni IV]] Sezzjoni A.
L-ewwel unur għall-Żabbar wasal fl-istaġun 1937-38 meta Żabbar Amateurs rebħu id-[[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni IV]] Sezzjoni A. Madankollu dawn tilfu d-''decider'' kontra [[Pietà Hotspurs FC|Pietà Hotspurs]] bl-iskor ta 2-1. Żabbar United kienu qed jieħdu sehem f'Sezzjoni B, li kienu fit-tielet tqegħid. Iż-żewġ timijiet ħadu sehem fit-Tazza tal-Isfida tal-[[Malta Football Association|MFA]] imma ġew eliminati fl-ewwel rawnd.
Is-sena ta' wara, kemm Żabbar Amateurs u Żabbar United kienu fl-istess [[It-Tieni Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni III]]. Żabbar Amateurs rebħu Taqsima B wara li rebħu lir-[[Rabat Ajax FC|Rabat]] 1-0 fir-repetizzjoni wara l-ewwel ''decider'' li ntemm fid-dro 1-1. Żabbar United ikklassifikaw it-tielet fis-Sezzjoni A. Fl-Istaġun 1939-1940, Żabbar Amateurs lagħbu fid-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 2]], li kienu fit-tielet tqegħid. Matul it-[[Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], l-ebda kampjonati ma kienu ġew organizzati iżda tim minn Żabbar - Żabbar Stars ħadu sehem fit-tmien Tazza tal-Armata fl-1943.
Kompetizzjonijiet tal-[[Malta Football Association|MFA]] kienu lura fl-1944 u Żabbar FC rnexxielhom jirbħu t-Tazza tal-[[Milied]] tad-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 2]] wara r-rebħa 1-0 fuq [[Msida Saint-Joseph FC|Msida United]] fil-finali. Żabbar lagħbu fid-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 2]] bejn 1944-45 u 1947-48. Huma kienu l-ewwel klabb li ħadu sehem fl-FA Trophy fl-1946 meta kienu eliminati miċ-ċampjins [[Ħamrun Spartans FC]]
It-tim pparteċipa bħala St. Patrick għall-ewwel darba fil-kampjonat tat-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Tieni Diviżjoni]]f'Sezzjoni A fl-1948. Fl-istaġun segwenti, huma rebħu Sezzjoni A u b'hekk huma ġew promossi għall-ogħla diviżjoni - Sezzjoni 1. Fl-istaġun tan-1950-51 tad-[[Premier League Malti|Diviżjoni 1]], huma rreġistraw tliet rebħiet fl'14-il logħba biex jiżguraw il-livell tagħhom.
Huma kienu relegati fl-istaġun 1951-1952 u lagħbu għal tmien snin fid-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 2]], qabel rebħu l-kampjonat ta [[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Tieni Diviżjoni]] fl-istaġun 1959-1960. Huma qagħdu sentejn fid-[[Premier League Malti|Diviżjoni 1]] kif kienu relegati fl-istaġun 1961-1962. St. Patrick spiċċaw 6 punti b'livell ma' [[Lija Athletic FC|Lija Athletic]] fit-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Tieni Diviżjoni]] fl-istaġun 1963-64. Ir-relegazzjoni deċiżiva kienet neċessarja u [[Lija Athletic FC|Lija]] ħarġu bħala rebbieħa 5-0. Iż-Żabbarin għalhekk kellhom jilagħbu fid-[[It-Tieni Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 3]].
Huma rebħu n-Knock-Out tad-[[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 3]] fl-1965 wara r-rebħa fuq [[Msida Saint-Joseph FC|Msida St-Joseph]] 1-0 fil-finali imma kellhom jistennew sakemm 1969-1970 biex jirbħu il-promozzjoni wara li rebħu id-[[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 3]] Sezzjoni C. Sentejn wara, huma rebħu l-promozzjoni għall-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|1 Diviżjoni]] bħala runners-up fid-[[It-Tieni Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 2]]. Madankollu dawn għamlu sena biss fl-[[Premier League Malti|ogħla diviżjoni]] qabel ma sfaw relegati.
St Patrick kienu relegati għad-[[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 3]] fl-istaġun 1975-76, iżda l-istaġun ta 'wara huma rebħu [[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 3]] Sezzjoni A, imma jitilfu d-''decider'' tal-kampjonat kontra [[Rabat Ajax FC|Rabat Ajax]].
Wara li kienu relegati għal darb'oħra, St. Patrick rebħu id-[[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 3]] tan-Knock-Out fl-istaġun 1979-1980. Huma marru fuq ir-rebħa ta [[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 3]], in-Knock-Out tad-[[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 3]] u t-tazza Sons ta 'Malta fl-istaġun 1980-81. In-naħa ta Żabbar rebħet il-kampjonat fid-[[It-Tieni Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 2]] fl-istaġun 1981-82 u l-kampjonat tad-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 1]] fl-istaġun 1982-83. St. Patrick għalhekk rebħu l-promozzjoni għall-[[Premier League Malti|Premier League]], madankollu dawn kienu relegati l-istaġun ta 'wara.
Wara li kienu relegati fid-[[It-Tieni Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 2]], kien hemm promozzjonijiet suċċessivi u relegazzjonijiet mid-Diviżjoni 1 u 2. Fid-[[It-Tieni Diviżjoni Maltija|Diviżjoni 2]], dawn kienu runners-up fl-istaġun 1986-87 f'Sezzjoni A. Huma wkoll rebħu n-Knock-Out tad-Diviżjoni [[It-Tieni Diviżjoni Maltija|II]]/[[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija|III]] fl-istaġun 1990-1991. St Patrick kienu promossi għall-[[Premier League Malti]], kif ukoll kienu runners-up fl-istaġun 1998-99.
==Plejers notevoli==
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Charles Muscat]]
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Peter Anizoba]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Arnold Buttigieg]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[John Buhagiar]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Iro Curmi]]
*{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Fatos Daja]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Haruna Doda]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Clayton Failla]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Kevin Mamo]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Edward Darmanin]]
*{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Vesko Petrovic]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Adrian Pulis]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Kenneth Scicluna]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Oliver Spiteri]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Mark Tanti]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Adrian Pulis]]
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}
==Ħoloq esterni==
* ?
{{Premier League Malti}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1912]]
[[Kategorija:Ħaż-Żabbar]]
2kgq2rkr57xiii4bpcf32d17904w88d
Gżira United FC
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{{Infobox Tim tal-Futbol
| isem = Gżira
| stampa = [[File:Gziraunitedlogo.jpg|175px]]
| isem_sħiħ = Gżira United Football Club
| grawnd = [[Grawnd Nazzjonali Ta' Qali]], [[Ta' Qali]]
| jesa' = 17,000
| fundazzjoni = 1947
| president =
| kowċ =
| kampjonat = [[Premier League Malti]]
| staġun =
| pożizzjoni =
| sit_elettroniku = https://www.facebook.com/gziraunitedfc/
|pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=gzirabody1|pattern_ra1=
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|pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=gzirabody2|pattern_ra2=
|leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=970045|socks2=970045
}}
'''Gżira United Football Club''' huwa [[klabb tal-futbol|klabb]] tal-[[futbol]] [[Malta|Malti]] mill-villaġġ ċentrali ta' [[Gżira]], li attwalment jilgħab fl-Premier league malti .
==UEFA Cup==
{| class="wikitable"
! Staġun
! Kompetizzjoni
! Round
! Pajjiż
! Klabb
! Home
! Away
! Aggregat
|-
|[[Tazza tat-Tazez Ewropej 1973–74|1973–74]]
|[[Tazza tat-Tazez Ewropej]]
|1. Round tal-kwalifikazzjoni
|{{flagicon|Norveġja}}
|[[SK Brann]]
|0–2
|0–7
|0–9
|}
==Ħoloq esterni==
* ?
{{Premier League Malti}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Maltin]]
pd2y3pp5mzv4rnord8cacmi9rmoa9jw
Naxxar Lions FC
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{{Infobox Tim tal-Futbol
| isem = Naxxar
| stampa = [[File:Naxxar Lions FC.png]]
| isem_sħiħ = Naxxar Lions Football Club
| grawnd = [[Grawnd Nazzjonali Ta' Qali]], [[Ta' Qali]]
| jesa' = 17,000
| fundazzjoni = 1920
| president =
| kowċ =
| kampjonat =
| staġun =
| pożizzjoni =
| sit_elettroniku = http://www.naxxarlions.com/
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=naxxarbody1|pattern_ra1=
| leftarm1=FF0000|body1=FF0000|rightarm1=FF0000|shorts1=FF0000|socks1=FF0000
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=naxxarbody2|pattern_ra2=
| leftarm2=000066|body2=000066|rightarm2=000066|shorts2=000066|socks2=000066
}}
'''Naxxar Lions Football Club''' hu [[klabb tal-futbol]] [[Malta|Malti]] mill-villaġġ żgħir fil-tramuntana ta' Malta [[Naxxar]], li attwalment jilgħab fl-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Ewwel Diviżjoni]]. Fl-istaġun [[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija 2012–13|2012–13]], it-tim ġie t-tieni fl-ewwel diviżjoni u ġie promoss għall-[[Premier League Malti]].
==Storja==
Il-klabb kellu perjodu pożittiv ħafna fl-1940 u wara xi snin jilgħabu fid-diviżjonijiet aktar baxxi, il-klabb kien bosta snin qrib il-glorja imma dejjem hadu r-ras. Michael Żammit Tabona ġie maħtur president fil-1980, li jistabbilixxi l-klabb bħala wieħed mill-aħjar fuq il-gżira, lagħab għal diversi snin fil-[[Premier League Malti|Premier League]]. Wara li kienu relegati mill-għolja kampjonat fil-bidu tas-seklu l-ġdid, il-klabb kellha tiffaċċja perijodu diffiċli u kien relegati għat-[[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija|Tielet Diviżjoni]] ftit snin ilu. Fl-istaġun 2009/2010, Naxxar kienu iċ-ċampjins tat-Diviżjoni Maltin terzi, li jfisser li dawn kienu promossi għall-[[It-Tieni Diviżjoni Maltija|Tieni Diviżjoni]]. In-Naxxar jitqis uwkoll bhala l-hmieg tan-north.
==Unuri==
*'''[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija]]: 1 '''
:: Rebbieħa:[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija 2012–13|2012–13]]
==Plejers notevoli==
[[Image:Templeman, Trevor.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Trevor Templeman]]]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|LBY}} [[Daniel Bogdanovic]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Matthew Borg]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Omar Borg]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Matthew Calascione]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Reuben Debono]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Michael Degiorgio]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Paul Fenech]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Sandro Gambin]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Mark Marlow]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Chris Okoh]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Digger Okonkwo]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Joe Sant Fournier]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Paul Sixsmith]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Trevor Templeman]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Raymond Xuereb]]
==Ħoloq esterni==
* ?
{{Premier League Malti}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1920]]
ihws698oovcbq7qor0tg8rxmd65s4jw
Mudell:Serie A
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{{Navbox
|name = Serie A
|title = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Serie A]]
|group1 = [[Serie A 2017–18|2017–18]]
|list1 =
[[Atalanta BC|Atalanta]]{{,}}[[Benevento Calcio|Benevento]]{{,}}[[Bologna FC 1909|Bologna]]{{,}}[[Cagliari Calcio|Cagliari]]{{,}}[[AC ChievoVerona|Chievo]]{{,}}[[FC Crotone|Crotone]]{{,}}[[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]{{,}}[[Genoa CFC|Genoa]]{{,}}[[Hellas Verona FC|Hellas Verona]]{{,}}[[Inter Milan|Internazionale]]{{,}}[[Juventus Football Club|Juventus]]{{,}}[[SS Lazio|Lazio]]{{,}}[[AC Milan|Milan]]{{,}}[[SSC Napoli|Napoli]]{{,}}[[AS Roma|Roma]]{{,}}[[UC Sampdoria|Sampdoria]]{{,}}[[US Sassuolo Calcio|Sassuolo]]{{,}}[[SPAL 2013|SPAL]]{{,}}[[Torino FC|Torino]]{{,}}[[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]]
|group2 = Timijiet passati
|list2 =
[[US Alessandria Calcio 1912|Alessandria]]{{,}}[[AC Ancona|Ancona]]{{,}}[[Ascoli Calcio 1898|Ascoli]]{{,}}[[AS Avellino 1912|Avellino]]{{,}}[[AS Bari|Bari]]{{,}}[[Brescia Calcio|Brescia]]{{,}}[[AS Casale Calcio|Casale]]{{,}}[[FC Catanzaro|Catanzaro]]{{,}}[[AC Cesena|Cesena]]{{,}}[[Calcio Como|Como]]{{,}}[[US Cremonese|Cremonese]]{{,}}[[Empoli FC|Empoli]]{{,}}[[US Foggia|Foggia]]{{,}}[[US Lecce|Lecce]]{{,}}[[Calcio Lecco 1912|Lecco]]{{,}}[[ASD Legnano Calcio 1913|Legnano]]{{,}}[[AS Livorno Calcio|Livorno]]{{,}}[[AS Lucchese-Libertas|Lucchese]]{{,}}[[Mantova FC|Mantova]]{{,}}[[ACR Messina|Messina]]{{,}}[[Modena FC|Modena]]{{,}}[[Novara Calcio|Novara]]{{,}}[[Calcio Padova|Padova]]{{,}}[[US Città di Palermo|Palermo]]{{,}}[[SSD Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]]{{,}}[[Perugia Calcio|Perugia]]{{,}}[[Delfino Pescara 1936|Pescara]]{{,}}[[Piacenza Calcio|Piacenza]]{{,}}[[AC Pisa 1909|Pisa]]{{,}}[[AC Pistoiese|Pistoiese]]{{,}}[[Aurora Pro Patria 1919|Pro Patria]]{{,}}[[FC Pro Vercelli 1892|Pro Vercelli]]{{,}}[[AC Reggiana 1919|Reggiana]]{{,}}[[Reggina Calcio|Reggina]]{{,}}[[Salernitana Calcio 1919|Salernitana]]{{,}}[[AC Siena|Siena]]{{,}}[[Ternana Calcio|Ternana]]{{,}}[[ASD Treviso 2009|Treviso]]{{,}}[[US Triestina Calcio|Triestina]]{{,}}[[AS Varese 1910|Varese]]{{,}}[[FBC Unione Venezia|Venezia]]{{,}}[[Vicenza Calcio|Vicenza]]
|group3 = Staġuni
|list3 = [[Serie A 1991–92|1991–92]]{{,}} [[Serie A 1992–93|1992–93]]{{,}} [[Serie A 1993–94|1993–94]]{{,}} [[Serie A 1994–95|1994–95]]{{,}} [[Serie A 1995–96|1995–96]]{{,}} [[Serie A 1996–97|1996–97]]{{,}} [[Serie A 1997–98|1997–98]]{{,}} [[Serie A 1998–99|1998–99]]{{,}} [[Serie A 1999–2000|1999–00]]{{,}} [[Serie A 2000–01|2000–01]]{{,}} [[Serie A 2001–02|2001–02]]{{,}} [[Serie A 2002–03|2002–03]]{{,}} [[Serie A 2003–04|2003–04]]{{,}} [[Serie A 2004–05|2004–05]]{{,}} [[Serie A 2005–06|2005–06]]{{,}} [[Serie A 2006–07|2006–07]]{{,}} [[Serie A 2007–08|2007–08]]{{,}} [[Serie A 2008–09|2008–09]]{{,}} [[Serie A 2009–10|2009–10]]{{,}} [[Serie A 2010–11|2010–11]]{{,}} [[Serie A 2011–12|2011–12]]{{,}}[[Serie A 2012–13|2012–13]]{{,}}[[Serie A 2013–14|2013–14]]{{,}}[[Serie A 2014–15|2014–15]]{{,}}[[Serie A 2015–16|2015–16]]{{,}}[[Serie A 2016–17|2016–17]]{{,}}[[Serie A 2017–18|2017–18]]
}}
<noinclude>
[[Kategorija:Mudelli tal-futbol|Serie A]]
[[en:Template:Serie A teamlist]]
[[bg:Шаблон:Серия А отбори]]
[[cs:Šablona:Serie A]]
[[da:Skabelon:Serie A]]
[[fa:الگو:باشگاههای سری آ]]
[[id:Templat:Seri A]]
[[it:Template:Serie A]]
[[ja:Template:レガ・カルチョ]]
[[pl:Szablon:Serie A]]
[[ro:Format:Serie A]]
[[sv:Mall:Serie A i fotboll]]
</noinclude>
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Mosta FC
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{{Infobox Tim tal-Futbol
|isem = Mosta
|stampa = [[Stampa:MostaFC.png|175px]]
|ismijiet_oħra =
|isem_sħiħ = Mosta Football Club
|grawnd = [[Grawnds tal-futbol f'Malta#Il-Grawnd Charles Abela|Grawnd Charles Abela]], [[Mosta]]
|jesa' = 1,200
|fundazzjoni = 1935
|president = {{flagicon|Malta}}
|kowċ = {{flagicon|MLT}}
|kampjonat = [[Premier League Malti]]
| staġun =
| pożizzjoni =
|sit_elettroniku = http://www.mostafootballclub.com/
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=_chevron_white|pattern_ra1=
| leftarm1=3760ba|body1=3760ba|rightarm1=3760ba|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=3760ba|
| pattern_la2=_fra12a|pattern_b2=_nike classic|pattern_ra2=_fra12a
| pattern_sh2 = |pattern_so2=| leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF|shorts2=ffffff|socks2=FFFFFF
}}
'''Mosta Football Club''' hu [[klabb tal-futbol]] [[Malta|Malti]] bbażat fil-[[Mosta]]. It-tim attwalment jilgħab fil-[[Premier League Malti|Premier League]], l-ogħla livell tal-futbol Malti. It-tim lagħab erba 'staġuni fl-ogħla kampjonat Malti li huma; 1974/75, 1987/88, 2002/03 u 2005/06 iżda kienu relegati immedjatament kull darba. Huma kisbu l-promozzjoni għall-[[Premier League Malti]] għal darb'oħra fl-2010/11.<ref>{{Ċita web|titlu=2011 Malta season review|url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=mlt/news/newsid=1642704.html|editur=UEFA|aċċessdata=5 ta' Diċembru 2011|data=21 ta' Lulju 2011|lingwa=Ingliż}}</ref>
==Unuri==
*[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija]] '''it-3 post''' ''(Promossi)'': 2010/11
*[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija]] '''Ċampjins''': 1986/87
*[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija]] '''Runners-Up''': 2001/02, 2004/05
*[[It-Tieni Diviżjoni Maltija]] '''Ċampjins''': 1984/85, 1992/93
*[[It-Tieni Diviżjoni Maltija]] '''Rebbieħa tas-Sezzjoni''': 1978/79, 1992/93
*[[It-Tieni Diviżjoni Maltija]] '''Runners-Up''': 1973/74
*[[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija]] '''Ċampjins''': 1964/65
*[[It-Tielet Diviżjoni Maltija]] '''Rebbieħa tas-Sezzjoni''': 1968/69
==Tim tan-nisa==
It-tim tan-nisa tal-Mosta jilgħab fl-ogħla diviżjoni tal-pajjiż, l-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija (nisa)|Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija]]. Fl-2010–11 huma rebħu l-ewwel kampjonat ġew kwalifikati għaċ-[[Champions League (nisa)|Champions League]].<ref>{{Ċita web|titlu=Mosta ready to live the Champions League dream|url=http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/newsid=1654376.html|editur=UEFA|aċċessdata=3 t'Awwissu 2011|data=28 ta' Lulju 2011|lingwa=Ingliż}}</ref> It-tim kien runner-up fl-1998 u l-1999 fit-[[Tazza Maltija tan-Nisa]] u reċentement rebħu t-tazza tal-2012.<ref>{{Ċita web|titlu=Malta - List of Women Cup Finals|url=http://rsssf.com/tablesm/malt-womcuphist.html|editur=RSSSF|aċċessdata=22 ta' Lulju 2011|lingwa=Ingliż}}</ref>
==Referenzi==
{{Referenzi}}
==Ħoloq esterni==
* ?
{{Premier League Malti}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1935]]
[[Kategorija:Mosta FC]]
pqz7z08jgcrqxzuvx8e9ppvxihmwqjg
Tarxien Rainbows FC
0
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{{Infobox Tim tal-Futbol
| isem = Tarxien Rainbows
| stampa = [[Stampa:TarxienFC.png|250px]]
| ismijiet_oħra =
| isem_sħiħ = Tarxien Rainbows
| grawnd = [[Grawnd Nazzjonali Ta' Qali]], [[Ta' Qali]]
| jesa' = 17,000
| fundazzjoni = 1944, bħala ''Little Rainbows''
| president = ?
| kowċ = ?
| kampjonat = ?
| staġun =
| pożizzjoni = 12
| sit_elettroniku = http://www.freewebs.com/tarxienfc/
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=_tarxienbody1|pattern_ra1=
| leftarm1=0000FF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=0000FF|shorts1=000000|socks1=0000FF
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=_tarxienbody2|pattern_ra2=
| leftarm2=FF0000|body2=FF0000|rightarm2=FF0000|shorts2=FF0000|socks2=FF0000
}}
'''Tarxien Rainbows Club''' hu [[klabb tal-futbol]] [[Malta|Malti]] bbażat f'[[Ħal Tarxien]]. It-tim attwalment jilgħab fil-[[Premier League Malti|Premier League]], l-ogħla livell tal-futbol Malti.
==Storja==
Il-klabb kien fundat bħala '''Little Rainbows''' fl-1944, u pparteċipaw fil-[[Premier League Malti]] għall-istaġun 2009-10. Il-klabb ġie promoss għall-aħjar diviżjoni wara li jpiċċaw bħala ċampjins fl-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija]] fl-2007-08. Fl-2008/09 il-klabb lesta l-istess punti ma' [[Ħamrun Spartans FC|Ħamrun Spartans]] and [[Msida Saint-Joseph FC|Msida St. Joseph]]. Ħamrun kellha l-agħar punteġġ ta punti u sfaw relegati, filwaqt li Tarxien Rainbows rnexxielhom jevitaw relegazzjoni meta rebħu l-playoff kontra Msida St. Joseph. Fl-istaġun 2009–10 kien totalment differenti għar-Rainbows kif dawn irnexxielhom iqiegħdu l-5 post fil-klassifika u pproċedew għas-semifinali taż-żewġ kompetizzjonijiet domestiċi li l-klabb lagħab.
Fl-istaġun 2009–2010, Tarxien Rainbows spiċċaw il-5 fil-grupp taċ-''championship'' fuq ir-rivali eterni [[Hibernians FC]], fl-istaġun 2009–2010 Tarxien Rainbows rebħu d-derby tliet darbiet infila li kien għamlu staġun storiku. Kif ukoll, fl-istess staġun Tarxien laħqu s-semifinali tal-FA Trophy u Tazza tal-100 Anniversarju.
Fl-istaġun 2010–11 Tarxien Rainbows spiċċaw il-5 fil-grupp taċ-''championship''. Kien staġun tajjeb, kienu lestew l-ewwel rawnd fit-2 post. Huma kellhom 2 ''derbies'' x'jilagħbu għaliex l-eterni rivali Hibernians lestew fil-Grupp tar-relegazzjoni, 1 minnhom rebħhuwa, b'kollox rebħu 4 derbies f'sena imma tilfu waħda. Fl-istess staġun laħqu s-Semifinali tal-U*BET FA Trophy.Fl-istaġun 2011-12 Tarxien Rainbows evitaw ir-relegazzjoni sal-aħħar tal-istaġun.
Mill-parti ta 'partitarji Tarxien Rainbows għamel titjib enormi fl-appoġġ tagħhom wara li fetaħ it-Tarxien Rainbows Supporters Club (TRSC) fl-24 ta' Ġunju 2009. L-Ewwel kumitat kien magħmul minn 10 persuni : Mario Muscat (President), Aaron Caruana (Segretarju), Keith Darmanin (Teżorier), Kevin Bonavia (Viċi-President), Dillon Mercieca (Membru), Kenneth Bonavia (Membru), Mark mercieca (Membru), Marko Schembri (Membru), Nigel Gatt (Membru), Jason Cortis(Membru). Grupp ta 'partitarji li jappoġġjaw it-tim tagħhom f'kull logħba, fi żminijiet ħżiena u tajba. Huma jagħmlu bnadar u xi oġġetti oħra ta sapport u divertiment fil-grawnd. Minħabba dan l-attendenza kibret akbar sena wara sena u wara sentejn fil-Premier League dawn jistgħu jiġu sodisfatti b'xogħol li sar. Ċertament ikollhom affarijiet saħansitra akbar għall-futur.
==Plejers notevoli==
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Anderson Ribeiro]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[André Rocha da Silva|André da Silva]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cristiano dos Santos Rodrigues|Cristiano]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Caio Garcia]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Daniel Mariano Bueno|Daniel Bueno]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Denni Rocha dos Santos|Denni]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Éverson Alan da Lima|Éverson]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Everton Antônio Pereira|Everton]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ricardo Mion Varella Costa|Ricardo Costa]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sergio Pacheco de Oliveira|Sergio Oliveira]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Graham Bencini]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Christopher Borġ]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Angus Buhagiar]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Arnold Buttiġieġ]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Malcolm Buttiġieġ]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Lino Galea]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Carlo Mamo]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Michael Micallef]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Jesmond Zerafa]]
*{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Ivan Čarapić]]
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Essien Mbong]]
{{col-4}}
[[File:Mamo, Carlo.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Carlo Mamo]]]]
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}
==Ħoloq esterni==
* [https://www.facebook.com/Tarxien-Rainbows-FC-456237668563638/ facebook]
* [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/malta/tarxien-rainbows-fc/3769/ SOCCERWAY]
* [https://www.sofascore.com/team/football/tarxien-rainbows-fc/33580 SOFASCORE]
* [https://www.flashscore.com/team/tarxien/I5Y7y9fg/ FLASHSCORE]
* [https://www.transfermarkt.com/tarxien-rainbows/startseite/verein/21395 Transfermarket]
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/tarxien-rainbows-fc/15671/ Globalsportsarchive]
{{Premier League Malti}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1944]]
[[Kategorija:Tarxien Rainbows FC]]
oer4tysmqvego0ayq324vwlywuz5rk9
330462
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text/x-wiki
{{Infobox Tim tal-Futbol
| isem = Tarxien Rainbows
| stampa = [[Stampa:TarxienFC.png|250px]]
| ismijiet_oħra =
| isem_sħiħ = Tarxien Rainbows
| grawnd = [[Grawnd Nazzjonali Ta' Qali]], [[Ta' Qali]]
| jesa' = 17,000
| fundazzjoni = 1944, bħala ''Little Rainbows''
| president = ?
| kowċ = ?
| kampjonat = ?
| staġun =
| pożizzjoni =
| sit_elettroniku = http://www.freewebs.com/tarxienfc/
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=_tarxienbody1|pattern_ra1=
| leftarm1=0000FF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=0000FF|shorts1=000000|socks1=0000FF
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=_tarxienbody2|pattern_ra2=
| leftarm2=FF0000|body2=FF0000|rightarm2=FF0000|shorts2=FF0000|socks2=FF0000
}}
'''Tarxien Rainbows Club''' hu [[klabb tal-futbol]] [[Malta|Malti]] bbażat f'[[Ħal Tarxien]]. It-tim attwalment jilgħab fil-[[Premier League Malti|Premier League]], l-ogħla livell tal-futbol Malti.
==Storja==
Il-klabb kien fundat bħala '''Little Rainbows''' fl-1944, u pparteċipaw fil-[[Premier League Malti]] għall-istaġun 2009-10. Il-klabb ġie promoss għall-aħjar diviżjoni wara li jpiċċaw bħala ċampjins fl-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija]] fl-2007-08. Fl-2008/09 il-klabb lesta l-istess punti ma' [[Ħamrun Spartans FC|Ħamrun Spartans]] and [[Msida Saint-Joseph FC|Msida St. Joseph]]. Ħamrun kellha l-agħar punteġġ ta punti u sfaw relegati, filwaqt li Tarxien Rainbows rnexxielhom jevitaw relegazzjoni meta rebħu l-playoff kontra Msida St. Joseph. Fl-istaġun 2009–10 kien totalment differenti għar-Rainbows kif dawn irnexxielhom iqiegħdu l-5 post fil-klassifika u pproċedew għas-semifinali taż-żewġ kompetizzjonijiet domestiċi li l-klabb lagħab.
Fl-istaġun 2009–2010, Tarxien Rainbows spiċċaw il-5 fil-grupp taċ-''championship'' fuq ir-rivali eterni [[Hibernians FC]], fl-istaġun 2009–2010 Tarxien Rainbows rebħu d-derby tliet darbiet infila li kien għamlu staġun storiku. Kif ukoll, fl-istess staġun Tarxien laħqu s-semifinali tal-FA Trophy u Tazza tal-100 Anniversarju.
Fl-istaġun 2010–11 Tarxien Rainbows spiċċaw il-5 fil-grupp taċ-''championship''. Kien staġun tajjeb, kienu lestew l-ewwel rawnd fit-2 post. Huma kellhom 2 ''derbies'' x'jilagħbu għaliex l-eterni rivali Hibernians lestew fil-Grupp tar-relegazzjoni, 1 minnhom rebħhuwa, b'kollox rebħu 4 derbies f'sena imma tilfu waħda. Fl-istess staġun laħqu s-Semifinali tal-U*BET FA Trophy.Fl-istaġun 2011-12 Tarxien Rainbows evitaw ir-relegazzjoni sal-aħħar tal-istaġun.
Mill-parti ta 'partitarji Tarxien Rainbows għamel titjib enormi fl-appoġġ tagħhom wara li fetaħ it-Tarxien Rainbows Supporters Club (TRSC) fl-24 ta' Ġunju 2009. L-Ewwel kumitat kien magħmul minn 10 persuni : Mario Muscat (President), Aaron Caruana (Segretarju), Keith Darmanin (Teżorier), Kevin Bonavia (Viċi-President), Dillon Mercieca (Membru), Kenneth Bonavia (Membru), Mark mercieca (Membru), Marko Schembri (Membru), Nigel Gatt (Membru), Jason Cortis(Membru). Grupp ta 'partitarji li jappoġġjaw it-tim tagħhom f'kull logħba, fi żminijiet ħżiena u tajba. Huma jagħmlu bnadar u xi oġġetti oħra ta sapport u divertiment fil-grawnd. Minħabba dan l-attendenza kibret akbar sena wara sena u wara sentejn fil-Premier League dawn jistgħu jiġu sodisfatti b'xogħol li sar. Ċertament ikollhom affarijiet saħansitra akbar għall-futur.
==Plejers notevoli==
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Anderson Ribeiro]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[André Rocha da Silva|André da Silva]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cristiano dos Santos Rodrigues|Cristiano]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Caio Garcia]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Daniel Mariano Bueno|Daniel Bueno]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Denni Rocha dos Santos|Denni]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Éverson Alan da Lima|Éverson]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Everton Antônio Pereira|Everton]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ricardo Mion Varella Costa|Ricardo Costa]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sergio Pacheco de Oliveira|Sergio Oliveira]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Graham Bencini]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Christopher Borġ]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Angus Buhagiar]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Arnold Buttiġieġ]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Malcolm Buttiġieġ]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Lino Galea]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Carlo Mamo]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Michael Micallef]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Jesmond Zerafa]]
*{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Ivan Čarapić]]
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Essien Mbong]]
{{col-4}}
[[File:Mamo, Carlo.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Carlo Mamo]]]]
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}
==Ħoloq esterni==
* [https://www.facebook.com/Tarxien-Rainbows-FC-456237668563638/ facebook]
* [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/malta/tarxien-rainbows-fc/3769/ SOCCERWAY]
* [https://www.sofascore.com/team/football/tarxien-rainbows-fc/33580 SOFASCORE]
* [https://www.flashscore.com/team/tarxien/I5Y7y9fg/ FLASHSCORE]
* [https://www.transfermarkt.com/tarxien-rainbows/startseite/verein/21395 Transfermarket]
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/tarxien-rainbows-fc/15671/ Globalsportsarchive]
{{Premier League Malti}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1944]]
[[Kategorija:Tarxien Rainbows FC]]
39498p3cn8j9q761an4i1r1k8lhi21b
330463
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/* Ħoloq esterni */
330463
wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{Infobox Tim tal-Futbol
| isem = Tarxien Rainbows
| stampa = [[Stampa:TarxienFC.png|250px]]
| ismijiet_oħra =
| isem_sħiħ = Tarxien Rainbows
| grawnd = [[Grawnd Nazzjonali Ta' Qali]], [[Ta' Qali]]
| jesa' = 17,000
| fundazzjoni = 1944, bħala ''Little Rainbows''
| president = ?
| kowċ = ?
| kampjonat = ?
| staġun =
| pożizzjoni =
| sit_elettroniku = http://www.freewebs.com/tarxienfc/
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=_tarxienbody1|pattern_ra1=
| leftarm1=0000FF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=0000FF|shorts1=000000|socks1=0000FF
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=_tarxienbody2|pattern_ra2=
| leftarm2=FF0000|body2=FF0000|rightarm2=FF0000|shorts2=FF0000|socks2=FF0000
}}
'''Tarxien Rainbows Club''' hu [[klabb tal-futbol]] [[Malta|Malti]] bbażat f'[[Ħal Tarxien]]. It-tim attwalment jilgħab fil-[[Premier League Malti|Premier League]], l-ogħla livell tal-futbol Malti.
==Storja==
Il-klabb kien fundat bħala '''Little Rainbows''' fl-1944, u pparteċipaw fil-[[Premier League Malti]] għall-istaġun 2009-10. Il-klabb ġie promoss għall-aħjar diviżjoni wara li jpiċċaw bħala ċampjins fl-[[L-Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija|Ewwel Diviżjoni Maltija]] fl-2007-08. Fl-2008/09 il-klabb lesta l-istess punti ma' [[Ħamrun Spartans FC|Ħamrun Spartans]] and [[Msida Saint-Joseph FC|Msida St. Joseph]]. Ħamrun kellha l-agħar punteġġ ta punti u sfaw relegati, filwaqt li Tarxien Rainbows rnexxielhom jevitaw relegazzjoni meta rebħu l-playoff kontra Msida St. Joseph. Fl-istaġun 2009–10 kien totalment differenti għar-Rainbows kif dawn irnexxielhom iqiegħdu l-5 post fil-klassifika u pproċedew għas-semifinali taż-żewġ kompetizzjonijiet domestiċi li l-klabb lagħab.
Fl-istaġun 2009–2010, Tarxien Rainbows spiċċaw il-5 fil-grupp taċ-''championship'' fuq ir-rivali eterni [[Hibernians FC]], fl-istaġun 2009–2010 Tarxien Rainbows rebħu d-derby tliet darbiet infila li kien għamlu staġun storiku. Kif ukoll, fl-istess staġun Tarxien laħqu s-semifinali tal-FA Trophy u Tazza tal-100 Anniversarju.
Fl-istaġun 2010–11 Tarxien Rainbows spiċċaw il-5 fil-grupp taċ-''championship''. Kien staġun tajjeb, kienu lestew l-ewwel rawnd fit-2 post. Huma kellhom 2 ''derbies'' x'jilagħbu għaliex l-eterni rivali Hibernians lestew fil-Grupp tar-relegazzjoni, 1 minnhom rebħhuwa, b'kollox rebħu 4 derbies f'sena imma tilfu waħda. Fl-istess staġun laħqu s-Semifinali tal-U*BET FA Trophy.Fl-istaġun 2011-12 Tarxien Rainbows evitaw ir-relegazzjoni sal-aħħar tal-istaġun.
Mill-parti ta 'partitarji Tarxien Rainbows għamel titjib enormi fl-appoġġ tagħhom wara li fetaħ it-Tarxien Rainbows Supporters Club (TRSC) fl-24 ta' Ġunju 2009. L-Ewwel kumitat kien magħmul minn 10 persuni : Mario Muscat (President), Aaron Caruana (Segretarju), Keith Darmanin (Teżorier), Kevin Bonavia (Viċi-President), Dillon Mercieca (Membru), Kenneth Bonavia (Membru), Mark mercieca (Membru), Marko Schembri (Membru), Nigel Gatt (Membru), Jason Cortis(Membru). Grupp ta 'partitarji li jappoġġjaw it-tim tagħhom f'kull logħba, fi żminijiet ħżiena u tajba. Huma jagħmlu bnadar u xi oġġetti oħra ta sapport u divertiment fil-grawnd. Minħabba dan l-attendenza kibret akbar sena wara sena u wara sentejn fil-Premier League dawn jistgħu jiġu sodisfatti b'xogħol li sar. Ċertament ikollhom affarijiet saħansitra akbar għall-futur.
==Plejers notevoli==
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Anderson Ribeiro]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[André Rocha da Silva|André da Silva]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cristiano dos Santos Rodrigues|Cristiano]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Caio Garcia]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Daniel Mariano Bueno|Daniel Bueno]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Denni Rocha dos Santos|Denni]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Éverson Alan da Lima|Éverson]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Everton Antônio Pereira|Everton]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ricardo Mion Varella Costa|Ricardo Costa]]
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sergio Pacheco de Oliveira|Sergio Oliveira]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Graham Bencini]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Christopher Borġ]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Angus Buhagiar]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Arnold Buttiġieġ]]
{{col-4}}
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Malcolm Buttiġieġ]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Lino Galea]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Carlo Mamo]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Michael Micallef]]
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Jesmond Zerafa]]
*{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Ivan Čarapić]]
*{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Essien Mbong]]
{{col-4}}
[[File:Mamo, Carlo.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Carlo Mamo]]]]
{{col-4}}
{{col-end}}
==Ħoloq esterni==
* [https://www.facebook.com/Tarxien-Rainbows-FC-456237668563638/ facebook]
* [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/malta/tarxien-rainbows-fc/3769/ SOCCERWAY]
* [https://www.flashscore.com/team/tarxien/I5Y7y9fg/ FLASHSCORE]
* [https://www.transfermarkt.com/tarxien-rainbows/startseite/verein/21395 Transfermarket]
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/tarxien-rainbows-fc/15671/ Globalsportsarchive]
{{Premier League Malti}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Maltin]]
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol stabbiliti fl-1944]]
[[Kategorija:Tarxien Rainbows FC]]
kogql9gv4rizb0k7lacpif76r1vmdhs
Juventus FC
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{grammatika}}
{{Infobox klabb tal-futbol
| stampa = [[Stampa:Juventus FC 2017 icon (black).svg|100px]]
| pattern_la1 = _juventus2425h
| pattern_b1 = _juventus2425h
| pattern_ra1 = _juventus2425h
| pattern_sh1 = _juventus2425h
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| body1 = FFFFFF
| rightarm1 = FFFFFF
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}}
'''Juventus Football Club''' S.p.A. (mill-Latin: iuventūs, "iż-żgħażagħ"), magħruf aħjar bħala Juventus (/ juvɛntus /), hija assoċjazzjoni Taljana tal-futbol ibbażata f'[[Turin]].
Imwaqqaf fl-1897 minn grupp ta 'studenti tal-iskola għolja lokali, Juventus huwa t-tieni l-iktar klabb tal-futbol Taljan fost dawk li għadhom attivi, wara [[Ġenoa]] (1893); hija l-aktar intitolat u t-tradizzjoni tal-pajjiż, kif ukoll wieħed mill-aktar magħrufa fid-dinja ma 63 trofej uffiċjali aktar sportivi rebaħ, inkluż ir-rekord ta '33 titoli [[Serie A|kampjonat]] u 11 titoli fil-kompetizzjonijiet tal-UEFA.
Ir-rabta mal-familja Agnelli, li dam sa mill 1923, hija l-ewwel u l-aktar dejjiema assoċjazzjoni negozju sportivi fl-Italja, permezz ta 'mudell ta' ġestjoni uniku stabbilit fil-frattemp, il-Juventus sar l-ewwel isports Taljan kumpanija li jinkiseb status professjonali ante litteram. Fl-1985 sar l-ewwel klabb li rebaħ tliet kompetizzjonijiet ewlenin Ewropej: Tazza taċ-Ċampjins/[[UEFA Champions League]], il-[[Tazza tat-Tazez Ewropej]]- u l-Tazza UEFA/[[UEFA Europa League]], bl triumphs sussegwenti fil-[[Supertazza Ewropea]] u [[Tazza Interkontinentali (futbol)]] 1984 fl-1985 wkoll sar l-ewwel u għadu l-uniku tim fid-dinja li rebaħ it-trofej uffiċjali kollha tal-konfederazzjoni tiegħu stess, rekord imtejjeb aktar bis-suċċess fit-Tazza Intertoto 1999.<ref>{{ċita web|url=http://it.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2349681.html/ |titlu=Paris sulle orme della Juventus |pubblikatur=UEFA |isem=Paul |kunjom=Saffer |data=2016-04-10 |data-aċċess=2016-04-10 |lingwa=it}}</ref>
Elenkati fuq il-Borża mill-2001,<ref>{{ċita web |url=http://www.borsaitaliana.it/borsa/azioni/dati-completi.html/ |titlu=Juventus Football Club |pubblikatur=Borsa Italiana S.p.A |data-aċċess=2015-04-14 |lingwa=it |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313160917/http://www.borsaitaliana.it/borsa/azioni/dati-completi.html |arkivju-data=2016-03-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Juventus, kważi b'mod stabbli peress li l-nofs l-1990, fost l-aqwa klabbs tal-futbol għaxar madwar id-dinja fis-settur finanzjarju f'termini ta 'fatturat, profitt u l-valur istokk tas-suq. Il-kontribut tiegħu għat-tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Italja, l-ikbar mit-timijiet Taljani, kien deċiżiv għas-suċċessi tat-tim nazzjonali. Huwa imsaħħaħ mill-appoġġ ta ikbar karattru nazzjonali minbarra mifruxa fuq skala globali, prinċipalment f'pajjiżi fejn hemm emigrazzjoni Taljan qawwija, li jagħmlu anticampanilistico simultanjament simbolu ta 'stil Taljan.<ref>{{ċita web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/football/article/2015/04/14/la-juventus-turin-porte-drapeau-d-un-football-italien-en-declin_4614951_1616938.html/ |titlu=La Juventus, dernier rescapé d'un football italien en déclin (Adrien Lelièvre) |pubblikatur=Le Monde |data=2015-04-14 |lingwa=fr}}</ref> Fl-2000, Juventus kienet inkluża mill-FIFA fl seba 'lok (premiere Taljan) fil-klassifika sekulari fuq il-klabb aqwa fid-dinja, u fl-2009 inħatar dall'IFFHS aħjar tim fil-pajjiż u t-tieni fl-Ewropa, wara [[Real Madrid]], tas-seklu għoxrin.
==Unuri==
[[Stampa:FBC Juventus - 1930s - Giovanni Ferrari.jpg|thumb|right|Giovanni Ferrari, plejer tal-futbol, fl-1933.]]
=== Nazzjonali ===
'''[[Serie A]]:'''
:*'''Rebbieħa (38)'''
'''[[Coppa Italia]]:'''
:*'''Rebbieħa (15)'''
'''[[Supercoppa Italiana]]:'''
:*'''Rebbieħa (9)'''
=== Internazzjonali ===
It-titoli li ġejjin jinkludu biss dawk rikonoxxuti mill-[[UEFA]] u l-[[FIFA]].
