Wikipedija mtwiki https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il-Pa%C4%A1na_prin%C4%8Bipali MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Medja Speċjali Diskussjoni Utent Diskussjoni utent Wikipedija Diskussjoni Wikipedija Stampa Diskussjoni stampa MediaWiki Diskussjoni MediaWiki Mudell Diskussjoni mudell Għajnuna Diskussjoni għajnuna Kategorija Diskussjoni kategorija Portal Diskussjoni portal TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 1142 331200 331096 2026-07-24T12:24:50Z MediaWiki message delivery 8472 /* Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) */ sezzjoni ġdida 331200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Il-Pjazza}} <!-- AGĦMEL IL-KUMMENT TIEGĦEK TAĦT L-AĦĦAR INTERVENT LI SAR. --> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 13:21, 18 Jannar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Jannar 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == New Rapid Funds in CEE – global support now closer to your local activities == Hi everyone, '''Starting from 1 April 2026''', the CEE Hub will begin reviewing and supporting Rapid Fund applications for Central and Eastern Europe, in close cooperation with the Wikimedia Foundation. This change is part of our shared effort to bring support closer to communities and make the process more accessible and responsive to local contexts. You will still apply through the same system (Fluxx), and WMF will continue handling contracts and fund transfers. What changes is that the CEE Hub becomes your first point of contact, offering guidance, reviewing applications, and staying closer to your ideas throughout the process. We encourage you to reach out to [[:m:User:TRistovski-CEEhub|Toni]], our Grants Specialist before applying. A short conversation can help clarify your idea and make things smoother from the start. * ☝️ Rapid Funds remain open year-round (with possible delays in June and December). * ☝️ For Central Asian communities: the process stays the same – you continue applying directly through WMF. Join our online Q&A session to learn more (same content, two options to join): * 2 April, 5:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&A Nr. 1|register here]]) * 8 April 7:00 PM CEST (UTC +2; [[:m:Event:CEE Hub Rapid Fund Q&A Nr. 2|register here]]) More info & contact: '''[[:m:CEE Hub Rapid Funds|Wikimedia CEE Hub/Rapid Grants]]''' --[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 11:21, 31 Marzu 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:TRistovski-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=29670168 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == Call for Community Candidates – Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026 == ''Please help us and your community by translating this announcement into your language!'' Dear all, The [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026]] is currently underway. There are 4 seats allocated to community representatives. Community members are invited to nominate themselves as candidates for these seats. These positions will be filled through a vote by the CEE community. '''Eligibility criteria:''' * Candidates must be [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026/Eligibility|eligible voters]]: ** Have a Wikimedia account created before 18 December 2025 ** Have at least 300 edits between 18 December 2025 and 18 June 2026 ** Must not have been blocked between 18 March 2026 and 18 June 2026 * Must have participated in at least 2 of the last 3 [[Meta:Wikimedia CEE Hub/CEE Hub Status Meeting|CEE Hub Advisory Group meetings]] You can check your eligibility using the following tool: https://cee-sc-election.toolforge.org/ '''How to proceed:''' Candidates may nominate themselves or be nominated by others. If nominated by others, the candidate must explicitly accept the nomination before 18 June 2026. The candidate should create their nomination page and submit their candidacy [[Meta:Wikimedia_CEE_Hub_Steering_Committee_Election_2026/Nominations|here]]: Please also inform your communities about the election and encourage participation. Best regards,   Electoral Commission of Wikimedia CEE Hub Steering Committee Election 2026 --[[Meta:Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Meta:Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 10:00, 30 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=30401522 --> == Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wiki Loves Eurovision edit-a-thon logo 2026.svg|right|250px]] Hello everyone! You are invited to participate in the "[[meta:Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026|Wiki Loves Eurovision]]" article writing contest, where our goal is to create new Eurovision-related articles in the CEE-language Wikipedia editions and improve existing ones. The contest will take place from May 10 to June 10, 2026, and prizes are available: * 1st prize: a voucher worth €60 * 2nd prize: a voucher worth €50 * 3rd prize: a voucher worth €40 * 4th–10th prize: a voucher worth €30 To participate in the contest and learn more, please visit [[meta:Wiki Loves Eurovision 2026|this link]]. --[[User:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub|MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub]] ([[User talk:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub|talk]]) 14:00, 16 May 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:MHeidarzadeh-CEEhub@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/CEE_Hub&oldid=30401522 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 Mejju 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Review request: Rozie userspace draft == Apologies for writing in English; I do not speak Maltese well enough to write this request in Maltese. Hello. I have prepared a userspace draft about Rozie: Draft: [[Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie]] Latest/current version, if the default view shows an older reviewed version: [https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie&stable=0 Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie current version] I am a Latvian editor. The draft was translated/adapted from the Latvian Wikipedia article [[:lv:Rozie]] with the help of machine translation, and it was also checked by a Maltese-speaking friend. However, I am not able to judge the final Maltese wording myself, so it may still need examination and correction by a local Maltese-speaking editor. Conflict of interest disclosure: I have no conflict of interest with Rozie. I am not paid by Rozie, I am not employed by it, I am not a founder, investor, contractor or representative of the company, and I have no family or close personal connection to the company. I created the draft in userspace because the subject has a direct Malta connection: the sources in the draft describe Rozie