==== Dinjija ====
'''[[Tazza Interkontinentali (futbol)|Tazza Interkontinentali]]:'''
:* '''Rebbieħa (2)''': [[Tazza Interkontinentali 1985|1985]], [[Tazza Interkontinentali 1996|1996]]
==== Titoli Ewropej ====
'''[[UEFA Champions League|European Cup/UEFA Champions League]]:'''
:* '''Rebbieħa (2)''': [[1963–64 European Cup|1984–85]], [[2009–10 UEFA Champions League|1995–96]]
'''[[Tazza tat-Tazez Ewropej]]'''
:* '''Rebbieħa (1)''': [[Tazza tat-Tazez Ewropej 1983–84]]
'''[[UEFA Europa League|Tazza UEFA]]:'''
:* '''Rebbieħa (3)''': [[Tazza UEFA 1976–77|1976–77]], [[Tazza UEFA 1989–90|1989–90]], [[Tazza UEFA 1992–93|1992–93]]
'''[[UEFA Super Cup]]:'''
:* '''Rebbieħa (2)''': [[UEFA Super Cup 1984|1984]],[[UEFA Super Cup 1996|1996]]
== Referenzi ==
{{referenzi}}
== Ħoloq esterni ==
* {{Sit uffiċjali}}
{{Serie A}}
[[Kategorija:Klabbs tal-futbol Taljani]]
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== '''Artikli ġodda (2006)''' ==
=== <u>'''A'''</u> ===
* [[Aapravasi Ghat]]
* [[Aasivissuit-Nipisat: Territorju tal-Kaċċa tal-Inuit bejn is-Silġ u l-Baħar]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Pannonhalma]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]]
*[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]]
*[[Abu al-Fida]]
*[[Abu Mena]]
*[[Abu Simbel]]
*[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Acre|Acre]]
*[[Afag Bashirgyzy]]
*[[Aflaj tal-Oman]]
*[[Afrodisja]]
*[[Agadez]]
*[[Agostino Carracci]]
*[[Agostino Matrenza]]
*[[Ahwar tan-Nofsinhar tal-Iraq]]
*[[Aigai]]
*[[Aït Benhaddou]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]]
*[[Akshata Murthy]]
*[[Aksum]]
*[[Al Qal'a ta' Beni Hammad]]
*[[Al Zubarah]]
*[[Al-Maghtas]]
*[[Alatyr]]
*[[Albéric Magnard]]
*[[Alberobello]]
*[[Albi]]
*[[Alcalá de Henares]]
*[[Alcide d'Orbigny]]
*[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]]
*[[Alenush Terian]]
*[[Aleppo]]
*[[Alessandro Scarlatti]]
*[[Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Alexander Pushkin]]
*[[Alexander Wolszczan]]
*[[Aleksandra Smiljanić]]
*[[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
*[[Alfred Nobel]]
*[[Alfredo Casella]]
*[[Alois Dryák]]
*[[Alto Douro]]
*[[Amazigh Marokkin Standard]]
*[[Ambohimanga]]
*[[Ambra Sabatini]]
*[[Amerigo Vespucci]]
*[[Amerigo Vespucci (vapur għoli)|''Amerigo Vespucci'' (vapur għoli)]]
* [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]]
* [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]]
*[[Amilcare Ponchielli]]
*[[Anastasia Golovina]]
*[[Anders Jonas Ångström]]
*[[André Citroën]]
*[[André Weil]]
*[[Anfibju]]
*[[Anfiteatru ta' El Jem]]
*[[Angelina Mango]]
* [[Angkor Wat]]
* [[Angra do Heroísmo]]
* [[Ani]]
* [[Anjar]]
* [[Anna Brigadere]]
* [[Anna Kyriakou]]
*[[Anna Seghers]]
*[[Anna Sychravová]]
*[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]]
*[[Anse aux Meadows]]
* [[Antartika]]
* [[Anticosti]]
* [[Antigua Guatemala]]
*[[Antoine de Jussieu]]
*[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
*[[Antoinette Miggiani]]
*[[Anton Diabelli]]
*[[Anuradhapura]]
*[[Aplogruppi Y-DNA fit-tribujiet tal-Każakistan]]
*[[Aporofobija]]
*[[Aquileia]]
*[[Arċipelagu ta' Bijagós]]
*[[Arċipelagu ta' Revillagigedo]]
*[[Arċipelagu ta' Vega]]
*[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]]
*[[Arequipa]]
*[[Arġentier]]
*[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]]
*[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]]
*[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]]
*[[Arkeoloġija]]
*[[Arkitett]]
*[[Arkitettura Mudéjar ta' Aragona]]
*[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]]
*[[Arles]]
*[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]]
*[[Arslantepe]]
*[[Art tal-Inċens]]
*[[Arthur Schnitzler]]
*[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]]
*[[Artiġjan]]
*[[Artijiet Għoljin Ċentrali tas-Sri Lanka]]
*[[As-Salt]]
*[[Asmara]]
* [[Assisi]]
* [[Assi Ċentrali ta' Beijing]]
* [[Assur]]
* [[Astrofiżika]]
*[[Asuman Baytop]]
*[[Athos]]
*[[Attrazzjonijiet Ewlenin tar-Renju Antik ta' Saba f'Marib]]
*[[Auschwitz]]
*[[Austin Camilleri]]
*[[Ávila]]
*[[Avukat]]
=== '''<u>B</u>''' ===
* [[Baalbek]]
* [[Babilonja]]
* [[Baċir tal-Lag ta' Uvs]]
* [[Baċir tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Nord-Pas de Calais]]
* [[Baeza]]
* [[Bagan]]
* [[Baħar l-Abjad]]
* [[Baħar l-Iswed]]
*[[Baħar ta' Wadden]]
*[[Baħar tar-Ramel tan-Namibja]]
*[[Bajja ta' Dungonab]]
*[[Bajja ta' Ha Long]]
*[[Bajja ta' Tallinn]]
*[[Bajja tal-Klieb il-Baħar]]
*[[Bajjad]]
*[[Baleron]]
*[[Bamberg]]
*[[Ban Chiang]]
*[[Banská Štiavnica]]
*[[Barbier]]
*[[Bardejov]]
*[[Barokk]]
*[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]]
*[[Bath, Somerset]]
*[[Batlejka]]
*[[Battaljun Mediku tal-Ospedalieri]]
*[[Battir]]
*[[Bauhaus u s-Siti tal-Moviment f'Weimar, f'Dessau u f'Bernau]]
*[[Baxkortostan]]
*[[Bażi tad-Data tal-Osservazzjoni tal-Kometi]]
*[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]]
*[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]]
*[[Beatriz Carrillo]]
*[[Beemster]]
*[[Béguinage]]
*[[Belintersat-1]]
*[[BelKA]]
*[[Belt Bajda ta' Tel Aviv – il-Moviment Modern]]
*[[Belt Kolonjali ta' Santo Domingo]]
*[[Belt Projbita]]
*[[Belt Storika ta' Ahmadabad]]
*[[Belt Storika tal-Kajr]]
*[[Belt Storika tal-Moskej ta' Bagerhat]]
*[[Belt ta' Guanajuato]]
*[[Belt ta' New York]]
*[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]]
*[[Belt Universitarja ta' Caracas]]
*[[Bennej]]
*[[Berġa tal-Italja, il-Belt Valletta]]
*[[Berġa tal-Italja, il-Birgu]]
*[[Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe]]
*[[Bernard Grech]]
*[[Betlem]]
*[[Betti Alver]]
*[[Burkhan Khaldun]]
*[[Bidwi]]
*[[Bieb il-Belt]]
*[[Binjiet Gotiċi Vittorjani u tal-Art Deco ta' Mumbai]]
*[[Binjiet Tradizzjonali tal-Asante]]
*[[BirdLife International]]
*[[Blat Imkenni ta' Bhimbetka]]
*[[Bliet Antiki tal-Pyu]]
*[[Bliet Kapitali u Oqbra tar-Renju Antik ta' Koguryo]]
*[[Bliet Storiċi tal-Istrett ta' Malakka]]
*[[Bobby Charlton]]
*[[Bolgar]]
*[[Bordeaux]]
*[[Borobudur]]
*[[Borża ta' Malta]]
*[[Bosra]]
*[[Bridgetown]]
*[[Brook Taylor]]
*[[Brú na Bóinne]]
*[[Bruno Pizzul]]
*[[Bryggen]]
*[[Bucha]]
*[[Buddha Ġgantesk ta' Leshan]]
*[[Bugeddum Armen]]
*[[Bukhara]]
*[[Burt Bacharach]]
*[[Buskett]]
*[[Butrint]]
*[[Byblos]]
=== '''<u>Ċ/C</u>''' ===
* [[Cáceres (Spanja)]]
* [[Calakmul]]
* [[Camagüey]]
* [[Camino Real de Tierra Adentro]]
* [[Campeche]]
* [[Canal du Midi]]
* [[Canaletto]]
* [[Caral]]
* [[Carcassonne]]
*[[Carl Bosch]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Carl Linnaeus]]
*[[Carla Fracci]]
*[[Carlo Collodi]]
*[[Caroline Mikkelsen]]
*[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]]
*[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]]
*[[Çatalhöyük]]
*[[Causses u Cévennes]]
*[[Ċellola]]
*[[Ċensu Apap]]
*[[Ċentru Kulturali ta' Heydar Aliyev]]
*[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Lijiang]]
*[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Macao]]
*[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Rauma]]
*[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Salvador de Bahia]]
*[[Český Krumlov]]
*[[Ċetta Chevalier]]
*[[Chaîne des Puys]]
*[[Chakapuli]]
*[[Chan Chan]]
*[[Changdeokgung]]
*[[Chankillo]]
*[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]]
*[[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]]
*[[Charles Nicolle]]
*[[Charles Richter]]
*[[Charles Xuereb]]
*[[Charlie Watts]]
*[[Chavín]]
*[[Choeung Ek]]
*[[Chersonesus Tawrika]]
*[[Chichén Itzá]]
*[[Chilehaus]]
*[[Choirokoitia]]
*[[Christiansfeld]]
*[[Christopher Polhem]]
*[[Chun Wang]]
*[[Cidade Velha]]
*[[Cienfuegos]]
*[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]]
*[[Cinque Terre]]
*[[Ċirkewwa]]
*[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]]
*[[Ċittadella ta' Erbil]]
*[[Ċittadella tad-Dinastija Hồ]]
*[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]]
*[[Climats u Terroirs ta' Bourgogne]]
*[[Colonia del Sacramento]]
*[[Copan]]
*[[Córdoba, Spanja]]
*[[Coro]]
*[[Crespi d'Adda]]
*[[Ċrieki tal-Ġebel tas-Senegambja]]
*[[Cristofano Allori]]
*[[Cuenca, l-Ekwador]]
*[[Cuenca (Spanja)]]
*[[Cueva de las Manos]]
*[[Cumalıkızık]]
*[[Curzio Maltese]]
*[[Cusco]]
*[[Cynthia Turner]]
*[[Cyrene]]
=== '''<u>D</u>''' ===
* [[Daiga Mieriņa]]
* [[Damasku]]
* [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]]
* [[Danxia]]
*[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder|Dar ta' Rietveld Schröder]]
*[[Dar tal-Kimeri]]
*[[Dar tat-Twelid ta' Martin Luteru]]
*[[Dar u Studjo ta' Luis Barragán]]
*[[Delos]]
*[[Delphi]]
*[[Delta ta' Saloum]]
*[[Delta ta' Okavango]]
*[[Delta tad-Danubju]]
*[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]]
*[[Demokrazija]]
*[[Dengfeng]]
*[[Dentist]]
*[[Denys Shmyhal]]
*[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]]
*[[Deżert ta' Badain Jaran]]
*[[Deżert ta' Lut]]
*[[Deżerta tal-isfarġel]]
*[[Dholavira]]
*[[Diamantina]]
*[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]]
*[[Diaolou]]
*[[Diga ta' Karakaya]]
*[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]]
*[[Dimitrana Ivanova]]
*[[Distrett ta' At-Turaif]]
*[[Diy-Gid-Biy]]
*[[Dizzjunarju]]
*[[Djalett]]
*[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]]
*[[Djémila]]
*[[Djerba]]
*[[DNA]]
*[[Dolċier]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Menga]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Viera]]
*[[Dolomiti]]
*[[Domenico Allegri]]
*[[Domenico Scarlatti]]
*[[Domowina]]
*[[Domus de Janas]]
*[[Domus Rumana]]
*[[Donatello]]
*[[Dougga]]
*[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]]
*[[Dubrovnik]]
*[[Durmitor]]
* [[Dwejra]]
=== '''<u>E</u>''' ===
* [[Edgar Preca]]
* [[Edward Sexton]]
* [[Edinburgu]]
* [[Edward de Bono]]
* [[Edwin Hubble]]
* [[Efesu]]
* [[Eise Eisinga]]
*[[Ekonomista]]
*[[Ekosistema u Relitt tal-Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Lopé-Okanda]]
*[[El Escorial]]
*[[El Jadida]]
*[[El Tajin]]
*[[El Torcal]]
*[[Eladio Dieste]]
*[[Eleonora Jenko Groyer]]
*[[Elisha Graves Otis]]
*[[Elvas]]
*[[Emil Nolde]]
*[[Emma Andrijewska]]
*[[Emma Muscat]]
*[[Ernst Schröder]]
*[[Esperantoloġija]]
*[[Essaouira]]
*[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]]
*[[Ethel Anderson]]
*[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]]
*[[Eugenio Montale]]
*[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]]
*[[Evelyn Bonaci]]
*[[Évora]]
*[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]]
=== '''<u>F</u>''' ===
* [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]]
* [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Ħarir ta' Tomioka]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Injam u tal-Kartun ta' Verla]]
* [[Fabbriki tal-Wied ta' Derwent]]
* [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]]
* [[Fanjingshan]]
* [[Fasil Ghebbi]]
* [[Fatehpur Sikri]]
* [[Fdalijiet Arkeoloġiċi ta' Moenjodaro]]
* [[Fdalijiet ta' Gedi]]
* [[Fdalijiet ta' León Viejo]]
* [[Fdalijiet ta' Loropéni]]
* [[Fdalijiet tal-Vihara Buddista f'Paharpur]]
* [[Fehme Agani]]
*[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]]
*[[Fenno-Skandinavja]]
*[[Fernando Botero]]
*[[Ferrara]]
*[[Ferruccio Lamborghini]]
*[[Festival ta' Sanremo]]
*[[Fiera Internazzjonali ta' Rachid Karami f'Tripoli]]
*[[Figolla]]
*[[Firenze]]
*[[Fjord tas-Silġ ta' Ilulissat]]
*[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]]
*[[Flora Martirosian]]
*[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]]
*[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Foresti Irkanjani]]
*[[Foresti Muntanjużi ta' Odzala-Kokoua]]
*[[Foresti Sagri ta' Kaya tal-Mijikenda]]
*[[Foresti tas-Siġar tar-Rand ta' Madeira]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali tal-Atsinanana]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali u Artijiet Mistagħdra Kolkiċi]]
*[[Foresti Verġni ta' Komi]]
*[[Formazzjonijiet u Għerien Karstiċi Evaporitiċi tar-Reġjun ta' Emilia Romagna]]
*[[Forti l-Aħmar]]
* [[Forti ta' Agra]]
*[[Forti ta' Bahla]]
*[[Forti ta' Galle]]
*[[Forti ta' Ġesù]]
*[[Forti ta' Rohtas]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet fuq in-Naħa tal-Karibew tal-Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]]
*[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]]
*[[Fortijiet u Kastelli tal-Ghana]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Hwaseong]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Pirot]]
*[[Fortizza ta' San Nikola]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Suomenlinna]]
*[[Fortizzi ta' Dacia fil-Muntanji Orăștie]]
*[[Fortizzi Tondi tal-Vikingi]]
*[[Foss ta' Messel]]
*[[Fotografu]]
*[[Fram2]]
*[[Francesco Guardi]]
*[[François-Alphonse Forel]]
*[[François Couperin]]
*[[François Girardon]]
*[[Francois Mauriac]]
*[[Franco Migliacci]]
*[[Franġisk Zahra]]
*[[Frank Drake]]
*[[Franz Beckenbauer]]
*[[Franz Kafka]]
*[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]]
*[[Franz von Suppé]]
*[[Frawla]]
*[[Fray Bentos]]
*[[Frédéric Bartholdi]]
*[[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve]]
*[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]
*[[Frosta tal-Għid]]
* [[Frott]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani Ġermaniċi t'Isfel]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani ta' Dacia]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]]
* [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]]
*[[Fuji]]
*[[Furnar]]
=== '''<u>Ġ</u>''' ===
* [[Ġardinar]]
*[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]]
* [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]]
* [[Ġeoloġija]]
* [[Ġeriko tal-Qedem]]
* [[Ġerusalemm]]
* [[Ġibjun ta' Bovilla]]
* [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]]
* [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]]
* [[Ġnien Persjan]]
* [[Ġobon ta' Jāņi]]
* [[Ġonna Botaniċi Rjali ta' Kew]]
* [[Ġonna Botaniċi ta' Singapore]]
* [[Ġonna Klassiċi ta' Suzhou]]
* [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]]
* [[Ġonna ta' Shalimar]]
*[[Ġurnalist]]
=== '''<u>G</u>''' ===
* [[Gammelstad]]
* [[Gamzigrad]]
* [[Gati tal-Punent]]
* [[Gebel Barkal]]
* [[Geirangerfjord]]
* [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Georg von Békésy]]
*[[George Gallup]]
*[[Georges Bernanos]]
*[[Georges J.F. Kohler]]
*[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]]
*[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Ghadamès]]
*[[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola]]
*[[Giacomo Zanella]]
*[[Giampiero Galeazzi]]
*[[Gianni Vella]]
*[[Gigi Riva]]
*[[Giorgia Meloni]]
*[[Giorgio Vasari]]
*[[Giosuè Carducci]]
*[[Giotto]]
*[[Giovanni Arduino]]
*[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]]
*[[Giovanni Boccaccio]]
*[[Giovanni Paisiello]]
*[[Giovanni Papini]]
*[[Giulio Natta]]
*[[Gjirokastër]]
*[[Glossarju]]
*[[Göbekli Tepe]]
*[[Goffredo Mameli]]
*[[Goiás]]
*[[Golf ta' California]]
*[[Golf ta' Porto]]
*[[Gonbad-e Qābus]]
*[[Gordion]]
*[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]]
*[[Gotiku]]
*[[Gozinaki]]
*[[Gran Ordni tar-Re Tomislav]]
*[[Grand Pré]]
*[[Grand-Bassam]]
*[[Grand Place, Brussell]]
*[[Graz]]
*[[Grazia Deledda]]
*[[Greenland]]
*[[Gregorio Allegri]]
*[[Gremxula ta' Malta]]
*[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]]
*[[Grotti ta' Longmen]]
*[[Grotti ta' Yungang]]
*[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]]
*[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Mahabalipuram]]
*[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]]
*[[Guimarães]]
*[[Gustave Charpentier]]
* [[Gżejjer Eolji]]
* [[Gżejjer Falkland]]
* [[Gżejjer Galapagos]]
* [[Gżejjer Marquesas]]
* [[Gżejjer Solovetsky]]
* [[Gżejjer Sub-Antartiċi ta' New Zealand]]
* [[Gżejjer ta' Amami-Ōshima, ta' Tokunoshima u ta' Iriomote, u t-Tramuntana ta' Okinawa]]
* [[Gżejjer ta' Ogasawara]]
* [[Gżejjer tal-Blat]]
* [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Aldabra]]
* [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Bikini]]
* [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Rocas]]
* [[Gżejjer tan-Nofsinhar u Ibħra Awstrali Franċiżi]]
* [[Gżira Heard u l-Gżejjer McDonald]]
* [[Gżira Inaċċessibbli]]
* [[Gżira Sagra ta' Okinoshima u Siti Assoċjati fir-Reġjun ta' Munakata]]
* [[Gżira ta' Cocos]]
* [[Gżira ta' Fraser]]
* [[Gżira ta' Gorée]]
* [[Gżira ta' Henderson]]
*[[Gżira ta' Jeju]]
*[[Gżira ta' Kunta Kinteh]]
*[[Gżira ta' Lord Howe]]
*[[Gżira ta' Macquarie]]
*[[Gżira ta' Mozambique]]
*[[Gżira ta' Pico]]
*[[Gżira ta' Robben]]
*[[Gżira ta' Saint-Louis]]
*[[Gżira ta' Tiwai]]
*[[Gżira ta' Wrangel]]
*[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]]
=== '''<u>GĦ</u>''' ===
* [[Għajn Tuffieħa]]
* [[Għalliem]]
*[[Għar Dalam]]
*[[Għar ta' Altamira]]
*[[Għar ta' Gorham]]
*[[Għar ta' Karain]]
*[[Għar ta' Optymistychna]]
*[[Għar ta' Vjetrenica]]
*[[Għar tal-Apokalissi]]
*[[Għar tal-Irħam]]
*[[Għar tas-Silġ ta' Dobšiná]]
*[[Għarb]]
*[[Għelieqi Mtarrġa tar-Ross tal-Cordilleras tal-Filippini]]
*[[Għerien Karstiċi ta' Aggtelek u tas-Slovakkja]]
*[[Għerien ta' Ajanta]]
*[[Għerien ta' Elephanta]]
*[[Għerien ta' Ellora]]
*[[Għerien ta' Mogao]]
*[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]]
*[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]]
*[[Għid]]
*[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]]
*[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]]
*[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]]
*[[Għoljiet ta' Matobo]]
*[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]]
=== '''<u>H</u>''' ===
* [[Hagia Sophia]]
* [[Hahoe]]
* [[Haley Bugeja]]
* [[Halloumi]]
* [[Hallstatt]]
* [[Hampi]]
*[[Hans Geiger]]
*[[Hans Memling]]
*[[Hans Spemann]]
*[[Harar]]
*[[Harry Belafonte]]
*[[Hatı Çırpan]]
*[[Hatra]]
*[[Hattusha]]
*[[Hawa Mahal]]
*[[Hebron]]
*[[Hedeby]]
*[[Hegmataneh]]
*[[Hegra]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Helena Kottler Vurnik]]
*[[Henri Fantin-Latour]]
*[[Henri Frederic Amiel]]
*[[Hermannus Contractus]]
*[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
*[[Hideki Yukawa]]
*[[Hildesheim]]
*[[Höga Kusten]]
*[[Hoh Xil]]
*[[Hội An]]
*[[Holašovice]]
*[[Hollókő]]
*[[Hongcun]]
*[[Hospicio Cabañas]]
*[[Hospital de Sant Pau]]
*[[Hovgården]]
*[[Howard Carter]]
*[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]]
*[[Huangshan]]
*[[Hubert de Givenchy]]
=== '''<u>Ħ</u>''' ===
* [[Ħaġar Megalitiku ta' Carnac]]
* [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]]
* [[Ħajja]]
*[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]]
*[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]]
*[[Ħsad tal-Perli fil-Bahrain]]
*[[Ħuta]]
=== '''<u>I</u>''' ===
* [[Ibn Battuta]]
* [[ICOMOS]]
* [[Idolu ta' Shigir]]
* [[Idrija]]
* [[Idrijski žlikrofi]]
* [[Ilha Grande]]
* [[Il'ja Prigožini]]
* [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]]
*[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]]
*[[Impjanti tan-Nitrat tal-Potassju ta' Humberstone u ta' Santa Laura]]
*[[Inara Luigas]]
*[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]]
*[[Independence Hall]]
*[[Indiċi]]
*[[Industrija tal-lavanja f'Wales]]
*[[Ingredjent]]
*[[Intaljatur]]
*[[Internet]]
*[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]]
* [[Ipproċessar testwali]]
* [[Irdumijiet ta' Bandiagara]]
* [[Iremel]]
* [[Irħula Antiki ta' Djenné]]
* [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]]
* [[Irpin]]
* [[Irziezet Imżejnin ta' Hälsingland]]
*[[Isabella d'Este]]
*[[ISBN]]
*[[Istitut tar-Riċerka dwar il-Foresti tal-Malażja]]
*[[Istmu Kuronjan]]
*[[Ivan Turgenev]]
*[[Ivrea]]
=== '''<u>J</u>''' ===
* [[Jacinto Benavente]]
* [[Jaipur]]
* [[Jakob Bogdani]]
* [[Jan Novák]]
*[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]
*[[Jarrod Sammut]]
*[[Jean Antoine Houdon]]
*[[Jean Dieudonné]]
*[[Jean Picard]]
*[[Jebel Faya]]
*[[Jeddah]]
*[[Jodensavanne]]
*[[Joggins]]
*[[Johann Christian Bach]]
*[[Johan Jensen]]
*[[John Edward Critien]]
*[[John Kendrew]]
*[[John Strutt Rayleigh]]
*[[Jongmyo]]
*[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]]
*[[Josef Hoffman]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Joya de Cerén]]
*[[Jože Plečnik]]
*[[Jules Pascin]]
*[[Julia Malinova]]
*[[Julia Sanina]]
*[[Júlia Sigmond]]
*[[Julio Baghy]]
*[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
*[[Jum il-Ġifa]]
*[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Jum l-Ewropa]]
*[[Jum Zamenhof]]
=== '''<u>K</u>''' ===
* [[Kaċċa bl-ajkli]]
* [[Kairouan]]
* [[Kaja Kallas]]
*[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]]
*[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]]
*[[Kanal il-Kbir (iċ-Ċina)]]
*[[Kanal ta' Rideau]]
*[[Kanali ta' Amsterdam]]
*[[Kandy]]
*[[Kappella]]
*[[Karavanseraj Persjani]]
*[[Karbalayi Safikhan Karabakhi]]
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]
*[[Karl Weierstrass]]
*[[Karlskrona]]
*[[Karlu III]]
*[[Kasbah tal-Alġier]]
*[[Kaskati ta' Galdelsha]]
*[[Kaskati ta' Vitorja]]
*[[Kastell ta' Ankara]]
*[[Kastell ta' Durham]]
*[[Kastell ta' Himeji]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]]
*[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]]
*[[Kastell ta' Kuressaare]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]]
*[[Kastell ta' Lubart]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]]
*[[Kastell ta' Nesvizh]]
*[[Kastell ta' Neuschwanstein]]
*[[Kastell ta' Paphos]]
*[[Kastell ta' San Pedro de la Roca]]
*[[Kastell ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]]
*[[Kastell ta' Zerzevan]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]]
*[[Kastelli u Swar tal-Irħula tar-Re Dwardu fi Gwynedd]]
*[[Katarina Vitale]]
* [[Katidral]]
*[[Katidral ta' Aachen]]
*[[Katidral ta' Amiens]]
*[[Katidral ta' Bourges]]
*[[Katidral ta' Burgos]]
*[[Katidral ta' Canterbury]]
*[[Katidral ta' Chartres]]
*[[Katidral ta' Köln]]
*[[Katidral ta' León, Nikaragwa]]
*[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]]
*[[Katidral ta' Reims]]
*[[Katidral ta' Roskilde]]
*[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]]
*[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]]
*[[Katidral ta' Speyer]]
*[[Katidral ta' Tournai]]
*[[Katidral ta' Zvartnots]]
*[[Katidral tat-Trasfigurazzjoni, Dnipro]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta' Ennedi]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta' Mulanje]]
*[[Katsiaryna Barysevich]]
*[[Kauksi Ülle]]
*[[Kaunas]]
*[[Kavallier ta' Madara]]
* [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]]
* [[Kawkasu tal-Punent]]
* [[KazCosmos]]
*[[Kelma]]
*[[Kerkuane]]
*[[Kernavė]]
*[[Kewkbet is-Safar]]
*[[Khafre]]
*[[Khami]]
*[[Khinalug]]
*[[Khiva]]
*[[Khor Rori]]
*[[Khorramabad]]
*[[Khuttal]]
*[[Kibbeh]]
*[[Kiki Kogelnik]]
*[[Kinderdijk]]
*[[Kirurgu]]
*[[Kizhi Pogost]]
*[[Kladruby nad Labem]]
* [[Klima ta' Malta]]
* [[Klondike]]
* [[Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Bajja tal-Glaċieri / Tatshenshini-Alsek]]
* [[Knarik Vardanyan]]
* [[Knejjes Barokki tal-Filippini]]
* [[Knejjes Imħaffrin fil-Blat ta' Ivanovo]]
* [[Knejjes Imħaffrin fil-Blat ta' Lalibela]]
*[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]]
*[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]]
*[[Knejjes ta' Chiloé]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam ta' Maramureș]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Iskola tal-Arkitettura ta' Pskov]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]]
*[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]]
*[[Knisja Antika ta' Petäjävesi]]
*[[Knisja ta' Atlántida]]
*[[Knisja ta' Boyana]]
*[[Knisja ta' San Ġwann f'Kaneo]]
*[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]]
*[[Knisja ta' Santa Margerita]]
*[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]]
*[[Knisja tal-Injam ta' Urnes]]
*[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]]
*[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]]
*[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]]
*[[Koh Ker]]
*[[Kok]]
*[[Kolomenskoye]]
*[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]]
*[[Kolonji tal-Benevolenza]]
*[[Kolonna ta' Ġuljanu]]
*[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]]
* [[Kolossew]]
* [[Konso]]
*[[Konversazzjoni]]
*[[Korfù]]
*[[Kosta Ġurassika]]
*[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]]
*[[Kosta ta' Ningaloo]]
*[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]]
*[[Kotlovina]]
*[[Koutammakou]]
*[[Krak des Chevaliers]]
*[[Krakovja]]
*[[Krater ta' Logoisk]]
*[[Krater ta' Vredefort]]
*[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]]
*[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]]
*[[Kreta]]
*[[Krisztina Tóth]]
*[[Krzemionki]]
*[[Ksour Antiki ta' Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt u Oualata]]
*[[Kubdari]]
*[[Kujataa]]
*[[Kulangsu]]
*[[Kuldīga]]
*[[Kulleġġ Navali Rjali Antik]]
*[[Kultura ta' Chaco]]
*[[Kultura ta' Chinchorro]]
*[[Kultura ta' Liangzhu]]
*[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]]
*[[Kumpless Modern ta' Pampulha]]
*[[Kumpless Monumentali ta' Brâncuși f'Târgu Jiu]]
*[[Kumpless ta' Konservazzjoni tal-Amażonja Ċentrali]]
*[[Kumpless ta' W-Arly-Pendjari]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Bażar Storiku ta' Tabriz]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Foresti ta' Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Foresta ta' Kaeng Krachan]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Kastell ta' Mir]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Khānegāh u tas-Santwarju tax-Xejikk Safi al-din f'Ardabil]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Monumenti ta' Huế]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Muntanji u tat-Tempji ta' Chengde]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Oqbra ta' Koguryo]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Pajsaġġ ta' Tràng An]]
*[[Kumpless u l-Estancias tal-Ġiżwiti ta' Córdoba]]
*[[Kumplessi Monastiċi Armeni tal-Iran]]
*[[Kumplessi Petroglifiċi tal-Altai tal-Mongolja]]
*[[Kumplessi Sagri tal-Hoysala]]
*[[Kumitat tal-Wirt Dinji]]
*[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]]
*[[Kunvent ta' Kristu f'Tomar]]
*[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]]
*[[Kunya-Urgench]]
*[[Kuruna ta' Zvonimir]]
*[[Kutná Hora]]
=== '''<u>L</u>''' ===
* [[L-Arti]]
* [[L-Ewwel Mara jew Raġel ta' Malta]]
* [[Lag ta' Baikal]]
* [[Lag ta' Brebeneskul]]
* [[Lag ta' Kezenoyam]]
* [[Lag ta' Laach]]
* [[Lag tal-Punent, Hangzhou]]
* [[Lagi ta' Ounianga]]
* [[Lag ta' Skadar]]
* [[Lagi ta' Willandra]]
* [[Lake District]]
* [[Lamu]]
*[[Landier]]
*[[Lapponja Żvediża]]
*[[Las Médulas]]
*[[Lascaux]]
*[[Lavaux]]
*[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]]
*[[Lazzaro Pisani]]
*[[Le Corbusier]]
*[[Le Havre]]
*[[Le Locle]]
*[[Leptis Magna]]
*[[Lessikoloġija]]
* [[Lessiku]]
* [[Letoon]]
* [[Lev Davidovich Landau]]
* [[Lev Semenovič Pontrjagin]]
* [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]]
* [[Levuka]]
* [[Leyla Mammadbeyova]]
* [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]]
*[[Lika Kavzharadze]]
*[[Lima]]
*[[Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Lingwa Ġermaniża]]
*[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]]
*[[Linja Ferrovjarja Trans-Iranjana]]
*[[Linji Ferrovjarji tal-Muntanji tal-Indja]]
*[[Linji ta' Nazca]]
*[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]]
*[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]]
*[[Lista ta' kumpaniji elenkati fil-Borża ta' Malta]]
*[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]]
*[[Lista ta' peniżoli]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Andorra]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Iżrael]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Kuba]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Madagascar]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'San Marino]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fi Franza]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fi Spanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċilì]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fid-Danimarka]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bangladesh]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Belarussja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Belġju]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Brażil]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bulgarija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Filippini]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Finlandja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġappun]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġermanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġordan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Georgia]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Greċja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Jemen]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kambodja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kanada]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Karibew]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kirgistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kolombja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Korea ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Laos]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lussemburgu]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lvant tal-Asja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lvant tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Malażja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Marokk]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Mauritania]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Messiku]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Moldova]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Mongolja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Myanmar]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Pakistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Palestina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Perù]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Portugall]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Punent tal-Asja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Punent tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Vjetnam]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nepal]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Netherlands]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nofsinhar tal-Asja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nofsinhar tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Norveġja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Renju Unit]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Rumanija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Russja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Serbja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Sirja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovakkja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Sri Lanka]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Taġikistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tajlandja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tanzanija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tramuntana tal-Asja u fl-Asja Ċentrali]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tramuntana tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tuneżija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkmenistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fix-Xlokk tal-Asja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afganistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afrika]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afrika t'Isfel]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Albanija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka Ċentrali]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka t'Isfel]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Arabja Sawdija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Arġentina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Armenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstralja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ażerbajġan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Eġittu]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Etjopja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Indja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Indoneżja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Istati Għarab]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Istati Uniti]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżlanda]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżvezja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżvizzera]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Oċeanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ungerija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Użbekistan]]
*[[Liz Truss]]
*[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]]
*[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]]
*[[Lorenzo de' Medici]]
*[[Lorenzo Gafà]]
*[[Lorenzo Valla]]
*[[Luang Prabang]]
*[[Lübeck]]
*[[Lucavsala]]
*[[Lucia Piussi]]
*[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]]
*[[Ludmila tal-Boemja]]
*[[Ludovico Ariosto]]
*[[Ludovico Carracci]]
*[[Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof]]
*[[Luigi Boccherini]]
*[[Luigi Galvani]]
*[[Luigi Pirandello]]
*[[Lumbini]]
*[[Luna 26]]
*[[Lunenburg]]
*[[Lvant ta' Rennell]]
*[[Lviv]]
*[[Lyon]]
*[[Lyubov Panchenko]]
=== '''<u>M</u>''' ===
* [[Maċedonit]]
* [[Machu Picchu]]
* [[Madinat Al-Zahra]]
*[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]]
*[[Magda Šaturová-Seppová]]
*[[Maison Carrée]]
* [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]]
*[[Maltin]]
*[[Måneskin]]
*[[Manhush]]
*[[Manto Mavrogenous]]
*[[Mantova]]
*[[Margaret Abela]]
*[[Maria De Filippi]]
*[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]]
*[[Maria Grollmuß]]
*[[Marian Smoluchowski]]
*[[Mario Draghi]]
*[[Mário Zagallo]]
*[[Marrakesh]]
*[[Marta Kos]]
*[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]]
*[[Mary Chronopoulou]]
*[[Mary Fenech Adami]]
*[[Mary Moser]]
*[[Masada]]
*[[Masġar tal-Palm ta' Elche]]
*[[Maurizio Costanzo]]
*[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]]
*[[Maymand]]
*[[Mbanza Kongo]]
*[[Medalja ta' Marian Smoluchowski]]
*[[Medina ta' Sousse]]
*[[Mehmet Ali Ağca]]
*[[Melka Kunture]]
*[[Mérida (Spanja)]]
*[[Merill]]
*[[Meroe]]
*[[Merv]]
*[[Meteora]]
*[[Michael Refalo]]
*[[Michail Glinka]]
*[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]]
*[[Milan]]
*[[Mileva Filipović]]
*[[Mimoza Kusari-Lila]]
*[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]]
*[[Minaret ta' Jam]]
*[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Faħam ta' Ombilin]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Fidda ta' Iwami Ginzan]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]]
*[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]]
*[[Minjieri tad-Deheb tal-Gżira ta' Sado]]
*[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]]
*[[Mira Alečković]]
*[[Mirella Freni]]
*[[Miroslav Řepa]]
*[[Missjonijiet Franġiskani fis-Sierra Gorda ta' Querétaro]]
*[[Missjonijiet ta' San Antonio]]
*[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti fost il-Guarani]]
*[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti ta' Chiquitos]]
*[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti ta' La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná u Jesús de Tavarangue]]
*[[Mnajdra]]
*[[Modena]]
*[[Mogħdija tal-Ġgant]]
*[[Moidam]]
*[[Monasteri fuq ix-xaqlibiet ta' Popocatépetl]]
*[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Alcobaça]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Batalha]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Ferapontov]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Gelati]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Geghard]]
*[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Haghpat]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Hoge]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Horezu]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Hosios Loukas]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Maulbronn]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Neghuts]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Rila]]
*[[Monasteru ta' San Ġwann it-Teologu]]
*[[Monasteru ta' San Ilarjun]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Sanahin]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Santa Katarina]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Sopoćani]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Studenica]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]]
*[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]]
*[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]]
*[[Monika Kryemadhi]]
*[[Møns Klint]]
*[[Mont-Saint-Michel]]
*[[Monte Albán]]
*[[Monte San Giorgio]]
*[[Monte Titano]]
*[[Monticello]]
* [[Monument]]
* [[Monument Nazzjonali ta' Żimbabwe l-Kbir]]
* [[Monumenti Bojod ta' Vladimir u ta' Suzdal]]
* [[Monumenti Buddisti fl-inħawi ta' Hōryū-ji]]
* [[Monumenti Paleokristjani u Biżantini ta' Thessaloniki]]
* [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Makli]]
*[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]]
*[[Monumenti ta' Oviedo u tar-Renju tal-Asturjas]]
*[[Monumenti tal-Ġebel taċ-Ċriev]]
*[[Monumenti u Siti Storiċi f'Kaesong]]
*[[Monumenti u Siti Storiċi ta' Hiraizumi]]
*[[Morelia]]
*[[Moritz Cantor]]
*[[Moskea Antika ta' Edirne]]
*[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]]
*[[Moskea ta' Arif Agha]]
*[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]]
*[[Moskea tal-Ġimgħa ta' Esfahan]]
*[[Moskea tat-Tatari]]
*[[Moskej bi stil Sudaniż fit-Tramuntana tal-Kosta tal-Avorju]]
*[[Moskej tal-Pilastri tal-Injam tal-Anatolja Medjevali]]
*[[Motoori Norinaga]]
*[[Mramorje]]
*[[Mtskheta]]
*[[Mtsvane]]
*[[Muhammad al-Idrisi]]
*[[Muħammed]]
*[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]]
*[[Muntanja Pelée]]
*[[Muntanja Qingcheng]]
*[[Muntanja ta' Kumgang]]
*[[Muntanja Wutai]]
*[[Muntanji Blu u John Crow]]
*[[Muntanji Makhonjwa ta' Barberton]]
*[[Muntanji ta' Homolje]]
*[[Muntanji tad-Deheb ta' Altai]]
*[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]]
*[[Muntanji Wudang]]
*[[Muntanji Wuyi]]
*[[Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Montenegro]]
*[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]]
*[[Mużew ta' Trojja]]
*[[Myśliwska]]
*[[Mystras]]
=== '''<u>N</u>''' ===
* [[Nærøyfjord]]
* [[Nadur]]
* [[Naftalan]]
* [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]
* [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]]
* [[Nalanda Mahavihara]]
* [[Namhansanseong]]
* [[Nancy]]
* [[Nan Madol]]
*[[Napli]]
*[[Naryn-Kala]]
*[[Nataliya Kobrynska]]
*[[Nea Moni ta' Chios]]
*[[Nekropoli]]
*[[Nekropoli ta' Beit She'arim]]
*[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]]
*[[Nemrut Dağı]]
*[[Nessebar]]
*[[New Lanark]]
*[[New Secret (jott)]]
*[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]]
*[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]]
*[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]]
*[[Nicolas Flamel]]
*[[Nicolau Coelho]]
*[[Nida]]
*[[Nika Križnar]]
*[[Nikkō]]
*[[Nino Ramishvili]]
*[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]]
*[[Nisa f’Malta]]
*[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]]
*[[Nizza]]
*[[Norman Morrison]]
*[[Nutar]]
=== '''<u>O</u>''' ===
* [[Oażi ta' Al-Ahsa]]
* [[Olga Tass]]
*[[Olimpja]]
*[[Olinda]]
*[[Ophrys caucasica|''Ophrys caucasica'']]
*[[Oplontis]]
*[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]]
*[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastija Xixia]]
*[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]]
*[[Oqbra Rjali tad-Dinastija Joseon]]
*[[Oqbra ta' Mozu]]
*[[Oqbra tar-Rejiet ta' Buganda f'Kasubi]]
*[[Orthohantavirus]]
*[[Ortografija Litwana]]
*[[Osservatorji Astronomiċi tal-Università Federali ta' Kazan]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Črni Vrh]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Rozhen]]
*[[Osun-Osogbo]]
*[[Otto Toeplitz]]
*[[Ouro Preto]]
=== '''<u>P</u>''' ===
* [[Pablo Neruda]]
* [[Pagoda ta' Vinh Nghiem]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Arkeoloġiku tal-Ewwel Pjantaġġuni tal-Kafè fix-Xlokk ta' Kuba]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Arkeoloġiku tas-Sassanidi fil-Provinċja ta' Fars]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Karstiku tan-Nofsinhar taċ-Ċina]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' ǂKhomani]]
* [[Pajsaġġi Kulturali ta' Bassari, Fula u Bedik]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Budj Bim]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Gedeo]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Hawraman/Uramanat]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Le Morne]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Sukur]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Għelieqi Mtarrġa tar-Ross ta' Honghe Hani]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Kafè tal-Kolombja]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Lag ta' Kenozero]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Wied ta' Orkhon]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tat-Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Gobustan]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Zuojiang]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali u Botaniku ta' Richtersveld]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali u l-Fdalijiet Arkeoloġiċi tal-Wied ta' Bamiyan]]
* [[Pajsaġġi Militari tal-Imperu Maratha fl-Indja]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]]
* [[Pajsaġġi ta' Dauria]]
* [[Pál Maléter]]
* [[Palazz Irjali ta' Aranjuez]]
*[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]]
*[[Palazz Mariinskyi]]
*[[Palazz ta' Blenheim]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]]
*[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]]
*[[Palazz ta' Eggenberg]]
*[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]]
*[[Palazz ta' Golestan]]
*[[Palazz ta' Ishak Paşa]]
*[[Palazz ta' Mafra]]
*[[Palazz ta' Orbeliani]]
*[[Palazz ta' Potala]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]]
*[[Palazz ta' Versailles]]
*[[Palazz tal-Khan]]
*[[Palazz tas-Sajf]]
*[[Palazz tax-Shirvanshah]]
*[[Palazzi Minojċi]]
*[[Palazzi Rjali ta' Abomey]]
*[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]]
*[[Palenque]]
*[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]]
*[[Palestina]]
*[[Palianytsia]]
*[[Palmaria]]
*[[Palmyra]]
*[[Pamukkale]]
*[[Panamá Viejo]]
*[[Papa Ljun XIV]]
*[[Papahānaumokuākea]]
*[[Paquimé]]
*[[Paramaribo]]
*[[Park Arkeoloġiku Nazzjonali ta' Tierradentro]]
*[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Champaner-Pavagadh]]
*[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili]]
*[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' San Agustín]]
*[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]]
*[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]]
*[[Park Naturali ta' Dinara]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Karula]]
*[[Park Naturali ta' Korab-Koritnik]]
*[[Park Naturali tal-Iskolli tal-Qroll ta' Tubbataha]]
*[[Park Naturali tal-Pilastri ta' Lena]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Impenetrabbli ta' Bwindi]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Olimpiku]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Trakai]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Alejandro de Humboldt]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Banc d'Arguin]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Beit Guvrin-Maresha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Canaima]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chapada dos Veadeiros]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chiribiquete]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Coiba]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Comoé]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Darien]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Defileul Jiului]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Desembarco del Granma]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Doñana]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Everglades]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garamba]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Great Smoky Mountains]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Gros Morne]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Gunung Mulu]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Hortobágy]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Huascarán]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ichkeul]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Iguaçu]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Iguazú]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ivindo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kahuzi-Biega]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kakadu]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kaziranga]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Khangchendzonga]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kilimanjaro]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kinabalu]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kiskunság]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lahemaa]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lençóis Maranhenses]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lorentz]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Alerces]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Glaciares]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Katíos]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lushan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Mammoth Cave]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manas]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manú]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manovo-Gounda St Floris]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Mesa Verde]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Miguasha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Morne Trois Pitons]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Murujuga]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Nahanni]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Niah]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Niokolo-Koba]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Noel Kempff Mercado]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Nyungwe]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Þingvellir]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Pirin]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Purnululu]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Rapa Nui]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Rio Abiseo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Salonga]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sangay]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sanqingshan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Serengeti]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Serra da Capivara]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Simien]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Taï]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Talampaya]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Tongariro]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Una]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Vatnajökull]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Virunga]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Yellowstone]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Yosemite]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Biżonti tal-Boskijiet]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Foresta Pluvjali ta' Gola]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Fortizza tal-Għolja ta' Brimstone]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għadajjar ta' Mana]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Carlsbad]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Peruaçu]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Grand Canyon]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Himalayas il-Kbar]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Rodopi]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lag tal-Malawi]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja Dajti]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja tal-Kenja]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja Tomorr]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanji ta' Bale]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanji ta' Rwenzori]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Vulkani ta' Hawaii]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tas-Sundarbans]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tat-Taġikistan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tax-Xmara ta' Taħt l-Art ta' Puerto Princesa]]
*[[Park Provinċjali ta' Ischigualasto]]
*[[Park Provinċjali ta' Writing-on-Stone]]
*[[Park Provinċjali tad-Dinosawri]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Phu Phrabat]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Si Thep]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Sukhothai]]
*[[Park ta' Maloti-Drakensberg]]
*[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]]
*[[Park tal-Art Mistagħdra ta' iSimangaliso]]
*[[Park tal-Mafkar tar-Rewwixta u tar-Rivoluzzjoni]]
*[[Park Trinazzjonali ta' Sangha]]
*[[Parks Internazzjonali tal-Paċi ta' Waterton-tal-Glaċieri]]
*[[Parks Nazzjonali ta' Nanda Devi u tal-Wied tal-Fjuri]]
*[[Parks Nazzjonali tal-Lag ta' Turkana]]
*[[Parks Nazzjonali u Statali tas-Siġar tal-Injam tal-Aħmar]]
*[[Parks tal-Muntanji tar-Rockies Kanadiżi]]
*[[Parmigianino]]
*[[Parrukkier]]
*[[Pasargadae]]
*[[Paseo del Prado]]
*[[Patoloġija]]
*[[Pattadakal]]
*[[Paulo Coelho]]
*[[Pavlo Lee]]
*[[Pécs]]
*[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]]
*[[Peña de los Enamorados]]
*[[Peniżola]]
*[[Peniżola Valdés]]
*[[Pergamon]]
*[[Peri-Khan Sofiyeva]]
*[[Persepolis]]
*[[Peter Carl Fabergé]]
*[[Péter Magyar]]
*[[Pëtr Kapica]]
*[[Petra]]
*[[Petra Brocková]]
*[[Petroglifiċi ta' Bangudae]]
*[[Petroglifiċi tal-Lag ta' Onega u l-Baħar Abjad]]
*[[Philipp Otto Runge]]
*[[Philippi]]
*[[Pienza]]
*[[Piero Angela]]
*[[Pierre Fatou]]
*[[Pietro Longhi]]
*[[Pietru l-Kbir]]
*[[Pimachiowin Aki]]
*[[Ping Yao]]
*[[Pippo Baudo]]
*[[Pirinej-Monte Perdido]]
*[[Pitons]]
*[[Pitons, Cirques u Rdumijiet tal-Gżira ta' Réunion]]
*[[Pjanta]]
*[[Pjanura ta' Bărăgan]]
*[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]]
*[[Pjanura tal-Ġarer]]
*[[Pjazza]]
*[[Pjazza ta' Naqsh-e Jahan]]
* [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]]
* [[Pkhali]]
*[[Plamer]]
*[[Planetarju Rjali ta' Eise Eisinga]]
*[[Pobiti Kamani]]
*[[Politika]]
*[[Polonnaruwa]]
*[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]]
*[[Pont ta' Forth]]
*[[Pont ta' Malabadi]]
*[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]]
*[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]]
*[[Pont tal-Fjuri]]
*[[Pont tal-Paċi, Tbilisi]]
*[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]
*[[Port Ħieles ta' Malta]]
*[[Port Royal]]
*[[Port ta' Mariupol]]
*[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]]
*[[Porta Nigra]]
*[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]]
*[[Porto]]
*[[Postijiet Sagri tal-Bahá'i]]
*[[Potosí]]
*[[Pożati]]
*[[Prambanan]]
*[[Professjoni]]
*[[Proklos]]
*[[Promontorju ta' Putorana]]
*[[Provins]]
*[[Pu'er]]
*[[Puebla (belt)]]
*[[Pythagoreion]]
=== '''<u>Q</u>''' ===
* [[Qabar ta' Askia]]
* [[Qabar ta' Humayun]]
* [[Qabar Traċjan ta' Kazanlak]]
* [[Qabar Traċjan ta' Sveshtari]]
* [[Qabża tal-Biżonti Sfrakassati]]
* [[Qal'at al-Bahrain]]
* [[Qala (Għawdex)]]
* [[Qalba Neolitika tal-Gżejjer Orkney]]
* [[Qalhat]]
* [[Qanat]]
* [[Qaryat al-Faw]]
* [[Qaytarma]]
* [[Qorti Rjali ta' Tiébélé]]
* [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]]
* [[Quanzhou]]
* [[Quebrada de Humahuaca]]
* [[Quedlinburg]]
* [[Quirigua]]
* [[Quito]]
* [[Quseir Amra]]
* [[Qutb Minar]]
=== '''<u>R</u>''' ===
* [[Rachid Chouhal]]
* [[Raħal Storiku ta' St. George u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati, Bermuda]]
* [[Rammelsberg]]
* [[Ramses II]]
* [[Rani-ki-Vav]]
* [[Ras'ken' Ozks]]
* [[Ravenna]]
* [[Ravesa Lleshi]]
* [[Red Bay]]
* [[Regensburg]]
* [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]]
* [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]]
* [[Reġjun tal-Inbid ta' Tokaj]]
*[[Reichenau]]
*[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]]
*[[Rembrandt]]
*[[Renata Scotto]]
*[[Renju ta' Mapungubwe]]
*[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]]
*[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]]
*[[Residenza ta' Würzburg]]
*[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]]
*[[Rettilu]]
*[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]]
*[[Riga]]
*[[Risco Caído]]
*[[Riversleigh]]
*[[Riżerva Ekoloġika ta' Mistaken Point]]
*[[Riżerva Forestali ta' Sinharaja]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali Stretta tal-Muntanja ta' Nimba]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali Stretta tat-Tsingy ta' Bemaraha]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Darwin]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Nahal Me'arot]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Okapi]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Selous]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Srebarna]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Tigrovaya Balka]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali tas-Suriname Ċentrali]]
*[[Riżerva ta' Bijosfera ta' El Pinacate u Gran Desierto de Altar]]
*[[Riżerva ta' Bijosfera ta' Río Plátano]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera ta' Tehuacán-Cuicatlán]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Baħar l-Iswed]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Fawna ta' Dja]]
*[[Riżervi Naturali ta' Air u ta' Ténéré]]
*[[Riżervi tal-Foresti Atlantiċi tal-Kosta tal-Iskoperti]]
*[[Riżervi tal-Foresti Atlantiċi tax-Xlokk]]
*[[Riżervi tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Talamanca-La Amistad]]
*[[Robert Fico]]
*[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]]
*[[Roberto Burle Marx]]
*[[Rodi (belt)]]
* [[Roi Mata]]
* [[Roșia Montană]]
* [[Ronald Searle]]
* [[Røros]]
* [[Rotta tal-Inċens – Bliet tad-Deżert f'Negev]]
* [[Rotta Wixárika tas-Siti Sagri lejn Wirikuta]]
* [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]]
* [[Royal Exhibition Building]]
* [[Róža Domašcyna]]
*[[Rudolf Diesel]]
*[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]]
=== '''<u>S</u>''' ===
* [[Sabratha]]
* [[Saeva Dupka]]
* [[Safranbolu]]
* [[Saint-Émilion]]
* [[Sajjied]]
*[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]]
*[[Salamanca]]
*[[Salib ta' Santa Ewfrosina]]
*[[Salini Rjali ta' Arc-et-Senans]]
*[[Salme Kann]]
*[[Saltaire]]
*[[Salvatore Accardo]]
*[[Salzburg]]
*[[Samantha Cristoforetti]]
*[[Samarkanda]]
*[[Samarra]]
*[[Sambor Prei Kuk]]
*[[Sammallahdenmäki]]
*[[Samuel Deguara]]
*[[San Cristóbal de La Laguna]]
*[[San Gimignano]]
*[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]]
*[[San Miguel de Allende]]
*[[San Pietruburgu]]
*[[Sana'a]]
*[[Sanchi]]
*[[Sandra Milo]]
*[[Sandra Mondaini]]
*[[Sandro Botticelli]]
*[[Sangiran]]
*[[Sansa, il-Monasteri Buddisti tal-Muntanji tal-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Santa Cruz de Mompox]]
*[[Santiago de Compostela]]
*[[Santiago de Querétaro]]
*[[Santiniketan]]
*[[Santwarji tal-Għasafar tal-Passa tul il-Kosta tal-Baħar Isfar u l-Golf ta' Bohai]]
*[[Santwarji tal-Pandas Ġganteski ta' Sichuan]]
*[[Santwarji tan-Natura Selvaġġa ta' Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng]]
*[[Santwarju Nazzjonali tal-Għasafar ta' Djoudj]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus de Matosinhos]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]]
*[[Santwarju tal-Balieni ta' El Vizcaino]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Mỹ Sơn]]
*[[Santwarju tal-Fawna u tal-Flora ta' Malpelo]]
*[[Santwarju tan-Natura Selvaġġa tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Hamiguitan]]
*[[São Cristóvão]]
*[[São Luís]]
*[[Sarazm]]
*[[Sardis]]
* [[Saryarka]]
* [[Sassi ta' Matera]]
* [[Satsivi]]
*[[Schokland]]
*[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]]
*[[Sebastian Brant]]
*[[Segovia]]
*[[Seka Sablić]]
*[[Sengħa]]
*[[Seokguram]]
*[[Seowon]]
*[[Severo Ochoa]]
*[[Sevil Shhaideh]]
*[[Sewell]]
*[[Sferi tal-Ġebel tal-Costa Rica]]
*[[SGang Gwaay]]
*[[Shahr-e Sukhteh]]
*[[Shahrisabz]]
*[[Shaken Aimanov]]
*[[Shales ta' Maotianshan]]
*[[Sheki]]
*[[Shennongjia]]
*[[Shibam]]
*[[Shirakami-Sanchi]]
*[[Shiretoko]]
*[[Sian Ka'an]]
*[[Šibenik]]
*[[Sibila Petlevski]]
*[[Sidney Webb]]
*[[Siega Verde]]
*[[Siena]]
*[[Sighișoara]]
*[[Sigiriya]]
*[[Siġra tal-Ballut ta' Stelmužė]]
*[[Siġra tal-ballut ta' Tamme-Lauri]]
*[[Sikhote-Alin]]
*[[Simon Kldiashvili]]
*[[Sinagoga Antika (Erfurt)]]
*[[Sinéad O'Connor]]
*[[Sintra]]
*[[Siracusa]]
*[[Sistema Idrawlika Storika ta' Shushtar]]
*[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]]
*[[Sistema tat-Toroq tal-Inka]]
*[[Sit Agrikolu Bikri ta' Kuk]]
*[[Sit arkeoloġiku ta' Al-Balid|Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Al-Balid]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku tal-Maħżen ta' Valongo]]
*[[Sit Storiku Nazzjonali ta' San Juan]]
*[[Sit Storiku Statali tat-Tumbati tal-Ħamrija ta' Cahokia]]
* [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]]
* [[Sit ta' Wirt Industrijali ta' Rjukan-Notodden]]
*[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]]
*[[Sit tar-Raġel ta' Peking f'Zhoukoudian]]
*[[Siti tad-Dolmens ta' Gochang, Hwasun u Ganghwa]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Bat, Al-Khutm u Al-Ayn]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]]
*[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]]
*[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]]
*[[Siti Funebri u Mfakar tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija (il-Front tal-Punent)]]
*[[Siti Kristjani Moħbija fir-Reġjun ta' Nagasaki]]
*[[Siti Metallurġiċi Antiki tal-Burkina Faso]]
*[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]]
*[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]]
*[[Siti Preistoriċi ta' Jōmon fit-Tramuntana tal-Ġappun]]
*[[Siti Sagri u Rotot ta' Pellegrinaġġ fil-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Kii]]
*[[Siti tal-Fossili tal-Ominidi tal-Afrika t'Isfel]]
*[[Siti tar-Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali Meiji tal-Ġappun]]
*[[Siti tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Kondoa]]
*[[Siti tat-Tusi]]
*[[Skarpan]]
*[[Skellig Michael]]
*[[Skogskyrkogården]]
*[[Skojjattlu tal-art ta' Tian Shan]]
*[[Skola Superjuri tal-Mekkanika tal-Armata]]
*[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]]
*[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]]
*[[Skoll tal-Qroll tal-Belize]]
*[[Skorba]]
*[[Skrivan]]
*[[Slavko Brezoski]]
*[[Socotra]]
*[[Soltaniyeh]]
*[[Songo Mnara]]
*[[Sophia Loren]]
*[[Sophie Germain]]
*[[Sophie Liebknecht]]
*[[Söyembikä]]
*[[Speicherstadt]]
*[[Spinalonga]]
*[[Sputnik 5]]
*[[Stari Ras]]
*[[Statwa]]
*[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]]
*[[Statwa tal-Libertà]]
*[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]]
*[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]]
*[[Stećak]]
*[[Stepan Erzya]]
*[[Stevns Klint]]
*[[Stonehenge]]
*[[Stone Town]]
*[[Strett ta' Hormuz]]
*[[Su Nuraxi]]
*[[Subak]]
*[[Sulaiman-Too]]
*[[Sundarbans]]
*[[Supra (festa)]]
*[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]]
*[[Surtsey]]
*[[Susa]]
*[[Svaneti]]
*[[Svetlana Antonovska]]
*[[Sviyazhsk]]
=== '''<u>T</u>''' ===
* [[Ta' Bakkja]]
* [[Ta' Ħaġrat]]
* [[Ta' Kandja]]
*[[Tabib]]
*[[Tadrart Acacus]]
*[[Taħdit]]
*[[Taishan]]
*[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Takalik Abaj]]
*[[Takht-e Soleyman]]
*[[Takht-i-Bahi]]
*[[Takkanot Shum]]
*[[Taksim]]
*[[Tallinn]]
*[[Tamgaly]]
*[[Tanġier]]
*[[Taos Pueblo]]
*[[Taputapuātea]]
*[[Tarraco]]
*[[Tarzna Navali ta' Antigua u s-Siti Arkeoloġiċi Relatati]]
*[[Tassili n'Ajjer]]
*[[Taxila]]
*[[Tchogha Zanbil]]
*[[Te Wahipounamu]]
*[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]]
*[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Teatru Rjal]]
*[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]]
*[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]]
*[[Teatru tal-Opri ta' Sydney]]
*[[Tebe (Eġittu)]]
*[[Tekniku]]
*[[Telč]]
*[[Tempji Ħajjin Kbar taċ-Ċola]]
* [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]]
* [[Tempji ta' Ħal Tarxien]]
*[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]]
*[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]]
*[[Tempju ta' Kakatiya Rudreshwara]]
*[[Tempju ta' Mahabodhi]]
*[[Tempju ta' Preah Vihear]]
*[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]]
*[[Tempju tal-Għar ta' Dambulla]]
*[[Tempju tax-Xemx ta' Konarak]]
*[[Tempju u Ċimiterju ta' Konfuċju u l-Villa tal-Familja Kong f'Qufu]]
*[[Teotihuacan]]
*[[Tequila (Belt)]]
* [[Terminoloġija]]
* [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]]
* [[Tétouan]]
*[[Teżawru]]
*[[Theobald Boehm]]
*[[Theodore Géricault]]
*[[Thimlich Ohinga]]
*[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]]
*[[Thomas à Kempis]]
*[[Thoros ta' Edessa]]
*[[Tian Shan]]
* [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]]
* [[Tieqa ta' Wied il-Mielaħ]]
* [[Tikal]]
* [[Timbuktu]]
* [[Timgad]]
* [[Tina Turner]]
* [[Tinetto]]
* [[Tino]]
* [[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Alta]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat fir-Reġjun ta' Ha'il]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat ta' Dazu]]
*[[Tinqix ta' Bisotun]]
*[[Tipasa]]
*[[Tiryns]]
*[[Tiwanaku]]
*[[Tiya]]
*[[Tlacotalpan]]
*[[TNMK]]
*[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]]
*[[Toledo]]
*[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]]
*[[Tomiri]]
*[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: il-Kuritur ta' Zarafshan-Karakum]]
*[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]]
* [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]]
* [[Torri ta' Belém]]
*[[Torri ta' Erkole]]
*[[Torri ta' Londra]]
*[[Torri tax-Xebba (Baku)]]
*[[Torrijiet residenzjali tas-Svan|Torrijiet Residenzjali tas-Svan]]
*[[Toruń]]
*[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Sierra de San Francisco]]
*[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Baċir Mediterran Iberiku]]
*[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Għar ta' Shulgan-Tash]]
*[[Trattat ta' Kaunas]]
*[[Třebíč]]
*[[Trinidad, Kuba]]
*[[Trogir]]
*[[Trojja]]
*[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]]
*[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Tsodilo]]
*[[Tubeteika]]
*[[Tulou ta' Fujian|''Tulou'' ta' Fujian]]
*[[Tumbati Ċerimonjali tal-Ħamrija ta' Hopewell]]
*[[Tumbati Funebri ta' Dilmun]]
*[[Tumbati Funebri ta' Gaya]]
*[[Tumbati Monumentali tal-Ħamrija ta' Poverty Point]]
*[[Turan]]
*[[Tutankhamun]]
*[[Twyfelfontein]]
*[[Tyre]]
=== '''<u>U</u>''' ===
* [[Úbeda]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
*[[Uluru]]
*[[Um er-Rasas]]
*[[Umm Al-Jimāl]]
*[[UNESCO]]
*[[Università Iżlamika Russa]]
*[[Università Nazzjonali Awtonoma tal-Messiku]]
*[[Università ta' Al-Qarawiġin|Università ta' Al-Qarawijin]]
*[[Università ta' Coimbra]]
*[[Unjoni Sovjetika]]
*[[Urbino]]
*[['Uruq Bani Mu'arid]]
*[[Uxmal]]
=== '''<u>V</u>''' ===
* [[Val d'Orcia]]
*[[Val di Noto]]
*[[Valentyna Radzymovska]]
*[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]]
*[[Vallée de Mai]]
*[[Vasco da Gama]]
*[[Vat Phou]]
*[[Velimir Khlebnikov]]
*[[Venera 7]]
*[[Verona]]
*[[Via Appia]]
*[[Victoria Amelina]]
*[[Vigan]]
*[[Vincent van Gogh]]
*[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]]
*[[Villa d'Este]]
*[[Villa Romana del Casale]]
*[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]]
*[[Villa Tugendhat]]
*[[Villaġġi Antiki tat-Tramuntana tas-Sirja]]
*[[Villaġġi bil-Knejjes Iffortifikati f'Transilvanja]]
*[[Villaġġi Storiċi ta' Shirakawa-gō u Gokayama]]
*[[Vilnius]]
*[[Visby]]
*[[Vitaliy Kim]]
*[[Vito Volterra]]
*[[Vittorio De Sica]]
*[[Vjenna]]
*[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]]
*[[Vlkolínec]]
*[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
*[[Volubilis]]
*[[Võros]]
*[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]]
*[[Vulkani ta' Kamchatka]]
=== '''<u>W</u>''' ===
* [[Wachau]]
* [[Wadi Al-Hitan]]
*[[Wadi Rum]]
*[[Wales]]
*[[Weimar Klassika]]
*[[Werrej]]
*[[Wied Superjuri tar-Renu Nofsani]]
*[[Wied t'Isfel tal-Awash]]
*[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]]
*[[Wied ta' Loire]]
*[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]]
*[[Wied ta' M'zab]]
*[[Wied ta' Qadisha]]
*[[Wied ta' Viñales]]
*[[Wied tal-Fondoq il-Kbir]]
*[[Wied tat-Tempji]]
*[[Wilhelm Grimm]]
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen]]
*[[Willem de Sitter]]
*[[Willemstad]]
*[[William Boeing]]
*[[Wirt Arkeoloġiku tal-Wied ta' Lenggong]]
*[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]]
*[[Wismar]]
*[[Władysław Horodecki]]
*[[Wolfgang Paul]]
=== '''<u>X</u>''' ===
* [[Xanadu]]
* [[Xanthos]]
* [[Xatt it-Tiben]]
*[[Xeff]]
*[[Xidi]]
*[[Xmara Omo]]
*[[Xochicalco]]
*[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]]
*[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]]
*[[Xjenza spazjali]]
*[[Xtatol]]
=== '''<u>Y</u>''' ===
* [[Yagul]]
* [[Yakushima]]
* [[Yana Zinkevych]]
* [[Yangdong]]
* [[Yarmak]]
* [[Yaroslavl]]
* [[Yazd]]
* [[Yeni-Kale]]
* [[Yin Xu]]
* [[Yllka Mujo]]
* [[Yogyakarta]]
*[[Yuliya Gushchina]]
*[[Yuri Lysianskyi]]
=== '''<u>Ż</u>''' ===
* [[Żapoteki]]
* [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]]
* [[Żona Kulturali ta' Ḥimā]]
*[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]]
*[[Żona Naturali Selvaġġa tat-Tażmanja]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]]
*[[Żona Protetta tal-Gżejjer Phoenix]]
*[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku ta' Huanglong]]
*[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku tal-Wied ta' Jiuzhaigou]]
*[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku ta' Wulingyuan]]
*[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Guanacaste]]
*[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Ngorongoro]]
*[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Pantanal]]
*[[Żona tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Chongoni]]
*[[Żoni Protetti tar-Reġjun tal-Fjuri tal-Kap]]
*[[Żoni Protetti tat-Tliet Xmajjar Paralleli ta' Yunnan]]
*[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]]
*[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Gyeongju]]
*[[Żooloġija]]
=== '''<u>Z</u>''' ===
* [[Zabid]]
* [[Zacatecas (belt)]]
* [[Zagori]]
* [[Zamość]]
* [[Žatec]]
* [[Žehra]]
* [[Ziba Ganiyeva]]
* [[Zivana]]
* [[Zlata Kolarić-Kišur]]
*[[Zofia Zamenhof]]
*[[Zollverein]]
*[[Zond 5]]
*[[Zsuzsanna Lorántffy]]
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== '''Artikli ġodda (2007)''' ==
=== <u>'''A'''</u> ===
* [[Aapravasi Ghat]]
* [[Aasivissuit-Nipisat: Territorju tal-Kaċċa tal-Inuit bejn is-Silġ u l-Baħar]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Pannonhalma]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]]
*[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]]
*[[Abu al-Fida]]
*[[Abu Mena]]
*[[Abu Simbel]]
*[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Acre|Acre]]
*[[Afag Bashirgyzy]]
*[[Aflaj tal-Oman]]
*[[Afrodisja]]
*[[Agadez]]
*[[Agostino Carracci]]
*[[Agostino Matrenza]]
*[[Ahwar tan-Nofsinhar tal-Iraq]]
*[[Aigai]]
*[[Aït Benhaddou]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]]
*[[Akshata Murthy]]
*[[Aksum]]
*[[Al Qal'a ta' Beni Hammad]]
*[[Al Zubarah]]
*[[Al-Maghtas]]
*[[Alatyr]]
*[[Albéric Magnard]]
*[[Alberobello]]
*[[Albi]]
*[[Alcalá de Henares]]
*[[Alcide d'Orbigny]]
*[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]]
*[[Alenush Terian]]
*[[Aleppo]]
*[[Alessandro Scarlatti]]
*[[Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Alexander Pushkin]]
*[[Alexander Wolszczan]]
*[[Aleksandra Smiljanić]]
*[[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
*[[Alfred Nobel]]
*[[Alfredo Casella]]
*[[Alois Dryák]]
*[[Alto Douro]]
*[[Amazigh Marokkin Standard]]
*[[Ambohimanga]]
*[[Ambra Sabatini]]
*[[Amerigo Vespucci]]
*[[Amerigo Vespucci (vapur għoli)|''Amerigo Vespucci'' (vapur għoli)]]
* [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]]
* [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]]
*[[Amilcare Ponchielli]]
*[[Anastasia Golovina]]
*[[Anders Jonas Ångström]]
*[[André Citroën]]
*[[André Weil]]
*[[Anfibju]]
*[[Anfiteatru ta' El Jem]]
*[[Angelina Mango]]
* [[Angkor Wat]]
* [[Angra do Heroísmo]]
* [[Ani]]
* [[Anjar]]
* [[Anna Brigadere]]
* [[Anna Kyriakou]]
*[[Anna Seghers]]
*[[Anna Sychravová]]
*[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]]
*[[Anse aux Meadows]]
* [[Antartika]]
* [[Anticosti]]
* [[Antigua Guatemala]]
*[[Antoine de Jussieu]]
*[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
*[[Antoinette Miggiani]]
*[[Anton Diabelli]]
*[[Anuradhapura]]
*[[Aplogruppi Y-DNA fit-tribujiet tal-Każakistan]]
*[[Aporofobija]]
*[[Aquileia]]
*[[Arċipelagu ta' Bijagós]]
*[[Arċipelagu ta' Revillagigedo]]
*[[Arċipelagu ta' Vega]]
*[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]]
*[[Arequipa]]
*[[Arġentier]]
*[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]]
*[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]]
*[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]]
*[[Arkeoloġija]]
*[[Arkitett]]
*[[Arkitettura Mudéjar ta' Aragona]]
*[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]]
*[[Arles]]
*[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]]
*[[Arslantepe]]
*[[Art tal-Inċens]]
*[[Arthur Schnitzler]]
*[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]]
*[[Artiġjan]]
*[[Artijiet Għoljin Ċentrali tas-Sri Lanka]]
*[[As-Salt]]
*[[Asmara]]
* [[Assisi]]
* [[Assi Ċentrali ta' Beijing]]
* [[Assur]]
* [[Astrofiżika]]
*[[Asuman Baytop]]
*[[Athos]]
*[[Attrazzjonijiet Ewlenin tar-Renju Antik ta' Saba f'Marib]]
*[[Auschwitz]]
*[[Austin Camilleri]]
*[[Ávila]]
*[[Avukat]]
=== '''<u>B</u>''' ===
* [[Baalbek]]
* [[Babilonja]]
* [[Baċir tal-Lag ta' Uvs]]
* [[Baċir tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Nord-Pas de Calais]]
* [[Baeza]]
* [[Bagan]]
* [[Baħar l-Abjad]]
* [[Baħar l-Iswed]]
*[[Baħar ta' Wadden]]
*[[Baħar tar-Ramel tan-Namibja]]
*[[Bajja ta' Dungonab]]
*[[Bajja ta' Ha Long]]
*[[Bajja ta' Tallinn]]
*[[Bajja tal-Klieb il-Baħar]]
*[[Bajjad]]
*[[Baleron]]
*[[Bamberg]]
*[[Ban Chiang]]
*[[Banská Štiavnica]]
*[[Barbier]]
*[[Bardejov]]
*[[Barokk]]
*[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]]
*[[Bath, Somerset]]
*[[Batlejka]]
*[[Battaljun Mediku tal-Ospedalieri]]
*[[Battir]]
*[[Bauhaus u s-Siti tal-Moviment f'Weimar, f'Dessau u f'Bernau]]
*[[Baxkortostan]]
*[[Bażi tad-Data tal-Osservazzjoni tal-Kometi]]
*[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]]
*[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]]
*[[Beatriz Carrillo]]
*[[Beemster]]
*[[Béguinage]]
*[[Belintersat-1]]
*[[BelKA]]
*[[Belt Bajda ta' Tel Aviv – il-Moviment Modern]]
*[[Belt Kolonjali ta' Santo Domingo]]
*[[Belt Projbita]]
*[[Belt Storika ta' Ahmadabad]]
*[[Belt Storika tal-Kajr]]
*[[Belt Storika tal-Moskej ta' Bagerhat]]
*[[Belt ta' Guanajuato]]
*[[Belt ta' New York]]
*[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]]
*[[Belt Universitarja ta' Caracas]]
*[[Bennej]]
*[[Berġa tal-Italja, il-Belt Valletta]]
*[[Berġa tal-Italja, il-Birgu]]
*[[Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe]]
*[[Bernard Grech]]
*[[Betlem]]
*[[Betti Alver]]
*[[Burkhan Khaldun]]
*[[Bidwi]]
*[[Bieb il-Belt]]
*[[Binjiet Gotiċi Vittorjani u tal-Art Deco ta' Mumbai]]
*[[Binjiet Tradizzjonali tal-Asante]]
*[[BirdLife International]]
*[[Blat Imkenni ta' Bhimbetka]]
*[[Bliet Antiki tal-Pyu]]
*[[Bliet Kapitali u Oqbra tar-Renju Antik ta' Koguryo]]
*[[Bliet Storiċi tal-Istrett ta' Malakka]]
*[[Bobby Charlton]]
*[[Bolgar]]
*[[Bordeaux]]
*[[Borobudur]]
*[[Borża ta' Malta]]
*[[Bosra]]
*[[Bridgetown]]
*[[Brook Taylor]]
*[[Brú na Bóinne]]
*[[Bruno Pizzul]]
*[[Bryggen]]
*[[Bucha]]
*[[Buddha Ġgantesk ta' Leshan]]
*[[Bugeddum Armen]]
*[[Bukhara]]
*[[Burt Bacharach]]
*[[Buskett]]
*[[Butrint]]
*[[Byblos]]
=== '''<u>Ċ/C</u>''' ===
* [[Cáceres (Spanja)]]
* [[Calakmul]]
* [[Camagüey]]
* [[Camino Real de Tierra Adentro]]
* [[Campeche]]
* [[Canal du Midi]]
* [[Canaletto]]
* [[Caral]]
* [[Carcassonne]]
*[[Carl Bosch]]
*[[Carl David Anderson]]
*[[Carl Linnaeus]]
*[[Carla Fracci]]
*[[Carlo Collodi]]
*[[Caroline Mikkelsen]]
*[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]]
*[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]]
*[[Çatalhöyük]]
*[[Causses u Cévennes]]
*[[Ċellola]]
*[[Ċensu Apap]]
*[[Ċentru Kulturali ta' Heydar Aliyev]]
*[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Lijiang]]
*[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Macao]]
*[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Rauma]]
*[[Ċentru Storiku ta' Salvador de Bahia]]
*[[Český Krumlov]]
*[[Ċetta Chevalier]]
*[[Chaîne des Puys]]
*[[Chakapuli]]
*[[Chan Chan]]
*[[Changdeokgung]]
*[[Chankillo]]
*[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]]
*[[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]]
*[[Charles Nicolle]]
*[[Charles Richter]]
*[[Charles Xuereb]]
*[[Charlie Watts]]
*[[Chavín]]
*[[Choeung Ek]]
*[[Chersonesus Tawrika]]
*[[Chichén Itzá]]
*[[Chilehaus]]
*[[Choirokoitia]]
*[[Christiansfeld]]
*[[Christopher Polhem]]
*[[Chun Wang]]
*[[Cidade Velha]]
*[[Cienfuegos]]
*[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]]
*[[Cinque Terre]]
*[[Ċirkewwa]]
*[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]]
*[[Ċittadella ta' Erbil]]
*[[Ċittadella tad-Dinastija Hồ]]
*[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]]
*[[Climats u Terroirs ta' Bourgogne]]
*[[Colonia del Sacramento]]
*[[Copan]]
*[[Córdoba, Spanja]]
*[[Coro]]
*[[Crespi d'Adda]]
*[[Ċrieki tal-Ġebel tas-Senegambja]]
*[[Cristofano Allori]]
*[[Cuenca, l-Ekwador]]
*[[Cuenca (Spanja)]]
*[[Cueva de las Manos]]
*[[Cumalıkızık]]
*[[Curzio Maltese]]
*[[Cusco]]
*[[Cynthia Turner]]
*[[Cyrene]]
=== '''<u>D</u>''' ===
* [[Daiga Mieriņa]]
* [[Damasku]]
* [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]]
* [[Danxia]]
*[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder|Dar ta' Rietveld Schröder]]
*[[Dar tal-Kimeri]]
*[[Dar tat-Twelid ta' Martin Luteru]]
*[[Dar u Studjo ta' Luis Barragán]]
*[[Delos]]
*[[Delphi]]
*[[Delta ta' Saloum]]
*[[Delta ta' Okavango]]
*[[Delta tad-Danubju]]
*[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]]
*[[Demokrazija]]
*[[Dengfeng]]
*[[Dentist]]
*[[Denys Shmyhal]]
*[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]]
*[[Deżert ta' Badain Jaran]]
*[[Deżert ta' Lut]]
*[[Deżerta tal-isfarġel]]
*[[Dholavira]]
*[[Diamantina]]
*[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]]
*[[Diaolou]]
*[[Diga ta' Karakaya]]
*[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]]
*[[Dimitrana Ivanova]]
*[[Distrett ta' At-Turaif]]
*[[Diy-Gid-Biy]]
*[[Dizzjunarju]]
*[[Djalett]]
*[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]]
*[[Djémila]]
*[[Djerba]]
*[[DNA]]
*[[Dolċier]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Menga]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Viera]]
*[[Dolomiti]]
*[[Domenico Allegri]]
*[[Domenico Scarlatti]]
*[[Domowina]]
*[[Domus de Janas]]
*[[Domus Rumana]]
*[[Donatello]]
*[[Dougga]]
*[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]]
*[[Dubrovnik]]
*[[Durmitor]]
* [[Dwejra]]
=== '''<u>E</u>''' ===
* [[Edgar Preca]]
* [[Edward Sexton]]
* [[Edinburgu]]
* [[Edward de Bono]]
* [[Edwin Hubble]]
* [[Efesu]]
* [[Eise Eisinga]]
*[[Ekonomista]]
*[[Ekosistema u Relitt tal-Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Lopé-Okanda]]
*[[El Escorial]]
*[[El Jadida]]
*[[El Tajin]]
*[[El Torcal]]
*[[Eladio Dieste]]
*[[Eleonora Jenko Groyer]]
*[[Elisha Graves Otis]]
*[[Elvas]]
*[[Emil Nolde]]
*[[Emma Andrijewska]]
*[[Emma Muscat]]
*[[Ernst Schröder]]
*[[Esperantoloġija]]
*[[Essaouira]]
*[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]]
*[[Ethel Anderson]]
*[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]]
*[[Eugenio Montale]]
*[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]]
*[[Evelyn Bonaci]]
*[[Évora]]
*[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]]
=== '''<u>F</u>''' ===
* [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]]
* [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Ħarir ta' Tomioka]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Injam u tal-Kartun ta' Verla]]
* [[Fabbriki tal-Wied ta' Derwent]]
* [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]]
* [[Fanjingshan]]
* [[Fasil Ghebbi]]
* [[Fatehpur Sikri]]
* [[Fdalijiet Arkeoloġiċi ta' Moenjodaro]]
* [[Fdalijiet ta' Gedi]]
* [[Fdalijiet ta' León Viejo]]
* [[Fdalijiet ta' Loropéni]]
* [[Fdalijiet tal-Vihara Buddista f'Paharpur]]
* [[Fehme Agani]]
*[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]]
*[[Fenno-Skandinavja]]
*[[Fernando Botero]]
*[[Ferrara]]
*[[Ferruccio Lamborghini]]
*[[Festival ta' Sanremo]]
*[[Fiera Internazzjonali ta' Rachid Karami f'Tripoli]]
*[[Figolla]]
*[[Firenze]]
*[[Fjord tas-Silġ ta' Ilulissat]]
*[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]]
*[[Flora Martirosian]]
*[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]]
*[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Foresti Irkanjani]]
*[[Foresti Muntanjużi ta' Odzala-Kokoua]]
*[[Foresti Sagri ta' Kaya tal-Mijikenda]]
*[[Foresti tas-Siġar tar-Rand ta' Madeira]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali tal-Atsinanana]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali u Artijiet Mistagħdra Kolkiċi]]
*[[Foresti Verġni ta' Komi]]
*[[Formazzjonijiet u Għerien Karstiċi Evaporitiċi tar-Reġjun ta' Emilia Romagna]]
*[[Forti l-Aħmar]]
* [[Forti ta' Agra]]
*[[Forti ta' Bahla]]
*[[Forti ta' Galle]]
*[[Forti ta' Ġesù]]
*[[Forti ta' Rohtas]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet fuq in-Naħa tal-Karibew tal-Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]]
*[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]]
*[[Fortijiet u Kastelli tal-Ghana]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Hwaseong]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Pirot]]
*[[Fortizza ta' San Nikola]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Suomenlinna]]
*[[Fortizzi ta' Dacia fil-Muntanji Orăștie]]
*[[Fortizzi Tondi tal-Vikingi]]
*[[Foss ta' Messel]]
*[[Fotografu]]
*[[Fram2]]
*[[Francesco Guardi]]
*[[François-Alphonse Forel]]
*[[François Couperin]]
*[[François Girardon]]
*[[Francois Mauriac]]
*[[Franco Migliacci]]
*[[Franġisk Zahra]]
*[[Frank Drake]]
*[[Franz Beckenbauer]]
*[[Franz Kafka]]
*[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]]
*[[Franz von Suppé]]
*[[Frawla]]
*[[Fray Bentos]]
*[[Frédéric Bartholdi]]
*[[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve]]
*[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]
*[[Frosta tal-Għid]]
* [[Frott]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani Ġermaniċi t'Isfel]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani ta' Dacia]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]]
* [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]]
*[[Fuji]]
*[[Furnar]]
=== '''<u>Ġ</u>''' ===
* [[Ġardinar]]
*[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]]
* [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]]
* [[Ġeoloġija]]
* [[Ġeriko tal-Qedem]]
* [[Ġerusalemm]]
* [[Ġibjun ta' Bovilla]]
* [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]]
* [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]]
* [[Ġnien Persjan]]
* [[Ġobon ta' Jāņi]]
* [[Ġonna Botaniċi Rjali ta' Kew]]
* [[Ġonna Botaniċi ta' Singapore]]
* [[Ġonna Klassiċi ta' Suzhou]]
* [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]]
* [[Ġonna ta' Shalimar]]
*[[Ġurnalist]]
=== '''<u>G</u>''' ===
* [[Gammelstad]]
* [[Gamzigrad]]
* [[Gati tal-Punent]]
* [[Gebel Barkal]]
* [[Geirangerfjord]]
* [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[Georg von Békésy]]
*[[George Gallup]]
*[[Georges Bernanos]]
*[[Georges J.F. Kohler]]
*[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]]
*[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Ghadamès]]
*[[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola]]
*[[Giacomo Zanella]]
*[[Giampiero Galeazzi]]
*[[Gianni Vella]]
*[[Gigi Riva]]
*[[Giorgia Meloni]]
*[[Giorgio Vasari]]
*[[Giosuè Carducci]]
*[[Giotto]]
*[[Giovanni Arduino]]
*[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]]
*[[Giovanni Boccaccio]]
*[[Giovanni Paisiello]]
*[[Giovanni Papini]]
*[[Giulio Natta]]
*[[Gjirokastër]]
*[[Glossarju]]
*[[Göbekli Tepe]]
*[[Goffredo Mameli]]
*[[Goiás]]
*[[Golf ta' California]]
*[[Golf ta' Porto]]
*[[Gonbad-e Qābus]]
*[[Gordion]]
*[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]]
*[[Gotiku]]
*[[Gozinaki]]
*[[Gran Ordni tar-Re Tomislav]]
*[[Grand Pré]]
*[[Grand-Bassam]]
*[[Grand Place, Brussell]]
*[[Graz]]
*[[Grazia Deledda]]
*[[Greenland]]
*[[Gregorio Allegri]]
*[[Gremxula ta' Malta]]
*[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]]
*[[Grotti ta' Longmen]]
*[[Grotti ta' Yungang]]
*[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]]
*[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Mahabalipuram]]
*[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]]
*[[Guimarães]]
*[[Gustave Charpentier]]
* [[Gżejjer Eolji]]
* [[Gżejjer Falkland]]
* [[Gżejjer Galapagos]]
* [[Gżejjer Marquesas]]
* [[Gżejjer Solovetsky]]
* [[Gżejjer Sub-Antartiċi ta' New Zealand]]
* [[Gżejjer ta' Amami-Ōshima, ta' Tokunoshima u ta' Iriomote, u t-Tramuntana ta' Okinawa]]
* [[Gżejjer ta' Ogasawara]]
* [[Gżejjer tal-Blat]]
* [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Aldabra]]
* [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Bikini]]
* [[Gżejjer tal-Qroll ta' Rocas]]
* [[Gżejjer tan-Nofsinhar u Ibħra Awstrali Franċiżi]]
* [[Gżira Heard u l-Gżejjer McDonald]]
* [[Gżira Inaċċessibbli]]
* [[Gżira Sagra ta' Okinoshima u Siti Assoċjati fir-Reġjun ta' Munakata]]
* [[Gżira ta' Cocos]]
* [[Gżira ta' Fraser]]
* [[Gżira ta' Gorée]]
* [[Gżira ta' Henderson]]
*[[Gżira ta' Jeju]]
*[[Gżira ta' Kunta Kinteh]]
*[[Gżira ta' Lord Howe]]
*[[Gżira ta' Macquarie]]
*[[Gżira ta' Mozambique]]
*[[Gżira ta' Pico]]
*[[Gżira ta' Robben]]
*[[Gżira ta' Saint-Louis]]
*[[Gżira ta' Tiwai]]
*[[Gżira ta' Wrangel]]
*[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]]
=== '''<u>GĦ</u>''' ===
* [[Għajn Tuffieħa]]
* [[Għalliem]]
*[[Għar Dalam]]
*[[Għar ta' Altamira]]
*[[Għar ta' Gorham]]
*[[Għar ta' Karain]]
*[[Għar ta' Optymistychna]]
*[[Għar ta' Vjetrenica]]
*[[Għar tal-Apokalissi]]
*[[Għar tal-Irħam]]
*[[Għar tas-Silġ ta' Dobšiná]]
*[[Għarb]]
*[[Għelieqi Mtarrġa tar-Ross tal-Cordilleras tal-Filippini]]
*[[Għerien Karstiċi ta' Aggtelek u tas-Slovakkja]]
*[[Għerien ta' Ajanta]]
*[[Għerien ta' Elephanta]]
*[[Għerien ta' Ellora]]
*[[Għerien ta' Mogao]]
*[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]]
*[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]]
*[[Għid]]
*[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]]
*[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]]
*[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]]
*[[Għoljiet ta' Matobo]]
*[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]]
=== '''<u>H</u>''' ===
* [[Hagia Sophia]]
* [[Hahoe]]
* [[Haley Bugeja]]
* [[Halloumi]]
* [[Hallstatt]]
* [[Hampi]]
*[[Hans Geiger]]
*[[Hans Memling]]
*[[Hans Spemann]]
*[[Harar]]
*[[Harry Belafonte]]
*[[Hatı Çırpan]]
*[[Hatra]]
*[[Hattusha]]
*[[Hawa Mahal]]
*[[Hebron]]
*[[Hedeby]]
*[[Hegmataneh]]
*[[Hegra]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Helena Kottler Vurnik]]
*[[Henri Fantin-Latour]]
*[[Henri Frederic Amiel]]
*[[Hermannus Contractus]]
*[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
*[[Hideki Yukawa]]
*[[Hildesheim]]
*[[Höga Kusten]]
*[[Hoh Xil]]
*[[Hội An]]
*[[Holašovice]]
*[[Hollókő]]
*[[Hongcun]]
*[[Hospicio Cabañas]]
*[[Hospital de Sant Pau]]
*[[Hovgården]]
*[[Howard Carter]]
*[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]]
*[[Huangshan]]
*[[Hubert de Givenchy]]
=== '''<u>Ħ</u>''' ===
* [[Ħaġar Megalitiku ta' Carnac]]
* [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]]
* [[Ħajja]]
*[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]]
*[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]]
*[[Ħsad tal-Perli fil-Bahrain]]
*[[Ħuta]]
=== '''<u>I</u>''' ===
* [[Ibn Battuta]]
* [[ICOMOS]]
* [[Idolu ta' Shigir]]
* [[Idrija]]
* [[Idrijski žlikrofi]]
* [[Ilha Grande]]
* [[Il'ja Prigožini]]
* [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]]
*[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]]
*[[Impjanti tan-Nitrat tal-Potassju ta' Humberstone u ta' Santa Laura]]
*[[Inara Luigas]]
*[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]]
*[[Independence Hall]]
*[[Indiċi]]
*[[Industrija tal-lavanja f'Wales]]
*[[Ingredjent]]
*[[Intaljatur]]
*[[Internet]]
*[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]]
* [[Ipproċessar testwali]]
* [[Irdumijiet ta' Bandiagara]]
* [[Iremel]]
* [[Irħula Antiki ta' Djenné]]
* [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]]
* [[Irpin]]
* [[Irziezet Imżejnin ta' Hälsingland]]
*[[Isabella d'Este]]
*[[ISBN]]
*[[Istitut tar-Riċerka dwar il-Foresti tal-Malażja]]
*[[Istmu Kuronjan]]
*[[Ivan Turgenev]]
*[[Ivrea]]
=== '''<u>J</u>''' ===
* [[Jacinto Benavente]]
* [[Jaipur]]
* [[Jakob Bogdani]]
* [[Jan Novák]]
*[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]
*[[Jarrod Sammut]]
*[[Jean Antoine Houdon]]
*[[Jean Dieudonné]]
*[[Jean Picard]]
*[[Jebel Faya]]
*[[Jeddah]]
*[[Jodensavanne]]
*[[Joggins]]
*[[Johann Christian Bach]]
*[[Johan Jensen]]
*[[John Edward Critien]]
*[[John Kendrew]]
*[[John Strutt Rayleigh]]
*[[Jongmyo]]
*[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]]
*[[Josef Hoffman]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Joya de Cerén]]
*[[Jože Plečnik]]
*[[Jules Pascin]]
*[[Julia Malinova]]
*[[Julia Sanina]]
*[[Júlia Sigmond]]
*[[Julio Baghy]]
*[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
*[[Jum il-Ġifa]]
*[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Jum l-Ewropa]]
*[[Jum Zamenhof]]
=== '''<u>K</u>''' ===
* [[Kaċċa bl-ajkli]]
* [[Kairouan]]
* [[Kaja Kallas]]
*[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]]
*[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]]
*[[Kanal il-Kbir (iċ-Ċina)]]
*[[Kanal ta' Rideau]]
*[[Kanali ta' Amsterdam]]
*[[Kandy]]
*[[Kappella]]
*[[Karavanseraj Persjani]]
*[[Karbalayi Safikhan Karabakhi]]
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]
*[[Karl Weierstrass]]
*[[Karlskrona]]
*[[Karlu III]]
*[[Kasbah tal-Alġier]]
*[[Kaskati ta' Galdelsha]]
*[[Kaskati ta' Vitorja]]
*[[Kastell ta' Ankara]]
*[[Kastell ta' Durham]]
*[[Kastell ta' Himeji]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]]
*[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]]
*[[Kastell ta' Kuressaare]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]]
*[[Kastell ta' Lubart]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]]
*[[Kastell ta' Nesvizh]]
*[[Kastell ta' Neuschwanstein]]
*[[Kastell ta' Paphos]]
*[[Kastell ta' San Pedro de la Roca]]
*[[Kastell ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]]
*[[Kastell ta' Zerzevan]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]]
*[[Kastelli u Swar tal-Irħula tar-Re Dwardu fi Gwynedd]]
*[[Katarina Vitale]]
* [[Katidral]]
*[[Katidral ta' Aachen]]
*[[Katidral ta' Amiens]]
*[[Katidral ta' Bourges]]
*[[Katidral ta' Burgos]]
*[[Katidral ta' Canterbury]]
*[[Katidral ta' Chartres]]
*[[Katidral ta' Köln]]
*[[Katidral ta' León, Nikaragwa]]
*[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]]
*[[Katidral ta' Reims]]
*[[Katidral ta' Roskilde]]
*[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]]
*[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]]
*[[Katidral ta' Speyer]]
*[[Katidral ta' Tournai]]
*[[Katidral ta' Zvartnots]]
*[[Katidral tat-Trasfigurazzjoni, Dnipro]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta' Ennedi]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta' Mulanje]]
*[[Katsiaryna Barysevich]]
*[[Kauksi Ülle]]
*[[Kaunas]]
*[[Kavallier ta' Madara]]
* [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]]
* [[Kawkasu tal-Punent]]
* [[KazCosmos]]
*[[Kelma]]
*[[Kerkuane]]
*[[Kernavė]]
*[[Kewkbet is-Safar]]
*[[Khafre]]
*[[Khami]]
*[[Khinalug]]
*[[Khiva]]
*[[Khor Rori]]
*[[Khorramabad]]
*[[Khuttal]]
*[[Kibbeh]]
*[[Kiki Kogelnik]]
*[[Kinderdijk]]
*[[Kirurgu]]
*[[Kizhi Pogost]]
*[[Kladruby nad Labem]]
* [[Klima ta' Malta]]
* [[Klondike]]
* [[Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Bajja tal-Glaċieri / Tatshenshini-Alsek]]
* [[Knarik Vardanyan]]
* [[Knejjes Barokki tal-Filippini]]
* [[Knejjes Imħaffrin fil-Blat ta' Ivanovo]]
* [[Knejjes Imħaffrin fil-Blat ta' Lalibela]]
*[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]]
*[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]]
*[[Knejjes ta' Chiloé]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam ta' Maramureș]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Iskola tal-Arkitettura ta' Pskov]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]]
*[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]]
*[[Knisja Antika ta' Petäjävesi]]
*[[Knisja ta' Atlántida]]
*[[Knisja ta' Boyana]]
*[[Knisja ta' San Ġwann f'Kaneo]]
*[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]]
*[[Knisja ta' Santa Margerita]]
*[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]]
*[[Knisja tal-Injam ta' Urnes]]
*[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]]
*[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]]
*[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]]
*[[Koh Ker]]
*[[Kok]]
*[[Kolomenskoye]]
*[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]]
*[[Kolonji tal-Benevolenza]]
*[[Kolonna ta' Ġuljanu]]
*[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]]
* [[Kolossew]]
* [[Konso]]
*[[Konversazzjoni]]
*[[Korfù]]
*[[Kosta Ġurassika]]
*[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]]
*[[Kosta ta' Ningaloo]]
*[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]]
*[[Kotlovina]]
*[[Koutammakou]]
*[[Krak des Chevaliers]]
*[[Krakovja]]
*[[Krater ta' Logoisk]]
*[[Krater ta' Vredefort]]
*[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]]
*[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]]
*[[Kreta]]
*[[Krisztina Tóth]]
*[[Krzemionki]]
*[[Ksour Antiki ta' Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt u Oualata]]
*[[Kubdari]]
*[[Kujataa]]
*[[Kulangsu]]
*[[Kuldīga]]
*[[Kulleġġ Navali Rjali Antik]]
*[[Kultura ta' Chaco]]
*[[Kultura ta' Chinchorro]]
*[[Kultura ta' Liangzhu]]
*[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]]
*[[Kumpless Modern ta' Pampulha]]
*[[Kumpless Monumentali ta' Brâncuși f'Târgu Jiu]]
*[[Kumpless ta' Konservazzjoni tal-Amażonja Ċentrali]]
*[[Kumpless ta' W-Arly-Pendjari]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Bażar Storiku ta' Tabriz]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Foresti ta' Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Foresta ta' Kaeng Krachan]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Kastell ta' Mir]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Khānegāh u tas-Santwarju tax-Xejikk Safi al-din f'Ardabil]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Monumenti ta' Huế]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Muntanji u tat-Tempji ta' Chengde]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Oqbra ta' Koguryo]]
*[[Kumpless tal-Pajsaġġ ta' Tràng An]]
*[[Kumpless u l-Estancias tal-Ġiżwiti ta' Córdoba]]
*[[Kumplessi Monastiċi Armeni tal-Iran]]
*[[Kumplessi Petroglifiċi tal-Altai tal-Mongolja]]
*[[Kumplessi Sagri tal-Hoysala]]
*[[Kumitat tal-Wirt Dinji]]
*[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]]
*[[Kunvent ta' Kristu f'Tomar]]
*[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]]
*[[Kunya-Urgench]]
*[[Kuruna ta' Zvonimir]]
*[[Kutná Hora]]
=== '''<u>L</u>''' ===
* [[L-Arti]]
* [[L-Ewwel Mara jew Raġel ta' Malta]]
* [[Lag ta' Baikal]]
* [[Lag ta' Brebeneskul]]
* [[Lag ta' Kezenoyam]]
* [[Lag ta' Laach]]
* [[Lag tal-Punent, Hangzhou]]
* [[Lagi ta' Ounianga]]
* [[Lag ta' Skadar]]
* [[Lagi ta' Willandra]]
* [[Lake District]]
* [[Lamu]]
*[[Landier]]
*[[Lapponja Żvediża]]
*[[Las Médulas]]
*[[Lascaux]]
*[[Lavaux]]
*[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]]
*[[Lazzaro Pisani]]
*[[Le Corbusier]]
*[[Le Havre]]
*[[Le Locle]]
*[[Leptis Magna]]
*[[Lessikoloġija]]
* [[Lessiku]]
* [[Letoon]]
* [[Lev Davidovich Landau]]
* [[Lev Semenovič Pontrjagin]]
* [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]]
* [[Levuka]]
* [[Leyla Mammadbeyova]]
* [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]]
*[[Lika Kavzharadze]]
*[[Lima]]
*[[Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Lingwa Ġermaniża]]
*[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]]
*[[Linja Ferrovjarja Trans-Iranjana]]
*[[Linji Ferrovjarji tal-Muntanji tal-Indja]]
*[[Linji ta' Nazca]]
*[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]]
*[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]]
*[[Lista ta' kumpaniji elenkati fil-Borża ta' Malta]]
*[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]]
*[[Lista ta' peniżoli]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Andorra]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Iżrael]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Kuba]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Madagascar]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'San Marino]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fi Franza]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fi Spanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċilì]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fid-Danimarka]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bangladesh]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Belarussja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Belġju]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Brażil]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bulgarija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Filippini]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Finlandja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġappun]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġermanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Ġordan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Georgia]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Greċja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Jemen]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kambodja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kanada]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Karibew]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kirgistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kolombja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Korea ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Laos]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lussemburgu]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lvant tal-Asja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Lvant tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Malażja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Marokk]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Mauritania]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Messiku]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Moldova]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Mongolja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Myanmar]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Pakistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Palestina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Perù]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Portugall]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Punent tal-Asja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Punent tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Vjetnam]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nepal]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Netherlands]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nofsinhar tal-Asja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Nofsinhar tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fin-Norveġja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Renju Unit]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Rumanija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fir-Russja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Serbja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Sirja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovakkja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Sri Lanka]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Taġikistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tajlandja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tanzanija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tramuntana tal-Asja u fl-Asja Ċentrali]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tramuntana tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Tuneżija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkmenistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fix-Xlokk tal-Asja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afganistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afrika]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Afrika t'Isfel]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Albanija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka Ċentrali]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka t'Isfel]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Amerka ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Arabja Sawdija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Arġentina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Armenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstralja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ażerbajġan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Eġittu]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Etjopja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Indja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Indoneżja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Istati Għarab]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Istati Uniti]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżlanda]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżvezja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iżvizzera]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Oċeanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ungerija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Użbekistan]]
*[[Liz Truss]]
*[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]]
*[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]]
*[[Lorenzo de' Medici]]
*[[Lorenzo Gafà]]
*[[Lorenzo Valla]]
*[[Luang Prabang]]
*[[Lübeck]]
*[[Lucavsala]]
*[[Lucia Piussi]]
*[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]]
*[[Ludmila tal-Boemja]]
*[[Ludovico Ariosto]]
*[[Ludovico Carracci]]
*[[Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof]]
*[[Luigi Boccherini]]
*[[Luigi Galvani]]
*[[Luigi Pirandello]]
*[[Lumbini]]
*[[Luna 26]]
*[[Lunenburg]]
*[[Lvant ta' Rennell]]
*[[Lviv]]
*[[Lyon]]
*[[Lyubov Panchenko]]
=== '''<u>M</u>''' ===
* [[Maċedonit]]
* [[Machu Picchu]]
* [[Madinat Al-Zahra]]
*[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]]
*[[Magda Šaturová-Seppová]]
*[[Maison Carrée]]
* [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]]
*[[Maltin]]
*[[Måneskin]]
*[[Manhush]]
*[[Manto Mavrogenous]]
*[[Mantova]]
*[[Margaret Abela]]
*[[Maria De Filippi]]
*[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]]
*[[Maria Grollmuß]]
*[[Marian Smoluchowski]]
*[[Mario Draghi]]
*[[Mário Zagallo]]
*[[Marrakesh]]
*[[Marta Kos]]
*[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]]
*[[Mary Chronopoulou]]
*[[Mary Fenech Adami]]
*[[Mary Moser]]
*[[Masada]]
*[[Masġar tal-Palm ta' Elche]]
*[[Maurizio Costanzo]]
*[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]]
*[[Maymand]]
*[[Mbanza Kongo]]
*[[Medalja ta' Marian Smoluchowski]]
*[[Medina ta' Sousse]]
*[[Mehmet Ali Ağca]]
*[[Melka Kunture]]
*[[Mérida (Spanja)]]
*[[Merill]]
*[[Meroe]]
*[[Merv]]
*[[Meteora]]
*[[Michael Refalo]]
*[[Michail Glinka]]
*[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]]
*[[Milan]]
*[[Mileva Filipović]]
*[[Mimoza Kusari-Lila]]
*[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]]
*[[Minaret ta' Jam]]
*[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Faħam ta' Ombilin]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Fidda ta' Iwami Ginzan]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]]
*[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]]
*[[Minjieri tad-Deheb tal-Gżira ta' Sado]]
*[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]]
*[[Mira Alečković]]
*[[Mirella Freni]]
*[[Miroslav Řepa]]
*[[Missjonijiet Franġiskani fis-Sierra Gorda ta' Querétaro]]
*[[Missjonijiet ta' San Antonio]]
*[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti fost il-Guarani]]
*[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti ta' Chiquitos]]
*[[Missjonijiet tal-Ġiżwiti ta' La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná u Jesús de Tavarangue]]
*[[Mnajdra]]
*[[Modena]]
*[[Mogħdija tal-Ġgant]]
*[[Moidam]]
*[[Monasteri fuq ix-xaqlibiet ta' Popocatépetl]]
*[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Alcobaça]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Batalha]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Ferapontov]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Gelati]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Geghard]]
*[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Haghpat]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Hoge]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Horezu]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Hosios Loukas]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Maulbronn]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Neghuts]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Rila]]
*[[Monasteru ta' San Ġwann it-Teologu]]
*[[Monasteru ta' San Ilarjun]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Sanahin]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Santa Katarina]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Sopoćani]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Studenica]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]]
*[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]]
*[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]]
*[[Monika Kryemadhi]]
*[[Møns Klint]]
*[[Mont-Saint-Michel]]
*[[Monte Albán]]
*[[Monte San Giorgio]]
*[[Monte Titano]]
*[[Monticello]]
* [[Monument]]
* [[Monument Nazzjonali ta' Żimbabwe l-Kbir]]
* [[Monumenti Bojod ta' Vladimir u ta' Suzdal]]
* [[Monumenti Buddisti fl-inħawi ta' Hōryū-ji]]
* [[Monumenti Paleokristjani u Biżantini ta' Thessaloniki]]
* [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Makli]]
*[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]]
*[[Monumenti ta' Oviedo u tar-Renju tal-Asturjas]]
*[[Monumenti tal-Ġebel taċ-Ċriev]]
*[[Monumenti u Siti Storiċi f'Kaesong]]
*[[Monumenti u Siti Storiċi ta' Hiraizumi]]
*[[Morelia]]
*[[Moritz Cantor]]
*[[Moskea Antika ta' Edirne]]
*[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]]
*[[Moskea ta' Arif Agha]]
*[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]]
*[[Moskea tal-Ġimgħa ta' Esfahan]]
*[[Moskea tat-Tatari]]
*[[Moskej bi stil Sudaniż fit-Tramuntana tal-Kosta tal-Avorju]]
*[[Moskej tal-Pilastri tal-Injam tal-Anatolja Medjevali]]
*[[Motoori Norinaga]]
*[[Mramorje]]
*[[Mtskheta]]
*[[Mtsvane]]
*[[Muhammad al-Idrisi]]
*[[Muħammed]]
*[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]]
*[[Muntanja Pelée]]
*[[Muntanja Qingcheng]]
*[[Muntanja ta' Kumgang]]
*[[Muntanja Wutai]]
*[[Muntanji Blu u John Crow]]
*[[Muntanji Makhonjwa ta' Barberton]]
*[[Muntanji ta' Homolje]]
*[[Muntanji tad-Deheb ta' Altai]]
*[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]]
*[[Muntanji Wudang]]
*[[Muntanji Wuyi]]
*[[Mużew Brittaniku]]
*[[Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Montenegro]]
*[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]]
*[[Mużew ta' Trojja]]
*[[Myśliwska]]
*[[Mystras]]
=== '''<u>N</u>''' ===
* [[Nærøyfjord]]
* [[Nadur]]
* [[Naftalan]]
* [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]
* [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]]
* [[Nalanda Mahavihara]]
* [[Namhansanseong]]
* [[Nancy]]
* [[Nan Madol]]
*[[Napli]]
*[[Naryn-Kala]]
*[[Nataliya Kobrynska]]
*[[Nea Moni ta' Chios]]
*[[Nekropoli]]
*[[Nekropoli ta' Beit She'arim]]
*[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]]
*[[Nemrut Dağı]]
*[[Nessebar]]
*[[New Lanark]]
*[[New Secret (jott)]]
*[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]]
*[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]]
*[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]]
*[[Nicolas Flamel]]
*[[Nicolau Coelho]]
*[[Nida]]
*[[Nika Križnar]]
*[[Nikkō]]
*[[Nino Ramishvili]]
*[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]]
*[[Nisa f’Malta]]
*[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]]
*[[Nizza]]
*[[Norman Morrison]]
*[[Nutar]]
=== '''<u>O</u>''' ===
* [[Oażi ta' Al-Ahsa]]
* [[Olga Tass]]
*[[Olimpja]]
*[[Olinda]]
*[[Ophrys caucasica|''Ophrys caucasica'']]
*[[Oplontis]]
*[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]]
*[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastija Xixia]]
*[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]]
*[[Oqbra Rjali tad-Dinastija Joseon]]
*[[Oqbra ta' Mozu]]
*[[Oqbra tar-Rejiet ta' Buganda f'Kasubi]]
*[[Orthohantavirus]]