as a Latvia-developed cleaning-services booking platform whose main market is Malta, and the draft includes Malta-related coverage. I would appreciate local review of: * whether the Maltese language is acceptable; * whether the tone is neutral and not promotional; * whether the sources are sufficient for a Maltese Wikipedia article; * whether any parts should be shortened or rewritten; * whether the page can be moved to [[Rozie]] I understand that some sources are official or factual sources, and some media coverage may have a promotional tone. I am happy to trim or rewrite the draft if local editors recommend it. Thank you. [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 13:34, 15 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) '''Just a short follow-up:''' could any Maltese-speaking editor check whether the wording is acceptable and whether the draft can be moved to [[Rozie]]? [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 14:08, 25 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) :'''Update:''' Since my last message, the userspace draft has been professionally proofread offline by a certified Maltese-language proofreader from University of Malta, and I have updated the draft accordingly. The current version is here: [https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie&stable=0 current draft]. Could a local editor please check whether the updated wording and the article are acceptable, and whether the page may be moved to [[Rozie]]? [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 12:13, 29 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) ::The draft article is fine, @[[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]]. I'm just trying to figure out why you picked this subject for your first article in Maltese, when this topic is barely notable by encyclopedic standards. Seems like a wasted opportunity to write about topic every encyclopedia should have rather than a commercial service that is not particularly notable. Please don't take this the wrong way: your contributions to the Maltese-language Wikipedia are VERY welcome, it's just that the choice of your first topic seems quite unusual. -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 13:40, 29 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you, [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]]. You are right that the choice is unusual, and I appreciate the honest comment. I am mainly a Latvian Wikipedia editor and I usually work on Latvia-related topics, especially business, economic and historical subjects. I first noticed Rozie while visiting Malta, then found that the service had a Latvia connection and Malta-related coverage, so I thought it might be a relevant Latvia–Malta crossover topic. :::I also understand that this is a commercial subject and that its notability may be borderline. That is why I kept it in userspace, disclosed that I have no conflict of interest, and asked for local review instead of moving it directly to mainspace. I do not want to advertise the service or push the article if the local view is that it is not suitable. However, when I was in Malta, I was surprised by how popular this service seemed to be. :::If you think the better outcome is to leave it as a userspace draft, trim it further, I am happy to follow that guidance. Thank you again for taking the time to look at it. [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 15:24, 29 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) ::::I am going to answer in Maltese, as I'm sure you'll both understand me and appreciate the opportunity to communicate in our language this way. ::::M'hemm xejn ħażin f'li qed tagħmel int @[[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]]. L-artiklu tiegħek dwar Rozie jista' joħroġ kif inhu u biż-żmien ikompli jiżviluppa. Is-suġġeriment tiegħi huwa li tara [[:Kategorija:Latvja]] u tosserva kemm hemm artikli interessanti nieqsa dwar is-suġġetti li jinteressaw lilek. Per eżempju, dawn ma jeżistux: [[Lingwa Latvjana]], [[Nies Latvjani]], u anqas [[Ventas Rumba]] X'taħseb? Grazzi dejjem! -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 17:27, 29 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) :::::Grazzi ħafna, [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]]. Napprezza ħafna l-għajnuna u l-parir tiegħek. Mexxejt l-artiklu minn [[Utent:MargaritaPLV/Rozie]] għal [[Rozie]] billi żammejt il-kronoloġija tal-paġna. Wara dan inħallih jiżviluppa bil-mod u nżomm l-editjar dwaru minimu. :::::Nirringrazzjak ukoll għas-suġġerimenti. Se nħares lejn [[:Kategorija:Latvja]] u lejn is-suġġetti li semmejt, fosthom [[Lingwa Latvjana]]. Peress li l-Malti tiegħi għadu limitat, nippreferi naħdem bil-mod, fil-paġni tal-utent meta jkun hemm bżonn, u nitlob reviżjoni lokali qabel ma noħloq artikli ġodda importanti. Grazzi dejjem! [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 18:18, 29 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|diskussjoni]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 Ġunju 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Review request: Lingwa Latvjana == Hello [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]]. Following your earlier suggestion, I have completed a userspace draft for [[Utent:MargaritaPLV/Lingwa Latvjana|Lingwa Latvjana]]. The Maltese wording was proofread offline by a Maltese-language editor from a university. I then merged the proofread wording into the full article while retaining the infobox, maps, video and 15 cited sources. Since I do not speak Maltese well enough to assess the final wording myself, I would be grateful if you or another Maltese-speaking editor could review: * the Maltese language and terminology; * the article structure and level of detail; * the rendering of the references and media; * whether the draft is ready to be moved to [[Lingwa Latvjana]] while preserving its page history. I have kept the article in userspace and have not added categories or a Wikidata sitelink. I will wait for local review before moving it to mainspace. Thank you. [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 11:19, 12 Lulju 2026 (UTC) :Prosit tassew, @[[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]]! Xogħol verament impressjonanti dan, speċjalment għal xi ħadd li ma jafx il-Malti bħala lingwa nativa. Mexxih kumdità tiegħek u tiddejjaqx [[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|tikkuntattjani direttament]], flok hawn fil-Pjazza, sew jekk nista' ngħin fuq dan l-artiklu kif ukoll fuq li jmiss. :) Grazzi u prosit mill-ġdid! -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 09:55, 13 Lulju 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you very much, [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]]. I greatly appreciate your review, encouragement and offer to help. I will move the draft to [[Lingwa Latvjana]] while preserving its page history, and then complete the categories and Wikidata connection separately. I will contact you directly if I need help with this article or a future one. Thank you again. [[Utent:MargaritaPLV|MargaritaPLV]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MargaritaPLV|d]]) 13:25, 13 Lulju 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 Lulju 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> 4u8lws34gzgbwpjtxm3plbgif74pl7v 0 30629 331201 328658 2026-07-25T06:03:07Z InternetArchiveBot 18288 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 331201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''''Capparis spinosa''''', imsejħa wkoll '''pjanta tal-kappar''' jew '''arbuxell tal-kappar'''<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=8897|titlu=Taxon: Capparis spinosa L.