*[[Ortografija Litwana]]
*[[Osservatorji Astronomiċi tal-Università Federali ta' Kazan]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Črni Vrh]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Rozhen]]
*[[Osun-Osogbo]]
*[[Otto Toeplitz]]
*[[Ouro Preto]]
=== '''<u>P</u>''' ===
* [[Pablo Neruda]]
* [[Pagoda ta' Vinh Nghiem]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Arkeoloġiku tal-Ewwel Pjantaġġuni tal-Kafè fix-Xlokk ta' Kuba]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Arkeoloġiku tas-Sassanidi fil-Provinċja ta' Fars]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Karstiku tan-Nofsinhar taċ-Ċina]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' ǂKhomani]]
* [[Pajsaġġi Kulturali ta' Bassari, Fula u Bedik]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Budj Bim]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Gedeo]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Hawraman/Uramanat]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Le Morne]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta' Sukur]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Għelieqi Mtarrġa tar-Ross ta' Honghe Hani]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Kafè tal-Kolombja]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Lag ta' Kenozero]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tal-Wied ta' Orkhon]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tat-Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Gobustan]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Zuojiang]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali u Botaniku ta' Richtersveld]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali u l-Fdalijiet Arkeoloġiċi tal-Wied ta' Bamiyan]]
* [[Pajsaġġi Militari tal-Imperu Maratha fl-Indja]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]]
* [[Pajsaġġi ta' Dauria]]
* [[Pál Maléter]]
* [[Palazz Irjali ta' Aranjuez]]
*[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]]
*[[Palazz Mariinskyi]]
*[[Palazz ta' Blenheim]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]]
*[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]]
*[[Palazz ta' Eggenberg]]
*[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]]
*[[Palazz ta' Golestan]]
*[[Palazz ta' Ishak Paşa]]
*[[Palazz ta' Mafra]]
*[[Palazz ta' Orbeliani]]
*[[Palazz ta' Potala]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]]
*[[Palazz ta' Versailles]]
*[[Palazz tal-Khan]]
*[[Palazz tas-Sajf]]
*[[Palazz tax-Shirvanshah]]
*[[Palazzi Minojċi]]
*[[Palazzi Rjali ta' Abomey]]
*[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]]
*[[Palenque]]
*[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]]
*[[Palestina]]
*[[Palianytsia]]
*[[Palmaria]]
*[[Palmyra]]
*[[Pamukkale]]
*[[Panamá Viejo]]
*[[Papa Ljun XIV]]
*[[Papahānaumokuākea]]
*[[Paquimé]]
*[[Paramaribo]]
*[[Park Arkeoloġiku Nazzjonali ta' Tierradentro]]
*[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Champaner-Pavagadh]]
*[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili]]
*[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' San Agustín]]
*[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]]
*[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]]
*[[Park Naturali ta' Dinara]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Karula]]
*[[Park Naturali ta' Korab-Koritnik]]
*[[Park Naturali tal-Iskolli tal-Qroll ta' Tubbataha]]
*[[Park Naturali tal-Pilastri ta' Lena]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Impenetrabbli ta' Bwindi]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Olimpiku]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Trakai]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Alejandro de Humboldt]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Banc d'Arguin]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Beit Guvrin-Maresha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Canaima]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chapada dos Veadeiros]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chiribiquete]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Coiba]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Comoé]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Darien]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Defileul Jiului]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Desembarco del Granma]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Doñana]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Everglades]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garamba]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Great Smoky Mountains]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Gros Morne]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Gunung Mulu]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Hortobágy]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Huascarán]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ichkeul]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Iguaçu]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Iguazú]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ivindo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kahuzi-Biega]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kakadu]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kaziranga]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Khangchendzonga]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kilimanjaro]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kinabalu]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Kiskunság]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lahemaa]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lençóis Maranhenses]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lorentz]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Alerces]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Glaciares]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Los Katíos]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Lushan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Mammoth Cave]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manas]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manú]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Manovo-Gounda St Floris]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Mesa Verde]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Miguasha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Morne Trois Pitons]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Murujuga]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Nahanni]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Niah]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Niokolo-Koba]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Noel Kempff Mercado]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Nyungwe]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Þingvellir]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Pirin]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Purnululu]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Rapa Nui]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Rio Abiseo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Salonga]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sangay]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sanqingshan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Serengeti]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Serra da Capivara]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Simien]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Taï]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Talampaya]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Tongariro]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Una]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Vatnajökull]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Virunga]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Yellowstone]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Yosemite]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Biżonti tal-Boskijiet]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Foresta Pluvjali ta' Gola]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Fortizza tal-Għolja ta' Brimstone]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għadajjar ta' Mana]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Carlsbad]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Peruaçu]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Grand Canyon]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Himalayas il-Kbar]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Rodopi]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lag tal-Malawi]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja Dajti]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja tal-Kenja]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanja Tomorr]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanji ta' Bale]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Muntanji ta' Rwenzori]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Vulkani ta' Hawaii]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tas-Sundarbans]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tat-Taġikistan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tax-Xmara ta' Taħt l-Art ta' Puerto Princesa]]
*[[Park Provinċjali ta' Ischigualasto]]
*[[Park Provinċjali ta' Writing-on-Stone]]
*[[Park Provinċjali tad-Dinosawri]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Phu Phrabat]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Si Thep]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Sukhothai]]
*[[Park ta' Maloti-Drakensberg]]
*[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]]
*[[Park tal-Art Mistagħdra ta' iSimangaliso]]
*[[Park tal-Mafkar tar-Rewwixta u tar-Rivoluzzjoni]]
*[[Park Trinazzjonali ta' Sangha]]
*[[Parks Internazzjonali tal-Paċi ta' Waterton-tal-Glaċieri]]
*[[Parks Nazzjonali ta' Nanda Devi u tal-Wied tal-Fjuri]]
*[[Parks Nazzjonali tal-Lag ta' Turkana]]
*[[Parks Nazzjonali u Statali tas-Siġar tal-Injam tal-Aħmar]]
*[[Parks tal-Muntanji tar-Rockies Kanadiżi]]
*[[Parmigianino]]
*[[Parrukkier]]
*[[Pasargadae]]
*[[Paseo del Prado]]
*[[Patoloġija]]
*[[Pattadakal]]
*[[Paulo Coelho]]
*[[Pavlo Lee]]
*[[Pécs]]
*[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]]
*[[Peña de los Enamorados]]
*[[Peniżola]]
*[[Peniżola Valdés]]
*[[Pergamon]]
*[[Peri-Khan Sofiyeva]]
*[[Persepolis]]
*[[Peter Carl Fabergé]]
*[[Péter Magyar]]
*[[Pëtr Kapica]]
*[[Petra]]
*[[Petra Brocková]]
*[[Petroglifiċi ta' Bangudae]]
*[[Petroglifiċi tal-Lag ta' Onega u l-Baħar Abjad]]
*[[Philipp Otto Runge]]
*[[Philippi]]
*[[Pienza]]
*[[Piero Angela]]
*[[Pierre Fatou]]
*[[Pietro Longhi]]
*[[Pietru l-Kbir]]
*[[Pimachiowin Aki]]
*[[Ping Yao]]
*[[Pippo Baudo]]
*[[Pirinej-Monte Perdido]]
*[[Pitons]]
*[[Pitons, Cirques u Rdumijiet tal-Gżira ta' Réunion]]
*[[Pjanta]]
*[[Pjanura ta' Bărăgan]]
*[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]]
*[[Pjanura tal-Ġarer]]
*[[Pjazza]]
*[[Pjazza ta' Naqsh-e Jahan]]
* [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]]
* [[Pkhali]]
*[[Plamer]]
*[[Planetarju Rjali ta' Eise Eisinga]]
*[[Pobiti Kamani]]
*[[Politika]]
*[[Polonnaruwa]]
*[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]]
*[[Pont ta' Forth]]
*[[Pont ta' Malabadi]]
*[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]]
*[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]]
*[[Pont tal-Fjuri]]
*[[Pont tal-Paċi, Tbilisi]]
*[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]
*[[Port Ħieles ta' Malta]]
*[[Port Royal]]
*[[Port ta' Mariupol]]
*[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]]
*[[Porta Nigra]]
*[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]]
*[[Porto]]
*[[Postijiet Sagri tal-Bahá'i]]
*[[Potosí]]
*[[Pożati]]
*[[Prambanan]]
*[[Professjoni]]
*[[Proklos]]
*[[Promontorju ta' Putorana]]
*[[Provins]]
*[[Pu'er]]
*[[Puebla (belt)]]
*[[Pythagoreion]]
=== '''<u>Q</u>''' ===
* [[Qabar ta' Askia]]
* [[Qabar ta' Humayun]]
* [[Qabar Traċjan ta' Kazanlak]]
* [[Qabar Traċjan ta' Sveshtari]]
* [[Qabża tal-Biżonti Sfrakassati]]
* [[Qal'at al-Bahrain]]
* [[Qala (Għawdex)]]
* [[Qalba Neolitika tal-Gżejjer Orkney]]
* [[Qalhat]]
* [[Qanat]]
* [[Qaryat al-Faw]]
* [[Qaytarma]]
* [[Qorti Rjali ta' Tiébélé]]
* [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]]
* [[Quanzhou]]
* [[Quebrada de Humahuaca]]
* [[Quedlinburg]]
* [[Quirigua]]
* [[Quito]]
* [[Quseir Amra]]
* [[Qutb Minar]]
=== '''<u>R</u>''' ===
* [[Rachid Chouhal]]
* [[Raħal Storiku ta' St. George u l-Fortifikazzjonijiet Relatati, Bermuda]]
* [[Rammelsberg]]
* [[Ramses II]]
* [[Rani-ki-Vav]]
* [[Ras'ken' Ozks]]
* [[Ravenna]]
* [[Ravesa Lleshi]]
* [[Red Bay]]
* [[Regensburg]]
* [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]]
* [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]]
* [[Reġjun tal-Inbid ta' Tokaj]]
*[[Reichenau]]
*[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]]
*[[Rembrandt]]
*[[Renata Scotto]]
*[[Renju ta' Mapungubwe]]
*[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]]
*[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]]
*[[Residenza ta' Würzburg]]
*[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]]
*[[Rettilu]]
*[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]]
*[[Riga]]
*[[Risco Caído]]
*[[Riversleigh]]
*[[Riżerva Ekoloġika ta' Mistaken Point]]
*[[Riżerva Forestali ta' Sinharaja]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali Stretta tal-Muntanja ta' Nimba]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali Stretta tat-Tsingy ta' Bemaraha]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Darwin]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Nahal Me'arot]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Okapi]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Selous]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Srebarna]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Tigrovaya Balka]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali tas-Suriname Ċentrali]]
*[[Riżerva ta' Bijosfera ta' El Pinacate u Gran Desierto de Altar]]
*[[Riżerva ta' Bijosfera ta' Río Plátano]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera ta' Tehuacán-Cuicatlán]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Baħar l-Iswed]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Fawna ta' Dja]]
*[[Riżervi Naturali ta' Air u ta' Ténéré]]
*[[Riżervi tal-Foresti Atlantiċi tal-Kosta tal-Iskoperti]]
*[[Riżervi tal-Foresti Atlantiċi tax-Xlokk]]
*[[Riżervi tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Talamanca-La Amistad]]
*[[Robert Fico]]
*[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]]
*[[Roberto Burle Marx]]
*[[Rodi (belt)]]
* [[Roi Mata]]
* [[Roșia Montană]]
* [[Ronald Searle]]
* [[Røros]]
* [[Rotta tal-Inċens – Bliet tad-Deżert f'Negev]]
* [[Rotta Wixárika tas-Siti Sagri lejn Wirikuta]]
* [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]]
* [[Royal Exhibition Building]]
* [[Róža Domašcyna]]
*[[Rudolf Diesel]]
*[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]]
=== '''<u>S</u>''' ===
* [[Sabratha]]
* [[Saeva Dupka]]
* [[Safranbolu]]
* [[Saint-Émilion]]
* [[Sajjied]]
*[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]]
*[[Salamanca]]
*[[Salib ta' Santa Ewfrosina]]
*[[Salini Rjali ta' Arc-et-Senans]]
*[[Salme Kann]]
*[[Saltaire]]
*[[Salvatore Accardo]]
*[[Salzburg]]
*[[Samantha Cristoforetti]]
*[[Samarkanda]]
*[[Samarra]]
*[[Sambor Prei Kuk]]
*[[Sammallahdenmäki]]
*[[Samuel Deguara]]
*[[San Cristóbal de La Laguna]]
*[[San Gimignano]]
*[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]]
*[[San Miguel de Allende]]
*[[San Pietruburgu]]
*[[Sana'a]]
*[[Sanchi]]
*[[Sandra Milo]]
*[[Sandra Mondaini]]
*[[Sandro Botticelli]]
*[[Sangiran]]
*[[Sansa, il-Monasteri Buddisti tal-Muntanji tal-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Santa Cruz de Mompox]]
*[[Santiago de Compostela]]
*[[Santiago de Querétaro]]
*[[Santiniketan]]
*[[Santwarji tal-Għasafar tal-Passa tul il-Kosta tal-Baħar Isfar u l-Golf ta' Bohai]]
*[[Santwarji tal-Pandas Ġganteski ta' Sichuan]]
*[[Santwarji tan-Natura Selvaġġa ta' Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng]]
*[[Santwarju Nazzjonali tal-Għasafar ta' Djoudj]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus de Matosinhos]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]]
*[[Santwarju tal-Balieni ta' El Vizcaino]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Mỹ Sơn]]
*[[Santwarju tal-Fawna u tal-Flora ta' Malpelo]]
*[[Santwarju tan-Natura Selvaġġa tal-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Hamiguitan]]
*[[São Cristóvão]]
*[[São Luís]]
*[[Sarazm]]
*[[Sardis]]
* [[Saryarka]]
* [[Sassi ta' Matera]]
* [[Satsivi]]
*[[Schokland]]
*[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]]
*[[Sebastian Brant]]
*[[Segovia]]
*[[Seka Sablić]]
*[[Sengħa]]
*[[Seokguram]]
*[[Seowon]]
*[[Severo Ochoa]]
*[[Sevil Shhaideh]]
*[[Sewell]]
*[[Sferi tal-Ġebel tal-Costa Rica]]
*[[SGang Gwaay]]
*[[Shahr-e Sukhteh]]
*[[Shahrisabz]]
*[[Shaken Aimanov]]
*[[Shales ta' Maotianshan]]
*[[Sheki]]
*[[Shennongjia]]
*[[Shibam]]
*[[Shirakami-Sanchi]]
*[[Shiretoko]]
*[[Sian Ka'an]]
*[[Šibenik]]
*[[Sibila Petlevski]]
*[[Sidney Webb]]
*[[Siega Verde]]
*[[Siena]]
*[[Sighișoara]]
*[[Sigiriya]]
*[[Siġra tal-Ballut ta' Stelmužė]]
*[[Siġra tal-ballut ta' Tamme-Lauri]]
*[[Sikhote-Alin]]
*[[Simon Kldiashvili]]
*[[Sinagoga Antika (Erfurt)]]
*[[Sinéad O'Connor]]
*[[Sintra]]
*[[Siracusa]]
*[[Sistema Idrawlika Storika ta' Shushtar]]
*[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]]
*[[Sistema tat-Toroq tal-Inka]]
*[[Sit Agrikolu Bikri ta' Kuk]]
*[[Sit arkeoloġiku ta' Al-Balid|Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Al-Balid]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku tal-Maħżen ta' Valongo]]
*[[Sit Storiku Nazzjonali ta' San Juan]]
*[[Sit Storiku Statali tat-Tumbati tal-Ħamrija ta' Cahokia]]
* [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]]
* [[Sit ta' Wirt Industrijali ta' Rjukan-Notodden]]
*[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]]
*[[Sit tar-Raġel ta' Peking f'Zhoukoudian]]
*[[Siti tad-Dolmens ta' Gochang, Hwasun u Ganghwa]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Bat, Al-Khutm u Al-Ayn]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]]
*[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]]
*[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]]
*[[Siti Funebri u Mfakar tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija (il-Front tal-Punent)]]
*[[Siti Kristjani Moħbija fir-Reġjun ta' Nagasaki]]
*[[Siti Metallurġiċi Antiki tal-Burkina Faso]]
*[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]]
*[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]]
*[[Siti Preistoriċi ta' Jōmon fit-Tramuntana tal-Ġappun]]
*[[Siti Sagri u Rotot ta' Pellegrinaġġ fil-Katina Muntanjuża ta' Kii]]
*[[Siti tal-Fossili tal-Ominidi tal-Afrika t'Isfel]]
*[[Siti tar-Rivoluzzjoni Industrijali Meiji tal-Ġappun]]
*[[Siti tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Kondoa]]
*[[Siti tat-Tusi]]
*[[Skarpan]]
*[[Skellig Michael]]
*[[Skogskyrkogården]]
*[[Skojjattlu tal-art ta' Tian Shan]]
*[[Skola Superjuri tal-Mekkanika tal-Armata]]
*[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]]
*[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]]
*[[Skoll tal-Qroll tal-Belize]]
*[[Skorba]]
*[[Skrivan]]
*[[Slavko Brezoski]]
*[[Socotra]]
*[[Soltaniyeh]]
*[[Songo Mnara]]
*[[Sophia Loren]]
*[[Sophie Germain]]
*[[Sophie Liebknecht]]
*[[Söyembikä]]
*[[Speicherstadt]]
*[[Spinalonga]]
*[[Sputnik 5]]
*[[Stari Ras]]
*[[Statwa]]
*[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]]
*[[Statwa tal-Libertà]]
*[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]]
*[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]]
*[[Stećak]]
*[[Stepan Erzya]]
*[[Stevns Klint]]
*[[Stonehenge]]
*[[Stone Town]]
*[[Strett ta' Hormuz]]
*[[Su Nuraxi]]
*[[Subak]]
*[[Sulaiman-Too]]
*[[Sundarbans]]
*[[Supra (festa)]]
*[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]]
*[[Surtsey]]
*[[Susa]]
*[[Svaneti]]
*[[Svetlana Antonovska]]
*[[Sviyazhsk]]
=== '''<u>T</u>''' ===
* [[Ta' Bakkja]]
* [[Ta' Ħaġrat]]
* [[Ta' Kandja]]
*[[Tabib]]
*[[Tadrart Acacus]]
*[[Taħdit]]
*[[Taishan]]
*[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Takalik Abaj]]
*[[Takht-e Soleyman]]
*[[Takht-i-Bahi]]
*[[Takkanot Shum]]
*[[Taksim]]
*[[Tallinn]]
*[[Tamgaly]]
*[[Tanġier]]
*[[Taos Pueblo]]
*[[Taputapuātea]]
*[[Tarraco]]
*[[Tarzna Navali ta' Antigua u s-Siti Arkeoloġiċi Relatati]]
*[[Tassili n'Ajjer]]
*[[Taxila]]
*[[Tchogha Zanbil]]
*[[Te Wahipounamu]]
*[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]]
*[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Teatru Rjal]]
*[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]]
*[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]]
*[[Teatru tal-Opri ta' Sydney]]
*[[Tebe (Eġittu)]]
*[[Tekniku]]
*[[Telč]]
*[[Tempji Ħajjin Kbar taċ-Ċola]]
* [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]]
* [[Tempji ta' Ħal Tarxien]]
*[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]]
*[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]]
*[[Tempju ta' Kakatiya Rudreshwara]]
*[[Tempju ta' Mahabodhi]]
*[[Tempju ta' Preah Vihear]]
*[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]]
*[[Tempju tal-Għar ta' Dambulla]]
*[[Tempju tax-Xemx ta' Konarak]]
*[[Tempju u Ċimiterju ta' Konfuċju u l-Villa tal-Familja Kong f'Qufu]]
*[[Teotihuacan]]
*[[Tequila (Belt)]]
* [[Terminoloġija]]
* [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]]
* [[Tétouan]]
*[[Teżawru]]
*[[Theobald Boehm]]
*[[Theodore Géricault]]
*[[Thimlich Ohinga]]
*[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]]
*[[Thomas à Kempis]]
*[[Thoros ta' Edessa]]
*[[Tian Shan]]
* [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]]
* [[Tieqa ta' Wied il-Mielaħ]]
* [[Tikal]]
* [[Timbuktu]]
* [[Timgad]]
* [[Tina Turner]]
* [[Tinetto]]
* [[Tino]]
* [[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Alta]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat fir-Reġjun ta' Ha'il]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat ta' Dazu]]
*[[Tinqix ta' Bisotun]]
*[[Tipasa]]
*[[Tiryns]]
*[[Tiwanaku]]
*[[Tiya]]
*[[Tlacotalpan]]
*[[TNMK]]
*[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]]
*[[Toledo]]
*[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]]
*[[Tomiri]]
*[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: il-Kuritur ta' Zarafshan-Karakum]]
*[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]]
* [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]]
* [[Torri ta' Belém]]
*[[Torri ta' Erkole]]
*[[Torri ta' Londra]]
*[[Torri tax-Xebba (Baku)]]
*[[Torrijiet residenzjali tas-Svan|Torrijiet Residenzjali tas-Svan]]
*[[Toruń]]
*[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Sierra de San Francisco]]
*[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Baċir Mediterran Iberiku]]
*[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Għar ta' Shulgan-Tash]]
*[[Trattat ta' Kaunas]]
*[[Třebíč]]
*[[Trinidad, Kuba]]
*[[Trogir]]
*[[Trojja]]
*[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]]
*[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Tsodilo]]
*[[Tubeteika]]
*[[Tulou ta' Fujian|''Tulou'' ta' Fujian]]
*[[Tumbati Ċerimonjali tal-Ħamrija ta' Hopewell]]
*[[Tumbati Funebri ta' Dilmun]]
*[[Tumbati Funebri ta' Gaya]]
*[[Tumbati Monumentali tal-Ħamrija ta' Poverty Point]]
*[[Turan]]
*[[Tutankhamun]]
*[[Twyfelfontein]]
*[[Tyre]]
=== '''<u>U</u>''' ===
* [[Úbeda]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
*[[Uluru]]
*[[Um er-Rasas]]
*[[Umm Al-Jimāl]]
*[[UNESCO]]
*[[Università Iżlamika Russa]]
*[[Università Nazzjonali Awtonoma tal-Messiku]]
*[[Università ta' Al-Qarawiġin|Università ta' Al-Qarawijin]]
*[[Università ta' Coimbra]]
*[[Unjoni Sovjetika]]
*[[Urbino]]
*[['Uruq Bani Mu'arid]]
*[[Uxmal]]
=== '''<u>V</u>''' ===
* [[Val d'Orcia]]
*[[Val di Noto]]
*[[Valentyna Radzymovska]]
*[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]]
*[[Vallée de Mai]]
*[[Vasco da Gama]]
*[[Vat Phou]]
*[[Velimir Khlebnikov]]
*[[Venera 7]]
*[[Verona]]
*[[Via Appia]]
*[[Victoria Amelina]]
*[[Vigan]]
*[[Vincent van Gogh]]
*[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]]
*[[Villa d'Este]]
*[[Villa Romana del Casale]]
*[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]]
*[[Villa Tugendhat]]
*[[Villaġġi Antiki tat-Tramuntana tas-Sirja]]
*[[Villaġġi bil-Knejjes Iffortifikati f'Transilvanja]]
*[[Villaġġi Storiċi ta' Shirakawa-gō u Gokayama]]
*[[Vilnius]]
*[[Visby]]
*[[Vitaliy Kim]]
*[[Vito Volterra]]
*[[Vittorio De Sica]]
*[[Vjenna]]
*[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]]
*[[Vlkolínec]]
*[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
*[[Volubilis]]
*[[Võros]]
*[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]]
*[[Vulkani ta' Kamchatka]]
=== '''<u>W</u>''' ===
* [[Wachau]]
* [[Wadi Al-Hitan]]
*[[Wadi Rum]]
*[[Wales]]
*[[Weimar Klassika]]
*[[Werrej]]
*[[Wied Superjuri tar-Renu Nofsani]]
*[[Wied t'Isfel tal-Awash]]
*[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]]
*[[Wied ta' Loire]]
*[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]]
*[[Wied ta' M'zab]]
*[[Wied ta' Qadisha]]
*[[Wied ta' Viñales]]
*[[Wied tal-Fondoq il-Kbir]]
*[[Wied tat-Tempji]]
*[[Wilhelm Grimm]]
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen]]
*[[Willem de Sitter]]
*[[Willemstad]]
*[[William Boeing]]
*[[Wirt Arkeoloġiku tal-Wied ta' Lenggong]]
*[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]]
*[[Wismar]]
*[[Władysław Horodecki]]
*[[Wolfgang Paul]]
=== '''<u>X</u>''' ===
* [[Xanadu]]
* [[Xanthos]]
* [[Xatt it-Tiben]]
*[[Xeff]]
*[[Xidi]]
*[[Xmara Omo]]
*[[Xochicalco]]
*[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]]
*[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]]
*[[Xjenza spazjali]]
*[[Xtatol]]
=== '''<u>Y</u>''' ===
* [[Yagul]]
* [[Yakushima]]
* [[Yana Zinkevych]]
* [[Yangdong]]
* [[Yarmak]]
* [[Yaroslavl]]
* [[Yazd]]
* [[Yeni-Kale]]
* [[Yin Xu]]
* [[Yllka Mujo]]
* [[Yogyakarta]]
*[[Yuliya Gushchina]]
*[[Yuri Lysianskyi]]
=== '''<u>Ż</u>''' ===
* [[Żapoteki]]
* [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]]
* [[Żona Kulturali ta' Ḥimā]]
*[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]]
*[[Żona Naturali Selvaġġa tat-Tażmanja]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]]
*[[Żona Protetta tal-Gżejjer Phoenix]]
*[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku ta' Huanglong]]
*[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku tal-Wied ta' Jiuzhaigou]]
*[[Żona ta' Interess Xeniku u Storiku ta' Wulingyuan]]
*[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Guanacaste]]
*[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Ngorongoro]]
*[[Żona ta' Konservazzjoni ta' Pantanal]]
*[[Żona tat-Tpittir fuq il-Blat ta' Chongoni]]
*[[Żoni Protetti tar-Reġjun tal-Fjuri tal-Kap]]
*[[Żoni Protetti tat-Tliet Xmajjar Paralleli ta' Yunnan]]
*[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]]
*[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Gyeongju]]
*[[Żooloġija]]
=== '''<u>Z</u>''' ===
* [[Zabid]]
* [[Zacatecas (belt)]]
* [[Zagori]]
* [[Zamość]]
* [[Žatec]]
* [[Žehra]]
* [[Ziba Ganiyeva]]
* [[Zivana]]
* [[Zlata Kolarić-Kišur]]
*[[Zofia Zamenhof]]
*[[Zollverein]]
*[[Zond 5]]
*[[Zsuzsanna Lorántffy]]
ojj8kc6axosplk2y8lee2ldk6dqj0zi
Quebec
0
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2026-06-07T16:19:57Z
Kurcke
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Coat of arms of Quebec (without crown).svg The crown was officially removed from the Québec coat of arms on 23 January 2026. Source: https://www.quebec.ca/gouvernement/portrait-quebec/drapeau-symboles-nationaux/armoiries
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{{Infobox|title=Quebec (Provinċja)|image=[[File:Flag of Quebec.svg|175px|left]] [[File:Coat of arms of Quebec (without crown).svg|100px|right]]|header1=Amministrazzjoni|label2=Pajjiż|data2={{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Kanada]]|label3=Kapital|data3=[[Québec (belt)|Québec]]|label4=L-akbar belt|data4=[[Montréal]]|label5=Dħul fil-Konfederazzjoni|data5=1 ta’ Lulju, 1867|label6=Logutenent Gvernatur|data6=[[Manon Jeannotte]]|label7=Prim Ministru|data7=[[François Legault]]|label8=Awtorità leġislattiva|data8=[[Assemblea Nazzjonali tal-Quebec]]|header9=Demografija|label10=Popolazzjoni|data10=8,501,833 abitant (2021)|label11=Densità|data11=5.5 abitant/km2|label12=Lingwi uffiċjali|data12=[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]]|label13=Nizza|data13=Quebecois|header14=Ġeografija|label15=Żona|data15=1,542,056 km2|header16=Mixxellanji|label17=Mottu|data17="''Je me souviens ''"
("Niftakar")|label18=Festa nazzjonali|data18=Fête nationale du Québec (24 ta’ Ġunju)|header19=Mappa|header20=[[File:Quebec in Canada 2.svg|245px]]|label21=Websajt|data21=https://www.quebec.ca/en|headerstyle=background-color: #ccffcc|titlestyle=background-color: #ccffcc}}
'''Quebec''' hija provinċja tal[[Kanada|-Kanada]] li l-fruntieri tagħha jikkorrispondu mat-territorju tan-nazzjon tal-Quebec. Ħdax-il nazzjon indiġenu jgħixu wkoll fit-territorju tal-Quebec. Il-[[Belt kapitali|kapitali]] tal-Quebec hija [[Québec (belt)|Quebec City]], u l-metropoli tagħha hija [[Montréal|Montreal]]. Il-[[lingwa uffiċjali]] tal-Quebec hija [[Lingwa Franċiża|l-Franċiż]].
Jinsabu fir - reġjun ċentrali tal-pajjiż, bejn Ontario - punent, Newfoundland u Labrador fil - grigal, u New Brunswick fil- lvant, jaqsam ukoll fruntiera tax-Xlokk mal- [[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]] . It-tieni provinċja l-aktar popolata fil-Kanada, wara Ontario, Quebec għandha popolazzjoni ta 'aktar minn {{nombre|8600000|habitants}} fl-2021, magħmula minn maġġoranza kbira ta' kelliema Franċiżi b'minoranzi li jitkellmu bl-Ingliż u allofoni kif ukoll ħdax-il nazzjon indiġenu . Hija l-unika provinċja Kanadiża li għandha l-Franċiż bħala l-unika lingwa uffiċjali tagħha, mitkellma minn 93.7 % tal-popolazzjoni fl-2021 <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/sociolinguistique/2022/Feuillet_Car-ling-pop-Quebec-2021.pdf|titlu=Caractéristiques linguistiques de la population du Québec en 2021|sit=oqlf.gouv.qc.ca|lingwa=fr|format=pdf|data-aċċess=19 février 2023}}</ref> . F'dik l-istess sena, il-popolazzjoni totali ta' Quebecers bil- [[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]] bħala lsien matern tagħhom kienet ta' 77.8 %, filwaqt li kien 10.0 % għall [[Lingwa Ingliża|-Ingliż]] <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/language-langue/index-fr.html|titlu=Langues maternelles selon la géographie, Recensement de 2021|data=17 août 2022|sit=statcan.gc.ca|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=19 février 2023}}</ref> . Il-maġġoranza tal-popolazzjoni tagħha tgħix f'reġjuni urbani tul ix-Xmara San Lawrenz, bejn l-aktar belt popolata, [[Montréal|Montreal]], u l-kapitali provinċjali, [[Québec (belt)|Quebec]] . B'erja ta ' {{unité|1542056|km|2}} , hija l-akbar provinċja u t-tieni l-akbar subdiviżjoni territorjali fil-Kanada, wara Nunavut .
Mill- 1534 sal- 1763, Quebec kienet, taħt l-isem tal -Kanada, l-aktar kolonja żviluppata ta' Franza Ġdida . Wara l- Gwerra tas-Seba' Snin, Quebec saret kolonja Brittanika bejn l-1763 u l-1867, l-ewwel bħala l- Provinċja ta' Quebec (1763–1791), imbagħad bħala l-Provinċja tal -Kanada t'Isfel (1791–1841) qabel ma saret il-Kanada tal-Lvant (1841–1867) . Fl-aħħar ingħaqdet mal -Kanada tal-Punent, New Brunswick u Nova Scotia fl-1867, biex jiffurmaw id- Dominju tal-Kanada. Sal-bidu tas-snin sittin, il- Knisja Kattolika kellha rwol ewlieni fl-iżvilupp tal-istituzzjonijiet soċjali u kulturali tal-Quebec.
Matul is-snin sittin, ir- Rivoluzzjoni Kkwieta żiedet b'mod konsiderevoli r-rwol tal- gvern tal-Quebec fil-kontroll tal-futur politiku, soċjali u ekonomiku tal- istat tal-Quebec . Fl-istess ħin, il-ħajja politika tal-Quebec saret animata minn dibattitu dwar l-istatus politiku tal-provinċja fi ħdan il- Konfederazzjoni Kanadiża . Moviment sovranist jippromwovi l- indipendenza tal-provinċja, filwaqt li moviment federalista jippromwovi ż-żamma tiegħu fil-Konfederazzjoni. Id-dibattiti dwar ir-riformi kostituzzjonali jew l-indipendenza kellhom rwol importanti fil-politika mis-sittinijiet.
L-ekonomija tal-Quebec hija appoġġata prinċipalment mis-settur tas-servizzi kbir tagħha u l-industrija varjata tagħha. L-ajruspazju, l-ajrunawtika, il-bijoteknoloġija, l- industrija farmaċewtika, l-industrija kulturali u t-teknoloġiji tal-informazzjoni u l-komunikazzjoni huma fost is-setturi ewlenin tal-ekonomija tagħha. Id-disponibbiltà għolja ħafna ta' riżorsi naturali, b'mod partikolari l-foresti, l- industrija tal-minjieri u l-idroelettriku, tikkostitwixxi wkoll fattur importanti fil-ħolqien tal-ġid. Quebec huwa magħruf għall-produzzjoni tiegħu ta ' ġulepp ta' l-aġġru, għall -umoriżmu tiegħu u biex jagħmel il-hockey fuq is-silġ wieħed mill-aktar sports popolari fil-Kanada. Hija wkoll magħrufa għall -kultura tagħha li tikkostitwixxi d-dar tal -Kanada Franċiża, notevolment permezz tal-letteratura, mużika, ċinema, wirjiet televiżivi u festivals.
== Toponimija ==
It-terminu Quebec — li jfisser “fejn ix-xmara tidjieq” fil-lingwa Algonkin — intuża mill-Algonquins, il-Crees u l-Micmacs biex jindikaw it-tidjiq ta’ San Lawrenz fl-għoli ta’ Cape Diamant, post tat-twaqqif tal-belt ta’ Quebec (3 ta’ Lulju, 1608) u “il-bidu tad-dinja u l-provinċja tal-[[Kanada]]” (7 ta’ Settembru, 1535). Fl-1632, [[Samuel de Champlain]] iddeskriva l-post kif ġej: “[…] istrett fix-xmara, kif jgħidu l-Indjani […]. » L-isem huwa attestat b’ortografiji differenti: Qvebecq fl-1601; ''Quebeck'', ''Kébec'' fl-1609; Quebec fl-1613 u ''Kebbek''.
== Ġeografija ==
Li tkopri erja ta '1,542,056 km2, il-provinċja ta' Quebec hija l-akbar fil-Kanada; iż-żewġ provinċji l-oħra komparabbli ma' Quebec huma Ontario u British Columbia. Quebec huwa jaqsam mix-Xmara San Lawrenz, li tgħaqqad il-Lagi l-Kbar mal-Oċean Atlantiku. Jinsabu fil-Grigal tal-Amerika ta’ Fuq, it-territorju ta’ Quebec jestendi, min-nofsinhar għat-tramuntana, fuq aktar minn 2,000 km, mill-45 parallel fit-tramuntana (il-fruntiera bejn il-Kanada u l-Istati Uniti) sa f’Cape Wolstenholme u, mil-lvant għall-punent, fuq 1,500 km, minn Sablon Cove sal-bokka tax-Xmara Rupert. Iż-żewġ żoni tal-ħin tal-Quebec jikkorrispondu għall-Ħin tal-Lvant, il-Ħin Standard u l-Ħin tas-Sajf, kif ukoll il-Ħin tal-Atlantiku (jew Marittimu). Il-linja diviżorja hija l-meridjan ta' 63 grad lonġitudni tal-punent.
It-territorju ta 'Quebec huwa suddiviż fi tlettax-il provinċja naturali, kif ukoll tliet żoni ta' veġetazzjoni u għaxar oqsma bijoklimatiċi.
It-territorju tal-Quebec huwa akbar minn dak tal-Mongolja, iżda iżgħar fid-daqs minn dak tal-Messiku, komparabbli ma 'erja ta' 1,667,926 km2.
== Klima ==
Erba’ staġuni jsegwu lil xulxin fil-Quebec: ir-rebbiegħa, is-sajf, il-ħarifa u x-xitwa, li l-kundizzjonijiet tagħhom ivarjaw skont ir-reġjun. Imbagħad jiġu differenzjati skont il-luminożità, it-temperatura u l-preċipitazzjoni tal-borra u x-xita. Fin-Nofsinhar tal-Quebec, it-tul ta 'xemx ta' kuljum huwa ta 'tmien sigħat f'Diċembru, iż-żmien tas-sena meta jkun l-iqsar.
Minn żoni moderati għat-territorji tat-Tramuntana tat-Tramuntana Imbiegħda, il-luminożità tvarja skont il-latitudni, kif jagħmlu d-Dwal tat-Tramuntana u x-xemx ta 'nofs il-lejl.
Quebec huwa maqsum f'erba 'żoni klimatiċi: artiku, subartiku, kontinentali umdi u marittimi tal-Lvant. Minn nofsinhar għat-tramuntana, it-temperaturi medji jvarjaw, fis-sajf, bejn 5°C u 25°C u, fix-xitwa, bejn -10°C u -25°C iżda f’ċerti reġjuni tal-Quebec bħal James Bay jew Bay of In Ungava it-temperatura tax-xitwa tista 'tilħaq -50 °C. Matul perjodi ta 'sħana u kesħa intensa, it-temperaturi jistgħu jilħqu punti ta' 35 ° C fis-sajf u -40 ° C matul ix-xitwa tal-Quebec, skont l-indiċi humidex jew ir-riħ tar-riħ.
== Storja ==
'''<big>Popli indiġeni u spedizzjonijiet Ewropej (qabel l-1608)</big>'''
Franċiż Il-Paleo-Indjani, li huwa maħsub li emigraw mill-Asja lejn l-Amerika bejn 20,000 u 14,000 sena ilu, kienu l-ewwel nies li stabbilixxew fuq l-artijiet tal-Quebec, li waslu wara t-tidwib mill-kappa tas-silġ Laurentide madwar 11,000 sena ilu. Minn hemm ġejjin bosta gruppi etnokulturali. Matul l-esplorazzjonijiet Ewropej tal-1500s, kien hemm ħdax-il poplu indiġenu: l-Inuit u għaxar Nazzjonijiet tal-Ewwel: l-Abenaki, l-Algonquin (jew Anishinabe), l-Atikamekw, il-Cree, il-Huron-Wyandot, il-Maliseet, il-Miꞌkmaq, l-Iroquois. l-Innu u n-Naskapis. L-Algonkwini organizzaw lilhom infushom f'seba' entitajiet politiċi u wasslu għal ħajja nomadika bbażata fuq il-kaċċa, il-ġbir u s-sajd. L-Inuit stadu u kkaċċjaw il-balieni u l-foki tul il-kosti ta’ Hudson u Ungava Bays.
Fis-seklu 15, il-waqgħa tal-Imperu Biżantin imbuttat lill-Ewropej tal-Punent biex ifittxu rotot marittimi ġodda lejn il-Lvant Imbiegħed. Madwar l-1522-1523, Giovanni da Verrazzano ikkonvinċa lir-Re Franġisku I ta’ Franza biex iniedi spedizzjoni biex issib rotta tal-punent lejn Cathay (iċ-Ċina) permezz ta’ Passaġġ tal-Majjistral. Għalkemm din l-ispedizzjoni falliet, stabbilixxiet l-isem New France għall-grigal tal-Amerika ta 'Fuq. Waqt l-ewwel spedizzjoni tiegħu ordnata mir-Renju ta’ Franza, Jacques Cartier sar l-ewwel esploratur Ewropew li skopra u mmappja Quebec meta niżel f’Gaspé fl-24 ta’ Lulju 1534. Matul it-tieni spedizzjoni, fl-1535, Cartier esplora l-artijiet ta’ Stadacona u semmieh ir-raħal u t-territorji tal-madwar tiegħu Kanada (minn kanata, "raħal" f'Iroquois). Cartier irritorna Franza b'madwar 10 Irokwajani ta' San Lawrenz, inkluż il-Kap Donnacona. Fl-1540, Donnacona qalet lir-re il-leġġenda tar-renju ta’ Saguenay, li ispiratu biex jordna t-tielet spedizzjoni, din id-darba mmexxija minn Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval; falliet fl-għan tagħha li terġa’ tikseb is-saltna.
Wara dawn l-ispedizzjonijiet, Franza abbandunat l-Amerika ta’ Fuq għal 50 sena minħabba l-kriżi finanzjarja tagħha; Franza kienet involuta fil-gwerer Taljani u l-gwerer tar-reliġjon. Madwar l-1580, iż-żieda fil-kummerċ tal-pil qajmet l-interess Franċiż; Franza Ġdida saret post tal-kummerċ kolonjali. Fl-1603, Samuel de Champlain mar ix-Xmara San Lawrenz u, f’Ponte Saint-Mathieu, ikkonkluda patt ta’ difiża ma’ l-Innu, il-Maliseet u l-Mikmac, li kien ikun “fattur deċiżiv fiż-żamma ta’ intrapriża kolonjali Franċiża fl-Amerika. minkejja żvantaġġ numeriku enormi vis-à-vis l-Ingliżi.” Hekk beda wkoll l-appoġġ militari Franċiż għall-popli Algonquian u Huron kontra l-attakki Iroquois; dawn saru magħrufa bħala l-Gwerer Iroquois u damu mill-bidu tas-snin 1600 sal-bidu tas-snin 1700.
'''<big>Franza Ġdida (1608–1763)</big>'''
Fl-1608, Samuel de Champlain irritorna fir-reġjun fil-kap ta 'grupp ta' esplorazzjoni. Fit-3 ta’ Lulju, 1608, bl-appoġġ tar-Re Henri IV, waqqaf l-Abitazzjoni ta’ Quebec (illum Quebec City) u għamilha l-kapitali ta’ Franza Ġdida u r-reġjuni tagħha. Il-kolonja nbniet bħala post permanenti għall-kummerċ tal-pil, fejn l-Ewwel Nazzjonijiet innegozjaw il-pil għal oġġetti Franċiżi, bħal xogħol tal-metall, pistoli, alkoħol, u ħwejjeġ. Gruppi taʼ missjunarji waslu fi Franza Ġdida wara t-twaqqif taʼ Quebec City. Coureurs des bois u missjunarji Kattoliċi użaw kenuri tax-xmara biex jesploraw l-intern u jistabbilixxu fortizzi għall-kummerċ tal-pil.
[[Stampa:Three chiefs of the Huron.jpg|alt=Tliet kapijiet Huron-Wyandot minn Wendake. Franza Ġdida żammet relazzjonijiet relattivament paċifiċi mal-popli indiġeni, partikolarment mal-alleati tagħhom l-Hurons. Wara t-telfa tal-Hurons kontra l-għadu komuni tagħhom, l-Iroquois, bosta minnhom ħarbu minn Ontario lejn Quebec.|nofs|daqsminuri|Tliet kapijiet Huron-Wyandot minn Wendake. [[Franza Ġdida]] żammet relazzjonijiet relattivament paċifiċi mal-popli indiġeni, partikolarment mal-alleati tagħhom l-Hurons. Wara t-telfa tal-Hurons kontra l-għadu komuni tagħhom, l-Iroquois, bosta minnhom ħarbu minn [[Ontario]] lejn Quebec.]]
Il-Kumpannija tal-Mit Soċju, li r-re kien tahom fl-1627 mandat biex tamministra Franza Ġdida, introduċiet id-Dwana ta’ Pariġi u s-sistema seigneurial, u pprojbixxa l-kolonizzazzjoni minn xi ħadd għajr Kattoliku. Fl-1629, il-belt ta 'Quebec kapitulat mingħajr ġlieda lill-privaters Ingliżi matul il-Gwerra Anglo-Franċiża; fl-1632, ir-Re tal-Ingilterra qabel li jirritornaha bit-Trattat ta’ Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Trois-Rivières twaqqfet fuq talba ta’ Champlain fl-1634. Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve waqqaf Ville-Marie (illum Montreal) fl-1642.
Fl-1663, il-Kumpanija ta’ Franza Ġdida ċediet il-Kanada lir-Re Louis XIV, li għamel Franza Ġdida provinċja rjali ta’ Franza. Franza Ġdida issa hija kolonja vera amministrata mill-Kunsill Sovran ta 'Franza Ġdida mill-Belt ta' Quebec. Gvernatur ġenerali jirregola l-Kanada u d-dipendenzi amministrattivi tagħha: Acadia, Louisiana u Plaisance. Is-settlers Franċiżi kienu primarjament bdiewa u kienu magħrufa bħala "Kanadiżi" jew "Abitanti". Għalkemm ftit kien hemm immigrazzjoni, il-kolonja kibret minħabba r-rata għolja tat-twelid tal-Abitanti. Fl-1665, ir-reġiment Carignan-Salières żviluppa l-katina ta’ fortifikazzjonijiet magħrufa bħala l-“Vallée des Forts” biex tipproteġi ruħha mill-invażjonijiet Iroquois u ġab miegħu 1,200 raġel ġdid. Biex jikkoreġi l-iżbilanċ bejn is-sessi u jistimula t-tkabbir tal-popolazzjoni, ir-Re Louis XIV ffinanzja l-passaġġ ta 'madwar 800 mara Franċiża (il-Filles du Roi) lejn il-kolonja. Fl-1666, l-intendent Jean Talon organizza l-ewwel ċensiment u għadd 3,215 abitant. Talon implimenta politiki biex jiddiversifika l-agrikoltura u jinkoraġġixxi t-twelid, li sal-1672 kien żied il-popolazzjoni għal 6,700.
[[Stampa:Montcalm leading his troops at the Plains of Abraham.jpg|alt=Montcalm imexxi t-truppi tiegħu fil-battalja.|nofs|daqsminuri|Montcalm imexxi t-truppi tiegħu fil-battalja.]]
L-aħħar mill-erba 'Gwerer Franċiż-Indjan kienet il-Gwerra tas-Seba' Snin ("il-Gwerra tal-Konkwista" fil-Quebec) u damet mill-1754 sal-1763. Fl-1754, it-tensjonijiet intensifikaw għall-kontroll tal-Wied ta 'Ohio, hekk kif l-awtoritajiet ta' Franza Ġdida saru. aktar aggressivi fl-isforzi tagħhom biex ikeċċu kummerċjanti u settlers Brittaniċi. Fl-1754, George Washington nieda attakk sorpriża fuq grupp ta 'suldati Kanadiżi rieqda, magħrufa bħala l-Battalja ta' Jumonville Glen, l-ewwel battalja tal-gwerra. Fl-1755, il-Gvernatur Charles Lawrence u l-uffiċjal Robert Monckton ordnaw it-tkeċċija sfurzata tal-Akkadjani. Fl-1758, fuq Île-Royale, il-Ġeneral Brittaniku James Wolfe assedja u ħataf il-Fortizza ta' Louisbourg. Dan ippermettilu jikkontrolla l-aċċess għall-Golf ta’ San Lawrenz mill-Istrett ta’ Cabot. Fl-1759, assedja lil Quebec għal tliet xhur minn Île d'Orléans. Imbagħad, Wolfe daħlu f’Quebec u ġġieldu kontra Montcalm għall-kontroll tal-belt fil-Battalja tal-Pjanuri ta’ Abraham. Wara rebħa Brittanika, il-logutenent tar-re u s-sinjur ta' Ramezay ikkonkluda l-Artikoli tal-Kapitulazzjoni ta' Quebec. Fir-rebbiegħa tal-1760, il-Kavallier ta’ Lévis assedja l-belt ta’ Quebec u ġiegħel lill-Ingliżi jsaħħu lilhom infushom waqt il-Battalja ta’ Sainte-Foy. Madankollu, it-telf ta’ vapuri Franċiżi mibgħuta biex jerġgħu jipprovdu lil Franza Ġdida wara l-waqgħa ta’ Quebec fil-Battalja ta’ Restigouche immarka t-tmiem tal-isforzi ta’ Franza biex terġa’ tieħu l-kolonja. Il-Gvernatur Pierre de Rigaud, il-Markiż de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial iffirma l-Artikoli tal-Kapitulazzjoni ta’ Montreal fit-8 ta’ Settembru, 1760.
'''<big>Amerika ta' Fuq Brittanika (1763–1867)</big>'''
[[Stampa:Province of Quebec 1763, 1774, 1784.gif|nofs|daqsminuri]]
Wara li l-Ingliżi akkwistaw il-Kanada fl-1763, il-gvern Brittaniku stabbilixxa kostituzzjoni għat-territorju akkwistat il-ġdid, taħt il-Proklama Rjali. Il-Kanadiżi kienu subordinati għall-gvern tal-Imperu Brittaniku u ċirkoskritti għal reġjun tal-Wied ta 'San Lawrenz u l-Gżira Anticosti imsejjaħ il-Provinċja ta' Quebec. Bl-inkwiet li qed jikber fil-kolonji tan-Nofsinhar tagħhom, l-Ingliżi beżgħu li l-Kanadiżi kienu se jappoġġjaw dik li kienet se ssir ir-Rivoluzzjoni Amerikana. Biex tiġi żgurata lealtà lejn il-kuruna Brittanika, il-Gvernatur James Murray u aktar tard il-Gvernatur Guy Carleton argumentaw għall-ħtieġa ta' akkomodazzjoni, li rriżultat fil-promulgazzjoni tal-Att tal-Quebec tal-1774. Din il-liġi ppermettiet lill-Kanadiżi jerġgħu jiksbu d-dwana ċivili tagħhom, biex jirritornaw għas-sistema seigneurial. , biex jirkupraw ċerti drittijiet, inkluż l-użu tal-Franċiż, u biex jerġgħu jiġu approprjati t-territorji preċedenti tagħhom: Labrador, il-Lagi l-Kbar, il-Wied ta’ Ohio, il-pajjiż Illinois u t-Territorju Indjan.
Sa mill-1774, il-Kungress Kontinentali tat-Tlettax-il kolonja separatista pprova jgħaqqad lill-Kanadiżi għall-kawża tiegħu. It-truppi militari tagħha, madankollu, naqsu milli jiġġieldu l-kontro-offensiva Ingliża matul l-invażjoni ta 'Quebec fl-1775. Ħafna mill-Kanadiżi baqgħu newtrali, għalkemm xi reġimenti alleati mal-Amerikani matul il-kampanja ta' Saratoga fl-1777. Meta l-Ingliżi għarfu l-indipendenza tar-ribelli kolonji meta ffirmaw it-Trattat ta 'Pariġi tal-1783, huma kkonċedew Illinois u l-Wied Ohio lill-Istati Uniti li għadhom kif ġew iffurmati u ddeżinjaw il-45 parallel bħala l-fruntiera, u b'hekk naqqsu b'mod sinifikanti ż-żona tal-Quebec.
[[Stampa:Saint-Eustache-Patriotes.jpg|alt=Il-Battalja ta’ Saint-Eustache kienet il-battalja finali tar-Ribelljoni ta’ Lower Canada.|nofs|daqsminuri|Il-Battalja ta’ Saint-Eustache kienet il-battalja finali tar-Ribelljoni ta’ Lower Canada.]]
Gradwalment, l-Assemblea Leġiżlattiva tal-Kanada t'Isfel, li rrappreżentat lill-poplu, daħlet f'kunflitt mal-awtorità ogħla tal-Kuruna u r-rappreżentanti maħtura tagħha. Mill-1791, il-gvern tal-Kanada t'Isfel kien ikkritikat u kkontestat mill-Partit Kanadiż. Fl-1834, il-Partit Kanadiż ippreżenta t-92 riżoluzzjoni tiegħu, talbiet politiċi li esprimew it-telf tal-fiduċja fil-monarkija Brittanika. Is-skuntentizza kiber matul l-assemblej pubbliċi tal-1837, u r-Ribelljoni tal-Kanada t'isfel bdiet fl-1837. Fl-1837, Louis-Joseph Papineau u Robert Nelson wasslu lir-residenti tal-Kanada t'isfel biex jiffurmaw grupp armat imsejjaħ il-Patriots. Huma għamlu Dikjarazzjoni ta’ Indipendenza fl-1838, li jiggarantixxu d-drittijiet u l-ugwaljanza taċ-ċittadini kollha mingħajr diskriminazzjoni. L-azzjonijiet tagħhom wasslu għal ribelljonijiet fil-Kanada ta' Fuq u l-Kanada ta' Fuq. Il-Patrijotti kienu rebbieħa fl-ewwel battalja tagħhom, il-Battalja ta’ Saint-Denis. Madankollu, kienu diżorganizzati u mgħammra ħażin, li wasslu għat-telfa tagħhom mill-Armata Ingliża fil-Battalja ta 'Saint-Charles u t-telfa tagħhom fil-Battalja ta' Saint-Eustache.
Bl-aċċess għall-artijiet il-ġodda baqa’ problematiku, peress li kienu għadhom monopolizzati mill-klikka tal-Kastell, beda eżodu ta’ Kanadiżi lejn New England u kompla għall-mitt sena ta’ wara. Dan il-fenomenu, magħruf bħala l-Emorraġija l-Kbira, hedded is-sopravivenza tan-nazzjon Kanadiż. L-immigrazzjoni massiva tan-nies Brittaniċi, ordnata minn Londra, li segwiet il-falliment tar-ribelljoni, aggravat dan il-fenomenu. Biex tiġġieledha, il-Knisja adottat il-politika ta’ vendetta tal-benniena. Fl-1844, il-kapitali tal-Provinċja tal-Kanada ġiet imċaqalqa minn Kingston għal Montreal. L-inkwiet politiku wasal fl-1849, meta rvellijiet Ingliżi-Kanadiżi taw in-nar lill-bini tal-Parlament f'Montreal wara l-passaġġ tal-Abbozz ta' Liġi dwar it-Telf tar-Rebellion, li kellu l-għan li jikkumpensa lill-Kanadiżi Franċiżi li l-proprjetajiet tagħhom kienu nqerdu matul ir-ribelli tal-1837-1838 . Dan l-abbozz, li rriżulta mill-koalizzjoni Baldwin - La Fontaine u l-parir ta’ Lord Elgin, kien importanti għax stabbilixxa l-kunċett ta’ gvern responsabbli.
Fl-1854, is-sistema seigneurial ġiet abolita, inbniet il-Grand Trunk Railway, u ġie implimentat it-Trattat ta' Reċiproċità bejn il-Kanada u l-Istati Uniti. Fl-1866, ġie adottat il-Kodiċi Ċivili tal-Kanada t'Isfel.
'''<big>Provinċja Kanadiża (1867 sal-preżent)</big>'''
[[Stampa:George-Etienne Cartier.jpg|alt=George-Étienne Cartier, ko-Prim Ministru tal-Lvant tal-Kanada u Missier il-Konfederazzjoni|nofs|daqsminuri|George-Étienne Cartier, ko-Prim Ministru tal-Lvant tal-Kanada u Missier il-Konfederazzjoni]]
Fl-1864, in-negozjati għall-Konfederazzjoni Kanadiża bdew bejn [[il-Provinċja tal-Kanada]], [[New Brunswick]] u [[Nova Scotia]] matul il-Konferenza ta '[[Charlottetown]] u l-Konferenza ta' Quebec. Wara li ġġieled bħala patrijott, George-Étienne Cartier daħal fil-politika fil-Provinċja tal-Kanada, u sar wieħed mill-ko-prim ministri u difensur tal-unjoni tal-provinċji tal-Amerika ta 'Fuq Brittanika. Sar figura ewlenija fil-Konferenza tal-Quebec, li pproduċiet ir-Riżoluzzjonijiet tal-Quebec, il-pedament tal-Konfederazzjoni Kanadiża. Rikonoxxut bħala wieħed mill-Missirijiet tal-Konfederazzjoni, huwa favur il-ħolqien tal-provinċja ta 'Quebec, inizjalment komposta mill-qalba storika tat-territorju tan-nazzjon Franċiż-Kanadiż u fejn Kanadiżi Franċiżi x'aktarx se jżommu status ta' maġġoranza.
Mill-Konfederazzjoni sal-[[L-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija|Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]], il-Knisja Kattolika kienet fl-aqwa tagħha. L-għan tan-nazzjonalisti klerikali huwa li jippromwovi l-valuri tas-soċjetà tradizzjonali: il-familja, il-Franċiż, il-Knisja Kattolika u l-ħajja rurali Avvenimenti bħar-Ribelljoni tal-Majjistral, il-Kwistjoni tal-Iskejjel [[Manitoba]] u s-Settlement 17 tal-[[Ontario]]. promozzjoni u difiża tad-drittijiet tal-Kanadiżi Franċiżi tħassib importanti. Taħt il-patroċinju tal-Knisja Kattolika u l-azzjoni politika ta 'Henri Bourassa, ġew żviluppati simboli ta' kburija nazzjonali, bħall-bandiera Carillon u "[[O Kanada]]", kanzunetta patrijottika komposta għal Jum San Ġwann. Bosta organizzazzjonijiet imbagħad iddedikaw l-affermazzjoni tal-poplu Franċiż Kanadiż, inklużi l-għaqdiet ta 'kreditu Desjardins fl-1900, il-Klabb tal-Hockey Kanadiż fl-1909, ''Le Devoir'' fl-1910, il-Kungress dwar il-lingwa Franċiża fil-Kanada fl-1912 u L'Action nationale fl-1917. Fl-1885, deputati Liberali u Konservattivi ffurmaw il-Partit Nazzjonali minħabba rabja kontra l-gvern preċedenti talli ma intervjenax fl-eżekuzzjoni ta’ Louis Riel.
Meta faqqgħet [[l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]], il-[[Kanada]] kienet involuta awtomatikament u ħafna Kanadiżi Ingliżi offrew volontarjat. Madankollu, peress li ma ħassewx l-istess konnessjoni mal-Imperu Brittaniku u ma kien hemm l-ebda theddida diretta għall-Kanada, [[il-Kanadiżi Franċiżi]] ma raw l-ebda raġuni biex jiġġieldu. Fl-aħħar tal-1916, it-telf beda joħloq problemi għat-tisħiħ. Wara diffikultajiet enormi fi ħdan il-gvern federali, minħabba li kważi l-MP kollha li jitkellmu bil-Franċiż opponew ir-reskrizzjoni filwaqt li kważi l-MP kollha li jitkellmu bl-Ingliż appoġġjawha, l-Att dwar is-Servizz Militari daħal fis-seħħ fid-29 ta’ Awwissu 1917. Il-Kanadiżi nies Franċiżi pprotestaw matul dak li issa jissejjaħ il- kriżi tal-konskrizzjoni tal-1917, li wasslet għall-irvell ta’ Quebec.
[[Stampa:Maurice Duplessis.jpg|alt=Maurice Duplessis, Prim Ministru tal-Quebec mill-1936 sal-1939 u matul id-Dlam il-Kbir|nofs|daqsminuri|Maurice Duplessis, Prim Ministru tal-Quebec mill-1936 sal-1939 u matul id-Dlam il-Kbir]]
[[Il-Kanadiżi Franċiżi]] baqgħu jopponu l-iskrizzjoni matul [[it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]]. Meta l-Kanada ddikjarat gwerra f'Settembru 1939, il-gvern federali wiegħed li ma jingaġġax suldati għal servizz barra mill-pajjiż. Hekk kif il-gwerra mxiet 'il quddiem, aktar u aktar Kanadiżi Ingliżi esprimew appoġġ għall-rekluta, minkejja oppożizzjoni qawwija mill-Kanada Franċiża. Wara stħarriġ tal-1942 li żvela li 73% tar-residenti tal-Quebec kienu kontra l-iskrizzjoni, filwaqt li 80% jew aktar kienu favur il-konskrizzjoni fil-provinċji l-oħra kollha, il-gvern federali għadda l-Att dwar is-Servizz Barrani 80. -baħar. Il-protesti splodew u tfaċċa l-Blokk Popolari biex jiġġieled kontra l-iskrizzjoni. Id-differenzi notevoli bejn il-valuri tal-[[Kanada Franċiża]] u l-[[Kanada Ingliża]] popolarizzaw l-espressjoni "iż-żewġ solitudini."
Wara l-kriżi tal-konskrizzjoni, Maurice Duplessis tal-Union nationale tela’ għall-poter u implimenta politiki konservattivi magħrufa bħala l-Grande Noirceur. Huwa jiffoka fuq id-difiża tal-awtonomija provinċjali, il-wirt Kattoliku u Franċiż tal-Quebec, u l-liberaliżmu tal-laissez-faire aktar milli l-emerġenza tal-istat soċjali. Madankollu, mill-1948, is-soċjetà Franċiża-Kanadiża bdiet tiżviluppa ideoloġiji ġodda u xewqat ġodda b’reazzjoni għal bidliet fis-soċjetà bħat-televiżjoni, il-baby boom, il-kunflitti tax-xogħol, l-elettrifikazzjoni tal-kampanja, il-ħolqien ta’ klassi tan-nofs, l-eżodu rurali u l-urbanizzazzjoni. , l-espansjoni tal-universitajiet u l-burokraziji, il-ħolqien ta 'awtostradi, il-qawmien mill-ġdid tal-letteratura u l-poeżija, eċċ.
'''<big>Quebec Modern (1960-preżent)</big>'''
[[Stampa:Maitres chez nous 1962.jpg|alt=“Masters of our own” kien is-slogan elettorali tal-Partit Liberali matul l-elezzjonijiet tal-1962.|nofs|daqsminuri|“Masters of our own” kien is-slogan elettorali tal-Partit Liberali matul l-elezzjonijiet tal-1962.]]
Ir-Rivoluzzjoni Kkwieta kienet perjodu ta 'modernizzazzjoni, sekularizzazzjoni, u riforma soċjali, fejn Kanadiżi Franċiżi esprimew tħassib u skuntentizza bil-pożizzjoni soċjoekonomika aktar baxxa tagħhom u l-assimilazzjoni kulturali tal-minoranzi li jitkellmu bil-Franċiż fil-provinċji b'maġġoranza Ingliża. Irriżulta fil-formazzjoni ta 'identità moderna Quebec u nazzjonaliżmu Quebec<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/relations-francophones-anglophones|titlu=Relations francophones-anglophones|sit=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|lingwa=fr|data-aċċess=2024-08-14}}</ref>. Fl-1960, il-Partit Liberali tal-Quebec tela' fil-poter b'maġġoranza ta' żewġ siġġijiet, wara li kkampanja bl-islogan "Wasal iż-żmien li l-affarijiet jinbidlu." Dan il-gvern qed iwettaq riformi fil-politika soċjali, l-edukazzjoni, is-saħħa u l-iżvilupp ekonomiku. Ħoloq il-Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, il-Kodiċi tax-Xogħol, il-Ministeru tal-Affarijiet Soċjali, il-Ministeru tal-Edukazzjoni, l-Uffiċċju québécois de la langue française, ir-Régie des rentes u s-Société Générale de Financing. Fl-1962, il-gvern tal-Quebec żarma l-unjonijiet finanzjarji f'rue Saint-Jacques<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/explore.php?Lang=2&tableid=11&tablename=theme&elementid=108__true&contentlong|titlu=Les relations Québec-Canada {{!}} Ensembles thématiques {{!}} Musée McCord Museum|data=2019-03-28|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2024-08-14|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328214905/http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/explore.php?Lang=2&tableid=11&tablename=theme&elementid=108__true&contentlong|arkivju-data=2019-03-28|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Quebec qed jimpenja ruħu li jinnazzjonalizza l-elettriku tiegħu. Sabiex jixtru l-kumpaniji privati kollha tal-elettriku u jibnu digi ġodda minn Hydro-Québec, Quebec irċieva self ta '$ 300 miljun mill-Istati Uniti fl-1962, u $ 100 miljun mill-[[Kolumbja Brittanika|British Columbia]] fl-1964<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/quebec/biographies/131|titlu=Perspective Monde|sit=perspective.usherbrooke.ca|data-aċċess=2024-08-14}}</ref>.
[[Stampa:De Gaule 13a 19670624 3543 2383.jpg|alt=Charles De Gaulle, (1890-1970), fl-okkażjoni tal-Expo 1967, Chemin du Roy, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade.|nofs|daqsminuri|[[Charles de Gaulle|Charles De Gaulle]], (1890-1970), fl-okkażjoni tal-Expo 1967, Chemin du Roy, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade.]]
Fl-1967, il-President Franċiż [[Charles de Gaulle]] vvjaġġa lejn Quebec biex jattendi l-Expo 67. Huwa għamel diskors lil folla ta 'aktar minn 100,000 ruħ, u spiċċa bl-exclamation: "Viva Quebec ħielsa." Din id-dikjarazzjoni kellha impatt profond fuq il-Quebec billi saħħet il-moviment sovranist modern tal-Quebec li kien qed jitfaċċa u pprovokat kriżi politika bejn [[Franza]] u l-[[Kanada]]. Sussegwentement, żviluppaw diversi gruppi ċivili, xi kultant iħabbtu wiċċhom ma’ awtoritajiet pubbliċi, pereżempju matul il-Kriżi ta’ Ottubru tal-1970. Il-laqgħat tal-Estates Ġenerali tal-Kanada Franċiża fl-1967 immarkaw punt ta’ qlib fejn ir-relazzjonijiet bejn il-kelliema Franċiżi fl-Amerika, u speċjalment il-Franċiż- nies li jitkellmu tal-Kanada, kissru. Dan il-qsim affettwa l-evoluzzjoni tas-soċjetà tal-Quebec.
[[Stampa:René Lévesque BAnQ P243S1D865.jpg|alt=René Lévesque (1922-1987), wieħed mill-periti tar-Rivoluzzjoni Kkwieta u l-ewwel ministru tal-Quebec biex ifforma gvern sovranista modern|nofs|daqsminuri|René Lévesque (1922-1987), wieħed mill-periti tar-Rivoluzzjoni Kkwieta u l-ewwel ministru tal-Quebec biex ifforma gvern sovranista modern]]
L-ewwel gvern sovranista modern tal-Quebec, immexxi minn [[René Lévesque]], seħħ meta l-Parti Québécois ġie miknus għall-poter fl-elezzjoni ġenerali tal-1976 Il-Karta tal-Ilsien Franċiż daħlet fis-seħħ is-sena ta 'wara, li żiedet l-użu mill-Franċiż. Bejn l-1966 u l-1969, l-Istati Ġenerali tal-[[Kanada Franċiża]] kkonfermaw li l-Istat tal-Quebec kien l-ambjent politiku fundamentali tan-nazzjon u li kellu d-dritt għall-awtodeterminazzjoni. Fir-referendum tal-1980 dwar is-sovranità, 60% tal-votanti kienu kontra. Wara r-referendum, Lévesque mar lura f'[[Ottawa]] biex jibda jinnegozja bidliet kostituzzjonali. Fl-4 ta’ Novembru, 1981, sar il-Kitċina Accord. Delegazzjonijiet mid-disa' provinċji l-oħra u l-gvern federali laħqu ftehim fin-nuqqas tad-delegazzjoni tal-Quebec, li kienet telqet għal-lejl. Għal din ir-raġuni, l-Assemblea Nazzjonali rrifjutat li tirrikonoxxi l-Att Kostituzzjonali l-ġdid tal-1982, li rripatrijat il-kostituzzjoni Kanadiża u għamel bidliet fiha. L-emendi tal-1982 japplikaw għall-Quebec anki jekk qatt ma ta l-kunsens tagħhom.
Bejn l-1982 u l-1992, l-attitudni tal-gvern tal-Quebec inbidlet u ngħatat prijorità lir-riforma tal-federazzjoni. Tentattivi ta' emendi kostituzzjonali mill-gvernijiet ta' Mulroney u Bourassa spiċċaw f'falliment bil-Meech Lake Accord tal-1987 u l-Ftehim ta' [[Charlottetown]] tal-1992, li welldet il-Blokk Québécois. Fl-1995, Jacques Parizeau sejjaħ referendum dwar l-indipendenza tal-Quebec mill-Kanada. Din il-konsultazzjoni spiċċat f'falliment għas-sovranisti, anke jekk ir-riżultat kien viċin ħafna: 50.6% "le" u 49.4% "iva"<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.hugedomains.com/domain_profile.cfm?d=quebecpolitique.com|titlu=}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://lactualite.com/actualites/referendum-de-1995-le-love-in-du-camp-du-non-naurait-pas-servi-a-grand-chose/|titlu=Référendum de 1995: le «love-in» du camp du Non n'aurait pas servi à grand-chose|kunjom=canadienne|isem=Catherine Lévesque, La Presse|data=2020-03-03|sit=L’actualité|lingwa=fr-CA|data-aċċess=2024-08-14}}</ref>.
[[Stampa:Évolution territoriale du Québec.gif|alt=Quebec mill-1867 sal-1927.|nofs|daqsminuri|Quebec mill-1867 sal-1927.]]
== Gvern ==
'''<big>Monarkija Kanadiża</big>'''
Imwaqqfa fuq is-sistema ta' Westminster, Quebec hija kemm demokrazija liberali kif ukoll monarkija kostituzzjonali b'sistema parlamentari. Stat Membru tal-federazzjoni Kanadiża, il-mexxej tagħha huwa Charles III li huwa l-inkarnazzjoni tal-Kuruna tal-Kanada u detentur tal-gvern u s-setgħa eżekuttiva fil-provinċja ta 'Quebec.
[[Stampa:Assemblée nationale du Québec, Canada.jpg|alt=Il-Parlament tal-Quebec huwa s-sede tas-setgħa leġiżlattiva fil-Quebec.|nofs|daqsminuri|Il-Parlament tal-Quebec huwa s-sede tas-setgħa leġiżlattiva fil-Quebec.]]
'''<big>Parlament Provinċjali</big>'''
Il-Parlament tal-Quebec huwa l-korp leġiżlattiv tal-Quebec. Huwa magħmul mill-Logotenent gvernatur (rappreżentant tal-Kuruna) u kamra elettiva msejħa l-Assemblea Nazzjonali (rappreżentant tal-poplu). Kull leġiżlatura għandha tul massimu ta 'ħames snin law 27, madankollu, ħlief eċċezzjonijiet, Quebec issa jorganizza elezzjonijiet f'data fissa f'Ottubru kull erba' snin law 28.
'''<big>Prim Ministru u Kunsill Eżekuttiv</big>'''
Ppresedut mill-Prim Ministru, il-Kunsill Eżekuttiv (jew il-Kunsill tal-Ministri) huwa l-korp li jirregola l-Att tal-Gvern 29 peress li l-membri tiegħu huma l-konsulenti prinċipali tal-Logotenent Gvernatur fl-eżerċizzju tas-setgħa eżekuttiva. Ġeneralment huwa magħmul minn deputati eletti għall-Assemblea Nazzjonali.
'''<big>Logutenent Gvernatur</big>'''
[[Stampa:Flag of the Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec.svg|alt=Bandiera tal-Logotenent Gvernatur tal-Quebec.|nofs|daqsminuri|Bandiera tal-Logotenent Gvernatur tal-Quebec.]]
Il-Logotenent gvernatur tal-Quebec huwa r-rappreżentant tar-re fi ħdan l-istat fil-Quebec. Hija għandha setgħat speċifiċi u/jew simboliċi.
== Edukazzjoni ==
Is-sistema edukattiva tal-Quebec, amministrata mill-Ministeru tal-Edukazzjoni u l-Edukazzjoni Għolja tal-Quebec, hija differenti minn dik ta' provinċji Kanadiżi oħra. Il-provinċja għandha ħames livelli ta 'edukazzjoni: l-ewwel skola tan-nursery, imbagħad skola primarja, imbagħad skola sekondarja; imbagħad CEGEP (ara l-edukazzjoni tal-Kulleġġ fil-Quebec); u finalment università jew kulleġġ. Dawn il-livelli jinkludu wkoll għażliet għal korsijiet ta’ żvilupp professjonali, korsijiet għall-adulti u edukazzjoni kontinwa. Għal kull livell ta’ edukazzjoni, hemm netwerk pubbliku u netwerk privat: in-netwerk pubbliku huwa ffinanzjat mit-taxxi filwaqt li l-għażliet privati jridu jitħallsu mill-istudent. Fl-2020, il-bordijiet tal-iskejjel ġew sostitwiti minn ċentri tas-servizz tal-iskejjel. L-universitajiet kollha fil-Quebec jeżistu taħt liġijiet adottati mill-Assemblea Nazzjonali tal-Quebec fl-1967, matul ir-Rivoluzzjoni Kkwieta. Il-finanzjament tagħhom ġej fil-biċċa l-kbira mit-taxxi pubbliċi, iżda l-liġijiet li jirregolaw it-tħaddim tagħhom jagħtuhom awtonomija akbar minn livelli oħra ta’ edukazzjoni.
== Referenzi ==
[[Kategorija:Kanada]]
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[[c:COM:CDC|Bot]]: il-fajl Seoul_montage.PNG ġie mħassar minn fuq [[Wikimedia Commons|Commons]] minn [[c:User:Didym|Didym]] minħabba: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Seoul montage.PNG|]]
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{{Infobox city|name=Seoul <br>
서울|image= |flag=Flag of Seoul.svg|coatofarms=Seal of Seoul, South Korea.svg|population=9443722|year=2022|country=Korea t'Isfel|Head of government=[[Oh Se-hoon]]|web=https://Seoul.go.kr}}{{Wikifikazzjoni}}
'''Seoul''', uffiċjalment il-'''Belt Speċjali ta' Seoul''', hija l- akbar belt u [[Belt kapitali|kapitali]] tal- [[Korea t'Isfel]] . Filwaqt li Seoul tibqa' s-sede tal- Assemblea Nazzjonali u l- presidenza, għadd ta' ministeri u istituzzjonijiet nazzjonali ġew trasferiti lejn il- belt il-ġdida ta' Sejong, ''[[De facto|il-kapital amministrattiva de facto]]'' mill -2013 .
Jinsabu fuq ix-Xmara Han, fil-majjistral tal-pajjiż, għandu popolazzjoni ta 'madwar ħdax-il miljun abitant ''fil-ħitan tiegħu'' u {{Nombre|27625000}} fiż-żona urbana tagħha (li tinkludi notevolment Incheon )<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.index.go.kr/egams/stts/jsp/potal/stts/PO_STTS_IdxMain.jsp?idx_cd=2729|titlu=Population actuelle de l’agglomération de Séoul|pubblikatur=Statistics Korea}}.</ref>, li jagħmilha hija r-raba ' l-aktar popolata . megacity fid-dinja wara [[Tokjo|Tokyo]], [[São Paulo]] u Jakarta, u eżatt qabel Manila u għalhekk l -aktar popolati fil-pajjiż . Barra minn hekk, il-belt hija dar għal aktar minn nofs il-popolazzjoni tal-Korea t'Isfel. Iż- żona demilitarizzata li timmarka l-fruntiera mal-Korea ta’ Fuq (DMZ) hija madwar {{unité|45|kilomètres}} miċ-ċentru tal-belt.
Imwaqqfa elfejn sena ilu mir-Renju Baekje, wieħed mit- Tliet Renji tal-Korea, Seoul serviet għal aktar minn ħames mitt sena bħala l- [[Belt kapitali|kapitali]] tar-Renju Joseon . Fl-aħħar {{XIXe siècle}}, li jikser tradizzjoni twila ta 'iżolament, Seoul tiftaħ għall-barranin u b'mod partikolari għall- [[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]] : hija l-ewwel belt fl -Asja tal-Lvant li għandha elettriku, ilma ġieri, telefon u netwerk tat-tramm. Okkupata mill-Ġappun mill-1910 sal-1945 u ssemmiet mill-ġdid ''Gyeongseong'', il-belt saret il-kapitali tar- [[Korea t'Isfel|Repubblika tal-Korea]] meta ġiet ipproklamata fl- 1948 . Ġiet imħassra serjament matul il-kunflitti tal- Gwerra Koreana, li minnhom il- Battalja ta 'Seoul kienet waħda mill-avvenimenti ewlenin. : Il-Palazz Gyeongbokgung u l-bieb prinċipali tiegħu nħarqu. Mibnija mill-ġdid fis- sittinijiet u s-sebgħinijiet, bl-għajnuna ta 'l-Istati Uniti, esperjenzat industrijalizzazzjoni qawwija u saret il-wiċċ ta' Korea t'Isfel fil-proċess ta ' modernizzazzjoni .
Kwartieri ġenerali tal-akbar kumpaniji Koreani ( ''chaebol'' /hangeul :재벌/), inklużi Samsung, LG u Hyundai, Seoul hija meqjusa bħala belt globali . L- istandard ta’ għajxien għoli ħafna u l-PGD tiegħu – ir-raba’ fid-dinja għal żona urbana wara [[Tokjo|Tokyo]], [[Belt ta' New York|New York]] u [[Los Angeles]] – jagħmluha wieħed miċ-ċentri ekonomiċi ewlenin fid-dinja. Id-distrett trendy Gangnam u l- ''{{Langue|en|[[Digital Media City (métro de Séoul)|Digital Media City]]}}'' jikkonċentraw kumpaniji f'teknoloġiji ġodda . Il-belt għandha ħafna bini b'arkitettura futuristika, bħall- ''Dongdaemun Design Plaza'' u l- Lotte Super Tower 123, li laħqu {{Nowrap|555 mètres}} għoli fl- [[2016]] u qabżu t- Torri N Seoul . Simbolu tal-influwenza tagħha, Seoul organizza diversi avvenimenti internazzjonali ewlenin, inklużi l- Logħob Asjatiku tal-1986, l -Olimpjadi tas-Sajf tal-1988, it- [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 2002|Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol tal-2002]] u s- Summit tal-G20 f'Novembru 2010 .
Destinazzjoni turistika importanti, Seoul għandha tliet monumenti kklassifikati bħala Siti [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|ta’ Wirt Dinji]] [[UNESCO|tal-UNESCO]] : [[Changdeokgung|Palazz Changdeokgung]], [[Jongmyo|Shrine Jongmyo]] u diversi [[Oqbra Rjali tad-Dinastija Joseon|oqbra rjali mid - dinastija Joseon]] . Minħabba d-densità għolja tal-popolazzjoni tagħha, hemm aktar minn tliet miljun vettura hemmhekk, li jwasslu għal konġestjonijiet tat-traffiku ta 'kuljum, anke wara nofs il-lejl . Fl-aħħarnett, bħala l-qalba kulturali tal-pajjiż, Seoul hija l-post fejn twieled il-K-pop u t-tixrid tal-kultura Koreana madwar id-dinja ( ''hallyu'' /hangeul : 한류/).
== Referenzi ==
[[Kategorija:Korea t'Isfel]]
[[Kategorija:Bliet kapitali fl-Asja]]
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[[Stampa:History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria (1903) (14584070300).jpg|daqsminuri|Il-Palazz ta' Darius I f'Susa.]]
'''Susa''' (pronunzjata: /ˈsuːsə/ ''SOO-sə''; bl-Elamit Nofsani: 𒀸𒋗𒊺𒂗, b'ittri Rumani: ''Šušen'';<ref>Hinz, Walther; Koch, Heidemarie (1987). ''Elamisches Wörterbuch'' [''Elamite Wordbook''] (bil-Ġermaniż). Vol. 2. Berlin, Germany: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. p. 1184.</ref> bin-Neo-Elamit u Nofsani: 𒋢𒋢𒌦, b'ittri Rumani: ''Šušun''; bin-Neo-Elamit u bl-Elamit Akemenid: 𒀸𒋗𒐼𒀭, b'ittri Rumani: ''Šušan'';<ref>Hinz, Walther; Koch, Heidemarie (1987). ''Elamisches Wörterbuch'' [''Elamite Wordbook''] (bil-Ġermaniż). Vol. 2. Berlin, Germany: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. p. 1183.</ref> bl-Elamit Akemenid: 𒀸𒋗𒐼, b'ittri Rumani: ''Šuša''; bil-Persjan: شوش ''Šuš'' [ʃuʃ]; bl-Ebrajk: שׁוּשָׁן ''Šūšān''; bil-Grieg: Σοῦσα ''Soûsa''; bis-Sirjan: ܫܘܫ ''Šuš''; bil-[[Lingwa Persjana|Persjan]] Nofsani: 𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩 ''Sūš'' or 𐭱𐭥𐭮 ''Šūs''; bil-Persjan Antik: 𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠 ''Çūšā'') kienet belt tal-qedem fin-naħa t'isfel tal-Muntanji Zagros madwar 250 kilometru (160 mil) fil-Lvant tax-xmara [[Tigris]], bejn ix-xmajjar Karkheh u Dez fl-[[Iran]] modern. Susa kienet waħda mill-iżjed bliet importanti tal-Lvant Qarib tal-qedem u kienet il-[[belt kapitali]] ta' [[Elam]] u l-belt kapitali tax-xitwa tal-Imperu [[Akemenidi|Akemenid]], filwaqt li baqgħet ċentru strateġiku matul żmien il-[[Partiċi]] u s-[[Sassanidi]].
Attwalment is-sit jikkonsisti minn tliet tumbati [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġiċi]], li jkopru erja ta' madwar kilometru kwadru.<ref>John Curtis (2013). "Introduction". In Perrot, Jean (ed.). ''The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia''. I.B.Tauris. p. xvi. ISBN <bdi>9781848856219</bdi>.</ref> Ir-raħal Iranjan modern ta' [[Shush]] jinsab fuq is-sit ta' Susa tal-qedem. Susa tiġi identifikata wkoll bħala Shushan, imsemmi fil-Ktieb ta' Esther u kotba [[Bibbja|Bibbliċi]] oħra.
== [[Etimoloġija]] ==
L-isem ''Susa'' oriġina mill-Grieg Antik ''Sousa'' (Σουσα), li x'aktarx li oriġina minn isem Elamit oriġinali, miktub bħala ''Šušen'' (𒀸𒋗𒊺𒂗) fil-forma bl-Elamit Nofsani, ''Šušun'' (𒋢𒋢𒌦) fil-forom bl-Elamit Nofsani u bin-Neo-Elamit, ''Šušan'' (𒀸𒋗𒐼𒀭) fil-forom bin-Neo-Elamit u bl-Akemenid, u ''Šuša'' (𒀸𒋗𒐼) fil-formai bl-Elamit Akemenid.
== Referenzi letterarji ==
[[File:Elam_Map-en.svg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elam_Map-en.svg|xellug|daqsminuri|300x300px|Mappa li turi r-Renju Elamit (bl-oranġjo) u ż-żoni ġirien. Tidher ukoll l-estensjoni tal-Golf Persjan fi Żmien il-Bronż.]]
Susa kienet waħda mill-iżjed bliet importanti tal-Lvant Qarib tal-qedem. Fil-letteratura storika, Susa tissemma fl-iżjed rekords [[Sumeri]] bikrin: pereżempju, ġiet deskritta bħala wieħed mill-postijiet li jobdu lil Inanna, id-divinità patruna ta' [[Uruk]], f'''Enmerkar u l-Mulej ta' Aratta''.
=== '''Testi Bibbliċi''' ===
Susa tissemma fil-Ketuvim tal-Bibbja bl-Ebrajk bl-isem ta' Shushan, l-iktar fil-Ktieb ta' Esther, iżda wkoll darba f'kull wieħed mill-kotba ta' Ezra (Ezra 4:9), Neħemija (Neħemija 1:1) u [[Danjel]] (Danjel 8:2). Skont dawn it-testi, Neħemija għex f'Susa matul il-ħakma [[Babilonja|Babiloniża]] tas-seklu 6 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. DanJel isemmiha f'viżjoni profetika, filwaqt li Esther saret reġina hemmhekk, iżżewġet lir-Re Ahasuerus, u salvat lil-[[Ġudaiżmu|Lhud]] mill-ġenoċidju. Fl-inħawi hemm dak li hu maħsub bħala l-qabar ta' Danjel, magħruf bħala ''Shush-Danjel''. Madankollu, parti kbira mill-istruttura attwali effettivament inbniet ferm wara għall-ħabta tal-aħħar tas-seklu 19, fl-1871.<ref>Kriwaczek, Paul, ''Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization'', St. Martin's Press, 2012, ISBN 978-1250054166.</ref>
=== '''Testi reliġjużi oħra''' ===
Susa tissemma wkoll fil-Ktieb tal-Ġubilej (8:21 u 9:2) bħala wieħed mill-postijiet tal-wirt ta' Shem u ibnu l-kbir Elam; u f'8:1, "Susan" tissejjaħ ukoll bħala iben (jew bint f'xi [[Traduzzjoni|traduzzjonijiet]]) Elam.
== Storja tal-iskavi ==
[[File:Susa_map.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susa_map.jpg|daqsminuri|Mappa tas-sit arkeoloġiku ta' Susa.]]
Is-sit ġie eżaminat fl-1836 minn [[Henry Rawlinson]] u mbagħad minn [[A. H. Layard]].
Fl-1851, saru ftit skavi minn [[William Loftus]], akkumpanjat minn [[Fenwick Williams]], li identifikawha bħala Susa. Fost is-sejbiet ta' Loftus kien hemm ġarra b'madwar 110 muniti, u l-iżjed waħda bikrija fosthom kienet tmur lura għas-697-698 [[WK|W.K]].<ref>Vaux, W. S. W., "ON COINS DISCOVERED, BY W. K. LOFTUS, Esq., AT SUSA", The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, vol. 20, pp. 25–32, 1857.</ref>
Fl-1885 u fl-1886, [[Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy]] u [[Jane Dieulafoy]] bdew l-ewwel skavi [[Franza|Franċiżi]], u skoprew brikks igglejżjati, bażijiet tal-kolonni, u kapitelli mill-palazz tar-rejiet [[Akemenidi]]. Madankollu, ma rnexxilhomx jidentifikaw il-ħitan tal-brikks tat-tajn, li mbagħad inqerdu matul l-iskavi. Kważi l-iskavi kollha f'Susa ta' wara l-1885 ġew organizzati u awtorizzati mill-gvern Franċiż.<ref>Peters, John P. (1915). "Excavations in Persia". ''The Harvard Theological Review''. '''8''' (1): 82–93.</ref>
[[File:S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg|daqsminuri|''Il-fdalijiet ta' Susa'', l-Arkivji tal-Mużew ta' Brooklyn, il-Kollezzjoni tal-Arkivji ta' Goodyear.]]
F'żewġ trattati fl-1894 u fl-1899, il-Franċiżi kisbu monopolju fl-iskavi arkeoloġiċi kollha fl-Iran b'mod indefinit. [[Jacques de Morgan]], wara li żar is-sit fl-1891, wettaq skavi kbar mill-1897 sal-1911. Mill-iskavi li saru f'Susa ttieħdu bosta artefatti [[Arti|artistiċi]] u [[Storja|storiċi]] lejn Franza. Dawn l-artefatti mlew diversi swali fil-[[mużew]] tal-[[Louvre]] matul l-aħħar tas-snin 90 tas-seklu 19 u l-bidu tas-seklu 20. L-iżjed xogħol importanti ta' De Morgan kienu l-iskavi tal-Grande Tranchée fit-tumbata tal-Akropoli, fejn sab l-istele ta' Naram-Sin, ġabra ta' ''kudurru'' Babiloniżi (ħaġar tal-konfini), l-istele bil-Kodiċi ta' [[Hammurabi]], mejda tal-bronż imżejna bis-[[Serp|sriep]], l-[[Statwa|istatwa]] tal-bronż tar-Reġina Napir-Asu, u eluf ta' brikks bil-kitbiet imnaqqxa. Is-sejbiet tiegħu wrew li Susa kienet l-iżjed ċentru importanti taċ-ċivilizzazzjoni Elamita, li effettivament ġiet skoperta permezz tal-missjoni Franċiża f'Susa.<ref>Mousavi, Ali (2013). ''The History of Archaeological Research in Iran''. Oxford University Press.</ref>
L-isforzi tal-iskavi komplew taħt [[Roland De Mecquenem]] sal-1914, fil-bidu ta[[l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]]. Ix-xogħol tal-Franċiżi f'Susa kompla wara l-gwerra, immexxi minn De Mecquenem, u baqa' għaddej sat-[[It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]] fl-1940. Sabiex jissupplimentaw il-pubblikazzjonijiet oriġinali ta' De Mecquenem, l-arkivji tal-iskavi tiegħu issa ttellgħu online bis-saħħa ta' għotja finanzjarja mill-Programm Shelby White Levy.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://omekas.mom.fr/s/mecquenem/page/accueil|titlu=Archives de Suse · Mecquenem · Omekas|sit=omekas.mom.fr|data-aċċess=2024-01-07|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107065545/https://omekas.mom.fr/s/mecquenem/page/accueil|arkivju-data=2024-01-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Roman Ghirshman]] ħa f'idejh it-tmexxija tal-isforzi Franċiżi fl-1946, wara tmiem il-gwerra. Flimkien ma' martu [[Tania Ghirshman]], huwa baqa' jaħdem hemmhekk sal-1967. Il-familja Ghirshman ikkonċentrat fuq l-iskavi ta' parti waħda tas-sit, l-ettaru tal-Ville Royale, u baqgħu neżlin sas-sisien. Il-bċejjeċ tal-fuħħar li nstabu fid-diversi saffi ppermettew li ssir stratigrafija ta' Susa.<ref>Hermann Gasche, "Ville Royale de Suse: vol I : La poterie elamite du deuxieme millenaire A.C.", Mission archéologique en Iran, Mémoires 47, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1973, ISBN 978-9004038264.</ref>
Mill-1969 sal-1979 l-iskavi twettqu taħt [[Jean Perrot]].<ref>Jean Perrot, Les fouilles de Suš en 1975, Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran 4, pp. 224–231, 1975.</ref>
Fl-2019 il-proġett biex il-fdalijiet ta' Susa jiġu salvati tnieda biex jikkontrasta l-kostruzzjoni ta' mina tat-trasport qrib is-sit.<ref>SORAGHI, S., & ZEYNIVAND, M., "The Susa salvage project in 2019, southwestern Iran", Historia I Świat, 11, pp. 71–79, 2022.</ref>
== Storja ==
=== '''Insedjament bikri''' ===
Fl-istorja urbana, Susa hija waħda mill-iżjed insedjamenti bikrin magħrufa fir-reġjun. Abbażi tad-datazzjoni kkalibrata bir-radjokarbonju 14, l-istabbiliment ta' insedjament fis-sit seħħ hemmhekk diġà fl-4395 Q.K. Fir-reġjun madwar Susa kien hemm għadd ta' rħula (bil-pjattaformi tagħhom stess) u villaġġi li kellhom relazzjoni kummerċjali mal-belt, speċjalment dawk tul il-fruntiera ta' Zagros.<ref>Wright, Henry T., "The Zagros Frontiers of Susa during the Late 5th Millennium", Paléorient, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 11–21, 2010.</ref>
L-istabbiliment ta' Susa kien jikkorrispondi mal-abbandun tal-villaġġi fil-qrib. Potts jissuġġerixxi li l-insedjament x'aktarx li ġie stabbilit bħala tentattiv biex jiġi stabbilit mill-ġdid l-insedjament ta' [[Chogha Mish]] li kien inqered, madwar 25 kilometru fil-Punent. Qabel, Chogha Mish kien insedjament kbir ħafna, u kellu pjattaforma enormi simili għal dik li iktar 'il quddiem inbniet f'Susa.
Insedjament importanti ieħor fl-inħawi huwa dak ta' [[Chogha Bonut]], li ġie skopert fl-1976.
=== '''Susa I (4200-3800 Q.K.)''' ===
[[File:Iran_époque_d'Obeid_Sèvres.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran_%C3%A9poque_d'Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg|daqsminuri|320x320px|Kalċi u tazza, l-Iran, bl-istil ta' Susa I, ir-raba' millenju Q.K. – il-perjodu Ubaid; Sèvres – Cité de la céramique, [[Franza]].]]
Ftit wara li Susa ġiet insedjata għall-ewwel darba iktar minn 6,000 sena ilu, l-abitanti tagħha bnew pjattaforma [[Monument|monumentali]] li kienet tispikka qalb il-pajsaġġ ċatt tal-madwar. In-natura eċċezzjonali tas-sit għadha tingħaraf sal-lum fl-artistrija tar-reċipjenti taċ-ċeramika li ngħataw bħala offerti f'iktar minn elf qabar qrib il-bażi tal-pjattaforma tat-tempju.
L-iżjed insedjament bikri ta' Susa huwa magħruf bħala l-perjodu ta' ''Susa I'' (għall-ħabta tal-4200-3900 Q.K.). Żewġ insedjamenti msemmija mill-arkeologi bħala l-''Akropoli'' (7 ettari) u l-''Palazz ta'<nowiki/>'' ''Apadana'' (6.3 ettari), iktar 'il quddiem ingħaqdu sabiex jiffurmaw l-belt ta' Susa (18-il ettaru). Il-''Palazz ta''' ''Apadana'' kien imdawwar b'ħitan ħoxnin sitt [[Metru|metri]] bit-tajn ikkumpattjat (dan il-post partikolari jissejjaħ il-Palazz ta' Apadana għaliex fih ukoll struttura tal-perjodu aħħari tal-Akemenidi ta' dan it-tip).<ref>Aruz, Joan (1992). ''The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre''. [[Belt ta' New York|New York]]: Abrams. p. 26.</ref>
Miċ-ċimiterju ġew irkuprati kważi elfejn reċipjent, li l-biċċa l-kbira minnhom issa jinsabu fil-mużew tal-Louvre. Ir-reċipjenti li nstabu huma xhieda ċara tal-kisbiet artistiċi u tekniċi tal-produtturi tagħhom, u fihom ħjiel dwar l-organizzazzjoni tas-soċjetà li kkummissjonathom. L-ewwel still bikri ta' reċipjenti mpittra taċ-ċeramika ta' Susa, huma verżjoni reġjonali aħħarija tat-tradizzjoni taċ-ċeramika ta' Ubaid tal-Mesopotamja li nfirxet fil-Lvant Qarib kollu matul il-ħames millenju Q.K. L-istil ta' Susa I kien tassew prodott tal-imgħoddi u tal-influwenzi mill-industriji kontemporanji taċ-ċeramika fil-muntanji tal-Punent tal-Iran. Ir-rikorrenza b'assoċjazzjoni mill-qrib ta' tliet tipi ta' reċipjenti — kalċi tax-xorb, gabarrè, u ġarra żgħira — timplika l-konsum ta' tliet tipi ta' ikel, li milli jidher kien maħsub li kienu meħtieġa għall-ħajja ta' wara l-[[mewt]]. Iċ-ċeramika b'dawn l-għamliet, li kienet tiġi mpittra, tikkostitwixxi proporzjon kbir tar-reċipjenti miċ-ċimiterju. Reċipjenti oħra huma ġarer u skutelli tat-tisjir inqas elaborati u b'borduri sempliċi fuqhom. X'aktarx kienu oġġetti funebri ta' ċittadini iktar umli kif ukoll ta' adolexxenti, u x'aktarx ta' tfal. Il-bċejjeċ tal-fuħħar huma magħmula bl-idejn bir-reqqa kollha. Għalkemm jaf intuża torn li kien idur bil-mod, l-asimetrija tar-reċipjenti u l-irregolarità tat-tpittir tal-linji u tal-borduri mad-dawra tagħhom jindikaw li l-biċċa l-kbira tax-xogħol sar bl-idejn biss.
Matul dan il-perjodu ġiet attesta wkoll il-metallurġija tar-ram, li kienet kontemporanja max-xogħol bil-metall f'xi siti Iranjani fl-artijiet għoljin bħal dak ta' Tepe Sialk.<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_décor_géométrique_1_14012018.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg
File:Louvre_Suse_I_Nécropole_du_tell_de_l'Acropole_Coupe_décor_géométrique,_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l'Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique,_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg
File:Master_of_animals,_Susa_I.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Master_of_animals,_Susa_I.jpg|Master of animals, Susa I, Louvre Sb 2246.
File:Sun_and_deities,_Susa_I.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_and_deities,_Susa_I.jpg|Sun and deities, Susa I, Louvre
</gallery>
=== '''Susa II u l-influwenza ta' Uruk (3800-3100 Q.K.)''' ===
Susa ġiet f'kuntatt mal-isfera [[Kultura|kulturali]] ta' Uruk matul il-perjodu ta' Uruk. Imitazzjoni ta' apparat statali sħiħ ta' Uruk, proto-kitba, siġilli ċilindriċi b'motivi Sumeri, u arkitettura monumentali nstabu f'Susa. Skont xi studjużi, Susa jaf kienet kolonja ta' Uruk.
Hemm dibattitu dwar il-perjodizzazzjoni komparattiva ta' Susa u ta' Uruk f'dan iż-żmien, kif ukoll dwar il-livell ta' influwenza li kellha Uruk fuq Susa. Riċerka reċenti tindika li l-Perjodu Bikri ta' Uruk jikkorrispondi mal-perjodu ta' Susa II.
[[Daniel T. Potts]] isostni li l-influwenza miż-żona ta' Khuzestan fl-artijiet għoljin Iranjani f'Susa kienet iktar sinifikanti fil-perjodu bikri, u kompliet iktar 'il quddiem. B'hekk, Susa għaqdet flimkien l-influwenza ta' żewġ kulturi, miż-żona tal-artijiet għoljin u mill-pjanuri tal-għargħar tax-xmajjar. Potts jisħaq ukoll dwar il-fatt li s-sistemi tal-kitba u tan-numri ta' Uruk ma ġewx sempliċement misselfa għalkollox f'Susa. Minflok, x'aktarx li seħħ self parzjali u selettiv biss, li ġie adattat għall-ħtiġijiet ta' Susa. Minkejja l-fatt li Uruk kienet ferm ikbar minn Susa f'dak iż-żmien, Susa ma kinitx il-kolonja tagħha, iżda skont Potts kellha indipendenza għal żmien twil.<ref>Daniel T. Potts, ''The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State.'' Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 2015, <nowiki>ISBN 1107094690</nowiki> pp. 58–61.</ref> Ġiet issuġġerita wkoll rabta arkitettonika bejn Susa, Tal-i Malyan u Godin Tepe lejn dan iż-żmien, b'appoġġ għall-idea tal-iżvilupp parallel tal-kitbiet protokunejformi u Proto-Elamiti.<ref>F. Desset, An Architectural Pattern in Late Fourth-Millennium BC Western Iran: A New Link Between Susa, Tal-I Malyan, and Godin Tepe, Iran, vol. 52, iss. 1, pp. 1–18, 2014.</ref>
Xi studjużi jemmnu li Susa kienet parti mill-kultura ikbar ta' Uruk. [[Holly Pittman]], storiku tal-arti fl-Università ta' Pennsylvania f'Philadelphia jsostni li "ċ-ċittadini ta' Susa pparteċipaw għalkollox fl-istil ta' għajxien ta' Uruk. Iż-żewġ entitajiet mhumiex kulturalment distinti; il-kultura materjali ta' Susa hija varjazzjoni reġjonali ta' dik tal-pjanura tal-Mesopotamja". [[Gilbert Stein]], id-direttur tal-Istitut Orjentali tal-Università ta' [[Chicago]] jsostni li "Tkabbir li xi darba kien maħsub li dam inqas minn 200 sena issa milli jidher nafu li dam 700 sena. Diffiċli taħseb li sistema kolonjali damet għal daqshekk. It-tifrix ta' materjal ta' Uruk mhuwiex evidenza tad-dominanza ta' Uruk; tista' tkun għażla lokali biss".<ref>Lawler, Andrew. 2003. Uruk: Spreading Fashion or Empire. Science. Volume 302, pp. 977–978.</ref><gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies,_with_horned_temple_(composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies,_with_horned_temple_(composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal).jpg|King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple in the center. Susa II or Uruk period (3800–3100 BC), found in excavations at Susa. Louvre Museum.
File:Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg|Globular envelope with the accounting tokens. Clay, Uruk period (c. 3500 BC). From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. The Louvre
File:Susa_II,_work_in_the_granaries_(composite).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susa_II,_work_in_the_granaries_(composite).jpg|Work in the granaries, Susa II, Louvre.
File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg|Priest-King with bow and arrows, Susa II, Louvre.
File:Susa_II,_prisoners.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susa_II,_prisoners.jpg|Prisoners, Susa II, Louvre.
File:Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg|Orant statuette, Susa II, Louvre.
</gallery>
=== '''Susa III jew il-perjodu "Proto-Elamit" (3100-2700 Q.K.)''' ===
Il-perjodu ta' Susa III (3100-2700 Q.K.) huwa magħruf ukoll bħala l-perjodu Proto-Elamit. F'dan il-perjodu huwa predominanti l-fuħħar taż-żmien Banesh. F'dan il-perjodu wkoll feġġew għall-ewwel darba t-tavli Proto-Elamiti. Sussegwentement, Susa saret iċ-ċentru taċ-ċivilizzazzjoni ta' Elam.
Referenza ambigwa għal Elam (bil-kitba kunejformi: 𒉏 NIM) tidher ukoll f'dan il-perjodu fir-rekords Sumeri. Susa daħlet fl-istorja rreġistrata fil-perjodu dinastiku bikri tas-[[Sumerja]]. Battalja bejn Kish u Susa ġiet irreġistrata fl-2700 Q.K., meta En-me-barage-si jingħad li "ġiegħel l-art ta' Elam tissottometti ruħha".<ref>D. T. Potts, ''A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.'' Volume 94 of Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons, 2012, <nowiki>ISBN 1405189886</nowiki>, p. 743.</ref><gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4">
File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg|Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal, 3150–2800 BC. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 1484
File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg|Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Mythological being on a boat Louvre Museum Sb 6379
File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg|Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 6166
File:P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_économique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg|Economical tablet in Proto-Elamite script, Suse III, Louvre Museum, reference Sb 15200, circa 3100–2850 BC
</gallery>
=== '''Elamiti''' ===
[[File:Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_"Table_au_Lion",_Louvre_Museum.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22,_Louvre_Museum.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|''Puzur-Inshushinak Ensi Shushaki'', "il-Gvernatur ta' Susa", fit-"Tavla tal-Iljun", tal-2100 Q.K., il-Mużew tal-Louvre.]]
''Puzur-Inshushinak Ensi Shushaki'' ({{cuneiform|𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞 𒑐𒋼𒋛 𒈹𒂞𒆠}}), "[[:en:Puzur-Inshushinak|Puzur-Inshushinak]] [[:en:Ensi_(Sumerian)|Ensi]] (Governor) of Susa", in the "Table au Lion", dated 2100 BC, Louvre Museum.
Fil-perjodu tas-Sumeri, Susa kienet il-belt kapitali ta' stat imsejjaħ Susiana (Šušan), li kien jokkupa bejn wieħed u ieħor l-istess territorju tal-provinċja moderna ta' Khūzestān iċċentrata max-xmara Karun. Il-kontroll ta' Susiana għadda minn id għall-oħra bejn Elam, is-Sumerja, u l-Akkadja.
Matul il-monarkija Elamita, bosta rikkezzi u materjali nġabu lejn Susa mis-serq minn bliet oħra. Dan seħħ l-iktar minħabba l-pożizzjoni ta' Susa fir-reġjun tax-Xlokk tal-Iran, li kienet eqreb tal-belt tal-[[Babilonja]] u tal-bliet fil-Mesopotamja.
L-użu tal-lingwa Elamita bħala lingwa amministrattiva ġie attestat għall-ewwel darba fit-testi ta' Ansan tal-qedem, Tall-e Mal-yan, li jmorru lura għall-1000 Q.K. Qabel dan il-perjodu tal-Elamiti, kien jintuża l-Akkadjan għall-biċċa l-kbira tat-testi fid-dokumenti tal-qedem. Susiana ġiet inkorporata minn [[Sargon il-Kbir]] fl-Imperu Akkadjan tiegħu għall-ħabta tal-2330 Q.K.<ref>FOSTER, BENJAMIN R, "'International' Trade at Sargonic Susa (Susa in the Sargonic Period III)", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 59-68, 1993.</ref>
Id-divinità prinċipali tal-belt kienet Nanaya, li kellha tempju sinifikanti f'Susa.
=== '''Perjodu tal-Qedem tal-Elamiti (għall-ħabta tal-2700-1500 Q.K.)''' ===
[[File:Elam_cool.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elam_cool.jpg|daqsminuri|Kalċi tal-fidda minn Marvdasht, l-Iran, b'tinqix lineari Elamit ta' żmien Kutik-Inshushinak. Il-Mużew Nazzjonali tal-Iran.]]
Il-Perjodu tal-Qedem tal-Elamiti beda għall-ħabta tal-2700 Q.K. Ir-rekords storiċi jsemmu l-ħakma ta' Elam minn Enmebaragesi, ir-re Sumer ta' Kish fil-Mesopotamja. Matul dan il-perjodu rrenjaw tliet dinastiji. Tnax-il re ta' kull waħda mill-ewwel żewġ dinastiji, dawk ta' Awan (jew ''Avan''; għall-ħabta tal-2400-2100 Q.K.) u ta' Simashki (għall-ħabta tal-2100–1970 Q.K.), huma magħrufa minn lista ta' Susa li tmur lura għall-perjodu Babiloniż tal-qedem. Żewġ dinastiji Elamiti jingħad li kellhom kontroll għal żmien qasir fuq partijiet mis-Sumerja fi żmien bikri ħafna, u dawn kienu dawk ta' Awan u ta' Hamazi; u bl-istess mod, bosta mill-mexxejja Sumeri iktar b'saħħithom, bħal Eannatum ta' Lagash u Lugal-anne-mundu ta' Adab, ġew irreġistrati li ddominaw lil Elam temporanjament.
==== '''Kutik-Inshushinak''' ====
Susa kienet il-belt kapitali ta' provinċja Akkadjana sal-ħabta tal-2100 Q.K., meta l-gvernatur tagħha, [[Kutik-Inshushinak]], irribella u għamilha stat indipendenti u ċentru letterarju. Barra minn hekk, huwa kien l-aħħar fost id-dinastija Awan skont il-lista tar-rejiet ta' Susa. Huwa wassal għall-unifikazzjoni tat-territorji tal-madwar u sar ir-re ta' Elam. Huwa ħeġġeġ l-użu tal-kitba lineari Elamita, li għadha ma ġietx iddeċifrata.
Sussegwentement, il-belt inħakmet mit-tielet dinastija Neo-Sumera ta' [[Ur]] sakemm il-belt ta' Ur finalment spiċċat f'idejn l-Elamiti taħt Kindattu għall-ħabta tal-2004 Q.K. Matul dan iż-żmien, Susa kienet immexxija mill-ġdid minn Elam u saret il-belt kapitali tagħha taħt id-dinastija Shimashki.
==== '''Relazzjonijiet bejn il-Wied tal-Indus u Susa (2600-1700 Q.K.)''' ====
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=250|caption_align=center|align=right|direction=horizontal|image1=Dynastic list Awan Siwashi Louvre Sb17729.jpg|image2=Awan Kings List Sb 17729 (transcription).jpg|footer=Lista dinastika ta' tnax-il re tad-dinastija Awan u ta' tnax-il re tad-dinastija Shimashki, 1800-1600 Q.K., Susa, il-Mużew tal-Louvre.}}Instabu bosta artefatti ta' oriġini taċ-ċivilizzazzjoni tal-Wied tal-Indus f'Susa minn dan il-perjodu, speċjalment siġilli u żibeġ inċiżi tal-kornalina, li jindikaw li matul dan il-perjodu kien hemm relazzjonijiet bejn il-Wied tal-Indus u l-[[Mesopotamja]].<ref>Marshall, John (1996). ''Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927''. Asian Educational Services. p. 425. ISBN <bdi>9788120611795</bdi>.</ref>
=== '''Perjodu Nofsani tal-Elamiti (għall-ħabta tal-1500-1100 Q.K.)''' ===
Għall-ħabta tal-1500 Q.K., il-Perjodu Nofsani tal-Elamiti beda permezz tat-tlugħ fil-poter tad-dinastiji Anxaniti. It-tmexxija tagħhom kienet ikkaratterizzata minn "Elamizzazzjoni" ta' Susa, u r-rejiet ħadu t-titlu ta' "re ta' Anxan u ta' Susa". Filwaqt li preċedentement il-lingwa Akkadjana kienet tintuża spiss fil-kitbiet imnaqqxa, ir-rejiet il-ġodda, bħal dawk tad-dinastija Igihalkid tal-ħabta tal-1400 Q.K., ippruvaw jużaw l-Elamit. B'hekk, il-lingwa u l-kultura Elamita kibru fl-importanza tagħhom f'Susiana.
Dan kien ukoll perjodu meta l-panteon Elamit kien qed jiġi impost f'Susiana. Din il-politika laħqet il-qofol tagħha bil-kostruzzjoni tal-kumpless [[Politika|politiku]] u [[Reliġjon|reliġjuż]] f'[[Tchogha Zanbil]], 30 kilometru (19-il mil) fix-Xlokk ta' Susa.
Għall-ħabta tal-1175 Q.K., l-Elamiti taħt Shutruk-Nahhunte serqu l-istele oriġinali bil-Kodiċi ta' Hammurabi u ħaduha lejn Susa. L-arkeologi sabuha fl-1901. [[Nebuchadnezzar I]] tal-imperu Babiloniż seraq ir-rikkezza ta' Susa madwar ħamsin sena wara.<gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4">
File:Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg|Impression of an Indus cylinder seal discovered in Susa, in strata dated to 2600–1700 BC. Elongated buffalo with line of standard Indus script signs. Tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 2425. Indus script numbering convention per Asko Parpola.
File:Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg|Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan script imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 5614
File:Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg|Indian carnelian beads with white design, etched in white with an alkali through a heat process, imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 17751. These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira.
File:Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg|Indus bracelet, front and back, made of ''Pleuroploca trapezium'' or ''Turbinella pyrum'' imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473. This type of bracelet was manufactured in Mohenjo-daro, Lothal and Balakot. The back is engraved with an oblong chevron design which is typical of shell bangles of the Indus Civilization.
File:Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg|Indus Valley Civilization carnelian beads excavated in Susa.
File:Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus,_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE,_SB_13099.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus,_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE,_SB_13099.jpg|Jewelry with components from the Indus, Central Asia and Northern-eastern Iran found in Susa dated to 2600–1700 BC.
</gallery>
==== '''Perjodu Neo-Elamit (għall-ħabta tal-1100-540 Q.K.)''' ====
==== '''Neo-Assirjani''' ====
[[File:Susa,_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susa,_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg|daqsminuri|Bassoriljevi Elamit Nofsani tad-divinitajiet ġellieda, Susa, l-1600-1100 Q.K.]]
Fis-647 Q.K., ir-re Neo-Assirjan [[Ashurbanipal]] qered il-belt matul gwerra li fiha l-poplu ta' Susa pparteċipa man-naħa l-oħra. Tavla li nstabet fl-1854 minn [[Austen Henry Layard]] f'[[Nineveh]] tiżvela lil Ashurbanipal bħala "vendikattiv", li ried tpattija għall-umiljazzjonijiet li l-Elamiti kienu wettqu kontra ċ-ċittadini tal-Mesopotamja matul is-sekli:
"Jien ħkimt lil Susa, il-belt sagra kbira, ir-residenza tal-allat tagħhom, is-sede tal-misteri tagħhom. Dħalt fil-palazzi tagħha, ftaħt it-teżori tagħhom fejn kien hemm massa ta' oġġetti lussużi tal-fidda u tad-deheb... Qridt iż-żiggurat ta' Susa. Kissirt il-qrun tar-ram ileqq tagħha. Ġibt it-tempji ta' Elam fix-xejn; ġibt lid-divinitajiet maskili u femminili tagħhom trab u sparpaljajtu mal-irjieħ. L-oqbra tar-rejiet reċenti u tal-qedem iddevastajthom, esponejthom għax-[[xemx]], u ġarrejt l-għadam tagħhom lejn l-art ta' Ashur. Iddevastajt il-provinċji ta' Elam u qridt l-artijiet tagħhom bil-melħ".<ref>"Persians: Masters of Empire", <nowiki>ISBN 0-8094-9104-4</nowiki>, p. 7-8.</ref>
It-tmexxija Assirjana ta' Susa bdiet fis-647 Q.K. u dament sal-ħakma Medjana ta' Susa fis-617 Q.K.<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg|An ornate design on this limestone ritual vat from the Middle Elamite period depicts creatures with the heads of goats and the tails of fish, Susa, 1500–1110 BC.
File:Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg|The Ziggurat at Chogha Zanbil was built by Elamite king Untash-Napirisha circa 1300 BC.
File:Susa,_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual,_circa_1150_BCE.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susa,_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual,_circa_1150_BCE.jpg|Susa, Middle-Elamite model of a sun ritual, circa 1150 BC
</gallery>
=== '''Susa wara l-ħakma tal-Akemenidi Persjani''' ===
[[File:Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-freġju tal-[[Arċerija|arċiera]] mill-Palazz ta' Darius f'Susa.]]
Susa għaddiet minn tranżizzjoni politika u etnokulturali kbira meta saret parti mill-Imperu Akemenid Persjan bejn il-540 u l-539 Q.K., meta nħakmet minn [[Cyrus il-Kbir]] matul il-konkwista tiegħu ta' Elam (Susiana), li Susa kienet il-belt kapitali tagħha. Il-Kronaka ta' Nabonidus issemmi li qabel il-battalja/battalji, Nabonidus kien ordna li l-istatwi tal-qima mill-bliet Babiloniżi tal-madwar jittieħdu lejn il-belt kapitali, u dan jissuġġerixxi li l-kunflitt rigward Susa kien beda x'aktarx fix-xitwa tal-540 Q.K.<ref>Kuhrt, Amélie. "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in ''The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV — Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean'', pp.112–138. Ed. John Boardman. Cambridge University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-521-22804-2.</ref>
X'aktarx li Cyrus innegozja mal-ġenerali Babiloniżi biex jikseb kompromess min-naħa tagħhom u b'hekk jiġi evitat konfront armat. Nabonidus kien qed joqgħod fil-belt matul dak iż-żmien u ftit wara ħarab lejn il-belt kapitali, il-Babilonja, li kienu ilu snin ma jżur. Il-ħakma ta' Susa u tal-bqija tal-Babilonja min-naħa ta' Cyrus tat bidu għal bidla fundamentali, li wasslet biex għall-ewwel darba Susa tkun taħt il-kontroll Persjan. [[Strabo]] stqarr li Susa saret belt kapitali imperjali taħt Cyrus, għalkemm ma saret l-ebda kostruzzjoni ġdida f'dak il-perjodu u għalhekk ma hemmx qbil fost l-istudjużi jekk dan kienx tassew il-każ.<ref>Waters, Matt, "CYRUS AND SUSA", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol.102, pp.115–18, 2008.</ref>
Taħt iben Cyrus, [[Cambyses II]], Susa saret ċentru tal-poter politiku bħala waħda mill-erba' bliet kapitali tal-Imperu Akemenid Persjan, filwaqt li naqqset l-importanza ta' [[Pasargadae]] bħala l-belt kapitali ta' Persis. Wara t-tmexxija qasira ta' Cambyses, [[Darius il-Kbir]] beda programm kbir ta' kostruzzjoni f'Susa u f'[[Persepolis]], li kienet tinkludi l-kostruzzjoni ta' palazz kbir. Matul dan iż-żmien huwa jiddeskrivi l-belt kapitali l-ġdida tiegħu f'kitba mnaqqxa:
"It-tiżjin tal-palazz li bnejt f'Susa, ġibtu mill-bogħod. Ħaffirt l-art 'l isfel sal-blat. Meta sar it-tħaffir, ir-radam ġie ppakkjat 'l isfel, f'fond ta' xi 40 kubitu, u parti oħra f'fond ta' xi 20 kubitu. Fuq dak ir-radam bnejt palazz".<ref>Kent, Roland G., "The Record of Darius's Palace at Susa", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1–23, 1933.</ref>
Fil-belt ġiet ambjentata traġedja ta' Ateni, ''Il-Persjani'' (472 Q.K.), tad-drammaturgu [[Greċja|Grieg]] tal-qedem Aeschylus, li hija l-eqdem waħda eżistenti fl-istorja tat-teatru.