|sit=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-08-16}}</ref> hija [[pjanta perenni]] li għandha weraq tondi ta' lewn aħdar skur u fjuri kbar bojod.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=capparis+spinosa|titlu=Capparis spinosa [Cappero] - Flora Italiana|sit=luirig.altervista.org|data-aċċess=2023-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200009171|titlu=Capparis spinosa in Flora of China @ efloras.org|sit=www.efloras.org|data-aċċess=2023-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/https://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/7446788|titlu=''Capparis spinosa'' L.|awtur=APC|sit=Atlas of Living Australia|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-08-16}}</ref> Din il-pjanta hija magħrufa l-aktar għall-blanzuni tal-fjuri li jittieklu ('''kappar''') u l-[[Frott|frotta]] tal-kappar li tintuża bħala ħwawar mal-ikel.<ref name=":0">{{Ċita rivista|kunjom1=Rivera|isem1=Diego|kunjom2=Inocencio|isem2=Cristina|kunjom3=Obon|isem3=Concepcion|kunjom4=Alcaraz|isem4=Francisco|data=2003-12-01|titlu=Review of food and medicinal uses ofCapparis L. SubgenusCapparis (capparidaceae)|url=https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0515:ROFAMU]2.0.CO;2|rivista=Economic Botany|lingwa=en|volum=57|numru=4|paġni=515–534}}</ref> Kemm il-kappar u l-frott tal-kappar huma ġeneralment ikkunsmati b'mod [[Tmelliħ (ikel)|immellaħ]] u ppreservati fis-salmura<ref name=":0" /> Speċi oħra ta' ''Capparis'' bħal ''Capparis orientalis'' tintuża wkoll flimkien ma' ''C. spinosa'' għall-blanzuni jew il-frott tagħhom. Partijiet oħra tal-pjanta tal-kappar jintużaw fil-manifattura ta' prodotti mediċinali u kożmetiċi.<ref name=":1">Moghaddasi, M. S. (2011). Caper (''Capparis'' spp.) importance and medicinal usage. ''Advances in Environmental Biology'', 872-880.</ref> ''Capparis spinosa'' tikber kważi fil-pajjiżi [[Mediterran|Mediterranji]] kollha, iżda mhuwiex ċert jekk din il-pjanta hijiex [[Indiġenu (ekoloġija)|indiġena]] għal dan ir-reġjun.<ref name="Fici">Fici, S. Intraspecific variation and evolutionary trends in ''Capparis spinosa'' L. (Capparaceae). ''Plant Syst. Evol.'' 228, 123–141 (2001). DOI: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s006060170024</nowiki></ref> Il-[[Familja (bijoloġija)|familja]] ta' ''Capparis spinosa'', il-''[[Capparaceae]]'', setgħet oriġinat fit-tropiċi u aktar tard infirxet u stabbiliet ruħha fir-reġjun tal-Mediterran.<ref>de Iraola, F. I. P. (1989). Nota sobre las ''Capparaceae'' ibéricas. ''Blancoana'', (7), 121-122.</ref> L-istatus tassonomiku ta' din l-ispeċi huwa kontroversjali u mhux stabbilit. L-ispeċi fi ħdan il-[[Ġeneru (tassonomija)|ġeneru]] ''Capparis'' huma varjabbli ħafna, u fl-[[Storja|istorja]] [[Evoluzzjoni|evoluzzjonarja]] tal-ġeneru ''Capparis'' kien hemm ħafna ibridi interspeċifiċi li kienu komuni.<ref>Gristina, A. S., Fici, S., Siragusa, M., Fontana, I., Garfì, G., & Carimi, F. (2014). Hybridization in Capparis spinosa L.: Molecular and morphological evidence from a Mediterranean island complex. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 209(12), 733-741.DOI:10.1016/j.flora.2014.09.002</ref> Għalhekk, xi awturi jqisu li taħt l-isem ''C. spinosa'' hemm ħafna speċijiet distinti.<ref>Zohary, M. (1960). "The species of ''Capparis'' in the Mediterranean and the Near Eastern Countries." ''Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel,'' Section D, Botany '''8'''(2): 49-64</ref> Filwaqt li speċijiet ta' kappar oħra huma varjetajiet jew sottospeċijiet,<ref>Jacobs, M. (1964). The genus ''Capparis'' (''Capparaceae'') from the Indus to the Pacific. ''Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants'', ''12''(3), 385-541.</ref><ref>Heywood V.H. (1993). "Flowering plants of the world." Oxford University Press, New York</ref> xi awturi huma wkoll tal-fehma li t-takson ''C. spinosa'' huwa ibridu bejn iż-żewġ speċijiet; ''Capparis orientalis'' u ''Capparis sicula''. <ref name="295–313">Rivera, D. Inocencio, C., Obón, C., Carreño, E., Reales, A., Alcaraz., F. (2002). "Archaeobotany of capers (''Capparis'') (''Capparaceae'')." ''Vegetation History and Archaeobotany.'' '''11'''(4): 295–313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s003340200042</ref> Fil-gżejjer Maltin, l-ispeċi tal-ġeneru ''Capparis'' li huma preżenti fis-selvaġġ huma protetti bil-ligi Maltija <ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://maltawildplants.com/CAPP/Capparis_orientalis.php|titlu=Capparis orientalis (Caper bush)|kunjom=Mifsud|isem=Stephen|data=2007-11|sit=maltawildplants.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2024-09-11}}</ref> == Deskrizzjoni == [[Stampa:კაპარი_Capparis_spinosa_Kapernstrauch.JPG|daqsminuri| Weraq u blanzuni tal-fjuri tal-kappar]] [[Stampa:Caper_Flower_in_Behbahan,_Iran.jpg|alt=Caper Flower in Behbahan, Iran|daqsminuri| Fjura tal-kappar [[Behbahan|f'Behbahan]]]] Il-pjanta għandha forma ta' arbuxell b'ħafna friegħi, b'weraq oħxon f'forma ovali ta' lewn [[aħdar]] ileqq. Il-weraq huwa rranġat b'mod li jalterna tul iz-zokk. Filwaqt li l-fjuri huma kbar, kompluti, fragranti b'riħa ħelwa u jagħtu fl-għajn, b'erba' sepali u petali [[Abjad|bojod]] b'lewn li jagħti għar-roża fl-abjad, b'ħafna stamini twal ta' kulur vjola, u b'stigma waħda li ġeneralment togħla sew 'il fuq mill-istamini.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/capparid.htm|titlu=The Families of Flowering Plants|isem=L.|awtur=Watson|awtur2=M.J. Dallwitz|data=1992|data-aċċess=21 November 2006|url-status=dead|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101100756/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/capparid.htm|arkivju-data=1 November 2006}}</ref> == Firxa internazzjonali == ''Capparis spinosa'' hija mifruxa madwar il-Baċir tal-Mediterran kollu, fil-[[Peniżola]] [[Għarab|Għarbija]], u partijiet mill-Punent tal-[[Asja]] u l-Asja ċentrali.