L-avvenimenti msemmija fil-Ktieb ta' Esther tat-[[Testment l-Antik]] jingħad li seħħew f'Susa matul il-perjodu tal-Akemenidi. Ir-re Ahasuerus imsemmi f'dak il-ktieb jaf jirreferi għal [[Xerxes I]] (486-465 Q.K.).
=== '''Selewċidi''' ===
Susa tilfet ħafna mill-importanza tagħha wara l-invażjoni ta' [[Alessandru Manju]] fit-331 Q.K. Fit-324 Q.K. huwa ltaqa' ma' Nearchus hawnhekk, li esplora l-Golf Persjan hu u ġej lura mix-xmara Indus bil-baħar. F'dik l-istess sena, Alessandru Manju ċċelebra f'Susa żwieġ tal-massa bejn il-Persjani u l-Maċedoni.<ref>van Oppen de Rutter, Branko F., "THE SUSA MARRIAGES — A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL NOTE", Ancient Society, vol. 44, pp. 25–41, 2014.</ref>
Il-belt baqgħet importanti taħt is-[[Selewċidi]] għal madwar seklu wara Alessandru Manju. Madankollu, Susa tilfet il-pożizzjoni tagħha bħala belt kapitali imperjali u minflokha saret Seleucia max-xmara [[Tigris]]. Minflok saret il-belt kapitali reġjonali tas-satrapija ta' Susiana. Madankollu, Susa żammet l-importanza ekonomika tagħha għall-imperu bis-saħħa tal-għażla kbira ta' merkanti f'Susa, li kienu jużaw lil Charax Spasinou bħala l-port tagħha.
Il-belt ħadet l-isem ta' '''Seleucia max-xmara Eulaeus''' jew '''Seleucia ad Eulaeum'''.
[[Seleucus I Nicator]] izzekka l-muniti hemmhekk b'kwantitajiet sostanzjali. Susa għandha bosta kitbiet imnaqqxa bil-Grieg, li x'aktarx jindika li għadd sinifikanti ta' Griegi kienu jgħixu fil-belt. Speċjalment fil-belt irjali, ġew skavati djar kbar mgħammra sew bil-peristil.
=== '''Partiċi''' ===
Għall-ħabta tal-147 Q.K., Susa u Elymais fil-qrib inqatgħu mill-Imperu tas-Selewċidi. Il-belt kienet immexxija mill-inqas temporanjament mill-mexxejja ta' Elymais, fejn Kamnaskires II Nikephoros izzekka xi muniti. Il-belt jaf reġgħet lura għal xi żmien f'idejn it-tmexxija tas-Selewċidi, iżda minn Phraates II (għall-ħabta tal-138-127 Q.K.) sa Gotarzes II (għall-ħabta tal-40–51 W.K.), il-mexxejja kważi kollha tal-Imperu Partiku zzekkaw il-muniti fil-belt, u dan jindika li l-belt kienet f'idejn il-Partiċi mill-inqas matul dan il-perjodu. Madankollu, il-belt żammet ammont konsiderevoli ta' indipendenza u żammet l-organizzazzjoni ta' belt-stat Griega matul il-perjodu Partiku. Mit-tieni nofs tas-seklu 1, il-belt x'aktarx li kienet iggvernata parzjalment mill-mexxejja ta' Elymais mill-ġdid, iżda reġgħet għaddiet għand il-Partiċi fil-215 W.K.<ref>Robert J. Wenke, Elymeans, Parthians, and the Evolution of Empires in Southwestern Iran, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 303–315, 1981.</ref>
Susa kienet sikwit post ta' refuġju għall-Partiċi, u iktar 'il quddiem tar-rejiet Sassanidi Persjani, peress li r-[[Imperu Ruman|Rumani]] serqu r-rikkezzi ta' Ctesiphon ħames darbiet differenti bejn il-116 u l-297 Q.K. Susa nħatfet għal żmien qasir fil-116 W.K. mill-imperatur Ruman [[Trajanu]] matul il-kampanja militari Partika tiegħu. L-Imperu Ruman qatt ma reġa' avvanza daqshekk lejn il-Lvant.
=== '''Sassanidi''' ===
Suzan inħakmet u nqerdet fil-224 W.K. mis-Sassanidi taħt [[Ardashir I]], iżda ġiet rikostruwita ftit wara, u x'aktarx temporanjament bħala residenza rjali. Skont tradizzjoni iktar 'il quddiem, [[Shapur I]] jingħad li qatta' l-aħħar snin ta' ħajtu fil-belt, minkejja li din it-tradizzjoni mhix ċerta u jaf tirreferi iktar għal [[Shapur II]].
Taħt is-Sassanidi, wara l-istabbiliment ta' Gundeshapur, Susa bil-mod il-mod tilfet l-importanza tagħha. Arkeoloġikament, il-belt tas-Sassanidi kienet inqas densa mqabbla mal-perjodu Partiku, iżda xorta waħda kien hemm binjiet sinifikanti, b'insedjament estiż fuq iktar minn 400 ettaru. Susa kienet għadha wkoll sinifikanti ħafna ekonomikament, u kienet ċentru kummerċjali, speċjalment fil-kummerċ tad-deheb. Il-muniti baqgħu jiġu zzekkati wkoll fil-belt. Il-belt kellha komunità [[Kristjaneżmu|Kristjana]] f'distrett separat b'isqof Nestorjan, u l-aħħar rappreżentant tagħha ġie attestat fl-1265. Arkeoloġikament instab panew tal-istukko bi xbieha ta' qaddis Kristjan.
Matul ir-renju ta' Shapur II wara li l-Kristjaneżmu sar ir-reliġjon statali tal-Imperu Ruman fit-312 W.K., il-Kristjani ġew identifikati bħala kollaboraturi possibbli mal-Kristjani għedewwwa fl-Imperu tas-Sassanidi u ġew ippersegwitati mit-339 W.K. 'il quddiem. Shapur II impona wkoll taxxa doppja fuq il-Kristjani matul il-kampanja militari tiegħu kontra r-Rumani. Wara ribelljoni tal-Kristjani li kienu jgħixu f'Susa, ir-re qered il-belt fit-339 bl-użu ta' 300 [[iljunfant]]. Iktar 'il quddiem ordna li l-belt terġa' tinbena u ġiet insedjata mill-ġdid bil-priġunieri tal-gwerra u bin-nissieġa. Huwa maħsub li dan seħħ wara r-rebħa tiegħu kontra r-Rumani f'Amida fit-359 W.K. In-nissieġa kienu jipproduċu l-ħarir. Shapur II bidel isem il-belt għal ''Eran-Khwarrah-Shapur'' ("il-Glorja tal-Iran mibnija minn Shapur").
=== '''Perjodu Iżlamiku''' ===
Matul il-ħakma [[Iżlam|Musulmana]] tal-Persja, armata [[Għarab|Għarbija]] invadiet il-provinċja ta' Khuzistan taħt il-kmand ta' [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]]. Wara li ħatfet il-biċċa l-kbira tal-irħula ffortifikati ż-żgħar, l-armata rnexxielha tirbaħ lil Tustar fis-642 W.K. qabel ma assedjat lil Susa. Il-belt kienet post ta' importanza militari u fiha kien hemm ukoll il-qabar tal-profeta Lhudi Danjel. Sorsi Musulmani jagħtu żewġ verżjonijiet differenti tal-kollass tal-belt. Fl-ewwel waħda, patri Persjan ipproklama mill-ħitan li ''dajjal'' biss kellu d-destin li jaħtaf il-belt. ''Dajjal'' huwa terminu Iżlamiku għal ''Al-Masih ad-Dajjal'', jiġifieri "messija falz", kompatibbli mal-Antikrist fil-Kristjaneżmu. Fl-użu ta' kuljum, it-terminu jfisser ukoll "qarrieqi" jew "impostur". [[Siyah]], ġeneral Persjan li kien dar mal-Musulmani, stqarr li meta kkonverta għall-Iżlam hu kien dar kontra ż-[[Żoroastrijaniżmu]] u b'hekk kien ''dajjal''. Abu Musa qabel mal-pjan ta' Siyah. Ftit wara tlugħ ix-xemx filgħodu minnhom, l-għassiesa mal-ħitan raw [[raġel]] b'uniformi ta' uffiċjal Persjan mimli [[demm]] mixħut mal-art quddiem id-daħla prinċipali. Huma ħasbu li kien tħalla hemm mal-lejl wara kunflitt fil-jum ta' qabel, u b'hekk fetħu l-bibien tal-belt u marru biex jiġbruh. Malli resqu lejh, Siyah qam għalihom u qatilhom. Qabel ma l-għassiesa l-oħra kellhom iċ-ċans jirreaġixxu, Siyah u grupp żgħir ta' suldati Musulmani li kienu moħbija fil-qrib daħlu mill-bibien miftuħa. Huma ħallew il-bibien miftuħa biżżejjed sakemm laħqu waslu r-rinforzi Musulmani kollha u daħlu biex jaħtfu l-belt.<ref>Crawford, Peter (2013). ''The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam''. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 183–184. ISBN <bdi>978-1-84884-612-8</bdi>.</ref>
Fil-verżjoni l-oħra, mill-ġdid il-Musulmani ġew imqarrqa mill-ħitan tal-belt li ''Al-Masih ad-Dajjal'' biss seta' jaħtaf il-belt, u ladarba ma kien hemm ħadd fl-armata tal-assedju, setgħu jaqbdu u jarrendu u jmorru d-dar. Wieħed mill-kmandant Musulmani tant irrabja li waqgħu għal dan il-qerq li mar sa wieħed mill-bibien tal-belt u tah daqqa ta' sieq. Dak il-ħin stess, il-ktajjen inqasmu, is-sokra nkisru, u l-bieb infetaħ beraħ. Wara li daħlu fil-belt, il-Musulmani qatlu n-nobbli Persjani kollha.
Ladarba l-belt inħatfet, peress li Danjel (bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: دانيال, b'ittri Rumani: ''Danyal'') ma jissemmiex fil-[[Koran]], u lanqas jitqies bħala profeta fil-Ġudaiżmu, ir-reazzjoni inizjali tal-Musulmani kienet li jeqirdu dan it-twemmin billi jikkonfiskaw it-teżor maħżun fil-qabar minn żmien l-Akemenidi. Imbagħad żgassaw it-tebut tal-fidda u ħadu magħhom il-katavru mmummifikat, u minnu ħadu ċurkett bis-siġill, bix-xbieha ta' raġel bejn żewġ [[Iljun|iljuni]]. Madankollu, malli sema' x'kien ġara, il-kaliff Umar ordna li ċ-ċurkett jiġi rritornat flimkien mal-qabar u jerġa' jindifen taħt qiegħ ix-xmara. Maż-żmien, Danjel sar figura importanti għall-Musulmani u huma wkoll bħall-Kristjani bdew jagħmlu pellegrinaġġi lejn is-sit, minkejja li diversi siti oħra kienu jitqiesu wkoll bħala l-post fejn hemm il-qabar ta' Danjel.<ref>Kennedy, Hugh (2007). ''The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In''. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 128–129. ISBN <bdi>978-0-297-84657-4</bdi>.</ref>
Wara li ħatfu lil Susa, il-Musulmani assedjaw lil Gundeshapur.<ref>Crawford, Peter (2013). ''The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam''. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 183–184. ISBN <bdi>978-1-84884-612-8</bdi>.</ref>
Susa rkuprat wara li kienet inħatfet u baqgħet ċentru reġjonali b'daqs ta' iktar minn 400 ettaru. Inbniet moskea għalkemm ġew attestati wkoll isqfijiet Nestorjani. Barra minn hekk, kien hemm komunità Lhudija bis-sinagoga tagħha stess. Il-belt baqgħet ċentru tal-manifattura tat-tessuti lussużi matul dan il-perjodu. Arkeoloġikament, il-perjodu Iżlamiku huwa kkaratterizzat l-iktar miċ-ċeramika rikka tiegħu. Beth Huzaye (il-Provinċja Ekkleżjastika tal-Lvant tas-[[Sirja]]) kellha popolazzjoni Kristjana sinifikanti matul l-ewwel millenju, u kienet djoċesi tal-Knisja tal-Lvant bejn is-sekli 5 u 13 W.K., fil-provinċja metropolitana ta' Beth Huzaye (Elam).
Fl-1218 il-belt ġiet attakkata mill-invażuri [[Mongolja|Mongoli]] u qatt ma rnexxielha terġa' tikseb l-importanza li kellha fl-imgħoddi. Il-belt kompliet tmur għall-agħar fis-seklu 15 meta l-maġġoranza tal-popolazzjoni tagħha marret tgħix f'Dezful.<ref>M. Streck, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1997). ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, San-Sze''. Vol. IX. Leiden: Brill. pp. 898–899. ISBN <bdi>9789004104228</bdi>.</ref>
=== '''Preżent''' ===
Illum il-ġurnata ċ-ċentru antik ta' Susa mhuwiex okkupat, u l-popolazzjoni tgħix fil-qrib fir-raħal Iranjan modern ta' Shush lejn il-Punent u t-Tramuntana tal-fdalijiet storiċi. Shush hija l-belt kapitali amministrattiva tal-Kontea ta' Shush fil-provinċja ta' Khuzestan, fl-Iran. Fl-2005 kellha popolazzjoni ta' 64,960 ruħ.
== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
Susa ġiet iddeżinjata bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] f'Lulju 2015.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1455/|titlu=Susa|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2024-01-06}}</ref>
Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' erba' kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (i)''' "Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-[[bniedem]]"; il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; il-'''kriterju (iii)''' "Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet"; u l-'''kriterju (iv)''' "Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem".<ref name=":0" />
== Gallerija ==
<gallery>
File:ArtabanIIIGreekLetter.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArtabanIIIGreekLetter.JPG|Letter in Greek of the Parthian king Artabanus II to the inhabitants of Susa in the 1st century AD (the city retained Greek institutions since the time of the Seleucid empire). Louvre Museum.
File:Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg|Glazed clay cup: Cup with rose petals, 8th–9th centuries
File:Parthic anthropoid sarcophagus (GS 4945 a) 02.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parthic anthropoid sarcophagus (GS 4945 a) 02.jpg|Anthropoid sarcophagus
File:Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg|Lion on a decorative panel from Darius I the Great's palace
File:Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_(223–187_BC),_late_1st_century_BC–early_1st_century_AD,_Louvre_Museum_(7462828632).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_(223%E2%80%93187_BC),_late_1st_century_BC%E2%80%93early_1st_century_AD,_Louvre_Museum_(7462828632).jpg|Marble head representing Seleucid King Antiochus III who was born near Susa around 242 BC.
File:Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg|Glazed clay vase: Vase with palmtrees, 8th–9th centuries
File:Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg|Winged sphinx from the palace of Darius the Great at Susa.
File:Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG|Tomb of Daniel
File:Ninhursag1.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ninhursag1.jpg|Ninhursag with the spirit of the forests next to the seven-spiked cosmic tree of life. Relief from Susa.
File:Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg|19th-century engraving of Daniel's tomb in Susa, from ''Voyage en Perse Modern''e, by Flandin and Coste.
File:Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg|Archers frieze from Darius' palace at Susa. Detail of the beginning of the frieze, left. Louvre Museum
File:Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg|Ribbed torc with lion heads, Achaemenid artwork, excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1901, found in the Acropole Tomb
File:Shush_Castle.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shush_Castle.JPG|Shush Castle, 2011
File:Children_in_Susa.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Children_in_Susa.JPG|Children in Susa
File:Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg|Herm pillar with Hermes, from the well of the "Dungeon" in Susa.
</gallery>
== Referenzi ==
[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]]
[[Kategorija:Siti arkeoloġiċi]]
[[Kategorija:Iran]]
[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]]
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Metro ta' Rio de Janeiro
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{{Infobox|titlestyle=background: #D3D3D3|title=Metro ta' Rio de Janeiro <Br>
''Metrô do Rio de Janeiro (pt)''|headerstyle=background: #D3D3D3|image1=[[File:Logo MetroRio(2018).svg|100px]] |caption1=Logo tal-metro|image2=[[File:Metro Rio 01 2013 Ipanema Osorio 5408.JPG|350px]]|caption2=Ferrovija fl-istazzjon ta' [[Ipanema Osorio]]|label1=Post|data1=[[Rio de Janeiro]] ({{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Brażil]])|label2=Dħul fis-servizz|data2=5 ta' Marzu, 1979|label3=Tul tan-netwerk|data3=57,5 km|label4=Linji u stazzjon|data4=3 linji, 43 stazzjonijiet|label5=Operatur|data5=[[Rio Trilhos]] ([[Stat ta' Rio de Janeiro]])|label6=Linji tan-netwerk|data6=[[File:Metro Rio Linha 1 bullet.svg|17px]] [[File:Metro Rio Linha 2 bullet.svg|17px]] [[File:Metro Rio Linha 4 bullet.svg|17px]]|header7=Mappa|header8=[[File:Mapa de metro rio.png|280px]]|label9=Websajt|data9=https://www.metrorio.com.br}}
Il '''-Metro ta' Rio de Janeiro''' ( [[Lingwa Portugiża|bil-Portugiż]] : ''Metrô do Rio de Janeiro'' jew ''Metropolitano de Rio de Janeiro'' ) huwa n-netwerk tal-metro ta' [[Rio de Janeiro]] . Magħmul minn tliet linji, ġie inawgurat f'Marzu tal-1979. Dan in-netwerk huwa kkomplementat minn netwerk ta' linji suburbani, ''[[SuperVia Trens Urbanos]]'', magħmul minn tmien linji, inklużi erba' linji ewlenin ta' 270... km b'104 stazzjonijiet (94 km u 58 stazzjon fiż-żona urbana ewlenija ta’ Rio), kif ukoll minn netwerk ta’ trams .
== Storja ==
F[[Rio de Janeiro|’Rio de Janeiro]], it-trasport irid jadatta għal topografija partikolari. Il-belt għandha ħafna għoljiet li jinżlu lejn l-Oċean Atlantiku u l-Bajja ta’ Guanabara, li tifred il-bliet ta’ Rio u Niterói, konnessi permezz ta’ vjadott tat-triq, li jillimita l-kurituri tal-ivvjaġġar u jirrikjedi t-tħaffir ta’ mini. Fil-bajja hemm il-Gżira tal-Gvernatur, fejn jinsab l-ajruport internazzjonali, u l-Gżira Fundao, fejn jinsab il-kampus tal-università. Madwar il-bajja hemm peniżola li tifred diversi bajjiet, li fuqhom tinsab il-Muntanja Sugar Loaf. Fiċ-ċentru tal-belt hemm il-Park Nazzjonali ta’ Tijuca, bil-monument famuż ta’ Kristu Redentur fuq l-Għolja ta’ Corcovado.
=== Il-proġett ===
Fi żmien l-istudju preliminari għal metro, lejn tmiem is-snin sittin, iż-żona metropolitana ta' Rio de Janeiro diġà kellha sitt miljun abitant, numru meqjus ferm ogħla mil-limitu biex belt ikollha sistema ta' trasport pubbliku rapidu.
Il-pjan tal-1968 jistabbilixxi żewġ orizzonti linja prijoritarja ppjanata għall-1975 u netwerk ġenerali tal-metro għall-1990.
Fit-12 ta' Diċembru 1968, inħolqot il-Kumpanija Metropolitana ta' Rio de Janeiro, kumpanija b'ekonomija mħallta marbuta mal- Istat ta' Guanabara (illum Rio de Janeiro). L-ewwel president tagħha kien il-Ġeneral Milton Mendes Gonçalves <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.refer.com.br/patrocinadoras/riotrilhos/|titlu=RIOTRILHOS|sit=REFER|lingwa=pt-BR|data-aċċess=2020-11-30}}</ref> .
=== Il-kostruzzjoni tal-metro, l-ewwel stadji ===
Fl-1973, il-provvista ta’ servizzi ta’ appoġġ tekniku lill-manifattur pubbliku <ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.riotrilhos.rj.gov.br/default.asp|titlu=:: RIOTRILHOS ::|sit=www.riotrilhos.rj.gov.br|data-aċċess=2020-11-30}}</ref> bdiet minn SOFRETU wara t-tluq tat-tim Ġermaniż mill-ewwel fażi. L-ambitu ta’ azzjoni tiegħu kien prinċipalment iffukat fuq studji ta’ tagħmir u vetturi ferrovjarji għat-12 km imbagħad ippjanati għal -linja 1. Il-vaguni kienu ddisinjati biex ikunu jistgħu jilħqu kapaċità ta’ 80,000 passiġġier fis-siegħa u għal kull direzzjoni mingħajr ma jiżdied it-tul tal-pjattaformi li kienu qed jinbnew u ppjanati għal 6 vaguni. Għal din ir-raġuni, is-sistemi ta’ sinjalazzjoni u pilotaġġ awtomatiku kienu ddisinjati biex jippermettu intervall imnaqqas ta’ 90 sekonda. Fl-1975, bdew studji għal -linja 2, inizjalment iddisinjata bħala pre-metro li setgħet tiġi trasformata f’metro hekk kif in-numru ta’ passiġġieri kien jeħtieġ dan.
Fid-19 ta' Marzu 1979, bdiet l-isfruttament fil-5 ta' Marzu. km u ħames stazzjonijiet ''Praça Onze'', ''Central'', ''Presidente Vargas'', ''Cinelândia'' u ''Glória'', joperaw mid-9 a.m. sat-3 p.m. Il-ftuħ tal-linja ġie estiż f'Diċembru tal-istess sena sal-11 p.m., inklużi s-Sibtijiet.
F'Marzu 1980, l-istazzjon ''ta' Uruguaiana'' ġie inawgurat u f'Settembru l-linja ġiet estiża bi stazzjon ''ta' Estácio'' . F'Jannar 1981, l-istazzjon ''ta' Carioca'' nfetaħ fuq ir-rotta eżistenti.
Mument sinifikanti fl-evoluzzjoni tan-netwerk tal-metro kien l-inawgurazzjoni, f'Settembru 1981, tas-sezzjoni sal-istazzjon ta' Botafogo bi tliet stazzjonijiet intermedji. Sa dakinhar, il-metro kien iservi ċ-ċentru tal-belt, iżda ma laħaqx l-objettiv tat-trasport tal-massa tiegħu li jippermetti lill-vjaġġaturi bejn id-dar u l-post tax-xogħol.
F'Mejju 1982, infetaħ it-taqsima ''Estácio'' - ''Saens Peña'' (tliet stazzjonijiet), u b'hekk tlesta n-netwerk bażiku prijoritarju, kif definit fl-1975, li jservi d-distrett ta' Tijuca, li kien isofri minn problemi ta' aċċess, aggravati mit-tkabbir tal-popolazzjoni. Il-linja mbagħad laħqet il-11.6 km f'operazzjoni b'15-il stazzjon.
Fid-19 ta' Novembru 1981, ġiet inawgurata l-Linja 2 b'sezzjoni ta' 2.9 km. km bejn ''Estácio'' u ''Maracanã'' u stazzjon intermedju. F'Marzu 1983, il-linja ġiet estiża minn ''Maracanã'' sa ''Irajá'' (Premetro). Il-linja inizjalment kienet titħaddem bi tmien vaguni artikolati.
Prinċipalment għal raġunijiet finanzjarji, il-kostruzzjoni tal-metro mbagħad ġiet sospiża għal żmien twil. Tentattivi biex jerġa' jibda x-xogħol ma rnexxewx . Il-politika tal-belt kienet diretta lejn il-ħolqien ta' netwerk tat-tramm u r-rinnovazzjoni tal-linji suburbani, b'riżultati daqstant imħallta. Bejn l-1985 u l-1987, il-linja 2 ngħalqet kompletament .
=== Tkomplija bil-mod tal-kostruzzjoni ===
Ix-xogħol ta’ kostruzzjoni fuq il-metro reġa’ beda bil-mod fuq il-Linja 2 bil-kostruzzjoni tal-istazzjonijiet intermedji tat-taqsima ''Maracanã - Irajá'', li bdiet tintuża fl-1983 , minkejja self kbir mill -Bank Brażiljan għall-Iżvilupp . Dam disa’ snin biex jitqiegħdu fis-servizz tliet stazzjonijiet addizzjonali. Il-linja saret metro meta t- ''taqsima Irajá - Pavuna bdiet tintuża fl-'' 1998.
Minkejja t-tħabbira ta’ pjanijiet ambizzjużi , , is-sezzjoni ''minn Botafogo sa Cardeal Arcoverde'' (Copacabana) biss bdiet tintuża fit-2 ta’ Lulju 1998, bi stazzjon wieħed addizzjonali. Dam sitt snin oħra <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/ipanema-link-on-track/27100.article|titlu=Ipanema link on track|kunjom=|awtur=|data=2001-04-01|sit=Railway Gazette International|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-11-30}}</ref> biex tiġi inawgurata kummissjonar parzjali fil-21 ta’ Diċembru 2002 fuq is- ''sezzjoni Cardeal Arcoverde - Siqueira Campos.'' Servizz regolari ma kienx se jkun disponibbli qabel Marzu 2003. Kellu jieħu tnax-il sena oħra u tliet kummissjonar biex il-Linja 1 tilħaq, stazzjon wara stazzjon, l-espansjoni attwali tagħha.
==== Kostruzzjoni tal-linja 4 ====
Fl-1995, il-kumpanija tal-metro żviluppat pjan biex testendi n-netwerk sa Barra da Tijuca . Dan il-pjan kien jinkludi l-estensjoni tal-Linja 1 mill-istazzjon Saens Pena lejn Joquei u l-kostruzzjoni tal -Linja 4. : ''Joquei'' - ''Jardim Oceânico'' . F'Lulju 1998 ġiet ippubblikata sejħa għall-offerti għall-kostruzzjoni fil-forma ta' BOT ( {{Lang|en|[[Build-operate-transfer]]}} ) għal perjodu ta' 25 sena. Il-konsorzju Rio Barra, l-uniku kandidat, rebaħ il-kuntratt f'Novembru <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/citynews/25629.article|titlu=CityNEWS|kunjom=|awtur=|data=1999-01-01|sit=Railway Gazette International|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-11-30}}</ref> . L-ikkummissjonar tal-linja, 16 km u 4 stazzjonijiet b'14-il ferrovija ta' 4 vetturi, hija mbagħad ippjanata għall-2003, imbagħad għal- Logħob Pan-Amerikan tal-2007 . Din il-kostruzzjoni qatt ma titlesta u fl-2006 ma tibqax irrappurtata li tinsab fl-istadju tal-proġett .
== Netwerk attwali ==
[[Stampa:Public_transport_map_of_Rio_de_Janeiro.svg|nofs|daqsminuri|600x600px|Mappa tan-netwerk tat-trasport pubbliku ta' Rio de Janeiro.]]
It-3 linji li qed joperaw huma l-linji 1, 2 u 4 li jammontaw għal 41 stazzjon u 53.8 km (60.1 km inklużi l-linji ewlenin komuni 1 u 2).
Il-Linji 1 u 2 jaqsmu linja komuni bejn l-istazzjonijiet ''ta’ Botafogo'' u ''Ċentrali'' . Il-Linja 1 imbagħad testendi aktar lejn in-nofsinhar lejn Leblon minn naħa waħda u aktar lejn il-punent lejn id-distrett ta’ Tijuca min-naħa l-oħra, filwaqt li l-Linja 2 testendi aktar lejn it-tramuntana, lejn il-belt ġara ta ’ São João de Meriti .
{| class="wikitable sortable center" border="0" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;"
|- align="center" bgcolor="#cccccc"
! scope="col" |Linja
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Kors
! scope="col" | Twaqqif<br /><br /><br /><br /> servizz
! scope="col" | L-aħħar<br /><br /><br /><br /> estensjoni
! scope="col" | Tul
! scope="col" | Numru ta'<br /><br /><br /><br /> stazzjonijiet
! scope="col" | Ħin tal-vjaġġ
! scope="col" | Skedi(*)
|-
|[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_Linha_1_bullet.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_1_du_métro_de_Rio_de_Janeiro|20x20px]]
| Urugwaj ↔ Ipanema/Ġeneral Osório
| 1979
| 2014
| 17.4 kilometru
| 20
| 40 minuta
| Mill-5:00 ta' filgħodu sa nofsillejl '''<sup>1</sup>'''
|-
|[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_Linha_2_bullet.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_2_du_métro_de_Rio_de_Janeiro|20x20px]]
| Pavuna ↔ Botafogo
| 1982
| 2010
| 30.4 kilometru (24.1 km)
| 26 (16)
| 53 minuta
| Mill-5:00 ta' filgħodu sa nofsillejl '''<sup>1</sup>'''
|-
|[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_Linha_4_bullet_darker_version.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_4_du_métro_de_Rio_de_Janeiro|20x20px]]
| Ġenerali Osório ↔ Jardim Oceânico
| 2016
| -
| 16 kilometru
| 5
| 34 minuta
| Mis-6:00 ta' filgħodu sal-11:00 ta' filgħaxija '''<sup>1</sup>'''
|-
|}
== Tagħmir tan-netwerk ==
=== Vetturi ferrovjarji ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"
! bgcolor="#a9a9a9" |Materjal
! bgcolor="#a9a9a9" | Kunsinna
! Tħassir
! bgcolor="#a9a9a9" | Bennej
! bgcolor="#cccccc" | Numru ta' mqadef
! Linja servuta
! Illustrazzjoni
|-
| bgcolor="#f5f5f5" |<center> '''Serje 1000'''</center>
| bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | 1978 - 1984
| fis-servizz
| bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | Budd, Mafersa, Westinghouse, Villares
| 24 sena
|[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_Linha_1_bullet.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_1_du_métro_de_Rio_de_Janeiro|20x20px]]
[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_Linha_2_bullet.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_2_du_métro_de_Rio_de_Janeiro|20x20px]]
|[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_01_2013_Ipanema_Osorio_5381.JPG|nofs|bla_tilar|200x200px]]
|-
| bgcolor="#f5f5f5" |<center> '''Serje 2000'''</center>
| bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | 1997 - 1998
| fis-servizz
| bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | Mafersa, Alstom
| 6
|[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_Linha_1_bullet.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_1_du_métro_de_Rio_de_Janeiro|20x20px]]
[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_Linha_2_bullet.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_2_du_métro_de_Rio_de_Janeiro|20x20px]]
|[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_01_2013_Ipanema_Osorio_5408.JPG|nofs|bla_tilar|200x200px]]
|-
| bgcolor="#f5f5f5" |<center> '''Serje 3000'''</center>
| bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | 1979 - 1990
| 2004
| bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | BN, Cobrasma, Siemens
| bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | 30
|[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_Linha_2_bullet.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_2_du_métro_de_Rio_de_Janeiro|20x20px]]
|[[Stampa:Pre-Metro_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Estação_Triagem_(1983).jpg|nofs|bla_tilar|200x200px]]
|-
| bgcolor="#f5f5f5" |<center> '''Serje 4000'''</center>
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | 2012 - 2015
| fis-servizz
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | CRRC
| bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | 19-il sena
|[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_Linha_1_bullet.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_1_du_métro_de_Rio_de_Janeiro|20x20px]]
[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_Linha_2_bullet.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_2_du_métro_de_Rio_de_Janeiro|20x20px]]
|[[Stampa:TUE_Série_4000-Metrô_Rio_(2013).jpg|nofs|bla_tilar|200x200px]]
|-
|<center> '''Serje''' '''5000'''</center>
| fis-servizz
| 15
|[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_Linha_4_bullet_darker_version.svg|ħolqa=Ligne_4_du_métro_de_Rio_de_Janeiro|20x20px]]
|[[Stampa:946429-rj_metr-C3-B4_050215_4.jpg|nofs|bla_tilar|200x200px]]
|}
== Operazzjoni u attendenza ==
[[Stampa:Metro_Rio_01_2013_5387.JPG|daqsminuri|Karozza għan-nisa biss (fil-ġranet tal-ġimgħa, matul is-siegħa tal-quċċata) fuq il-linja 1 f'Jannar 2013.]]
Il-ġestjoni tal-operazzjoni mill-kumpanija oriġinali ħalliet xi ħaġa xi ftit xi tkun mixtieqa, kemm f'termini ta' tagħmir kif ukoll ta' persunal. F'Ottubru 1997, impjegati tal-kumpanija nqabdu jisirqu biljetti minn ċerti uffiċċji tal-biljetti bl-intenzjoni li jerġgħu jbigħuhom f'oħrajn . Il-gvern reġjonali ddeċieda li jipprivatizza u f'Novembru 1997 tniedu sejħiet għal offerti .
Fil-bidu tal-1998, il-kumpanija MetrôRio <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.metrorio.com.br/Empresa/Historia?p_interna=2|titlu=História|awtur=|data=|sit=www.metrorio.com.br|lingwa=pt|data-aċċess=2020-11-29}}</ref>, kapitalizzata mill-ġdid minn Opportrans taħt il-kontroll tal-Istat ta’ Rio <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/rio-governor-backs-metro/31426.article|titlu=Rio governor backs metro|kunjom=Boneti|awtur=|data=1999-10-01|sit=Railway Gazette International|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-11-30}}</ref>, kompliet il-ġestjoni u t-tħaddim taż-żewġ linji tal-metro għal konċessjoni ta’ 20 sena, imġedda għal 20 sena fl-2018 . Filwaqt li qabel il-privatizzazzjoni, il-metro ta’ Rio kien jimpjega 5,000 persuna (inklużi 3,500 fl-amministrazzjoni u 1,500 fl-operazzjonijiet), fl-2010, wara l-privatizzazzjoni, kien jimpjega biss 1,900 (inklużi 250 fl-amministrazzjoni u 1,650 fl-operazzjonijiet) . F’Diċembru 2009, MetrôRio ngħaqdet mal-grupp Invepar ( {{Lang|pt|Investimentos e Participações em Infra-Structure}} ). MetrôRio għandha aktar minn 2,500 impjegat ; il-kwartieri ġenerali tagħha jinsabu fiċ-ċentru ta' Rio de Janeiro.
== Proġetti ta' żvilupp ==
Żewġ linji addizzjonali, il-linji 3 u 6, bħalissa qed jiġu kkunsidrati, fi stadji differenti ta’ żvilupp <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/long-reads/rio-de-janeiro-overcoming-decades-of-inaction/56050.article|titlu=Rio de Janeiro: Overcoming decades of inaction|kunjom=Zelki|isem=Benjámin|awtur=|data=2020-04-06|sit=Railway Gazette International|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-11-30}}</ref> . Dawn iż-żewġ linji, flimkien mal-linja 4, huma parti mit-tliet linji ppjanati qabel l-2004 .
Il-linja futura 3 se tgħaqqad Rio de Janeiro ma' Niteroi u São Gonçalo / Alcântara, jiġifieri 22 km inklużi 4 km ta’ mina taħt l-ilma taħt il-Bajja ta’ Guanabara u 12-il stazzjon. Il-konnessjoni man-netwerk attwali tkun fl-istazzjon Carioca (linja 1). Il-gvern tal-istat ta’ Rio de Janeiro kien qed jikkunsidra l-kostruzzjoni tagħha sa mill-1998. Għandha tiġi ffinanzjata mis-settur privat. Fil-bidu tas-seklu, tħabbru sejħiet għal offerti <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/niteroi-bidding-starts/28386.article|titlu=Niterói bidding starts|kunjom=|awtur=|data=2001-06-01|sit=Railway Gazette International|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-11-30}}</ref>, imbagħad ġew posposti. Trasformazzjoni ta’ linja suburbana f’linja tal-metro 3 tħabbret fl-2011 <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/work-set-to-begin-on-rio-de-janeiro-line-3/36409.article|titlu=Work set to begin on Rio de Janeiro Line 3|kunjom=|awtur=|data=2011-11-02|sit=Railway Gazette International|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-11-30}}</ref> .
Fl-2002 twettqu studji preliminari <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/rio-tenders-metro-line-6/25730.article|titlu=Rio tenders metro Line 6|kunjom=|awtur=|data=2002-01-01|sit=Railway Gazette International|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2020-11-30}}</ref>, fl-2004-2005 sar studju ta’ fattibbiltà għal-linja 6 . Il-Linja 6 hija ppjanata biex tgħaqqad l-ajruport internazzjonali ta’ Ilha do Governador ma’ Barra de Tijuca (22 km). Dan iservi prinċipalment il-partijiet tat-tramuntana u tal-lvant tal-belt (Leopoldina, Baixada) u se joffri konnessjonijiet mal-Linja 2 u s-servizz tal-passiġġieri Flumitrens.
{| class="wikitable sortable center" border="0" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;"
|- align="center" bgcolor="#cccccc"
! scope="col" |Linja
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Kors
! scope="col" | Twaqqif<br /><br /><br /><br /> servizz
! scope="col" | Tul<br /><br /><br /><br /> (f'km)
! scope="col" | Numru ta'<br /><br /><br /><br /> stazzjonijiet
|-
|[[Stampa:BKV_m_3_jms.svg|ħolqa=Fichier:BKV_m_3_jms.svg|20x20px]]
| Carioca ↔ Visconde de Itaboraí
| fil-proġett
| 22
| 18-il sena
|-
| '''5'''
| Gavea ↔ Carioca
| fil-proġett
|
| 6
|}
== Noti u referenzi ==
{{Referenzi}}
[[Kategorija:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
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Port Ħieles ta' Malta
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[[Stampa:047.Freeport.jpg|daqsminuri|Veduta mill-ajru tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.]]
Il-'''Port Ħieles ta' Malta''' (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: ''Malta Freeport'') huwa port internazzjonali fil-gżira ta' [[Malta]] b'volum kummerċjali ta' 3.06 miljun TEUs fl-2015. Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa wieħed mill-iżjed portijiet bi traffiku kummerċjali fl-[[Ewropa]]. Il-port jinsab f'[[Birżebbuġa]] fix-Xlokk ta' Malta, fis-sit fejn qabel kien hemm il-bażi tal-inġenji tal-ajru tal-baħar magħrufa bħala RAF Kalafrana.
Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta ġie stabbilit fl-1988 u kien l-ewwel ċentru għat-trażbord fir-reġjun tal-[[Mediterran]]. Il-port attwalment hija kklassifikata fit-tnax-il post fost il-portijiet Ewropej ewlenin u huwa t-tielet l-ikbar ċentru tat-trażbord u tal-loġistika fir-reġjun tal-Mediterran. Iktar minn 95 % tat-traffiku tal-kontejners tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa trażbord kummerċjali u t-tkabbir fid-domanda wassal għal diversi finanzjamenti u bidliet fis-sjieda tiegħu.
Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa t-tielet l-ikbar port tat-trażbord fil-Mediterran. Tħejjew ukoll pjanijiet biex fil-futur il-port ikompli jitkabbar, sabiex it-tul tal-mollijiet tiegħu fiż-żewġ terminals jiżdied mit-tul operazzjonali attwali ta' 2.2 kilometri għal iktar minn 3 kilometri u biex l-erja totali tiżdied minn 680,000 m<sup>2</sup> għal 790,000 m<sup>2</sup> (0.79 km<sup>2</sup>).
== Gallerija ==
== Referenzi ==
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[[Stampa:047.Freeport.jpg|daqsminuri|Veduta mill-ajru tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.]]
Il-'''Port Ħieles ta' Malta''' (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: ''Malta Freeport'') huwa port internazzjonali fil-gżira ta' [[Malta]] b'volum kummerċjali ta' 3.06 miljun TEUs fl-2015. Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa wieħed mill-iżjed portijiet bi traffiku kummerċjali fl-[[Ewropa]]. Il-port jinsab f'[[Birżebbuġa]] fix-Xlokk ta' Malta, fis-sit fejn qabel kien hemm il-bażi tal-inġenji tal-ajru tal-baħar magħrufa bħala RAF Kalafrana.
Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta ġie stabbilit fl-1988 u kien l-ewwel ċentru għat-trażbord fir-reġjun tal-[[Mediterran]]. Il-port attwalment hija kklassifikata fit-tnax-il post fost il-portijiet Ewropej ewlenin u huwa t-tielet l-ikbar ċentru tat-trażbord u tal-loġistika fir-reġjun tal-Mediterran. Iktar minn 95 % tat-traffiku tal-kontejners tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa trażbord kummerċjali u t-tkabbir fid-domanda wassal għal diversi finanzjamenti u bidliet fis-sjieda tiegħu.
Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa t-tielet l-ikbar port tat-trażbord fil-Mediterran. Tħejjew ukoll pjanijiet biex fil-futur il-port ikompli jitkabbar, sabiex it-tul tal-mollijiet tiegħu fiż-żewġ terminals jiżdied mit-tul operazzjonali attwali ta' 2.2 kilometri għal iktar minn 3 kilometri u biex l-erja totali tiżdied minn 680,000 m<sup>2</sup> għal 790,000 m<sup>2</sup> (0.79 km<sup>2</sup>).
== Gallerija ==
<gallery widths="140px" heights="145px">
File:Malta - Birzebbuga - Triq Kalafrana - Freeport centre 05 ies.jpg|Iċ-ċentru tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.
File:Malta_-_Birzebbuga_-_Triq_Kalafrana_-_Freeport_centre_02_ies.jpg|Il-Monument tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.
File:Freeport, Malta.jpg
File:Malta - Birzebbuga - Triq Kalafrana - Freeport (Triq San Patrizju) 05 ies.jpg
</gallery>
== Referenzi ==
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[[Stampa:047.Freeport.jpg|daqsminuri|Veduta mill-ajru tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.]]
Il-'''Port Ħieles ta' Malta''' (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: ''Malta Freeport'') huwa port internazzjonali fil-gżira ta' [[Malta]] b'volum kummerċjali ta' 3.06 miljun TEUs fl-2015. Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa wieħed mill-iżjed portijiet bi traffiku kummerċjali fl-[[Ewropa]]. Il-port jinsab f'[[Birżebbuġa]] fix-Xlokk ta' Malta, fis-sit fejn qabel kien hemm il-bażi tal-inġenji tal-ajru tal-baħar magħrufa bħala RAF Kalafrana.
Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta ġie stabbilit fl-1988 u kien l-ewwel ċentru għat-trażbord fir-reġjun tal-[[Mediterran]]. Il-port attwalment hija kklassifikata fit-tnax-il post fost il-portijiet Ewropej ewlenin u huwa t-tielet l-ikbar ċentru tat-trażbord u tal-loġistika fir-reġjun tal-Mediterran. Iktar minn 95 % tat-traffiku tal-kontejners tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa trażbord kummerċjali u t-tkabbir fid-domanda wassal għal diversi finanzjamenti u bidliet fis-sjieda tiegħu.
Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa t-tielet l-ikbar port tat-trażbord fil-Mediterran. Tħejjew ukoll pjanijiet biex fil-futur il-port ikompli jitkabbar, sabiex it-tul tal-mollijiet tiegħu fiż-żewġ terminals jiżdied mit-tul operazzjonali attwali ta' 2.2 kilometri għal iktar minn 3 kilometri u biex l-erja totali tiżdied minn 680,000 m<sup>2</sup> għal 790,000 m<sup>2</sup> (0.79 km<sup>2</sup>).
== Gallerija ==
<gallery widths="140px" heights="145px">
File:Malta - Birzebbuga - Triq Kalafrana - Freeport centre 05 ies.jpg|Iċ-ċentru tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.
File:Malta_-_Birzebbuga_-_Triq_Kalafrana_-_Freeport_centre_02_ies.jpg|Il-Monument tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.
File:Freeport, Malta.jpg
File:Malta - Birzebbuga - Triq Kalafrana - Freeport (Triq San Patrizju) 05 ies.jpg
</gallery>
== Referenzi ==
[[Kategorija:Portijiet ta' Malta]]
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[[Stampa:047.Freeport.jpg|daqsminuri|Veduta mill-ajru tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.]]
Il-'''Port Ħieles ta' Malta''' (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: ''Malta Freeport'') huwa port internazzjonali fil-gżira ta' [[Malta]] b'volum kummerċjali ta' 3.06 miljun TEUs fl-2015.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.maltafreeport.com.mt/content.aspx?id=107940|titlu=Container Terminals, Traffic.|kunjom=Studios|isem=ICON|sit=www.maltafreeport.com.mt|data-aċċess=}}</ref> Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa wieħed mill-iżjed portijiet bi traffiku kummerċjali fl-[[Ewropa]]. Il-port jinsab f'[[Birżebbuġa]] fix-Xlokk ta' Malta, fis-sit fejn qabel kien hemm il-bażi tal-inġenji tal-ajru tal-baħar magħrufa bħala RAF Kalafrana.
Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta ġie stabbilit fl-1988 u kien l-ewwel ċentru għat-trażbord fir-reġjun tal-[[Mediterran]]. Il-port attwalment hija kklassifikata fit-tnax-il post fost il-portijiet Ewropej ewlenin u huwa t-tielet l-ikbar ċentru tat-trażbord u tal-loġistika fir-reġjun tal-Mediterran. Iktar minn 95 % tat-traffiku tal-kontejners tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa trażbord kummerċjali u t-tkabbir fid-domanda wassal għal diversi finanzjamenti u bidliet fis-sjieda tiegħu.
Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa t-tielet l-ikbar port tat-trażbord fil-Mediterran. Tħejjew ukoll pjanijiet biex fil-futur il-port ikompli jitkabbar, sabiex it-tul tal-mollijiet tiegħu fiż-żewġ terminals jiżdied mit-tul operazzjonali attwali ta' 2.2 kilometri għal iktar minn 3 kilometri u biex l-erja totali tiżdied minn 680,000 m<sup>2</sup> għal 790,000 m<sup>2</sup> (0.79 km<sup>2</sup>).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.maltafreeport.com.mt/freeport/content.aspx?id=107934|titlu=Malta Freeport.|kunjom=Studios|isem=ICON|sit=www.maltafreeport.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref>
== Gallerija ==
<gallery widths="140px" heights="145px">
File:Malta - Birzebbuga - Triq Kalafrana - Freeport centre 05 ies.jpg|Iċ-ċentru tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.
File:Malta_-_Birzebbuga_-_Triq_Kalafrana_-_Freeport_centre_02_ies.jpg|Il-Monument tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.
File:Freeport, Malta.jpg
File:Malta - Birzebbuga - Triq Kalafrana - Freeport (Triq San Patrizju) 05 ies.jpg
</gallery>
== Referenzi ==
[[Kategorija:Portijiet ta' Malta]]
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[[Stampa:047.Freeport.jpg|daqsminuri|Veduta mill-ajru tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.]]
Il-'''Port Ħieles ta' Malta''' (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: ''Malta Freeport'') huwa port internazzjonali fil-gżira ta' [[Malta]] b'volum kummerċjali ta' 3.06 miljun TEUs fl-2015.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.maltafreeport.com.mt/content.aspx?id=107940|titlu=Container Terminals, Traffic.|kunjom=Studios|isem=ICON|sit=www.maltafreeport.com.mt|data-aċċess=}}</ref> Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa wieħed mill-iżjed portijiet bi traffiku kummerċjali fl-[[Ewropa]]. Il-port jinsab f'[[Birżebbuġa]] fix-Xlokk ta' Malta, fis-sit fejn qabel kien hemm il-bażi tal-inġenji tal-ajru tal-baħar magħrufa bħala RAF Kalafrana.
Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta ġie stabbilit fl-1988 u kien l-ewwel ċentru għat-trażbord fir-reġjun tal-[[Mediterran]]. Il-port attwalment hija kklassifikata fit-tnax-il post fost il-portijiet Ewropej ewlenin u huwa t-tielet l-ikbar ċentru tat-trażbord u tal-loġistika fir-reġjun tal-Mediterran. Iktar minn 95 % tat-traffiku tal-kontejners tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa trażbord kummerċjali u t-tkabbir fid-domanda wassal għal diversi finanzjamenti u bidliet fis-sjieda tiegħu.
Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa t-tielet l-ikbar port tat-trażbord fil-Mediterran. Tħejjew ukoll pjanijiet biex fil-futur il-port ikompli jitkabbar, sabiex it-tul tal-mollijiet tiegħu fiż-żewġ terminals jiżdied mit-tul operazzjonali attwali ta' 2.2 kilometri għal iktar minn 3 kilometri u biex l-erja totali tiżdied minn 680,000 m<sup>2</sup> għal 790,000 m<sup>2</sup> (0.79 km<sup>2</sup>).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.maltafreeport.com.mt/freeport/content.aspx?id=107934|titlu=Malta Freeport.|kunjom=Studios|isem=ICON|sit=www.maltafreeport.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref>
== Gallerija ==
<gallery widths="140px" heights="145px">
File:Malta - Birzebbuga - Triq Kalafrana - Freeport centre 05 ies.jpg|Iċ-ċentru tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.
File:Malta_-_Birzebbuga_-_Triq_Kalafrana_-_Freeport_centre_02_ies.jpg|Il-[[Monument]] tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.
File:Freeport, Malta.jpg
File:Malta - Birzebbuga - Triq Kalafrana - Freeport (Triq San Patrizju) 05 ies.jpg
</gallery>
== Referenzi ==
[[Kategorija:Portijiet ta' Malta]]
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[[Stampa:047.Freeport.jpg|daqsminuri|Veduta mill-ajru tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.]]
Il-'''Port Ħieles ta' Malta''' (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: ''Malta Freeport'') huwa port internazzjonali fil-gżira ta' [[Malta]] b'volum kummerċjali ta' 3.06 miljun TEUs fl-2015.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.maltafreeport.com.mt/content.aspx?id=107940|titlu=Container Terminals, Traffic.|kunjom=Studios|isem=ICON|sit=www.maltafreeport.com.mt|data-aċċess=}}</ref> Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa wieħed mill-iżjed portijiet bi traffiku kummerċjali fl-[[Ewropa]]. Il-port jinsab f'[[Birżebbuġa]] fix-Xlokk ta' Malta, fis-sit fejn qabel kien hemm il-bażi tal-inġenji tal-ajru tal-baħar magħrufa bħala RAF Kalafrana.
Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta ġie stabbilit fl-1988 u kien l-ewwel ċentru għat-trażbord fir-reġjun tal-[[Mediterran]]. Il-port attwalment hija kklassifikata fit-tnax-il post fost il-portijiet Ewropej ewlenin u huwa t-tielet l-ikbar ċentru tat-trażbord u tal-loġistika fir-reġjun tal-Mediterran. Iktar minn 95 % tat-traffiku tal-kontejners tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa trażbord kummerċjali u t-tkabbir fid-domanda wassal għal diversi finanzjamenti u bidliet fis-sjieda tiegħu.
Il-Port Ħieles ta' Malta huwa t-tielet l-ikbar port tat-trażbord fil-Mediterran. Tħejjew ukoll pjanijiet biex fil-futur il-port ikompli jitkabbar, sabiex it-tul tal-mollijiet tiegħu fiż-żewġ terminals jiżdied mit-tul operazzjonali attwali ta' 2.2 kilometri għal iktar minn 3 kilometri u biex l-erja totali tiżdied minn 680,000 m<sup>2</sup> għal 790,000 m<sup>2</sup> (0.79 km<sup>2</sup>).<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.maltafreeport.com.mt/freeport/content.aspx?id=107934|titlu=Malta Freeport.|kunjom=Studios|isem=ICON|sit=www.maltafreeport.com.mt|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref>
== Gallerija ==
<gallery widths="140px" heights="145px">
File:Malta - Birzebbuga - Triq Kalafrana - Freeport centre 05 ies.jpg|Iċ-ċentru tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.
File:Malta_-_Birzebbuga_-_Triq_Kalafrana_-_Freeport_centre_02_ies.jpg|Il-[[Monument]] tal-Port Ħieles ta' Malta.
File:Freeport, Malta.jpg
File:Malta - Birzebbuga - Triq Kalafrana - Freeport (Triq San Patrizju) 05 ies.jpg
</gallery>
== Referenzi ==
[[Kategorija:Portijiet ta' Malta]]
[[Kategorija:Birżebbuġa]]
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Il-'''Mużew Brittaniku''' (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: ''British Museum'') huwa [[mużew]] pubbliku tal-[[Storja|istorja]], tal-[[arti]] u tal-[[kultura]] tal-[[bniedem]] u jinsab fl-inħawi ta' Bloomsbury, [[Londra]], ir-[[Renju Unit]]. Il-kollezzjoni permanenti tiegħu ta' tmien miljun oġġett hija l-ikbar waħda fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]]. Il-mużew jiddokumenta l-istorja tal-kultura umana mill-bidu nett tagħha sal-preżent. Il-Mużew Brittaniku ġie stabbilit fl-1753 u kien l-ewwel mużew nazzjonali pubbliku fid-dinja. Fl-2025 il-mużew laqa' 6,440,120 viżitatur u kien it-tieni l-iżjed attrazzjoni li żaruha nies fir-Renju Unit.
Fil-bidu tiegħu, il-mużew kien ibbażat l-iktar fuq il-kollezzjonijiet tat-[[tabib]] u tax-xjenzat Brittaniku-[[Repubblika tal-Irlanda|Irlandiż]] Sir [[Hans Sloane]]. Il-mużew infetaħ għall-pubbliku fl-1759, f'Montagu House, fis-sit tal-binja attwali. It-tkabbir tal-mużew matul il-250 sena ta' wara fil-biċċa l-kbira kien frott il-kolonizzazzjoni Brittanika u rriżulta fil-ħolqien ta' diversi fergħat, indipendenti u mhux. L-ewwel waħda fosthom kienet il-Mużew tal-Istorja Naturali fl-1881. Uħud mill-iżjed akkwiżizzjonijiet magħrufa tal-mużew, bħall-[[Skultura|iskulturi]] tal-irħam [[Greċja antika|Griegi]] ta' Elgin u l-[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]] [[Eġittu tal-qedem|Eġizzjana]], ilhom soġġetti għal tilwim fit-tul u talbiet ta' ripatrijazzjoni.
Fl-1973, l-Att tal-Librerija Brittanika tal-1972 fired id-dipartiment tal-librerija mill-Mużew Brittaniku, iżda dan tal-aħħar baqa' jospita l-Librerija Brittanika sseparata minnu fl-istess Sala tal-Qari u fl-istess binja tal-mużew sal-1997. Il-mużew huwa korp pubbliku mhux dipartimentali sponsorjat mid-Dipartiment tal-Kultura, il-Midja u l-[[Sport|Isport]]. Bħall-mużewijiet nazzjonali kollha tar-Renju Unit, ma jimponi l-ebda miżata tad-dħul għajr għall-wirjiet temporanji.
== Storja ==
=== Sir Hans Sloane ===
Although today principally a museum of cultural art objects and antiquities, the British Museum was founded as a "universal museum". Its foundations lie in the will of the Anglo-Irish physician and naturalist Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), a London-based doctor and scientist from Ulster. During the course of his lifetime, and particularly after he married the widow of a wealthy Jamaican planter, Sloane gathered a large collection of curiosities, and not wishing to see his collection broken up after death he bequeathed it to King George II, for the nation, for a sum of £20,000 (equivalent to £3,834,052 in 2025) to be paid to his heirs by Parliament—intentionally far less than the estimated value of the artefacts, contemporarily estimated at £50,000 (equivalent to £9,585,130 in 2025) or more according to some sources, and up to £80,000 (equivalent to £15,336,208 in 2025) or more by others.
At that time, Sloane's collection consisted of around 71,000 objects of all kinds including some 40,000 printed books, 7,000 manuscripts, extensive natural history specimens including 337 volumes of dried plants, prints and drawings including those by Albrecht Dürer and antiquities from Sudan, Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Ancient Near and Far East and the Americas.
=== Stabbiliment (1753) ===
On 7 June 1753, King George II gave his royal assent to the act of Parliament which established the British Museum. The British Museum Act 1753 also added two other libraries to the Sloane collection, namely the Cottonian Library, assembled by Sir Robert Cotton, dating back to Elizabethan times, and the Harleian Library, the collection of Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer. They were joined in 1757 by the "Old Royal Library", now the Royal manuscripts, assembled by various British monarchs. Together these four "foundation collections" included many of the most treasured books now in the British Library including the Lindisfarne Gospels and the sole surviving manuscript of ''Beowulf''.
The British Museum was the first of a new kind of museum – national, belonging to neither church nor king, freely open to the public and aiming to collect everything. Sloane's collection, while including a vast miscellany of objects, tended to reflect his scientific interests. The addition of the Cotton and Harley manuscripts introduced a literary and antiquarian element, and meant that the British Museum now became both National Museum and library.
=== Wirja tal-kurżitajiet (1753–1778) ===
The body of trustees decided on a converted 17th-century mansion, Montagu House, as a location for the museum, which it bought from the Montagu family for £20,000. The trustees rejected Buckingham House, which was later converted into the present day Buckingham Palace, on the grounds of cost and the unsuitability of its location.
With the acquisition of Montagu House, the first exhibition galleries and reading room for scholars opened on 15 January 1759. At this time, the largest parts of collection were the library, which took up the majority of the rooms on the ground floor and the natural history objects, which took up an entire wing on the first floor. In 1763, the trustees of the British Museum, under the influence of Peter Collinson and William Watson, employed the former student of Carl Linnaeus, Daniel Solander, to reclassify the natural history collection according to the Linnaean system, thereby making the museum a public centre of learning accessible to the full range of European natural historians. In 1823, George IV gave the King's Library assembled by George III, and Parliament gave the right to a copy of every book published in the country, thereby ensuring that the museum's library would expand indefinitely. During the few years after its foundation the British Museum received several further gifts, including the Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts and David Garrick's library of 1,000 printed plays. The predominance of natural history, books and manuscripts began to lessen when in 1772 the museum acquired for £8,410 its first significant antiquities in Sir William Hamilton's "first" collection of Greek vases.
=== Indolenza u enerġija (1778–1800) ===
From 1778, a display of objects from the South Seas brought back from the round-the-world voyages of Captain James Cook and the travels of other explorers fascinated visitors with a glimpse of previously unknown lands. The bequest of a collection of books, engraved gems, coins, prints and drawings by Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode in 1800 did much to raise the museum's reputation; but Montagu House became increasingly crowded and decrepit and it was apparent that it would be unable to cope with further expansion.
The museum's first notable addition towards its collection of antiquities, since its foundation, was by Sir William Hamilton (1730–1803), British Ambassador to Naples, who sold his collection of Greek and Roman artefacts to the museum in 1784 together with a number of other antiquities and natural history specimens. A list of donations to the museum, dated 31 January 1784, refers to the Hamilton bequest of a "Colossal Foot of an Apollo in Marble". It was one of two antiquities of Hamilton's collection drawn for him by Francesco Progenie, a pupil of Pietro Fabris, who also contributed a number of drawings of Mount Vesuvius sent by Hamilton to the Royal Society in London.
=== Tkabbir u bidliet (1800–1825) ===
In the early 19th century the foundations for the extensive collection of sculpture began to be laid and Greek, Roman and Egyptian artefacts dominated the antiquities displays. After the defeat of the French campaign in the Battle of the Nile, in 1801, the British Museum acquired more Egyptian sculptures and in 1802 King George III presented the Rosetta Stone – key to the deciphering of hieroglyphs. Gifts and purchases from Henry Salt, British consul general in Egypt, beginning with the Colossal bust of Ramesses II in 1818, laid the foundations of the collection of Egyptian Monumental Sculpture. Many Greek sculptures followed, notably the first purpose-built exhibition space, the Charles Towneley collection, much of it Roman sculpture, in 1805. In 1806, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1799 to 1803 removed the large collection of marble sculptures from the Parthenon, on the Acropolis of Athens and transferred them to the UK. In 1816 these masterpieces of western art were acquired by the British Museum by the British Museum Act 1816 (56 Geo. 3. c. 99) and deposited in the museum thereafter. The collections were supplemented by the Bassae frieze from Phigaleia, Greece in 1815. The Ancient Near Eastern collection also had its beginnings in 1825 with the purchase of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities from Mary Mackintosh Rich, the widow of Assyriologist Claudius James Rich.
In 1802 a buildings committee was set up to plan for expansion of the museum, and further highlighted by the donation in 1822 of the King's Library, personal library of King George III, comprising 65,000 volumes, 19,000 pamphlets, maps, charts and topographical drawings. The neoclassical architect, Sir Robert Smirke, was asked to draw up plans for an eastern extension to the museum "... for the reception of the Royal Library, and a Picture Gallery over it ..." and put forward plans for today's quadrangular building, much of which can be seen today. The dilapidated Old Montagu House was demolished and work on the King's Library Gallery began in 1823. The extension, the East Wing, was completed by 1831. However, following the founding of the National Gallery, London in 1824, the proposed Picture Gallery was no longer needed, and the space on the upper floor was given over to the Natural history collections.
The first Synopsis of the British Museum was published in 1808. This described the contents of the museum, and the display of objects room by room, and updated editions were published every few years.
=== L-ikbar sit tal-kostruzzjoni fl-Ewropa (1825–1850) ===
As Sir Robert Smirke's grand neo-classical building gradually arose, the museum became a construction site. The King's Library, on the ground floor of the East Wing, was handed over in 1827, and was described as one of the finest rooms in London. Although it was not fully open to the general public until 1857, special openings were arranged during The Great Exhibition of 1851.
In 1840, the museum became involved in its first overseas excavations, Charles Fellows's expedition to Xanthos, in Asia Minor, whence came remains of the tombs of the rulers of ancient Lycia, among them the Nereid and Payava monuments. In 1857, Charles Newton was to discover the 4th-century BC Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In the 1840s and 1850s the museum supported excavations in Assyria by A.H. Layard and others at sites such as Nimrud and Nineveh. Of particular interest to curators was the eventual discovery of Ashurbanipal's great library of cuneiform tablets, which helped to make the museum a focus for Assyrian studies.
Sir Thomas Grenville (1755–1846), a trustee of the British Museum from 1830, assembled a library of 20,240 volumes, which he left to the museum in his will. The books arrived in January 1847 in twenty-one horse-drawn vans. The only vacant space for this large library was a room originally intended for manuscripts, between the Front Entrance Hall and the Manuscript Saloon. The books remained here until the British Library moved to St Pancras in 1998.
=== Kollezzjoni minn madwar id-dinja (1850–1875) ===
The opening of the forecourt in 1852 marked the completion of Robert Smirke's 1823 plan, but already adjustments were having to be made to cope with the unforeseen growth of the collections. Infill galleries were constructed for Assyrian sculptures and Sydney Smirke's Round Reading Room, with space for a million books, opened in 1857. Because of continued pressure on space the decision was taken to move natural history to a new building in South Kensington, which would later become the British Museum of Natural History.
Roughly contemporary with the construction of the new building was the career of a man sometimes called the "second founder" of the British Museum, the Italian librarian Anthony Panizzi. Under his supervision, the British Museum Library (now part of the British Library) quintupled in size and became a well-organised institution worthy of being called a national library, the largest library in the world after the National Library of Paris. The quadrangle at the centre of Smirke's design proved to be a waste of valuable space and was filled at Panizzi's request by a circular Reading Room of cast iron, designed by Smirke's brother, Sydney Smirke.
Until the mid-19th century, the museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography. A real coup for the museum was the purchase in 1867, over French objections, of the Duke of Blacas's wide-ranging and valuable collection of antiquities. Overseas excavations continued and John Turtle Wood discovered the remains of the 4th century BC Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, another Wonder of the Ancient World.
=== Studji u legat (1875–1900) ===
The natural history collections were an integral part of the British Museum until their removal to the new British Museum of Natural History in 1887, nowadays the Natural History Museum in South Kensington. With the departure and the completion of the new White Wing (fronting Montague Street) in 1884, more space was available for antiquities and ethnography and the library could further expand. This was a time of innovation as electric lighting was introduced in the Reading Room and exhibition galleries.
The William Burges collection of armoury was bequeathed to the museum in 1881. In 1882, the museum was involved in the establishment of the independent Egypt Exploration Fund (now Society) the first British body to carry out research in Egypt. A bequest from Miss Emma Turner in 1892 financed excavations in Cyprus. In 1897 the death of the great collector and curator, A. W. Franks, was followed by an immense bequest of 3,300 finger rings, 153 drinking vessels, 512 pieces of continental porcelain, 1,500 netsuke, 850 inro, over 30,000 bookplates and miscellaneous items of jewellery and plate, among them the Oxus Treasure.
In 1898 Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild bequeathed the Waddesdon Bequest, the glittering contents from his New Smoking Room at Waddesdon Manor. This consisted of almost 300 pieces of ''objets d'art et de vertu'' which included exquisite examples of jewellery, plate, enamel, carvings, glass and maiolica, among them the Holy Thorn Reliquary, probably created in the 1390s in Paris for John, Duke of Berry. The collection was in the tradition of a ''Schatzkammer'' such as those formed by the Renaissance princes of Europe. Baron Ferdinand's will was most specific, and failure to observe the terms would make it void, the collection should be<blockquote>placed in a special room to be called the Waddesdon Bequest Room separate and apart from the other contents of the Museum and thenceforth for ever thereafter, keep the same in such room or in some other room to be substituted for it.</blockquote>These terms are still observed, and the collection occupies room 2a.
=== Seklu ġdid, binja ġdida (1900–1925) ===
By the last years of the 19th century, The British Museum's collections had increased to the extent that its building was no longer large enough. In 1895 the trustees purchased the 69 houses surrounding the museum with the intention of demolishing them and building around the west, north and east sides of the museum. The first stage was the construction of the northern wing beginning 1906.
All the while, the collections kept growing. Emil Torday collected in Central Africa, Aurel Stein in Central Asia, D. G. Hogarth, Leonard Woolley and T. E. Lawrence excavated at Carchemish. Around this time, the American collector and philanthropist J. Pierpont Morgan donated a substantial number of objects to the museum, including William Greenwell's collection of prehistoric artefacts from across Europe which he had purchased for £10,000 in 1908. Morgan had also acquired a major part of Sir John Evans's coin collection, which was later sold to the museum by his son J. P. Morgan Jr. in 1915. In 1918, because of the threat of wartime bombing, some objects were evacuated via the London Post Office Railway to Holborn, the National Library of Wales (Aberystwyth) and a country house near Malvern. On the return of antiquities from wartime storage in 1919 some objects were found to have deteriorated. A conservation laboratory was set up in May 1920 and became a permanent department in 1931. It is today the oldest in continuous existence. In 1923, the British Museum welcomed over one million visitors.
=== Tfixkil u rikostruzzjoni (1925–1950) ===
New mezzanine floors were constructed and book stacks rebuilt in an attempt to cope with the flood of books. In 1931, the art dealer Sir Joseph Duveen offered funds to build a gallery for the Parthenon sculptures. Designed by the American architect John Russell Pope, it was completed in 1938. The appearance of the exhibition galleries began to change as dark Victorian reds gave way to modern pastel shades.
Following the retirement of George Francis Hill as Director and Principal Librarian in 1936, he was succeeded by John Forsdyke.
As tensions with Nazi Germany developed and it appeared that war may be imminent Forsdyke came to the view that with the likelihood of far worse air-raids than that experienced in World War I that the museum had to make preparations to remove its most valuable items to secure locations. Following the Munich crisis Forsdyke ordered 3,300 No-Nail Boxes and stored them in the basement of the Duveen Gallery. At the same time he began identifying and securing suitable locations. As a result, the museum was able to quickly commence relocating selected items on 24 August 1939, (a mere day after the Home Secretary advised them to do so), to secure basements, country houses, Aldwych tube station and the National Library of Wales. Many items were relocated in early 1942 from their initial dispersal locations to a newly developed facility at Westwood Quarry in Wiltshire. The evacuation was timely, for in 1940 the Duveen Gallery was severely damaged by bombing. Meanwhile, prior to the war, the Nazis had sent a researcher to the British Museum for several years with the aim of "compiling an anti-Semitic history of Anglo-Jewry".
After the war, the museum continued to collect from all countries and all centuries: among the most spectacular additions were the 2600 BC Mesopotamian treasure from Ur, discovered during Leonard Woolley's 1922–34 excavations. Gold, silver and garnet grave goods from the Anglo-Saxon ship burial at Sutton Hoo (1939) and late Roman silver tableware from Mildenhall, Suffolk (1946). The immediate post-war years were taken up with the return of the collections from protection and the restoration of the museum after the Blitz. Work also began on restoring the damaged Duveen Gallery.
=== Bixra pubblika ġdida (1950–1975) ===
In 1953, the museum celebrated its bicentenary. Many changes followed: the first full-time in-house designer and publications officer were appointed in 1964, the Friends organisation was set up in 1968, an Education Service established in 1970 and publishing house in 1973. The British Museum Act 1963 introduced administrative reforms. It became easier to lend objects, the constitution of the board of trustees changed and the Natural History Museum became fully independent. By 1959 the Coins and Medals office suite, completely destroyed during the war, was rebuilt and re-opened, attention turned towards the gallery work with new tastes in design leading to the remodelling of Robert Smirke's Classical and Near Eastern galleries. In 1962 the Duveen Gallery was finally restored and the Parthenon Sculptures were moved back into it, once again at the heart of the museum.
By the 1970s, the museum was again expanding. More services for the public were introduced; visitor numbers soared, with the temporary exhibition "Treasures of Tutankhamun" in 1972, attracting 1,694,117 visitors, the most successful in British history. In the same year the British Library Act 1972 was passed, separating the collection of manuscripts and printed books from the British Museum. This left the museum with antiquities; coins, medals and paper money; prints and drawings; and ethnography. A pressing problem was finding space for additions to the library which now required an extra 1+<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> miles (2.0 km) of shelving each year. The government suggested a site at St Pancras for the new British Library but the books did not leave the museum until 1997.
=== Titfaċċa s-Sala l-Kbira (1975–2000) ===
The departure of the British Library to a new site at St Pancras, finally achieved in 1998, provided the space needed for the books. It also created the opportunity to redevelop the vacant space in Robert Smirke's 19th-century central quadrangle into the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court – the largest covered square in Europe – which opened in 2000. The ethnography collections, which had been housed in the short-lived Museum of Mankind at 6 Burlington Gardens from 1970, were returned to new purpose-built galleries in the museum in 2000.
The museum again readjusted its collecting policies as interest in "modern" objects: prints, drawings, medals and the decorative arts reawakened. Ethnographical fieldwork was carried out in places as diverse as New Guinea, Madagascar, Romania, Guatemala and Indonesia and there were excavations in the Near East, Egypt, Sudan and the UK. The Weston Gallery of Roman Britain, opened in 1997, displayed a number of recently discovered hoards which demonstrated the richness of what had been considered an unimportant part of the Roman Empire. The museum turned increasingly towards private funds for buildings, acquisitions and other purposes. In 2000, the British Museum was awarded National Heritage Museum of the Year.
=== Il-Mużew Brittaniku llum ===
Today the museum no longer houses collections of natural history, and the books and manuscripts it once held now form part of the independent British Library. The museum nevertheless preserves its universality in its collections of artefacts representing the cultures of the world, ancient and modern. The original 1753 collection has grown to over 13 million objects at the British Museum, 70 million at the Natural History Museum and 150 million at the British Library.
The Round Reading Room, which was designed by the architect Sydney Smirke, opened in 1857. For almost 150 years researchers came here to consult the museum's vast library. The Reading Room closed in 1997 when the national library (the British Library) moved to a new building at St Pancras. Today it has been transformed into the Walter and Leonore Annenberg Centre.
With the bookstacks in the central courtyard of the museum empty, the demolition for Lord Foster's glass-roofed Great Court could begin. The Great Court, opened in 2000, while undoubtedly improving circulation around the museum, was criticised for having a lack of exhibition space at a time when the museum was in serious financial difficulties and many galleries were closed to the public. At the same time the African collections that had been temporarily housed in 6 Burlington Gardens were given a new gallery in the North Wing funded by the Sainsbury family – with the donation valued at £25 million.
The museum's online database had nearly 4,500,000 individual object entries in 2,000,000 records at the start of 2023. In 2022–23 there were 27 million visits to the website. This compares with 19.5 millions website visits in 2013.
The museum received 6,440,120 visitors in 2025, making it the second most popular attraction after the Natural History Museum.
A number of films have been shot at the British Museum.
== Referenzi ==
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added [[Category:Mużewijiet]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]
330452
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Il-'''Mużew Brittaniku''' (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: ''British Museum'') huwa [[mużew]] pubbliku tal-[[Storja|istorja]], tal-[[arti]] u tal-[[kultura]] tal-[[bniedem]] u jinsab fl-inħawi ta' Bloomsbury, [[Londra]], ir-[[Renju Unit]]. Il-kollezzjoni permanenti tiegħu ta' tmien miljun oġġett hija l-ikbar waħda fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]]. Il-mużew jiddokumenta l-istorja tal-kultura umana mill-bidu nett tagħha sal-preżent. Il-Mużew Brittaniku ġie stabbilit fl-1753 u kien l-ewwel mużew nazzjonali pubbliku fid-dinja. Fl-2025 il-mużew laqa' 6,440,120 viżitatur u kien it-tieni l-iżjed attrazzjoni li żaruha nies fir-Renju Unit.
Fil-bidu tiegħu, il-mużew kien ibbażat l-iktar fuq il-kollezzjonijiet tat-[[tabib]] u tax-xjenzat Brittaniku-[[Repubblika tal-Irlanda|Irlandiż]] Sir [[Hans Sloane]]. Il-mużew infetaħ għall-pubbliku fl-1759, f'Montagu House, fis-sit tal-binja attwali. It-tkabbir tal-mużew matul il-250 sena ta' wara fil-biċċa l-kbira kien frott il-kolonizzazzjoni Brittanika u rriżulta fil-ħolqien ta' diversi fergħat, indipendenti u mhux. L-ewwel waħda fosthom kienet il-Mużew tal-Istorja Naturali fl-1881. Uħud mill-iżjed akkwiżizzjonijiet magħrufa tal-mużew, bħall-[[Skultura|iskulturi]] tal-irħam [[Greċja antika|Griegi]] ta' Elgin u l-[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]] [[Eġittu tal-qedem|Eġizzjana]], ilhom soġġetti għal tilwim fit-tul u talbiet ta' ripatrijazzjoni.
Fl-1973, l-Att tal-Librerija Brittanika tal-1972 fired id-dipartiment tal-librerija mill-Mużew Brittaniku, iżda dan tal-aħħar baqa' jospita l-Librerija Brittanika sseparata minnu fl-istess Sala tal-Qari u fl-istess binja tal-mużew sal-1997. Il-mużew huwa korp pubbliku mhux dipartimentali sponsorjat mid-Dipartiment tal-Kultura, il-Midja u l-[[Sport|Isport]]. Bħall-mużewijiet nazzjonali kollha tar-Renju Unit, ma jimponi l-ebda miżata tad-dħul għajr għall-wirjiet temporanji.
== Storja ==
=== Sir Hans Sloane ===
Although today principally a museum of cultural art objects and antiquities, the British Museum was founded as a "universal museum". Its foundations lie in the will of the Anglo-Irish physician and naturalist Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), a London-based doctor and scientist from Ulster. During the course of his lifetime, and particularly after he married the widow of a wealthy Jamaican planter, Sloane gathered a large collection of curiosities, and not wishing to see his collection broken up after death he bequeathed it to King George II, for the nation, for a sum of £20,000 (equivalent to £3,834,052 in 2025) to be paid to his heirs by Parliament—intentionally far less than the estimated value of the artefacts, contemporarily estimated at £50,000 (equivalent to £9,585,130 in 2025) or more according to some sources, and up to £80,000 (equivalent to £15,336,208 in 2025) or more by others.
At that time, Sloane's collection consisted of around 71,000 objects of all kinds including some 40,000 printed books, 7,000 manuscripts, extensive natural history specimens including 337 volumes of dried plants, prints and drawings including those by Albrecht Dürer and antiquities from Sudan, Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Ancient Near and Far East and the Americas.
=== Stabbiliment (1753) ===
On 7 June 1753, King George II gave his royal assent to the act of Parliament which established the British Museum. The British Museum Act 1753 also added two other libraries to the Sloane collection, namely the Cottonian Library, assembled by Sir Robert Cotton, dating back to Elizabethan times, and the Harleian Library, the collection of Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer. They were joined in 1757 by the "Old Royal Library", now the Royal manuscripts, assembled by various British monarchs. Together these four "foundation collections" included many of the most treasured books now in the British Library including the Lindisfarne Gospels and the sole surviving manuscript of ''Beowulf''.
The British Museum was the first of a new kind of museum – national, belonging to neither church nor king, freely open to the public and aiming to collect everything. Sloane's collection, while including a vast miscellany of objects, tended to reflect his scientific interests. The addition of the Cotton and Harley manuscripts introduced a literary and antiquarian element, and meant that the British Museum now became both National Museum and library.
=== Wirja tal-kurżitajiet (1753–1778) ===
The body of trustees decided on a converted 17th-century mansion, Montagu House, as a location for the museum, which it bought from the Montagu family for £20,000. The trustees rejected Buckingham House, which was later converted into the present day Buckingham Palace, on the grounds of cost and the unsuitability of its location.
With the acquisition of Montagu House, the first exhibition galleries and reading room for scholars opened on 15 January 1759. At this time, the largest parts of collection were the library, which took up the majority of the rooms on the ground floor and the natural history objects, which took up an entire wing on the first floor. In 1763, the trustees of the British Museum, under the influence of Peter Collinson and William Watson, employed the former student of Carl Linnaeus, Daniel Solander, to reclassify the natural history collection according to the Linnaean system, thereby making the museum a public centre of learning accessible to the full range of European natural historians. In 1823, George IV gave the King's Library assembled by George III, and Parliament gave the right to a copy of every book published in the country, thereby ensuring that the museum's library would expand indefinitely. During the few years after its foundation the British Museum received several further gifts, including the Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts and David Garrick's library of 1,000 printed plays. The predominance of natural history, books and manuscripts began to lessen when in 1772 the museum acquired for £8,410 its first significant antiquities in Sir William Hamilton's "first" collection of Greek vases.
=== Indolenza u enerġija (1778–1800) ===
From 1778, a display of objects from the South Seas brought back from the round-the-world voyages of Captain James Cook and the travels of other explorers fascinated visitors with a glimpse of previously unknown lands. The bequest of a collection of books, engraved gems, coins, prints and drawings by Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode in 1800 did much to raise the museum's reputation; but Montagu House became increasingly crowded and decrepit and it was apparent that it would be unable to cope with further expansion.
The museum's first notable addition towards its collection of antiquities, since its foundation, was by Sir William Hamilton (1730–1803), British Ambassador to Naples, who sold his collection of Greek and Roman artefacts to the museum in 1784 together with a number of other antiquities and natural history specimens. A list of donations to the museum, dated 31 January 1784, refers to the Hamilton bequest of a "Colossal Foot of an Apollo in Marble". It was one of two antiquities of Hamilton's collection drawn for him by Francesco Progenie, a pupil of Pietro Fabris, who also contributed a number of drawings of Mount Vesuvius sent by Hamilton to the Royal Society in London.
=== Tkabbir u bidliet (1800–1825) ===
In the early 19th century the foundations for the extensive collection of sculpture began to be laid and Greek, Roman and Egyptian artefacts dominated the antiquities displays. After the defeat of the French campaign in the Battle of the Nile, in 1801, the British Museum acquired more Egyptian sculptures and in 1802 King George III presented the Rosetta Stone – key to the deciphering of hieroglyphs. Gifts and purchases from Henry Salt, British consul general in Egypt, beginning with the Colossal bust of Ramesses II in 1818, laid the foundations of the collection of Egyptian Monumental Sculpture. Many Greek sculptures followed, notably the first purpose-built exhibition space, the Charles Towneley collection, much of it Roman sculpture, in 1805. In 1806, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1799 to 1803 removed the large collection of marble sculptures from the Parthenon, on the Acropolis of Athens and transferred them to the UK. In 1816 these masterpieces of western art were acquired by the British Museum by the British Museum Act 1816 (56 Geo. 3. c. 99) and deposited in the museum thereafter. The collections were supplemented by the Bassae frieze from Phigaleia, Greece in 1815. The Ancient Near Eastern collection also had its beginnings in 1825 with the purchase of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities from Mary Mackintosh Rich, the widow of Assyriologist Claudius James Rich.
In 1802 a buildings committee was set up to plan for expansion of the museum, and further highlighted by the donation in 1822 of the King's Library, personal library of King George III, comprising 65,000 volumes, 19,000 pamphlets, maps, charts and topographical drawings. The neoclassical architect, Sir Robert Smirke, was asked to draw up plans for an eastern extension to the museum "... for the reception of the Royal Library, and a Picture Gallery over it ..." and put forward plans for today's quadrangular building, much of which can be seen today. The dilapidated Old Montagu House was demolished and work on the King's Library Gallery began in 1823. The extension, the East Wing, was completed by 1831. However, following the founding of the National Gallery, London in 1824, the proposed Picture Gallery was no longer needed, and the space on the upper floor was given over to the Natural history collections.
The first Synopsis of the British Museum was published in 1808. This described the contents of the museum, and the display of objects room by room, and updated editions were published every few years.
=== L-ikbar sit tal-kostruzzjoni fl-Ewropa (1825–1850) ===
As Sir Robert Smirke's grand neo-classical building gradually arose, the museum became a construction site. The King's Library, on the ground floor of the East Wing, was handed over in 1827, and was described as one of the finest rooms in London. Although it was not fully open to the general public until 1857, special openings were arranged during The Great Exhibition of 1851.
In 1840, the museum became involved in its first overseas excavations, Charles Fellows's expedition to Xanthos, in Asia Minor, whence came remains of the tombs of the rulers of ancient Lycia, among them the Nereid and Payava monuments. In 1857, Charles Newton was to discover the 4th-century BC Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In the 1840s and 1850s the museum supported excavations in Assyria by A.H. Layard and others at sites such as Nimrud and Nineveh. Of particular interest to curators was the eventual discovery of Ashurbanipal's great library of cuneiform tablets, which helped to make the museum a focus for Assyrian studies.
Sir Thomas Grenville (1755–1846), a trustee of the British Museum from 1830, assembled a library of 20,240 volumes, which he left to the museum in his will. The books arrived in January 1847 in twenty-one horse-drawn vans. The only vacant space for this large library was a room originally intended for manuscripts, between the Front Entrance Hall and the Manuscript Saloon. The books remained here until the British Library moved to St Pancras in 1998.
=== Kollezzjoni minn madwar id-dinja (1850–1875) ===
The opening of the forecourt in 1852 marked the completion of Robert Smirke's 1823 plan, but already adjustments were having to be made to cope with the unforeseen growth of the collections. Infill galleries were constructed for Assyrian sculptures and Sydney Smirke's Round Reading Room, with space for a million books, opened in 1857. Because of continued pressure on space the decision was taken to move natural history to a new building in South Kensington, which would later become the British Museum of Natural History.
Roughly contemporary with the construction of the new building was the career of a man sometimes called the "second founder" of the British Museum, the Italian librarian Anthony Panizzi. Under his supervision, the British Museum Library (now part of the British Library) quintupled in size and became a well-organised institution worthy of being called a national library, the largest library in the world after the National Library of Paris. The quadrangle at the centre of Smirke's design proved to be a waste of valuable space and was filled at Panizzi's request by a circular Reading Room of cast iron, designed by Smirke's brother, Sydney Smirke.
Until the mid-19th century, the museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography. A real coup for the museum was the purchase in 1867, over French objections, of the Duke of Blacas's wide-ranging and valuable collection of antiquities. Overseas excavations continued and John Turtle Wood discovered the remains of the 4th century BC Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, another Wonder of the Ancient World.
=== Studji u legat (1875–1900) ===
The natural history collections were an integral part of the British Museum until their removal to the new British Museum of Natural History in 1887, nowadays the Natural History Museum in South Kensington. With the departure and the completion of the new White Wing (fronting Montague Street) in 1884, more space was available for antiquities and ethnography and the library could further expand. This was a time of innovation as electric lighting was introduced in the Reading Room and exhibition galleries.
The William Burges collection of armoury was bequeathed to the museum in 1881. In 1882, the museum was involved in the establishment of the independent Egypt Exploration Fund (now Society) the first British body to carry out research in Egypt. A bequest from Miss Emma Turner in 1892 financed excavations in Cyprus. In 1897 the death of the great collector and curator, A. W. Franks, was followed by an immense bequest of 3,300 finger rings, 153 drinking vessels, 512 pieces of continental porcelain, 1,500 netsuke, 850 inro, over 30,000 bookplates and miscellaneous items of jewellery and plate, among them the Oxus Treasure.
In 1898 Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild bequeathed the Waddesdon Bequest, the glittering contents from his New Smoking Room at Waddesdon Manor. This consisted of almost 300 pieces of ''objets d'art et de vertu'' which included exquisite examples of jewellery, plate, enamel, carvings, glass and maiolica, among them the Holy Thorn Reliquary, probably created in the 1390s in Paris for John, Duke of Berry. The collection was in the tradition of a ''Schatzkammer'' such as those formed by the Renaissance princes of Europe. Baron Ferdinand's will was most specific, and failure to observe the terms would make it void, the collection should be<blockquote>placed in a special room to be called the Waddesdon Bequest Room separate and apart from the other contents of the Museum and thenceforth for ever thereafter, keep the same in such room or in some other room to be substituted for it.</blockquote>These terms are still observed, and the collection occupies room 2a.
=== Seklu ġdid, binja ġdida (1900–1925) ===
By the last years of the 19th century, The British Museum's collections had increased to the extent that its building was no longer large enough. In 1895 the trustees purchased the 69 houses surrounding the museum with the intention of demolishing them and building around the west, north and east sides of the museum. The first stage was the construction of the northern wing beginning 1906.
All the while, the collections kept growing. Emil Torday collected in Central Africa, Aurel Stein in Central Asia, D. G. Hogarth, Leonard Woolley and T. E. Lawrence excavated at Carchemish. Around this time, the American collector and philanthropist J. Pierpont Morgan donated a substantial number of objects to the museum, including William Greenwell's collection of prehistoric artefacts from across Europe which he had purchased for £10,000 in 1908. Morgan had also acquired a major part of Sir John Evans's coin collection, which was later sold to the museum by his son J. P. Morgan Jr. in 1915. In 1918, because of the threat of wartime bombing, some objects were evacuated via the London Post Office Railway to Holborn, the National Library of Wales (Aberystwyth) and a country house near Malvern. On the return of antiquities from wartime storage in 1919 some objects were found to have deteriorated. A conservation laboratory was set up in May 1920 and became a permanent department in 1931. It is today the oldest in continuous existence. In 1923, the British Museum welcomed over one million visitors.
=== Tfixkil u rikostruzzjoni (1925–1950) ===
New mezzanine floors were constructed and book stacks rebuilt in an attempt to cope with the flood of books. In 1931, the art dealer Sir Joseph Duveen offered funds to build a gallery for the Parthenon sculptures. Designed by the American architect John Russell Pope, it was completed in 1938. The appearance of the exhibition galleries began to change as dark Victorian reds gave way to modern pastel shades.
Following the retirement of George Francis Hill as Director and Principal Librarian in 1936, he was succeeded by John Forsdyke.
As tensions with Nazi Germany developed and it appeared that war may be imminent Forsdyke came to the view that with the likelihood of far worse air-raids than that experienced in World War I that the museum had to make preparations to remove its most valuable items to secure locations. Following the Munich crisis Forsdyke ordered 3,300 No-Nail Boxes and stored them in the basement of the Duveen Gallery. At the same time he began identifying and securing suitable locations. As a result, the museum was able to quickly commence relocating selected items on 24 August 1939, (a mere day after the Home Secretary advised them to do so), to secure basements, country houses, Aldwych tube station and the National Library of Wales. Many items were relocated in early 1942 from their initial dispersal locations to a newly developed facility at Westwood Quarry in Wiltshire. The evacuation was timely, for in 1940 the Duveen Gallery was severely damaged by bombing. Meanwhile, prior to the war, the Nazis had sent a researcher to the British Museum for several years with the aim of "compiling an anti-Semitic history of Anglo-Jewry".
After the war, the museum continued to collect from all countries and all centuries: among the most spectacular additions were the 2600 BC Mesopotamian treasure from Ur, discovered during Leonard Woolley's 1922–34 excavations. Gold, silver and garnet grave goods from the Anglo-Saxon ship burial at Sutton Hoo (1939) and late Roman silver tableware from Mildenhall, Suffolk (1946). The immediate post-war years were taken up with the return of the collections from protection and the restoration of the museum after the Blitz. Work also began on restoring the damaged Duveen Gallery.
=== Bixra pubblika ġdida (1950–1975) ===
In 1953, the museum celebrated its bicentenary. Many changes followed: the first full-time in-house designer and publications officer were appointed in 1964, the Friends organisation was set up in 1968, an Education Service established in 1970 and publishing house in 1973. The British Museum Act 1963 introduced administrative reforms. It became easier to lend objects, the constitution of the board of trustees changed and the Natural History Museum became fully independent. By 1959 the Coins and Medals office suite, completely destroyed during the war, was rebuilt and re-opened, attention turned towards the gallery work with new tastes in design leading to the remodelling of Robert Smirke's Classical and Near Eastern galleries. In 1962 the Duveen Gallery was finally restored and the Parthenon Sculptures were moved back into it, once again at the heart of the museum.
By the 1970s, the museum was again expanding. More services for the public were introduced; visitor numbers soared, with the temporary exhibition "Treasures of Tutankhamun" in 1972, attracting 1,694,117 visitors, the most successful in British history. In the same year the British Library Act 1972 was passed, separating the collection of manuscripts and printed books from the British Museum. This left the museum with antiquities; coins, medals and paper money; prints and drawings; and ethnography. A pressing problem was finding space for additions to the library which now required an extra 1+<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> miles (2.0 km) of shelving each year. The government suggested a site at St Pancras for the new British Library but the books did not leave the museum until 1997.
=== Titfaċċa s-Sala l-Kbira (1975–2000) ===
The departure of the British Library to a new site at St Pancras, finally achieved in 1998, provided the space needed for the books. It also created the opportunity to redevelop the vacant space in Robert Smirke's 19th-century central quadrangle into the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court – the largest covered square in Europe – which opened in 2000. The ethnography collections, which had been housed in the short-lived Museum of Mankind at 6 Burlington Gardens from 1970, were returned to new purpose-built galleries in the museum in 2000.
The museum again readjusted its collecting policies as interest in "modern" objects: prints, drawings, medals and the decorative arts reawakened. Ethnographical fieldwork was carried out in places as diverse as New Guinea, Madagascar, Romania, Guatemala and Indonesia and there were excavations in the Near East, Egypt, Sudan and the UK. The Weston Gallery of Roman Britain, opened in 1997, displayed a number of recently discovered hoards which demonstrated the richness of what had been considered an unimportant part of the Roman Empire. The museum turned increasingly towards private funds for buildings, acquisitions and other purposes. In 2000, the British Museum was awarded National Heritage Museum of the Year.
=== Il-Mużew Brittaniku llum ===
Today the museum no longer houses collections of natural history, and the books and manuscripts it once held now form part of the independent British Library. The museum nevertheless preserves its universality in its collections of artefacts representing the cultures of the world, ancient and modern. The original 1753 collection has grown to over 13 million objects at the British Museum, 70 million at the Natural History Museum and 150 million at the British Library.
The Round Reading Room, which was designed by the architect Sydney Smirke, opened in 1857. For almost 150 years researchers came here to consult the museum's vast library. The Reading Room closed in 1997 when the national library (the British Library) moved to a new building at St Pancras. Today it has been transformed into the Walter and Leonore Annenberg Centre.
With the bookstacks in the central courtyard of the museum empty, the demolition for Lord Foster's glass-roofed Great Court could begin. The Great Court, opened in 2000, while undoubtedly improving circulation around the museum, was criticised for having a lack of exhibition space at a time when the museum was in serious financial difficulties and many galleries were closed to the public. At the same time the African collections that had been temporarily housed in 6 Burlington Gardens were given a new gallery in the North Wing funded by the Sainsbury family – with the donation valued at £25 million.
The museum's online database had nearly 4,500,000 individual object entries in 2,000,000 records at the start of 2023. In 2022–23 there were 27 million visits to the website. This compares with 19.5 millions website visits in 2013.
The museum received 6,440,120 visitors in 2025, making it the second most popular attraction after the Natural History Museum.
A number of films have been shot at the British Museum.
== Referenzi ==
[[Kategorija:Mużewijiet]]
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330453
330452
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17859
added [[Category:Renju Unit]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]
330453
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Il-'''Mużew Brittaniku''' (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: ''British Museum'') huwa [[mużew]] pubbliku tal-[[Storja|istorja]], tal-[[arti]] u tal-[[kultura]] tal-[[bniedem]] u jinsab fl-inħawi ta' Bloomsbury, [[Londra]], ir-[[Renju Unit]]. Il-kollezzjoni permanenti tiegħu ta' tmien miljun oġġett hija l-ikbar waħda fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]]. Il-mużew jiddokumenta l-istorja tal-kultura umana mill-bidu nett tagħha sal-preżent. Il-Mużew Brittaniku ġie stabbilit fl-1753 u kien l-ewwel mużew nazzjonali pubbliku fid-dinja. Fl-2025 il-mużew laqa' 6,440,120 viżitatur u kien it-tieni l-iżjed attrazzjoni li żaruha nies fir-Renju Unit.
Fil-bidu tiegħu, il-mużew kien ibbażat l-iktar fuq il-kollezzjonijiet tat-[[tabib]] u tax-xjenzat Brittaniku-[[Repubblika tal-Irlanda|Irlandiż]] Sir [[Hans Sloane]]. Il-mużew infetaħ għall-pubbliku fl-1759, f'Montagu House, fis-sit tal-binja attwali. It-tkabbir tal-mużew matul il-250 sena ta' wara fil-biċċa l-kbira kien frott il-kolonizzazzjoni Brittanika u rriżulta fil-ħolqien ta' diversi fergħat, indipendenti u mhux. L-ewwel waħda fosthom kienet il-Mużew tal-Istorja Naturali fl-1881. Uħud mill-iżjed akkwiżizzjonijiet magħrufa tal-mużew, bħall-[[Skultura|iskulturi]] tal-irħam [[Greċja antika|Griegi]] ta' Elgin u l-[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]] [[Eġittu tal-qedem|Eġizzjana]], ilhom soġġetti għal tilwim fit-tul u talbiet ta' ripatrijazzjoni.
Fl-1973, l-Att tal-Librerija Brittanika tal-1972 fired id-dipartiment tal-librerija mill-Mużew Brittaniku, iżda dan tal-aħħar baqa' jospita l-Librerija Brittanika sseparata minnu fl-istess Sala tal-Qari u fl-istess binja tal-mużew sal-1997. Il-mużew huwa korp pubbliku mhux dipartimentali sponsorjat mid-Dipartiment tal-Kultura, il-Midja u l-[[Sport|Isport]]. Bħall-mużewijiet nazzjonali kollha tar-Renju Unit, ma jimponi l-ebda miżata tad-dħul għajr għall-wirjiet temporanji.
== Storja ==
=== Sir Hans Sloane ===
Although today principally a museum of cultural art objects and antiquities, the British Museum was founded as a "universal museum". Its foundations lie in the will of the Anglo-Irish physician and naturalist Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), a London-based doctor and scientist from Ulster. During the course of his lifetime, and particularly after he married the widow of a wealthy Jamaican planter, Sloane gathered a large collection of curiosities, and not wishing to see his collection broken up after death he bequeathed it to King George II, for the nation, for a sum of £20,000 (equivalent to £3,834,052 in 2025) to be paid to his heirs by Parliament—intentionally far less than the estimated value of the artefacts, contemporarily estimated at £50,000 (equivalent to £9,585,130 in 2025) or more according to some sources, and up to £80,000 (equivalent to £15,336,208 in 2025) or more by others.
At that time, Sloane's collection consisted of around 71,000 objects of all kinds including some 40,000 printed books, 7,000 manuscripts, extensive natural history specimens including 337 volumes of dried plants, prints and drawings including those by Albrecht Dürer and antiquities from Sudan, Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Ancient Near and Far East and the Americas.
=== Stabbiliment (1753) ===
On 7 June 1753, King George II gave his royal assent to the act of Parliament which established the British Museum. The British Museum Act 1753 also added two other libraries to the Sloane collection, namely the Cottonian Library, assembled by Sir Robert Cotton, dating back to Elizabethan times, and the Harleian Library, the collection of Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer. They were joined in 1757 by the "Old Royal Library", now the Royal manuscripts, assembled by various British monarchs. Together these four "foundation collections" included many of the most treasured books now in the British Library including the Lindisfarne Gospels and the sole surviving manuscript of ''Beowulf''.
The British Museum was the first of a new kind of museum – national, belonging to neither church nor king, freely open to the public and aiming to collect everything. Sloane's collection, while including a vast miscellany of objects, tended to reflect his scientific interests. The addition of the Cotton and Harley manuscripts introduced a literary and antiquarian element, and meant that the British Museum now became both National Museum and library.
=== Wirja tal-kurżitajiet (1753–1778) ===
The body of trustees decided on a converted 17th-century mansion, Montagu House, as a location for the museum, which it bought from the Montagu family for £20,000. The trustees rejected Buckingham House, which was later converted into the present day Buckingham Palace, on the grounds of cost and the unsuitability of its location.
With the acquisition of Montagu House, the first exhibition galleries and reading room for scholars opened on 15 January 1759. At this time, the largest parts of collection were the library, which took up the majority of the rooms on the ground floor and the natural history objects, which took up an entire wing on the first floor. In 1763, the trustees of the British Museum, under the influence of Peter Collinson and William Watson, employed the former student of Carl Linnaeus, Daniel Solander, to reclassify the natural history collection according to the Linnaean system, thereby making the museum a public centre of learning accessible to the full range of European natural historians. In 1823, George IV gave the King's Library assembled by George III, and Parliament gave the right to a copy of every book published in the country, thereby ensuring that the museum's library would expand indefinitely. During the few years after its foundation the British Museum received several further gifts, including the Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts and David Garrick's library of 1,000 printed plays. The predominance of natural history, books and manuscripts began to lessen when in 1772 the museum acquired for £8,410 its first significant antiquities in Sir William Hamilton's "first" collection of Greek vases.
=== Indolenza u enerġija (1778–1800) ===
From 1778, a display of objects from the South Seas brought back from the round-the-world voyages of Captain James Cook and the travels of other explorers fascinated visitors with a glimpse of previously unknown lands. The bequest of a collection of books, engraved gems, coins, prints and drawings by Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode in 1800 did much to raise the museum's reputation; but Montagu House became increasingly crowded and decrepit and it was apparent that it would be unable to cope with further expansion.
The museum's first notable addition towards its collection of antiquities, since its foundation, was by Sir William Hamilton (1730–1803), British Ambassador to Naples, who sold his collection of Greek and Roman artefacts to the museum in 1784 together with a number of other antiquities and natural history specimens. A list of donations to the museum, dated 31 January 1784, refers to the Hamilton bequest of a "Colossal Foot of an Apollo in Marble". It was one of two antiquities of Hamilton's collection drawn for him by Francesco Progenie, a pupil of Pietro Fabris, who also contributed a number of drawings of Mount Vesuvius sent by Hamilton to the Royal Society in London.
=== Tkabbir u bidliet (1800–1825) ===
In the early 19th century the foundations for the extensive collection of sculpture began to be laid and Greek, Roman and Egyptian artefacts dominated the antiquities displays. After the defeat of the French campaign in the Battle of the Nile, in 1801, the British Museum acquired more Egyptian sculptures and in 1802 King George III presented the Rosetta Stone – key to the deciphering of hieroglyphs. Gifts and purchases from Henry Salt, British consul general in Egypt, beginning with the Colossal bust of Ramesses II in 1818, laid the foundations of the collection of Egyptian Monumental Sculpture. Many Greek sculptures followed, notably the first purpose-built exhibition space, the Charles Towneley collection, much of it Roman sculpture, in 1805. In 1806, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1799 to 1803 removed the large collection of marble sculptures from the Parthenon, on the Acropolis of Athens and transferred them to the UK. In 1816 these masterpieces of western art were acquired by the British Museum by the British Museum Act 1816 (56 Geo. 3. c. 99) and deposited in the museum thereafter. The collections were supplemented by the Bassae frieze from Phigaleia, Greece in 1815. The Ancient Near Eastern collection also had its beginnings in 1825 with the purchase of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities from Mary Mackintosh Rich, the widow of Assyriologist Claudius James Rich.
In 1802 a buildings committee was set up to plan for expansion of the museum, and further highlighted by the donation in 1822 of the King's Library, personal library of King George III, comprising 65,000 volumes, 19,000 pamphlets, maps, charts and topographical drawings. The neoclassical architect, Sir Robert Smirke, was asked to draw up plans for an eastern extension to the museum "... for the reception of the Royal Library, and a Picture Gallery over it ..." and put forward plans for today's quadrangular building, much of which can be seen today. The dilapidated Old Montagu House was demolished and work on the King's Library Gallery began in 1823. The extension, the East Wing, was completed by 1831. However, following the founding of the National Gallery, London in 1824, the proposed Picture Gallery was no longer needed, and the space on the upper floor was given over to the Natural history collections.
The first Synopsis of the British Museum was published in 1808. This described the contents of the museum, and the display of objects room by room, and updated editions were published every few years.
=== L-ikbar sit tal-kostruzzjoni fl-Ewropa (1825–1850) ===
As Sir Robert Smirke's grand neo-classical building gradually arose, the museum became a construction site. The King's Library, on the ground floor of the East Wing, was handed over in 1827, and was described as one of the finest rooms in London. Although it was not fully open to the general public until 1857, special openings were arranged during The Great Exhibition of 1851.
In 1840, the museum became involved in its first overseas excavations, Charles Fellows's expedition to Xanthos, in Asia Minor, whence came remains of the tombs of the rulers of ancient Lycia, among them the Nereid and Payava monuments. In 1857, Charles Newton was to discover the 4th-century BC Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In the 1840s and 1850s the museum supported excavations in Assyria by A.H. Layard and others at sites such as Nimrud and Nineveh. Of particular interest to curators was the eventual discovery of Ashurbanipal's great library of cuneiform tablets, which helped to make the museum a focus for Assyrian studies.
Sir Thomas Grenville (1755–1846), a trustee of the British Museum from 1830, assembled a library of 20,240 volumes, which he left to the museum in his will. The books arrived in January 1847 in twenty-one horse-drawn vans. The only vacant space for this large library was a room originally intended for manuscripts, between the Front Entrance Hall and the Manuscript Saloon. The books remained here until the British Library moved to St Pancras in 1998.
=== Kollezzjoni minn madwar id-dinja (1850–1875) ===
The opening of the forecourt in 1852 marked the completion of Robert Smirke's 1823 plan, but already adjustments were having to be made to cope with the unforeseen growth of the collections. Infill galleries were constructed for Assyrian sculptures and Sydney Smirke's Round Reading Room, with space for a million books, opened in 1857. Because of continued pressure on space the decision was taken to move natural history to a new building in South Kensington, which would later become the British Museum of Natural History.
Roughly contemporary with the construction of the new building was the career of a man sometimes called the "second founder" of the British Museum, the Italian librarian Anthony Panizzi. Under his supervision, the British Museum Library (now part of the British Library) quintupled in size and became a well-organised institution worthy of being called a national library, the largest library in the world after the National Library of Paris. The quadrangle at the centre of Smirke's design proved to be a waste of valuable space and was filled at Panizzi's request by a circular Reading Room of cast iron, designed by Smirke's brother, Sydney Smirke.
Until the mid-19th century, the museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography. A real coup for the museum was the purchase in 1867, over French objections, of the Duke of Blacas's wide-ranging and valuable collection of antiquities. Overseas excavations continued and John Turtle Wood discovered the remains of the 4th century BC Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, another Wonder of the Ancient World.
=== Studji u legat (1875–1900) ===
The natural history collections were an integral part of the British Museum until their removal to the new British Museum of Natural History in 1887, nowadays the Natural History Museum in South Kensington. With the departure and the completion of the new White Wing (fronting Montague Street) in 1884, more space was available for antiquities and ethnography and the library could further expand. This was a time of innovation as electric lighting was introduced in the Reading Room and exhibition galleries.
The William Burges collection of armoury was bequeathed to the museum in 1881. In 1882, the museum was involved in the establishment of the independent Egypt Exploration Fund (now Society) the first British body to carry out research in Egypt. A bequest from Miss Emma Turner in 1892 financed excavations in Cyprus. In 1897 the death of the great collector and curator, A. W. Franks, was followed by an immense bequest of 3,300 finger rings, 153 drinking vessels, 512 pieces of continental porcelain, 1,500 netsuke, 850 inro, over 30,000 bookplates and miscellaneous items of jewellery and plate, among them the Oxus Treasure.
In 1898 Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild bequeathed the Waddesdon Bequest, the glittering contents from his New Smoking Room at Waddesdon Manor. This consisted of almost 300 pieces of ''objets d'art et de vertu'' which included exquisite examples of jewellery, plate, enamel, carvings, glass and maiolica, among them the Holy Thorn Reliquary, probably created in the 1390s in Paris for John, Duke of Berry. The collection was in the tradition of a ''Schatzkammer'' such as those formed by the Renaissance princes of Europe. Baron Ferdinand's will was most specific, and failure to observe the terms would make it void, the collection should be<blockquote>placed in a special room to be called the Waddesdon Bequest Room separate and apart from the other contents of the Museum and thenceforth for ever thereafter, keep the same in such room or in some other room to be substituted for it.</blockquote>These terms are still observed, and the collection occupies room 2a.
=== Seklu ġdid, binja ġdida (1900–1925) ===
By the last years of the 19th century, The British Museum's collections had increased to the extent that its building was no longer large enough. In 1895 the trustees purchased the 69 houses surrounding the museum with the intention of demolishing them and building around the west, north and east sides of the museum. The first stage was the construction of the northern wing beginning 1906.