<ref>Fici, S. (2014). A taxonomic revision of the Capparis spinosa group (Capparaceae) from the Mediterranean to Central Asia. Phytotaxa, 174(1), 1-24. DOI: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.174.1.1</nowiki></ref> Fin-Nofsinhar tal-[[Ewropa]] tinstab fin-Nofsinhar ta' [[Spanja]] u tal-[[Portugall]], fil-Lvant ta' Spanja inklużi l-Gżejjer Baleariċi, in-naħa ta' [[Franza]] li qegħda mal-kosta tal-Mediterran inkluża [[Korsika]], fl-[[Italja]] inklużi l-gżejjer ta' [[Sqallija]] u ta' [[Sardenja]], fil-gżejjer Dalmazjani tal-[[Kroazja]], fl-[[Albanija]], fil-[[Greċja]] u fil-Gżejjer Griegi, fil-Punent u fin-Nofsinhar tat-[[Turkija]], f'[[Ċipru]] u fuq il-Peniżola tal-[[Krimea]] fl-[[Ukrajna]]. Fi Spanja din il-pjanta tinstab tikber sa 1,300 metru ta' elevazzjoni mil-livell tal-baħar.<ref name="Fici" /><ref name="295–313" /> Filwaqt li fl-[[Afrika]] tinstab fit-Tramuntana tal-Afrika kollha u fil-Muntanji Atlas tal-[[Marokk]], fejn tikber mal-livell tal-baħar sa 2,000 metru ta' elevazzjoni, tinstab ukoll fit-Tramuntana tal-[[Alġerija]] (Kabylie, iż-żona kostali tal-Alġerija, Bouzaréa, u Oran) u l-Muntanji Hoggar tas-[[Saħara]] Alġerina, fit-Tramuntana tas-Saħara tat-[[Tuneżija]], u Cyrenaica fil-[[Libja]].<ref name="295–313" /> Fil-Punent tal-Asja tinstab tul il-Lvant tal-Mediterran mil-[[Libanu]], san-Nofsinhar tal-Peniżola tas-Sinaj fl-[[Eġittu]]. Tinstab ukoll fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kawkasu fl-[[Armenja]], fl-[[Ażerbajġan]], fil-[[Ġeorġja]], u l-Grigal tat-Turkija.<ref name="295–313" /> Fil-Peniżola Għarbija, tinstab fl-[[Oman]], fil-[[Jemen]] inkluż f'[[Socotra]], u fil-provinċja ta' Asir fl-[[Arabja Sawdija]]. Fl-Asja ċentrali tikber fil-muntanji taċ-ċentru tal-[[Afganistan]], il-medda t'isfel tal-Karakoram fit-Tramuntana tal-[[Pakistan]] u f'Ladakh, kif ukoll fit-[[Taġikistan]], fil-[[Kirgiżistan]] u fil-Lvant tal-[[Użbekistan]].<ref name="295–313" /> == Rekwiżiti ambjentali == [[Stampa:Capparis_spinosa_Negev.JPG|daqsminuri| Fjura tal-kappar f'Nahal Neqarot, fin-Nofsinhar ta' Iżrael]] [[Stampa:Capparis_cartilaginea_open_fruit.jpg|daqsminuri| Frotta tal-kappar misjura miftuħa, turi ż-żerriegħa sewda fiċ-ċentru tal-frotta]] L-arbuxxell tal-kappar jeħtieġ klima semiarida jew niexfa. L-arbuxxell tal-kappar evolva serje ta' mekkaniżmi li jnaqqsu l-impatti ta' livelli għoljin tar-radjazzjoni, temperatura għolja ta' kuljum, u ilma tal-ħamrija insuffiċjenti fuq il-weraq u l-pjanta inġenerali matul il-perjodu tat-tkabbir tagħha.<ref>Rhizopoulou, S. (1990). "Physiological responses of ''Capparis spinosa'' L. to drought." ''Journal of Plant Physiology'' '''136''': 341–348.</ref><ref>Levizou, E; P. Drilias; A. Kyparissis (2004). "Exceptional photosynthetic performance of ''Capparis spinosa'' L. under adverse conditions of Mediterranean summer." ''Photosynthetica.'' '''42''': 229–235</ref> L-arbuxell tal-kappar għandu reazzjoni interessanti għal żidiet f'daqqa fl-umdità; din tifforma bħal daqqiet fuq wiċċ il-werqa. Din il-formazzjoni ma tagħmilx ħsara, peress li l-pjanta tadatta malajr għall-kundizzjonijiet il-ġodda u tipproduċi weraq mhux affettwat.<ref>{{Ċita ktieb|sena=2011|editur-kunjom1=Preedy|editur-isem1=Victor R.|editur-kunjom2=Watson|editur-isem2=Ronald Ross|titlu=Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention|lingwa=en|pubblikatur=Academic Press Elsevier|isbn=9780123756893}}</ref> L-arbuxxell tal-kappar juri wkoll karatteristiċi ta' adattament għall-ħamrija mhux għammiela.<ref>Francisco I. Pugnaire & Eduardo Esteban (1991) Nutritional adaptations of caper shrub ''(Capparis Ovata'' Desf.) to environmental stress, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 14:2, 151-161, DOI: 10.1080/01904169109364191</ref> Din l-ispeċi għandha proporzjon għoli ta' għeruq/rimjiet u l-preżenza ta' [[mikorriżi]] li jservu sabiex tassorbi kemm tista' minerali minn ħamrija mhux għammiela. Razez differenti ta' batterji li jipproduċu n-[[nitroġenu]] ġew iżolati mir-[[riżosfera]] tal-arbuxxell tal-kappar, u nstab li dawn il-batterji għandhom rwol fiż-żamma ta' riżervi għoljin ta' elementi li jnaqqsu t-tkabbir tal-pjanta.<ref>Andrade, G., Esteban, E., Velasco, L. ''et al.'' Isolation and identification of N2-fixing microorganisms from the rhizosphere of Capparis spinosa (L.). ''Plant and Soil'' 197, 19–23 (1997). DOI:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004211909641</nowiki></ref> == Kultivazzjoni == L-arbuxxell tal-kappar ġie introdott bl-għan ta' kultivazzjoni f'xi pajjiżi Ewropej f'dawn l-aħħar erba' deċennji.<ref name=":2">Sozzi, G. O. (2001). Chapter 4 Caper bush: botany and horticulture. ''Horticultural Reviews-Westport Then New York'', ''27'', 125-188.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650813.ch4</ref> L-importanza ekonomika tal-kultivazzjoni tal-pjanta tal-kappar wasslet għal żieda sinifikanti fiż-żona li qiegħda taħt kultivazzjoni u livelli ta' produzzjoni matul l-aħħar tas-snin tmenin. Iż-żoni ewlenin tal-produzzjoni jinstabu f'ambjenti ħorox f'pajjiżi bħall-[[Iraq]], il-Marokk, ix-Xlokk tal-[[Peniżola Iberika]], it-Turkija, il-gżira Griega ta' [[Santorini]], u l-gżira Taljana ta' [[Pantelleria]], u l-[[Gżejjer Eolji]], speċjalment [[Salina, Sqallija|Salina]].<ref name=":2" /> Il-kappar minn Pantelleria u l-gżira tal-Eolji huma rikonoxxuti bħala prodotti Ewropej [[Indikazzjonijiet ġeografiċi u speċjalitajiet tradizzjonali fl-Unjoni Ewropea|IĠP]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://news.italianfood.net/2019/12/05/aeolian-capers-green-light-for-the-pdo-protection/|titlu=Aeolian capers, green light for the PDO protection|kunjom=saiolfi|data=2019-12-05|sit=Italianfood.net|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2023-08-22}}</ref> Din il-pjanta tal-kappar żviluppat mekkaniżmi speċjali sabiex tgħix f'kundizzjonijiet Mediterranji u l-introduzzjoni f'artijiet semiaridi tista' tgħin biex tevita t-tfixkil tal-ekwilibriju ta' dawk l-ekosistemi fraġli kif ukoll toħloq l-industrija ta' din il-pjanta għall-kultivazzjoni f'dan ir-reġjun.<ref name=":3">{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Sozzi|isem=G.O.|sena=2001|kapitlu=Caper bush: botany and horticulture|titlu=Horticultural Reviews|volum=27|pubblikatur=John Wiley & Sons|paġni=125–188|doi=10.1002/9780470650813.ch4|isbn=9780471387909}}</ref> Perjodu ta' ħsad ta' tliet xhur huwa meħtieġ għall-profitt, kif ukoll [[xemx]] diretta għal żmien twil matul il-ġurnata tul il-perjodu tat-tkabbir biex tiġi żgurata produzzjoni għolja.<ref name=":2" /> L-arbuxxell tal-kappar jista' jiflaħ temperaturi ta' aktar minn 40&nbsp;°C fis-sajf, iżda huwa sensittiv għas-silġ matul il-perjodu veġetattiv tiegħu.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.cyprusalive.com/en/caper-plant|titlu=Caper plant|kunjom=Nicolau|isem=Christina|sit=cyprusalive.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-08-22}}</ref> L-arbuxxell tal-kappar jista' jgħix f'temperaturi baxxi fil-forma ta' zokk imneżża' mill-weraq, kif jiġri fl-għoljiet tal-Alpi.