All the while, the collections kept growing. Emil Torday collected in Central Africa, Aurel Stein in Central Asia, D. G. Hogarth, Leonard Woolley and T. E. Lawrence excavated at Carchemish. Around this time, the American collector and philanthropist J. Pierpont Morgan donated a substantial number of objects to the museum, including William Greenwell's collection of prehistoric artefacts from across Europe which he had purchased for £10,000 in 1908. Morgan had also acquired a major part of Sir John Evans's coin collection, which was later sold to the museum by his son J. P. Morgan Jr. in 1915. In 1918, because of the threat of wartime bombing, some objects were evacuated via the London Post Office Railway to Holborn, the National Library of Wales (Aberystwyth) and a country house near Malvern. On the return of antiquities from wartime storage in 1919 some objects were found to have deteriorated. A conservation laboratory was set up in May 1920 and became a permanent department in 1931. It is today the oldest in continuous existence. In 1923, the British Museum welcomed over one million visitors.
=== Tfixkil u rikostruzzjoni (1925–1950) ===
New mezzanine floors were constructed and book stacks rebuilt in an attempt to cope with the flood of books. In 1931, the art dealer Sir Joseph Duveen offered funds to build a gallery for the Parthenon sculptures. Designed by the American architect John Russell Pope, it was completed in 1938. The appearance of the exhibition galleries began to change as dark Victorian reds gave way to modern pastel shades.
Following the retirement of George Francis Hill as Director and Principal Librarian in 1936, he was succeeded by John Forsdyke.
As tensions with Nazi Germany developed and it appeared that war may be imminent Forsdyke came to the view that with the likelihood of far worse air-raids than that experienced in World War I that the museum had to make preparations to remove its most valuable items to secure locations. Following the Munich crisis Forsdyke ordered 3,300 No-Nail Boxes and stored them in the basement of the Duveen Gallery. At the same time he began identifying and securing suitable locations. As a result, the museum was able to quickly commence relocating selected items on 24 August 1939, (a mere day after the Home Secretary advised them to do so), to secure basements, country houses, Aldwych tube station and the National Library of Wales. Many items were relocated in early 1942 from their initial dispersal locations to a newly developed facility at Westwood Quarry in Wiltshire. The evacuation was timely, for in 1940 the Duveen Gallery was severely damaged by bombing. Meanwhile, prior to the war, the Nazis had sent a researcher to the British Museum for several years with the aim of "compiling an anti-Semitic history of Anglo-Jewry".
After the war, the museum continued to collect from all countries and all centuries: among the most spectacular additions were the 2600 BC Mesopotamian treasure from Ur, discovered during Leonard Woolley's 1922–34 excavations. Gold, silver and garnet grave goods from the Anglo-Saxon ship burial at Sutton Hoo (1939) and late Roman silver tableware from Mildenhall, Suffolk (1946). The immediate post-war years were taken up with the return of the collections from protection and the restoration of the museum after the Blitz. Work also began on restoring the damaged Duveen Gallery.
=== Bixra pubblika ġdida (1950–1975) ===
In 1953, the museum celebrated its bicentenary. Many changes followed: the first full-time in-house designer and publications officer were appointed in 1964, the Friends organisation was set up in 1968, an Education Service established in 1970 and publishing house in 1973. The British Museum Act 1963 introduced administrative reforms. It became easier to lend objects, the constitution of the board of trustees changed and the Natural History Museum became fully independent. By 1959 the Coins and Medals office suite, completely destroyed during the war, was rebuilt and re-opened, attention turned towards the gallery work with new tastes in design leading to the remodelling of Robert Smirke's Classical and Near Eastern galleries. In 1962 the Duveen Gallery was finally restored and the Parthenon Sculptures were moved back into it, once again at the heart of the museum.
By the 1970s, the museum was again expanding. More services for the public were introduced; visitor numbers soared, with the temporary exhibition "Treasures of Tutankhamun" in 1972, attracting 1,694,117 visitors, the most successful in British history. In the same year the British Library Act 1972 was passed, separating the collection of manuscripts and printed books from the British Museum. This left the museum with antiquities; coins, medals and paper money; prints and drawings; and ethnography. A pressing problem was finding space for additions to the library which now required an extra 1+<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> miles (2.0 km) of shelving each year. The government suggested a site at St Pancras for the new British Library but the books did not leave the museum until 1997.
=== Titfaċċa s-Sala l-Kbira (1975–2000) ===
The departure of the British Library to a new site at St Pancras, finally achieved in 1998, provided the space needed for the books. It also created the opportunity to redevelop the vacant space in Robert Smirke's 19th-century central quadrangle into the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court – the largest covered square in Europe – which opened in 2000. The ethnography collections, which had been housed in the short-lived Museum of Mankind at 6 Burlington Gardens from 1970, were returned to new purpose-built galleries in the museum in 2000.
The museum again readjusted its collecting policies as interest in "modern" objects: prints, drawings, medals and the decorative arts reawakened. Ethnographical fieldwork was carried out in places as diverse as New Guinea, Madagascar, Romania, Guatemala and Indonesia and there were excavations in the Near East, Egypt, Sudan and the UK. The Weston Gallery of Roman Britain, opened in 1997, displayed a number of recently discovered hoards which demonstrated the richness of what had been considered an unimportant part of the Roman Empire. The museum turned increasingly towards private funds for buildings, acquisitions and other purposes. In 2000, the British Museum was awarded National Heritage Museum of the Year.
=== Il-Mużew Brittaniku llum ===
Today the museum no longer houses collections of natural history, and the books and manuscripts it once held now form part of the independent British Library. The museum nevertheless preserves its universality in its collections of artefacts representing the cultures of the world, ancient and modern. The original 1753 collection has grown to over 13 million objects at the British Museum, 70 million at the Natural History Museum and 150 million at the British Library.
The Round Reading Room, which was designed by the architect Sydney Smirke, opened in 1857. For almost 150 years researchers came here to consult the museum's vast library. The Reading Room closed in 1997 when the national library (the British Library) moved to a new building at St Pancras. Today it has been transformed into the Walter and Leonore Annenberg Centre.
With the bookstacks in the central courtyard of the museum empty, the demolition for Lord Foster's glass-roofed Great Court could begin. The Great Court, opened in 2000, while undoubtedly improving circulation around the museum, was criticised for having a lack of exhibition space at a time when the museum was in serious financial difficulties and many galleries were closed to the public. At the same time the African collections that had been temporarily housed in 6 Burlington Gardens were given a new gallery in the North Wing funded by the Sainsbury family – with the donation valued at £25 million.
The museum's online database had nearly 4,500,000 individual object entries in 2,000,000 records at the start of 2023. In 2022–23 there were 27 million visits to the website. This compares with 19.5 millions website visits in 2013.
The museum received 6,440,120 visitors in 2025, making it the second most popular attraction after the Natural History Museum.
A number of films have been shot at the British Museum.
== Referenzi ==
[[Kategorija:Mużewijiet]]
[[Kategorija:Renju Unit]]
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[[Stampa:British Museum (aerial).jpg|daqsminuri|Veduta mill-ajru tal-Mużew Brittaniku.]]
Il-'''Mużew Brittaniku''' (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: ''British Museum'') huwa [[mużew]] pubbliku tal-[[Storja|istorja]], tal-[[arti]] u tal-[[kultura]] tal-[[bniedem]] u jinsab fl-inħawi ta' Bloomsbury, [[Londra]], ir-[[Renju Unit]]. Il-kollezzjoni permanenti tiegħu ta' tmien miljun oġġett hija l-ikbar waħda fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Discovery|isem=RSM|titlu=Ranking The World's Most Admired Art Museums, And What Big Business Can Learn From Them|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rsmdiscovery/2017/10/30/ranking-the-worlds-most-admired-art-museums-and-what-big-business-can-learn-from-them/?sh=1f0cee263b33|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref> Il-mużew jiddokumenta l-istorja tal-kultura umana mill-bidu nett tagħha sal-preżent. Il-Mużew Brittaniku ġie stabbilit fl-1753 u kien l-ewwel mużew nazzjonali pubbliku fid-dinja.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/the_museums_story/general_history.aspx|titlu=British Museum - General history|sit=www.britishmuseum.org|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref> Fl-2025 il-mużew laqa' 6,440,120 viżitatur u kien it-tieni l-iżjed attrazzjoni li żaruha nies fir-Renju Unit.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423|titlu=ALVA {{!}} Association of Leading Visitor Attractions|sit=www.alva.org.uk|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref>
Fil-bidu tiegħu, il-mużew kien ibbażat l-iktar fuq il-kollezzjonijiet tat-[[tabib]] u tax-xjenzat Brittaniku-[[Repubblika tal-Irlanda|Irlandiż]] Sir [[Hans Sloane]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bl.uk/events/the-life-and-curiosity-of-hans-sloane|titlu=The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane|sit=The British Library|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref> Il-mużew infetaħ għall-pubbliku fl-1759, f'Montagu House, fis-sit tal-binja attwali. It-tkabbir tal-mużew matul il-250 sena ta' wara fil-biċċa l-kbira kien frott il-kolonizzazzjoni Brittanika u rriżulta fil-ħolqien ta' diversi fergħat, indipendenti u mhux. L-ewwel waħda fosthom kienet il-Mużew tal-Istorja Naturali fl-1881. Uħud mill-iżjed akkwiżizzjonijiet magħrufa tal-mużew, bħall-[[Skultura|iskulturi]] tal-irħam [[Greċja antika|Griegi]] ta' Elgin u l-[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]] [[Eġittu tal-qedem|Eġizzjana]], ilhom soġġetti għal tilwim fit-tul u talbiet ta' ripatrijazzjoni.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|data=2009-12-09|titlu=The Big Question: What is the Rosetta Stone, and should Britain return|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-big-question-what-is-the-rosetta-stone-and-should-britain-return-it-to-egypt-1836610.html|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Tharoor|isem=Kanishk|data=2015-06-29|titlu=Museums and looted art: the ethical dilemma of preserving world cultures|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/jun/29/museums-looting-art-artefacts-world-culture|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref>
Fl-1973, l-Att tal-Librerija Brittanika tal-1972<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/54/contents/data.htm|titlu=British Library Act 1972|sit=www.legislation.gov.uk|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref> fired id-dipartiment tal-librerija mill-Mużew Brittaniku, iżda dan tal-aħħar baqa' jospita l-Librerija Brittanika sseparata minnu fl-istess Sala tal-Qari u fl-istess binja tal-mużew sal-1997. Il-mużew huwa korp pubbliku mhux dipartimentali sponsorjat mid-Dipartiment tal-Kultura, il-Midja u l-[[Sport|Isport]]. Bħall-mużewijiet nazzjonali kollha tar-Renju Unit, ma jimponi l-ebda miżata tad-dħul għajr għall-wirjiet temporanji.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/visiting/admission_and_opening_times.aspx|titlu=Admission and opening times|sit=British Museum|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref>
== Storja ==
=== Sir Hans Sloane ===
Għalkemm illum il-ġurnata l-Mużew Brittaniku huwa mużew tal-opri tal-arti u tal-antikitajiet kulturali, il-mużew ġie stabbilit bħala "mużew universali". L-istabbiliment tiegħu rriżulta mit-testment tat-tabib u tan-naturalist Brittaniku-Irlandiż Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), tabib u xjenzat minn Ulster ibbażat f'Londra. Matul ħajtu, u b'mod partikolari wara li żżewweġ l-armla ta' sid għani [[Ġamajka|Ġamajkan]] tal-pjantaġġuni, Sloane ġemma' kollezzjoni kbira ta' kurżitajiet, u peress li ma xtaqx jara l-kollezzjoni tiegħu titkisser wara [[Mewt|mewtu]], ħalliha bħala wirt lir-Re [[Ġorġ II]], għan-nazzjon, għal somma ta' £20,000 (ekwivalenti għal £3,834,052 fl-2025) li kellha titħallas lill-werrieta tiegħu mill-Parlament Brittaniku — apposta ferm inqas mill-valur stmat tal-artefatti, li kontemporanjament ġew stmati għal £50,000 (ekwivalenti għal £9,585,130 fl-2025) jew iktar skont xi sorsi, u sa £80,000 (ekwivalenti għal £15,336,208 fl-2025) jew iktar skont oħrajn.
Dak iż-żmien, il-kollezzjoni ta' Sloane kienet tikkonsisti f'madwar 71,000 oġġett ta' kull tip, fosthom xi 40,000 ktieb stampat, 7,000 manuskritt, u eżemplari estensivi tal-istorja naturali, inkluż 337 volum ta' pjanti mnixxfin, immaġnijiet stampat u tpinġijiet, fosthom dawk ta' [[Albrecht Dürer]], u antikitajiet mis-[[Sudan]], mill-[[Eġittu]], mill-[[Greċja]], minn [[Ruma]],mil-Lvant Qarib u mil-Lvant Imbiegħed tal-Qedem, u mill-Amerki.
=== Stabbiliment (1753) ===
On 7 June 1753, King George II gave his royal assent to the act of Parliament which established the British Museum. The British Museum Act 1753 also added two other libraries to the Sloane collection, namely the Cottonian Library, assembled by Sir Robert Cotton, dating back to Elizabethan times, and the Harleian Library, the collection of Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer. They were joined in 1757 by the "Old Royal Library", now the Royal manuscripts, assembled by various British monarchs. Together these four "foundation collections" included many of the most treasured books now in the British Library including the Lindisfarne Gospels and the sole surviving manuscript of ''Beowulf''.
The British Museum was the first of a new kind of museum – national, belonging to neither church nor king, freely open to the public and aiming to collect everything. Sloane's collection, while including a vast miscellany of objects, tended to reflect his scientific interests. The addition of the Cotton and Harley manuscripts introduced a literary and antiquarian element, and meant that the British Museum now became both National Museum and library.
=== Wirja tal-kurżitajiet (1753–1778) ===
The body of trustees decided on a converted 17th-century mansion, Montagu House, as a location for the museum, which it bought from the Montagu family for £20,000. The trustees rejected Buckingham House, which was later converted into the present day Buckingham Palace, on the grounds of cost and the unsuitability of its location.
With the acquisition of Montagu House, the first exhibition galleries and reading room for scholars opened on 15 January 1759. At this time, the largest parts of collection were the library, which took up the majority of the rooms on the ground floor and the natural history objects, which took up an entire wing on the first floor. In 1763, the trustees of the British Museum, under the influence of Peter Collinson and William Watson, employed the former student of Carl Linnaeus, Daniel Solander, to reclassify the natural history collection according to the Linnaean system, thereby making the museum a public centre of learning accessible to the full range of European natural historians. In 1823, George IV gave the King's Library assembled by George III, and Parliament gave the right to a copy of every book published in the country, thereby ensuring that the museum's library would expand indefinitely. During the few years after its foundation the British Museum received several further gifts, including the Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts and David Garrick's library of 1,000 printed plays. The predominance of natural history, books and manuscripts began to lessen when in 1772 the museum acquired for £8,410 its first significant antiquities in Sir William Hamilton's "first" collection of Greek vases.
=== Indolenza u enerġija (1778–1800) ===
From 1778, a display of objects from the South Seas brought back from the round-the-world voyages of Captain James Cook and the travels of other explorers fascinated visitors with a glimpse of previously unknown lands. The bequest of a collection of books, engraved gems, coins, prints and drawings by Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode in 1800 did much to raise the museum's reputation; but Montagu House became increasingly crowded and decrepit and it was apparent that it would be unable to cope with further expansion.
The museum's first notable addition towards its collection of antiquities, since its foundation, was by Sir William Hamilton (1730–1803), British Ambassador to Naples, who sold his collection of Greek and Roman artefacts to the museum in 1784 together with a number of other antiquities and natural history specimens. A list of donations to the museum, dated 31 January 1784, refers to the Hamilton bequest of a "Colossal Foot of an Apollo in Marble". It was one of two antiquities of Hamilton's collection drawn for him by Francesco Progenie, a pupil of Pietro Fabris, who also contributed a number of drawings of Mount Vesuvius sent by Hamilton to the Royal Society in London.
=== Tkabbir u bidliet (1800–1825) ===
In the early 19th century the foundations for the extensive collection of sculpture began to be laid and Greek, Roman and Egyptian artefacts dominated the antiquities displays. After the defeat of the French campaign in the Battle of the Nile, in 1801, the British Museum acquired more Egyptian sculptures and in 1802 King George III presented the Rosetta Stone – key to the deciphering of hieroglyphs. Gifts and purchases from Henry Salt, British consul general in Egypt, beginning with the Colossal bust of Ramesses II in 1818, laid the foundations of the collection of Egyptian Monumental Sculpture. Many Greek sculptures followed, notably the first purpose-built exhibition space, the Charles Towneley collection, much of it Roman sculpture, in 1805. In 1806, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1799 to 1803 removed the large collection of marble sculptures from the Parthenon, on the Acropolis of Athens and transferred them to the UK. In 1816 these masterpieces of western art were acquired by the British Museum by the British Museum Act 1816 (56 Geo. 3. c. 99) and deposited in the museum thereafter. The collections were supplemented by the Bassae frieze from Phigaleia, Greece in 1815. The Ancient Near Eastern collection also had its beginnings in 1825 with the purchase of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities from Mary Mackintosh Rich, the widow of Assyriologist Claudius James Rich.
In 1802 a buildings committee was set up to plan for expansion of the museum, and further highlighted by the donation in 1822 of the King's Library, personal library of King George III, comprising 65,000 volumes, 19,000 pamphlets, maps, charts and topographical drawings. The neoclassical architect, Sir Robert Smirke, was asked to draw up plans for an eastern extension to the museum "... for the reception of the Royal Library, and a Picture Gallery over it ..." and put forward plans for today's quadrangular building, much of which can be seen today. The dilapidated Old Montagu House was demolished and work on the King's Library Gallery began in 1823. The extension, the East Wing, was completed by 1831. However, following the founding of the National Gallery, London in 1824, the proposed Picture Gallery was no longer needed, and the space on the upper floor was given over to the Natural history collections.
The first Synopsis of the British Museum was published in 1808. This described the contents of the museum, and the display of objects room by room, and updated editions were published every few years.
=== L-ikbar sit tal-kostruzzjoni fl-Ewropa (1825–1850) ===
As Sir Robert Smirke's grand neo-classical building gradually arose, the museum became a construction site. The King's Library, on the ground floor of the East Wing, was handed over in 1827, and was described as one of the finest rooms in London. Although it was not fully open to the general public until 1857, special openings were arranged during The Great Exhibition of 1851.
In 1840, the museum became involved in its first overseas excavations, Charles Fellows's expedition to Xanthos, in Asia Minor, whence came remains of the tombs of the rulers of ancient Lycia, among them the Nereid and Payava monuments. In 1857, Charles Newton was to discover the 4th-century BC Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In the 1840s and 1850s the museum supported excavations in Assyria by A.H. Layard and others at sites such as Nimrud and Nineveh. Of particular interest to curators was the eventual discovery of Ashurbanipal's great library of cuneiform tablets, which helped to make the museum a focus for Assyrian studies.
Sir Thomas Grenville (1755–1846), a trustee of the British Museum from 1830, assembled a library of 20,240 volumes, which he left to the museum in his will. The books arrived in January 1847 in twenty-one horse-drawn vans. The only vacant space for this large library was a room originally intended for manuscripts, between the Front Entrance Hall and the Manuscript Saloon. The books remained here until the British Library moved to St Pancras in 1998.
=== Kollezzjoni minn madwar id-dinja (1850–1875) ===
The opening of the forecourt in 1852 marked the completion of Robert Smirke's 1823 plan, but already adjustments were having to be made to cope with the unforeseen growth of the collections. Infill galleries were constructed for Assyrian sculptures and Sydney Smirke's Round Reading Room, with space for a million books, opened in 1857. Because of continued pressure on space the decision was taken to move natural history to a new building in South Kensington, which would later become the British Museum of Natural History.
Roughly contemporary with the construction of the new building was the career of a man sometimes called the "second founder" of the British Museum, the Italian librarian Anthony Panizzi. Under his supervision, the British Museum Library (now part of the British Library) quintupled in size and became a well-organised institution worthy of being called a national library, the largest library in the world after the National Library of Paris. The quadrangle at the centre of Smirke's design proved to be a waste of valuable space and was filled at Panizzi's request by a circular Reading Room of cast iron, designed by Smirke's brother, Sydney Smirke.
Until the mid-19th century, the museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography. A real coup for the museum was the purchase in 1867, over French objections, of the Duke of Blacas's wide-ranging and valuable collection of antiquities. Overseas excavations continued and John Turtle Wood discovered the remains of the 4th century BC Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, another Wonder of the Ancient World.
=== Studji u legat (1875–1900) ===
The natural history collections were an integral part of the British Museum until their removal to the new British Museum of Natural History in 1887, nowadays the Natural History Museum in South Kensington. With the departure and the completion of the new White Wing (fronting Montague Street) in 1884, more space was available for antiquities and ethnography and the library could further expand. This was a time of innovation as electric lighting was introduced in the Reading Room and exhibition galleries.
The William Burges collection of armoury was bequeathed to the museum in 1881. In 1882, the museum was involved in the establishment of the independent Egypt Exploration Fund (now Society) the first British body to carry out research in Egypt. A bequest from Miss Emma Turner in 1892 financed excavations in Cyprus. In 1897 the death of the great collector and curator, A. W. Franks, was followed by an immense bequest of 3,300 finger rings, 153 drinking vessels, 512 pieces of continental porcelain, 1,500 netsuke, 850 inro, over 30,000 bookplates and miscellaneous items of jewellery and plate, among them the Oxus Treasure.
In 1898 Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild bequeathed the Waddesdon Bequest, the glittering contents from his New Smoking Room at Waddesdon Manor. This consisted of almost 300 pieces of ''objets d'art et de vertu'' which included exquisite examples of jewellery, plate, enamel, carvings, glass and maiolica, among them the Holy Thorn Reliquary, probably created in the 1390s in Paris for John, Duke of Berry. The collection was in the tradition of a ''Schatzkammer'' such as those formed by the Renaissance princes of Europe. Baron Ferdinand's will was most specific, and failure to observe the terms would make it void, the collection should be<blockquote>placed in a special room to be called the Waddesdon Bequest Room separate and apart from the other contents of the Museum and thenceforth for ever thereafter, keep the same in such room or in some other room to be substituted for it.</blockquote>These terms are still observed, and the collection occupies room 2a.
=== Seklu ġdid, binja ġdida (1900–1925) ===
By the last years of the 19th century, The British Museum's collections had increased to the extent that its building was no longer large enough. In 1895 the trustees purchased the 69 houses surrounding the museum with the intention of demolishing them and building around the west, north and east sides of the museum. The first stage was the construction of the northern wing beginning 1906.
All the while, the collections kept growing. Emil Torday collected in Central Africa, Aurel Stein in Central Asia, D. G. Hogarth, Leonard Woolley and T. E. Lawrence excavated at Carchemish. Around this time, the American collector and philanthropist J. Pierpont Morgan donated a substantial number of objects to the museum, including William Greenwell's collection of prehistoric artefacts from across Europe which he had purchased for £10,000 in 1908. Morgan had also acquired a major part of Sir John Evans's coin collection, which was later sold to the museum by his son J. P. Morgan Jr. in 1915. In 1918, because of the threat of wartime bombing, some objects were evacuated via the London Post Office Railway to Holborn, the National Library of Wales (Aberystwyth) and a country house near Malvern. On the return of antiquities from wartime storage in 1919 some objects were found to have deteriorated. A conservation laboratory was set up in May 1920 and became a permanent department in 1931. It is today the oldest in continuous existence. In 1923, the British Museum welcomed over one million visitors.
=== Tfixkil u rikostruzzjoni (1925–1950) ===
New mezzanine floors were constructed and book stacks rebuilt in an attempt to cope with the flood of books. In 1931, the art dealer Sir Joseph Duveen offered funds to build a gallery for the Parthenon sculptures. Designed by the American architect John Russell Pope, it was completed in 1938. The appearance of the exhibition galleries began to change as dark Victorian reds gave way to modern pastel shades.
Following the retirement of George Francis Hill as Director and Principal Librarian in 1936, he was succeeded by John Forsdyke.
As tensions with Nazi Germany developed and it appeared that war may be imminent Forsdyke came to the view that with the likelihood of far worse air-raids than that experienced in World War I that the museum had to make preparations to remove its most valuable items to secure locations. Following the Munich crisis Forsdyke ordered 3,300 No-Nail Boxes and stored them in the basement of the Duveen Gallery. At the same time he began identifying and securing suitable locations. As a result, the museum was able to quickly commence relocating selected items on 24 August 1939, (a mere day after the Home Secretary advised them to do so), to secure basements, country houses, Aldwych tube station and the National Library of Wales. Many items were relocated in early 1942 from their initial dispersal locations to a newly developed facility at Westwood Quarry in Wiltshire. The evacuation was timely, for in 1940 the Duveen Gallery was severely damaged by bombing. Meanwhile, prior to the war, the Nazis had sent a researcher to the British Museum for several years with the aim of "compiling an anti-Semitic history of Anglo-Jewry".
After the war, the museum continued to collect from all countries and all centuries: among the most spectacular additions were the 2600 BC Mesopotamian treasure from Ur, discovered during Leonard Woolley's 1922–34 excavations. Gold, silver and garnet grave goods from the Anglo-Saxon ship burial at Sutton Hoo (1939) and late Roman silver tableware from Mildenhall, Suffolk (1946). The immediate post-war years were taken up with the return of the collections from protection and the restoration of the museum after the Blitz. Work also began on restoring the damaged Duveen Gallery.
=== Bixra pubblika ġdida (1950–1975) ===
In 1953, the museum celebrated its bicentenary. Many changes followed: the first full-time in-house designer and publications officer were appointed in 1964, the Friends organisation was set up in 1968, an Education Service established in 1970 and publishing house in 1973. The British Museum Act 1963 introduced administrative reforms. It became easier to lend objects, the constitution of the board of trustees changed and the Natural History Museum became fully independent. By 1959 the Coins and Medals office suite, completely destroyed during the war, was rebuilt and re-opened, attention turned towards the gallery work with new tastes in design leading to the remodelling of Robert Smirke's Classical and Near Eastern galleries. In 1962 the Duveen Gallery was finally restored and the Parthenon Sculptures were moved back into it, once again at the heart of the museum.
By the 1970s, the museum was again expanding. More services for the public were introduced; visitor numbers soared, with the temporary exhibition "Treasures of Tutankhamun" in 1972, attracting 1,694,117 visitors, the most successful in British history. In the same year the British Library Act 1972 was passed, separating the collection of manuscripts and printed books from the British Museum. This left the museum with antiquities; coins, medals and paper money; prints and drawings; and ethnography. A pressing problem was finding space for additions to the library which now required an extra 1+<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> miles (2.0 km) of shelving each year. The government suggested a site at St Pancras for the new British Library but the books did not leave the museum until 1997.
=== Titfaċċa s-Sala l-Kbira (1975–2000) ===
The departure of the British Library to a new site at St Pancras, finally achieved in 1998, provided the space needed for the books. It also created the opportunity to redevelop the vacant space in Robert Smirke's 19th-century central quadrangle into the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court – the largest covered square in Europe – which opened in 2000. The ethnography collections, which had been housed in the short-lived Museum of Mankind at 6 Burlington Gardens from 1970, were returned to new purpose-built galleries in the museum in 2000.
The museum again readjusted its collecting policies as interest in "modern" objects: prints, drawings, medals and the decorative arts reawakened. Ethnographical fieldwork was carried out in places as diverse as New Guinea, Madagascar, Romania, Guatemala and Indonesia and there were excavations in the Near East, Egypt, Sudan and the UK. The Weston Gallery of Roman Britain, opened in 1997, displayed a number of recently discovered hoards which demonstrated the richness of what had been considered an unimportant part of the Roman Empire. The museum turned increasingly towards private funds for buildings, acquisitions and other purposes. In 2000, the British Museum was awarded National Heritage Museum of the Year.
=== Il-Mużew Brittaniku llum ===
Today the museum no longer houses collections of natural history, and the books and manuscripts it once held now form part of the independent British Library. The museum nevertheless preserves its universality in its collections of artefacts representing the cultures of the world, ancient and modern. The original 1753 collection has grown to over 13 million objects at the British Museum, 70 million at the Natural History Museum and 150 million at the British Library.
The Round Reading Room, which was designed by the architect Sydney Smirke, opened in 1857. For almost 150 years researchers came here to consult the museum's vast library. The Reading Room closed in 1997 when the national library (the British Library) moved to a new building at St Pancras. Today it has been transformed into the Walter and Leonore Annenberg Centre.
With the bookstacks in the central courtyard of the museum empty, the demolition for Lord Foster's glass-roofed Great Court could begin. The Great Court, opened in 2000, while undoubtedly improving circulation around the museum, was criticised for having a lack of exhibition space at a time when the museum was in serious financial difficulties and many galleries were closed to the public. At the same time the African collections that had been temporarily housed in 6 Burlington Gardens were given a new gallery in the North Wing funded by the Sainsbury family – with the donation valued at £25 million.
The museum's online database had nearly 4,500,000 individual object entries in 2,000,000 records at the start of 2023. In 2022–23 there were 27 million visits to the website. This compares with 19.5 millions website visits in 2013.
The museum received 6,440,120 visitors in 2025, making it the second most popular attraction after the Natural History Museum.
A number of films have been shot at the British Museum.
== Referenzi ==
[[Kategorija:Mużewijiet]]
[[Kategorija:Renju Unit]]
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[[Stampa:British Museum (aerial).jpg|daqsminuri|Veduta mill-ajru tal-Mużew Brittaniku.]]
Il-'''Mużew Brittaniku''' (bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Ingliż]]: ''British Museum'') huwa [[mużew]] pubbliku tal-[[Storja|istorja]], tal-[[arti]] u tal-[[kultura]] tal-[[bniedem]] u jinsab fl-inħawi ta' Bloomsbury, [[Londra]], ir-[[Renju Unit]]. Il-kollezzjoni permanenti tiegħu ta' tmien miljun oġġett hija l-ikbar waħda fid-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Discovery|isem=RSM|titlu=Ranking The World's Most Admired Art Museums, And What Big Business Can Learn From Them|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rsmdiscovery/2017/10/30/ranking-the-worlds-most-admired-art-museums-and-what-big-business-can-learn-from-them/?sh=1f0cee263b33|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref> Il-mużew jiddokumenta l-istorja tal-kultura umana mill-bidu nett tagħha sal-preżent. Il-Mużew Brittaniku ġie stabbilit fl-1753 u kien l-ewwel mużew nazzjonali pubbliku fid-dinja.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/the_museums_story/general_history.aspx|titlu=British Museum - General history|sit=www.britishmuseum.org|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref> Fl-2025 il-mużew laqa' 6,440,120 viżitatur u kien it-tieni l-iżjed attrazzjoni li żaruha nies fir-Renju Unit.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423|titlu=ALVA {{!}} Association of Leading Visitor Attractions|sit=www.alva.org.uk|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref>
Fil-bidu tiegħu, il-mużew kien ibbażat l-iktar fuq il-kollezzjonijiet tat-[[tabib]] u tax-xjenzat Brittaniku-[[Repubblika tal-Irlanda|Irlandiż]] Sir [[Hans Sloane]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.bl.uk/events/the-life-and-curiosity-of-hans-sloane|titlu=The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane|sit=The British Library|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref> Il-mużew infetaħ għall-pubbliku fl-1759, f'Montagu House, fis-sit tal-binja attwali. It-tkabbir tal-mużew matul il-250 sena ta' wara fil-biċċa l-kbira kien frott il-kolonizzazzjoni Brittanika u rriżulta fil-ħolqien ta' diversi fergħat, indipendenti u mhux. L-ewwel waħda fosthom kienet il-Mużew tal-Istorja Naturali fl-1881. Uħud mill-iżjed akkwiżizzjonijiet magħrufa tal-mużew, bħall-[[Skultura|iskulturi]] tal-irħam [[Greċja antika|Griegi]] ta' Elgin u l-[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]] [[Eġittu tal-qedem|Eġizzjana]], ilhom soġġetti għal tilwim fit-tul u talbiet ta' ripatrijazzjoni.<ref>{{Ċita aħbar|data=2009-12-09|titlu=The Big Question: What is the Rosetta Stone, and should Britain return|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-big-question-what-is-the-rosetta-stone-and-should-britain-return-it-to-egypt-1836610.html|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Tharoor|isem=Kanishk|data=2015-06-29|titlu=Museums and looted art: the ethical dilemma of preserving world cultures|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/jun/29/museums-looting-art-artefacts-world-culture|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref>
Fl-1973, l-Att tal-Librerija Brittanika tal-1972<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/54/contents/data.htm|titlu=British Library Act 1972|sit=www.legislation.gov.uk|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref> fired id-dipartiment tal-librerija mill-Mużew Brittaniku, iżda dan tal-aħħar baqa' jospita l-Librerija Brittanika sseparata minnu fl-istess Sala tal-Qari u fl-istess binja tal-mużew sal-1997. Il-mużew huwa korp pubbliku mhux dipartimentali sponsorjat mid-Dipartiment tal-Kultura, il-Midja u l-[[Sport|Isport]]. Bħall-mużewijiet nazzjonali kollha tar-Renju Unit, ma jimponi l-ebda miżata tad-dħul għajr għall-wirjiet temporanji.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/visiting/admission_and_opening_times.aspx|titlu=Admission and opening times|sit=British Museum|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2026-06-07}}</ref>
== Storja ==
=== Sir Hans Sloane ===
Għalkemm illum il-ġurnata l-Mużew Brittaniku huwa mużew tal-opri tal-arti u tal-antikitajiet kulturali, il-mużew ġie stabbilit bħala "mużew universali". L-istabbiliment tiegħu rriżulta mit-testment tat-tabib u tan-naturalist Brittaniku-Irlandiż Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), tabib u xjenzat minn Ulster ibbażat f'Londra. Matul ħajtu, u b'mod partikolari wara li żżewweġ l-armla ta' sid għani [[Ġamajka|Ġamajkan]] tal-pjantaġġuni, Sloane ġemma' kollezzjoni kbira ta' kurżitajiet, u peress li ma xtaqx jara l-kollezzjoni tiegħu titkisser wara [[Mewt|mewtu]], ħalliha bħala wirt lir-Re [[Ġorġ II]], għan-nazzjon, għal somma ta' £20,000 (ekwivalenti għal £3,834,052 fl-2025) li kellha titħallas lill-werrieta tiegħu mill-Parlament Brittaniku — apposta ferm inqas mill-valur stmat tal-artefatti, li kontemporanjament ġew stmati għal £50,000 (ekwivalenti għal £9,585,130 fl-2025) jew iktar skont xi sorsi, u sa £80,000 (ekwivalenti għal £15,336,208 fl-2025) jew iktar skont oħrajn.
Dak iż-żmien, il-kollezzjoni ta' Sloane kienet tikkonsisti f'madwar 71,000 oġġett ta' kull tip, fosthom xi 40,000 ktieb stampat, 7,000 manuskritt, u eżemplari estensivi tal-istorja naturali, inkluż 337 volum ta' pjanti mnixxfin, immaġnijiet stampat u tpinġijiet, fosthom dawk ta' [[Albrecht Dürer]], u antikitajiet mis-[[Sudan]], mill-[[Eġittu]], mill-[[Greċja]], minn [[Ruma]],mil-Lvant Qarib u mil-Lvant Imbiegħed tal-Qedem, u mill-Amerki.
=== Stabbiliment (1753) ===
Fis-7 ta' Ġunju 1753, ir-Re Ġorġ II ta l-approvazzjoni rjali tiegħu għall-att tal-Parlament li stabbilixxa l-Mużew Brittaniku. L-Att dwar il-Mużew Brittaniku tal-1753 żied ukoll żewġ libreriji oħra mal-kollezzjoni ta' Sloane; il-Librerija ta' Cotton, li ġiet assemblata minn Sir [[Robert Cotton]], li kienet tmur lura għal żmien ir-Reġina Eliżabetta, u l-Librerija ta' Harley, li kienet il-kollezzjoni ta' [[Robert Harley]], l-Ewwel Konti ta' Oxford u Mortimer. Dawn inġabru flimkien fl-1757 mal-"Librerija Rjali Antika", li issa tħaddan il-manuskritti rjali, assemblata minn diversi monarki Brittaniċi. Flimkien, dawn l-erba' "kollezzjonijiet fundamentali" kienu jinkludu bosta mill-iżjed kotba ta' valur li issa jinsabu fil-Librerija Brittanika, inkluż il-Vanġeli ta' Lindisfarne u l-unika manuskritt eżistenti ta' ''Beowulf''.
Il-Mużew Brittaniku kien l-ewwel ta' tip ġdid ta' mużew – nazzjonali, b'sjieda la tal-knisja u lanqas tar-re, miftuħ b'xejn għall-pubbliku u bl-għan li jagħmel kollezzjoni ta' kollox. Il-kollezzjoni ta' Sloane, filwaqt li kienet tinkludi ammont enormi ta' oġġetti mixxellanji, spiss kienet tirrifletti l-interessi [[Xjenza|xjentifiċi]] tiegħu. Iż-żieda tal-manuskritti ta' Cotton u ta' Harley introduċiet element letterarju u tal-antikwarjat, u kienet tfisser li l-Mużew Brittaniku b'hekk kien sar kemm mużew nazzjonali kif ukoll librerija.
=== Wirja tal-kurżitajiet (1753–1778) ===
Il-korp tal-fiduċjarji ddeċieda favur villa kkonvertita tas-[[seklu 17]], imsejħa Montagu House (jew Villa ta' Montagu), bħala l-post għall-istabbiliment tal-mużew, u xtrah mill-familja Montagu għal £20,000. Il-fiduċjarji rrifjutaw Buckingham House (jew Villa ta' Buckingham), li iktar 'il quddiem ġiet ikkonvertita għall-[[Palazz ta' Buckingham]] tal-lum, minħabba l-kostijiet u l-post mhux daqstant adattat.
Bl-akkwiżizzjoni ta' Montagu House, l-ewwel galleriji tal-wiri u s-sala tal-qari għall-istudjużi nfetħu fil-15 ta' Jannar 1759. At this time, the largest parts of collection were the library, which took up the majority of the rooms on the ground floor and the natural history objects, which took up an entire wing on the first floor. In 1763, the trustees of the British Museum, under the influence of Peter Collinson and William Watson, employed the former student of Carl Linnaeus, Daniel Solander, to reclassify the natural history collection according to the Linnaean system, thereby making the museum a public centre of learning accessible to the full range of European natural historians. In 1823, George IV gave the King's Library assembled by George III, and Parliament gave the right to a copy of every book published in the country, thereby ensuring that the museum's library would expand indefinitely. During the few years after its foundation the British Museum received several further gifts, including the Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts and David Garrick's library of 1,000 printed plays. The predominance of natural history, books and manuscripts began to lessen when in 1772 the museum acquired for £8,410 its first significant antiquities in Sir William Hamilton's "first" collection of Greek vases.
=== Indolenza u enerġija (1778–1800) ===
From 1778, a display of objects from the South Seas brought back from the round-the-world voyages of Captain James Cook and the travels of other explorers fascinated visitors with a glimpse of previously unknown lands. The bequest of a collection of books, engraved gems, coins, prints and drawings by Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode in 1800 did much to raise the museum's reputation; but Montagu House became increasingly crowded and decrepit and it was apparent that it would be unable to cope with further expansion.
The museum's first notable addition towards its collection of antiquities, since its foundation, was by Sir William Hamilton (1730–1803), British Ambassador to Naples, who sold his collection of Greek and Roman artefacts to the museum in 1784 together with a number of other antiquities and natural history specimens. A list of donations to the museum, dated 31 January 1784, refers to the Hamilton bequest of a "Colossal Foot of an Apollo in Marble". It was one of two antiquities of Hamilton's collection drawn for him by Francesco Progenie, a pupil of Pietro Fabris, who also contributed a number of drawings of Mount Vesuvius sent by Hamilton to the Royal Society in London.
=== Tkabbir u bidliet (1800–1825) ===
In the early 19th century the foundations for the extensive collection of sculpture began to be laid and Greek, Roman and Egyptian artefacts dominated the antiquities displays. After the defeat of the French campaign in the Battle of the Nile, in 1801, the British Museum acquired more Egyptian sculptures and in 1802 King George III presented the Rosetta Stone – key to the deciphering of hieroglyphs. Gifts and purchases from Henry Salt, British consul general in Egypt, beginning with the Colossal bust of Ramesses II in 1818, laid the foundations of the collection of Egyptian Monumental Sculpture. Many Greek sculptures followed, notably the first purpose-built exhibition space, the Charles Towneley collection, much of it Roman sculpture, in 1805. In 1806, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1799 to 1803 removed the large collection of marble sculptures from the Parthenon, on the Acropolis of Athens and transferred them to the UK. In 1816 these masterpieces of western art were acquired by the British Museum by the British Museum Act 1816 (56 Geo. 3. c. 99) and deposited in the museum thereafter. The collections were supplemented by the Bassae frieze from Phigaleia, Greece in 1815. The Ancient Near Eastern collection also had its beginnings in 1825 with the purchase of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities from Mary Mackintosh Rich, the widow of Assyriologist Claudius James Rich.
In 1802 a buildings committee was set up to plan for expansion of the museum, and further highlighted by the donation in 1822 of the King's Library, personal library of King George III, comprising 65,000 volumes, 19,000 pamphlets, maps, charts and topographical drawings. The neoclassical architect, Sir Robert Smirke, was asked to draw up plans for an eastern extension to the museum "... for the reception of the Royal Library, and a Picture Gallery over it ..." and put forward plans for today's quadrangular building, much of which can be seen today. The dilapidated Old Montagu House was demolished and work on the King's Library Gallery began in 1823. The extension, the East Wing, was completed by 1831. However, following the founding of the National Gallery, London in 1824, the proposed Picture Gallery was no longer needed, and the space on the upper floor was given over to the Natural history collections.
The first Synopsis of the British Museum was published in 1808. This described the contents of the museum, and the display of objects room by room, and updated editions were published every few years.
=== L-ikbar sit tal-kostruzzjoni fl-Ewropa (1825–1850) ===
As Sir Robert Smirke's grand neo-classical building gradually arose, the museum became a construction site. The King's Library, on the ground floor of the East Wing, was handed over in 1827, and was described as one of the finest rooms in London. Although it was not fully open to the general public until 1857, special openings were arranged during The Great Exhibition of 1851.
In 1840, the museum became involved in its first overseas excavations, Charles Fellows's expedition to Xanthos, in Asia Minor, whence came remains of the tombs of the rulers of ancient Lycia, among them the Nereid and Payava monuments. In 1857, Charles Newton was to discover the 4th-century BC Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In the 1840s and 1850s the museum supported excavations in Assyria by A.H. Layard and others at sites such as Nimrud and Nineveh. Of particular interest to curators was the eventual discovery of Ashurbanipal's great library of cuneiform tablets, which helped to make the museum a focus for Assyrian studies.
Sir Thomas Grenville (1755–1846), a trustee of the British Museum from 1830, assembled a library of 20,240 volumes, which he left to the museum in his will. The books arrived in January 1847 in twenty-one horse-drawn vans. The only vacant space for this large library was a room originally intended for manuscripts, between the Front Entrance Hall and the Manuscript Saloon. The books remained here until the British Library moved to St Pancras in 1998.
=== Kollezzjoni minn madwar id-dinja (1850–1875) ===
The opening of the forecourt in 1852 marked the completion of Robert Smirke's 1823 plan, but already adjustments were having to be made to cope with the unforeseen growth of the collections. Infill galleries were constructed for Assyrian sculptures and Sydney Smirke's Round Reading Room, with space for a million books, opened in 1857. Because of continued pressure on space the decision was taken to move natural history to a new building in South Kensington, which would later become the British Museum of Natural History.
Roughly contemporary with the construction of the new building was the career of a man sometimes called the "second founder" of the British Museum, the Italian librarian Anthony Panizzi. Under his supervision, the British Museum Library (now part of the British Library) quintupled in size and became a well-organised institution worthy of being called a national library, the largest library in the world after the National Library of Paris. The quadrangle at the centre of Smirke's design proved to be a waste of valuable space and was filled at Panizzi's request by a circular Reading Room of cast iron, designed by Smirke's brother, Sydney Smirke.
Until the mid-19th century, the museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography. A real coup for the museum was the purchase in 1867, over French objections, of the Duke of Blacas's wide-ranging and valuable collection of antiquities. Overseas excavations continued and John Turtle Wood discovered the remains of the 4th century BC Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, another Wonder of the Ancient World.
=== Studji u legat (1875–1900) ===
The natural history collections were an integral part of the British Museum until their removal to the new British Museum of Natural History in 1887, nowadays the Natural History Museum in South Kensington. With the departure and the completion of the new White Wing (fronting Montague Street) in 1884, more space was available for antiquities and ethnography and the library could further expand. This was a time of innovation as electric lighting was introduced in the Reading Room and exhibition galleries.
The William Burges collection of armoury was bequeathed to the museum in 1881. In 1882, the museum was involved in the establishment of the independent Egypt Exploration Fund (now Society) the first British body to carry out research in Egypt. A bequest from Miss Emma Turner in 1892 financed excavations in Cyprus. In 1897 the death of the great collector and curator, A. W. Franks, was followed by an immense bequest of 3,300 finger rings, 153 drinking vessels, 512 pieces of continental porcelain, 1,500 netsuke, 850 inro, over 30,000 bookplates and miscellaneous items of jewellery and plate, among them the Oxus Treasure.
In 1898 Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild bequeathed the Waddesdon Bequest, the glittering contents from his New Smoking Room at Waddesdon Manor. This consisted of almost 300 pieces of ''objets d'art et de vertu'' which included exquisite examples of jewellery, plate, enamel, carvings, glass and maiolica, among them the Holy Thorn Reliquary, probably created in the 1390s in Paris for John, Duke of Berry. The collection was in the tradition of a ''Schatzkammer'' such as those formed by the Renaissance princes of Europe. Baron Ferdinand's will was most specific, and failure to observe the terms would make it void, the collection should be<blockquote>placed in a special room to be called the Waddesdon Bequest Room separate and apart from the other contents of the Museum and thenceforth for ever thereafter, keep the same in such room or in some other room to be substituted for it.</blockquote>These terms are still observed, and the collection occupies room 2a.
=== Seklu ġdid, binja ġdida (1900–1925) ===
By the last years of the 19th century, The British Museum's collections had increased to the extent that its building was no longer large enough. In 1895 the trustees purchased the 69 houses surrounding the museum with the intention of demolishing them and building around the west, north and east sides of the museum. The first stage was the construction of the northern wing beginning 1906.
All the while, the collections kept growing. Emil Torday collected in Central Africa, Aurel Stein in Central Asia, D. G. Hogarth, Leonard Woolley and T. E. Lawrence excavated at Carchemish. Around this time, the American collector and philanthropist J. Pierpont Morgan donated a substantial number of objects to the museum, including William Greenwell's collection of prehistoric artefacts from across Europe which he had purchased for £10,000 in 1908. Morgan had also acquired a major part of Sir John Evans's coin collection, which was later sold to the museum by his son J. P. Morgan Jr. in 1915. In 1918, because of the threat of wartime bombing, some objects were evacuated via the London Post Office Railway to Holborn, the National Library of Wales (Aberystwyth) and a country house near Malvern. On the return of antiquities from wartime storage in 1919 some objects were found to have deteriorated. A conservation laboratory was set up in May 1920 and became a permanent department in 1931. It is today the oldest in continuous existence. In 1923, the British Museum welcomed over one million visitors.
=== Tfixkil u rikostruzzjoni (1925–1950) ===
New mezzanine floors were constructed and book stacks rebuilt in an attempt to cope with the flood of books. In 1931, the art dealer Sir Joseph Duveen offered funds to build a gallery for the Parthenon sculptures. Designed by the American architect John Russell Pope, it was completed in 1938. The appearance of the exhibition galleries began to change as dark Victorian reds gave way to modern pastel shades.
Following the retirement of George Francis Hill as Director and Principal Librarian in 1936, he was succeeded by John Forsdyke.
As tensions with Nazi Germany developed and it appeared that war may be imminent Forsdyke came to the view that with the likelihood of far worse air-raids than that experienced in World War I that the museum had to make preparations to remove its most valuable items to secure locations. Following the Munich crisis Forsdyke ordered 3,300 No-Nail Boxes and stored them in the basement of the Duveen Gallery. At the same time he began identifying and securing suitable locations. As a result, the museum was able to quickly commence relocating selected items on 24 August 1939, (a mere day after the Home Secretary advised them to do so), to secure basements, country houses, Aldwych tube station and the National Library of Wales. Many items were relocated in early 1942 from their initial dispersal locations to a newly developed facility at Westwood Quarry in Wiltshire. The evacuation was timely, for in 1940 the Duveen Gallery was severely damaged by bombing. Meanwhile, prior to the war, the Nazis had sent a researcher to the British Museum for several years with the aim of "compiling an anti-Semitic history of Anglo-Jewry".
After the war, the museum continued to collect from all countries and all centuries: among the most spectacular additions were the 2600 BC Mesopotamian treasure from Ur, discovered during Leonard Woolley's 1922–34 excavations. Gold, silver and garnet grave goods from the Anglo-Saxon ship burial at Sutton Hoo (1939) and late Roman silver tableware from Mildenhall, Suffolk (1946). The immediate post-war years were taken up with the return of the collections from protection and the restoration of the museum after the Blitz. Work also began on restoring the damaged Duveen Gallery.
=== Bixra pubblika ġdida (1950–1975) ===
In 1953, the museum celebrated its bicentenary. Many changes followed: the first full-time in-house designer and publications officer were appointed in 1964, the Friends organisation was set up in 1968, an Education Service established in 1970 and publishing house in 1973. The British Museum Act 1963 introduced administrative reforms. It became easier to lend objects, the constitution of the board of trustees changed and the Natural History Museum became fully independent. By 1959 the Coins and Medals office suite, completely destroyed during the war, was rebuilt and re-opened, attention turned towards the gallery work with new tastes in design leading to the remodelling of Robert Smirke's Classical and Near Eastern galleries. In 1962 the Duveen Gallery was finally restored and the Parthenon Sculptures were moved back into it, once again at the heart of the museum.
By the 1970s, the museum was again expanding. More services for the public were introduced; visitor numbers soared, with the temporary exhibition "Treasures of Tutankhamun" in 1972, attracting 1,694,117 visitors, the most successful in British history. In the same year the British Library Act 1972 was passed, separating the collection of manuscripts and printed books from the British Museum. This left the museum with antiquities; coins, medals and paper money; prints and drawings; and ethnography. A pressing problem was finding space for additions to the library which now required an extra 1+<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> miles (2.0 km) of shelving each year. The government suggested a site at St Pancras for the new British Library but the books did not leave the museum until 1997.
=== Titfaċċa s-Sala l-Kbira (1975–2000) ===
The departure of the British Library to a new site at St Pancras, finally achieved in 1998, provided the space needed for the books. It also created the opportunity to redevelop the vacant space in Robert Smirke's 19th-century central quadrangle into the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court – the largest covered square in Europe – which opened in 2000. The ethnography collections, which had been housed in the short-lived Museum of Mankind at 6 Burlington Gardens from 1970, were returned to new purpose-built galleries in the museum in 2000.
The museum again readjusted its collecting policies as interest in "modern" objects: prints, drawings, medals and the decorative arts reawakened. Ethnographical fieldwork was carried out in places as diverse as New Guinea, Madagascar, Romania, Guatemala and Indonesia and there were excavations in the Near East, Egypt, Sudan and the UK. The Weston Gallery of Roman Britain, opened in 1997, displayed a number of recently discovered hoards which demonstrated the richness of what had been considered an unimportant part of the Roman Empire. The museum turned increasingly towards private funds for buildings, acquisitions and other purposes. In 2000, the British Museum was awarded National Heritage Museum of the Year.
=== Il-Mużew Brittaniku llum ===
Today the museum no longer houses collections of natural history, and the books and manuscripts it once held now form part of the independent British Library. The museum nevertheless preserves its universality in its collections of artefacts representing the cultures of the world, ancient and modern. The original 1753 collection has grown to over 13 million objects at the British Museum, 70 million at the Natural History Museum and 150 million at the British Library.
The Round Reading Room, which was designed by the architect Sydney Smirke, opened in 1857. For almost 150 years researchers came here to consult the museum's vast library. The Reading Room closed in 1997 when the national library (the British Library) moved to a new building at St Pancras. Today it has been transformed into the Walter and Leonore Annenberg Centre.
With the bookstacks in the central courtyard of the museum empty, the demolition for Lord Foster's glass-roofed Great Court could begin. The Great Court, opened in 2000, while undoubtedly improving circulation around the museum, was criticised for having a lack of exhibition space at a time when the museum was in serious financial difficulties and many galleries were closed to the public. At the same time the African collections that had been temporarily housed in 6 Burlington Gardens were given a new gallery in the North Wing funded by the Sainsbury family – with the donation valued at £25 million.
The museum's online database had nearly 4,500,000 individual object entries in 2,000,000 records at the start of 2023. In 2022–23 there were 27 million visits to the website. This compares with 19.5 millions website visits in 2013.
The museum received 6,440,120 visitors in 2025, making it the second most popular attraction after the Natural History Museum.
A number of films have been shot at the British Museum.
== Referenzi ==
[[Kategorija:Mużewijiet]]
[[Kategorija:Renju Unit]]
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