<ref name=":1" /> Xi tħawwil f'reġjuni Taljani u [[Arġentina|Arġentini]] wrew li l-arbuxxelli tal-kappar jifilħu għar-riħ qawwi mingħajr problemi ta' xejn. Dan iseħħ minħabba l-arkitettura dekumbenti tal-pjanta u l-konsistenza [[Korjaċej|korjaċeja]] tal-weraq f'xi popolazzjonijiet.<ref>Danin, A. (2010). Capparis in the East Mediterranean countries. Flora Mediterranea, 20, 179-185.</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://mrccc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Edible-and-useful-native-plants.pdf|titlu=A guide to some edible/useful (mostly) local species|sit=mrccc.org.au/|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-08-22}}</ref> Id-distribuzzjonijiet magħrufin ta' kull speċi jistgħu jintużaw sabiex tiġi identifikata l-oriġini tal-kappar li jkun manifatturat kummerċjalment.<ref name="Fici" /><ref>Nocencio, C., Alcaraz, F., Calderón, F. ''et al.'' The use of floral characters in ''Capparis'' sect. ''Capparis'' to determine the botanical and geographical origin of capers. ''Eur Food Res Technol'' 214, 335–339 (2002). DOI:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-001-0465-y</nowiki></ref> L-arbuxxell tal-kappar hija speċi [[wiktionary:rupicolous|rupikoloża]].<ref>Sozzi, G.O. (2008). ''Capparis spinosa'', caper bush, pp. 227-232. In: J. Janick and R.E. Paull (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.</ref> Hija mifruxa f'żoni tal-blat u titkabbar fuq tipi differenti tal-ħamrija, inklużi l-[[alfisols]], ir-[[regosols]], u l-litosols.<ref>Tlili, N., Elfalleh, W., Saadaoui, E., Khaldi, A., Triki, S., & Nasri, N. (2011). The caper (Capparis L.): Ethnopharmacology, phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Fitoterapia, 82(2), 93-101.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.09.006</ref> F'postijiet oħra tal-[[Ħimalaja]], ''C. spinosa'' jittollera tafal, ħama u ħamrija tal-wiċċ ramlija, blat jew żrar, li għandu kontenut ta' inqas minn 1 % materja organika. Il-kappar jikber ukoll fuq blat vojt, [[Crevices|xquq]] fil-ġebel, u fl-għaram tar-ramel fil-Pakistan, f'irdumijiet tal-[[ġebla tal-ġir]] nexfin tar-reġjun [[Adrijatiku]], f'ekosistemi kostali niexfa tal-Eġittu, il-Libja, it-Tuneżija u l-Marokk f'żoni tranżizzjonali bejn l-għadajjar tal-melħ mal-kosta u d-deżerti kostali tal-Eġittu.<ref name="295–313" /><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://wildmorocco.com/capers-on-moroccos-wild-atlantic-coast/|titlu=Capers on Morocco’s wild Atlantic coast|kunjom=wildmorocco|data=2015-07-18|lingwa=en-GB|data-aċċess=2023-08-22|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822202449/https://wildmorocco.com/capers-on-moroccos-wild-atlantic-coast/|arkivju-data=2023-08-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tikber ukoll spontanjament fix-xquq tal-ħitan ta' fortizzi [[Imperu Ruman|Rumani]] antiki, fuq il-Ħajt tal-Punent tal-[[Muntanja tat-Tempju]] f'[[Ġerusalemm]] u fuq is-swar tal-kastell ta' Santa Bárbara ([[Alicante|Alicante, Spanja]]).<ref name=":4">Akbar, S., & Akbar, S. (2020). ''Capparis spinosa'' L.(''Capparaceae'') (Syn.: Blumea grandiflora Zipp. ex Span.). Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Review of Their Traditional Medical Uses and Scientific Justifications, 499-506. ISBN 9783030168070</ref><ref name=":5">Celesti-Grapow, L., Ricotta, C. Plant invasion as an emerging challenge for the conservation of heritage sites: the spread of ornamental trees on ancient monuments in Rome, Italy. ''Biol Invasions'' 23, 1191–1206 (2021). DOI:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02429-9</nowiki></ref> Il-pjanti tal-kappar li jikbru b'suċċess huma dominanti fuq is-swar [[Medjuevu|medjevali]] magħmulin mill-ġebla tal-franka ta' [[Alcudia]] u s-swar ta' [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]] ([[Majorca, Spanja|Majorka, Spanja]]).<ref name=":4" /> Dan wassal għal problemi serji għall-ħarsien tal-[[Monument|monumenti]], peress li din il-pjanta saret invażiva u tkabbar il-fili fil-ġebel bl-għeruq tagħha minn fejn jista' jidħol l-ilma tax-xita ġol-monument u ssirlu aktar ħsara.<ref name=":5" /> === Propagazzjoni === [[Stampa:Flowering_caper_plant.jpg|lemin|daqsminuri| Pjanta tal-kappar bil-fjuri, li dalwaqt jsiru frott tal-kappar]] Il-kappar jista' jitkabbar faċilment minn żerriegħa friska miġbura minn frott misjur u mħawla f'taħlita apposta biex tinżera ż-żerriegħa fiha. In-nebbieta jibdew jidhru minn ġimagħtejn sa erba' ġimgħat wara ż-żriegħ. Żrieragħ li huma qodma u maħżuna jidħlu fi stat ta' [[Irqad|rqad]] u jkollhom bżonn perjodu kiesaħ ta' [[Stratifikazzjoni (botanika)|stratifikazzjoni]] sabiex jiġġerminaw. L-embrijuni vijabbli fiż-żerriegħa jiġġerminaw fi żmien tlieta sa erbat ijiem wara t-tneħħija parzjali tal-kisjiet tal-qoxra taż-żerriegħa iebsa. <ref>Sozzi, G. O., & Chiesa, A. (1995). Improvement of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) seed germination by breaking seed coat-induced dormancy. ''Scientia Horticulturae'', ''62''(4), 255-261.</ref> Il-kisi taż-żerriegħa u l-muċilaġni madwar iż-żrieragħ jistgħu jkunu adattamenti ekoloġiċi sabiex jiġi evitat it-telf tal-ilma miż-żerriegħa u jikkonservaw il-vijabbiltà taż-żerriegħa matul l-istaġun niexef sakemm jiġġerminaw meta jerġa' jasal l-istaġun tax-xita fil-ħarifa.<ref>Bhoyar, Manish & Mishra, Gyan & Singh, Raginie & Singh, Shakti. (2010). Effects of various dormancy breaking treatments on the germination of wild caper (Capparis spinosa L.) seeds from the cold arid desert of trans–Himalayas. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 80. 620-624</ref> Il-propogazzjoni bil-biċċiet jevita varjabbiltà għolja fil-produzzjoni u fil-kwalità tal-kappar. Madankollu, pjanti mkabbra minn qatgħat huma aktar dgħajfin għan-nixfa matul l-ewwel snin ta' ħajjithom wara t-tħawwil. L-arbuxxell tal-kappar għandu tip ta' [[injam]] li diffiċli biex ikabbar l-għeruq, għalhekk l-propagazzjoni b'suċċess teħtieġ konsiderazzjoni tal-fatturi staġjonali u [[Bijoloġija|bijologiċi]] tal-post.<ref name=":6">{{Ċita rivista|kunjom1=Sottile|isem1=Francesco|kunjom2=Caltagirone|isem2=Chiara|kunjom3=Peano|isem3=Cristiana|kunjom4=Del Signore|isem4=Maria Beatrice|kunjom5=Barone|isem5=Ettore|data=2021|titlu=Can the Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) Still Be Considered a Difficult-to-Propagate Crop?|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/7/9/316|rivista=Horticulturae|lingwa=en|volum=7|numru=9|paġni=316}}</ref> Hemm ċans akbar ta' suċċess bit-tnissil u l-produzzjoni tal-għeruq meta jintuża injam ta' sena, u dejjem jiddependi skont il-perjodu tal-ħsad u l-materjal tat-tħawwil użat.<ref name=":6" /> Il-propagazzjoni minn qatgħat taz-zokk huwa l-metodu l-aktar użat għat-tkabbir tal-varjetajiet "Mallorquina" u "Italiana" fi Spanja u "Nocella" fil-Gżejjer Eolji, speċjalment f'Salina. Il-qatgħat taz-zkuk tal-injam iebsin ivarjaw fit-tul minn 15 sa 50&nbsp;cm, u l-wisa' tal-qatgħat jista' jvarja minn 1.0 cm sa 2.5&nbsp;cm.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/0812/MERJPSB_2(1&2)/MERJPSB_2(2)78-79o.pdf|titlu=Influence of IBA and cutting length on rooting rate of wild caper (Capparis spinosa var.Parviflora) stem cuttings|kunjom=Bahrani,|isem=M.J.|kunjom2=Gask|isem2=M.|kunjom3=Shekafandeh|isem3=A.|sit=www.globalsciencebooks.info|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-08-22}}</ref> Metodu ieħor huwa li jinġabru z-zkuk minn Frar sal-bidu ta' Marzu, iz-zkuk jiġu trattati b'funġiċida bħal [[Kaptan|Captan]] jew [[Captafol]] u jkunu stratifikati barra jew f'kamra f'temperatura ta' 3-4&nbsp;°C, miksijin bir-ramel jew b'kontenitur tal-plastik. L-umdità għandha tiġi mħarsa bir-reqqa u miżmuma f'livell għoljin sakemm il-pjanti jkunu kabbru l-għeruq u jitħawlu.<ref>Górecki, Ryszard. (2015). The effect of an auxin (IBA), fungicide (Captan) and of wounding on the rooting of softwood apple (Malus Mill.) cuttings. Acta Agrobotanica. 32. 223-232. 10.5586/aa.1979.020. </ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://relationque.com/caper-bush-care/|titlu=Caper bush, Capparis spinosa - plants, cultivation and care - Relation Que|data=2022-01-18|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2023-08-22}}</ref> Bl-użu ta' biċċiet li jkunu għadhom ħodor u ma sarux bl-injam iebes jistgħu jiġu miġbura u mħawla matul Awwissu u Settembru, għalkemm b'dan il-metodu jkun hemm rati baxxi ta' suċċess (taħt it-30 %). Il-biċċiet b'zokk artab jinqatgħu f'April minn rimjiet li jkun għandhom bejn 25 u 30 jum. Kull biċċa għandu jkun fiha mill-inqas żewġ nodi u tkun twila bejn 6 cm sa 10&nbsp;cm. Il-biċċiet li jkunu fil-bażi li jmissu mal-ħamrija u dawk li jinstabu fin-nofs taz-zokk huma aħjar għat-tnissil bil-biċċa mill-biċċiet taz-zokk li jkunu tat-tarf tar-rimja minn fejn iz-zokk jagħmel weraq ġdid. Imbagħad, il-biċċiet li jkunu għamlu l-għeruq u saru pjanti ġodda, imsejħin żraġen, jitħawlu f'serra li żżomm kemm is-sħana kif ukoll l-umdità. Iż-żraġen jistgħu jiġu mħawla fi spazju ta' 150 sa 200 pjanta f'metru kwadru (m²).<ref name=":3" /> === Kultivazzjoni === It-temperaturi medji fiż-żoni taħt kultivazzjoni huma aktar minn {{Convert|14|C|F}} matul is-sena. Dawn jikkonsistu fi klima b'rebbiegħa bix-xita reġolari u sajf sħun u niexef, li huma fatturi klimatiċi tajbin għat-tkabbir tal-kappar. <ref>Barbera, B. (1991). Le câprier (''Capparis'' spp.). EUR 13617, Série Agriculture, Programme de recherche Agrimed. Commission des Communautés européennes, Luxembourg, 63 pp.</ref> L-arbuxxell tal-kappar huwa perenni, jittollera n-nixfa u għalhekk jintuża għat-tisbieħ tal-ġonna u toroq minħabba li l-għeruq tal-kappar inaqqsu milli tintilef il-ħamrija mal-ilma. Barra minn hekk tintuża għar-riġenerazzjoni tal-ekosistemi degradati bħal għoljiet tal-blat wieqfa, għaram tar-ramel jew ekosistemi fraġli semiaridi li huma ekoloġikament fraġli.<ref>Wang, Q., & Zhang, H. X. (2022). Population genetic structure and biodiversity conservation of a relict and medicinal subshrub capparis spinosa in arid Central Asia. Diversity, 14(2), 146.[[doi:10.3390/d14020146|DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/d14020146]]</ref><ref name=":7">Sakcali, m. & Bahadir, H. & Ozturk, M. (2008). Eco-physiology of ''Capparis spinosa'' l. : A plant suitable for combating desertification. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40. </ref> It-tħawwil tal-kappar jibqa' produttiv bejn 25 sa 30 sena. <ref>Luna Lorente, F.; M. Pérez Vicente (1985). "La Tapenera o Alcaparra: Cultivo y Aprovechamiento." ''Publicaciones de Extensión Agraria, Colección Agricultura Práctica.'' 37. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid, España, 125 pp.</ref> Għalhekk, il-proprjetajiet fiżiċi tal-ħamrija bħat-tip ta' ħamrija u l-fond tal-ħamrija huma partikolarment importanti. L-arbuxxelli tal-kappar jistgħu jiżviluppaw sistemi ta' għeruq estensivi u jikbru l-aħjar f'ħamrija fonda, li ma tkunx stratifikata, imma tat-tip medja; ma tkunx la aċidiża u lanqas alkalina. Il-ħrit isir bil-moħriet qabel mal-arbuxxelli tal-kappar jiġu stabbiliti.<ref name=":7" /> Il-kultivazzjoni tal-kappar tista' titjieb permezz ta' ħrit fil-fond fejn il-ħamrija tinħadem f'fond ta' bejn 0.6 sa 1&nbsp;m. F'Pantelleria, it-tħaffir ta' ħofor għal kull arbuxxell tal-kappar permezz ta' gaffa nstab li kien l-aktar mezz effettiv biex jiġi kkultivat il-kappar f'ħamrija tal-blat. Jintużaw żewġ disinji tat-tħawwil, il-kwadru/rettangolu u s-sistema ta' windbreakers ħajjin. L-ispazjar bejn arbuxxell u l-ieħor huwa ddeterminat mill-ekosistema u mill-ispeċi tal-post, il-fertilità tal-ħamrija, it-tagħmir użat u l-metodu ta' irrigazzjoni sakemm il-pjanti ma jitħallewx jikbru mingħajr għajnuna tal-[[bniedem]].<ref>Quave, C. & Saitta, A. (2016). Forty-five years later: The shifting dynamic of traditional ecological knowledge on Pantelleria Island, Italy. Economic Botany. DOI:10.1007/s12231-016-9363-x. </ref> === Ħsad === Il-blanzuni tal-kappar normalment jinġabru kull filgħodu waqt żmien il-ħsad.<ref name=":0">Rivera, D., Inocencio, C., Obón, C., & Alcaraz, F. (2003). Review of food and medicinal uses of ''Capparis'' L. Subgenus ''Capparis'' (C''apparidaceae''). ''Economic botany'', ''57''(4), 515-534.</ref> Minħabba li l-iżgħar blanzuni għandhom iktar valur monetarju, il-ġbir ta' kuljum huwa tipiku sabiex il-blanzuni żgħar jinġabru mill-ewwel qabel ma dawn jikbru aktar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.live-native.com/harvest-and-preserve-capers/|titlu=Harvest and preserve capers: This is how it's done|kunjom=Stephan|data=2021-09-07|sit=live-native.com|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2023-08-22|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923203847/https://www.live-native.com/harvest-and-preserve-capers/|arkivju-data=2023-09-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> Il-kappar jista' ukoll jinġabar minn arbuxxelli li jikbru fis-selvaġġ, f'liema każ huwa meħtieġ li tkun taf li l-pjanta mhix waħda mill-ispeċijiet velenużi ta' ''Capparis'' u pjanti oħrajn li jidhru morfoloġikament simili.<ref name=":0">Rivera, D., Inocencio, C., Obón, C., & Alcaraz, F. (2003). Review of food and medicinal uses of ''Capparis'' L. Subgenus ''Capparis'' (C''apparidaceae''). ''Economic botany'', ''57''(4), 515-534.</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://wildflowerfinder.org.uk/Flowers/S/Spurge(Caper)/Spurge(Caper).htm|titlu=CAPER SPURGE|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-08-22}}</ref> L-arbuxxell tal-kappar normalment ikollu xewk mgħawweġ li jista' jobrox il-ġilda tan-nies li jaħsdu l-blanzuni, għalkemm ġew żviluppati ftit varjetajiet bla xewk li jiffaċilitaw il-ġbir tal-kappar mill-arbuxxell.<ref name=":0" /> == Użu tal-kappar għall-ikel == [[Stampa:Capers_jar.jpg|daqsminuri|371x371px| Kappar ippreservat fis-salmura ġo vażett]] Il-blanzun tal-kappar [[Tmelliħ (ikel)|immellaħ]] u tas-salmura (imsejjaħ sempliċement "kappar") jintuża bħala [[ħwawar]] mal-ikel. Il-kappar huwa ingredjent komuni fil-[[kċina Mediterranja]], speċjalment fl-ikel Ċiprijott, Taljan, Grieg, Eoljan u [[Kċina Maltija|Malti]].<ref name=":0" /> Il-[[frott]] mhux matur tal-arbuxxell tal-kappar jiġi ppreparat bl-istess mod u kkummerċjalizzat bħala "frott tal-kappar". Frott kompletament matur mhuwiex ippreferut, peress li fih ħafna żerriegħa iebsa.<ref name=":8" /> Il-blanzuni, meta jkunu saru u lesti sabiex jinġabru jkunu ta' lewn aħdar skur taż-żebbuġa u jvarja fid-daqs minn taħt seba' millimetri (0.28 pulzieri) għal aktar minn erbatax-il millimetru (0.55 pulzieri). Il-kappar jitħalla fis-salmura tal-[[melħ]] jew f'soluzzjoni ta' melħ u ħall wara li jinġabar u mbagħad jitbattal. It-togħma tal-kappar hija intensa, xi kultant deskritta bħala simili għall-bżar iswed jew għall-mustarda. Din it-togħma hija żviluppata hekk kif il-glukokapparin, molekula tal-[[Glycoside|glikosida]], tiġi rilaxxata minn kull blanzun tal-kappar.<ref name=":0">Rivera, D., Inocencio, C., Obón, C., & Alcaraz, F. (2003). Review of food and medicinal uses of ''Capparis'' L. Subgenus ''Capparis'' (C''apparidaceae''). ''Economic botany'', ''57''(4), 515-534.</ref> Din ir-[[reazzjoni enżimatika]] twassal għall-formazzjoni tar-[[rutin]], spiss meqjusin bħala tikek bojod kristallizzati fuq l-uċuħ tal-blanzuni tal-kappar individwali.<ref>Kianersi, F. & Abdollahi, M. & Mirzaie-asl, A. & Dastan, D. & Rasheed, F. (2020). Biosynthesis of rutin changes in Capparis spinosa due to altered expression of its pathway genes under elicitors’ supplementation. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. </ref> Il-kappar huwa ingredjent distintiv fil-kċina Taljana, speċjalment fit-tisjir Sqalli, Eoljan u fir-reġjuni tan-Nofsinhar tal-Italja. Huwa użati regolarment fl-[[insalata|insalati]], insalati tal-għaġin, platti tal-laħam u [[zalza|zlazi]] tal-[[għaġin]]. Eżempji ta' użu fil-kċina Taljana huma fil-platti ta' tiġieġ imsajjar stil ''piccata'' u fl-i''spaghetti alla puttanesca.''<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.italianfoodforever.com/tag/capers/|titlu=capers {{!}} Italian Food Forever|sit=www.italianfoodforever.com|data-aċċess=2023-08-22}}</ref> Il-kappar huwa ingredjent fiz-zalza tartar u servut mas-[[salamun]] kiesaħ [[Tipjip (ikel)|affumikat]] jew platti tas-[[Salamun imqadded|salamun vulkanizzat]], speċjalment [[lox]] jew krema tal-ġobon. Il-kappar u l-frotta tal-kappar huma kultant alternattiva minflok iż-żebbuġ biex iżejnu cocktail [[Martini (cocktail)|Martini]].<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.taste.com.mt/recipe/fresh-and-smoked-salmon-tartare-with-dill-and-capers/22468|titlu=Taste Recipes Malta - 80k Recipes To Choose From!|sit=www.taste.com.mt|data-aċċess=2023-08-22|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822202449/https://www.taste.com.mt/recipe/fresh-and-smoked-salmon-tartare-with-dill-and-capers/22468|arkivju-data=2023-08-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://chicagoreader.com/food-drink/cocktail-challenge-capers/|titlu=Cocktail Challenge: Capers|kunjom=Schmidt|isem=Kate|data=2013-07-04|sit=Chicago Reader|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2023-08-22}}</ref> Il-kappar huwa mibjugħ skont id-daqs tiegħu, bl-iżgħar daqsijiet ikunu l-aktar mixtieqa: non-pareil (sa 7&nbsp;mm), surfini (7–8&nbsp;mm), kapuċini (8-9&nbsp;mm), capotes (9–11&nbsp;mm), fini (11–13&nbsp;mm), u grusas (14+&nbsp;mm). Jekk il-blanzun tal-kappar ma jinġabarx, dan jiffjorixxi u jipproduċi l-frotta tal-kappar.<ref name=":0" /> Fil-Greċja l-frott jitpoġġa fis-salmura u mbagħad jisserva bħala ''[[Mezze|meze]]''.<ref>Musallam, Iyad & Duwayri, Mahmud & Shibli, Rida. (2011). Micropropagation of Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) from Wild Plants. Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology.</ref> Il-weraq tal-kappar, fil-Greċja u f'Ċipru, jintuża partikolarment fl-insalati u fil-platti bil-ħut. Il-weraq jitgħalla jew jiġi ppreservat f'vażetti bis-salmura bħall-blanzuni tal-kappar.<ref name=":0" /> Il-weraq imnixxef tal-kappar jintuża wkoll bħala sostitut għat-tames fil-manifattura tal-ġobon ta' kwalità tajba. <ref>Mike, Tad, "Capers: The Flower Inside", ''Epikouria Magazine'', Fall/Winter 2006</ref> == Nutrizzjoni == <div style="float: right">   [[Category:Pages using infobox nutritional value with unknown parameters|leftCaper]]</div>Il-kappar fis-salmura tal-laned u l-vażetti jikkonsisti f'84 % ilma, 5 % [[karboidrati]], 2 % [[Proteina (nutrijent)|proteini]], u 1 % [[xaħam]]. Il-kappar ippreservat huwa partikolarment għoli fis-[[sodju]] minħabba l-ammont ta' melħ miżjud mas-salmura. F'porzjon tipiku ta' 28 gramma ([[uqija]] waħda), il-kappar jipprovdi 6 [[Kilokalorija|kcal]] (kalorija) u 35 % tal-[[Valur ta 'Kuljum|Valur ta' Kuljum]] (Daily value (DV) bl-Inġliż) għas-sodju, mingħajr [[nutrijenti]] oħra f'ammont sinifikanti. F'ammont ta' mitt gramma, il-kontenut tas-sodju huwa 2,960&nbsp;mg jew 197 % DV, bil-[[vitamina K]] (23 % DV), [[ħadid]] (13% DV), u [[riboflavin]] (12 % DV) għandhom ukoll livelli apprezzabbli.<ref>Tlili, N., Khaldi, A., Triki, S., Munné-Bosch, S. (2010). Phenolic Compounds and Vitamin Antioxidants of Caper (''Capparis spinosa''). Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 65. 260-5. 10.1007/s11130-010-0180-6. </ref> === Polifenoli === Il-kappar ippreservat huwa sors ta' [[Polifenol|polifenoli]], inklużi l-[[flavonojdi]] [[quercetin]] (173&nbsp;mg għal kull 100 g) u [[kaempferol]] (131&nbsp;mg għal kull 100 g),<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/Flav/flav.pdf|titlu=USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3, page 16|data=2011|pubblikatur=US Department of Agriculture|data-aċċess=12 July 2016|url-status=dead|arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716210723/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/Flav/flav.pdf|arkivju-data=16 July 2012}}</ref> kif ukoll tal-[[Anthocyanin|antoċijanini]].<ref>Mansour, R.B., Jilani, I.B.H., Bouaziz, M. ''et al.'' Phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of ''Capparis spinosa'' . ''Cytotechnology'' 68, 135–142 (2016). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-014-9764-6</nowiki></ref><ref>Wojdyło, Aneta & Nowicka, Paulina & Grimalt, Mar & Legua, Pilar & Almansa, Soledad & Amoros, Asuncion & Carbonell-Barrachina, Angel & Hernandez, Francisca. (2019). Polyphenol Compounds and Biological Activity of Caper (''Capparis spinosa'' L.) Flowers Buds. Plants. 8. 539. DOI:10.3390/plants8120539.</ref> == Użu ieħor == Il-kappar kultant jintuża għall-kożmetika u għall-prodotti kożmetiċi.<ref name=":0">Rivera, D., Inocencio, C., Obón, C., & Alcaraz, F. (2003). Review of food and medicinal uses of ''Capparis'' L. Subgenus ''Capparis'' (C''apparidaceae''). ''Economic botany'', ''57''(4), 515-534.</ref> == Fl-istorja == Evidenza [[Paleoetnobotanika|arkeobotanika]] turi li l-pjanta tal-kappar kienet tintuża fir-reġjun tal-Mediterran u l-[[Mesopotamja]] sa mill-perjodu tard tal-Paleolitiku.<ref name="295–313">D. Rivera, C. Inocencio, C. Obón, E. Carreño, A. Reales, F. Alcaraz. (2002). "Archaeobotany of capers (''Capparis'') (''Capparaceae'')." ''Vegetation History and Archaeobotany.'' '''11'''(4): 295–313</ref> Il-kappar kien jintuża fil-[[Il-Greċja tal-Antika|Greċja tal-qedem]] bħala [[karminattiv]] u fdalijiet [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġiċi]] ta' dan il-perjodu nstabu fil-forma ta' żrieragħ [[Karbonizzazzjoni|karbonizzati]] u rarament bħala blanzuni tal-fjuri u frott mill-perjodi [[Il-Greċja Arkajka|arkajka]] u [[Antikità klassika|klassika]]. [[Athenaeus]] ''f'Deipnosophistae'' jagħti ħafna attenzjoni lill-kappar, kif jagħmlu [[Plinju x-Xiħ]] (''NH'' XIX, XLVIII.163) u [[Teofrastu]].<ref>Fragiska, M. (2005). Wild and Cultivated Vegetables, Herbs and Spices in Greek Antiquity. ''Environmental Archaeology'' '''10''' (1): 73–82</ref><ref>Megaloudi, F. (2005). Wild and cultivated vegetables, herbs and spices in Greek antiquity (900 BC to 400 BC). Environmental Archaeology, 10(1), 73-82.</ref> [[Etimoloġija|Etimoloġikament]], il-kelma kappar u l-qraba tiegħu f'diversi lingwi Ewropej jistgħu jiġu rintraċċati lura għal-L[[Latin Klassiku|atin Klassiku]] ''capparis'', "kappar", misluf mill-[[Grieg]] κάππαρις, ''kápparis'', li l-oriġini tiegħu (bħal dik tal-pjanta) mhix magħrufa. Iżda probabbilment hija Asjatika. Teorija oħra torbot il-kelma ''kápparis'' mal-isem tal-gżira ta' Ċipru (Κύπρος, ''Kýpros''), fejn il-pjanta tal-kappar tikber b'mod abbundanti.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Capp_spi.html|titlu=Spice Pages: Capers (Capparis spinosa)|awtur=Gernot Katzer|sit=gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com}}</ref><ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/caper|titlu=caper {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of caper by etymonline|sit=www.etymonline.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-08-22}}</ref> Fi żminijiet Bibbliċi, kien maħsub li l-frotta tal-kappar għandha proprjetajiet [[Afrodisjaku|afrodisjaċi]].<ref name="JE">{{Ċita enċiklopedija|enċiklopedija=www.jewishencyclopedia.com/|titlu=CAPER-BERRY (translation of , abiyyonah, Eccl. xii. 5; incorrectly, A. V. "desire," from ):|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3999-caper-berry|data=2023-08-20}}</ref> Fil-fatt, il-kelma [[Ebrajk|Ebrajka]] ''aviyyonah'' (אֲבִיּוֹנָה) għall-frotta tal-kappar hija marbuta mill-qrib mal-għerq Ebrajk אבה (avah), li jfisser "xewqa".<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/gen/1/1/s_1001|titlu=H35 - 'ăḇîyônâ - Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (kjv)|sit=Blue Letter Bible|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2023-08-20}}</ref> Il-kelma tissemma darba fil-[[Bibbja]], fil-ktieb ta' Koħèlet, f'vers 12:5. Il-[[King James Version|Verżjoni biblika tar-re Ġakbu]] hija tradotta u bbażata fuq l-għerq Ebrajk (u forsi t-tifsira metaforika):<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ecclesiastes-12-5/|titlu=ECCLESIASTES 12:5 KJV "Also when they shall be afraid of that which is high, and fears shall be in the way, and the almond tree..."|sit=www.kingjamesbibleonline.org|data-aċċess=2023-08-22}}</ref><blockquote>''...il-ġurat sa jkun ta' piż u x-xewqa se tittaffa. (12:5 KJV)''</blockquote> Traduzzjonijiet antiki, tas-Settanta, il-Vulgata, il-Peshitta u l-Aquila, jirrendu l-kelma b'mod aktar konkret bħala κάππαρις "frotta tal-kappar".<ref name="JE"/> Għalhekk fi traduzzjoni [[Idjomatiku|idjomatika]] moderna tiġi (2004):<blockquote>''...il-ġurat jitlef ir-rebbiegħa tiegħu,<br />'' ''u l-frotta tal-kappar m'għandha l-ebda influwenza.'' (12:5 HCSB)</blockquote>F'verżjonijiet moderni oħra, bħal fil-Verżjoni Internazzjonali Ġdida (New International Version (NIV) bl-[[Lingwa Ingliża|Inġliż]]) tintuża l-kelma "xewqa" (12:5 NIV), filwaqt li fil-Bibbja Standard Amerikana Ġdida (New American Standard Bible (NASB) bl-Ingliż) tintuża "frotta tal-kappar" (12:5 NASB), l-istess kif tinstab fil-verżjoni [[Ġudaiżmu|Lhudija]] tal-1917 mill-Jewish Publication Society (12:5). Il-frott (''abiyyonot'') kien jittiekel, skont ir-responsabbiltà lejn id-dieċma u r-restrizzjonijiet tal-[['Orlah]]. Fil-[[Mishnah]] u t-[[Talmud]], il-frott huwa distint mill-weraq tal-kappar, ''alin'', rimjiet, ''temarot'', <ref name="Brachot 36">Talmud Bavli, Brachot 36a-36b</ref> u l-blanzuni tal-kappar imsejħa ''capperisin,'' (innota x-xebh bejn il-kelma ''capperisin'' u ''Kappar''); <ref>Kaf HaChaim 208</ref> li kollha kienu jittieklu bħala rekwiżit tal-barka, u ddikjarati li huma l-frott tal-pjanta ''ẓelaf'' jew kappar. <ref name="Brachot 36" /> Il-“''capperisin''” imsemmija fit-Talmud fil-fatt qed jirreferu għall-qoxra li kienet tipproteġi lill-“abiyyonot” hekk kif kienet tikber. <ref name="Rashi Brachot 36a">Rashi Brachot 36a</ref> Fit-[[Talmud Bavli]] hemm miktub dwar kif is-sepali tal-kappar jintużaw bħala ikel minflok il-frott tal-kappar, kemm ġewwa u barra l-art ta' [[Iżrael]], kif ukoll fis-[[Sirja]].<ref name="Brachot 36">Talmud Bavli, Brachot 36a-36b</ref> Il-kappar ukoll jissemma fl-użu tiegħu biex iħawwar l-ikel fil-ktieb tar-riċetti ''[[Apicius]],'' li kien jintuża fiż-żmien ir-Rumani.<ref name=":0">Rivera, D., Inocencio, C., Obón, C., & Alcaraz, F. (2003). Review of food and medicinal uses of ''Capparis'' L. Subgenus ''Capparis'' (C''apparidaceae''). ''Economic botany'', ''57''(4), 515-534.</ref> == Alternattivi == Il-blanzuni tan-[[Tropaeolum|nasturtium]], tal-[[Marigold (Tagetes)|qronfol Tork]] u l-''[[Cassia (ġeneru)|Cassia]]'' ġieli ntużaw bħala sostitut għall-blanzuni tal-kappar.<ref>{{Ċita web|url=https://cookgem.com/what-are-capers/|titlu=What Are Capers?|kunjom=cookgem_editor|data=2023-01-06|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2023-08-22}}</ref> == Referenzi == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ħoloq esterni == * Media relatata ma' Capparis spinosa f'Wikimedia Commons * Data relatata ma' Capparis spinosa f'Wikispecies * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/caper.html Caper factsheet] – NewCROP, L-Universita' ta' Purdue * Ktieb. "Capers. From Wild Harvest to Gourmet Food". Brian Noone 2017 Pubbblikat minn Caperplants. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230822202450/http://www.caperplants.com/ Caperplants] [[Kategorija:Ħwawar]] [[Kategorija:Flora ta' Malta]] eo78hsv2eav3esb30w7jsw4n7a6dlzq